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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresca
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Fresca
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["1 History","1.1 Trademarks","1.2 Fresca as a soft drink","1.3 Test marketing","1.4 Introduction","1.5 Original bottle design","2 Initial marketing campaign","2.1 \"Blizzard of Flavor\"","2.2 National newspaper introduction advertising","2.3 Musical theme song","2.4 New York City marketing launch and blizzard","3 Notable Fresca fans","4 Formula changes","5 Packaging changes","6 Ingredients","6.1 Fresca Original Grapefruit Citrus","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]
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Branded diet citrus soft drink
Not to be confused with Freska.
FrescaTypeSoft drinkManufacturerThe Coca-Cola CompanyCountry of origin United StatesIntroduced1966FlavorGrapefruit Citrus, Black Cherry Citrus, Peach Citrus and Blackberry CitrusVariantsFresca 1Websitewww.fresca.com
Fresca is a grapefruit-flavored citrus soft drink created by The Coca-Cola Company. Borrowing the word Fresca (meaning "fresh") from Italian, Spanish and Portuguese, it was introduced in the United States in 1966. Originally a bottled sugar-free diet soda, sugar sweetened versions were introduced in some markets.
Currently, Fresca has been rebranded as "Fresca Sparkling Soda Water", reformulated in four flavors – Grapefruit Citrus, Black Cherry Citrus, Peach Citrus and Blackberry Citrus – and described as "The original no sugar, no calorie sparkling beverage". In the US, Fresca is currently sold in plastic bottles and aluminum cans.
History
Trademarks
According to the United States Patent and Trademark Office, "Fresca" was first trademarked by The Coca-Cola Company in July 1962 as a trade name for "frozen concentrated orange juice" and "frozen concentrated tangerine juice". The company also applied for a trademark for "Fresca" in 1962 as a "Non-alcoholic Maltless Soft Drinks and the Syrups for Preparing Soft Drinks". In 1969, the company applied for a trademark for "Fresca" as a trade name for "soft drinks and syrups and concentrates for making same".
Fresca as a soft drink
The Coca-Cola Company described the original Fresca soft drink formula as "a citrus-based, sugar free product - a soft drink, a low-calorie beverage, a mixer, all in one" and said the Fresca name was picked because the word is "short, memorable and distinctive". Fresca was the second artificially sweetened, low-calorie product launched by The Coca-Cola Company. Coca-Cola's Tab, an artificially sweetened, low-calorie cola made its debut in 1963.
Fresca competes primarily against Keurig Dr Pepper's Squirt.
Test marketing
Coca-Cola began limited test marketing of Fresca in 1964. 1965 saw expanded test marketing in Providence, Rhode Island and Seattle-Tacoma, Washington. It was also advertised for sale in Michigan and Ohio in late 1965.
Introduction
The original Fresca bottle design from 1966, designed by Hodgman-Bourke of New York CityFresca was introduced across the United States and in international markets in 1966.
Since its introduction, Fresca has been marketed in the United States as a sugar-free, citrus (lime and grapefruit) flavored diet soft drink. In 1966 then Coca-Cola Company president J. Paul Austin announced the company's profits had doubled since 1959 and said "Other developments, notably the introduction of Fresca, now underway, promise further advancement in the refreshment industry".
Multiple references in contemporary newspapers and Coca-Cola corporate websites refer to a wide 1966 US and international rollout of the Fresca soft drink brand.
In 1967 Larrie L. Isenring, general manager of the Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Madison (Wisconsin) said the "newly introduced Fresca and pre-brewed coffee were the company's fastest growing products".
Sales of Fresca quickly exploded. By March 1967, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Inc. forecast increasing profits for Coca-Cola, saying "we believe Fresca... may be the nation's number three soft drink by the end of the year".
In 1968, it was introduced into the Australian market under the name Tresca, where it was solidly marketed as a diet drink.
By 1969, Fresca had the highest market share of all artificially sweetened soft drinks in America.
Original bottle design
Fresca was originally sold in 10 ounce bottles designed by the industrial design firm Hodgman-Bourke of New York, New York. The green glass bottle featured a groove under the logo panel designed to catch condensation from the top half of the bottle. Dimples on the bottle's lower half were meant to represent bubbles from the soda's carbonation.
Initial marketing campaign
"Blizzard of Flavor"
F. William Free, creative director of the Marschalk Company advertising agency, created the initial marketing campaign for Fresca, branding the soda "the 'Blizzard of Flavor'. Free had earlier orchestrated the introduction of Sprite and Tab for Coca-Cola.
The agency's unifying theme for the brand's marketing centered around Fresca having a "blizzard" of "frosty taste". The soda was said to be "cool, crisp, frosty and refreshing". A 1966 newspaper ad headline read "Here. The frosty taste of Fresca. It's a blizzard". The ad copy used 25 adjectives to describe Fresca's "blizzard taste".
National newspaper introduction advertising
The "Blizzard" campaign included a major market, full color pre-print newspaper advertising program reported to have cost "over a million dollars" which launched in the spring of 1967. The campaign consisted of three successive themes. The first was "Blizzard Kickoff", aimed at supporting the local introduction of Fresca by regional bottlers, the second was "Fresca and Sherbet" which explained how to use Fresca and other food ingredients for snacks and drinks. The third was named "Blizzard Girls" which featured "The Fresca Girls", models dressed in fur-trimmed parkas with hoods, photographed drinking Fresca in falling snow while riding a zebra, a miniature car, a Vespa scooter and walking a Saint Bernard. The campaign achieved some of the highest levels of consumer awareness for any consumer product at that time.
Musical theme song
The marketing campaign included a theme song "The Blizzard Song", written by Gary McFarland which was recorded by Mitch Miller and Trini Lopez. Both versions were used in TV ads for Fresca and were also issued as a four-song 45 rpm record.
The Miller record "Mitch Miller – Singin' Up A Blizzard", featured a sleeve printed with the slogan "Hey gang, sing up a blizzard with us! Mitch". The reverse of the sleeve featured a headline "Have a Singing, Swing Blizzard of a Party With Fresca" and included recipes of food and mixed drinks that used Fresca as an ingredient. The Miller record was used in a promotion campaign which encouraged consumers to save Fresca bottle caps and redeem them for a copy of the record.
The Lopez record "Trini Lopez – Sings His Greatest Hits" featured three songs from Lopez' repertoire as well as his version of McFarland's "The Blizzard Song". This record was issued with a printed sleeve with an ad on the back that said "The frosty taste of Fresca. It's a blizzard!" The sleeve had a flap with a die-cut hole and was hung from a bottle in six and eight-pack bottle cartons of Fresca. The record was included at no charge.
New York City marketing launch and blizzard
F. William Free orchestrated an elaborate formal marketing debut on February 7, 1967, held at the Four Seasons Restaurant in New York city's Seagram's building. The fountain in the middle of the restaurant was frozen, and six "Fresca bottles", women who wore replicas of the top half of Fresca bottles covering their head to their waists skated and danced through the night while the Mitch Miller Orchestra entertained guests with the Fresca "Blizzard Theme" and other hits.
The "Blizzard" campaign took advantage of an incredible, unplanned marketing opportunity. The day after the Four Seasons premiere, New York City received a foot of snow. Free took advantage of the snow storm and created memorable marketing for the new brand. Free was photographed holding a bottle of Fresca in the middle of the snow storm. His photograph appeared in full-page Fresca New York newspaper ads the next day with the headline "New York – We're Sorry".
Notable Fresca fans
U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson was known to greatly enjoy Fresca, which was introduced late in his term. Most days Johnson would push his "Fresca button" to order a bottle of Fresca, often accompanied by his favorite chicken fried steak and mashed potatoes.
Bravo network television host Andy Cohen often drinks a "Frequila" during his show. The cocktail is a mixture of Fresca and tequila.
David Plotz, former editor of online magazine Slate and founder and CEO of the local-news podcast network, City Cast is said to be "a hard-core addict of the citrus-flavored soft drink" Fresca.
Fresca is prominently featured in the superhero television series The Boys, where it is the favored drink of the cultish Church of the Collective, leading to fan speculation as to its potential meaning. It was eventually revealed that the show's writers found it "hilarious" that cult members would drink Fresca, and it just became a running gag with no deeper meaning.
Formula changes
Fresca was originally marketed in the United States as a sugar-free, citrus (lime and grapefruit) flavored diet soft drink.
Fresca has undergone several major ingredient and formula changes since its introduction. Fresca was originally sweetened with cyclamates which were banned by the FDA in 1969. They were replaced with saccharin and in turn, they were replaced by NutraSweet-brand aspartame.
According to The Coca-Cola Company, in 1980 an improved Fresca formulation, supported by new packaging, brand graphics and advertising, reached full national availability. The brand refresh was supported by "the most extensive sampling program ever conducted for a soft drink product". Around the time of the 2005 Fresca redesign, acesulfame potassium was added as a secondary sweetener.
2006 Mexican glass Fresca bottle (355 ml)
Coca-Cola marketed a sugar sweetened version of Fresca in Latin America. In 1997, The Coca-Cola Company responded to requests for this product from immigrant communities by launching it throughout the US as Citra. This was a success but is instead sold as the Citrus flavor in Coca-Cola's Fanta line in areas with large Hispanic populations. In Colombia and Argentina sweetened Fresca is called Quatro and marketed using Fresca's colors and logos.
Fresca was made available in South Africa during the early 1990s with a series of colorful ads featuring British-Nigerian actor Hakeem Kae-Kazim with the slogan "Nothing tastes like Fresca". The soft drink developed a cult following but sales were discontinued.
Packaging changes
Fresca packaging has been redesigned several times. In 2005, Coca-Cola gave Fresca a more contemporary look, Fresca's first packaging makeover since 1995. During this redesign, two new flavors were introduced (Sparkling Peach Citrus and Sparkling Black Cherry Citrus) and the original grapefruit flavor was renamed Sparkling Citrus. Later, "Sparkling" was dropped and the original flavor was renamed Original Citrus. Several additional flavors were added to the line-up after 2005, but those flavors were dropped.
Coca-Cola announced revamped packaging again in 2018 along with a new marketing campaign targeted towards millennials – the first Fresca advertising since 2008 – with the stated intention of "reeling in a new generation of drinkers unfamiliar with the brand". The marketing described it as a "sparkling flavored soda", meant to compete with other sparkling beverage products such as La Croix and Izze.
Currently, Fresca has been rebranded as "Fresca Sparkling Soda Water", reformulated in four flavors, Grapefruit Citrus, Black Cherry Citrus, Peach Citrus and Blackberry Citrus and described as "The original no sugar, no calorie sparkling beverage". In the US, Fresca is currently sold in plastic bottles and aluminum cans.
Ingredients
Fresca Original Grapefruit Citrus
United States and Canada:
Carbonated water
Citric acid
Concentrated grapefruit juice
Potassium citrate
Aspartame
Potassium sorbate
Acacia gum
Acesulfame potassium
Natural flavors
Glycerol ester of wood rosin
Potassium benzoate
Calcium Disodium EDTA
Carob bean gum
See also
Grapefruit–drug interactions
Notes
^ A single entry on one Coca-Cola website erroneously refers to a 1958 introduction of Fresca in the United States. There are no newspaper articles or media references that support that date.
References
^ a b c "Fresca - Delicious Never Goes Out of Style". fresca.com.
^ "So, What's New?". The Daily Reporter. Dover, Ohio. July 29, 1965.
^ a b c "How Fresca Lived Up to Its Tagline for 1967 New York Debut, Literally". coca-colacompany.com.
^ "Test Market". Independent Star-News. Pasadena, California. August 29, 1965.
^ Kollar, Brenda. "Browsing with Brenda." Dover (OH) Daily Reporter, 29 July 1965, 26.
^ "Here. The frosty cold taste of Fresca. It's a blizzard!" (advertisement). Sandusky (OH) Register, 1 December 1965. Same advertisement in Traverse City (MI) Record-Eagle and Ludington (MI) Daily News, both 30 November 1965.
^ a b "Fresca - Brands & Products | The Coca-Cola Company". coca-colacompany.com.
^ a b "Coca-Cola - Grands - Brand Fact Sheets". Archived from the original on 30 August 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
^ "Earnings". The Daily Times. Mamaroneck, New York. March 8, 1966.
^ "1960s". coca-cola.co.uk.
^ "Coca-Cola Botlling Becomes 1 of Largest Vending Companies". The Capital Times. Madison, Wisconsin. January 20, 1967.
^ "Market is Unsettled". The Times Recorder. Zanesville, Ohio. March 20, 1967.
^ "The business of slimming". The bulletin. November 20, 1976.
^ Watson, W. Robert (2014). In Soft Drink Marketing a Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Market. Bloomington, Indiana: AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-4817-4182-8.
^ "Erie Income Increases". The Morning Call. Paterson, New Jersey. February 7, 1966.
^ "Game Show Prep: More Facts About Fresca". mentalfloss.com. 25 August 2009.
^ a b Lavietes, Stuart (January 8, 2003). "F. William Free, 74, Ad Man Behind 'Fly Me'". The New York Times. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
^ "Here. The frosty taste of Fresca. It's a blizzard". The Sheboygan Press. Sheboygan, Wisconsin. February 17, 1966.
^ "Ad Row Roundup". Chicago Tribune. January 17, 1967.
^ Conklin, Rhodes (January 26, 1967). "Big Newspaper Campaign to Promote Coke's Fresca". Orlando Evening Star. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
^ "The Blizzard Girls bring you the frosty taste of Fresca". Ames Daily Tribune. Ames, Iowa. January 3, 1966.
^ Catalog of Copyright Entries: Third series. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress Copyright Office. 1966. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
^ "Historic Happy Hour: Lyndon B. Johnson". 23 February 2021. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
^ Valinsky, Jordan (January 6, 2022). "One of Coke's most-popular sodas is becoming a boozy beverage". CNN. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
^ Selatan, William (September 22, 2009). "Then They Came for the Fresca". Slate. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
^ Romano, Evan (9 October 2020). "The Boys Has Us Wondering About... Fresca?". Men's Health. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
^ Bowman, Sabienna (9 September 2020). "The Boys Fresca Reference Is the Creepiest Mystery of Season 2". PopSugar. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
^ Grant, Nicholas (8 October 2020). "The Boys: Why Is the Church of the Collective OBSESSED With Fresca?". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
^ Jennings, Collier (12 October 2020). "The Boys Boss Explains Season 2's Fresca Joke, 'Predicts' a New Official Slogan". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
^ Gribbin, Sean (19 October 2021). "The Boys' Cast Still Doesn't Understand the Show's Fresca Joke". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
^ Clark, Travis (October 2020). "Amazon's 'The Boys' creator on season 2's immense popularity, the fate of Stormfront, and what the deal with Fresca is". Business Insider. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
^ Venable, Nick (6 September 2020). "The Boys Creator Talks The Church Of The Collective And Explains All The Fresca References". CinemaBlend. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
^ The Coca-Cola Company Annual Report 1980. Atlanta, Georgia: The Coca-Cola Company. 1980. p. 8.
^ Claassens, Carina (2018-01-18). "12 Truths About Growing Up in South Africa". culture trip. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
^ "Coca-Cola North America Announces Fresca Makeover: Two New Line Extensions To Accompany New Look For Venerable Brand" (Press release). Coca-Cola North America. 25 May 2005. Archived from the original on 4 October 2007. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
^ "Fresca Gets a Fresh Look". The Coca-Cola Company. 2018-04-16. Archived from the original on 2018-04-17. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
^ Siegner, Cathy (2018-04-19). "Coca-Cola to freshen Fresca brand with new look and flavors". Food Dive. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
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Coca-Cola's Tab, an artificially sweetened, low-calorie cola made its debut in 1963.Fresca competes primarily against Keurig Dr Pepper's Squirt.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FrescaNY-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Test marketing","text":"Coca-Cola began limited test marketing of Fresca in 1964.[3] 1965 saw expanded test marketing in Providence, Rhode Island and Seattle-Tacoma, Washington.[4][5] It was also advertised for sale in Michigan and Ohio in late 1965.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Original_Fresca_Bottle,_circa_1966,_designed_by_industrial_designers,_Hodgman-Bourke_of_New_York,_New_York.jpg"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fresca.com-7"},{"link_name":"diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_soda"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-8"},{"link_name":"J. 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Paul Austin announced the company's profits had doubled since 1959 and said \"Other developments, notably the introduction of Fresca, now underway, promise further advancement in the refreshment industry\".[9]Multiple references in contemporary newspapers and Coca-Cola corporate websites refer to a wide 1966 US and international rollout of the Fresca soft drink brand.[10][note 1]In 1967 Larrie L. Isenring, general manager of the Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Madison (Wisconsin) said the \"newly introduced Fresca and pre-brewed coffee were the company's fastest growing products\".[11]Sales of Fresca quickly exploded. By March 1967, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Inc. forecast increasing profits for Coca-Cola, saying \"we believe Fresca... may be the nation's number three soft drink by the end of the year\".[12]In 1968, it was introduced into the Australian market under the name Tresca, where it was solidly marketed as a diet drink.[13]By 1969, Fresca had the highest market share of all artificially sweetened soft drinks in America.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Original bottle design","text":"Fresca was originally sold in 10 ounce bottles designed by the industrial design firm Hodgman-Bourke of New York, New York. The green glass bottle featured a groove under the logo panel designed to catch condensation from the top half of the bottle. Dimples on the bottle's lower half were meant to represent bubbles from the soda's carbonation.[15][16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Initial marketing campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"F. William Free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._William_Free"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Free-18"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FrescaNY-3"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"\"Blizzard of Flavor\"","text":"F. William Free, creative director of the Marschalk Company advertising agency, created the initial marketing campaign for Fresca, branding the soda \"the 'Blizzard of Flavor'. Free had earlier orchestrated the introduction of Sprite and Tab for Coca-Cola.[17]The agency's unifying theme for the brand's marketing centered around Fresca having a \"blizzard\" of \"frosty taste\". The soda was said to be \"cool, crisp, frosty and refreshing\".[3] A 1966 newspaper ad headline read \"Here. The frosty taste of Fresca. It's a blizzard\". The ad copy used 25 adjectives to describe Fresca's \"blizzard taste\".[18]","title":"Initial marketing campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orlando-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"National newspaper introduction advertising","text":"The \"Blizzard\" campaign included a major market, full color pre-print newspaper advertising program reported to have cost \"over a million dollars\" which launched in the spring of 1967.[19] The campaign consisted of three successive themes. The first was \"Blizzard Kickoff\", aimed at supporting the local introduction of Fresca by regional bottlers, the second was \"Fresca and Sherbet\" which explained how to use Fresca and other food ingredients for snacks and drinks. The third was named \"Blizzard Girls\" which featured \"The Fresca Girls\", models dressed in fur-trimmed parkas with hoods, photographed drinking Fresca in falling snow while riding a zebra, a miniature car, a Vespa scooter and walking a Saint Bernard. The campaign achieved some of the highest levels of consumer awareness for any consumer product at that time.[20][21]","title":"Initial marketing campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gary McFarland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_McFarland"},{"link_name":"Mitch Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Miller"},{"link_name":"Trini Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trini_Lopez"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Musical theme song","text":"The marketing campaign included a theme song \"The Blizzard Song\", written by Gary McFarland which was recorded by Mitch Miller and Trini Lopez. Both versions were used in TV ads for Fresca and were also issued as a four-song 45 rpm record.The Miller record \"Mitch Miller – Singin' Up A Blizzard\", featured a sleeve printed with the slogan \"Hey gang, sing up a blizzard with us! Mitch\". The reverse of the sleeve featured a headline \"Have a Singing, Swing Blizzard of a Party With Fresca\"[22] and included recipes of food and mixed drinks that used Fresca as an ingredient. The Miller record was used in a promotion campaign which encouraged consumers to save Fresca bottle caps and redeem them for a copy of the record.The Lopez record \"Trini Lopez – Sings His Greatest Hits\" featured three songs from Lopez' repertoire as well as his version of McFarland's \"The Blizzard Song\". This record was issued with a printed sleeve with an ad on the back that said \"The frosty taste of Fresca. It's a blizzard!\" The sleeve had a flap with a die-cut hole and was hung from a bottle in six and eight-pack bottle cartons of Fresca. The record was included at no charge.","title":"Initial marketing campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FrescaNY-3"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Free-18"}],"sub_title":"New York City marketing launch and blizzard","text":"F. William Free orchestrated an elaborate formal marketing debut on February 7, 1967, held at the Four Seasons Restaurant in New York city's Seagram's building. The fountain in the middle of the restaurant was frozen, and six \"Fresca bottles\", women who wore replicas of the top half of Fresca bottles covering their head to their waists skated and danced through the night while the Mitch Miller Orchestra entertained guests with the Fresca \"Blizzard Theme\" and other hits.[3]The \"Blizzard\" campaign took advantage of an incredible, unplanned marketing opportunity. The day after the Four Seasons premiere, New York City received a foot of snow. Free took advantage of the snow storm and created memorable marketing for the new brand. Free was photographed holding a bottle of Fresca in the middle of the snow storm. His photograph appeared in full-page Fresca New York newspaper ads the next day with the headline \"New York – We're Sorry\".[17]","title":"Initial marketing campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"chicken fried steak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_fried_steak"},{"link_name":"mashed potatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashed_potato"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Bravo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bravo_(American_TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Andy Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Cohen"},{"link_name":"cocktail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocktail"},{"link_name":"tequila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tequila"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"David Plotz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Plotz"},{"link_name":"Slate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"The Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boys_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"cultish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson was known to greatly enjoy Fresca, which was introduced late in his term. Most days Johnson would push his \"Fresca button\" to order a bottle of Fresca, often accompanied by his favorite chicken fried steak and mashed potatoes.[23]Bravo network television host Andy Cohen often drinks a \"Frequila\" during his show. The cocktail is a mixture of Fresca and tequila.[24]David Plotz, former editor of online magazine Slate and founder and CEO of the local-news podcast network, City Cast is said to be \"a hard-core addict of the citrus-flavored soft drink\" Fresca.[25]Fresca is prominently featured in the superhero television series The Boys, where it is the favored drink of the cultish Church of the Collective, leading to fan speculation as to its potential meaning.[26][27][28] It was eventually revealed that the show's writers found it \"hilarious\" that cult members would drink Fresca, and it just became a running gag with no deeper meaning.[29][30][31][32]","title":"Notable Fresca fans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_soda"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-8"},{"link_name":"cyclamates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclamates"},{"link_name":"saccharin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharin"},{"link_name":"NutraSweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NutraSweet"},{"link_name":"aspartame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartame"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"acesulfame potassium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acesulfame_potassium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mex_fresca.jpg"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"The Coca-Cola Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company"},{"link_name":"Citra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanta_Citrus"},{"link_name":"Fanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanta"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Quatro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatro_(beverage)"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Hakeem Kae-Kazim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakeem_Kae-Kazim"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Fresca was originally marketed in the United States as a sugar-free, citrus (lime and grapefruit) flavored diet soft drink.[8]Fresca has undergone several major ingredient and formula changes since its introduction. Fresca was originally sweetened with cyclamates which were banned by the FDA in 1969. They were replaced with saccharin and in turn, they were replaced by NutraSweet-brand aspartame.According to The Coca-Cola Company, in 1980 an improved Fresca formulation, supported by new packaging, brand graphics and advertising, reached full national availability. The brand refresh was supported by \"the most extensive sampling program ever conducted for a soft drink product\".[33] Around the time of the 2005 Fresca redesign, acesulfame potassium was added as a secondary sweetener.2006 Mexican glass Fresca bottle (355 ml)Coca-Cola marketed a sugar sweetened version of Fresca in Latin America. In 1997, The Coca-Cola Company responded to requests for this product from immigrant communities by launching it throughout the US as Citra. This was a success but is instead sold as the Citrus flavor in Coca-Cola's Fanta line in areas with large Hispanic populations. In Colombia and Argentina sweetened Fresca is called Quatro and marketed using Fresca's colors and logos.Fresca was made available in South Africa during the early 1990s with a series of colorful ads featuring British-Nigerian actor Hakeem Kae-Kazim with the slogan \"Nothing tastes like Fresca\". The soft drink developed a cult following but sales were discontinued.[34]","title":"Formula changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"millennials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennials"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"La Croix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Croix_Sparkling_Water"},{"link_name":"Izze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izze_Beverage_Company"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Citrus-1"}],"text":"Fresca packaging has been redesigned several times. In 2005, Coca-Cola gave Fresca a more contemporary look, Fresca's first packaging makeover since 1995. During this redesign, two new flavors were introduced (Sparkling Peach Citrus and Sparkling Black Cherry Citrus) and the original grapefruit flavor was renamed Sparkling Citrus.[35] Later, \"Sparkling\" was dropped and the original flavor was renamed Original Citrus. Several additional flavors were added to the line-up after 2005, but those flavors were dropped.Coca-Cola announced revamped packaging again in 2018 along with a new marketing campaign targeted towards millennials – the first Fresca advertising since 2008 – with the stated intention of \"reeling in a new generation of drinkers unfamiliar with the brand\".[36] The marketing described it as a \"sparkling flavored soda\", meant to compete with other sparkling beverage products such as La Croix and Izze.[37]Currently, Fresca has been rebranded as \"Fresca Sparkling Soda Water\", reformulated in four flavors, Grapefruit Citrus, Black Cherry Citrus, Peach Citrus and Blackberry Citrus and described as \"The original no sugar, no calorie sparkling beverage\". In the US, Fresca is currently sold in plastic bottles and aluminum cans.[1]","title":"Packaging changes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ingredients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carbonated water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonated_water"},{"link_name":"Citric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid"},{"link_name":"Concentrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrate"},{"link_name":"grapefruit juice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapefruit_juice"},{"link_name":"Potassium citrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_citrate"},{"link_name":"Aspartame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartame"},{"link_name":"Potassium sorbate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_sorbate"},{"link_name":"Acacia gum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_gum"},{"link_name":"Acesulfame potassium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acesulfame_potassium"},{"link_name":"Natural flavors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavoring"},{"link_name":"Glycerol ester of wood rosin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol_ester_of_wood_rosin"},{"link_name":"Potassium benzoate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_benzoate"},{"link_name":"Calcium Disodium EDTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid"},{"link_name":"Carob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carob"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Citrus-1"}],"sub_title":"Fresca Original Grapefruit Citrus","text":"United States and Canada:Carbonated water\nCitric acid\nConcentrated grapefruit juice\nPotassium citrate\nAspartame\nPotassium sorbate\nAcacia gum\nAcesulfame potassium\nNatural flavors\nGlycerol ester of wood rosin\nPotassium benzoate\nCalcium Disodium EDTA\nCarob bean gum [1]","title":"Ingredients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-first_11-0"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fresca.com-7"}],"text":"^ A single entry on one Coca-Cola website erroneously refers to a 1958 introduction of Fresca in the United States.[7] There are no newspaper articles or media references that support that date.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The original Fresca bottle design from 1966, designed by Hodgman-Bourke of New York City","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Original_Fresca_Bottle%2C_circa_1966%2C_designed_by_industrial_designers%2C_Hodgman-Bourke_of_New_York%2C_New_York.jpg/110px-Original_Fresca_Bottle%2C_circa_1966%2C_designed_by_industrial_designers%2C_Hodgman-Bourke_of_New_York%2C_New_York.jpg"},{"image_text":"2006 Mexican glass Fresca bottle (355 ml)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mex_fresca.jpg/170px-Mex_fresca.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Grapefruit–drug interactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapefruit%E2%80%93drug_interactions"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Fresca - Delicious Never Goes Out of Style\". fresca.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fresca.com/","url_text":"\"Fresca - Delicious Never Goes Out of Style\""}]},{"reference":"\"So, What's New?\". The Daily Reporter. Dover, Ohio. July 29, 1965.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/17259032/","url_text":"\"So, What's New?\""}]},{"reference":"\"How Fresca Lived Up to Its Tagline for 1967 New York Debut, Literally\". coca-colacompany.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.coca-colacompany.com/news/fresca-lived-up-to-its-tagline-for-1967-new-york-debut","url_text":"\"How Fresca Lived Up to Its Tagline for 1967 New York Debut, Literally\""}]},{"reference":"\"Test Market\". Independent Star-News. Pasadena, California. August 29, 1965.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/31798649/","url_text":"\"Test Market\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fresca - Brands & Products | The Coca-Cola Company\". coca-colacompany.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fresca.com/products/original-citrus","url_text":"\"Fresca - Brands & Products | The Coca-Cola Company\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coca-Cola - Grands - Brand Fact Sheets\". Archived from the original on 30 August 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090830010528/http://www.virtualvender.coca-cola.com/ft/index.jsp","url_text":"\"Coca-Cola - Grands - Brand Fact Sheets\""},{"url":"http://www.virtualvender.coca-cola.com/ft/index.jsp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Earnings\". The Daily Times. Mamaroneck, New York. March 8, 1966.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/73554526/","url_text":"\"Earnings\""}]},{"reference":"\"1960s\". coca-cola.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.coca-cola.co.uk/our-business/history/1960s","url_text":"\"1960s\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coca-Cola Botlling Becomes 1 of Largest Vending Companies\". The Capital Times. Madison, Wisconsin. January 20, 1967.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/519530973/","url_text":"\"Coca-Cola Botlling Becomes 1 of Largest Vending Companies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Market is Unsettled\". The Times Recorder. Zanesville, Ohio. March 20, 1967.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/293474039/","url_text":"\"Market is Unsettled\""}]},{"reference":"\"The business of slimming\". The bulletin. November 20, 1976.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1588649175/view?sectionId=nla.obj-2002207445&partId=nla.obj-1588906858#page/n79/mode/1up","url_text":"\"The business of slimming\""}]},{"reference":"Watson, W. Robert (2014). In Soft Drink Marketing a Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Market. Bloomington, Indiana: AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-4817-4182-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4817-4182-8","url_text":"978-1-4817-4182-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Erie Income Increases\". The Morning Call. Paterson, New Jersey. February 7, 1966.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/553662351/","url_text":"\"Erie Income Increases\""}]},{"reference":"\"Game Show Prep: More Facts About Fresca\". mentalfloss.com. 25 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/22611/game-show-prep-more-facts-about-fresca","url_text":"\"Game Show Prep: More Facts About Fresca\""}]},{"reference":"Lavietes, Stuart (January 8, 2003). \"F. William Free, 74, Ad Man Behind 'Fly Me'\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D06E0DA123EF93BA35752C0A9659C8B63","url_text":"\"F. William Free, 74, Ad Man Behind 'Fly Me'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Here. The frosty taste of Fresca. It's a blizzard\". The Sheboygan Press. Sheboygan, Wisconsin. February 17, 1966.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/7240335283/","url_text":"\"Here. The frosty taste of Fresca. It's a blizzard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ad Row Roundup\". Chicago Tribune. January 17, 1967.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/376430013//","url_text":"\"Ad Row Roundup\""}]},{"reference":"Conklin, Rhodes (January 26, 1967). \"Big Newspaper Campaign to Promote Coke's Fresca\". Orlando Evening Star. Retrieved January 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/291136790","url_text":"\"Big Newspaper Campaign to Promote Coke's Fresca\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Blizzard Girls bring you the frosty taste of Fresca\". Ames Daily Tribune. Ames, Iowa. January 3, 1966.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/54594560/","url_text":"\"The Blizzard Girls bring you the frosty taste of Fresca\""}]},{"reference":"Catalog of Copyright Entries: Third series. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress Copyright Office. 1966. Retrieved January 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8TkhAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA3-PA74","url_text":"Catalog of Copyright Entries: Third series"}]},{"reference":"\"Historic Happy Hour: Lyndon B. Johnson\". 23 February 2021. Retrieved July 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historicamerica.org/journal/2021/2/23/welcome-to-historic-happy-hour","url_text":"\"Historic Happy Hour: Lyndon B. Johnson\""}]},{"reference":"Valinsky, Jordan (January 6, 2022). \"One of Coke's most-popular sodas is becoming a boozy beverage\". CNN. 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Retrieved 8 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/the-boys-showrunner-on-popularity-stormfront-fresca-interview-2020-10?op=1","url_text":"\"Amazon's 'The Boys' creator on season 2's immense popularity, the fate of Stormfront, and what the deal with Fresca is\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider","url_text":"Business Insider"}]},{"reference":"Venable, Nick (6 September 2020). \"The Boys Creator Talks The Church Of The Collective And Explains All The Fresca References\". CinemaBlend. Retrieved 8 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cinemablend.com/television/2554104/the-boys-creator-talks-the-church-of-the-collective-and-explains-the-fresca-references","url_text":"\"The Boys Creator Talks The Church Of The Collective And Explains All The Fresca References\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CinemaBlend","url_text":"CinemaBlend"}]},{"reference":"The Coca-Cola Company Annual Report 1980. Atlanta, Georgia: The Coca-Cola Company. 1980. p. 8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/1990annualreport/1980%20Annual%20Report_djvu.txt","url_text":"The Coca-Cola Company Annual Report 1980"}]},{"reference":"Claassens, Carina (2018-01-18). \"12 Truths About Growing Up in South Africa\". culture trip. Retrieved 2020-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://theculturetrip.com/africa/south-africa/articles/12-truths-about-growing-up-in-south-africa/","url_text":"\"12 Truths About Growing Up in South Africa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coca-Cola North America Announces Fresca Makeover: Two New Line Extensions To Accompany New Look For Venerable Brand\" (Press release). Coca-Cola North America. 25 May 2005. Archived from the original on 4 October 2007. Retrieved 17 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071004151708/http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/presscenter/pdfs/Fresca%20Launch%20Release.doc","url_text":"\"Coca-Cola North America Announces Fresca Makeover: Two New Line Extensions To Accompany New Look For Venerable Brand\""},{"url":"http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/presscenter/pdfs/Fresca%20Launch%20Release.doc","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fresca Gets a Fresh Look\". The Coca-Cola Company. 2018-04-16. Archived from the original on 2018-04-17. Retrieved 2018-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180417201555/http://www.coca-colacompany.com/stories/fresca-gets-a-fresh-new-look","url_text":"\"Fresca Gets a Fresh Look\""},{"url":"http://www.coca-colacompany.com/stories/fresca-gets-a-fresh-new-look","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Siegner, Cathy (2018-04-19). \"Coca-Cola to freshen Fresca brand with new look and flavors\". Food Dive. Retrieved 2020-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fooddive.com/news/coca-cola-to-freshen-fresca-brand-with-new-look-and-flavors/521667/","url_text":"\"Coca-Cola to freshen Fresca brand with new look and flavors\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.fresca.com/","external_links_name":"www.fresca.com"},{"Link":"https://www.fresca.com/","external_links_name":"\"Fresca - Delicious Never Goes Out of Style\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/17259032/","external_links_name":"\"So, What's New?\""},{"Link":"https://www.coca-colacompany.com/news/fresca-lived-up-to-its-tagline-for-1967-new-york-debut","external_links_name":"\"How Fresca Lived Up to Its Tagline for 1967 New York Debut, Literally\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/31798649/","external_links_name":"\"Test Market\""},{"Link":"https://www.fresca.com/products/original-citrus","external_links_name":"\"Fresca - Brands & Products | The Coca-Cola Company\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090830010528/http://www.virtualvender.coca-cola.com/ft/index.jsp","external_links_name":"\"Coca-Cola - Grands - Brand Fact Sheets\""},{"Link":"http://www.virtualvender.coca-cola.com/ft/index.jsp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/73554526/","external_links_name":"\"Earnings\""},{"Link":"https://www.coca-cola.co.uk/our-business/history/1960s","external_links_name":"\"1960s\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/519530973/","external_links_name":"\"Coca-Cola Botlling Becomes 1 of Largest Vending Companies\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/293474039/","external_links_name":"\"Market is Unsettled\""},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1588649175/view?sectionId=nla.obj-2002207445&partId=nla.obj-1588906858#page/n79/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"The business of slimming\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/553662351/","external_links_name":"\"Erie Income Increases\""},{"Link":"https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/22611/game-show-prep-more-facts-about-fresca","external_links_name":"\"Game Show Prep: More Facts About Fresca\""},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D06E0DA123EF93BA35752C0A9659C8B63","external_links_name":"\"F. William Free, 74, Ad Man Behind 'Fly Me'\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/7240335283/","external_links_name":"\"Here. The frosty taste of Fresca. It's a blizzard\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/376430013//","external_links_name":"\"Ad Row Roundup\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/291136790","external_links_name":"\"Big Newspaper Campaign to Promote Coke's Fresca\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/54594560/","external_links_name":"\"The Blizzard Girls bring you the frosty taste of Fresca\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8TkhAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA3-PA74","external_links_name":"Catalog of Copyright Entries: Third series"},{"Link":"https://www.historicamerica.org/journal/2021/2/23/welcome-to-historic-happy-hour","external_links_name":"\"Historic Happy Hour: Lyndon B. Johnson\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/06/business/fresca-alcoholic-drink-launch/index.html","external_links_name":"\"One of Coke's most-popular sodas is becoming a boozy beverage\""},{"Link":"https://slate.com/technology/2009/09/the-growing-ambitions-of-the-food-police.html","external_links_name":"\"Then They Came for the Fresca\""},{"Link":"https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/a33927237/the-boys-season-2-fresca/","external_links_name":"\"The Boys Has Us Wondering About... Fresca?\""},{"Link":"https://www.popsugar.com/entertainment/the-boys-fresca-theories-47767568","external_links_name":"\"The Boys Fresca Reference Is the Creepiest Mystery of Season 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbr.com/the-boys-why-church-of-the-collective-obsessed-fresca/","external_links_name":"\"The Boys: Why Is the Church of the Collective OBSESSED With Fresca?\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbr.com/the-boys-fresca-joke-explained/","external_links_name":"\"The Boys Boss Explains Season 2's Fresca Joke, 'Predicts' a New Official Slogan\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbr.com/the-boys-cast-fresca-joke/","external_links_name":"\"The Boys' Cast Still Doesn't Understand the Show's Fresca Joke\""},{"Link":"https://www.businessinsider.com/the-boys-showrunner-on-popularity-stormfront-fresca-interview-2020-10?op=1","external_links_name":"\"Amazon's 'The Boys' creator on season 2's immense popularity, the fate of Stormfront, and what the deal with Fresca is\""},{"Link":"https://www.cinemablend.com/television/2554104/the-boys-creator-talks-the-church-of-the-collective-and-explains-the-fresca-references","external_links_name":"\"The Boys Creator Talks The Church Of The Collective And Explains All The Fresca References\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/1990annualreport/1980%20Annual%20Report_djvu.txt","external_links_name":"The Coca-Cola Company Annual Report 1980"},{"Link":"https://theculturetrip.com/africa/south-africa/articles/12-truths-about-growing-up-in-south-africa/","external_links_name":"\"12 Truths About Growing Up in South Africa\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071004151708/http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/presscenter/pdfs/Fresca%20Launch%20Release.doc","external_links_name":"\"Coca-Cola North America Announces Fresca Makeover: Two New Line Extensions To Accompany New Look For Venerable Brand\""},{"Link":"http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/presscenter/pdfs/Fresca%20Launch%20Release.doc","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180417201555/http://www.coca-colacompany.com/stories/fresca-gets-a-fresh-new-look","external_links_name":"\"Fresca Gets a Fresh Look\""},{"Link":"http://www.coca-colacompany.com/stories/fresca-gets-a-fresh-new-look","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.fooddive.com/news/coca-cola-to-freshen-fresca-brand-with-new-look-and-flavors/521667/","external_links_name":"\"Coca-Cola to freshen Fresca brand with new look and flavors\""},{"Link":"http://www.fresca.com/","external_links_name":"Official Fresca product website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn%E2%80%93Clemson_football_rivalry
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Auburn–Clemson football rivalry
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["1 Series history","2 Notable games","2.1 1998 Peach Bowl","2.2 2007 Chick-fil-A Bowl","3 Game results","4 See also","5 References"]
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American college football rivalry
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Auburn–Clemson football rivalry" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Auburn–Clemson football rivalry
Auburn Tigers
Clemson Tigers
First meetingOctober 28, 1899Auburn, 34–0Latest meetingSeptember 9, 2017Clemson, 14–6Next meetingTBDStatisticsMeetings total51All-time seriesAuburn leads, 34–15–2Largest victoryAuburn, 56–0 (1921)Longest win streakAuburn 14, (1952–2010)Current win streakClemson 4, (2011–present)
150km100miles
Clemson
Auburn Locations of Auburn and Clemson
The Auburn–Clemson football rivalry is an American college football rivalry between the Auburn Tigers and Clemson Tigers.
Series history
The rivalry began in 1899 and was played almost annually up until 1929. It was renewed in 1940 on an annual basis until 1955, with only a three-year break from 1943–45 for World War II. After that, the series became much more intermittent. They have faced each other in two bowl games; the 1998 Peach Bowl and the 2007 Chick-fil-A Bowl.
Notable games
1998 Peach Bowl
Main article: 1998 Peach Bowl (January)
2007 Chick-fil-A Bowl
Main article: 2007 Chick-fil-A Bowl
Game results
Auburn victoriesClemson victoriesTie gamesNo.DateLocationWinnerScore1 October 28, 1899 Auburn, AL Auburn 34–02 November 15, 1902 Auburn, AL Clemson 16–03 October 15, 1904 Clemson, SC Auburn 5–04 November 11, 1905 Auburn, AL Clemson 6–05 November 10, 1906 Clemson, SC Clemson 6–46 November 2, 1907 Auburn, AL Auburn 12–07 October 22, 1910 Auburn, AL Auburn 17–08 October 14, 1911 Clemson, SC Auburn 29–09 October 19, 1912 Auburn, AL Auburn 27–610 October 18, 1913 Clemson, SC Auburn 20–011 October 17, 1914 Auburn, AL Auburn 28–012 October 16, 1915 Anderson, SC Auburn 14–013 October 20, 1916 Auburn, AL Auburn 28–014 October 19, 1917 Clemson, SC Auburn 7–015 October 17, 1919 Auburn, AL Auburn 7–016 October 15, 1920 Clemson, SC Auburn 21–017 October 14, 1921 Auburn, AL Auburn 56–018 September 29, 1923 Clemson, SC Tie0–019 October 4, 1924 Auburn, AL Auburn 13–020 October 3, 1925 Clemson, SC Auburn 13–621 October 2, 1926 Auburn, AL Auburn 47–022 October 1, 1927 Clemson, SC Clemson 3–023 October 6, 1928 Auburn, AL Clemson 6–024 October 5, 1929 Clemson, SC Clemson 26–725 November 9, 1940 Auburn, AL Auburn 21–726 November 29, 1941 Auburn, AL Auburn 28–7No.DateLocationWinnerScore27 November 28, 1942 Auburn, AL #16 Auburn 41–1328 November 23, 1946 Montgomery, AL Clemson 21–1329 November 22, 1947 Clemson, SC Clemson 34–1830 November 27, 1948 Mobile, AL #9 Clemson 7–631 November 26, 1949 Mobile, AL Tie20–2032 November 25, 1950 Auburn, AL #11 Clemson 41–033 November 24, 1951 Clemson, SC Clemson 34–034 November 22, 1952 Auburn, AL Auburn 3–035 November 21, 1953 Clemson, SC #14 Auburn 45–1936 November 20, 1954 Auburn, AL #18 Auburn 27–637 November 19, 1955 Mobile, AL #12 Auburn 21–038 October 28, 1961 Auburn, AL Auburn 24–1439 October 27, 1962 Clemson, SC Auburn 17–1440 October 14, 1967 Auburn, AL Auburn 43–2141 October 12, 1968 Clemson, SC Auburn 21–1042 October 11, 1969 Auburn, AL #20 Auburn 51–043 October 10, 1970 Clemson, SC #9 Auburn 44–044 October 23, 1971 Auburn, AL #5 Auburn 35–1345 January 2, 1998 Atlanta, GA #13 Auburn 21–1746 December 31, 2007 Atlanta, GA #22 Auburn 23–20OT47 September 18, 2010 Auburn, AL #16 Auburn 27–24OT48 September 17, 2011 Clemson, SC Clemson 38–2449 September 1, 2012 Atlanta, GA #14 Clemson 26–1950 September 3, 2016 Auburn, AL #2 Clemson 19–1351 September 9, 2017 Clemson, SC #3 Clemson 14–6Series: Auburn leads 34–15–2
See also
List of NCAA college football rivalry games
References
^ a b "Winsipedia – Auburn Tigers vs. Clemson Tigers football series history". Winsipedia.
vteAuburn Tigers footballVenues
Drill Field (1892–1910)
Drake Field (1911–1939)
Legion Field (alternate, 1926–1991)
Jordan-Hare Stadium (1939–present)
Bowls & rivalries
Bowl games
Alabama: Iron Bowl (James E. Foy, V-ODK Sportsmanship Trophy)
Clemson
Florida
Georgia: Deep South's Oldest Rivalry
Georgia Tech
LSU
Ole Miss
Tennessee
Tulane
Culture & lore
History
Traditions
Aubie
"War Eagle"
Marching band
Toomer's Corner
Punt Bama Punt
Bo Over the Top
Earthquake Game
Prayer at Jordan-Hare
Kick Six (Kick Bama Kick)
Porter Cup
People
Head coaches
Starting quarterbacks
Statistical leaders
NFL draftees
Seasons
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
National championship seasons in bold
vteClemson Tigers footballVenues
Bowman Field (1900–1913)
Riggs Field (1915–1941)
Memorial Stadium (1942–present)
Bowls & rivalries
Bowl games
Alabama
Auburn
Boston College (O'Rourke–McFadden Trophy)
Florida State
Georgia
Georgia Tech
NC State (Textile Bowl)
South Carolina
Culture & lore
History
The Tiger
"Tiger Rag"
Marching band
Clemson–South Carolina football brawl
Safety
The Fridge
People
Head coaches
NFL draftees
Statistical leaders
Seasons
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
National championship seasons in bold
vteAtlantic Coast Conference rivalriesConference
O'Rourke–McFadden Trophy (Boston College–Clemson)
Boston College–Syracuse
Boston College–Virginia Tech
Big Game (California–Stanford, from 2024–25)
Clemson–Florida State
Clemson–Georgia Tech
Textile Bowl (Clemson–NC State)
Tobacco Road (Duke–North Carolina–NC State–Wake Forest)
Duke–North Carolina basketball/overall (lacrosse)
Victory Bell (Duke–North Carolina football)
Duke–NC State
Duke–Wake Forest
Florida State–Miami
Jefferson-Eppes Trophy (Florida State–Virginia)
Georgia Tech–Virginia Tech
Miami–Virginia Tech
North Carolina–NC State overall (football)
South's Oldest Rivalry (North Carolina–Virginia)
North Carolina–Wake Forest
NC State–Wake Forest
Pittsburgh–Syracuse
Syracuse–Virginia
Virginia–Virginia Tech (overall, football, and men's basketball)
Non-conference
Alabama–Clemson
Alabama–Georgia Tech
Auburn–Clemson
Auburn–Georgia Tech
Boston College–Holy Cross
Green Line Rivalry (Boston College–Boston U)
Commonwealth Classic (Boston College–UMass basketball)
Boston College–UMass
California–UCLA (from 2024–25)
Cincinnati–Louisville (overall)
The Keg of Nails (Cincinnati–Louisville football)
Clemson–Georgia
Clemson–South Carolina
Colgate–Syracuse
Cornell–Syracuse (lacrosse)
Duke–Maryland (men's basketball)
City Game (Duquesne–Pittsburgh)
East Carolina–NC State
Florida–Florida State (football)
Florida–Florida State (men's basketball)
Florida–Florida State (baseball)
Florida–Miami (football)
Florida–Miami (baseball)
Florida Cup (Florida–Florida State–Miami)
Clean, Old-Fashioned Hate (Georgia–Georgia Tech)
Georgia Tech–Tennessee
Georgia Tech–Vanderbilt
Hobart–Syracuse (lacrosse)
Houston–SMU (men's basketball, from 2024–25)
Indiana–Notre Dame (men's soccer)
Johns Hopkins–Syracuse (lacrosse)
Johns Hopkins–Virginia (lacrosse)
Kentucky–Louisville overall
Governor's Cup (Kentucky–Louisville football)
Kentucky–North Carolina (men's basketball)
Louisville–Memphis
Maryland–Virginia (football)
Maryland–Virginia (lacrosse)
Maryland–Virginia (men's soccer)
Miami–Nebraska
Gansz Trophy (Navy–SMU football, from 2024–25)
North Carolina–South Carolina
Safeway Bowl (North Texas–SMU, from 2024–25)
Notre Dame–UCLA (men's basketball)
Notre Dame–UConn (women's basketball)
Penn State–Pittsburgh
Penn State–Syracuse
Old Ironsides (Penn State–Pittsburgh–West Virginia)
Backyard Brawl (Pittsburgh–West Virginia)
Mayor's Cup (Rice–SMU, from 2024–25)
Bill Walsh Legacy Game (San Jose State–Stanford, from 2024–25)
SMU–TCU (from 2024–25)
Syracuse–UConn (overall)
Syracuse–West Virginia
VMI–Virginia Tech
Virginia Tech–West Virginia
Notre Dame football rivalries
Boston College–Notre Dame
Florida State–Notre Dame
Georgia Tech–Notre Dame
North Carolina–Notre Dame
Miami–Notre Dame
Notre Dame–Pittsburgh
Notre Dame–Stanford (from 2024–25)
vteSoutheastern Conference football rivalry gamesConference
Iron Bowl (Alabama–Auburn)
Alabama–Florida
Alabama–Georgia
Alabama–LSU
Alabama–Mississippi State
Alabama–Ole Miss
Third Saturday in October (Alabama–Tennessee)
Arkansas–LSU
Battle Line Rivalry (Arkansas–Missouri)
Arkansas–Ole Miss
Arkansas–Texas A&M
Auburn–Florida
Deep South's Oldest Rivalry (Auburn–Georgia)
Auburn–LSU
Auburn–Ole Miss
Auburn–Tennessee
Florida–Georgia
Florida–Kentucky
Florida–LSU
Florida–Tennessee
Georgia–South Carolina
Georgia–Tennessee
Georgia–Vanderbilt
Kentucky–Tennessee
Kentucky–Vanderbilt
LSU–Mississippi State
Magnolia Bowl (LSU–Ole Miss)
LSU–Texas A&M
Egg Bowl (Mississippi State–Ole Miss)
Ole Miss–Vanderbilt
South Carolina–Tennessee
Tennessee–Vanderbilt
Non-conference
Alabama–Clemson
Alabama–Georgia Tech
Alabama–Penn State
Arkansas–Texas
Arkansas–Texas Tech
Auburn–Clemson
Auburn–Georgia Tech
Auburn–Tulane
Battle of the Brazos (Baylor–Texas A&M)
Centre–Kentucky
Clemson–Georgia
Clemson–South Carolina
Florida–Florida State
Florida–Miami
Florida Cup (Florida–Florida State–Miami)
Clean, Old-Fashioned Hate (Georgia–Georgia Tech)
Georgia Tech–Tennessee
Georgia Tech–Vanderbilt
Illinois–Missouri
Indiana–Kentucky
Iowa State–Missouri
Border War (Kansas–Missouri)
Kentucky–Louisville
Battle On Broadway (Kentucky–Transylvania)
Battle for the Rag (LSU–Tulane)
Memphis–Ole Miss
Missouri–Nebraska
Missouri–Oklahoma
North Carolina–South Carolina
Ole Miss–Tulane
Sewanee–Vanderbilt
TCU–Texas A&M
Texas–Texas A&M
Texas A&M–Texas Tech
|
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[]
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[{"title":"List of NCAA college football rivalry games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_college_football_rivalry_games"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eumig
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Eumig
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["1 History","1.1 Founding through World War II","1.2 Postwar Era, 1945-1979","1.3 Abrupt End, 1980-82","1.4 Museum","2 External links"]
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A VE301W model Volksempfänger, or "People's Radio Receiver," produced by EUMIG in the 1930s. The cabinet is made of bakelite, and the speaker screen of silk. EUMIG was an Austrian company producing audio and video equipment that existed from 1919 until 1982. The name is an acronym for Elektrizitäts und Metallwaren Industrie Gesellschaft, or, translated, the "Electricity and Metalware Industry Company."
History
Founding through World War II
EUMIG was founded in 1919 in Vienna, Austria, by Karl Vockenhuber, the engineer Alois Handler and Adolf Halpern, who furnished the bulk of the firm's initial financial resources. At its founding, the company produced lighters and cigarette cases and miscellaneous electrical materials. First located at 86 Wienzeile in Mariahilf, the 6th district of Vienna, in the same year EUMIG moved to 42 Schallergasse in the 12th district.
Distribution of 500 small receivers (DKE38) manufactured by EUMIG, on the occasion of Joseph Goebbels' 41st birthday in the Berlin Radio House in October 1938. The Nazi official with swastika armband distributing them is Werner Wächter, the District Manager for Propaganda.
In 1921, the company, now with 65 employees, moved again, to 5 Hirschgasse, back in the Mariahilf. In 1924, EUMIG began manufacturing two models of radios, the "Low Loss Detektor Empfänger" ("Low Loss detector receiver") and a smaller model, the "Eumig Baby." In 1926 Vockenhuber and Handler bought out Halpern, who retired from the company. EUMIG continued production of radio receivers and sound recorders from 1924 until 1962.
In 1928, Eumig began producing terrible film equipment, and three years later, in 1931 it introduced its first film projector, the "Eumig P 1." In 1932, the first movie camera "Eumig C 1" for 9.5-mm film was introduced, and a second model, the "Eumig C 2," also for 9.5-mm film, was introduced in 1935. This was the first movie camera in the world with semi-automatic tracking exposure control. Still expanding, that same year, EUMIG acquired the company Panradio, located at 11-13 Buchengasse, in the 10th district. In 1937 it introduced the movie cameras "Eumig C 3" (propelled by a spring mechanism), and the "Eumig C 4," which was the first amateur film camera in the world driven by electric motor. Overall, about 300,000 units of the C-3-series were built.
During this period, EUMIG benefitted from its employment of some of the best-known European industrial designers, including Walter Maria Kersting. It became the manufacturer of several models of the well-known Volksempfänger or "People's Radio," that the Nazis used to reach and control a huge audience throughout Germany in the 1930s and 1940s.
By 1941 EUMIG had grown to 1,000 employees, and during the war year, in addition to radios and cameras EUMIG also produced military equipment. Its factory on the Buchengasse in Vienna was destroyed in 1945 by bombing, but machinery had been moved the previous year to a branch in Micheldorf.
Postwar Era, 1945-1979
Joseph Goebbels examining a EUMIG Volksempfänger at the Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin (" Berlin Radio Show") in August 1938
Despite the slow economic recovery after the destruction of the Second World War, EUMIG continued to develop new lines of equipment in the 1950s. In 1951 Charles Vockenhuber died, the same year that EUMIG began producing individual photographic cameras, introducing the "Eumigetta" for 6 x 6 cm rolls of film. Two years later, its successor, the "Eumigetta 2," debuted, though these cameras were eventually abandoned. 1954 saw the introduction of the projector Eumig P 8, the world's first home movie projector with a low voltage lighting system (12 volts). In 1955, EUMIG released its most successful radio model, the "Eumigette," which featured 7 tubes for FM and AM frequencies, ultimately producing approximately 500,000 units.
1956 was a landmark year for EUMIG. It built a new factory complex, designed by Oswald Haerdtl, on a site in Wiener Neudorf. Then, on the initiative of junior engineer Karl Vockenhuber, and after 6-week trials and a subsequent survey of the workforce, EUMIG introduced the first 40-hour work week in Austria. Finally, the C(amera) 16 was introduced for 16-mm film. In 1958, in recognition of its accomplishments, the company received the Staatliche Auszeichnung ("National Award") and was allowed to use the Bundeswappen, or the federal arms of Austria, in commercial transactions.
A EUMIG 8mm movie camera from about 1955
In 1960 Alois Handler, the last of the three original founders, died. EUMIG's postwar innovations continued, with 3,000 employees in 1961. In 1962, the radio production was abandoned and sold to HEA, after EUMIG had cumulatively sold some 3 million radios. The company then focused on the construction of movie cameras and projectors at its two plants in the Neudorf and Furstenfeld sections of Vienna.
After Kodak (USA) introduced Super-8 film, in 1965 EUMIG launched the movie camera "Viennette Super-8" and the projectors "Mark M Super-8" with threader and arrest projection and "Eumig Mark S Super-8" for Super-8 sound film. At the time, EUMIG was the only European manufacturer with a complete range of equipment for Super-8 film. In 1969, it expanded again, acquiring the Swiss company Bolex, before introducing the Eumig Movie Camera "mini" in 1971. It would go on to produce about 500,000 units of the mini series. In 1973, EUMIG introduced the silent film projector "Mark 610 D" (switchable for Regular 8 and Super 8 film), which was sold in a similar form as Bolex 18-3 Duo and the Revuelux 3003.
In 1974, the Executive Board of the Vienna Buchengasse moved to a new high-rise next to the factory in Neudorf. By 1975 EUMIG had become the largest film projector manufacturer in the world, turning out some 500,000 projectors a year, and employing some 5,000 people. In 1976, EUMIG entered into a contract with Polaroid (USA) for the production of instant film Polavision devices The system consisted of the camera, the presenter and film, delivered in special cassettes, that could be developed immediately after exposure and demonstrated after only 90 seconds. Two years later, however, EUMIG had to lay off 1,000 employees after Polaroid stopped its orders for Polavision.
In 1977 Eumig tried again in the radio hifi industry and introduced the 3-head stereo cassette deck "Metropolitan CCD", with a tuner and amplifier as a "Metropolitan CC" in a console design, with fully electronic sensor control and opto-electronic synchronization control. In 1979, EUMIG began working on a portable video recorder, first developed by BASF for the LVR system (Longitudinal Video Recording, wherein the recording is carried out in 48 parallel tracks). But later that year, the LVR project was discontinued, as the market opportunities were considered to be too few.The CCD won the "Award for Design and Engineering" at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Chicago in 1979, where none of the Japanese devices shown had a similar functionality to EUMIG's.
A EUMIG Mark S810 Super 8 movie sound projector
The Eumig FL-1000uP cassette deck came out in 1979, replacing the Metropolitan Series. It used a microprocessor, the Mostek MK3870. It had a more advanced drive than the Metropolitan, with a front loading design in which the winding speed was electronically governed at Rewind (short rewind time), and was able to tape media positions accurately with an electronic counter, with an extremely short acceleration time. The built-interface could control up to sixteen decks from a computer. Also that year, Eumig launched the waterproof film camera "Nautica" for Super 8, usable up to 40 meters below the surface.
In 1980 Eumig had 3000 employees. That year it launched the two film cameras "Eumig Sound 125 XL" and "Eumig Sound 128 XL" for Super-8 sound film, which were the only sound film cameras EUMIG would produce itself. Previously, it had purchased sound film cameras from Bell & Howell.
Abrupt End, 1980-82
Eumig Hochhaus, in the industry zone of Wiener Neudorf, was created for Eumig in 1956
In 1981, EUMIG sold the development branch for SMD technology to the company Schrack. Soon afterwards, the Länderbank stopped the further financing of EUMIG, and the company terminated production of hi-fi equipment. In 1982 the company declared bankruptcy and began liquidating its assets. The EUMIG skyscraper in Neudorf was sold to Palmers AG, while the brand name "EUMIG" was sold to the Luxembourg company Interbasic. The EUMIG patent for the macro system in lenses was sold to the Japanese company Canon. The Fohnsdorf factory was taken over by AT&S (Austria Technologie & Systemtechnik). The bankruptcy process was completed in 1985. In 1989 the German company Rothenberger GmbH, Frankfurt, acquired the rights to the EUMIG name for the production of cameras and audio and video systems, and today it is under the name EUMIG industry-tv GmbH Environmental products for the channel and tube businesses are sold.
Museum
The Eumig Museum is in Wiener Neudorf.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eumig.
EUMIG Museum online
Authority control databases
VIAF
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ve301w.jpg"},{"link_name":"Volksempfänger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksempf%C3%A4nger"},{"link_name":"bakelite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakelite"},{"link_name":"silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"}],"text":"A VE301W model Volksempfänger, or \"People's Radio Receiver,\" produced by EUMIG in the 1930s. The cabinet is made of bakelite, and the speaker screen of silk.EUMIG was an Austrian company producing audio and video equipment that existed from 1919 until 1982. The name is an acronym for Elektrizitäts und Metallwaren Industrie Gesellschaft, or, translated, the \"Electricity and Metalware Industry Company.\"","title":"Eumig"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Mariahilf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariahilf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H14243,_Berlin,_Verteilung_von_500_Radios_(Volksempf%C3%A4nger).jpg"},{"link_name":"Joseph Goebbels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels"},{"link_name":"Werner Wächter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_W%C3%A4chter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"radios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio"},{"link_name":"film projector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_projector"},{"link_name":"9.5-mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9.5_mm_film"},{"link_name":"industrial designers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_design"},{"link_name":"Walter Maria Kersting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Maria_Kersting"},{"link_name":"Volksempfänger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksempf%C3%A4nger"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi"}],"sub_title":"Founding through World War II","text":"EUMIG was founded in 1919 in Vienna, Austria, by Karl Vockenhuber, the engineer Alois Handler and Adolf Halpern, who furnished the bulk of the firm's initial financial resources. At its founding, the company produced lighters and cigarette cases and miscellaneous electrical materials. First located at 86 Wienzeile in Mariahilf, the 6th district of Vienna, in the same year EUMIG moved to 42 Schallergasse in the 12th district.Distribution of 500 small receivers (DKE38) manufactured by EUMIG, on the occasion of Joseph Goebbels' 41st birthday in the Berlin Radio House in October 1938. The Nazi official with swastika armband distributing them is Werner Wächter, the District Manager for Propaganda.In 1921, the company, now with 65 employees, moved again, to 5 Hirschgasse, back in the Mariahilf. In 1924, EUMIG began manufacturing two models of radios, the \"Low Loss Detektor Empfänger\" (\"Low Loss detector receiver\") and a smaller model, the \"Eumig Baby.\" In 1926 Vockenhuber and Handler bought out Halpern, who retired from the company. EUMIG continued production of radio receivers and sound recorders from 1924 until 1962.In 1928, Eumig began producing terrible film equipment, and three years later, in 1931 it introduced its first film projector, the \"Eumig P 1.\" In 1932, the first movie camera \"Eumig C 1\" for 9.5-mm film was introduced, and a second model, the \"Eumig C 2,\" also for 9.5-mm film, was introduced in 1935. This was the first movie camera in the world with semi-automatic tracking exposure control. Still expanding, that same year, EUMIG acquired the company Panradio, located at 11-13 Buchengasse, in the 10th district. In 1937 it introduced the movie cameras \"Eumig C 3\" (propelled by a spring mechanism), and the \"Eumig C 4,\" which was the first amateur film camera in the world driven by electric motor. Overall, about 300,000 units of the C-3-series were built.During this period, EUMIG benefitted from its employment of some of the best-known European industrial designers, including Walter Maria Kersting. It became the manufacturer of several models of the well-known Volksempfänger or \"People's Radio,\" that the Nazis used to reach and control a huge audience throughout Germany in the 1930s and 1940s.By 1941 EUMIG had grown to 1,000 employees, and during the war year, in addition to radios and cameras EUMIG also produced military equipment. Its factory on the Buchengasse in Vienna was destroyed in 1945 by bombing, but machinery had been moved the previous year to a branch in Micheldorf.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H10252,_Berlin,_Funkausstellung,_J._Goebbels,_H._Kriegler.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wiener Neudorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_Neudorf"},{"link_name":"Bundeswappen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Austria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Camera_eumig.jpg"},{"link_name":"8mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_mm_film"},{"link_name":"Super-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-8"},{"link_name":"Bolex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolex"},{"link_name":"Polaroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaroid_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Polavision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polavision"},{"link_name":"cassettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassette_tape"},{"link_name":"BASF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASF"},{"link_name":"Consumer Electronics Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Projecteur_s8son.jpg"},{"link_name":"microprocessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor"},{"link_name":"Mostek MK3870","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostek_MK3870"},{"link_name":"Bell & Howell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_%26_Howell"}],"sub_title":"Postwar Era, 1945-1979","text":"Joseph Goebbels examining a EUMIG Volksempfänger at the Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin (\"[International] Berlin Radio Show\") in August 1938Despite the slow economic recovery after the destruction of the Second World War, EUMIG continued to develop new lines of equipment in the 1950s. In 1951 Charles Vockenhuber died, the same year that EUMIG began producing individual photographic cameras, introducing the \"Eumigetta\" for 6 x 6 cm rolls of film. Two years later, its successor, the \"Eumigetta 2,\" debuted, though these cameras were eventually abandoned. 1954 saw the introduction of the projector Eumig P 8, the world's first home movie projector with a low voltage lighting system (12 volts). In 1955, EUMIG released its most successful radio model, the \"Eumigette,\" which featured 7 tubes for FM and AM frequencies, ultimately producing approximately 500,000 units.1956 was a landmark year for EUMIG. It built a new factory complex, designed by Oswald Haerdtl, on a site in Wiener Neudorf. Then, on the initiative of junior engineer Karl Vockenhuber, and after 6-week trials and a subsequent survey of the workforce, EUMIG introduced the first 40-hour work week in Austria. Finally, the C(amera) 16 was introduced for 16-mm film. In 1958, in recognition of its accomplishments, the company received the Staatliche Auszeichnung (\"National Award\") and was allowed to use the Bundeswappen, or the federal arms of Austria, in commercial transactions.A EUMIG 8mm movie camera from about 1955In 1960 Alois Handler, the last of the three original founders, died. EUMIG's postwar innovations continued, with 3,000 employees in 1961. In 1962, the radio production was abandoned and sold to HEA, after EUMIG had cumulatively sold some 3 million radios. The company then focused on the construction of movie cameras and projectors at its two plants in the Neudorf and Furstenfeld sections of Vienna.After Kodak (USA) introduced Super-8 film, in 1965 EUMIG launched the movie camera \"Viennette Super-8\" and the projectors \"Mark M Super-8\" with threader and arrest projection and \"Eumig Mark S Super-8\" for Super-8 sound film. At the time, EUMIG was the only European manufacturer with a complete range of equipment for Super-8 film. In 1969, it expanded again, acquiring the Swiss company Bolex, before introducing the Eumig Movie Camera \"mini\" in 1971. It would go on to produce about 500,000 units of the mini series. In 1973, EUMIG introduced the silent film projector \"Mark 610 D\" (switchable for Regular 8 and Super 8 film), which was sold in a similar form as Bolex 18-3 Duo and the Revuelux 3003.In 1974, the Executive Board of the Vienna Buchengasse moved to a new high-rise next to the factory in Neudorf. By 1975 EUMIG had become the largest film projector manufacturer in the world, turning out some 500,000 projectors a year, and employing some 5,000 people. In 1976, EUMIG entered into a contract with Polaroid (USA) for the production of instant film Polavision devices The system consisted of the camera, the presenter and film, delivered in special cassettes, that could be developed immediately after exposure and demonstrated after only 90 seconds. Two years later, however, EUMIG had to lay off 1,000 employees after Polaroid stopped its orders for Polavision.In 1977 Eumig tried again in the radio hifi industry and introduced the 3-head stereo cassette deck \"Metropolitan CCD\", with a tuner and amplifier as a \"Metropolitan CC\" in a console design, with fully electronic sensor control and opto-electronic synchronization control. In 1979, EUMIG began working on a portable video recorder, first developed by BASF for the LVR system (Longitudinal Video Recording, wherein the recording is carried out in 48 parallel tracks). But later that year, the LVR project was discontinued, as the market opportunities were considered to be too few.The CCD won the \"Award for Design and Engineering\" at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Chicago in 1979, where none of the Japanese devices shown had a similar functionality to EUMIG's.A EUMIG Mark S810 Super 8 movie sound projectorThe Eumig FL-1000uP cassette deck came out in 1979, replacing the Metropolitan Series. It used a microprocessor, the Mostek MK3870. It had a more advanced drive than the Metropolitan, with a front loading design in which the winding speed was electronically governed at Rewind (short rewind time), and was able to tape media positions accurately with an electronic counter, with an extremely short acceleration time. The built-interface could control up to sixteen decks from a computer. Also that year, Eumig launched the waterproof film camera \"Nautica\" for Super 8, usable up to 40 meters below the surface.In 1980 Eumig had 3000 employees. That year it launched the two film cameras \"Eumig Sound 125 XL\" and \"Eumig Sound 128 XL\" for Super-8 sound film, which were the only sound film cameras EUMIG would produce itself. Previously, it had purchased sound film cameras from Bell & Howell.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eumig-Palmers-Hochhaus_12,_Wiener_Neudorf.jpg"},{"link_name":"Länderbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4nderbank"},{"link_name":"hi-fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_fidelity"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Interbasic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interbasic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_Inc."},{"link_name":"AT&S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26S"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt"}],"sub_title":"Abrupt End, 1980-82","text":"Eumig Hochhaus, in the industry zone of Wiener Neudorf, was created for Eumig in 1956In 1981, EUMIG sold the development branch for SMD technology to the company Schrack. Soon afterwards, the Länderbank stopped the further financing of EUMIG, and the company terminated production of hi-fi equipment. In 1982 the company declared bankruptcy and began liquidating its assets. The EUMIG skyscraper in Neudorf was sold to Palmers AG, while the brand name \"EUMIG\" was sold to the Luxembourg company Interbasic. The EUMIG patent for the macro system in lenses was sold to the Japanese company Canon. The Fohnsdorf factory was taken over by AT&S (Austria Technologie & Systemtechnik). The bankruptcy process was completed in 1985. In 1989 the German company Rothenberger GmbH, Frankfurt, acquired the rights to the EUMIG name for the production of cameras and audio and video systems, and today it is under the name EUMIG industry-tv GmbH Environmental products for the channel and tube businesses are sold.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wiener Neudorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_Neudorf"}],"sub_title":"Museum","text":"The Eumig Museum is in Wiener Neudorf.","title":"History"}]
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[{"image_text":"A VE301W model Volksempfänger, or \"People's Radio Receiver,\" produced by EUMIG in the 1930s. The cabinet is made of bakelite, and the speaker screen of silk.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ve301w.jpg/250px-Ve301w.jpg"},{"image_text":"Distribution of 500 small receivers (DKE38) manufactured by EUMIG, on the occasion of Joseph Goebbels' 41st birthday in the Berlin Radio House in October 1938. The Nazi official with swastika armband distributing them is Werner Wächter, the District Manager for Propaganda.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H14243%2C_Berlin%2C_Verteilung_von_500_Radios_%28Volksempf%C3%A4nger%29.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H14243%2C_Berlin%2C_Verteilung_von_500_Radios_%28Volksempf%C3%A4nger%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Joseph Goebbels examining a EUMIG Volksempfänger at the Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin (\"[International] Berlin Radio Show\") in August 1938","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H10252%2C_Berlin%2C_Funkausstellung%2C_J._Goebbels%2C_H._Kriegler.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H10252%2C_Berlin%2C_Funkausstellung%2C_J._Goebbels%2C_H._Kriegler.jpg"},{"image_text":"A EUMIG 8mm movie camera from about 1955","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Camera_eumig.jpg/250px-Camera_eumig.jpg"},{"image_text":"A EUMIG Mark S810 Super 8 movie sound projector","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Projecteur_s8son.jpg/250px-Projecteur_s8son.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eumig Hochhaus, in the industry zone of Wiener Neudorf, was created for Eumig in 1956","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Eumig-Palmers-Hochhaus_12%2C_Wiener_Neudorf.jpg/220px-Eumig-Palmers-Hochhaus_12%2C_Wiener_Neudorf.jpg"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Eumig%22","external_links_name":"\"Eumig\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Eumig%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Eumig%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Eumig%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Eumig%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Eumig%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151129005604/http://www.fuchsberg.at/eumig/pandreas/members.nusurf.at/pandreas/eumig-museum/index.htm","external_links_name":"EUMIG Museum online"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/6132148451584015970003","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi_News_Agency
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Malawi News Agency
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["1 Services","2 History","3 References","4 External links"]
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Organization
The Malawi News Agency (MANA) is the national news agency of Malawi. It is overseen by the Ministry of Information. It is administered by the Director of Information and Civic Education. It is the largest news network in Malawi and has offices in all regions and districts in Malawi.
Services
MANA is an information resource for and about Malawi. MANA is in charge of granting accreditation to international media in Malawi. It contributes to both government and private periodicals on a regular basis.
History
It was established in 1966 to spread information from the Malawi government under the Ministry of Information. Its headquarters are in Lilongwe, Malawi. It also has offices in the regional capital cities (Lilonwe, Mzuzu, Blantyre). It has offices in all the Districts of Malawi. It established its online presence in August 2012.
References
^ a b Malawi News Agency to be online , says Director of Information | Nyasa Times Malawi breaking news in Malawi Archived 2012-07-27 at the Wayback Machine
^ Malawi News Agency Online – About Malawi News Agency
External links
MANA Online
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sedgwick_(Tasmania)
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Mount Sedgwick (Tasmania)
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["1 Geology","2 Access and features","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading"]
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Coordinates: 42°00′00″S 145°36′36″E / 42.00000°S 145.61000°E / -42.00000; 145.61000Mountain in Tasmania, Australia
Mount SedgwickPeak of Mount Sedgwick from the south in the 1970sHighest pointElevation1,147 m (3,763 ft)Coordinates42°00′00″S 145°36′36″E / 42.00000°S 145.61000°E / -42.00000; 145.61000GeographyMount SedgwickLocation in Tasmania
LocationWest Coast, Tasmania, AustraliaParent rangeWest Coast RangeGeologyAge of rockJurassic, Permian and PalaeozoicMountain typeDoleriteClimbingEasiest routefrom Lake Margaret Power Station
Mount Sedgwick is a mountain located within the West Coast Range, in the West Coast region of Tasmania, Australia.
It lies in line behind Mount Lyell in views from high points in Queenstown and from the roads leading out to Strahan and Zeehan. Bands of the pink and grey coloured conglomerate show strikingly on its south west slopes. Its western and south western slopes are significantly more precipitous and rocky, compared to the once heavily forested southern and south eastern slopes.
Geology
The geology of Mount Sedgwick has remnant Jurassic, Permian and Palaeozoic features. The top of Mount Sedgwick is columnar jointed Jurassic Dolerite interpreted as a remnant of a dolerite sheet. The lack of a strong magnetic signature suggests it is not a plug that intrudes Permian tillite, which is exposed on the South East flank of the mountain.
Mount Sedgwick and its surrounding area was identified in the 1890s by Thomas Bather Moore as being associated with evidence of glaciation in the West Coast Range.
Access and features
South west part of Mount Sedgwick
Lake Margaret lies at the northern side of the mountain, while Lake Beatrice and Lake Burbury at the eastern side. Mount Geikie and the Tyndall Range are the main mountains in the West Coast Range to the north. Mount Sedgwick is effectively the source of the Lake Margaret water - with smaller named lakes above Lake Margaret as feeders.
See also
Australia portalMountains portal
List of highest mountains of Tasmania
References
^ "Mount Sedgwick (TAS)". Gazetteer of Australia online. Geoscience Australia, Australian Government.
^ Baillie, Peter (2010). "The West Coast Range, Tasmania: Mountains and Geological Giants" (PDF). Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania. 144 (reprint ed.). Hobart, Tasmania: University of Tasmania: 1–13. ISSN 0080-4703. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
^ McNeill, Andrew; Simpson, Kirsten (March 2011). "Pasminco Exploration: Linda EL 13/99, Final Relinquishment Report" (PDF). Department of Mines, Tasmania. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
^ Edwards, A. B. (1940). "On a remnant of a stripped peneplain of Palaeozoic Age at Mount Sedgwick in western Tasmania". National Library of Australia. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
^ Moore, Thomas Bather (1893), Discovery of glaciation in the vicinity of mount Tyndall, in Tasmania, retrieved 10 June 2015
Further reading
Blainey, Geoffrey (2000). The Peaks of Lyell (6th ed.). Hobart: St. David's Park Publishing. ISBN 0-7246-2265-9.
Whitham, Charles (2003). Western Tasmania - A land of riches and beauty (Reprint 2003 ed.). Queenstown: Municipality of Queenstown.
vteMountains in Tasmania, AustraliaArthur RangeEastern
Federation (1,224 m or 4,016 ft)
Ben Lomond
Legges Tor (1,572 m or 5,157 ft)
Giblin Peak (1,569 m or 5,148 ft)
Markham Heights (1,542 m or 5,059 ft)
Hamilton Crags (1,540 m or 5,052 ft)
Stacks Bluff (1,527 m or 5,010 ft)
Misery Bluff (1,520 m or 4,987 ft)
Ossian’s Throne (1,498 m or 4,915 ft)
Coalmine Crag (1,498 m or 4,915 ft)
Magnet Crag (1,464 m or 4,803 ft)
Victoria (1,213 m or 3,980 ft)
Du Cane Range
unnamed peak (1,520 m or 4,987 ft)
Geryon North (1,516 m or 4,974 ft)
Massif (1,514 m or 4,967 ft)
Geryon South (1,509 m or 4,951 ft)
Gould (1,485 m or 4,872 ft)
Castle Crag (1,482 m or 4,862 ft)
Thetis (1,482 m or 4,862 ft)
The Acropolis (1,481 m or 4,859 ft)
Achilles (1,363 m or 4,472 ft)
Eldon Range
Eldon Peak (1,440 m or 4,724 ft)
Eldon Bluff
Great Western Tiers
Ironstone (1,443 m or 4,734 ft)
Pelion Range
Ossa (1,614 m or 5,295 ft)1
Pelion West (1,560 m or 5,118 ft)
Pelion East (1,461 m or 4,793 ft)
Wellington Range
Kunanyi / Wellington (1,269 m or 4,163 ft)
West Coast Range
Murchison (1,275 m or 4,183 ft)
Jukes (1,168 m or 3,832 ft)
Sedgwick (1,147 m or 3,763 ft)
Owen (1,146 m or 3,760 ft)
Sorell (1,144 m or 3,753 ft)
Read (1,124 m or 3,688 ft)
Proprietary Peak (1,103 m or 3,619 ft)
Hamilton (1,103 m or 3,619 ft)
Darwin (1,031 m or 3,383 ft)
Heemskirk
Agnew (848 m or 2,782 ft)
Dundas (1,143 m or 3,750 ft)
Heemskirk (751 m or 2,464 ft)
Zeehan (701 m or 2,300 ft)
Sticht
unnamed peak (1,080 m or 3,543 ft)
Tyndall
Geikie (1,191 m or 3,907 ft)
Tyndall (1,179 m or 3,868 ft)
Not in a defined range
Mount Olympus (1,472 m or 4,829 ft)
Frenchmans Cap (1,446 m or 4,744 ft)
Barrow (1,406 m or 4,613 ft)
1 Highest summit elevation in Tasmania
Category
vteWestern region of Tasmania, AustraliaCities andother settlements
Queenstown
Crotty
Darwin
Dundas
Gormanston
Guildford
Linda
Pillinger
Regatta Point
Rosebery
Strahan
Tullah
Waratah
Williamsford
Zeehan
Governance
Braddon (federal)
Braddon (state)
Franklin Land District
Montgomery Land District
Montagu Land District
West Coast Council
Lyell
Murchison
Zeehan
MountainsWestCoastRange
Black
Darwin
Dundas
Heemskirk
Huxley
Jukes
Lyell
Murchison
Owen
Read
Read Volcanics
Sedgwick
Sorell
Strahan
Zeehan
Tyndall
Geikie
Tyndall
Eldon
Eldon Peak
Engineer
unnamed peak
Raglan
unnamed peak
Sticht
unnamed peak
National parks
Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers
Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area
Rivers
Anne
Anthony
Franklin
Gordon
Henty
King
Lea
Mackintosh
Murchison
Pieman
Queen
Sophia
Lakes
Beatrice
Burbury
Dora
Gordon
Mackintosh
Margaret
Murchison
Pieman
Rosebery
Westwood
Dams
Crotty
Darwin
Gordon
Power stations
Anthony Power Development
Bastyan
Gordon
John Butters
Lake Margaret
Mackintosh
Reece
Tribute
Transport
Anthony Road
Hercules Haulage
Lyell Highway
Murchison Highway
Queenstown Airport
Strahan Airport
Railways
Emu Bay
Macquarie Heads breakwater
Melba
Mount Dundas – Zeehan
North East Dundas
North Mount Lyell
Strahan–Zeehan
Wee Georgie Wood
West Coast Wilderness
Locomotives and rolling stock
TGR G class (1896)
TGR K class
Railway stations andformer railway stations
Queenstown
Regatta Point
Zeehan
LandmarksNatural
Birchs Inlet
Cape Sorell
Darwin Crater
Granville Harbour
Hells Gates
Iron Blow
Kelly Basin
Linda Valley
Macquarie Harbour
Montezuma Falls
Nelson Falls
Ocean Beach
Trial Harbour
Man-made
Cape Sorell Lighthouse
Gaiety Theatre
Galley Museum
Paragon Theatre
Queenstown Oval
People of note
Convicts on the West Coast
Crotty
Davey
Gould
Joyce
Long
Moore
Pearce
Piguenit
Piners
Rae
Sticht
Whitham
Mining
Comstock Mine
Copper Mines
Henty Gold Mine
Mount Jukes Mine sites
Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company
Mount Lyell Remediation and Research and Demonstration Program
North Mount Lyell
North Mount Lyell Disaster (1912)
Renison Bell
Stichtite
West Coast Tasmania Mines
Books andnewspapers
For the Term of His Natural Life
Gould's Book of Fish
The Peaks of Lyell
Walk to the West
Western Tasmania: A land of Riches and Beauty
Zeehan and Dundas Herald
The West Coast Miner
Other
Darwin glass
The Unconformity
Round Earth Theatre Company
Tasmanian West bioregion
Western Tasmanian Football Association
Western Tasmanian languages
This Tasmania geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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Volcanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Read_Volcanics"},{"link_name":"Sedgwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Sorell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sorell"},{"link_name":"Strahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Strahan"},{"link_name":"Zeehan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Zeehan"},{"link_name":"Tyndall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyndall_Range"},{"link_name":"Geikie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Geikie_(Tasmania)"},{"link_name":"Tyndall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tyndall_(Tasmania)"},{"link_name":"Eldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldon_Range"},{"link_name":"Engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer_Range"},{"link_name":"Raglan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raglan_Range"},{"link_name":"Sticht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticht_Range"},{"link_name":"Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin-Gordon_Wild_Rivers_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_Wilderness_World_Heritage_Area"},{"link_name":"Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_River_(Tasmania)"},{"link_name":"Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_River_(Tasmania)"},{"link_name":"Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_River"},{"link_name":"Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_River"},{"link_name":"Henty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henty_River"},{"link_name":"King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_River_(Tasmania)"},{"link_name":"Lea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_River"},{"link_name":"Mackintosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackintosh_River"},{"link_name":"Murchison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murchison_River_(Tasmania)"},{"link_name":"Pieman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieman_River"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_River,_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Sophia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_River"},{"link_name":"Beatrice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Beatrice"},{"link_name":"Burbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Burbury"},{"link_name":"Dora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Dora_(Tasmania)"},{"link_name":"Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Mackintosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Mackintosh"},{"link_name":"Margaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Margaret_(Tasmania)"},{"link_name":"Murchison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Murchison"},{"link_name":"Pieman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Pieman"},{"link_name":"Rosebery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Rosebery_(Tasmania)"},{"link_name":"Westwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Westwood_(Tasmania)"},{"link_name":"Crotty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crotty_Dam"},{"link_name":"Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_Dam"},{"link_name":"Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Dam"},{"link_name":"Anthony Power Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Power_Development"},{"link_name":"Bastyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastyan_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"John Butters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Butters_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"Lake Margaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Margaret_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"Mackintosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackintosh_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"Reece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reece_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"Tribute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribute_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"Anthony Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Road"},{"link_name":"Hercules Haulage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_Haulage"},{"link_name":"Lyell Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyell_Highway"},{"link_name":"Murchison Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murchison_Highway"},{"link_name":"Queenstown Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queenstown_Airport_(Tasmania)"},{"link_name":"Strahan Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strahan_Airport"},{"link_name":"Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railways_on_the_West_Coast_of_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Emu Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emu_Bay_Railway"},{"link_name":"Macquarie Heads breakwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macquarie_Heads_breakwater_railway"},{"link_name":"Melba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melba_Line"},{"link_name":"Mount Dundas – Zeehan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Dundas_%E2%80%93_Zeehan_Railway"},{"link_name":"North East Dundas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_Dundas_Tramway"},{"link_name":"North Mount Lyell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Mount_Lyell_Railway"},{"link_name":"Strahan–Zeehan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strahan%E2%80%93Zeehan_Railway"},{"link_name":"Wee Georgie Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wee_Georgie_Wood_Railway"},{"link_name":"West Coast Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Wilderness_Railway"},{"link_name":"TGR G class (1896)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_Government_Railways_G_class"},{"link_name":"TGR K class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_Government_Railways_K_class"},{"link_name":"Queenstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queenstown_(Tasmania)_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Regatta Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regatta_Point,_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Zeehan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeehan_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Birchs Inlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birchs_Inlet"},{"link_name":"Cape Sorell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Sorell"},{"link_name":"Darwin Crater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_Crater"},{"link_name":"Granville Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granville_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Hells Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hells_Gates_(Tasmania)"},{"link_name":"Iron Blow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Blow"},{"link_name":"Kelly Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Basin"},{"link_name":"Linda Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Valley"},{"link_name":"Macquarie Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macquarie_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Montezuma Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montezuma_Falls"},{"link_name":"Nelson Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Falls"},{"link_name":"Ocean Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Beach_(Tasmania)"},{"link_name":"Trial Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Cape Sorell Lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Sorell_Lighthouse"},{"link_name":"Gaiety Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiety_Theatre,_Zeehan"},{"link_name":"Galley Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galley_Museum"},{"link_name":"Paragon Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paragon_Theatre,_Queenstown"},{"link_name":"Queenstown Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queenstown_Oval,_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Convicts on the West Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convicts_on_the_West_Coast_of_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Crotty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Crotty_(prospector)"},{"link_name":"Davey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Davey"},{"link_name":"Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gould_(geologist)"},{"link_name":"Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen_Joyce"},{"link_name":"Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Long"},{"link_name":"Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._B._Moore"},{"link_name":"Pearce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pearce"},{"link_name":"Piguenit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Piguenit"},{"link_name":"Piners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Piners"},{"link_name":"Rae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Rae"},{"link_name":"Sticht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Carl_Sticht"},{"link_name":"Whitham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Whitham"},{"link_name":"Mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Tasmania_Mines"},{"link_name":"Comstock Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comstock_Mine"},{"link_name":"Copper Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_Mines_of_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Henty Gold Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henty_Gold_Mine"},{"link_name":"Mount Jukes Mine sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Jukes_Mine_sites"},{"link_name":"Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lyell_Mining_and_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"Mount Lyell Remediation and Research and Demonstration Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lyell_Remediation_and_Research_and_Demonstration_Program"},{"link_name":"North Mount Lyell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Mount_Lyell"},{"link_name":"North Mount Lyell Disaster (1912)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_North_Mount_Lyell_Disaster"},{"link_name":"Renison Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renison_Bell"},{"link_name":"Stichtite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stichtite"},{"link_name":"West Coast Tasmania Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Tasmania_Mines"},{"link_name":"For the Term of His Natural Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_the_Term_of_His_Natural_Life"},{"link_name":"Gould's Book of Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gould%27s_Book_of_Fish"},{"link_name":"The Peaks of Lyell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Peaks_of_Lyell"},{"link_name":"Walk to the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk_to_the_West"},{"link_name":"Western Tasmania: A land of Riches and Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Whitham"},{"link_name":"Zeehan and Dundas Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeehan_and_Dundas_Herald"},{"link_name":"The West Coast Miner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_West_Coast_Miner"},{"link_name":"Darwin glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_glass"},{"link_name":"The Unconformity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unconformity"},{"link_name":"Round Earth Theatre Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Earth_Theatre_Company"},{"link_name":"Tasmanian West bioregion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_West"},{"link_name":"Western Tasmanian Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Tasmanian_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Western Tasmanian languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Tasmanian_languages"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tasmania_in_Australia.svg"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Sedgwick_(Tasmania)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tasmania-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Tasmania-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tasmania-geo-stub"}],"text":"Blainey, Geoffrey (2000). The Peaks of Lyell (6th ed.). Hobart: St. David's Park Publishing. ISBN 0-7246-2265-9.\nWhitham, Charles (2003). Western Tasmania - A land of riches and beauty (Reprint 2003 ed.). Queenstown: Municipality of Queenstown.vteMountains in Tasmania, AustraliaArthur RangeEastern\nFederation (1,224 m or 4,016 ft)\nBen Lomond\nLegges Tor (1,572 m or 5,157 ft)\nGiblin Peak (1,569 m or 5,148 ft)\nMarkham Heights (1,542 m or 5,059 ft)\nHamilton Crags (1,540 m or 5,052 ft)\nStacks Bluff (1,527 m or 5,010 ft)\nMisery Bluff (1,520 m or 4,987 ft)\nOssian’s Throne (1,498 m or 4,915 ft)\nCoalmine Crag (1,498 m or 4,915 ft)\nMagnet Crag (1,464 m or 4,803 ft)\nVictoria (1,213 m or 3,980 ft)\nDu Cane Range\nunnamed peak (1,520 m or 4,987 ft)\nGeryon North (1,516 m or 4,974 ft)\nMassif (1,514 m or 4,967 ft)\nGeryon South (1,509 m or 4,951 ft)\nGould (1,485 m or 4,872 ft)\nCastle Crag (1,482 m or 4,862 ft)\nThetis (1,482 m or 4,862 ft)\nThe Acropolis (1,481 m or 4,859 ft)\nAchilles (1,363 m or 4,472 ft)\nEldon Range\nEldon Peak (1,440 m or 4,724 ft)\nEldon Bluff\nGreat Western Tiers\nIronstone (1,443 m or 4,734 ft)\nPelion Range\nOssa (1,614 m or 5,295 ft)1\nPelion West (1,560 m or 5,118 ft)\nPelion East (1,461 m or 4,793 ft)\nWellington Range\nKunanyi / Wellington (1,269 m or 4,163 ft)\nWest Coast Range\nMurchison (1,275 m or 4,183 ft)\nJukes (1,168 m or 3,832 ft)\nSedgwick (1,147 m or 3,763 ft)\nOwen (1,146 m or 3,760 ft)\nSorell (1,144 m or 3,753 ft)\nRead (1,124 m or 3,688 ft)\nProprietary Peak (1,103 m or 3,619 ft)\nHamilton (1,103 m or 3,619 ft)\nDarwin (1,031 m or 3,383 ft)\n Heemskirk\nAgnew (848 m or 2,782 ft)\nDundas (1,143 m or 3,750 ft)\nHeemskirk (751 m or 2,464 ft)\nZeehan (701 m or 2,300 ft)\nSticht\nunnamed peak (1,080 m or 3,543 ft)\n Tyndall\nGeikie (1,191 m or 3,907 ft)\nTyndall (1,179 m or 3,868 ft)\n\nNot in a defined range\nMount Olympus (1,472 m or 4,829 ft)\nFrenchmans Cap (1,446 m or 4,744 ft)\nBarrow (1,406 m or 4,613 ft)\n1 Highest summit elevation in Tasmania\n\n CategoryvteWestern region of Tasmania, AustraliaCities andother settlements\nQueenstown\nCrotty\nDarwin\nDundas\nGormanston\nGuildford\nLinda\nPillinger\nRegatta Point\nRosebery\nStrahan\nTullah\nWaratah\nWilliamsford\nZeehan\nGovernance\nBraddon (federal)\nBraddon (state)\nFranklin Land District\nMontgomery Land District\nMontagu Land District\nWest Coast Council\nLyell\nMurchison\nZeehan\nMountainsWestCoastRange\nBlack\nDarwin\nDundas\nHeemskirk\nHuxley\nJukes\nLyell\nMurchison\nOwen\nRead\nRead Volcanics\nSedgwick\nSorell\nStrahan\nZeehan\n Tyndall\nGeikie\nTyndall\nEldon\nEldon Peak\nEngineer\nunnamed peak\nRaglan\nunnamed peak\nSticht\nunnamed peak\n\nNational parks\nFranklin-Gordon Wild Rivers\nTasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area\nRivers\nAnne\nAnthony\nFranklin\nGordon\nHenty\nKing\nLea\nMackintosh\nMurchison\nPieman\nQueen\nSophia\nLakes\nBeatrice\nBurbury\nDora\nGordon\nMackintosh\nMargaret\nMurchison\nPieman\nRosebery\nWestwood\nDams\nCrotty\nDarwin\nGordon\nPower stations\nAnthony Power Development\nBastyan\nGordon\nJohn Butters\nLake Margaret\nMackintosh\nReece\nTribute\nTransport\nAnthony Road\nHercules Haulage\nLyell Highway\nMurchison Highway\nQueenstown Airport\nStrahan Airport\n Railways\nEmu Bay\nMacquarie Heads breakwater\nMelba\nMount Dundas – Zeehan\nNorth East Dundas\nNorth Mount Lyell\nStrahan–Zeehan\nWee Georgie Wood\nWest Coast Wilderness\nLocomotives and rolling stock\nTGR G class (1896)\nTGR K class\nRailway stations andformer railway stations\nQueenstown\nRegatta Point\nZeehan\n\nLandmarksNatural\nBirchs Inlet\nCape Sorell\nDarwin Crater\nGranville Harbour\nHells Gates\nIron Blow\nKelly Basin\nLinda Valley\nMacquarie Harbour\nMontezuma Falls\nNelson Falls\nOcean Beach\nTrial Harbour\nMan-made\nCape Sorell Lighthouse\nGaiety Theatre\nGalley Museum\nParagon Theatre\nQueenstown Oval\nPeople of note\nConvicts on the West Coast\nCrotty\nDavey\nGould\nJoyce\nLong\nMoore\nPearce\nPiguenit\nPiners\nRae\nSticht\nWhitham\nMining\nComstock Mine\nCopper Mines\nHenty Gold Mine\nMount Jukes Mine sites\nMount Lyell Mining and Railway Company\nMount Lyell Remediation and Research and Demonstration Program\nNorth Mount Lyell\nNorth Mount Lyell Disaster (1912)\nRenison Bell\nStichtite\nWest Coast Tasmania Mines\nBooks andnewspapers\nFor the Term of His Natural Life\nGould's Book of Fish\nThe Peaks of Lyell\nWalk to the West\nWestern Tasmania: A land of Riches and Beauty\nZeehan and Dundas Herald\nThe West Coast Miner\nOther\nDarwin glass\nThe Unconformity\nRound Earth Theatre Company\nTasmanian West bioregion\nWestern Tasmanian Football Association\nWestern Tasmanian languagesThis Tasmania geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"South west part of Mount Sedgwick","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Mount_Sedgwick_south_west_corner-3.jpg/220px-Mount_Sedgwick_south_west_corner-3.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Australia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Australia"},{"title":"Mountains portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mountains"},{"title":"List of highest mountains of Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_mountains_of_Tasmania"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Mount Sedgwick (TAS)\". Gazetteer of Australia online. Geoscience Australia, Australian Government.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ga.gov.au/place-name/PlaceDetails.jsp?submit1=TAS00768","url_text":"\"Mount Sedgwick (TAS)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazetteer_of_Australia","url_text":"Gazetteer of Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoscience_Australia","url_text":"Geoscience Australia"}]},{"reference":"Baillie, Peter (2010). \"The West Coast Range, Tasmania: Mountains and Geological Giants\" (PDF). Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania. 144 (reprint ed.). Hobart, Tasmania: University of Tasmania: 1–13. ISSN 0080-4703. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150616083904/http://eprints.utas.edu.au/15988/1/baillie-west-coast-range-2010.pdf","url_text":"\"The West Coast Range, Tasmania: Mountains and Geological Giants\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tasmania","url_text":"University of Tasmania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0080-4703","url_text":"0080-4703"},{"url":"http://eprints.utas.edu.au/15988/1/baillie-west-coast-range-2010.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McNeill, Andrew; Simpson, Kirsten (March 2011). \"Pasminco Exploration: Linda EL 13/99, Final Relinquishment Report\" (PDF). Department of Mines, Tasmania. Retrieved 17 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mrt.tas.gov.au/mrtdoc/tasxplor/download/01_4558/1399_200104_02_MainReport.pdf","url_text":"\"Pasminco Exploration: Linda EL 13/99, Final Relinquishment Report\""}]},{"reference":"Edwards, A. B. (1940). \"On a remnant of a stripped peneplain of Palaeozoic Age at Mount Sedgwick in western Tasmania\". National Library of Australia. Retrieved 9 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/166273796","url_text":"\"On a remnant of a stripped peneplain of Palaeozoic Age at Mount Sedgwick in western Tasmania\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia","url_text":"National Library of Australia"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Thomas Bather (1893), Discovery of glaciation in the vicinity of mount Tyndall, in Tasmania, retrieved 10 June 2015","urls":[{"url":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/176179200","url_text":"Discovery of glaciation in the vicinity of mount Tyndall, in Tasmania"}]},{"reference":"Blainey, Geoffrey (2000). The Peaks of Lyell (6th ed.). Hobart: St. David's Park Publishing. ISBN 0-7246-2265-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Blainey","url_text":"Blainey, Geoffrey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Peaks_of_Lyell","url_text":"The Peaks of Lyell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7246-2265-9","url_text":"0-7246-2265-9"}]},{"reference":"Whitham, Charles (2003). Western Tasmania - A land of riches and beauty (Reprint 2003 ed.). Queenstown: Municipality of Queenstown.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Whitham","url_text":"Whitham, Charles"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Sedgwick_(Tasmania)¶ms=42_00_00_S_145_36_36_E_type:mountain_region:AU-TAS_scale:100000","external_links_name":"42°00′00″S 145°36′36″E / 42.00000°S 145.61000°E / -42.00000; 145.61000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Sedgwick_(Tasmania)¶ms=42_00_00_S_145_36_36_E_type:mountain_region:AU-TAS_scale:100000","external_links_name":"42°00′00″S 145°36′36″E / 42.00000°S 145.61000°E / -42.00000; 145.61000"},{"Link":"http://www.ga.gov.au/place-name/PlaceDetails.jsp?submit1=TAS00768","external_links_name":"\"Mount Sedgwick (TAS)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150616083904/http://eprints.utas.edu.au/15988/1/baillie-west-coast-range-2010.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The West Coast Range, Tasmania: Mountains and Geological Giants\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0080-4703","external_links_name":"0080-4703"},{"Link":"http://eprints.utas.edu.au/15988/1/baillie-west-coast-range-2010.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mrt.tas.gov.au/mrtdoc/tasxplor/download/01_4558/1399_200104_02_MainReport.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Pasminco Exploration: Linda EL 13/99, Final Relinquishment Report\""},{"Link":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/166273796","external_links_name":"\"On a remnant of a stripped peneplain of Palaeozoic Age at Mount Sedgwick in western Tasmania\""},{"Link":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/176179200","external_links_name":"Discovery of glaciation in the vicinity of mount Tyndall, in Tasmania"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Sedgwick_(Tasmania)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Ferme_C%C3%A9l%C3%A9brit%C3%A9s_(series_1)
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La Ferme Célébrités season 1
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["1 Contestant","1.1 Nominations","2 References"]
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2004 French television series
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "La Ferme Célébrités season 1" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Season of television series
La Ferme CélébritésSeason 1No. of days70No. of housemates14WinnerPascal OlmetaRunner-upEve Angelie
Season chronologyNext →P.Cseries 2
The first French reality TV show La Ferme Célébrités, season was broadcast between 10 April 2004 and 18 June 2004 on TF1. It was presented by Christophe Dechavanne and Patrice Carmouze. Won by Pascal Olmeta who won €180,000 for the association "Williams in Corsica" of the Williams syndrome research.
Contestant
Celebrity
Famous for
Finished
Pascal Olmeta
Football player
Winner
Eve Angeli
Singer
Runner Up
Elodie Gossuin
Model, Miss France 2001 and Miss Europe 2002
Finalist
Vincent McDoom
Model, transvestite and TV presenter
11th evicted
Danièle Gilbert
TV presenter
10th evicted
Sébastien Moura
Model
9th evicted
Ilario Calvo
TV presenter
8th evicted
Mouss Diouf
Actor
7th walked
Céline Balitran
Model, TV presenter and George Clooney's ex-fiancee
6th evicted
Maxime
Humorist
5th evicted
Titia
Model
4th evicted
Massimo Gargia
Jet setter
3rd walked
Mia Frye
Professional dancer and actress
2nd evicted
Eva Kowalska
Paul-Loup Sulitzer's wife
1st evicted
Nominations
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
Week 7
Week 8
Week 9
Week 10
Pascal
MassimoTitia
IlarioÈve
ÈveTitia
IlarioMaxime
ÈveDanièle
IlarioÈve
DanièleSébastien
DanièleÈve
Noteligible
Winner (Day 70)
Ève
MassimoVincent
CélineMaxime
MaximeSébastien
MoussCéline
MoussCéline
IlarioSébastien
VincentSébastien
DanièleÉlodie
VincentÉlodie
Runner-up (Day 70)
Élodie
MassimoMia
MiaIlario
ÈveTitia
DanièleVincent
DanièleVincent
VincentÈve
DanièleVincent
DanièleÈve
Noteligible
Third place (Day 70)
Vincent
MaximeÈve
ÈveTitia
TitiaMaxime
SébastienMaxime
IlarioÉlodie
IlarioSébastien
ÉlodieSébastien
ÈvePascal
Noteligible
Evicted (Day 63)
Danièle
MassimoÈve
MiaIlario
ÈveTitia
SébastienMaxime
CélineIlario
IlarioSébastien
SébastienÉlodie
ÉlodiePascal
Evicted (Day 56)
Sébastien
MassimoMia
IlarioMia
ÈveTitia
VincentDanièle
DanièleVincent
ÈveVincent
ÈveVincent
Evicted (Day 49)
Ilario
ÈveMassimo
SébastienTitia
TitiaMaxime
MaximeSébastien
CélineDanièle
VincentÈve
Evicted (Day 42)
Mouss
MassimoÉva
DanièleÈve
ÈveTitia
DanièleSébastien
DanièlePascal
Walked (Day 36)
Céline
MassimoÈve
ÈveIlario
ÈveTitia
DanièleIlario
DanièleÈve
Evicted (Day 35)
Maxime
MassimoÈve
MiaIlario
ÈveDanièle
IlarioVincent
Evicted (Day 28)
Titia
MassimoMia
MiaIlario
CélineVincent
Evicted (Day 21)
Massimo
MaximeSébastien
CélineÉva
Walked (Day 14)
Mia
ÉvaMassimo
MaximeSébastien
Evicted (Day 14)
Eva
MassimoPascal
Evicted (Day 7)
Up for
eviction
ÉvaMassimo
MiaIlario
TitiaÈve
SébastienMaxime
DanièleCéline
ÈveIlario
VincentSébastien
DanièleÈve
VincentÉlodie
PascalÈveÉlodie
Walked
none
Massimo
none
Mouss
none
Evicted
Éva 45%to save
Mia 29%to save
Titia 22%to save
Maxime 30%to save
Céline 46%to save
Ilario 25%to save
Sébastien 27%to save
Danièle 41%to save
Vincent48%to save
Élodie16%to win
Ève27%to win
Pascal57%to win
References
vteThe Farm
Baltic states
Belgium/Netherlands
Brazil
Chile
La Granja
La Granja VIP
Granjeras
Dominican Republic
Croatia
Czech Republic
Finland
1
3
France
1
2
3
Germany
Greece
1
2
3
Italy
1
2
3
4
Ireland
Poland
1
2
3
Portugal
A Quinta
A Quinta: O Desafio
Romania
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
La Granja
Acorralados
United Kingdom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Historical_Department
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Church Historian and Recorder
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["1 History","2 Chronology","2.1 Church Historian and Church Recorder","2.2 Church Historian and Recorder","3 Church Historical Department","3.1 Executive Director of the Historical Department","4 Notes","5 References","6 Further reading"]
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Priesthood calling in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
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Church Historians office ca 1875, across the street from Brigham Young's home, the Beehive House
Church Historian and Recorder (usually shortened to Church Historian) is a priesthood calling in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The role of the Church Historian and Recorder is to keep an accurate and comprehensive record of the church and its activities. His office gathers history sources and preserves records, ordinances, minutes, revelations, procedures, and other documents. The Church Historian and Recorder also chairs the Historic Sites Committee and Records Management Committee, and may act as an authoritative voice of the church in historical matters.
History
This office is based on revelations to Joseph Smith calling for keeping records and preparing a church history. Oliver Cowdery, the first in this position, originally recorded meeting minutes, patriarchal blessings, membership information, priesthood ordinations, and a kind of narrative church history. For a time, the callings of Church Historian and Church Recorder were separate, but in 1842 these callings were merged and now the Church Historian also acts as the Church Recorder.
In 1972, the Church Historian's Office was renamed to become the Historical Department. In 2000, this department was merged with the Family History Department to become the Family and Church History Department. On March 12, 2008, the Church Historian separated again from the Family History Department to become the Church History Department.
While the majority of Church Historians and Recorders have been general authorities of the church, there have been some exceptions to the practice.
Chronology
In the following tables, general authorities are listed in bold. The date ranges span from the sustaining date to the release date unless otherwise indicated.
Church Historian and Church Recorder
Date range
Church Historian
Church Recorder
Notes
1830-31
Oliver Cowdery
Although Cowdery did not receive an official call to be Church Historian, he was Joseph Smith's scribe and was appointed to keep minutes and records in an early conference. Therefore, he is widely regarded as the first unofficial Church Historian and Recorder.
1831-35
John Whitmer
Whitmer was called to be the Church Historian by a revelation to Smith, which is now Doctrine and Covenants section 47. He was the first official historian of the Latter Day Saint church.
1835-37
John Whitmer
Oliver Cowdery
Beginning in 1835, a new calling of "Recorder for the Church" was created, with Oliver Cowdery being the first appointee.
1837-38
John Whitmer
George W. Robinson
Robinson was sustained "as General Clerk & recorder of the whole Church" to replace Cowdery.
1838
John Corrill
George W. Robinson
Corrill and Higbee were both called to this position at the same time. Corrill apostatized from the church later that year and was excommunicated in March 1839.
1838–40
Elias Higbee
George W. Robinson
It is assumed that Robinson was released on 3 October 1840 since his replacement, Robert B. Thompson, was sustained that day.
1840–41
Elias Higbee
Robert B. Thompson
1841–42
Elias Higbee
James Sloan
When Sloan was sustained his position was given as "General Church Clerk."
1842–43
Willard Richards
James Sloan
Richards was appointed as Joseph Smith's private secretary and Church Historian in late 1842.
Church Historian and Recorder
No.
Date range
Church Historian and Recorder
Assistant(s)
Notes
1
30 July 1843 – 11 March 1854
Willard Richards
office not yet created
In 1843, the callings of Church Historian and Church Recorder were merged when Richards, already serving as Church Historian, was appointed Church Recorder. Although, he wasn't sustained by the general church membership until 1845. Thomas Bullock was Richards' assistant (as was Charles Wesley Wandell), but the Assistant Church Historian priesthood calling wasn't given until Wilford Woodruff.
2
7 April 1854 – 8 October 1870
George A. Smith
Wilford Woodruff (1856–1881)
Woodruff was the first Assistant Church Historian.
3
8 October 1870 – 9 May 1874
Albert Carrington
4
9 May 1874 – 3 October 1881
Orson Pratt
1881–83
Wilford Woodruff (Acting)
After Pratt's death in 1881, no official Church Historian was chosen, but Pratt's assistant Woodruff acted as Church Historian until he was formally selected as such.
5
7 October 1883 – 7 April 1889
Wilford Woodruff
Franklin D. Richards (1884–1889)
6
7 April 1889 – 9 December 1899
Franklin D. Richards
John Jaques (1889–1900)Charles W. Penrose (1896–1904)Andrew Jenson (1897–1941)
Jenson
Jaques
Penrose
Penrose became a general authority when released as an Assistant.
1899–1900
Andrew Jenson and John Jaques (Acting)
After the death of Richards on December 9, 1899, no Church Historian was chosen until July 26, 1900.
7
7 October 1900 – 2 March 1921
Anthon H. Lund
Charles W. Penrose (until 1904)Andrew JensonOrson F. Whitney (1902–1906)A. Milton Musser (1902–1909)B. H. Roberts (1902–1933)Joseph Fielding Smith (1906–1921)A. William Lund (1911–1971)
Jenson
Roberts
Lund
Penrose
Whitney
Musser
Smith
Whitney became a general authority when released as an Assistant. Smith became a general authority in 1910, during Lund's tenure.
8
6 April 1921 – 23 January 1970
Joseph Fielding Smith
Andrew Jenson (until 1941)B. H. Roberts (until 1933)A. William LundJunius F. Wells (1921–1930)Preston Nibley (1957–1963)E. Earl Olson (1965–1972)
Nibley
Smith's tenure as Church Historian and Recorder is by far the longest in church history. He was released when he was called as President of the Church.
9
6 April 1970 – 1972
Howard W. Hunter
A. William Lund (until 1971)E. Earl Olson
Church Historical Department
In 1972, the Church Historian's Office was renamed to become the Historical Department. In 2000, this department was merged with the Family History Department to become the Family and Church History Department. On March 12, 2008, the Church Historian separated again from the Family History Department to become the Church History Department.
No.
Date range
Church Historian and Recorder
Assistant
Notes
10
6 April 1972 – February 1982
Leonard J. Arrington
Davis BittonJames B. Allen (1972–1979)
Arrington was the first non-general authority Church Historian since 1842 and the first to simply be Church Historian, instead of Church Historian and Recorder, since Willard Richards. He was also the first in the position to be a professional historian. Arrington is reported to have lost the title of Church Historian in 1978, though he was formally released in 1982.
11
February 1982 – 10 January 1985
G. Homer Durham
Durham became Church Historian without formal public pronouncement by the church nor sustaining by the general church membership. Although, it was mentioned as an aside in General Conference. Some claim his tenure as Historian began when Arrington lost the title in 1978, or when Durham became Managing Director of the church Historical Department.
12
6 April 1985 – 4 October 1997
Dean L. Larsen
Larsen was also the first Executive Director of the Historical Department, in which he was replaced by John K. Carmack in 1989. Larsen then moved on to other assignments, such as serving in the Temple Department and Area Presidencies and was not active in any historical role, though technically he was still the Church Historian until his release in 1997.
Executive Director of the Historical Department
Larsen was also the first Executive Director of the Historical Department, in which he was replaced by John K. Carmack in 1989. Larsen then moved on to other assignments, such as serving in the Temple Department and Area Presidencies and was not active in any historical role, though he was still technically the Church Historian until his release from the Seventy in 1997.
While holding the office of Church Historian, and afterward, others succeeded Larsen as Executive Directors of the Historical Department. During this time, these men stood in for the Church Historian and were sometimes referred to with that title.
No.
Dates
Executive Directors of the Historical Department
Notes
12b
1989–91
John K. Carmack
Carmack was given the position of the department's Executive Director, but he was not called as the Church Historian.
12c
1991–93
Loren C. Dunn
12d
1993–96
Stephen D. Nadauld
12e
1996–98
Marlin K. Jensen
During this time (1997), Larsen was finally officially released as Church Historian, and the office was left unfilled.
12f
1998–99
John K. Carmack
12g
1999–2000
Loren C. Dunn
12h
2000–04
D. Todd Christofferson
Organizational changes during this time changed Christofferson's title to the Executive Director of the Family and Church History Department.
12i
2004–05
Marlin K. Jensen
Jensen retained his position as Executive Director when he was called to be Church Historian in 2005. Since the office of Church Historian had been revived, after this time the Executive Director was no longer standing in as a substitute.
No.
Dates
Church Historian and Recorder
Assistant
Notes
13
2 April 2005 – 6 October 2012
Marlin K. Jensen
Richard E. Turley, Jr. (2008–2016)
In 2005, Jensen became the first Church Historian since 1997. He had been made Executive Director of the Historical Department the previous year, a position he also held in 1997 when Dean L. Larsen was released. Jensen later said he "really know why the office went unfilled for a few years." Some of his accomplishments in this position are chronicled at Marlin K. Jensen: Church Historian.
14
6 October 2012 – 1 August 2019
Steven E. Snow
Richard E. Turley, Jr. (2008–2016)
Reid L. Neilson (2015-2019)
On January 10, 2012, the church announced that Snow, who was serving in the Presidency of the Seventy, would succeed Jensen as Church Historian and Recorder later in the year. On August 1, 2012, Snow assumed the new role and was released from the Presidency of the Seventy, while Jensen was then designated as an emeritus general authority in October 2012. On April 10, 2019, the church announced that Snow would be released, effective August 1, 2019, and would be designated as an emeritus general authority in October 2019.
15
1 August 2019-1 August 2022
LeGrand R. Curtis Jr.
On April 10, 2019, the church announced that Curtis, who had been serving as an Assistant Executive Director of the Church History Department, would replace Steven E. Snow as Church Historian and Recorder, effective August 1, 2019. Snow will be released from full-time service and designated an emeritus general authority in October 2019. A Deseret News article published on August 3, 2022 confirmed the release of Curtis and the appointment of Kyle S. McKay to replace him.
16
1 August 2022-
Kyle S. McKay
A Deseret News article published on August 3, 2022 reported the release of Curtis and the appointment of McKay.
Notes
^ Young, Brigham, and Everett L. Cooley. Diary of Brigham Young, 1857. Tanner Trust Fund, University of Utah Library, 1980 found online at:https://collections.lib.utah.edu/details?id=328944
^ a b "There Shall Be a Record Kept among You". Ensign: 28–33. December 2007.
^ Doctrine and Covenants 21:1, 47:1, 69:3, 85:1
^ a b Leonard J. Arrington (1998). Adventures of a Church Historian. University of Illinois Press. p. 74. ISBN 0-252-02381-1. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
^ a b "Family History, History departments joined". Church News. June 10, 2000. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
^ a b Jared T (March 12, 2008). "Breaking News: Changes in Family and Church History Department Organization". Juvenile Instructor. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
^ Minute Book 2, The Joseph Smith Papers, accessed 30 Dec. 2015, http://josephsmithpapers.org/paperSummary/?target=X1F070313-CB05-49BB-A39C-2C6F4776617F#!/paperSummary/minute-book-2&p=3.
^ Revelation, circa 8 March 1831–B , The Joseph Smith Papers, accessed 30 Dec. 2015, http://josephsmithpapers.org/paperSummary/?target=x6506.
^ Minute Book 1, The Joseph Smith Papers, accessed 30 Dec. 2015, http://josephsmithpapers.org/paperSummary/?target=X5DC3AFA7-7FC3-4682-A442-EAA9E3053E51#!/paperSummary/minute-book-1&p=111.
^ Minute Book 1, The Joseph Smith Papers, accessed 30 Dec. 2015, http://josephsmithpapers.org/paperSummary/?target=XDA13C966-4445-489E-A9D2-4D119ED6F002.
^ Minute Book 2, The Joseph Smith Papers, accessed 30 Dec. 2015, http://josephsmithpapers.org/paperSummary/?target=X2AD5F438-886E-4A15-92B7-46B86303B3B0.
^ History, 1838-1856, volume C-1, The Joseph Smith Papers, accessed 30 Dec. 2015, http://josephsmithpapers.org/paperSummary/?target=X70B3ABDE-E179-47FC-B7F1-CA8D0E460F3E#!/paperSummary/history-1838-1856-volume-c-1-2-november-1838-31-july-1842&p=80.
^ “Minutes of the general conference of the church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints…”, Times and Seasons, Oct. 1840, page 185, http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/NCMP1820-1846/id/9361.
^ “Minutes of a Conference,” Times and Seasons, 15 Oct. 1841, 2:577. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/NCMP1820-1846/id/9086.
^ Willard Richards journals and papers: Journals, Journal (volume 9), 1842 July-1844 February. Church History Library, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, Utah. https://catalog.churchofjesuschrist.org/record/692b9f3e-0ea2-464b-9027-e6a4d8f7af06/comp/f7cd9020-db11-4469-8375-1eeb9ed26a37?view=browse&subView=arrangement (image 26).
^ Willard Richards journals and papers: Journals, Journal (volume 9), 1842 July-1844 February. Church History Library, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, Utah. https://catalog.churchofjesuschrist.org/record/692b9f3e-0ea2-464b-9027-e6a4d8f7af06/comp/f7cd9020-db11-4469-8375-1eeb9ed26a37?view=browse&subView=arrangement (image 42).
^ He died in office. Orson Spencer, “Death of Our Beloved Brother Willard Richards,” Deseret News, 16 Mar. 1854, page . http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/deseretnews1/id/178000.
^ “Historic Men Served as Church Historians,” Church News, 14 Feb 1970, page 15.
^ Van Wagoner, Richard S. (Spring–Summer 2001). "The Making of a Mormon Myth: The 1844 Transfiguration of Brigham Young". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 34 (1, 2): 160. Archived from the original on 2011-06-14. Retrieved 2008-05-28.
^ a b Lund 1917
^ “Minutes,” Deseret News, 13 Apr 1854, page , http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/deseretnews1/id/174950.
^ “Fortieth Semi-Annual Conference of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints,” Deseret News, 12 Oct 1870, page 419, http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/deseretnews2/id/43733.
^ “Forty-Fourth Annual Conference,” Deseret News, 13 May 1874, page 232, http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/deseretnews3/id/193805.
^ He died in office. “Death of Apostle Orson Pratt,” Deseret News, 5 Oct 1881, http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/deseretnews3/id/196551; “Death of Orson Pratt,” The Salt Lake Tribune, 4 Oct 1881, http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/slt5/id/18369.
^ “Fifty-Third Semi-Annual Conference,” Deseret News, 10 Oct 1883, page 604, http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/deseretnews3/id/2214409
^ a b c Jenson 1914, p. xx
^ “General Conference,” Deseret Weekly, 13 Apr 1889, page 487, http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/deseretnews4/id/9935
^ He died in office; “Franklin D. Richards Dead,” Deseret Evening News, 9 Dec 1899, page 1, http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/den1/id/4612.
^ a b c d e Jenson 1914, p. xxxiv
^ a b c d e Arrington 1968, p. 66
^ Conference Report, October 1900, page 42, https://archive.org/stream/conferencereport1900sa/conferencereport711chur#page/42/mode/2up/.
^ He died in office. J. M. Sjodahl, “President Anthon H. Lund,” Improvement Era, April 1921, page 499, https://archive.org/stream/improvementera2406unse#page/498/mode/2up.
^ Zobell, Albert L. (March 1971). "In Memoriam: A. William Lund (1886–1971)". Ensign. Retrieved 2008-05-28.
^ Conference Report, April 1921, page 189, https://archive.org/stream/conferencereport1921a#page/n189/mode/2up/.
^ “New First Presidency Called,” Church News, 24 Jan 1970, page 3.
^ "Church Historian's Office Appointments". Ensign. March 1972. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
^ Conference Report, April 1970, page 110, https://archive.org/stream/conferencereport1970a#page/n113/mode/2up.
^ Conference Report, April 1972, page 9, https://archive.org/stream/conferencereport1972a#page/n11/mode/2up.
^ a b c Anderson, Lavina Fielding (July 2005), "A Note on Church Historians", By Common Consent, 11 (3), Salt Lake City: Mormon Alliance, archived from the original on 2014-10-28
^ "Noted LDS historian R. Davis Bitton dies", Deseret Morning News, 2007-04-16.
^ Allen, James B.; Esplin, Ronald K.; Whittaker, David J. (1992). "About the Author". Men with a Mission, 1837-1841: The Quorum of the Twelve in the British Isles. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book. ISBN 0-87579-546-3.
^ He was only sustained as Church Historian, Conference Report, April 1972, page 9, https://archive.org/stream/conferencereport1972a#page/n11/mode/2up.
^ Fletcher, Peggy (April 1985). "Church Historian: Evolution of a Calling" (PDF). Sunstone. 10 (4): 46–8. Retrieved 2021-05-02.
^ "News of the Church: Elder G. Homer Durham Dies". Ensign. Mar 1985.
^ Conference Report, April 1982, page 96, https://archive.org/stream/conferencereport1982a#page/n99/mode/2up.
^ a b Turley, Richard E. Jr. (2000). "Historian, Church". In Garr, Arnold K.; Cannon, Donald Q.; Cowan, Richard O. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Latter-day Saint History. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book. pp. 494–5.
^ Hinckley, Gordon B. (May 1985). "The Sustaining of Church Officers". Ensign.
^ a b c Faust, James E. (November 1997). "The Sustaining of Church Officers". Ensign.
^ a b "Elder Larsen to speak at 18-stake fireside". Deseret News. January 30, 1991. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
^ a b "New General Authority Assignments Announced". Ensign: 74–80. August 1993. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
^ a b "New Area Presidencies". Ensign: 71–73. August 1996. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
^ Anderson, Lavina Fielding (Spring 1993). "The LDS Intellectual Community and Church Leadership - A Contemporary Chronology". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 26 (1): 11. Archived from the original on 2011-06-13. Retrieved 2008-12-15.
^ "History of the fraternity for returned missionaries is presented to Church". Church News. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret News. March 30, 1991. Retrieved 2008-12-15.
^ a b c Joseph Walker (October 2, 2012). "Emeritus general authorities welcome the chance to practice what they've preached". Deseret News. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
^ Conference Report, April 2005, page 25, https://archive.org/stream/conferencereport2005a#page/n27/mode/2up.
^ Lloyd, R. Scott (May 28, 2005). "Historian by yearning' collects, preserves: Elder Marlin K. Jensen is historian/recorder". Church News. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
^ a b "Richard E. Turley Jr. Named Assistant Church Historian and Recorder", Newsroom, LDS Church, 2012-03-12
^ a b "Richard E. Turley Jr. Appointed as New Managing Director of Church Public Affairs: Michael Otterson to retire after 40 years with department", Newsroom, LDS Church, 2016-04-26
^ Jensen, Marlin K.; Boone, David F. (2007). "A Historian by Yearning: A Conversation with Elder Marlin K. Jensen". Religious Educator. 8 (3): 6. Archived from the original on 2014-10-22.
^ “The Sustaining of Church Officers,” Ensign, November 2012, https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/2012/11/the-sustaining-of-church-officers
^ churchofjesuschrist.org Steven E. Snow Biography
^ a b c d First Presidency Announces New Church Historian, Commissioner of Church Education, Mormon Newsroom, 10 April 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
^ "Reid L. Neilson Named Assistant Church Historian and Recorder", Newsroom, LDS Church, 2015-01-23
^ Mission Presidents Called to Ecuador, Singapore, Korea, and More, News & Events, churchofjesuschrist.org, 5 February 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
^ a b c d 8 highlights from the church historian and recorder as his service draws to a close, Deseret News, 3 August 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
References
Arrington, Leonard J. (Summer 1968). "The Search for Truth and Meaning in Mormon History". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 3 (2): 56–66. doi:10.2307/45227258. JSTOR 45227258.
Jenson, Andrew (1914). "Church Chronology: A Record of Important Events Pertaining to the History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints". Deseret News (2nd ed.). Salt Lake City, Utah.
Lund, Anthon H. (1917), "Remarks § Church Historians", Eighty-eighth Semi-annual Conference Of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: Report of the Discourses, Salt Lake City: LDS Church, pp. 10–12
Searle, Howard C. (1992). "Historians, Church". In Ludlow, Daniel H (ed.). Encyclopedia of Mormonism. New York: Macmillan Publishing. pp. 589–592. ISBN 0-02-879602-0. OCLC 24502140.
Further reading
LDS Church portal
Bitton, Davis; Arrington, Leonard J. (1988). Mormons and Their Historians. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. ISBN 0874802806. OCLC 17649801.
De Groote, Michael (March 3, 2009). "Assisting Mormon history". MormonTimes. Deseret News. — summary of the role of the Assistant Church Historian
Smith, Joseph Fielding; et al. (October 1968). "The Church Historian's Office". Improvement Era. 71 (10): 34–39.
vteOfficial Church Historian and Recorder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day SaintsChurch Historian and RecorderChurch Historian and Recorder
Cowdery (1830–31, acting)
Whitmer (1831–35)
Cowdery (1835–37)
Church Historian
Corrill (1838)
Higbee (1838–40)
Thompson (1840–41)
Sloan (1841–42)
Church Recorder
Robinson (1837–40)
Higbee (1840–42)
Church Historian and Recorder
W. Richards (1842–54)
G.A. Smith (1854–71)
Carrington (1871–74)
Pratt (1874–81)
Woodruff (1881–83, acting)
Woodruff (1883–89)
F.D. Richards (1889–99)
Jenson (1899–1900, acting)
Jaques (1899–1900, acting)
Lund (1900–21)
J.F. Smith (1921–70)
Hunter (1970–72)
Arrington (1972–78)
Church Historical Department Church Historian
Arrington (1978–82)
Durham (1982–85)
Larsen (1985–97)
Executive director
Carmack (1989–91)
Dunn (1991–93)
Nadauld (1993–96)
Jensen (1996–98)
Carmack (1998–99)
Dunn (1999–2000)
Christofferson (2000–04)
Jensen (2004–05).
Church Historian and RecorderChurch Historian and Recorder
Jensen (2005–12)
Snow (2012–19)
Curtis (2019–)
Notes
^ a b In 1837 the callings of Church Historian and Church Recorder were separated, but in 1842 these callings were again merged.
^ Starting in 1978, the duties of Church Historians fell to the Executive director of the historical department.
^ While Larsen was still technically Church Historian until 1997, others succeeded him as Executive Director of the Historical Department, and those men were sometimes referred to as the Official Church Historians.
^ In 2005 the callings of Church Historian and Church Recorder was restored.
vtePriesthood of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Prophet, seer, and revelator
General authority
Priesthood callings
President of the Church
President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (Acting President)
Presiding Bishop
Stake president
Bishop
Temple president
Mission president
Church Historian and Recorder
Branch president
Priesthood quorums and bodies
First Presidency
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles
Council on the Disposition of the Tithes
Common Council of the Church
Council of the Church
High council
Stake and ward council meetings
Disciplinary council
Melchizedek priesthood
Apostle
Seventy
Patriarch
High priest
Elder
Aaronic priesthood
Bishop
Priest
Teacher
Deacon
Defunct
Assistant President of the Church
Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles
Regional representative of the Twelve
Presiding Patriarch
Patriarch emeritus
Latter Day Saint Movement
|
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Neilson Named Assistant Church Historian and Recorder\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/reid-l-neilson-named-assistant-church-historian-and-recorder"},{"link_name":"LDS Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDS_Church"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Mission_President_2019_64-0"},{"link_name":"Mission Presidents Called to Ecuador, Singapore, Korea, and More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.churchofjesuschrist.org/church/news/2019-mission-presidents-called-to-ecuador-singapore-korea-and-more?lang=eng"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Aug_2022_Historian_65-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Aug_2022_Historian_65-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Aug_2022_Historian_65-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Aug_2022_Historian_65-3"},{"link_name":"8 highlights from the church historian and recorder as his service draws to a close","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deseret.com/faith/2022/8/3/23268470/8-highlights-from-the-church-historian-and-recorder-as-his-service-draws-to-a-close"},{"link_name":"Deseret News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News"}],"text":"^ Young, Brigham, and Everett L. Cooley. Diary of Brigham Young, 1857. Tanner Trust Fund, University of Utah Library, 1980 found online at:https://collections.lib.utah.edu/details?id=328944\n\n^ a b \"There Shall Be a Record Kept among You\". Ensign: 28–33. December 2007.\n\n^ Doctrine and Covenants 21:1, 47:1, 69:3, 85:1\n\n^ a b Leonard J. Arrington (1998). Adventures of a Church Historian. University of Illinois Press. p. 74. ISBN 0-252-02381-1. Retrieved 2008-06-06.\n\n^ a b \"Family History, History departments joined\". Church News. June 10, 2000. Retrieved 2009-07-17.\n\n^ a b Jared T (March 12, 2008). \"Breaking News: Changes in Family and Church History Department Organization\". Juvenile Instructor. Retrieved 2008-06-06.\n\n^ Minute Book 2, The Joseph Smith Papers, accessed 30 Dec. 2015, http://josephsmithpapers.org/paperSummary/?target=X1F070313-CB05-49BB-A39C-2C6F4776617F#!/paperSummary/minute-book-2&p=3.\n\n^ Revelation, circa 8 March 1831–B [D&C 47], The Joseph Smith Papers, accessed 30 Dec. 2015, http://josephsmithpapers.org/paperSummary/?target=x6506.\n\n^ Minute Book 1, The Joseph Smith Papers, accessed 30 Dec. 2015, http://josephsmithpapers.org/paperSummary/?target=X5DC3AFA7-7FC3-4682-A442-EAA9E3053E51#!/paperSummary/minute-book-1&p=111.\n\n^ Minute Book 1, The Joseph Smith Papers, accessed 30 Dec. 2015, http://josephsmithpapers.org/paperSummary/?target=XDA13C966-4445-489E-A9D2-4D119ED6F002.\n\n^ Minute Book 2, The Joseph Smith Papers, accessed 30 Dec. 2015, http://josephsmithpapers.org/paperSummary/?target=X2AD5F438-886E-4A15-92B7-46B86303B3B0.\n\n^ History, 1838-1856, volume C-1, The Joseph Smith Papers, accessed 30 Dec. 2015, http://josephsmithpapers.org/paperSummary/?target=X70B3ABDE-E179-47FC-B7F1-CA8D0E460F3E#!/paperSummary/history-1838-1856-volume-c-1-2-november-1838-31-july-1842&p=80.\n\n^ “Minutes of the general conference of the church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints…”, Times and Seasons, Oct. 1840, page 185, http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/NCMP1820-1846/id/9361.\n\n^ “Minutes of a Conference,” Times and Seasons, 15 Oct. 1841, 2:577. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/NCMP1820-1846/id/9086.\n\n^ Willard Richards journals and papers: Journals, Journal (volume 9), 1842 July-1844 February. Church History Library, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, Utah. https://catalog.churchofjesuschrist.org/record/692b9f3e-0ea2-464b-9027-e6a4d8f7af06/comp/f7cd9020-db11-4469-8375-1eeb9ed26a37?view=browse&subView=arrangement (image 26).\n\n^ Willard Richards journals and papers: Journals, Journal (volume 9), 1842 July-1844 February. Church History Library, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, Utah. https://catalog.churchofjesuschrist.org/record/692b9f3e-0ea2-464b-9027-e6a4d8f7af06/comp/f7cd9020-db11-4469-8375-1eeb9ed26a37?view=browse&subView=arrangement (image 42).\n\n^ He died in office. Orson Spencer, “Death of Our Beloved Brother Willard Richards,” Deseret News, 16 Mar. 1854, page [2]. http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/deseretnews1/id/178000.\n\n^ “Historic Men Served as Church Historians,” Church News, 14 Feb 1970, page 15.\n\n^ Van Wagoner, Richard S. 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Retrieved 2008-05-28.\n\n^ a b Lund 1917\n\n^ “Minutes,” Deseret News, 13 Apr 1854, page [2], http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/deseretnews1/id/174950.\n\n^ “Fortieth Semi-Annual Conference of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints,” Deseret News, 12 Oct 1870, page 419, http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/deseretnews2/id/43733.\n\n^ “Forty-Fourth Annual Conference,” Deseret News, 13 May 1874, page 232, http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/deseretnews3/id/193805.\n\n^ He died in office. “Death of Apostle Orson Pratt,” Deseret News, 5 Oct 1881, http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/deseretnews3/id/196551; “Death of Orson Pratt,” The Salt Lake Tribune, 4 Oct 1881, http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/slt5/id/18369.\n\n^ “Fifty-Third Semi-Annual Conference,” Deseret News, 10 Oct 1883, page 604, http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/deseretnews3/id/2214409\n\n^ a b c Jenson 1914, p. xx\n\n^ “General Conference,” Deseret [News] Weekly, 13 Apr 1889, page 487, http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/deseretnews4/id/9935\n\n^ He died in office; “Franklin D. Richards Dead,” Deseret Evening News, 9 Dec 1899, page 1, http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/den1/id/4612.\n\n^ a b c d e Jenson 1914, p. xxxiv\n\n^ a b c d e Arrington 1968, p. 66\n\n^ Conference Report, October 1900, page 42, https://archive.org/stream/conferencereport1900sa/conferencereport711chur#page/42/mode/2up/.\n\n^ He died in office. J. M. Sjodahl, “President Anthon H. Lund,” Improvement Era, April 1921, page 499, https://archive.org/stream/improvementera2406unse#page/498/mode/2up.\n\n^ Zobell, Albert L. (March 1971). \"In Memoriam: A. William Lund (1886–1971)\". Ensign. Retrieved 2008-05-28.\n\n^ Conference Report, April 1921, page 189, https://archive.org/stream/conferencereport1921a#page/n189/mode/2up/.\n\n^ “New First Presidency Called,” Church News, 24 Jan 1970, page 3.\n\n^ \"Church Historian's Office Appointments\". Ensign. March 1972. Retrieved 2008-05-08.\n\n^ Conference Report, April 1970, page 110, https://archive.org/stream/conferencereport1970a#page/n113/mode/2up.\n\n^ Conference Report, April 1972, page 9, https://archive.org/stream/conferencereport1972a#page/n11/mode/2up.\n\n^ a b c Anderson, Lavina Fielding (July 2005), \"A Note on Church Historians\", By Common Consent, 11 (3), Salt Lake City: Mormon Alliance, archived from the original on 2014-10-28\n\n^ \"Noted LDS historian R. Davis Bitton dies\", Deseret Morning News, 2007-04-16.\n\n^ Allen, James B.; Esplin, Ronald K.; Whittaker, David J. (1992). \"About the Author\". Men with a Mission, 1837-1841: The Quorum of the Twelve in the British Isles. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book. ISBN 0-87579-546-3.[permanent dead link]\n\n^ He was only sustained as Church Historian, Conference Report, April 1972, page 9, https://archive.org/stream/conferencereport1972a#page/n11/mode/2up.\n\n^ Fletcher, Peggy (April 1985). \"Church Historian: Evolution of a Calling\" (PDF). Sunstone. 10 (4): 46–8. Retrieved 2021-05-02.\n\n^ \"News of the Church: Elder G. Homer Durham Dies\". Ensign. Mar 1985.\n\n^ Conference Report, April 1982, page 96, https://archive.org/stream/conferencereport1982a#page/n99/mode/2up.\n\n^ a b Turley, Richard E. Jr. (2000). \"Historian, Church\". In Garr, Arnold K.; Cannon, Donald Q.; Cowan, Richard O. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Latter-day Saint History. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book. pp. 494–5.\n\n^ Hinckley, Gordon B. (May 1985). \"The Sustaining of Church Officers\". Ensign.\n\n^ a b c Faust, James E. (November 1997). \"The Sustaining of Church Officers\". Ensign.\n\n^ a b \"Elder Larsen to speak at 18-stake fireside\". Deseret News. January 30, 1991. Retrieved 2009-07-20.[permanent dead link]\n\n^ a b \"New General Authority Assignments Announced\". Ensign: 74–80. August 1993. Retrieved 2009-07-20.\n\n^ a b \"New Area Presidencies\". Ensign: 71–73. August 1996. Retrieved 2009-07-20.\n\n^ Anderson, Lavina Fielding (Spring 1993). \"The LDS Intellectual Community and Church Leadership - A Contemporary Chronology\". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 26 (1): 11. Archived from the original on 2011-06-13. Retrieved 2008-12-15.\n\n^ \"History of the fraternity for returned missionaries is presented to Church\". Church News. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret News. March 30, 1991. Retrieved 2008-12-15.\n\n^ a b c Joseph Walker (October 2, 2012). \"Emeritus general authorities welcome the chance to practice what they've preached\". Deseret News. Retrieved 2014-05-22.\n\n^ Conference Report, April 2005, page 25, https://archive.org/stream/conferencereport2005a#page/n27/mode/2up.\n\n^ Lloyd, R. Scott (May 28, 2005). \"Historian by yearning' collects, preserves: Elder Marlin K. Jensen is historian/recorder\". Church News. Retrieved 2009-07-17.\n\n^ a b \"Richard E. Turley Jr. Named Assistant Church Historian and Recorder\", Newsroom, LDS Church, 2012-03-12\n\n^ a b \"Richard E. Turley Jr. Appointed as New Managing Director of Church Public Affairs: Michael Otterson to retire after 40 years with department\", Newsroom, LDS Church, 2016-04-26\n\n^ Jensen, Marlin K.; Boone, David F. (2007). \"A Historian by Yearning: A Conversation with Elder Marlin K. Jensen\". Religious Educator. 8 (3): 6. Archived from the original on 2014-10-22.\n\n^ “The Sustaining of Church Officers,” Ensign, November 2012, https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/2012/11/the-sustaining-of-church-officers\n\n^ churchofjesuschrist.org Steven E. Snow Biography\n\n^ a b c d First Presidency Announces New Church Historian, Commissioner of Church Education, Mormon Newsroom, 10 April 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2019.\n\n^ \"Reid L. Neilson Named Assistant Church Historian and Recorder\", Newsroom, LDS Church, 2015-01-23\n\n^ Mission Presidents Called to Ecuador, Singapore, Korea, and More, News & Events, churchofjesuschrist.org, 5 February 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2019.\n\n^ a b c d 8 highlights from the church historian and recorder as his service draws to a close, Deseret News, 3 August 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2022.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LDS Church portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:LDS_Church"},{"link_name":"Bitton, Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Bitton"},{"link_name":"Arrington, Leonard J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_J._Arrington"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0874802806","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0874802806"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17649801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/17649801"},{"link_name":"\"Assisting Mormon history\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.deseretnews.com/article/705288418/Assisting-Mormon-history.html?pg=all"},{"link_name":"MormonTimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MormonTimes"},{"link_name":"Deseret News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News"},{"link_name":"Smith, Joseph Fielding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Fielding_Smith"},{"link_name":"\"The Church Historian's Office\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/improvementera7110unse#page/n35/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"Improvement Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvement_Era"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:LDShistorian"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:LDShistorian"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LDShistorian"},{"link_name":"Church Historian and Recorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"Cowdery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cowdery"},{"link_name":"Whitmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Whitmer"},{"link_name":"Cowdery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cowdery"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-split-66"},{"link_name":"Corrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Corrill"},{"link_name":"Higbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Higbee"},{"link_name":"Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_B._Thompson"},{"link_name":"Sloan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Sloan_(Latter_Day_Saints)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-split-66"},{"link_name":"Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Robinson"},{"link_name":"Higbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Higbee"},{"link_name":"W. Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Richards"},{"link_name":"G.A. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_A._Smith"},{"link_name":"Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Carrington"},{"link_name":"Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Pratt"},{"link_name":"Woodruff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilford_Woodruff"},{"link_name":"Woodruff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilford_Woodruff"},{"link_name":"F.D. Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Richards_(Mormon_apostle)"},{"link_name":"Jenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jenson"},{"link_name":"Jaques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jaques_(Mormon)"},{"link_name":"Lund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthon_H._Lund"},{"link_name":"J.F. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Fielding_Smith"},{"link_name":"Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_W._Hunter"},{"link_name":"Arrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_J._Arrington"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Arrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_J._Arrington"},{"link_name":"Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Homer_Durham"},{"link_name":"Larsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_L._Larsen"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Carmack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_K._Carmack"},{"link_name":"Dunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loren_C._Dunn"},{"link_name":"Nadauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_D._Nadauld"},{"link_name":"Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlin_K._Jensen"},{"link_name":"Carmack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_K._Carmack"},{"link_name":"Dunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loren_C._Dunn"},{"link_name":"Christofferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._Todd_Christofferson"},{"link_name":"Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlin_K._Jensen"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlin_K._Jensen"},{"link_name":"Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_E._Snow"},{"link_name":"Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeGrand_R._Curtis_Jr."},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-split_66-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-split_66-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-67"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-68"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-69"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:LDSpriesthood"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:LDSpriesthood"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LDSpriesthood"},{"link_name":"Priesthood of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthood_(LDS_Church)"},{"link_name":"Prophet, seer, and revelator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophet,_seer,_and_revelator"},{"link_name":"General authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_authority"},{"link_name":"Priesthood callings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calling_(religious)#Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"President of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Church_(LDS_Church)"},{"link_name":"President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_(LDS_Church)"},{"link_name":"Acting President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acting_President_of_the_Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles"},{"link_name":"Presiding Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiding_Bishop_(LDS_Church)"},{"link_name":"Stake 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Tithes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_the_Disposition_of_the_Tithes"},{"link_name":"Common Council of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Council_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"Council of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"High council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_council_(Latter_Day_Saints)"},{"link_name":"Stake and ward council meetings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stake_and_ward_council_meetings"},{"link_name":"Disciplinary council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disciplinary_council"},{"link_name":"Melchizedek priesthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melchizedek_priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)"},{"link_name":"Apostle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostle_(Latter_Day_Saints)#Apostles_in_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"Seventy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventy_(LDS_Church)"},{"link_name":"Patriarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_(Latter_Day_Saints)#Patriarch_in_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"High priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_priest_(Latter_Day_Saints)#High_priests_in_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_(Latter_Day_Saints)"},{"link_name":"Aaronic priesthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaronic_priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)"},{"link_name":"Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_(Latter_Day_Saints)#Bishops_in_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest_(Latter_Day_Saints)#Priests_in_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"Teacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teacher_(Latter_Day_Saints)#Teachers_in_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"Deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon_(Latter_Day_Saints)#Deacons_in_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"Assistant President of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_President_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_to_the_Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles"},{"link_name":"Regional representative of the Twelve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_representative_of_the_Twelve"},{"link_name":"Presiding Patriarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiding_Patriarch#Duties_within_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"Patriarch emeritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_emeritus#Patriarch_emeritus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg"},{"link_name":"Latter Day Saint Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Latter_Day_Saint_movement"}],"text":"LDS Church portalBitton, Davis; Arrington, Leonard J. (1988). Mormons and Their Historians. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. ISBN 0874802806. OCLC 17649801.\nDe Groote, Michael (March 3, 2009). \"Assisting Mormon history\". MormonTimes. Deseret News. — summary of the role of the Assistant Church Historian\nSmith, Joseph Fielding; et al. (October 1968). \"The Church Historian's Office\". Improvement Era. 71 (10): 34–39.vteOfficial Church Historian and Recorder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day SaintsChurch Historian and RecorderChurch Historian and Recorder\nCowdery (1830–31, acting)\nWhitmer (1831–35)\nCowdery (1835–37)\nChurch Historian[a]\nCorrill (1838)\nHigbee (1838–40)\nThompson (1840–41)\nSloan (1841–42)\nChurch Recorder[a]\nRobinson (1837–40)\nHigbee (1840–42)\nChurch Historian and Recorder\nW. Richards (1842–54)\nG.A. Smith (1854–71)\nCarrington (1871–74)\nPratt (1874–81)\nWoodruff (1881–83, acting)\nWoodruff (1883–89)\nF.D. Richards (1889–99)\nJenson (1899–1900, acting)\nJaques (1899–1900, acting)\nLund (1900–21)\nJ.F. Smith (1921–70)\nHunter (1970–72)\nArrington (1972–78)\nChurch Historical Department [b]Church Historian\nArrington (1978–82)\nDurham (1982–85)\nLarsen (1985–97)\nExecutive director[c]\nCarmack (1989–91)\nDunn (1991–93)\nNadauld (1993–96)\nJensen (1996–98)\nCarmack (1998–99)\nDunn (1999–2000)\nChristofferson (2000–04)\nJensen (2004–05).\nChurch Historian and Recorder[d]Church Historian and Recorder\nJensen (2005–12)\nSnow (2012–19)\nCurtis (2019–)\nNotes\n\n^ a b In 1837 the callings of Church Historian and Church Recorder were separated, but in 1842 these callings were again merged.\n\n^ Starting in 1978, the duties of Church Historians fell to the Executive director of the historical department.\n\n^ While Larsen was still technically Church Historian until 1997, others succeeded him as Executive Director of the Historical Department, and those men were sometimes referred to as the Official Church Historians.\n\n^ In 2005 the callings of Church Historian and Church Recorder was restored.vtePriesthood of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\nProphet, seer, and revelator\nGeneral authority\nPriesthood callings\nPresident of the Church\nPresident of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (Acting President)\nPresiding Bishop\nStake president\nBishop\nTemple president\nMission president\nChurch Historian and Recorder\nBranch president\nPriesthood quorums and bodies\nFirst Presidency\nQuorum of the Twelve Apostles\nCouncil on the Disposition of the Tithes\nCommon Council of the Church\nCouncil of the Church\nHigh council\nStake and ward council meetings\nDisciplinary council\nMelchizedek priesthood\nApostle\nSeventy\nPatriarch\nHigh priest\nElder\nAaronic priesthood\nBishop\nPriest\nTeacher\nDeacon\nDefunct\nAssistant President of the Church\nAssistant to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles\nRegional representative of the Twelve\nPresiding Patriarch\nPatriarch emeritus\n\nLatter Day Saint Movement","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Church Historians office ca 1875, across the street from Brigham Young's home, the Beehive House[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Church_Historians_Office_ca_1875.PNG/300px-Church_Historians_Office_ca_1875.PNG"}]
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[{"reference":"\"There Shall Be a Record Kept among You\". Ensign: 28–33. December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/2007/12/there-shall-be-a-record-kept-among-you","url_text":"\"There Shall Be a Record Kept among You\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)","url_text":"Ensign"}]},{"reference":"Leonard J. Arrington (1998). Adventures of a Church Historian. University of Illinois Press. p. 74. ISBN 0-252-02381-1. Retrieved 2008-06-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_J._Arrington","url_text":"Leonard J. Arrington"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KZr9lMg5zGwC&pg=PA74","url_text":"Adventures of a Church Historian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press","url_text":"University of Illinois Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-02381-1","url_text":"0-252-02381-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Family History, History departments joined\". Church News. June 10, 2000. Retrieved 2009-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thechurchnews.com/archive/2000-06-10/family-history-history-departments-joined-17806","url_text":"\"Family History, History departments joined\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_News","url_text":"Church News"}]},{"reference":"Jared T (March 12, 2008). \"Breaking News: Changes in Family and Church History Department Organization\". Juvenile Instructor. Retrieved 2008-06-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.juvenileinstructor.org/breaking-news-changes-in-church-history-department-organization/","url_text":"\"Breaking News: Changes in Family and Church History Department Organization\""}]},{"reference":"Van Wagoner, Richard S. (Spring–Summer 2001). \"The Making of a Mormon Myth: The 1844 Transfiguration of Brigham Young\". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 34 (1, 2): 160. Archived from the original on 2011-06-14. Retrieved 2008-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_S._Van_Wagoner","url_text":"Van Wagoner, Richard S."},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110614014856/http://content.lib.utah.edu/u/?%2Fdialogue%2C27487","url_text":"\"The Making of a Mormon Myth: The 1844 Transfiguration of Brigham Young\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought","url_text":"Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought"},{"url":"http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/dialogue,27487","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zobell, Albert L. (March 1971). \"In Memoriam: A. William Lund (1886–1971)\". Ensign. Retrieved 2008-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1971/03/in-memoriam-a-william-lund-18861971","url_text":"\"In Memoriam: A. William Lund (1886–1971)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)","url_text":"Ensign"}]},{"reference":"\"Church Historian's Office Appointments\". Ensign. March 1972. Retrieved 2008-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1972/03/policies-procedures-people","url_text":"\"Church Historian's Office Appointments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)","url_text":"Ensign"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Lavina Fielding (July 2005), \"A Note on Church Historians\", By Common Consent, 11 (3), Salt Lake City: Mormon Alliance, archived from the original on 2014-10-28","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavina_Fielding_Anderson","url_text":"Anderson, Lavina Fielding"},{"url":"http://mormon-alliance.org/newsletter/2005jul.htm","url_text":"\"A Note on Church Historians\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City","url_text":"Salt Lake City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon_Alliance","url_text":"Mormon Alliance"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141028195537/http://mormon-alliance.org/newsletter/2005jul.htm","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Allen, James B.; Esplin, Ronald K.; Whittaker, David J. (1992). \"About the Author\". Men with a Mission, 1837-1841: The Quorum of the Twelve in the British Isles. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book. ISBN 0-87579-546-3.","urls":[{"url":"http://gospelink.com/next/toc?book_id=760","url_text":"Men with a Mission, 1837-1841: The Quorum of the Twelve in the British Isles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City","url_text":"Salt Lake City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_Book","url_text":"Deseret Book"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87579-546-3","url_text":"0-87579-546-3"}]},{"reference":"Fletcher, Peggy (April 1985). \"Church Historian: Evolution of a Calling\" (PDF). Sunstone. 10 (4): 46–8. Retrieved 2021-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://sunstonemagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/048-46-65.pdf","url_text":"\"Church Historian: Evolution of a Calling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunstone_Magazine","url_text":"Sunstone"}]},{"reference":"\"News of the Church: Elder G. Homer Durham Dies\". Ensign. Mar 1985.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1985/03/news-of-the-church/elder-g-homer-durham-dies","url_text":"\"News of the Church: Elder G. Homer Durham Dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)","url_text":"Ensign"}]},{"reference":"Turley, Richard E. Jr. (2000). \"Historian, Church\". In Garr, Arnold K.; Cannon, Donald Q.; Cowan, Richard O. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Latter-day Saint History. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book. pp. 494–5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Turley,_Jr.","url_text":"Turley, Richard E. Jr."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_K._Garr","url_text":"Garr, Arnold K."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Q._Cannon","url_text":"Cannon, Donald Q."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_O._Cowan","url_text":"Cowan, Richard O."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_Book","url_text":"Deseret Book"}]},{"reference":"Hinckley, Gordon B. (May 1985). \"The Sustaining of Church Officers\". Ensign.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_B._Hinckley","url_text":"Hinckley, Gordon B."},{"url":"https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1985/05/the-sustaining-of-church-officers","url_text":"\"The Sustaining of Church Officers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)","url_text":"Ensign"}]},{"reference":"Faust, James E. (November 1997). \"The Sustaining of Church Officers\". Ensign.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._Faust","url_text":"Faust, James E."},{"url":"https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1997/11/the-sustaining-of-church-officers","url_text":"\"The Sustaining of Church Officers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)","url_text":"Ensign"}]},{"reference":"\"Elder Larsen to speak at 18-stake fireside\". Deseret News. January 30, 1991. Retrieved 2009-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.deseretnews.com/archive/144662/ELDER-LARSEN-TO-SPEAK-AT-18-STAKE-FIRESIDE.html","url_text":"\"Elder Larsen to speak at 18-stake fireside\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News","url_text":"Deseret News"}]},{"reference":"\"New General Authority Assignments Announced\". Ensign: 74–80. August 1993. 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Neilson Named Assistant Church Historian and Recorder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDS_Church","url_text":"LDS Church"}]},{"reference":"Arrington, Leonard J. (Summer 1968). \"The Search for Truth and Meaning in Mormon History\". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 3 (2): 56–66. doi:10.2307/45227258. 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Salt Lake City, Utah.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jenson","url_text":"Jenson, Andrew"},{"url":"http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u?/BYUIBooks,1066","url_text":"\"Church Chronology: A Record of Important Events Pertaining to the History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News","url_text":"Deseret News"}]},{"reference":"Lund, Anthon H. (1917), \"Remarks § Church Historians\", Eighty-eighth Semi-annual Conference Of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: Report of the Discourses, Salt Lake City: LDS Church, pp. 10–12","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthon_H._Lund","url_text":"Lund, Anthon H."},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/conferencereport1917sa#page/n11/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Remarks § Church Historians\""}]},{"reference":"Searle, Howard C. (1992). \"Historians, Church\". In Ludlow, Daniel H (ed.). Encyclopedia of Mormonism. New York: Macmillan Publishing. pp. 589–592. ISBN 0-02-879602-0. OCLC 24502140.","urls":[{"url":"http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/3760","url_text":"\"Historians, Church\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_H._Ludlow","url_text":"Ludlow, Daniel H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mormonism","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Mormonism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishing","url_text":"Macmillan Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-879602-0","url_text":"0-02-879602-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24502140","url_text":"24502140"}]},{"reference":"Bitton, Davis; Arrington, Leonard J. (1988). Mormons and Their Historians. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. ISBN 0874802806. 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|
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Jensen\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141022020532/http://rsc.byu.edu/archived/volume-8-number-3-2007/historian-yearning-conversation-elder-marlin-k-jensen","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/2012/11/the-sustaining-of-church-officers","external_links_name":"https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/2012/11/the-sustaining-of-church-officers"},{"Link":"https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/church/leader/steven-e-snow?lang=eng","external_links_name":"churchofjesuschrist.org Steven E. Snow Biography"},{"Link":"https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/first-presidency-announces-new-church-historian-commissioner-church-education","external_links_name":"First Presidency Announces New Church Historian, Commissioner of Church Education"},{"Link":"https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/reid-l-neilson-named-assistant-church-historian-and-recorder","external_links_name":"\"Reid L. Neilson Named Assistant Church Historian and Recorder\""},{"Link":"https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/church/news/2019-mission-presidents-called-to-ecuador-singapore-korea-and-more?lang=eng","external_links_name":"Mission Presidents Called to Ecuador, Singapore, Korea, and More"},{"Link":"https://www.deseret.com/faith/2022/8/3/23268470/8-highlights-from-the-church-historian-and-recorder-as-his-service-draws-to-a-close","external_links_name":"8 highlights from the church historian and recorder as his service draws to a close"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45227258","external_links_name":"\"The Search for Truth and Meaning in Mormon History\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45227258","external_links_name":"10.2307/45227258"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/45227258","external_links_name":"45227258"},{"Link":"http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u?/BYUIBooks,1066","external_links_name":"\"Church Chronology: A Record of Important Events Pertaining to the History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/conferencereport1917sa#page/n11/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Remarks § Church Historians\""},{"Link":"http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/3760","external_links_name":"\"Historians, Church\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24502140","external_links_name":"24502140"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17649801","external_links_name":"17649801"},{"Link":"http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705288418/Assisting-Mormon-history.html?pg=all","external_links_name":"\"Assisting Mormon history\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/improvementera7110unse#page/n35/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"The Church Historian's Office\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Tab_A7
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Samsung Galaxy Tab A7
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["1 History","2 Specifications","2.1 Screen","2.2 CPU","3 References"]
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Model of two mid-range Android tablet by Samsung Electronics
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This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Samsung Galaxy Tab A7" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2021)
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Samsung Galaxy Tab A7 (2020) and Galaxy Tab A7 LiteSamsung Galaxy Tab A7 LiteAlso known as
Samsung Galaxy Tab A7 2020: SM-T500 and SM-T505
Samsung Galaxy Tab A7 Lite: SM-T220 and SM-T225
ManufacturerSamsung ElectronicsProduct familyGalaxy Tab ATypeTablet computerGeneration7th generationRelease date
Samsung Galaxy Tab A7 2020: September 11, 2020 (2020-09-11)
Samsung Galaxy Tab A7 Lite: June 18, 2021 (2021-06-18)
Discontinued2023Operating system
Samsung Galaxy Tab A7 2020: Android 10 (One UI 2.5) upgradable to Android 12 (One UI 4.1)
Samsung Galaxy Tab A7 Lite: Android 11 (One UI Core 3.1) upgradable to Android 14 (One UI Core 6.0)
System on a chip
Samsung Galaxy Tab A7 2020: Qualcomm SM6115 Snapdragon 662
Samsung Galaxy Tab A7 Lite: Mediatek MT8768T Helio P22T
CPUQualcomm Snapdragon 662 @ 2.0GhzMemory3 GB and 4 GB RAMStorage32 GB and 64 GB ROMRemovable storagemicroSDXCDisplay
Samsung Galaxy Tab A7 2020: TFT 10.4 in (26 cm) display
Samsung Galaxy Tab A7 Lite: TFT 8.7 in (22 cm) display
Graphics
Samsung Galaxy Tab A7 2020: Adreno 610
Samsung Galaxy Tab A7 Lite: PowerVR GE8320
SoundStereo speakers, with 3.5 mm jackInputTouchscreenCamera
Main camera: 8 MP
Selfie camera: Samsung Galaxy Tab A7 10.4: 5 MPSamsung Galaxy Tab A7 Lite: 2 MP
ConnectivityWi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n/acBluetooth 5.0GPSPower
Samsung Galaxy Tab A7 2020: 7040 mAh battery
Samsung Galaxy Tab A7 Lite: 5100 mAh battery
PlatformAndroid OSDimensions247.6 x 157.4 x 7 mm (9.75 x 6.20 x 0.28 in)Mass476g (1.05 pounds)PredecessorSamsung Galaxy Tab A 10.1Samsung Galaxy Tab A 8.0SuccessorSamsung Galaxy Tab A8
The Samsung Galaxy Tab A7 is a mid-range Android tablet computer designed by Samsung Electronics. There are two variants: Samsung Galaxy Tab A7 (2020) and Samsung Galaxy Tab A7 Lite, with 10.4-inch and 8.7-inch screens respectively.
History
The Galaxy Tab A7 was announced on September 2, 2020 (2020-09-02) and released shortly after on September 11, 2020 (2020-09-11). The Samsung Galaxy Tab A7 Lite is a smaller, less powerful, more compact, and affordable version of the Galaxy Tab A7. It was announced on May 27, 2021 (2021-05-27), and released on June 18, 2021 (2021-06-18).
Specifications
Both variants of the tablet, have LTE and Wi-Fi versions. While the LTE version supports both 4G and Wi-Fi, the Wi-Fi variant only supports Wi-Fi, as the name implies.
Screen
The Galaxy Tab A7 has a 10.4-inch TFT LCD screen with a resolution of 2000x1200 (WUXGA+) while the Galaxy Tab A7 Lite has a 8.7-inch, TFT Screen with a resolution of 1340x800 (WXGA+).
CPU
The Tab A7 Lite has a 2.3 GHz/1.8 GHz Octa-core CPU, but the Tab A7 2.0 GHz/1.8 GHz Octa-core CPU.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Samsung Galaxy Tab A7 10.4 (2020), GSMArena.com
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Samsung Galaxy Tab A7 Lite, GSMArena.com
^ "Galaxy Tab A7 (10.4", Wi-Fi) | SM-T500NZDAEUA | Samsung Business UK". Samsung uk. Retrieved 2024-03-27.
^ a b "Galaxy Tab A7 Lite (8.7", Wi-Fi) | SM-T220NZAAEUA | Samsung Business UK". Samsung uk. Retrieved 2024-03-27.
vteSamsung Galaxy A seriesSmartphones
Galaxy Alpha (2014)
A2
Core
A3
2015
2016
2017
Core
A5
2015
2016
2017
A6
2018
+ 2018
s
A7
2015
2016
2017
2018
A8
2015
2016
2018
+ 2018
s
Star
A9
2016
Pro 2016
2018
s
Star
Star Lite
Star Pro
Pro 2019
A00
A01
A01 Core
A02
A02s
A03
A03s
A03 Core
A04
A04s
A04e
A05
A05s
A10
A10
A10e
A10s
A11
A12
A13
A13 5G
A14
A14 5G
A15
A15 5G
A20
A20
A20e
A20s
A21
A21s
A22
A22 5G
A23
A23 5G
A24
A25 5G
A30
A30
A30s
A31
A32
A32 5G
A33 5G
A34 5G
A35 5G
A40
A40
A40s
A41
A42 5G
A50
A50
A50s
A51
A51 5G
A52
A52 5G
A52s 5G
A53 5G
A54 5G
A55 5G
A60
A60
A70
A70
A70s
A71
A71 5G
A72
A73 5G
A80
A80
A82 5G
A90
A90 5G
Tablets
Galaxy Tab A 8.0 (2015)
2017
2018
2019
Galaxy Tab A 9.7 (2015)
Galaxy Tab A 10.1 (2016)
2019
Galaxy Tab A7
Tab A7 Lite
Galaxy Tab A8
Galaxy Tab A9
Tab A9+
Telephones portal
vteSamsung Galaxy Tab seriesTab
Tab 7.0
Tab 7.0 Plus
Tab 7.7
Tab 8.9
Tab 10.1
Tab 2
Tab 2 7.0
Tab 2 10.1
Tab 3
Tab 3 7.0
Tab 3 8.0
Tab 3 10.1
Tab 3 Lite 7.0
Tab 4
Tab 4 7.0
Tab 4 8.0
Tab 4 10.1
Tab Pro
Tab Pro 8.4
Tab Pro 10.1
Tab Pro 12.2
TabPro S
Tab S
Tab S 8.4
Tab S 10.5
Tab S2 8.0
Tab S2 9.7
Tab S3
Tab S4
Tab S5e
Tab S6 (Lite)
Tab S7 (S7+, FE | Fan Edition)
Tab S8 (S8+, Ultra)
Tab S9 (S9+, Ultra, FE, FE+)
Tab A
Tab A 8.0
Tab A 9.7
Tab A 10.1
Tab A 10.5
Tab A6
Tab A7
Tab A7 Lite
Tab A8
Tab E
Tab E 9.6
Telephones portal
vteAndroid tablet computers
Acer
Iconia Tab
Ainol
NOVO7
Amazon
Fire
HD
HDX
Archos
Archos 5 (Archos Generation 6)
Archos 5 (Archos Generation 7)
Archos 43
Archos 70
Archos 101
Asus
Eee Pad Transformer (TF101)
Eee Pad Transformer Prime (TF201)
Transformer Pad (TF300T)
Transformer Pad Infinity (TF700T)
Transformer Pad TF701T
Nexus 7
2012 version
2013 version
Barnes & Noble
Nook Color
Nook Tablet
Nook HD/HD+
Samsung Galaxy Tab 4 Nook
BQ
Aquaris M10
DataWind
Aakash
2
Google
Pixel C
HP
Slate 7
Slate 21
HTC
Flyer/EVO View 4G
Jetstream
Nexus 9
Huawei
Mediapad M5
JadooTV
JadooTab
JPay
JP4
JP5
JP6
Kobo
Arc
LeapFrog
Epic
Lenovo
IdeaPad series
LePad
ThinkPad Tablet
LG
Optimus Pad
LTE
G Pad
7.0
8.0
8.3
10.1
MobyMax
MobyMax Tablet
Motorola
Xoom
Xyboard
Nokia
N1
Notion Ink
Adam tablet
NVIDIA
Shield Tablet
Pakistan Aeronautical Complex
PAC-PAD 1
PAC-PAD Takhti 7
PocketBook
IQ 701
A 10"
Samsung
Galaxy Tab series
7.0
7.7
8.9
10.1
Galaxy Tab 2
7.0
10.1
Galaxy Tab 3
7.0
8.0
10.1
Lite 7.0
Galaxy Tab 4
7.0
8.0
10.1
Galaxy Tab Pro
8.4
10.1
12.2
Galaxy Tab S
S 8.4
S 10.5
S2 8.0
S2 9.7
S3
S4
S5e
S6
S6 5G
S6 Lite
S7
S8
S9
Galaxy Tab A
A 8.0
A 9.7
A 10.1
A 8.4
A7
A8
Galaxy Tab E
E 9.6
Galaxy Note series
8.0
10.1
10.1 2014
Galaxy Note Pro
12.2
Nexus 10
Sony
Sony Tablet
S
P
Xperia Tablet
S
Z
Z2
Z4
Toshiba
Toshiba Thrive
Toys "R" Us
Tabeo
ViewSonic
G Tablet
Xiaomi
Mi Pad
2
3
4
5
6
Redmi Pad
Pro
SE
Poco Pad
Android smartphones
Other Android devices
List of features in Android
vteAndroid devicesSee list of Android smartphonesvteAndroid tablet computers
Acer
Iconia Tab
Ainol
NOVO7
Amazon
Fire
HD
HDX
Archos
Archos 5 (Archos Generation 6)
Archos 5 (Archos Generation 7)
Archos 43
Archos 70
Archos 101
Asus
Eee Pad Transformer (TF101)
Eee Pad Transformer Prime (TF201)
Transformer Pad (TF300T)
Transformer Pad Infinity (TF700T)
Transformer Pad TF701T
Nexus 7
2012 version
2013 version
Barnes & Noble
Nook Color
Nook Tablet
Nook HD/HD+
Samsung Galaxy Tab 4 Nook
BQ
Aquaris M10
DataWind
Aakash
2
Google
Pixel C
HP
Slate 7
Slate 21
HTC
Flyer/EVO View 4G
Jetstream
Nexus 9
Huawei
Mediapad M5
JadooTV
JadooTab
JPay
JP4
JP5
JP6
Kobo
Arc
LeapFrog
Epic
Lenovo
IdeaPad series
LePad
ThinkPad Tablet
LG
Optimus Pad
LTE
G Pad
7.0
8.0
8.3
10.1
MobyMax
MobyMax Tablet
Motorola
Xoom
Xyboard
Nokia
N1
Notion Ink
Adam tablet
NVIDIA
Shield Tablet
Pakistan Aeronautical Complex
PAC-PAD 1
PAC-PAD Takhti 7
PocketBook
IQ 701
A 10"
Samsung
Galaxy Tab series
7.0
7.7
8.9
10.1
Galaxy Tab 2
7.0
10.1
Galaxy Tab 3
7.0
8.0
10.1
Lite 7.0
Galaxy Tab 4
7.0
8.0
10.1
Galaxy Tab Pro
8.4
10.1
12.2
Galaxy Tab S
S 8.4
S 10.5
S2 8.0
S2 9.7
S3
S4
S5e
S6
S6 5G
S6 Lite
S7
S8
S9
Galaxy Tab A
A 8.0
A 9.7
A 10.1
A 8.4
A7
A8
Galaxy Tab E
E 9.6
Galaxy Note series
8.0
10.1
10.1 2014
Galaxy Note Pro
12.2
Nexus 10
Sony
Sony Tablet
S
P
Xperia Tablet
S
Z
Z2
Z4
Toshiba
Toshiba Thrive
Toys "R" Us
Tabeo
ViewSonic
G Tablet
Xiaomi
Mi Pad
2
3
4
5
6
Redmi Pad
Pro
SE
Poco Pad
vteOther Android devicesGamingHome
Ouya
Ouya
Portable
Asus
ROG Phone
II
3
GPD
XD
JXD
S5100
S603
S5110b
Nvidia
Shield Portable
Razer
Razer Phone
2
Sony
Xperia Play
Xiaomi
Black Shark
Helo
2
Pro
3
Pro
3S
4
Pro
Redmi K40 Gaming
MediaHome
Amazon
Echo
Dot
Look
Show
Spot
Plus
Auto
Tap
Amazon Fire TV Cube
Facebook
Facebook Portal
Fire OS
Google
Nexus Q
Google TV (old)
Sony NSZ-GT1
Sony NSX-40GT1
Logitech Revue
Asus Cube
Netgear NeoTV Prime
Hisense Pulse
Vizio Co-star
Sony NSZ-GS7
LG G2 Series
Android TV
devices
Nexus Player
ADT-1
Nvidia
Shield Console
Samsung
HomeSync
eBook
Barnes & Noble
Nook
1st Edition
Simple Touch
Portable
Philips
GoGear
Samsung
Galaxy Player
Photography
Nikon
S800c
Panasonic
DMC-CM1
DMC-CM10
Samsung
Galaxy
Camera
Camera 2
K Zoom
NX
S4 Zoom
WearablesAndroid Wear
LG G Watch
Moto 360
Samsung Gear Live
Sony SmartWatch 3
LG G Watch R
Other wearables
Google
Glass
Motorola
Motoactv
Samsung
Galaxy Gear
WIMM Labs
WIMM One
Others
HardKernel
Odroid
Smart Fridge
Samsung T9000
LG LFX31995ST
Emulators & Subsystems
Windows Subsystem for Android
BlueStacks
Nox Player
Anbox
App Runtime for Chrome
Genymotion
Online emulators
Appetize.io
Ports to unofficial devices
OpeniBoot
Project Sandcastle
Android-x86
List of features in Android
This technology-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Samsung Galaxy Tab A7 10.4 (2020), GSMArena.com","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gsmarena.com/samsung_galaxy_tab_a7_10_4_(2020)-10411.php","url_text":"Samsung Galaxy Tab A7 10.4 (2020)"}]},{"reference":"Samsung Galaxy Tab A7 Lite, GSMArena.com","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gsmarena.com/samsung_galaxy_tab_a7_lite-10933.php","url_text":"Samsung Galaxy Tab A7 Lite"}]},{"reference":"\"Galaxy Tab A7 (10.4\", Wi-Fi) | SM-T500NZDAEUA | Samsung Business UK\". Samsung uk. Retrieved 2024-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.samsung.com/uk/business/tablets/galaxy-tab-a/galaxy-tab-a7-t500-sm-t500nzdaeua/","url_text":"\"Galaxy Tab A7 (10.4\", Wi-Fi) | SM-T500NZDAEUA | Samsung Business UK\""}]},{"reference":"\"Galaxy Tab A7 Lite (8.7\", Wi-Fi) | SM-T220NZAAEUA | Samsung Business UK\". Samsung uk. Retrieved 2024-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.samsung.com/uk/business/tablets/galaxy-tab-a/galaxy-tab-a7-lite-t220-sm-t220nzaaeua/","url_text":"\"Galaxy Tab A7 Lite (8.7\", Wi-Fi) | SM-T220NZAAEUA | Samsung Business UK\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Information_Retrieval
|
Private information retrieval
|
["1 Advances in computational PIR","2 Advances in information theoretic PIR","3 Relation to other cryptographic primitives","4 PIR variations","5 PIR implementations","5.1 Notes","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Information retrieval husing cryptography
In cryptography, a private information retrieval (PIR) protocol is a protocol that allows a user to retrieve an item from a server in possession of a database without revealing which item is retrieved. PIR is a weaker version of 1-out-of-n oblivious transfer, where it is also required that the user should not get information about other database items.
One trivial, but very inefficient way to achieve PIR is for the server to send an entire copy of the database to the user. In fact, this is the only possible protocol (in the classical or the quantum setting) that gives the user information theoretic privacy for their query in a single-server setting. There are two ways to address this problem: make the server computationally bounded or assume that there are multiple non-cooperating servers, each having a copy of the database.
The problem was introduced in 1995 by Chor, Goldreich, Kushilevitz and Sudan in the information-theoretic setting and in 1997 by Kushilevitz and Ostrovsky in the computational setting. Since then, very efficient solutions have been discovered. Single database (computationally private) PIR can be achieved with constant (amortized) communication and k-database (information theoretic) PIR can be done with
n
O
(
log
log
k
k
log
k
)
{\displaystyle n^{O\left({\frac {\log \log k}{k\log k}}\right)}}
communication.
Advances in computational PIR
The first single-database computational PIR scheme to achieve communication complexity less than
n
{\displaystyle n}
was created in 1997 by Kushilevitz and Ostrovsky and achieved communication complexity of
n
ϵ
{\displaystyle n^{\epsilon }}
for any
ϵ
{\displaystyle \epsilon }
, where
n
{\displaystyle n}
is the number of bits in the database. The security of their scheme was based on the well-studied Quadratic residuosity problem. In 1999, Christian Cachin, Silvio Micali and Markus Stadler achieved poly-logarithmic communication complexity. The security of their system is based on the Phi-hiding assumption. In 2004, Helger Lipmaa achieved log-squared communication complexity
O
(
ℓ
log
n
+
k
log
2
n
)
{\displaystyle O(\ell \log n+k\log ^{2}n)}
, where
ℓ
{\displaystyle \ell }
is the length of the strings and
k
{\displaystyle k}
is the security parameter. The security of his system reduces to the semantic security of a length-flexible additively homomorphic cryptosystem like the Damgård–Jurik cryptosystem. In 2005 Craig Gentry and Zulfikar Ramzan achieved log-squared communication complexity which retrieves log-square (consecutive) bits of the database. The security of their scheme is also based on a variant of the Phi-hiding assumption. The communication rate was finally brought down to
1
{\displaystyle 1}
by Aggelos Kiayias, Nikos Leonardos, Helger Lipmaa, Kateryna Pavlyk, Qiang Tang, in 2015.
All previous sublinear-communication computational PIR protocol required linear computational complexity of
Ω
(
n
)
{\displaystyle \Omega (n)}
public-key operations. In 2009, Helger Lipmaa designed a computational PIR protocol with communication complexity
O
(
ℓ
log
n
+
k
log
2
n
)
{\displaystyle O(\ell \log n+k\log ^{2}n)}
and worst-case computation of
O
(
n
/
log
n
)
{\displaystyle O(n/\log n)}
public-key operations. Amortization techniques that retrieve non-consecutive bits have been considered by Yuval Ishai, Eyal Kushilevitz, Rafail Ostrovsky and Amit Sahai.
As shown by Ostrovsky and Skeith, the schemes by Kushilevitz and Ostrovsky and Lipmaa use similar ideas based on homomorphic encryption. The Kushilevitz and Ostrovsky protocol is based on the Goldwasser–Micali cryptosystem while the protocol by Lipmaa is based on the Damgård–Jurik cryptosystem.
Advances in information theoretic PIR
Achieving information theoretic security requires the assumption that there are multiple non-cooperating servers, each having a copy of the database. Without this assumption, any information-theoretically secure PIR protocol requires an amount of communication that is at least the size of the database n. Multi-server PIR protocols tolerant of non-responsive or malicious/colluding servers are called robust or Byzantine robust respectively. These issues were first considered by Beimel and Stahl (2002). An ℓ-server system that can operate where only k of the servers respond, ν of the servers respond incorrectly, and which can withstand up to t colluding servers without revealing the client's query is called "t-private ν-Byzantine robust k-out-of-ℓ PIR" . In 2012, C. Devet, I. Goldberg, and N. Heninger (DGH 2012) proposed an optimally robust scheme that is Byzantine-robust to Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/en.wikipedia.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \nu < k-t-1}
which is the theoretical maximum value. It is based on an earlier protocol of Goldberg that uses Shamir's Secret Sharing to hide the query. Goldberg has released a C++ implementation on SourceForge.
Relation to other cryptographic primitives
One-way functions are necessary, but not known to be sufficient, for nontrivial (i.e., with sublinear communication) single database computationally private information retrieval. In fact, such a protocol was proved by Giovanni Di Crescenzo, Tal Malkin and Rafail Ostrovsky to imply oblivious transfer (see below).
Oblivious transfer, also called symmetric PIR, is PIR with the additional restriction that the user may not learn any item other than the one she requested. It is termed symmetric because both the user and the database have a privacy requirement.
Collision-resistant cryptographic hash functions are implied by any one-round computational PIR scheme, as shown by Ishai, Kushilevitz and Ostrovsky.
PIR variations
The basic motivation for Private Information Retrieval is a family of two-party protocols in which one of the parties (the sender) owns a database, and the other part (the receiver) wants to query it with certain privacy restrictions and warranties. So, as a result of the protocol, if the receiver wants the i-th value in the database he must learn the i-th entry, but the sender must learn nothing about i. In a general PIR protocol, a computationally unbounded sender can learn nothing about i so privacy is theoretically preserved. Since the PIR problem was posed, different approaches to its solution have been pursued and some variations were proposed.
A CPIR (Computationally Private Information Retrieval) protocol is similar to a PIR protocol: the receiver retrieves an element chosen by him from the sender's database, so that the sender obtains no knowledge about which element was transferred. The only difference is that privacy is safeguarded against a polynomially bounded sender.
A CSPIR (Computationally Symmetric Private Information Retrieval) protocol is used in a similar scenario in which a CPIR protocol is used. If the sender owns a database, and the receiver wants to get the i-th value in this database, at the end of the execution of a SPIR protocol, the receiver should have learned nothing about values in the database other than the i-th one.
PIR implementations
Numerous Computational PIR and Information theoretic PIR schemes in the literature have been implemented. Here is an incomplete list:
MuchPIR is a CPIR implementation as a Postgres C/C++ Extension .
SealPIR is a fast CPIR implementation .
Popcorn is a PIR implementation tailored for media .
Percy++ includes implementations of .
RAID-PIR is an implementation of the ITPIR scheme of .
XPIR is a fast CPIR implementation .
upPIR is an ITPIR implementation .
Notes
^ Baumeler, Ämin; Broadbent, Anne (17 April 2014). "Quantum Private Information Retrieval has Linear Communication Complexity". Journal of Cryptology. 28: 161–175. arXiv:1304.5490. doi:10.1007/s00145-014-9180-2. S2CID 1450526.
^ a b Chor, Benny; Kushilevitz, Eyal; Goldreich, Oded; Sudan, Madhu (1 November 1998). "Private information retrieval" (PDF). Journal of the ACM. 45 (6): 965–981. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.51.3663. doi:10.1145/293347.293350. S2CID 544823.
^ a b c Kushilevitz, Eyal; Ostrovsky, Rafail (1997). "Replication is not needed: single database, computationally-private information retrieval". Proceedings of the 38th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science. Miami Beach, Florida, USA: IEEE Computer Society. pp. 364–373. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.56.2667. doi:10.1109/SFCS.1997.646125. ISBN 978-0-8186-8197-4. S2CID 11000506.
^ Cachin, Christian; Micali, Silvio; Stadler, Markus (1999). "Computationally Private Information Retrieval with Polylogarithmic Communication". Advances in Cryptology – EUROCRYPT '99. Prague, Czech Republic: Springer-Verlag. pp. 402–414. doi:10.1007/3-540-48910-X_28. ISBN 978-3-540-48910-8.
^ a b Lipmaa, Helger (2005). "An Oblivious Transfer Protocol with Log-Squared Communication". Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Information Security (ISC 2005). Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 3650. Singapore: Springer-Verlag. pp. 314–328. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.73.8768. doi:10.1007/11556992_23. ISBN 978-3-540-31930-6.
^ Gentry, Craig; Ramzan, Zulfikar (2005). "Single-Database Private Information Retrieval with Constant Communication Rate". ICALP. LNCS. Vol. 3580. Springer. pp. 803–815. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.113.6572. doi:10.1007/11523468_65.
^ Kiayias, Aggelos; Leonardos, Nikos; Lipmaa, Helger; Pavlyk, Kateryna; Tang, Qiang (2015). "Optimal Rate Private Information Retrieval from Homomorphic Encryption". Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2015. Vol. 2015. DE GRUYTER. pp. 222–243. doi:10.1515/popets-2015-0016. hdl:20.500.11820/0f84afcb-8ee1-4744-a2ba-4642104c51c5.
^ a b Lipmaa, Helger (2010). "First CPIR Protocol with Data-Dependent Computation". Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Information Security and Cryptology. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 5984. Seoul, Korea: Springer-Verlag. pp. 193–210. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.215.7768. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14423-3_14. ISBN 978-3-642-14423-3.
^ Ishai, Yuval; Kushilevitz, Eyal; Ostrovsky, Rafail; Sahai, Amit (2004). "Batch codes and their applications" (PDF). STOC'04. ACM. pp. 262–271. doi:10.1145/1007352.1007396. Retrieved 2015-10-23.
^ Ostrovsky, Rafail; Skeith III; William E. (2007). "A Survey of Single-Database Private Information Retrieval: Techniques and Applications". Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Practice and Theory in Public-Key Cryptography. Springer-Verlag. pp. 393–411. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-71677-8_26. ISBN 978-3-540-71677-8.
^ a b Percy++ / PIR in C++ at SourceForge
^ Di Crescenzo, Giovanni; Malkin, Tal; Ostrovsky, Rafail (2000). "Single Database Private Information Retrieval Implies Oblivious Transfer". Eurocrypt 2000. LNCS. Vol. 1807. Springer. pp. 122–138. doi:10.1007/3-540-45539-6_10.
^ Ishai, Yuval; Kushilevitz, Eyal; Ostrovsky, Rafail (2005). "Sufficient Conditions for Collision-Resistant Hashing". Proceedings of the Second Theory of Cryptography Conference. Cambridge, MA, USA: Springer-Verlag. pp. 445–456. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-30576-7_24. ISBN 978-3-540-30576-7.
^ a b Saint-Jean, Felipe (2005). "A Java Implementation of a Single-Database Computationally Symmetric Private Information Retrieval (cSPIR) protocol" (PDF). Yale University Technical Report YALEU/DCS/TR-1333.
^ "MuchPIR Demo". 14 September 2021.
^ "SealPIR". Github. Retrieved 2018-06-07.
^ "Popcorn" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-21. Retrieved 2016-05-26.
^ "encryptogroup/RAID-PIR". GitHub. Retrieved 2016-05-26.
^ "XPIR-team/XPIR". GitHub. Retrieved 2016-05-26.
^ "upPIR". uppir.poly.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-06-25. Retrieved 2016-05-26.
See also
k-anonymity
Locally decodable code
References
A. Beimel, Y. Ishai, E. Kushilevitz, and J.-F. Raymond. Breaking the
O
(
n
1
/
(
2
k
−
1
)
)
{\displaystyle O(n^{1/(2k-1)})}
barrier for information-theoretic private information retrieval. Proceedings of the 43rd Annual IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, Vancouver, Canada, pages 261–270, 2002.
A. Beimel and Y. Stahl, Robust information-theoretic private information retrieval, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Security in Communication Networks (SCN'02), pp. 326–341, 2003. Cite is from DGH 2012, op. cit.
Casey Devet, Ian Goldberg, and Nadia Heninger, Optimally Robust Private Information Retrieval, 21st USENIX Security Symposium, August 2012.
C. Aguilar-Melchor and P. Gaborit. A lattice-based computationally-efficient private information retrieval protocol, Western European Workshop on Research in Cryptology (WEWoRC), 2007.
B. Chor, O. Goldreich, E. Kushilevitz, and M. Sudan, Private information retrieval, Journal of the ACM, 45(6):965–981, 1998.
I. Goldberg, Improving the robustness of private information retrieval, IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P), 2007.
R. Henry, F. Olumofin, and I. Goldberg, Practical PIR for electronic commerce, ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS), 2011.
W. Lueks and I. Goldberg, Sublinear scaling for multi-client private information retrieval, International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security (FC), 2015.
D. Demmler, A. Herzberg, and T. Schneider, RAID-PIR: Practical multi-server PIR, In Cloud computing security workshop (CCSW), 2014.
C. Aguilar-Melchor, J. Barrier, L. Fousse, and M.-O. Killijian, "XPIR: Private Information Retrieval for Everyone", Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2014/1025, 2014.
T. Gupta, N. Crooks, W. Mulhern, S. Setty, L. Alvisi, and M. Walfish, Scalable and private media consumption with Popcorn. USENIX NSDI, March 2016.
J. Cappos, Avoiding theoretical optimality to efficiently and privately retrieve security updates, International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security (FC), 2013.
Sergey Yekhanin. New locally decodable codes and private information retrieval schemes, ECCC TR06-127, 2006.
S. Angel, H. Chen, K. Laine, S. Setty, PIR with compressed queries and amortized query processing, IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P), 2018.
External links
Helger Lipmaa's web links on oblivious transfer and PIR
William Gasarch's website on PIR including survey articles
Rafail Ostrovsky's website contaiting PIR articles and surveys
|
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PIR is a weaker version of 1-out-of-n oblivious transfer, where it is also required that the user should not get information about other database items.One trivial, but very inefficient way to achieve PIR is for the server to send an entire copy of the database to the user. In fact, this is the only possible protocol (in the classical or the quantum setting[1]) that gives the user information theoretic privacy for their query in a single-server setting.[2] There are two ways to address this problem: make the server computationally bounded or assume that there are multiple non-cooperating servers, each having a copy of the database.The problem was introduced in 1995 by Chor, Goldreich, Kushilevitz and Sudan[2] in the information-theoretic setting and in 1997 by Kushilevitz and Ostrovsky in the computational setting.[3] Since then, very efficient solutions have been discovered. Single database (computationally private) PIR can be achieved with constant (amortized) communication and k-database (information theoretic) PIR can be done with \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n O\n \n (\n \n \n \n log\n \n log\n \n k\n \n \n k\n log\n \n k\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n^{O\\left({\\frac {\\log \\log k}{k\\log k}}\\right)}}\n \n communication.","title":"Private information retrieval"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KusOst97-3"},{"link_name":"Quadratic residuosity problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_residuosity_problem"},{"link_name":"Silvio Micali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Micali"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Phi-hiding assumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi-hiding_assumption"},{"link_name":"Helger Lipmaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helger_Lipmaa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lip04-5"},{"link_name":"semantic security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_security"},{"link_name":"Damgård–Jurik cryptosystem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damg%C3%A5rd%E2%80%93Jurik_cryptosystem"},{"link_name":"Zulfikar Ramzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zulfikar_Ramzan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Aggelos Kiayias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggelos_Kiayias"},{"link_name":"Nikos Leonardos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikos_Leonardos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Helger Lipmaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helger_Lipmaa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kateryna Pavlyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kateryna_Pavlyk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Qiang Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qiang_Tang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Helger Lipmaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helger_Lipmaa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lip09-8"},{"link_name":"Yuval Ishai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yuval_Ishai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eyal Kushilevitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eyal_Kushilevitz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rafail Ostrovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafail_Ostrovsky"},{"link_name":"Amit Sahai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit_Sahai"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KusOst97-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lip04-5"},{"link_name":"homomorphic encryption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homomorphic_encryption"},{"link_name":"Goldwasser–Micali cryptosystem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldwasser%E2%80%93Micali_cryptosystem"},{"link_name":"Damgård–Jurik cryptosystem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damg%C3%A5rd%E2%80%93Jurik_cryptosystem"}],"text":"The first single-database computational PIR scheme to achieve communication complexity less than \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n was created in 1997 by Kushilevitz and Ostrovsky [3] and achieved communication complexity of \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n ϵ\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n^{\\epsilon }}\n \n for any \n \n \n \n ϵ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\epsilon }\n \n, where \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n is the number of bits in the database. The security of their scheme was based on the well-studied Quadratic residuosity problem. In 1999, Christian Cachin, Silvio Micali and Markus Stadler[4] achieved poly-logarithmic communication complexity. The security of their system is based on the Phi-hiding assumption. In 2004, Helger Lipmaa[5] achieved log-squared communication complexity \n \n \n \n O\n (\n ℓ\n log\n \n n\n +\n k\n \n log\n \n 2\n \n \n \n n\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle O(\\ell \\log n+k\\log ^{2}n)}\n \n, where \n \n \n \n ℓ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ell }\n \n is the length of the strings and \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n is the security parameter. The security of his system reduces to the semantic security of a length-flexible additively homomorphic cryptosystem like the Damgård–Jurik cryptosystem. In 2005 Craig Gentry and Zulfikar Ramzan[6] achieved log-squared communication complexity which retrieves log-square (consecutive) bits of the database. The security of their scheme is also based on a variant of the Phi-hiding assumption. The communication rate was finally brought down to \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1}\n \n by Aggelos Kiayias, Nikos Leonardos, Helger Lipmaa, Kateryna Pavlyk, Qiang Tang, in 2015.[7]All previous sublinear-communication computational PIR protocol required linear computational complexity of \n \n \n \n Ω\n (\n n\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Omega (n)}\n \n public-key operations. In 2009, Helger Lipmaa[8] designed a computational PIR protocol with communication complexity \n \n \n \n O\n (\n ℓ\n log\n \n n\n +\n k\n \n log\n \n 2\n \n \n \n n\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle O(\\ell \\log n+k\\log ^{2}n)}\n \n and worst-case computation of \n \n \n \n O\n (\n n\n \n /\n \n log\n \n n\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle O(n/\\log n)}\n \n public-key operations. Amortization techniques that retrieve non-consecutive bits have been considered by Yuval Ishai, Eyal Kushilevitz, Rafail Ostrovsky and Amit Sahai.[9]As shown by Ostrovsky and Skeith,[10] the schemes by Kushilevitz and Ostrovsky [3] and Lipmaa [5] use similar ideas based on homomorphic encryption. The Kushilevitz and Ostrovsky protocol is based on the Goldwasser–Micali cryptosystem while the protocol by Lipmaa is based on the Damgård–Jurik cryptosystem.","title":"Advances in computational PIR"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Byzantine robust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_fault_tolerance"},{"link_name":"N. Heninger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadia_Heninger"},{"link_name":"Shamir's Secret Sharing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamir%27s_Secret_Sharing"},{"link_name":"C++","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B"},{"link_name":"SourceForge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SourceForge"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"}],"text":"Achieving information theoretic security requires the assumption that there are multiple non-cooperating servers, each having a copy of the database. Without this assumption, any information-theoretically secure PIR protocol requires an amount of communication that is at least the size of the database n. Multi-server PIR protocols tolerant of non-responsive or malicious/colluding servers are called robust or Byzantine robust respectively. These issues were first considered by Beimel and Stahl (2002). An ℓ-server system that can operate where only k of the servers respond, ν of the servers respond incorrectly, and which can withstand up to t colluding servers without revealing the client's query is called \"t-private ν-Byzantine robust k-out-of-ℓ PIR\" [DGH 2012]. In 2012, C. Devet, I. Goldberg, and N. Heninger (DGH 2012) proposed an optimally robust scheme that is Byzantine-robust to Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response (\"Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.\") from server \"http://localhost:6011/en.wikipedia.org/v1/\":): {\\displaystyle \\nu < k-t-1}\n which is the theoretical maximum value. It is based on an earlier protocol of Goldberg that uses Shamir's Secret Sharing to hide the query. Goldberg has released a C++ implementation on SourceForge.[11]","title":"Advances in information theoretic PIR"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One-way functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-way_function"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Di Crescenzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Di_Crescenzo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tal Malkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal_Malkin"},{"link_name":"Rafail Ostrovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafail_Ostrovsky"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Oblivious transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblivious_transfer"},{"link_name":"cryptographic hash functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"One-way functions are necessary, but not known to be sufficient, for nontrivial (i.e., with sublinear communication) single database computationally private information retrieval. In fact, such a protocol was proved by Giovanni Di Crescenzo, Tal Malkin and Rafail Ostrovsky to imply oblivious transfer (see below).[12]Oblivious transfer, also called symmetric PIR, is PIR with the additional restriction that the user may not learn any item other than the one she requested. It is termed symmetric because both the user and the database have a privacy requirement.Collision-resistant cryptographic hash functions are implied by any one-round computational PIR scheme, as shown by Ishai, Kushilevitz and Ostrovsky.[13]","title":"Relation to other cryptographic primitives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lip09-8"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TR1-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TR1-14"}],"text":"The basic motivation for Private Information Retrieval is a family of two-party protocols in which one of the parties (the sender) owns a database, and the other part (the receiver) wants to query it with certain privacy restrictions and warranties. So, as a result of the protocol, if the receiver wants the i-th value in the database he must learn the i-th entry, but the sender must learn nothing about i. In a general PIR protocol, a computationally unbounded sender can learn nothing about i so privacy is theoretically preserved. Since the PIR problem was posed, different approaches to its solution have been pursued and some variations were proposed.A CPIR (Computationally Private Information Retrieval) protocol is similar to a PIR protocol: the receiver retrieves an element chosen by him from the sender's database, so that the sender obtains no knowledge about which element was transferred.[8] The only difference is that privacy is safeguarded against a polynomially bounded sender.[14]A CSPIR (Computationally Symmetric Private Information Retrieval) protocol is used in a similar scenario in which a CPIR protocol is used. If the sender owns a database, and the receiver wants to get the i-th value in this database, at the end of the execution of a SPIR protocol, the receiver should have learned nothing about values in the database other than the i-th one.[14]","title":"PIR variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Numerous Computational PIR and Information theoretic PIR schemes in the literature have been implemented. Here is an incomplete list:MuchPIR[15] is a CPIR implementation as a Postgres C/C++ Extension [GitHub, 2021].\nSealPIR[16] is a fast CPIR implementation [ACLS 2018].\nPopcorn[17] is a PIR implementation tailored for media [GCMSAW 2016].\nPercy++[11] includes implementations of [AG 2007, DGH 2012, CGKS 1998, Goldberg 2007, HOG 2011, LG 2015].\nRAID-PIR[18] is an implementation of the ITPIR scheme of [DHS 2014].\nXPIR[19] is a fast CPIR implementation [ABFK 2014].\nupPIR[20] is an ITPIR implementation [Cappos 2013].","title":"PIR implementations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Broadbent, Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Broadbent"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1304.5490","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/1304.5490"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s00145-014-9180-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00145-014-9180-2"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1450526","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1450526"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ChoKusGolSud98_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ChoKusGolSud98_2-1"},{"link_name":"Chor, Benny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Chor"},{"link_name":"\"Private information retrieval\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tau.ac.il/~bchor/PIR.pdf"},{"link_name":"CiteSeerX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1.1.51.3663","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.51.3663"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1145/293347.293350","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1145%2F293347.293350"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"544823","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:544823"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KusOst97_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KusOst97_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KusOst97_3-2"},{"link_name":"CiteSeerX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1.1.56.2667","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.56.2667"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1109/SFCS.1997.646125","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1109%2FSFCS.1997.646125"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8186-8197-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8186-8197-4"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11000506","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11000506"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/3-540-48910-X_28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-48910-X_28"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-540-48910-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-48910-8"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lip04_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lip04_5-1"},{"link_name":"CiteSeerX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1.1.73.8768","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.73.8768"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/11556992_23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2F11556992_23"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-540-31930-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-31930-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"CiteSeerX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1.1.113.6572","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.113.6572"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/11523468_65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2F11523468_65"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1515/popets-2015-0016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1515%2Fpopets-2015-0016"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20.500.11820/0f84afcb-8ee1-4744-a2ba-4642104c51c5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2F0f84afcb-8ee1-4744-a2ba-4642104c51c5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lip09_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lip09_8-1"},{"link_name":"CiteSeerX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1.1.215.7768","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.215.7768"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/978-3-642-14423-3_14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-14423-3_14"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-642-14423-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-14423-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Batch codes and their applications\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//web.cs.ucla.edu/~rafail/PUBLIC/62.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1145/1007352.1007396","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1145%2F1007352.1007396"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/978-3-540-71677-8_26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-71677-8_26"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-540-71677-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-71677-8"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_11-1"},{"link_name":"Percy++ / PIR in C++","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//percy.sourceforge.net"},{"link_name":"SourceForge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SourceForge"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/3-540-45539-6_10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-45539-6_10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/978-3-540-30576-7_24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-30576-7_24"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-540-30576-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-30576-7"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TR1_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TR1_14-1"},{"link_name":"\"A Java Implementation of a Single-Database Computationally Symmetric Private Information Retrieval (cSPIR) protocol\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//crypto.stanford.edu/portia/papers/TR1333.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"MuchPIR Demo\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//github.com/ReverseControl/MuchPIR"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"SealPIR\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//github.com/pung-project/SealPIR"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Popcorn\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160821164304/http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~trinabh/papers/popcorn-PIR-nsdi16.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cs.utexas.edu/~trinabh/papers/popcorn-PIR-nsdi16.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"encryptogroup/RAID-PIR\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//github.com/encryptogroup/RAID-PIR"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"XPIR-team/XPIR\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//github.com/XPIR-team/XPIR"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"upPIR\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160625160724/https://uppir.poly.edu/projects/project"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//uppir.poly.edu/projects/project"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ Baumeler, Ämin; Broadbent, Anne (17 April 2014). \"Quantum Private Information Retrieval has Linear Communication Complexity\". Journal of Cryptology. 28: 161–175. arXiv:1304.5490. doi:10.1007/s00145-014-9180-2. S2CID 1450526.\n\n^ a b Chor, Benny; Kushilevitz, Eyal; Goldreich, Oded; Sudan, Madhu (1 November 1998). \"Private information retrieval\" (PDF). Journal of the ACM. 45 (6): 965–981. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.51.3663. doi:10.1145/293347.293350. S2CID 544823.\n\n^ a b c Kushilevitz, Eyal; Ostrovsky, Rafail (1997). \"Replication is not needed: single database, computationally-private information retrieval\". Proceedings of the 38th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science. Miami Beach, Florida, USA: IEEE Computer Society. pp. 364–373. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.56.2667. doi:10.1109/SFCS.1997.646125. ISBN 978-0-8186-8197-4. S2CID 11000506.\n\n^ Cachin, Christian; Micali, Silvio; Stadler, Markus (1999). \"Computationally Private Information Retrieval with Polylogarithmic Communication\". Advances in Cryptology – EUROCRYPT '99. Prague, Czech Republic: Springer-Verlag. pp. 402–414. doi:10.1007/3-540-48910-X_28. ISBN 978-3-540-48910-8.\n\n^ a b Lipmaa, Helger (2005). \"An Oblivious Transfer Protocol with Log-Squared Communication\". Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Information Security (ISC 2005). Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 3650. Singapore: Springer-Verlag. pp. 314–328. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.73.8768. doi:10.1007/11556992_23. ISBN 978-3-540-31930-6.\n\n^ Gentry, Craig; Ramzan, Zulfikar (2005). \"Single-Database Private Information Retrieval with Constant Communication Rate\". ICALP. LNCS. Vol. 3580. Springer. pp. 803–815. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.113.6572. doi:10.1007/11523468_65.\n\n^ Kiayias, Aggelos; Leonardos, Nikos; Lipmaa, Helger; Pavlyk, Kateryna; Tang, Qiang (2015). \"Optimal Rate Private Information Retrieval from Homomorphic Encryption\". Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2015. Vol. 2015. DE GRUYTER. pp. 222–243. doi:10.1515/popets-2015-0016. hdl:20.500.11820/0f84afcb-8ee1-4744-a2ba-4642104c51c5.\n\n^ a b Lipmaa, Helger (2010). \"First CPIR Protocol with Data-Dependent Computation\". Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Information Security and Cryptology. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 5984. Seoul, Korea: Springer-Verlag. pp. 193–210. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.215.7768. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14423-3_14. ISBN 978-3-642-14423-3.\n\n^ Ishai, Yuval; Kushilevitz, Eyal; Ostrovsky, Rafail; Sahai, Amit (2004). \"Batch codes and their applications\" (PDF). STOC'04. ACM. pp. 262–271. doi:10.1145/1007352.1007396. Retrieved 2015-10-23.\n\n^ Ostrovsky, Rafail; Skeith III; William E. (2007). \"A Survey of Single-Database Private Information Retrieval: Techniques and Applications\". Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Practice and Theory in Public-Key Cryptography. Springer-Verlag. pp. 393–411. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-71677-8_26. ISBN 978-3-540-71677-8.\n\n^ a b Percy++ / PIR in C++ at SourceForge\n\n^ Di Crescenzo, Giovanni; Malkin, Tal; Ostrovsky, Rafail (2000). \"Single Database Private Information Retrieval Implies Oblivious Transfer\". Eurocrypt 2000. LNCS. Vol. 1807. Springer. pp. 122–138. doi:10.1007/3-540-45539-6_10.\n\n^ Ishai, Yuval; Kushilevitz, Eyal; Ostrovsky, Rafail (2005). \"Sufficient Conditions for Collision-Resistant Hashing\". Proceedings of the Second Theory of Cryptography Conference. Cambridge, MA, USA: Springer-Verlag. pp. 445–456. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-30576-7_24. ISBN 978-3-540-30576-7.\n\n^ a b Saint-Jean, Felipe (2005). \"A Java Implementation of a Single-Database Computationally Symmetric Private Information Retrieval (cSPIR) protocol\" (PDF). Yale University Technical Report YALEU/DCS/TR-1333.\n\n^ \"MuchPIR Demo\". 14 September 2021.\n\n^ \"SealPIR\". Github. Retrieved 2018-06-07.\n\n^ \"Popcorn\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-21. Retrieved 2016-05-26.\n\n^ \"encryptogroup/RAID-PIR\". GitHub. Retrieved 2016-05-26.\n\n^ \"XPIR-team/XPIR\". GitHub. Retrieved 2016-05-26.\n\n^ \"upPIR\". uppir.poly.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-06-25. Retrieved 2016-05-26.","title":"PIR implementations"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"k-anonymity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-anonymity"},{"title":"Locally decodable code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locally_decodable_code"}]
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[{"reference":"Baumeler, Ämin; Broadbent, Anne (17 April 2014). \"Quantum Private Information Retrieval has Linear Communication Complexity\". Journal of Cryptology. 28: 161–175. arXiv:1304.5490. doi:10.1007/s00145-014-9180-2. S2CID 1450526.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Broadbent","url_text":"Broadbent, Anne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1304.5490","url_text":"1304.5490"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00145-014-9180-2","url_text":"10.1007/s00145-014-9180-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1450526","url_text":"1450526"}]},{"reference":"Chor, Benny; Kushilevitz, Eyal; Goldreich, Oded; Sudan, Madhu (1 November 1998). \"Private information retrieval\" (PDF). Journal of the ACM. 45 (6): 965–981. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.51.3663. doi:10.1145/293347.293350. S2CID 544823.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Chor","url_text":"Chor, Benny"},{"url":"http://www.tau.ac.il/~bchor/PIR.pdf","url_text":"\"Private information retrieval\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.51.3663","url_text":"10.1.1.51.3663"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F293347.293350","url_text":"10.1145/293347.293350"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:544823","url_text":"544823"}]},{"reference":"Kushilevitz, Eyal; Ostrovsky, Rafail (1997). \"Replication is not needed: single database, computationally-private information retrieval\". Proceedings of the 38th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science. Miami Beach, Florida, USA: IEEE Computer Society. pp. 364–373. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.56.2667. doi:10.1109/SFCS.1997.646125. ISBN 978-0-8186-8197-4. S2CID 11000506.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.56.2667","url_text":"10.1.1.56.2667"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FSFCS.1997.646125","url_text":"10.1109/SFCS.1997.646125"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8186-8197-4","url_text":"978-0-8186-8197-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11000506","url_text":"11000506"}]},{"reference":"Cachin, Christian; Micali, Silvio; Stadler, Markus (1999). \"Computationally Private Information Retrieval with Polylogarithmic Communication\". Advances in Cryptology – EUROCRYPT '99. Prague, Czech Republic: Springer-Verlag. pp. 402–414. doi:10.1007/3-540-48910-X_28. ISBN 978-3-540-48910-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-48910-X_28","url_text":"10.1007/3-540-48910-X_28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-48910-8","url_text":"978-3-540-48910-8"}]},{"reference":"Lipmaa, Helger (2005). \"An Oblivious Transfer Protocol with Log-Squared Communication\". Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Information Security (ISC 2005). Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 3650. Singapore: Springer-Verlag. pp. 314–328. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.73.8768. doi:10.1007/11556992_23. ISBN 978-3-540-31930-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.73.8768","url_text":"10.1.1.73.8768"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F11556992_23","url_text":"10.1007/11556992_23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-31930-6","url_text":"978-3-540-31930-6"}]},{"reference":"Gentry, Craig; Ramzan, Zulfikar (2005). \"Single-Database Private Information Retrieval with Constant Communication Rate\". ICALP. LNCS. Vol. 3580. Springer. pp. 803–815. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.113.6572. doi:10.1007/11523468_65.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.113.6572","url_text":"10.1.1.113.6572"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F11523468_65","url_text":"10.1007/11523468_65"}]},{"reference":"Kiayias, Aggelos; Leonardos, Nikos; Lipmaa, Helger; Pavlyk, Kateryna; Tang, Qiang (2015). \"Optimal Rate Private Information Retrieval from Homomorphic Encryption\". Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2015. Vol. 2015. DE GRUYTER. pp. 222–243. doi:10.1515/popets-2015-0016. hdl:20.500.11820/0f84afcb-8ee1-4744-a2ba-4642104c51c5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpopets-2015-0016","url_text":"10.1515/popets-2015-0016"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2F0f84afcb-8ee1-4744-a2ba-4642104c51c5","url_text":"20.500.11820/0f84afcb-8ee1-4744-a2ba-4642104c51c5"}]},{"reference":"Lipmaa, Helger (2010). \"First CPIR Protocol with Data-Dependent Computation\". Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Information Security and Cryptology. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 5984. Seoul, Korea: Springer-Verlag. pp. 193–210. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.215.7768. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14423-3_14. ISBN 978-3-642-14423-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.215.7768","url_text":"10.1.1.215.7768"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-14423-3_14","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-642-14423-3_14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-14423-3","url_text":"978-3-642-14423-3"}]},{"reference":"Ishai, Yuval; Kushilevitz, Eyal; Ostrovsky, Rafail; Sahai, Amit (2004). \"Batch codes and their applications\" (PDF). STOC'04. ACM. pp. 262–271. doi:10.1145/1007352.1007396. Retrieved 2015-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.cs.ucla.edu/~rafail/PUBLIC/62.pdf","url_text":"\"Batch codes and their applications\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1007352.1007396","url_text":"10.1145/1007352.1007396"}]},{"reference":"Ostrovsky, Rafail; Skeith III; William E. (2007). \"A Survey of Single-Database Private Information Retrieval: Techniques and Applications\". Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Practice and Theory in Public-Key Cryptography. Springer-Verlag. pp. 393–411. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-71677-8_26. ISBN 978-3-540-71677-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-71677-8_26","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-540-71677-8_26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-71677-8","url_text":"978-3-540-71677-8"}]},{"reference":"Di Crescenzo, Giovanni; Malkin, Tal; Ostrovsky, Rafail (2000). \"Single Database Private Information Retrieval Implies Oblivious Transfer\". Eurocrypt 2000. LNCS. Vol. 1807. Springer. pp. 122–138. doi:10.1007/3-540-45539-6_10.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-45539-6_10","url_text":"10.1007/3-540-45539-6_10"}]},{"reference":"Ishai, Yuval; Kushilevitz, Eyal; Ostrovsky, Rafail (2005). \"Sufficient Conditions for Collision-Resistant Hashing\". Proceedings of the Second Theory of Cryptography Conference. Cambridge, MA, USA: Springer-Verlag. pp. 445–456. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-30576-7_24. ISBN 978-3-540-30576-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-30576-7_24","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-540-30576-7_24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-30576-7","url_text":"978-3-540-30576-7"}]},{"reference":"Saint-Jean, Felipe (2005). \"A Java Implementation of a Single-Database Computationally Symmetric Private Information Retrieval (cSPIR) protocol\" (PDF). Yale University Technical Report YALEU/DCS/TR-1333.","urls":[{"url":"http://crypto.stanford.edu/portia/papers/TR1333.pdf","url_text":"\"A Java Implementation of a Single-Database Computationally Symmetric Private Information Retrieval (cSPIR) protocol\""}]},{"reference":"\"MuchPIR Demo\". 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/ReverseControl/MuchPIR","url_text":"\"MuchPIR Demo\""}]},{"reference":"\"SealPIR\". Github. Retrieved 2018-06-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/pung-project/SealPIR","url_text":"\"SealPIR\""}]},{"reference":"\"Popcorn\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-21. Retrieved 2016-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160821164304/http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~trinabh/papers/popcorn-PIR-nsdi16.pdf","url_text":"\"Popcorn\""},{"url":"http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~trinabh/papers/popcorn-PIR-nsdi16.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"encryptogroup/RAID-PIR\". GitHub. Retrieved 2016-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/encryptogroup/RAID-PIR","url_text":"\"encryptogroup/RAID-PIR\""}]},{"reference":"\"XPIR-team/XPIR\". GitHub. Retrieved 2016-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/XPIR-team/XPIR","url_text":"\"XPIR-team/XPIR\""}]},{"reference":"\"upPIR\". uppir.poly.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-06-25. Retrieved 2016-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160625160724/https://uppir.poly.edu/projects/project","url_text":"\"upPIR\""},{"url":"https://uppir.poly.edu/projects/project","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Care_Bears_and_Cousins
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Care Bears & Cousins
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["1 Synopsis","2 Characters","2.1 Main Care Bears","2.2 Cousins","2.3 Other Care Bears","2.4 Other Care-a-Lot Residents","3 Episodes","3.1 Series overview","3.2 Season 1 (2015)","3.3 Season 2 (2016)","4 References","5 External links"]
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American animated television series
Care Bears & CousinsGenreComedyDirected byAndrew YoungVoices ofOlivia HackDoug ErholtzBraeden FoxDavid LodgePatty MattsonStephanie ShehRyan WiesbrockOpening theme"Care Bears & Cousins"Ending theme"Care Bears & Cousins" (instrumental)ComposersRichard EvansChip WhitewoodCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons2No. of episodes12ProductionExecutive producersSean GormanRyan WiesbrockProducersSupervising Producers:Liz YoungMike YoungNicolas AtlanCo-Producer:Megan BuettnerPost Producer:Ciara AndersonRunning time22 minutesProduction companiesSplash EntertainmentAmerican GreetingsOriginal releaseNetworkNetflixReleaseNovember 6, 2015 (2015-11-06) –February 5, 2016 (2016-02-05)Related
Care Bears: Welcome to Care-a-Lot
Care Bears: Unlock the Magic
Care Bears & Cousins is an American animated adventure television series released on November 6, 2015, on Netflix. The series, a continuation of the previous series Care Bears: Welcome to Care-a-Lot, re-introduces four of the Care Bear cousins - Brave Heart Lion, Bright Heart Raccoon, Lotsa Heart Elephant and Cozy Heart Penguin.
Synopsis
Set in Care-a-Lot, a magical land in the clouds, Tenderheart Bear, Cheer Bear, Grumpy Bear, Share Bear, Harmony Bear, Funshine Bear and new playful, curious cub Wonderheart Bear all go on adventures that emphasize messages of caring and sharing. Human children from Earth often visit Care-a-Lot and participate in new adventures and valuable lessons learned. The Care Bears' mischievous frenemy King Beastly often attempts to make trouble for the bears.
Characters
Main Care Bears
Tenderheart Bear (voiced by David Lodge)
Cheer Bear (voiced by Patty Mattson)
Funshine Bear (voiced by Michael Sinterniklaas)
Grumpy Bear (voiced by Doug Erholtz)
Harmony Bear (voiced by Nayo Wallace)
Share Bear (voiced by Stephanie Sheh)
Wonderheart Bear (voiced by Michaela Dean)
Cousins
Brave Heart Lion (voiced by Braeden Fox)
Bright Heart Raccoon (voiced by Ryan Wiesbrock)
Lotsa Heart Elephant (voiced by Olivia Hack)
Cozy Heart Penguin (voiced by Michael Sinterniklaas)
Other Care Bears
Amigo Bear
Best Friend Bear
Birthday Bear
Good Luck Bear
Love-a-Lot Bear
Secret Bear
Surprise Bear (voiced by Melissa Mable)
Thanks-a-Lot Bear
Wish Bear (voiced by Melissa Mable)
Other Care-a-Lot Residents
King Beastly (voiced by Doug Erholtz)
Episodes
Series overview
Season
Episodes
Originally released
1
6
November 6, 2015 (2015-11-06)
2
6
February 5, 2016 (2016-02-05)
Season 1 (2015)
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date11"Take Heart"Andrew YoungAmy Keating RogersNovember 6, 2015 (2015-11-06)
The Care Bear Cousins return to Care-a-Lot and showcase their lessons in Care Hearts.
22"Return to Tender"Andrew YoungAmy Keating RogersNovember 6, 2015 (2015-11-06)
Tenderheart and Wonderheart are split away from each other when Wonderheart splits away from home.
33"The Bright Stuff"Andrew YoungAmy Keating RogersNovember 6, 2015 (2015-11-06)
Beastly steals the Cousins' ship, and it's up to Bright Heart Raccoon to save it and the Share Cloud.
44"The Share Shack"Andrew YoungDave PolskyNovember 6, 2015 (2015-11-06)
After building a Snack Shack, The Cousins and the Bears end up competing to see whose shack is the best.
55"Belly Badgered"Andrew YoungDayla KennedyNovember 6, 2015 (2015-11-06)
Beastly attempts to ruin the Belly Badge Bonanza after being left out of the events.
66"Wonder's Heart"Andrew YoungChara CampanellaNovember 6, 2015 (2015-11-06)
Wonderheart's Belly Badge Power has unleashed itself, and the Cousins wonder when it's needed the most.
Season 2 (2016)
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date71"BFFs"Andrew YoungGuy ToubesFebruary 5, 2016 (2016-02-05)
A jealous Harmony attempts to get back at her best friend, Share Bear when she starts playing with someone else during a picnic.
82"Wishing Well"Andrew YoungJennifer Muro & Amy Keating RogersFebruary 5, 2016 (2016-02-05)
Lotsa Heart Elephant accidentally causes a night-time problem when one of Wish Bear's Wishes goes wrong for her.
93"Awesomest Day Ever"Andrew YoungDave PolskyFebruary 5, 2016 (2016-02-05)
Brave Heart Lion attempts to have a fun day with two of his friends at the same time, but finds that it's more trouble than he thought.
104"Share Air"Andrew YoungGuy ToubesFebruary 5, 2016 (2016-02-05)
Harmony makes a new song, which Share shares to the whole of Care-a-Lot before it's finished.
115"Nurture Is Her Nature"Andrew YoungDave PolskyFebruary 5, 2016 (2016-02-05)
Lotsa-Heart Elephant accidentally injures Grumpy, and attempts to heal him.
126"Beastly Bungalow"Andrew YoungGuy ToubesFebruary 5, 2016 (2016-02-05)
Beastly and Share have trouble operating snack bars right next to each other.
References
^ "Care Bears and Cousins Gives Netflix a Loving Hug". The Toy Insider. 2015-11-11. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
^ Natalie Jarvey (2014-10-13). "Netflix Rebooting Care Bears With New Animated Series". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
External links
Care Bears & Cousins at IMDb
vteCare BearsLists
Characters
Albums
Books
Films
Video games
Media1982 line-upTelevision specialsAtkinson Film-Arts (1983–1984)Nelvana (1988)
The Care Bears in the Land Without Feelings (1983)
The Care Bears Battle the Freeze Machine (1984)
Care Bears Nutcracker Suite (1988)
Television seriesDIC Entertainment (1985)Nelvana (1986–1988)
Care Bears (1985)
The Care Bears Family (1986–1988)
Episodes
FilmsNelvana (1985–1987)
The Care Bears Movie (1985)
Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation (1986)
The Care Bears Adventure in Wonderland (1987)
2002 line-upNelvanaFilms
Care Bears: Journey to Joke-a-lot (2004)
The Care Bears' Big Wish Movie (2005)
2007 line-upSD EntertainmentTelevision series
Care Bears: Adventures in Care-a-lot (2007)
Films
Care Bears: Oopsy Does It! (2007)
Care Bears: To the Rescue (2009)
Care Bears: Share Bear Shines (2010)
Care Bears: The Giving Festival (2010)
2012 line-upMoonScoopTelevision series
Care Bears: Welcome to Care-a-Lot (2012)
Care Bears & Cousins (2015)
2019 line-upCloudco EntertainmentTelevision series
Care Bears: Unlock the Magic (2019)
Personnel
Elena Kucharik
Linda Denham
Muriel Fahrion
Jack Chojnacki
Bernard Loomis
See also
American Greetings
The Get Along Gang
Holly Hobbie
Strawberry Shortcake (formerly)
Popples (formerly)
vteNetflix original animated series and filmsTVFirst released2013–2015
Turbo Fast (2013–2016)
All Hail King Julien (2014–2017)
Knights of Sidonia (2014–2015)
BoJack Horseman (2014–2020)
VeggieTales in the House (2014–2016)
The Adventures of Puss in Boots (2015–2018)
Care Bears & Cousins (2015–2016)
Dawn of the Croods (2015–2017)
Dinotrux (2015–2018)
DreamWorks Dragons (2012–2018; continued from Netflix 2015)
F Is for Family (2015–2021)
The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show (2015–2017)
Popples (2015–2016)
The Seven Deadly Sins (2015–2021)
First released 2016
Ajin: Demi-Human (2016)
Ask the StoryBots (2016–2019)
Beat Bugs (2016–2018)
Bottersnikes and Gumbles (2016–2017)
Home: Adventures with Tip & Oh (2016–2018)
Justin Time (2011–2016; continued from Netflix 2016)
Kong: King of the Apes (2016–2018)
Kulipari (2016–2018)
Kuromukuro (2016)
Lego Bionicle: The Journey to One (2016)
Lego Friends: The Power of Friendship (2016)
Luna Petunia (2016–2018)
Skylanders Academy (2016–2018)
StoryBots Super Songs (2016–2017)
Trollhunters: Tales of Arcadia (2016–2018)
Voltron: Legendary Defender (2016–2018)
Word Party (2016–2021)
World of Winx (2016–2017)
First released 2017
Big Mouth (2017–present)
Buddy Thunderstruck (2017)
Castlevania (2017–2021)
Fate/Apocrypha (2017)
Legend Quest (2017–2019)
Little Witch Academia (2017)
The Magic School Bus Rides Again (2017–2020)
Neo Yokio (2017–2018)
Spirit Riding Free (2017–2020)
Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters (2017–2018)
Super Monsters (2017–2019)
Tarzan and Jane (2017–2018)
True and the Rainbow Kingdom (2017–2019)
VeggieTales in the City (2017)
We're Lalaloopsy (2017)
First released 2018
3Below: Tales of Arcadia (2018–2019)
Aggretsuko (2018–2023)
A.I.C.O. -Incarnation- (2018)
B – The Beginning (2018–2021)
Baki (2018–present)
Barbie: Dreamhouse Adventures (2018–2020)
The Boss Baby: Back in Business (2018–2020)
Cupcake & Dino: General Services (2018–2019)
Devilman Crybaby (2018)
Disenchantment (2018–2023)
The Dragon Prince (2018–present)
The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants (2018–2020)
Harvey Street Kids/Harvey Girls Forever! (2018–2020)
Hero Mask (2018–2019)
Hilda (2018–2023)
The Hollow (2018–2020)
Llama Llama (2018–2019)
Lost Song (2018)
Motown Magic (2018–2019)
Paradise PD (2018–2021)
ReBoot: The Guardian Code (2018)
She-Ra and the Princesses of Power (2018–2020)
Sirius the Jaeger (2018)
Spy Kids: Mission Critical (2018)
Super Drags (2018)
Swordgai: The Animation (2018)
Treehouse Detectives (2018)
Trolls: The Beat Goes On! (2018–2019)
Watership Down (2018)
First released 2019
7 Seeds (2019–2020)
Archibald's Next Big Thing (2019–2020)
Cannon Busters (2019)
Carmen Sandiego (2019–2021)
Carole & Tuesday (2019)
Charlie's Colorforms City (2019–present)
Chip and Potato (2019–present)
Dino Girl Gauko (2019–2020)
DreamWorks Dragons: Rescue Riders (2019–2022)
Fast & Furious Spy Racers (2019–2021)
Green Eggs and Ham (2019–2022)
Hello Ninja (2019–2021)
Kengan Ashura (2019–present)
Knights of the Zodiac: Saint Seiya (2019)
The Last Kids on Earth (2019–2021)
Levius (2019)
Love, Death & Robots (2019–present)
Pinky Malinky (2019)
Rilakkuma and Kaoru (2019)
Seis Manos (2019)
Trailer Park Boys: The Animated Series (2019–2020)
Tuca & Bertie (2019)
Twelve Forever (2019)
Ultraman (2019–2023)
YooHoo to the Rescue (2019–2020)
First released 2020
Alien TV (2020–2021)
Beastars (2020–present)
Blood of Zeus (2020–present)
BNA: Brand New Animal (2020)
Buddi (2020)
Chico Bon Bon: Monkey with a Tool Belt (2020)
Dorohedoro (2020)
Dragon's Dogma (2020)
Drifting Dragons (2020)
Glitch Techs (2020)
Ghost in the Shell: SAC 2045 (2020–2022)
Go! Go! Cory Carson (2020–2021)
Great Pretender (2020)
Hoops (2020)
The Idhun Chronicles (2020–2021)
Japan Sinks: 2020 (2020)
Jurassic World Camp Cretaceous (2020–2022)
Kipo and the Age of Wonderbeasts (2020)
The Midnight Gospel (2020)
Mighty Express (2020–2022)
Pokémon Journeys: The Series (2020–2023)
Rhyme Time Town (2020–2021)
Scissor Seven (2020–present)
Shaun the Sheep (2007–2021; continued from Netflix, 2020)
StarBeam (2020–2021)
Transformers: War for Cybertron Trilogy (2020–2021)
Trash Truck (2020–2021)
Wizards: Tales of Arcadia (2020)
First released 2021
Ada Twist, Scientist (2021–2023)
Arcane (2021–present)
A Tale Dark & Grimm (2021)
Blue Period (2021)
Centaurworld (2021)
City of Ghosts (2021)
Dogs in Space (2021–2022)
Dota: Dragon's Blood (2021–2022)
Gabby's Dollhouse (2021–present)
Godzilla Singular Point (2021)
Go, Dog. Go! (2021–present)
He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (2021–2022)
High-Rise Invasion (2021)
I Heart Arlo (2021)
Inside Job (2021–2022)
Johnny Test (2021–2022)
Karma's World (2021–2022)
Kid Cosmic (2021–2022)
Komi Can't Communicate (2021–2022)
Masters of the Universe: Revelation (2021)
Maya and the Three (2021)
Octonauts: Above & Beyond (2021–present)
Pacific Rim: The Black (2021–2022)
Q-Force (2021)
Resident Evil: Infinite Darkness (2021)
Ridley Jones (2021–2023)
Super Crooks (2021)
Tear Along the Dotted Line (2021)
The Way of the Househusband (2021–present)
First released 2022
Action Pack (2022)
Angry Birds: Summer Madness (2022)
Barbie: It Takes Two (2022)
Battle Kitty (2022)
Bastard!! -Heavy Metal, Dark Fantasy- (2022–present)
Bee and PuppyCat (2013–2016; continued from Netflix, 2022)
Big Tree City (2022–present)
Case Closed: Zero's Tea Time (2022)
Cyberpunk: Edgerunners (2022)
Daniel Spellbound (2022–present)
Dead End: Paranormal Park (2022)
Deepa & Anoop (2022–present)
Dragon Age: Absolution (2022)
exception (2022)
Farzar (2022)
Human Resources (2022–2023)
Kakegurui Twin (2022)
Kotaro Lives Alone (2022)
Kung Fu Panda: The Dragon Knight (2022–2023)
Lost Ollie (2022)
My Little Pony: Make Your Mark (2022–2023)
Oddballs (2022–2023)
Oggy and the Cockroaches: Next Generation (2022)
Oni: Thunder God's Tale (2022)
Rilakkuma's Theme Park Adventure (2022)
Romantic Killer (2022)
Samurai Rabbit: The Usagi Chronicles (2022–present)
Sonic Prime (2022–2024)
Spirit Rangers (2022–present)
Spriggan (2022–present)
Super Giant Robot Brothers (2022)
Team Zenko Go (2022)
Tekken: Bloodline (2022)
The Boss Baby: Back in the Crib (2022–2023)
The Creature Cases (2022–present)
The Cuphead Show! (2022)
The Guardians of Justice (2022)
The Orbital Children (2022)
Thermae Romae Novae (2022)
Uncle from Another World (2022–2023)
First released 2023
Akuma-kun (2023)
Agent Elvis (2023)
Barbie: A Touch of Magic (2023–present)
Blue Eye Samurai (2023–present)
Captain Fall (2023)
Captain Laserhawk: A Blood Dragon Remix (2023)
Carol & the End of the World (2023)
Case Closed: The Culprit Hanzawa (2023)
Castlevania: Nocturne (2023–present)
Gamera Rebirth (2023)
Good Night World (2023)
Junji Ito Maniac: Japanese Tales of the Macabre (2023)
Karate Sheep (2023)
Make My Day (2023)
Mulligan (2023–present)
My Dad the Bounty Hunter (2023–present)
My Daemon (2023)
My Happy Marriage (2023-present)
Onimusha (2023)
Onmyōji (2023)
Ōoku: The Inner Chambers (2023)
Pluto (2023)
Princess Power (2023–present)
Scott Pilgrim Takes Off (2023)
Supa Team 4 (2023–present)
The Bad Guys: A Very Bad Holiday (2023)
This World Can't Tear Me Down (2023)
Unicorn Academy (2023–present)
Yakitori: Soldiers of Misfortune (2023)
First released 2024
Delicious in Dungeon (2024–present)
Monsters: 103 Mercies Dragon Damnation (2024)
The Seven Deadly Sins: Four Knights of the Apocalypse (2024)
Hot Wheels Let's Race (2024–present)
The Grimm Variations (2024)
Time Patrol Bon (2024–present)
Garouden: The Way of the Lone Wolf (2024)
Jurassic World: Chaos Theory (2024–present)
Upcoming
Devil May Cry (2024)
Exploding Kittens (2024)
Gundam: Requiem for Vengeance (2024)
Jentry Chau vs. The Underworld (2024)
Moonrise (2024)
Rising Impact (2024)
Terminator Zero (2024)
Twilight of the Gods (2024)
Leviathan (2025)
Motel Transylvania (2025)
Wolf King (2025)
Tomb Raider: The Legend of Lara Croft (2024)
Beat & Motion (TBA)
Ken & Kenny (TBA)
FilmsOriginal released films
Klaus (2019)
The Willoughbys (2020)
Over the Moon (2020)
Arlo the Alligator Boy (2021)
America: The Motion Picture (2021)
Back to the Outback (2021)
Apollo 10 1⁄2: A Space Age Childhood (2022)
The Sea Beast (2022)
Wendell & Wild (2022)
My Father's Dragon (2022)
Guillermo del Toro's Pinocchio (2022)
The Magician's Elephant (2023)
The Monkey King (2023)
Leo (2023)
Thelma the Unicorn (2024)
Ultraman: Rising (2024)
Other released films
Angela's Christmas (2017)
Barbie: Dolphin Magic (2017)
Blame! (2017)
Sahara (2017)
Duck Duck Goose (2018)
Gnome Alone (2018)
Godzilla: Planet of the Monsters (2018)
Godzilla: City on the Edge of Battle (2018)
Godzilla: The Planet Eater (2018)
Next Gen (2018)
Super Monsters Furever Friends (2018)
White Fang (2018)
I Lost My Body (2019)
Invader Zim: Enter the Florpus (2019)
Latte and the Magic Waterstone (2019)
Pets United (2019)
Rocko's Modern Life: Static Cling (2019)
Angela's Christmas Wish (2020)
Animal Crackers (2020)
Barbie: Princess Adventure (2020)
Cagaster of an Insect Cage (2020)
Canvas (2020)
Fearless (2020)
Hayop Ka! (2020)
Octonauts & the Caves of Sac Actun (2020)
Octonauts & the Great Barrier Reef (2020)
A Whisker Away (2020)
Barbie & Chelsea: The Lost Birthday (2021)
Barbie: Big City, Big Dreams (2021)
Bright: Samurai Soul (2021)
Dog Gone Trouble (2021)
Extinct (2021)
Hilda and the Mountain King (2021)
My Little Pony: A New Generation (2021)
Octonauts & the Ring of Fire (2021)
Robin Robin (2021)
Seal Team (2021)
The Loud House Movie (2021)
The Mitchells vs. the Machines (2021)
Trollhunters: Rise of the Titans (2021)
Vivo (2021)
Wish Dragon (2021)
Barbie: Mermaid Power (2022)
Bubble (2022)
Rabbids Invasion: Mission to Mars (2022)
The House (2022)
Marmaduke (2022)
Chickenhare and the Hamster of Darkness (2022)
Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Movie (2022)
Drifting Home (2022)
Entergalactic (2022)
Scrooge: A Christmas Carol (2022)
Black Clover: Sword of the Wizard King (2023)
Barbie: Skipper and the Big Babysitting Adventure (2023)
Nimona (2023)
Chicken Run: Dawn of the Nugget (2023)
Orion and the Dark (2024)
The Casagrandes Movie (2024)
Woody Woodpecker Goes to Camp (2024)
My Oni Girl (2024)
Interactive
Cat Burglar (2022)
Barbie: Epic Road Trip (2022)
We Lost Our Human (2023)
Upcoming
The Imaginary (2024)
Saving Bikini Bottom: The Sandy Cheeks Movie (2024)
Spellbound (2024)
That Christmas (2024)
The Witcher: Sirens of the Deep (2024)
The Twits (2025)
Ray Gunn (TBA)
The Shrinking of Treehorn (TBA)
Current series
Original ended series
2012–2018
2019 onwards
Continuation series
Specials
Upcoming series
vteNetflix original ended series (2012–2018)First released2012–2014
Bad Samaritans (2013)
House of Cards (2013–2018)
Hemlock Grove (2013–2015)
Orange Is the New Black (2013–2019)
Turbo Fast (2013–2016)
Lilyhammer (2012–2014)
Some Assembly Required (2014–2016)
All Hail King Julien (2014–2017)
BoJack Horseman (2014–2020)
Knights of Sidonia (2014–2015)
Marco Polo (2014–2016)
VeggieTales in the House (2014–2016)
The Seven Deadly Sins (2014–2020)
First released 2015
Atelier (2015)
Between (2015–2016)
Bloodline (2015–2017)
Care Bears & Cousins (2015–2016)
Chef's Table (2015–2022)
Club de Cuervos (2015–2019)
Daredevil (2015–2018)
Dawn of the Croods (2015–2017)
Dinotrux (2015–2018)
DreamWorks Dragons: Race to the Edge (2015–2018)
F Is for Family (2015–2021)
Grace and Frankie (2015–2022)
Jessica Jones (2015–2019)
Making a Murderer (2015–2018)
Master of None (2015–2021)
Narcos (2015–2017)
Popples (2015–2016)
Real Rob (2015–2017)
Richie Rich (2015)
Sense8 (2015–2018)
Terrace House: Boys & Girls in the City (2015–2016)
The Adventures of Puss in Boots (2015–2018)
The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show (2015–2017)
Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt (2015–2019)
W/ Bob & David (2015)
Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp (2015)
First released 2016
3% (2016–2020)
Ask the StoryBots (2016–2019)
Beat Bugs (2016–2018)
Bottersnikes and Gumbles (2016–2017)
Brown Nation (2016)
Captive (2016)
Chasing Cameron (2016)
Chelsea (2016–2017)
Chelsea Does (2016)
Cooked (2016)
Crazyhead (2016)
Degrassi: Next Class (2016–2017)
Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency (2016–2017)
Easy (2016–2019)
El marginal (2016–2022)
Estocolmo (2016)
Flaked (2016–2017)
Fuller House (2016–2020)
Gilmore Girls: A Year in the Life (2016)
Haters Back Off (2016–2017)
Hibana: Spark (2016)
Home: Adventures with Tip & Oh (2016–2018)
Kong: King of the Apes (2016–2018)
Kulipari (2016–2018)
Lady Dynamite (2016–2017)
Last Chance U (2016–2020)
Lego Bionicle: The Journey to One (2016)
Lego Friends: The Power of Friendship (2016)
Love (2016–2018)
Luke Cage (2016–2018)
Luna Petunia (2016–2018)
Marseille (2016–2018)
Netflix Presents: The Characters (2016)
The OA (2016–2019)
Paranoid (2016)
Skylanders Academy (2016–2018)
StoryBots Super Songs (2016–2017)
The Crown (2016–2023)
The Ranch (2016–2020)
The Get Down (2016–2017)
Terrace House: Aloha State (2016–2017)
Travelers (2016–2018)
Trollhunters: Tales of Arcadia (2016–2018)
Voltron: Legendary Defender (2016–2018)
White Rabbit Project (2016)
Word Party (2016–2021)
World of Winx (2016–2017)
First released 2017
13 Reasons Why (2017–2020)
72 Dangerous Animals: Latin America (2017)
Atypical (2017–2021)
A Series of Unfortunate Events (2017–2019)
Abstract: The Art of Design (2017)
Alias Grace (2017)
American Vandal (2017–2018)
Anne with an E (2017–2020)
Bill Nye Saves the World (2017–2018)
Buddy Thunderstruck (2017)
Cable Girls (2017–2020)
Castlevania (2017–2021)
Damnation (2017–2018)
Dark (2017–2020)
Dear White People (2017–2021)
Disjointed (2017–2018)
El Chapo (2017–2018)
Five Came Back (2017)
Free Rein (2017–2019)
Friends from College (2017–2019)
Girlboss (2017)
GLOW (2017–2019)
Godless (2017)
Greenhouse Academy (2017–2020)
Gypsy (2017)
Hot Girls Wanted: Turned On (2017)
Iron Fist (2017–2018)
Ingobernable
Jack Whitehall: Travels with My Father (2017–2021)
Julie's Greenroom (2017)
Legend Quest (2017–2019)
Mindhunter (2017–2019)
My Only Love Song (2017)
Neo Yokio (2017–2018)
One Day at a Time (2017–2019)
Ozark (2017–2022)
Santa Clarita Diet (2017–2019)
She's Gotta Have It (2017–2019)
Shot in the Dark (2017)
Spirit Riding Free (2017–2020)
Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters (2017–2018)
Suburra: Blood on Rome (2017–2020)
The Confession Tapes (2017–2019)
The Day I Met El Chapo (2017)
The Defenders (2017)
The End of the F***ing World (2017–2019)
The Keepers (2017)
The Kindness Diaries (2017)
The Magic School Bus Rides Again (2017–2020)
The Many Faces of Ito (2017)
The Worst Witch (2017–2020)
The Punisher (2017–2019)
The Toys That Made Us (2017–2019)
Tarzan and Jane (2017–2018)
Terrace House: Opening New Doors (2017–2019)
Ultimate Beastmaster (2017–2018)
VeggieTales in the City (2017)
We're Lalaloopsy (2017)
Wet Hot American Summer: Ten Years Later (2017)
Wormwood (2017)
First released 2018
1983 (2018)
3Below: Tales of Arcadia (2018–2019)
7 Days Out (2018)
72 Dangerous Animals: Asia (2018)
A Little Help with Carol Burnett (2018)
A Taiwanese Tale of Two Cities (2018–2019)
A.I.C.O. -Incarnation- (2018)
Afflicted (2018)
Aggretsuko (2018–2023)
Alexa & Katie (2018–2020)
All About the Washingtons (2018)
Altered Carbon (2018–2020)
Amazing Interiors (2018)
Baby (2018–2020)
Barbie Dreamhouse Adventures (2018–2020)
Battlefish (2018)
Best.Worst.Weekend.Ever. (2018)
Bobby Kennedy for President (2018)
Brainchild (2018)
Bumping Mics with Jeff Ross & Dave Attell (2018)
Busted! (2018–2021)
Chilling Adventures of Sabrina (2018–2020)
Collateral (2018)
Cooking on High (2018)
Dancing Queen (2018)
Dark Tourist (2018)
Death by Magic (2018)
Devilman Crybaby (2018)
Diablero (2018–2020)
Dirty Money (2018–2020)
Dogs of Berlin (2018)
Everything Sucks! (2018)
Evil Genius (2018)
Fastest Car (2018–2019)
First Team: Juventus (2018)
Flint Town (2018)
Follow This (2018)
Ghoul (2018)
Girls Incarcerated (2018–2019)
Hero Mask (2018–2019)
Insatiable (2018–2019)
Kiss Me First (2018)
The Kominsky Method (2018–2021)
The Letdown (2018–2019)
Lost in Space (2018–2021)
Lost Song (2018)
Luis Miguel: The Series (2018–2021)
Maniac (2018)
Marching Orders (2018)
Motown Magic (2018–2019)
Murder Mountain (2018)
Narcos: Mexico (2018–2021)
The New Legends of Monkey (2018–2020)
Nicky Jam: El Ganador (2018)
Norm Macdonald Has a Show (2018)
On My Block (2018–2021)
Patriot Act with Hasan Minhaj (2018–2020)
Prince of Peoria (2018–2019)
Requiem (2018)
Sacred Games (2018–2019)
Safe (2018)
Salt Fat Acid Heat (2018)
Samantha! (2018–2019)
Selection Day (2018)
Seven Seconds (2018)
She-Ra and the Princesses of Power (2018–2020)
Sirius the Jaeger (2018)
Spy Kids: Mission Critical (2018)
Stay Here (2018)
Super Drags (2018)
Swordgai: The Animation (2018)
The Ballad of Hugo Sánchez (2018)
The Boss Baby: Back in Business (2018–2020)
The Break with Michelle Wolf (2018)
The Curious Creations of Christine McConnell (2018)
The Final Table (2018)
The Fix (2018)
The Good Cop (2018)
The Hollow (2018–2020)
The House of Flowers (2018–2020)
The Haunting of Hill House (2018)
The Innocent Man (2018)
The Innocents (2018)
The Joel McHale Show with Joel McHale (2018)
The Mechanism (2018–2019)
Paradise PD (2018–2022)
The Ponysitters Club (2018)
The Protector (2018–2020)
The Rain (2018–2020)
The Staircase (2018)
The Who Was? Show (2018)
Tidelands (2018)
Trolls: The Beat Goes On! (2018–2019)
Troy: Fall of a City (2018)
Ugly Delicious (2018–2020)
Undercover Law (2018)
Vai Anitta (2018)
Watership Down (2018)
Westside (2018)
Wild District (2018–2019)
Wild Wild Country (2018)
YG Future Strategy Office (2018)
Current series
Original ended series (2019–present)
Continuation series
Specials
Upcoming series
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_film"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Care Bears: Welcome to Care-a-Lot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Care_Bears:_Welcome_to_Care-a-Lot"}],"text":"Care Bears & Cousins is an American animated adventure television series released on November 6, 2015, on Netflix.[1][2] The series, a continuation of the previous series Care Bears: Welcome to Care-a-Lot, re-introduces four of the Care Bear cousins - Brave Heart Lion, Bright Heart Raccoon, Lotsa Heart Elephant and Cozy Heart Penguin.","title":"Care Bears & Cousins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"frenemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenemy"}],"text":"Set in Care-a-Lot, a magical land in the clouds, Tenderheart Bear, Cheer Bear, Grumpy Bear, Share Bear, Harmony Bear, Funshine Bear and new playful, curious cub Wonderheart Bear all go on adventures that emphasize messages of caring and sharing. Human children from Earth often visit Care-a-Lot and participate in new adventures and valuable lessons learned. The Care Bears' mischievous frenemy King Beastly often attempts to make trouble for the bears.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lodge_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"Michael Sinterniklaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sinterniklaas"},{"link_name":"Doug Erholtz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Erholtz"},{"link_name":"Nayo Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayo_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Stephanie Sheh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Sheh"}],"sub_title":"Main Care Bears","text":"Tenderheart Bear (voiced by David Lodge)\nCheer Bear (voiced by Patty Mattson)\nFunshine Bear (voiced by Michael Sinterniklaas)\nGrumpy Bear (voiced by Doug Erholtz)\nHarmony Bear (voiced by Nayo Wallace)\nShare Bear (voiced by Stephanie Sheh)\nWonderheart Bear (voiced by Michaela Dean)","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olivia Hack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Hack"},{"link_name":"Michael Sinterniklaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sinterniklaas"}],"sub_title":"Cousins","text":"Brave Heart Lion (voiced by Braeden Fox)\nBright Heart Raccoon (voiced by Ryan Wiesbrock)\nLotsa Heart Elephant (voiced by Olivia Hack)\nCozy Heart Penguin (voiced by Michael Sinterniklaas)","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other Care Bears","text":"Amigo Bear\nBest Friend Bear\nBirthday Bear\nGood Luck Bear\nLove-a-Lot Bear\nSecret Bear\nSurprise Bear (voiced by Melissa Mable)\nThanks-a-Lot Bear\nWish Bear (voiced by Melissa Mable)","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doug Erholtz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Erholtz"}],"sub_title":"Other Care-a-Lot Residents","text":"King Beastly (voiced by Doug Erholtz)","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series overview","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 1 (2015)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 2 (2016)","title":"Episodes"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Care Bears and Cousins Gives Netflix a Loving Hug\". The Toy Insider. 2015-11-11. Retrieved 2016-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thetoyinsider.com/care-bear-and-cousins-review/","url_text":"\"Care Bears and Cousins Gives Netflix a Loving Hug\""}]},{"reference":"Natalie Jarvey (2014-10-13). \"Netflix Rebooting Care Bears With New Animated Series\". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2016-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/netflix-rebooting-care-bears-new-740477","url_text":"\"Netflix Rebooting Care Bears With New Animated Series\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.thetoyinsider.com/care-bear-and-cousins-review/","external_links_name":"\"Care Bears and Cousins Gives Netflix a Loving Hug\""},{"Link":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/netflix-rebooting-care-bears-new-740477","external_links_name":"\"Netflix Rebooting Care Bears With New Animated Series\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4680360/","external_links_name":"Care Bears & Cousins"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_K._Soth
|
Lauren K. Soth
|
["1 Biography","2 References"]
|
American journalist
Lauren Kephart Soth (October 2, 1910 – February 9, 1998) was an American journalist and recipient of the 1956 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing.
Biography
Soth was born October 2, 1910, in Sibley, Iowa, United States, he is the son of a school superintendent Michael Ray Soth and Virginia Mabel (Kephart) Soth. He grew up in a few different small towns in Iowa including, Alton, Marathon, Wyoming, and Holstein. He attended Holstein High School. Soth attended Iowa State University (ISU) in 1927 and earned a B.S. in agricultural journalism in 1932 and a M.S. in agricultural economics in 1938.
Soth was hired to write editorials in 1947 for The Des Moines Register and Des Moines Tribune. He was then promoted to assistant editor in 1951 and later promoted to editor in 1954 for the editorial pages, working between 1947 until 1975 for 28 years.
In 1955 Soth wrote "If the Russians Want More Meat...", an editorial article inviting a Soviet delegation to visit Iowa and learn about farming during the Cold War-era. As a result, an educational travel exchange between Soviet and Iowa farmers occurred, and it was this article that won him the 1956 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing.
He died on February 9, 1998, of cancer at Iowa Methodist Hospital in Des Moines, Iowa.
References
^ a b c d "Soth, Lauren Kephart". The Biographical Dictionary of Iowa -The University of Iowa. Retrieved 2018-11-19.
^ "Lauren Soth Papers, RS 16/3/54, Special Collections Department". Iowa State University Library. Retrieved 2018-11-19.
^ Fischer, Heinz-Dietrich; Fischer, Erika J. (1990). The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Materials in Journalism, Letters and Arts. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 191–192. ISBN 3598301707 – via Google Books.
^ "Distinguished Alumni". Iowa State University, Office of Admissions. Retrieved 2018-11-19.
^ a b c "Lauren K. Soth, Pulitzer Prize Winner, 87". The New York Times. 1998-02-19. Retrieved 2018-11-19.
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This article about a United States journalist born in the 1910s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_A._Saunders_III
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Thomas A. Saunders III
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["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Political activity","4 Philanthropy","4.1 University of Virginia","4.2 Virginia Military Institute","4.3 Thomas Jefferson Foundation","4.4 Other non-profit service","5 Personal life","6 Awards","7 External links"]
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American philanthropist
Thomas A. Saunders IIIBorn(1936-06-01)June 1, 1936Ivor, Virginia, U.S.DiedSeptember 9, 2022(2022-09-09) (aged 86)Palm Beach, Florida, U.S.NationalityAmericanEducationVirginia Military Institute (BS)University of Virginia (MBA)Known forWall Street innovator, investment banker, philanthropist, Chairman of The Heritage Foundation, winner of the National Humanities Medal.Political partyRepublicanSpouseJordan (Horner) Saunders
Thomas A. Saunders III (June 1, 1936 - September 9, 2022) was a Wall Street innovator, nationally recognized conservative leader, and philanthropist. He was a longtime Partner and Managing Director of Morgan Stanley and founder of the private equity firm, Saunders, Karp & Megrue. Saunders was also Chairman of The Heritage Foundation and a joint recipient, with his wife Jordan, of the National Humanities Medal for his non-profit service and philanthropy in the realms of public policy, higher education, historic preservation, and the arts.
Early life and education
Thomas A. Saunders III was born in 1936 in Ivor, a town of 300 people in tidewater Virginia. His father, Thomas A. Saunders Jr. was a timber farmer and merchant and his mother, Ruth Lee Claud Saunders was an elementary school teacher. Saunders first foray into business was delivering newspapers, and by age 12, he had the largest route in Norfolk.
After graduating from Maury High School, where he was a strong student and good athlete, Saunders accepted admission to the Virginia Military Institute where he played basketball and majored in electrical engineering. He credited VMI with instilling him with honor, a strong work ethic, and decorum, as well as giving him a life-long appreciation of America, its military, and its history.
Saunders was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the United States Army and promoted to Captain before entering his first private sector job in the Research Division of Allis Chalmers’ Space and Defense Sciences Group in Washington D.C. where he helped supply fuel cells to NASA’s Apollo program and to the US Air Force manned orbital laboratory.
After receiving a full scholarship to business school, Saunders decided to attend Darden at the University of Virginia, where he earned the highest student award. He graduated in 1967 with several offers at top New York investment banks. He chose Morgan Stanley and moved to New York City.
Career
Morgan Stanley
Saunders was a leader and innovator during a golden era on Wall Street. In his more than 20 years at Morgan Stanley, he served as Partner, Managing Director, Head of its Syndicate Department, and Chairman of Morgan Stanley’s multi-billion dollar Leveraged Equity Fund II.
Saunders ran the biggest domestic and international equity financings of the day. He led the IPOs for US clients including AT&T, GE, IBM, DuPont, Exxon, General Motors, and Apple as well as public offerings for many leading international corporations, including British Petroleum, Hitachi, Reuters, Sony, and Volvo.
His legacy and innovation are still evident in today's equity markets. He pioneered applying the Green Shoe provision to big IPOs to meet high demand without putting additional capital at risk and using SEC Rule 415 shelf registration to streamline offerings. Saunders was also the first to use simultaneous offerings which permitted concurrent investment participation in the world's biggest stock exchanges.
Following the breakup of the Bell System in 1982, Saunders led the advisory team that determined how AT&T spun off its local telephone services into the seven regional bell operating companies—at that time, it was the largest restructuring in history. He also ran the privatizations of British Telecommunications and British Petroleum for the Thatcher Government in mid-1980s and played a key role in the US Government's privatization of Conrail.
Capitalizing on the deep relationships he had with pension, corporate and sovereign wealth funds, Saunders became Chairman of Morgan Stanley’s Merchant Banking Unit and raised Morgan Stanley Leveraged Equity II $2.2Bn fund following MSLE I which raised just $50 million.
Saunders Karp & Megrue
In 1990, Saunders founded private equity firm Saunders Karp & Megrue, LLC (“SKM”), where he drove investment and valuation analysis to maximize equity value across SKM’s multi-billion-dollar portfolio of over 50 retail, industrial and healthcare companies located throughout the United States.
SKM co-owned Dollar Tree with the founders of the company. Other SKM retail companies included: Hibbett Sporting Goods, Ollie’s Bargain Outlet, Bob’s Discount Furniture, Marie Callender’s, Café Rio, Mimi’s Café, Miller’s Ale House, The Children’s Place, Rue21, Charlotte Russe, Tommy Bahama, Hat World, and Targus.
Corporate Board Service
Saunders became a Director of Dollar Tree, Inc. when it went public in 1993 and served as its Lead Independent Director from 2007-2019. He was a Director of Hibbett Sports and of Teavana Holdings, which was sold to Starbucks in 2012. He was also Lead Director of the private bio-medical sensor company, VitalConnect.
Political activity
Political Engagement
Saunders was a conservative leader who embraced and promoted capitalism and free market solutions. He espoused the values of Thomas Jefferson—individual rights, personal responsibility, limited government, and belief in the common man. Saunders founded a joint candidate committee which raised significant funds in support of federal Republican candidates’ campaigns over eight election cycles.
Heritage Foundation Chairman
From 2009-2018, Saunders served as Chairman of The Heritage Foundation, the country's leading conservative think tank and was its Chairman Emeritus until his death in 2022. During his Chairmanship, Saunders was instrumental in the formation of the conservative policy advocacy group, Heritage Action, and in trebling the organization’s membership. In 2018 he was awarded the institution's highest honor, the Clare Boothe Luce Award.
Philanthropy
Despite living most of his life in New York City, Saunders’ Virginian roots were important to him, and much of his philanthropy was focused on Virginia.
University of Virginia
Saunders made transformative contributions to the University of Virginia, across the College of Arts and Sciences, Darden Business School, the Nursing School, and Jefferson Scholars. He endowed a number of named professorships and served as Chairman of Darden where he donated the lead gift for Saunders Hall, the main building of Darden's grounds.
While serving on the University's Board of Visitors, Saunders spearheaded the effort to move the management of the University's endowment away from the Commonwealth of Virginia's political appointees and funding restrictions by creating and serving as board member of the independent, self-appointing University of Virginia Investment Management Company (UVIMCO). Saunders’ push for "privatization" was hugely unpopular at the time, but ultimately his gift for persuasiveness prevailed
Virginia Military Institute
Saunders was Vice President of the VMI Board of Visitors, Trustee of the VMI Foundation, long-time Member of the Jackson Hope Fund Board of Overseers, Member of the VMI Reveille Capital Campaign Executive Committee, founding donor to the Peay Endowment for Academic Excellence, a major donor to the scholarship pool designated for the first class of women at VMI, and a principal supporter of the College Orientation Workshop.
Thomas Jefferson Foundation
He also served as Chairman of the Thomas Jefferson Foundation (Monticello). In 2004, Saunders’ speedy negotiation and equity facilitated the purchase of Montalto, the mountain adjacent to Monticello, and permanently spared this important vista from future development. He was a founding donor in the effort to preserve and digitize the retirement papers of Thomas Jefferson, and he gave the Saunders Bridge and Saunders-Monticello Trail which are broadly enjoyed by the community.
Other non-profit service
Saunders established the Saunders Family Endowment for Constitutional History at the New-York Historical Society. He was Trustee and Vice Chairman of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, a world-renowned molecular biology and genetics research institute. Saunders was a Trustee of the Marine Corps University Foundation, where, in honor of Jordan Saunders’ father, the Saunders established the Major General Matthew C. Horner Chair of Military Theory at the Marine Corps University. Saunders served on many other boards including the Board of Directors for the American Civil War Museum, on the Executive Committee of the Cathedral of St. John the Divine and as a Steering Committee Member for the Jamestown 400th Commemoration.
Personal life
In 1961, Saunders married Mary Jordan Horner, daughter of Rebecca Shepherd Horner and Marine Corps General, Matthew C. Horner. The couple lived in Richmond, Charlottesville, and Milwaukee before settling in New York City and Locust Valley Long Island to raise their two children.
Saunders was known for his insatiable curiosity and studied architecture, flora and fauna, astronomy, ornithology, and genetics. He was a passionate runner, biker, skilled sailor, serious hiker, tennis player, and world traveler.
Awards
2018 Clare Boothe Luce Award, the highest honor bestowed by the Heritage Foundation to individuals who make major contributions to advancing the conservative movement.
2008 National Humanities Medal, President George W. Bush presented the National Humanities Medal to Thomas and Jordan Saunders—its first joint recipients— for the Saunders contributions to advancing the humanities.
2008 Major General John H. Russel Leadership Award, the Marine Corps University Foundation bestows this honor to a distinguished American whose commitment to personal and professional excellence embodies leadership and character.
2007 History Makers Award, co-recipient with historian David McCullough, this award was bestowed by The New-York Historical Society for contributions to his profession and his enrichment of the lives of others.
2005 Darden School’s Charles C. Abbott Award-Saunders was bestowed the school’s highest alumni honor for transformative contributions to the advancement of the business school.
2004 VMI Distinguished Service Award—the VMI Foundation conferred its highest honor to Mr. Saunders to recognize his excellence and dedication in service to the Virginia Military Institute.
1967 Samuel Forrest Hyde Award, Virginia Darden Graduate School highest student honor.
External links
Chernow, Ron (2001). The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance. Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-3829-3.
Appearances on C-SPAN
|
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In his more than 20 years at Morgan Stanley, he served as Partner, Managing Director, Head of its Syndicate Department, and Chairman of Morgan Stanley’s multi-billion dollar Leveraged Equity Fund II.Saunders ran the biggest domestic and international equity financings of the day. He led the IPOs for US clients including AT&T, GE, IBM, DuPont, Exxon, General Motors, and Apple as well as public offerings for many leading international corporations, including British Petroleum, Hitachi, Reuters, Sony, and Volvo.His legacy and innovation are still evident in today's equity markets. He pioneered applying the Green Shoe provision to big IPOs to meet high demand without putting additional capital at risk and using SEC Rule 415 shelf registration to streamline offerings. Saunders was also the first to use simultaneous offerings which permitted concurrent investment participation in the world's biggest stock exchanges.Following the breakup of the Bell System in 1982, Saunders led the advisory team that determined how AT&T spun off its local telephone services into the seven regional bell operating companies—at that time, it was the largest restructuring in history. He also ran the privatizations of British Telecommunications and British Petroleum for the Thatcher Government in mid-1980s and played a key role in the US Government's privatization of Conrail.Capitalizing on the deep relationships he had with pension, corporate and sovereign wealth funds, Saunders became Chairman of Morgan Stanley’s Merchant Banking Unit and raised Morgan Stanley Leveraged Equity II $2.2Bn fund following MSLE I which raised just $50 million.Saunders Karp & MegrueIn 1990, Saunders founded private equity firm Saunders Karp & Megrue, LLC (“SKM”), where he drove investment and valuation analysis to maximize equity value across SKM’s multi-billion-dollar portfolio of over 50 retail, industrial and healthcare companies located throughout the United States.SKM co-owned Dollar Tree with the founders of the company. 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He was also Lead Director of the private bio-medical sensor company, VitalConnect.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"The Heritage Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Heritage Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Action"},{"link_name":"Clare Boothe Luce Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce_Award"}],"text":"Political EngagementSaunders was a conservative leader who embraced and promoted capitalism and free market solutions. He espoused the values of Thomas Jefferson—individual rights, personal responsibility, limited government, and belief in the common man. Saunders founded a joint candidate committee which raised significant funds in support of federal Republican candidates’ campaigns over eight election cycles.Heritage Foundation ChairmanFrom 2009-2018, Saunders served as Chairman of The Heritage Foundation, the country's leading conservative think tank and was its Chairman Emeritus until his death in 2022. During his Chairmanship, Saunders was instrumental in the formation of the conservative policy advocacy group, Heritage Action, and in trebling the organization’s membership. In 2018 he was awarded the institution's highest honor, the Clare Boothe Luce Award.","title":"Political activity"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Despite living most of his life in New York City, Saunders’ Virginian roots were important to him, and much of his philanthropy was focused on Virginia.","title":"Philanthropy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"College of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia_College_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Darden Business School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Darden_School_of_Business"},{"link_name":"Nursing School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia_School_of_Nursing"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Scholars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Scholarship"},{"link_name":"University of Virginia Investment Management Company (UVIMCO)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//uvimco.org/"}],"sub_title":"University of Virginia","text":"Saunders made transformative contributions to the University of Virginia, across the College of Arts and Sciences, Darden Business School, the Nursing School, and Jefferson Scholars. He endowed a number of named professorships and served as Chairman of Darden where he donated the lead gift for Saunders Hall, the main building of Darden's grounds.While serving on the University's Board of Visitors, Saunders spearheaded the effort to move the management of the University's endowment away from the Commonwealth of Virginia's political appointees and funding restrictions by creating and serving as board member of the independent, self-appointing University of Virginia Investment Management Company (UVIMCO). Saunders’ push for \"privatization\" was hugely unpopular at the time, but ultimately his gift for persuasiveness prevailed","title":"Philanthropy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VMI Board of Visitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.vmi.edu/about/governance/board-of-visitors/"},{"link_name":"VMI Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.vmialumni.org/about/staff-directory/foundation/"},{"link_name":"Jackson Hope Fund Board of Overseers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.vmi.edu/about/governance/administration/dean/jackson-hope/board-of-overseers/"},{"link_name":"Peay Endowment for Academic Excellence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.vmialumni.org/the-peay-endowment/about-the-peay-endowment-for-academic-excellence/"},{"link_name":"College Orientation Workshop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.vmi.edu/news/headlines/2021-2022/cow-program-transforms-youths-at-vmi.php"}],"sub_title":"Virginia Military Institute","text":"Saunders was Vice President of the VMI Board of Visitors, Trustee of the VMI Foundation, long-time Member of the Jackson Hope Fund Board of Overseers, Member of the VMI Reveille Capital Campaign Executive Committee, founding donor to the Peay Endowment for Academic Excellence, a major donor to the scholarship pool designated for the first class of women at VMI, and a principal supporter of the College Orientation Workshop.","title":"Philanthropy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Montalto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.monticello.org/research-education/thomas-jefferson-encyclopedia/montalto/"},{"link_name":"digitize the retirement papers of Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.monticello.org/research-education/for-scholars/papers-of-thomas-jefferson/support-this-project/"},{"link_name":"Saunders Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.monticello.org/visit/the-saunders-monticello-trail/saunders-bridge/"},{"link_name":"Saunders-Monticello Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.monticello.org/visit/the-saunders-monticello-trail/"}],"sub_title":"Thomas Jefferson Foundation","text":"He also served as Chairman of the Thomas Jefferson Foundation (Monticello). In 2004, Saunders’ speedy negotiation and equity facilitated the purchase of Montalto, the mountain adjacent to Monticello, and permanently spared this important vista from future development. He was a founding donor in the effort to preserve and digitize the retirement papers of Thomas Jefferson, and he gave the Saunders Bridge and Saunders-Monticello Trail which are broadly enjoyed by the community.","title":"Philanthropy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New-York Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New-York_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps University Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mcufoundation.org/"},{"link_name":"American Civil War Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War_Museum"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of St. John the Divine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._John_the_Divine"},{"link_name":"Jamestown 400th Commemoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown_2007"}],"sub_title":"Other non-profit service","text":"Saunders established the Saunders Family Endowment for Constitutional History at the New-York Historical Society. He was Trustee and Vice Chairman of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, a world-renowned molecular biology and genetics research institute. Saunders was a Trustee of the Marine Corps University Foundation, where, in honor of Jordan Saunders’ father, the Saunders established the Major General Matthew C. Horner Chair of Military Theory at the Marine Corps University. Saunders served on many other boards including the Board of Directors for the American Civil War Museum, on the Executive Committee of the Cathedral of St. John the Divine and as a Steering Committee Member for the Jamestown 400th Commemoration.","title":"Philanthropy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matthew C. Horner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_C._Horner"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Charlottesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Locust Valley Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locust_Valley,_New_York"}],"text":"In 1961, Saunders married Mary Jordan Horner, daughter of Rebecca Shepherd Horner and Marine Corps General, Matthew C. Horner. The couple lived in Richmond, Charlottesville, and Milwaukee before settling in New York City and Locust Valley Long Island to raise their two children.Saunders was known for his insatiable curiosity and studied architecture, flora and fauna, astronomy, ornithology, and genetics. He was a passionate runner, biker, skilled sailor, serious hiker, tennis player, and world traveler.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clare Boothe Luce Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce_Award"},{"link_name":"National Humanities Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Humanities_Medal"},{"link_name":"Major General John H. Russel Leadership Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mcufoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Former-Russell-Award-Recipients-2021.pdf"},{"link_name":"History Makers Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nyhistory.org/press/anthony-constanzo-honored-history-makers-gala-2022"},{"link_name":"Darden School’s Charles C. Abbott Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.darden.virginia.edu/alumni/featured/awards/charles-c-abbott"},{"link_name":"VMI Distinguished Service Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.vmialumni.org/charles-f-bryan-jr-69-and-william-a-paulette-69-receive-vmi-foundations-distinguished-service-award/#:~:text=First%20presented%20in%201969%2C%20the,and%20distinctions%20are%20exceptionally%20commendable."},{"link_name":"Samuel Forrest Hyde Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.darden.virginia.edu/2018/08/30/uva-darden-celebrates-standout-second-year-students/"},{"link_name":",","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.darden.virginia.edu/2018/08/30/uva-darden-celebrates-standout-second-year-students/"}],"text":"2018 Clare Boothe Luce Award, the highest honor bestowed by the Heritage Foundation to individuals who make major contributions to advancing the conservative movement.2008 National Humanities Medal, President George W. Bush presented the National Humanities Medal to Thomas and Jordan Saunders—its first joint recipients— for the Saunders contributions to advancing the humanities.2008 Major General John H. Russel Leadership Award, the Marine Corps University Foundation bestows this honor to a distinguished American whose commitment to personal and professional excellence embodies leadership and character.2007 History Makers Award, co-recipient with historian David McCullough, this award was bestowed by The New-York Historical Society for contributions to his profession and his enrichment of the lives of others.2005 Darden School’s Charles C. Abbott Award-Saunders was bestowed the school’s highest alumni honor for transformative contributions to the advancement of the business school.2004 VMI Distinguished Service Award—the VMI Foundation conferred its highest honor to Mr. Saunders to recognize his excellence and dedication in service to the Virginia Military Institute.1967 Samuel Forrest Hyde Award, Virginia Darden Graduate School highest student honor.","title":"Awards"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Chernow, Ron (2001). The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance. Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-3829-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xXwPW8np0oEC&dq=thomas+saunders&pg=PA627","url_text":"The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3829-3","url_text":"978-0-8021-3829-3"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://pitchbook.com/profiles/fund/12490-48F#overview","external_links_name":"Morgan Stanley’s multi-billion dollar Leveraged Equity Fund II."},{"Link":"https://thebusinessprofessor.com/en_US/business-transactions/shelf-registration-definition","external_links_name":"SEC Rule 415 shelf registration"},{"Link":"https://vitalconnect.com/","external_links_name":"VitalConnect"},{"Link":"https://uvimco.org/","external_links_name":"University of Virginia Investment Management Company (UVIMCO)"},{"Link":"https://www.vmi.edu/about/governance/board-of-visitors/","external_links_name":"VMI Board of Visitors"},{"Link":"https://www.vmialumni.org/about/staff-directory/foundation/","external_links_name":"VMI Foundation"},{"Link":"https://www.vmi.edu/about/governance/administration/dean/jackson-hope/board-of-overseers/","external_links_name":"Jackson Hope Fund Board of Overseers"},{"Link":"https://www.vmialumni.org/the-peay-endowment/about-the-peay-endowment-for-academic-excellence/","external_links_name":"Peay Endowment for Academic Excellence"},{"Link":"https://www.vmi.edu/news/headlines/2021-2022/cow-program-transforms-youths-at-vmi.php","external_links_name":"College Orientation Workshop"},{"Link":"https://www.monticello.org/research-education/thomas-jefferson-encyclopedia/montalto/","external_links_name":"Montalto"},{"Link":"https://www.monticello.org/research-education/for-scholars/papers-of-thomas-jefferson/support-this-project/","external_links_name":"digitize the retirement papers of Thomas Jefferson"},{"Link":"https://www.monticello.org/visit/the-saunders-monticello-trail/saunders-bridge/","external_links_name":"Saunders Bridge"},{"Link":"https://www.monticello.org/visit/the-saunders-monticello-trail/","external_links_name":"Saunders-Monticello Trail"},{"Link":"https://mcufoundation.org/","external_links_name":"Marine Corps University Foundation"},{"Link":"https://mcufoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Former-Russell-Award-Recipients-2021.pdf","external_links_name":"Major General John H. Russel Leadership Award"},{"Link":"https://www.nyhistory.org/press/anthony-constanzo-honored-history-makers-gala-2022","external_links_name":"History Makers Award"},{"Link":"https://www.darden.virginia.edu/alumni/featured/awards/charles-c-abbott","external_links_name":"Darden School’s Charles C. Abbott Award"},{"Link":"https://www.vmialumni.org/charles-f-bryan-jr-69-and-william-a-paulette-69-receive-vmi-foundations-distinguished-service-award/#:~:text=First%20presented%20in%201969%2C%20the,and%20distinctions%20are%20exceptionally%20commendable.","external_links_name":"VMI Distinguished Service Award"},{"Link":"https://news.darden.virginia.edu/2018/08/30/uva-darden-celebrates-standout-second-year-students/","external_links_name":"Samuel Forrest Hyde Award"},{"Link":"https://news.darden.virginia.edu/2018/08/30/uva-darden-celebrates-standout-second-year-students/","external_links_name":","},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xXwPW8np0oEC&dq=thomas+saunders&pg=PA627","external_links_name":"The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance"},{"Link":"https://www.c-span.org/person/?1008426","external_links_name":"Appearances"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuen_Kong_San_Tsuen
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Yuen Kong San Tsuen
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["1 Administration","2 References","3 External links"]
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Coordinates: 22°25′15″N 114°04′29″E / 22.420714°N 114.074709°E / 22.420714; 114.074709Yeung Ancestral Hall in Yuen Kong San Tsuen.
Yuen Kong San Tsuen (Chinese: 元崗新村) is a village in Pat Heung, Yuen Long District, Hong Kong.
Administration
Yuen Kong San Tsuen is a recognized village under the New Territories Small House Policy.
References
^ "List of Recognized Villages under the New Territories Small House Policy" (PDF). Lands Department. September 2009.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yuen Kong San Tsuen.
Delineation of area of existing village Yuen Kong San Tsuen (Pat Heung) for election of resident representative (2019 to 2022)
22°25′15″N 114°04′29″E / 22.420714°N 114.074709°E / 22.420714; 114.074709
This Hong Kong location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"Yeung Ancestral Hall in Yuen Kong San Tsuen.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/HK_PatHeung_YuenKongSanTsuen_YeungAncestralHall.JPG/220px-HK_PatHeung_YuenKongSanTsuen_YeungAncestralHall.JPG"}]
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[{"reference":"\"List of Recognized Villages under the New Territories Small House Policy\" (PDF). Lands Department. September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.landsd.gov.hk/doc/en/small-house/rv0909.pdf","url_text":"\"List of Recognized Villages under the New Territories Small House Policy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lands_Department","url_text":"Lands Department"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Arellano
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Manuel Arellano
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["1 Biography","2 Publications","2.1 Books","2.2 Articles","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]
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Spanish economist
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Manuel ArellanoBorn (1957-06-19) 19 June 1957 (age 66)Elda, AlicanteNationalitySpanishAlma materLondon School of EconomicsUniversity of BarcelonaKnown forArellano–Bond estimatorSpouseOlympia BoverScientific careerFieldsEconometricsInstitutionsCEMFIDoctoral advisorDenis Sargan
Manuel Arellano (born 19 June 1957) is a Spanish economist specialising in econometrics and empirical microeconomics. Together with Stephen Bond, he developed the Arellano–Bond estimator, a widely used GMM estimator for panel data. This estimator is based on the earlier article by Arellano's PhD supervisor, John Denis Sargan, and Alok Bhargava (Bhargava and Sargan, 1983). RePEc lists the paper about the Arellano-Bond estimator as the most cited article in economics.
Biography
Manuel Arellano earned his undergraduate degree at Universidad de Barcelona in 1979. Later in 1982, he began graduate studies in Econometrics and Mathematical Economics at London School of Economics and completed a Ph.D. in economics in 1985.
After his graduation, he was employed as a research lecturer at University of Oxford from 1985 to 1989 and had a research fellow at Nuffield College, Oxford, from 1986 to 1989. From 1989 to 1992, he was a lecturer in economics at London School of Economics. From 1991 until now, he is a professor of Econometrics at CEMFI, Madrid.
Publications
Books
Panel Data Econometrics, Oxford University Press: Advanced Texts in Econometrics, Oxford, 2003.
Microeconometric models and Fiscal Policy, Editor, Institute for Fiscal Studies, London, 1994.
Articles
Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application of Employment Equations, Review of Economic Studies, Volume 58, Issue 2, pp. 277–297 (with S. Bond).
Panel Data Models: Some Recent Developments. Included in the book: J.J. Heckman and E. Leamer (eds.): Handbook of Econometrics, Volume 5, Chapter 53, North-Holland, 2001 (with B. Honoré).
Alvarez, Javier; Arellano, Manuel (2003). "The Time Series and Cross-Section Asymptotics of Dynamic Panel Data Estimators" (PDF). Econometrica. 71 (4): 1121–1159. doi:10.1111/1468-0262.00441. ISSN 0012-9682.
Arellano, Manuel; Bover, Olympia (July 1995). "Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models" (PDF). Journal of Econometrics. 68 (1): 29–51. doi:10.1016/0304-4076(94)01642-d. ISSN 0304-4076.
References
^ a b cv
^ "Top 1‰ Research Items by Number of Citations". IDEAS. Research Papers in Economics. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
Further reading
Bhargava, A, and Sargan, JD. (1983), Estimating dynamic random effects models from panel data covering short time periods. Econometrica, 51, 1635–1659.
External links
Homepage at CEMFI
vtePresidents of the European Economic Association1986–2000
Jacques Drèze (1986)
János Kornai (1987)
Edmond Malinvaud (1988)
Anthony Atkinson (1989)
Agnar Sandmo (1990)
Assar Lindbeck (1991)
Martin Hellwig (1992)
Mervyn King (1993)
Roger Guesnerie (1994)
Louis Philps (1995)
David Newbery (1996)
Reinhard Selten (1997)
Jean-Jacques Laffont (1998)
Partha Dasgupta (1999)
James A. Mirrlees (2000)
2001–present
Jean Tirole (2001)
J. Peter Neary (2002)
Torsten Persson (2003)
Richard Blundell (2004)
Mathias Dewatripont (2005)
Andreu Mas-Colell (2006)
Guido Tabellini (2007)
Ernst Fehr (2008)
Nicholas Stern (2009)
Timothy Besley (2010)
Christopher Pissarides (2011)
Jordi Galí (2012)
Manuel Arellano (2013)
Orazio Attanasio (2014)
Rachel Griffith (2015)
Fabrizio Zilibotti (2016)
Philippe Aghion (2017)
Eliana La Ferrara (2018)
Kjetil Storesletten (2019)
Per Krusell (2020)
Silvana Tenreyro (2021)
Oriana Bandiera (2022)
Maristella Botticini (2023)
Jan Eeckhout (2024)
vtePresidents of the Econometric Society1931–1950
Irving Fisher (1931–1934)
François Divisia (1935)
Harold Hotelling (1936–1937)
Arthur Bowley (1938–1939)
Joseph Schumpeter (1940–1941)
Wesley Mitchell (1942–1943)
John Maynard Keynes (1944–1945)
Jacob Marschak (1946)
Jan Tinbergen (1947)
Charles Roos (1948)
Ragnar Frisch (1949)
Tjalling Koopmans (1950)
1951–1975
R. G. D. Allen (1951)
Paul Samuelson (1952)
René Roy (1953)
Wassily Leontief (1954)
Richard Stone (1955)
Kenneth Arrow (1956)
Trygve Haavelmo (1957)
James Tobin (1958)
Marcel Boiteux (1959)
Lawrence Klein (1960)
Henri Theil (1961)
Franco Modigliani (1962)
Edmond Malinvaud (1963)
Robert Solow (1964)
Michio Morishima (1965)
Herman Wold (1966)
Hendrik Houthakker (1967)
Frank Hahn (1968)
Leonid Hurwicz (1969)
Jacques Drèze (1970)
Gérard Debreu (1971)
W. M. Gorman (1972)
Roy Radner (1973)
Don Patinkin (1974)
Zvi Griliches (1975)
1976–2000
Hirofumi Uzawa (1976)
Lionel McKenzie (1977)
János Kornai (1978)
Franklin M. Fisher (1979)
J. Denis Sargan (1980)
Marc Nerlove (1981)
James A. Mirrlees (1982)
Herbert Scarf (1983)
Amartya K. Sen (1984)
Daniel McFadden (1985)
Michael Bruno (1986)
Dale Jorgenson (1987)
Anthony B. Atkinson (1988)
Hugo Sonnenschein (1989)
Jean-Michel Grandmont (1990)
Peter Diamond (1991)
Jean-Jacques Laffont (1992)
Andreu Mas-Colell (1993)
Takashi Negishi (1994)
Christopher Sims (1995)
Roger Guesnerie (1996)
Robert E. Lucas, Jr. (1997)
Jean Tirole (1998)
Robert B. Wilson (1999)
Elhanan Helpman (2000)
2001–present
Avinash Dixit (2001)
Guy Laroque (2002)
Eric Maskin (2003)
Ariel Rubinstein (2004)
Thomas J. Sargent (2005)
Richard Blundell (2006)
Lars Peter Hansen (2007)
Torsten Persson (2008)
Roger B. Myerson (2009)
John H. Moore (2010)
Bengt Holmström (2011)
Jean-Charles Rochet (2012)
James J. Heckman (2013)
Manuel Arellano (2014)
Robert Porter (2015)
Eddie Dekel (2016)
Drew Fudenberg (2017)
Tim Besley (2018)
Stephen Morris (2019)
Orazio Attanasio (2020)
Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg (2021)
Guido Tabellini (2022)
Rosa Matzkin (2023)
Eliana La Ferrara (2024)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
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WorldCat
National
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BnF data
Germany
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United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
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MathSciNet
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Scopus
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Other
IdRef
This article about a Spanish economist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"econometrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econometrics"},{"link_name":"microeconomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microeconomics"},{"link_name":"Stephen Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Bond"},{"link_name":"Arellano–Bond estimator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arellano%E2%80%93Bond_estimator"},{"link_name":"GMM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_method_of_moments"},{"link_name":"John Denis Sargan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Denis_Sargan"},{"link_name":"Alok Bhargava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alok_Bhargava"},{"link_name":"RePEc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Papers_in_Economics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Manuel Arellano (born 19 June 1957) is a Spanish economist specialising in econometrics and empirical microeconomics. Together with Stephen Bond, he developed the Arellano–Bond estimator, a widely used GMM estimator for panel data. This estimator is based on the earlier article by Arellano's PhD supervisor, John Denis Sargan, and Alok Bhargava (Bhargava and Sargan, 1983). RePEc lists the paper about the Arellano-Bond estimator as the most cited article in economics.[2]","title":"Manuel Arellano"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Universidad de Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_de_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"London School of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Nuffield College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuffield_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"CEMFI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEMFI"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cv-1"}],"text":"Manuel Arellano earned his undergraduate degree at Universidad de Barcelona in 1979. Later in 1982, he began graduate studies in Econometrics and Mathematical Economics at London School of Economics and completed a Ph.D. in economics in 1985.After his graduation, he was employed as a research lecturer at University of Oxford from 1985 to 1989 and had a research fellow at Nuffield College, Oxford, from 1986 to 1989. From 1989 to 1992, he was a lecturer in economics at London School of Economics. From 1991 until now, he is a professor of Econometrics at CEMFI, Madrid.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Panel Data Econometrics, Oxford University Press: Advanced Texts in Econometrics, Oxford, 2003.\nMicroeconometric models and Fiscal Policy, Editor, Institute for Fiscal Studies, London, 1994.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The Time Series and Cross-Section Asymptotics of Dynamic Panel Data Estimators\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cemfi.es/ftp/wp/9808.pdf"},{"link_name":"Econometrica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econometrica"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/1468-0262.00441","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-0262.00441"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0012-9682","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9682"},{"link_name":"Bover, Olympia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympia_Bover"},{"link_name":"\"Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp1709.pdf"},{"link_name":"Journal of Econometrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Econometrics"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0304-4076(94)01642-d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0304-4076%2894%2901642-d"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0304-4076","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0304-4076"}],"sub_title":"Articles","text":"Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application of Employment Equations, Review of Economic Studies, Volume 58, Issue 2, pp. 277–297 (with S. Bond).\nPanel Data Models: Some Recent Developments. Included in the book: J.J. Heckman and E. Leamer (eds.): Handbook of Econometrics, Volume 5, Chapter 53, North-Holland, 2001 (with B. Honoré).\nAlvarez, Javier; Arellano, Manuel (2003). \"The Time Series and Cross-Section Asymptotics of Dynamic Panel Data Estimators\" (PDF). Econometrica. 71 (4): 1121–1159. doi:10.1111/1468-0262.00441. ISSN 0012-9682.\nArellano, Manuel; Bover, Olympia (July 1995). \"Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models\" (PDF). Journal of Econometrics. 68 (1): 29–51. doi:10.1016/0304-4076(94)01642-d. ISSN 0304-4076.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Bhargava, A, and Sargan, JD. (1983), Estimating dynamic random effects models from panel data covering short time periods. Econometrica, 51, 1635–1659.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Alvarez, Javier; Arellano, Manuel (2003). \"The Time Series and Cross-Section Asymptotics of Dynamic Panel Data Estimators\" (PDF). Econometrica. 71 (4): 1121–1159. doi:10.1111/1468-0262.00441. ISSN 0012-9682.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cemfi.es/ftp/wp/9808.pdf","url_text":"\"The Time Series and Cross-Section Asymptotics of Dynamic Panel Data Estimators\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econometrica","url_text":"Econometrica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-0262.00441","url_text":"10.1111/1468-0262.00441"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9682","url_text":"0012-9682"}]},{"reference":"Arellano, Manuel; Bover, Olympia (July 1995). \"Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models\" (PDF). Journal of Econometrics. 68 (1): 29–51. doi:10.1016/0304-4076(94)01642-d. ISSN 0304-4076.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympia_Bover","url_text":"Bover, Olympia"},{"url":"http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp1709.pdf","url_text":"\"Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Econometrics","url_text":"Journal of Econometrics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0304-4076%2894%2901642-d","url_text":"10.1016/0304-4076(94)01642-d"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0304-4076","url_text":"0304-4076"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 1‰ Research Items by Number of Citations\". IDEAS. Research Papers in Economics. Retrieved 5 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ideas.repec.org/top/top.item.nbcites.html","url_text":"\"Top 1‰ Research Items by Number of Citations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Papers_in_Economics","url_text":"Research Papers in Economics"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Androscoggin_(WPG-68)
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USCGC Androscoggin
|
["1 Service history","1.1 Vietnam War","1.2 Return to peacetime duties","2 Citations","3 References"]
|
Former ship of the United States Coast Guard
For other ships with the same name, see USRC Androscoggin.
USCGC Androscoggin (WHEC-68), in the Gulf of Mexico, 13 August 1958
History
United States
NameAndroscoggin
OperatorUnited States Coast Guard
BuilderWestern Pipe & Steel
CostUS$4,239,702 (hull and machinery)
Launched16 September 1945
Acquired26 September 1946
Commissioned26 September 1946
Decommissioned27 February 1973
FateSold for scrap, 7 October 1974
General characteristics
TypeOwasco-class cutter
Displacement
1,978 full (1966)
1,342 light (1966)
Length
254 ft (77.4 m) oa.
245 ft (74.7 m) pp.
Beam43 ft 1 in (13.1 m)
Draft17 ft 3 in (5.3 m) (1966)
Installed power4,000 shp (3,000 kW) (1945)
Propulsion1 × Westinghouse electric motor driven by a turbine, (1945)
Speed17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph).
Range
6,157 mi (9,909 km) at 17 knots
10,376 mi (16,699 km) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) (1966)
Complement10 officers, 3 warrants, 130 enlisted (1966)
Sensors and processing systems
Detection Radar: SPS-23, SPS-29, Mk 26, Mk 27 (1966)
Sonar: SQS-1 (1966)
Armament
1945:
2 × twin 5 in/38 cal. dual-purpose gun mounts
2 × quad 40 mm AA gun mounts
2 × depth charge tracks
6 × "K" gun depth charge projectors
1 × Hedgehog projector.
1966:
1 × 5 in/38 cal. dual-purpose gun mount
1 × Hedgehog projector
NotesFuel capacity: 141,755 gal (Oil, 95%).
USCGC Androscoggin (WHEC-68) was an Owasco-class high endurance cutter built for World War II service with the United States Coast Guard. The war ended before the ship was completed and consequently Androscoggin did not see wartime service until the Vietnam War.
Androscoggin was built by Western Pipe & Steel at the company's San Pedro shipyard. Named after Androscoggin Lake, Maine, she was commissioned as a patrol gunboat with ID number WPG-68 on 26 September 1946. Her ID was later changed to WHEC-68 (HEC for "High Endurance Cutter" - the "W" signifies a Coast Guard vessel).
Service history
Androscoggin was stationed at Boston, Massachusetts, in 1947 and 1948. She was used primarily on ocean station duty in the North Atlantic. From 1948 to 3 July 1949, she was stationed at New York City. She was decommissioned and stored at the Coast Guard Yard, Curtis Bay, Maryland, from 31 October 1949 to 8 May 1950. On 8 May 1950, Androscoggin received the crew from USCGC Mocoma, was recommissioned, and stationed at Miami Beach, Florida.
Androscoggin was subsequently used primarily for law enforcement and search and rescue operations, but also served several ocean station tours. On 29 and 30 May 1952, she towed a disabled U.S. Navy PBM Mariner aircraft 60 miles (97 km) southeast of Miami to Miami, Florida. In 1956, she served on Campeche Patrol. In April and May 1956, she was assigned special duty relating to Loran-C testing and visited Ecuador, Jamaica, Colombia, and Panama. In July 1956, she served on the annual reserve cruise to San Juan, Puerto Rico, and Port-au-Prince, Haiti. From 17 April to 4 July 1959, she shared International Ice Patrol duty with USCGC Acushnet. She sailed to Reykjavík, Iceland, in January 1960 on a special mission.
In November 1961, she took part in a special mission involving the USAF and the Air National Guard relating to the Berlin crisis. In 1962, the Androscoggin served as Coast Guard schoolship at the U.S. Navy Fleet Sonar School, Key West, Florida.
In late August 1965, she evacuated Cuban refugees from Cay Sal to Key West. During November 17, 19, and 20, 1965, the cutter held movie operations in support of the film, Assault on a Queen. On 10 January 1966, she rescued the crew from the sinking MV Lampsis and unsuccessfully attempted to save the vessel. On 3 February 1966, she stood by the distressed MV Aroin until a commercial tug arrived. On 19 February 1966, she rescued three Cuban refugees from Anguila Cay and transported them to Miami. On 25 May 1966, she embarked 12 Cuban refugees from Cay Lobos and transported them to Key West.
Vietnam War
Weather decks secure by Don Van Liew
Androscoggin was assigned to Coast Guard Squadron Three, South Vietnam, from 4 December 1967 to 4 August 1968 in direct support of Operation Market Time. On 1 March 1968, she assisted in the destruction of an enemy steel trawler in a gun battle at the mouth of the Song Cau River. In May 1968, she rescued 27 Vietnamese from the South China Sea.
Return to peacetime duties
In 1969, Androscoggin assisted the Dutch MV Alida Gothern. On 19 February 1970, she stood by the disabled MV Stellanova until a commercial tug arrived. On 29 April 1970, she provided medical assistance to USS Dahlgren off Bermuda.
She was decommissioned on 27 February 1973, and sold for scrap on 7 October 1974.
Citations
^ a b c d e f g h i Scheina (1990), pp 18–20
^ Scheina (1982), pp 1–3
^ a b c d e f g h i USCGC Androscoggin, 1946 (WPG/WHEC-68), U.S. Coast Guard Historian's Office
References
"USCGC Androscoggin, 1946 (WPG/WHEC-68)". Browse by Topic, Water Assets. U.S. Coast Guard Historian's Office. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
Scheina, Robert L. (1990). U.S. Coast Guard Cutters & Craft, 1946–1990. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland. ISBN 978-0-87021-719-7.
Scheina, Robert L. (1982). U.S. Coast Guard Cutters & Craft of World War II. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland. ISBN 978-0-87021-717-3.
vteOwasco-class cutters
Owasco
Winnebago
Chautauqua
Wachusett / Sebago
Iroquois
Huron / Wachusett
Otsego / Escanaba
Winona
Klamath
Minnetonka
Androscoggin
Mendota
Okeechobee / Pontchartrain
Preceded by: Wind class
Followed by: USCGC Eagle
List of cutters of the United States Coast Guard
|
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The war ended before the ship was completed and consequently Androscoggin did not see wartime service until the Vietnam War.Androscoggin was built by Western Pipe & Steel at the company's San Pedro shipyard. Named after Androscoggin Lake, Maine, she was commissioned as a patrol gunboat with ID number WPG-68 on 26 September 1946. Her ID was later changed to WHEC-68 (HEC for \"High Endurance Cutter\" - the \"W\" signifies a Coast Guard vessel).[3]","title":"USCGC Androscoggin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Curtis Bay, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Bay,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"USCGC Mocoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USCGC_Mocoma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Miami Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Beach"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scheina(1990)18%E2%80%9320-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Androscoggin-3"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy"},{"link_name":"PBM Mariner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_PBM_Mariner"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"Campeche Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeche_Bank"},{"link_name":"Loran-C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loran-C"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"San Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Port-au-Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-au-Prince"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"International Ice Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ice_Patrol"},{"link_name":"USCGC Acushnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Acushnet"},{"link_name":"Reykjavík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scheina(1990)18%E2%80%9320-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Androscoggin-3"},{"link_name":"USAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAF"},{"link_name":"Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Berlin crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961"},{"link_name":"Key West, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_West,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scheina(1990)18%E2%80%9320-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Androscoggin-3"},{"link_name":"Cuban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Cay Sal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cay_Sal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Androscoggin-3"},{"link_name":"Anguila Cay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anguila_Cay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cay Lobos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cay_Lobos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scheina(1990)18%E2%80%9320-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Androscoggin-3"}],"text":"Androscoggin was stationed at Boston, Massachusetts, in 1947 and 1948. She was used primarily on ocean station duty in the North Atlantic. From 1948 to 3 July 1949, she was stationed at New York City. She was decommissioned and stored at the Coast Guard Yard, Curtis Bay, Maryland, from 31 October 1949 to 8 May 1950. On 8 May 1950, Androscoggin received the crew from USCGC Mocoma, was recommissioned, and stationed at Miami Beach, Florida.[1][3]Androscoggin was subsequently used primarily for law enforcement and search and rescue operations, but also served several ocean station tours. On 29 and 30 May 1952, she towed a disabled U.S. Navy PBM Mariner aircraft 60 miles (97 km) southeast of Miami to Miami, Florida. In 1956, she served on Campeche Patrol. In April and May 1956, she was assigned special duty relating to Loran-C testing and visited Ecuador, Jamaica, Colombia, and Panama. In July 1956, she served on the annual reserve cruise to San Juan, Puerto Rico, and Port-au-Prince, Haiti. From 17 April to 4 July 1959, she shared International Ice Patrol duty with USCGC Acushnet. She sailed to Reykjavík, Iceland, in January 1960 on a special mission.[1][3]In November 1961, she took part in a special mission involving the USAF and the Air National Guard relating to the Berlin crisis. In 1962, the Androscoggin served as Coast Guard schoolship at the U.S. Navy Fleet Sonar School, Key West, Florida.[1][3]In late August 1965, she evacuated Cuban refugees from Cay Sal to Key West. During November 17, 19, and 20, 1965, the cutter held movie operations in support of the film, Assault on a Queen.[3] On 10 January 1966, she rescued the crew from the sinking MV Lampsis and unsuccessfully attempted to save the vessel. On 3 February 1966, she stood by the distressed MV Aroin until a commercial tug arrived. On 19 February 1966, she rescued three Cuban refugees from Anguila Cay and transported them to Miami. On 25 May 1966, she embarked 12 Cuban refugees from Cay Lobos and transported them to Key West.[1][3]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USCGC_Androscoggin_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Coast Guard Squadron Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coast_Guard_Squadron_Three&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Operation Market Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Market_Time"},{"link_name":"battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_1_March_1968"},{"link_name":"Song Cau River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Song_Cau_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"South China Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scheina(1990)18%E2%80%9320-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Androscoggin-3"}],"sub_title":"Vietnam War","text":"Weather decks secure by Don Van LiewAndroscoggin was assigned to Coast Guard Squadron Three, South Vietnam, from 4 December 1967 to 4 August 1968 in direct support of Operation Market Time. On 1 March 1968, she assisted in the destruction of an enemy steel trawler in a gun battle at the mouth of the Song Cau River. In May 1968, she rescued 27 Vietnamese from the South China Sea.[1][3]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"USS Dahlgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Dahlgren"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scheina(1990)18%E2%80%9320-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Androscoggin-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scheina(1990)18%E2%80%9320-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Androscoggin-3"}],"sub_title":"Return to peacetime duties","text":"In 1969, Androscoggin assisted the Dutch MV Alida Gothern. On 19 February 1970, she stood by the disabled MV Stellanova until a commercial tug arrived. On 29 April 1970, she provided medical assistance to USS Dahlgren off Bermuda.[1][3]She was decommissioned on 27 February 1973, and sold for scrap on 7 October 1974.[1][3]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Scheina(1990)18%E2%80%9320_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Scheina(1990)18%E2%80%9320_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Scheina(1990)18%E2%80%9320_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Scheina(1990)18%E2%80%9320_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Scheina(1990)18%E2%80%9320_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Scheina(1990)18%E2%80%9320_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Scheina(1990)18%E2%80%9320_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Scheina(1990)18%E2%80%9320_1-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Scheina(1990)18%E2%80%9320_1-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Scheina(1982)1%E2%80%933_2-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Androscoggin_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Androscoggin_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Androscoggin_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Androscoggin_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Androscoggin_3-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Androscoggin_3-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Androscoggin_3-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Androscoggin_3-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Androscoggin_3-8"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h i Scheina (1990), pp 18–20\n\n^ Scheina (1982), pp 1–3\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i USCGC Androscoggin, 1946 (WPG/WHEC-68), U.S. Coast Guard Historian's Office","title":"Citations"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Weather decks secure by Don Van Liew","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/USCGC_Androscoggin_2.jpg/220px-USCGC_Androscoggin_2.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"USCGC Androscoggin, 1946 (WPG/WHEC-68)\". Browse by Topic, Water Assets. U.S. Coast Guard Historian's Office. Retrieved 4 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.uscg.mil/Browse-by-Topic/Assets/Water/All/Article/2150538/androscoggin-1946-wpgwhec-68/","url_text":"\"USCGC Androscoggin, 1946 (WPG/WHEC-68)\""}]},{"reference":"Scheina, Robert L. (1990). U.S. Coast Guard Cutters & Craft, 1946–1990. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland. ISBN 978-0-87021-719-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-719-7","url_text":"978-0-87021-719-7"}]},{"reference":"Scheina, Robert L. (1982). U.S. Coast Guard Cutters & Craft of World War II. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland. ISBN 978-0-87021-717-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-717-3","url_text":"978-0-87021-717-3"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.history.uscg.mil/Browse-by-Topic/Assets/Water/All/Article/2150538/androscoggin-1946-wpgwhec-68/","external_links_name":"\"USCGC Androscoggin, 1946 (WPG/WHEC-68)\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers%27_Union_of_Azerbaijan
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Union of Azerbaijani Writers
|
["1 History","2 Structure","2.1 Administration apparatus","3 Chairmen","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Union of Azerbaijani WritersAzərbaycan Yazıçılar BirliyiFoundedJune 13, 1934HeadquartersBakuLocationAzerbaijanMembers 1500 (2010)Key peopleAnarWebsitewww.azyb.az
The Union of Azerbaijani Writers (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Yazıçılar Birliyi) is the largest public organization of Azerbaijani writers, poets and publicists. It has over 1500 members at present. It was founded on June 13, 1934, when Azerbaijan was a part of the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic.
History
Prior to 1934, Azerbaijani writers grouped in variety of literary unions. In 1923, a group of writers formed the "İldırım" United Organization of Turkic Publicists and Poets. Later, in 1925, another organization known as "Qızıl qələmlər" (Golden Pens) was established uniting most writers and regularly conducting literary gathering events.
The Union of Azerbaijani Writers was established on June 13, 1934. There were 93 members upon its registration. With its establishment, the organization also started publication of "Ədəbiyyat qəzeti" (Literature) newspaper. To this day, there have been 11 congresses held by the union in 1934, 1954, 1958, 1965, 1971, 1976, 1981, 1986, 1991, 1997 and 2004 which are normally held every 5 years.
Structure
At the present, the Union has regional chapters in Ganja, Karabakh region, Lankaran, Mingachevir, Shaki, Shirvan region, Sumgayit, Guba, Qazakh and representative offices in Moscow (Russia), Borchali, (Georgia), Derbent (Dagestan), Istanbul (Turkey).
The Union of Azerbaijani Writers if a multi-ethnic organization having members who write and publish in Azerbaijani, Russian, Lezgi, Talysh, Tat and other languages.
The organization has a chairman, secretary and a board of directors who manage its activities. It is currently chaired by Anar (son of writer Rasul Reza) and its secretary is Chingiz Abdullayev.
Administration apparatus
Anar — chairman of Azerbaijan Writers' Union
Chingiz Abdullayev — first secretary
Ilgar Fahmi — secretary
Salim Babullaoghlu — secretary
Elchin Huseynbeyli — secretary
Rashad Majid — deputy chairman
Rauf Aslanov - chief adviser
Chairmen
Chairman of Union of Azerbaijani Writers
#
Period
Name
Role
1.
1934–1936
Mammadkazim Alakbarli
Chairman
2.
1936–1938
Seyfulla Shamilov
Chairman
3.
1938–1939
Rasul Rza
Chairman
4.
1939–1940
Suleyman Rahimov
Chairman
5.
1941–1944
Samad Vurgun
Chairman
6.
1944–1945
Suleyman Rahimov
Chairman
7.
1945–1948
Samad Vurgun
Chairman
8.
1948–1954
Mirza Ibrahimov
Chairman
9.
1958–1965
Mehdi Huseyn
Chairman
10.
1965–1968
Ismayil Shykhly
Chairman
11.
1970–1986
Mirza Ibrahimov
Chairman
12.
1975–1981
Imran Gasimov
Chairman
13.
1981–1987
Ismayil Shykhly
Chairman
14.
1987–present
Anar
Chairman
References
^ a b "Haqqımızda (About us)". Azərbaycan Yazıçılar Birliyi (Union of Azerbaijani Writers). 2008. Archived from the original on May 14, 2016. Retrieved October 20, 2016. (in Azerbaijani)
^ "History, The Soviet Period". Countries Quest. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
^ a b "Azərbaycan yazıçılarının qurultayları 1934 – 2004" . Retrieved December 29, 2010.
^ "Azərbaycan Yazıçılar Birliyinin 75 illik yubileyi qeyd olunub" . Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved December 29, 2010.
^ Azərbaycan Yazıçılar Birliyinin tarixi
External links
Official website (in Azerbaijani)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Haqqımızda (About us)\". Azərbaycan Yazıçılar Birliyi (Union of Azerbaijani Writers). 2008. Archived from the original on May 14, 2016. Retrieved October 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160514160125/http://www.azyb.net/cgi-bin/ayb/main.cgi","url_text":"\"Haqqımızda (About us)\""},{"url":"http://www.azyb.net/cgi-bin/ayb/main.cgi","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History, The Soviet Period\". Countries Quest. Retrieved October 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.countriesquest.com/asia/azerbaijan/history/the_soviet_period.htm","url_text":"\"History, The Soviet Period\""}]},{"reference":"\"Azərbaycan yazıçılarının qurultayları 1934 – 2004\" [Conferences of Azerbaijani writers 1934–2004]. Retrieved December 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://mediateka.musigi-dunya.az/yaz_birliyi_75/qurultaylari34_04.html","url_text":"\"Azərbaycan yazıçılarının qurultayları 1934 – 2004\""}]},{"reference":"\"Azərbaycan Yazıçılar Birliyinin 75 illik yubileyi qeyd olunub\" [75th anniversary of Azerbaijani Writers Union celebrated]. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved December 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718141811/http://www.yeniazerbaycan.com/news/10884.html","url_text":"\"Azərbaycan Yazıçılar Birliyinin 75 illik yubileyi qeyd olunub\""},{"url":"http://www.yeniazerbaycan.com/news/10884.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Arias_Calder%C3%B3n
|
Ricardo Arias Calderón
|
["1 Background","2 Early political career","3 Vice presidency","4 Later activity","5 Personal life","6 References"]
|
Panamanian politician
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Arias and the second or maternal family name is Calderón.
This article is about the former vice president of Panama. For the former president of Panama, see Ricardo Arias (politician). For other people, see Ricardo Arias.
Ricardo Arias CalderónFirst Vice President of PanamaIn office20 December 1989 – 17 December 1992PresidentGuillermo EndaraPreceded byCarlos Ozores TypaldosSucceeded byGuillermo Ford
Personal detailsBorn(1933-05-04)4 May 1933Panama City, PanamaDied13 February 2017(2017-02-13) (aged 83)Panama City, PanamaPolitical partyChristian Democratic Party of PanamaSpouseTeresaChildren4Alma materYale, Sorbonne
Ricardo Arias Calderón (May 4, 1933 – February 13, 2017) was a Panamanian politician who served as First Vice President from 1989 to 1992. A Catholic who studied at Yale and the Sorbonne, Arias returned to Panama in the 1960s to work for political reform. He went on to become the president of the Christian Democratic Party of Panama and a leading opponent of the military government of Manuel Noriega. In 1984, he ran as a candidate for Second Vice President on the ticket of three-time former president Arnulfo Arias, but they were defeated by pro-Noriega candidate Nicolás Ardito Barletta.
Following an annulled 1989 election and the US invasion of Panama later in the same year, Arias Calderón was sworn in as the First Vice President of Panama under President Guillermo Endara. After growing tensions in the ruling coalition, Arias resigned his position on December 17, 1992, stating that the government had not done enough to help Panama's people. He continued to be an active voice in Panamanian politics following his resignation, supporting the Panama Canal expansion project and opposing the extradition of Noriega.
Background
Arias' maternal family was from Nicaragua, having left during political upheaval there before his birth. One of Arias' great uncles ran for president in Panama, while another was a supporter of the Nicaraguan revolutionary Sandino, a family history that gave Arias an early interest in politics. His father, an engineer, died when Arias was two years old, and he was raised primarily by his mother, aunt, and grandmother. His mother later remarried to a Panamanian ambassador to the United States.
Arias studied at Culver Military Academy in Indiana in the US. He later majored in English literature at Yale University and philosophy at Paris-Sorbonne University. A Roman Catholic, Arias was heavily influenced by Catholic French philosopher and ethicist Jacques Maritain. Aesthetic, publicly stiff, and accused of aloofness, Arias would later be nicknamed "Arias Cardinal Calderón" during his political career.
Early political career
Arias returned to Panama in the early 1960s to work for political reform, soon joining the small Christian Democratic Party of Panama. In 1972, he left Panama for some time with his family, becoming a dean and later vice president at Florida International University in Miami, Florida in the US. In 1980, however, he declined an offer to become provost, and instead returned to Panamanian politics.
During the rule of military leader Manuel Noriega, Arias was an opposition leader as the president of the Christian Democratic Party of Panama, a member party of the Civic Democratic Opposition Alliance (ADOC). He ran on the ticket of three-time former president Arnulfo Arias (no relation) in the 1984 election as the National Alliance of Opposition's candidate for Second Vice President. Arnulfo Arias was narrowly defeated by Noriega ally Nicolás Ardito Barletta Vallarino, and the opposition stated that the election had been fraudulent.
In February 1988, plainclothes police officers forced Arias Calderón and his wife onto a plane to Costa Rica at gunpoint, and the couple spent a month in exile in Miami. Arias returned to Panama in March, calling openly for Noriega's ouster on arrival at the Omar Torrijos International Airport. In Panama's May 1989 elections, Arias stood as a candidate for First Vice President with the ADOC, with Guillermo Endara as the presidential candidate and Guillermo Ford as the candidate for Second Vice President. However, Noriega's government annulled the election before voting was complete. Days after the completion of voting, Endara, Arias, and Ford were attacked on camera by Noriega supporters while security forces observed and refused to intervene. In October of that year, Arias was briefly arrested for urging citizens not to pay taxes to his government.
Vice presidency
Following Noriega's fall in the December 1989 United States invasion of Panama, Arias was certified as vice president of Panama under President Endara and inaugurated on a US military base.
Arias was put in charge of reforming the Panamanian police forces, putting them under civilian control. He controversially employed former members of Noriega's Panamanian Defense Forces, stating that he trusted them with his own security and that it was "time to look to the future". His defense of former PDF soldiers split supporters of the coalition government, and in May 1990, sparked rumors that he and the CDP were attempting a coup while Endara was out of the country. The presidential offices were occupied by Endara loyalists with submachineguns, who accidentally shot and killed one of Endara's staff members.
In early 1991, the ADOC coalition began to unravel as Endara, Arias, and Ford publicly criticized one another. On April 8, accusing Arias' Christian Democrats of not rallying to his support during an impeachment vote, Endara dismissed Arias from the cabinet.
Arias resigned from the vice presidency on December 17, 1992, stating at a news conference that Endara's government "does not listen to the people, nor does it have the courage to make changes". Endara responded that Arias' resignation was "demagoguery" and "merely starting his 1994 political campaign ahead of time".
Later activity
Arias was an opponent of the post-invasion US presence in Panama before the December 31, 1999 handover of the Panama Canal to the Panama Canal Authority. Arias was criticized in 1998 by Endara's successor, Ernesto Pérez Balladares, as "immoral" for having claimed almost $100,000 in salary from his time as vice president despite having resigned. Arias subsequently challenged Pérez Balladares to a debate over the morality of the latter's plans to amend the constitution and seek a second term.
In 2001, Arias released a book, Democracy without an Army: The Panamanian Experience, arguing that the nation must keep its security forces depoliticized. That same year, he allied with Democratic Revolutionary Party, the former party of Noriega. He later pressed criminal defamation charges against La Prensa cartoonist Julio Briceño for a cartoon of Arias standing besides the Grim Reaper, representing the new alliance. Arias additionally asked for a million dollars in damages, stating "That cartoon made me an accomplice of a crime ... That was a defamation I could not accept or tolerate. I was the one who denounced those crimes at the time of the dictatorship." In 2006, he supported a project to widen the canal, calling it "historical suicide" not to do so.
Arias opposed the 2011 extradition of Noriega from France to Panama, warning that the former dictator could institute a "demagogic populism" similar to that of Venezuela's Hugo Chávez.
Personal life
Arias had a Cuban-born wife, Teresita, whom he married in 1964 and with whom he had four children. In the 1960s, she broke new ground for political spouses by attending political rallies and campaigning actively for her husband. Because Endara was a widower, she also acted as Panama's First Lady until Endara remarried to Ana Mae Diaz Chen in 1990.
In his final years, Arias suffered from Parkinson's disease, which kept him out of the public eye. He died in Panama City on February 14, 2017, aged 83.
References
^ "Las raíces de un filósofo, académico y activo político". PanamaAmerica. June 22, 2013. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
^ a b c d e f g Myra MacPherson (January 30, 1990). "Panama's Philosopher Pol;Ricardo Arias Calderon's Leap From Exiled Academic to Vice President". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 19, 2014. Retrieved August 31, 2012. (subscription required)
^ "Panama Said to Arrest 9 Opposition Members". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. October 2, 1989. Archived from the original on May 14, 2014. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
^ "Panama vote untallied; Ecuador unity pledged". The Courier. United Press International. May 7, 1984. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
^ "Opposition cries fraud during Panama's presidential election". Observer-Reporter. Associated Press. May 8, 1989. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
^ "Rival leader returns, urges Noriega to quit". Chicago Sun-Times. March 25, 1988. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved August 31, 2012. (subscription required)
^ "Noriega's Surrender; Panama in Disorder: The 1980's". The New York Times. January 5, 1990. Archived from the original on May 25, 2015. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
^ "The World". Los Angeles Times. October 3, 1989. Archived from the original on December 24, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
^ "Background Note: Panama". Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs, US State Department. March 26, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
^ a b Kenneth Freed (May 6, 1991). "Panama's 3-Party Rule Turns Into 3-Ring Circus". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
^ "Wedding imminent, dowry missing". The Economist. May 26, 1990. Archived from the original on March 27, 2016. Retrieved August 31, 2012. (subscription required)
^ "Ricardo Arias Calderon". Caribbean Update. February 1, 1993. Archived from the original on September 23, 2014. Retrieved August 31, 2012.(subscription required)
^ Juanita Darling (January 1, 2000). "'The Canal Is Ours' Is Jubilant Cry in Panama". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 23, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
^ Omar Wong Wood (June 16, 1998). "Ricardo Arias Calderon Balladares challenges". Critica. Archived from the original on July 5, 2013. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
^ Serrano Sucre Hermes (June 8, 2001). "Arias Calderón llama a una verdadera unidad nacional". La Prensa (in Spanish). Archived from the original on November 5, 2002. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
^ David Gonzalez (October 28, 2001). "Panama Is Putting Journalists on Trial". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2012.
^ Chris Kraul (September 23, 2006). "Panamanians Likely to OK Canal's Expansion Project". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
^ "Arias Calderón warns against Noriega represents for democracy". ABC. EFE. December 8, 2011. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
^ "Panama's former vice-president Arias Calderon dies at age 83". Associated Press. February 14, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
Political offices
Preceded byCarlos Ozores Typaldos
First Vice President of Panama 1989–1992
Succeeded byGuillermo Ford
Authority control databases International
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Arias (politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Arias_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Arias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Arias_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"First Vice President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Panama"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"Yale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"Sorbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris-Sorbonne_University"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic Party of Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_of_Panama"},{"link_name":"Manuel Noriega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Noriega"},{"link_name":"Arnulfo Arias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnulfo_Arias"},{"link_name":"Nicolás Ardito Barletta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Ardito_Barletta"},{"link_name":"annulled 1989 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Panamanian_general_election"},{"link_name":"US invasion of Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_invasion_of_Panama"},{"link_name":"Guillermo Endara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_Endara"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal expansion project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal_expansion_project"}],"text":"Panamanian politicianIn this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Arias and the second or maternal family name is Calderón.This article is about the former vice president of Panama. For the former president of Panama, see Ricardo Arias (politician). For other people, see Ricardo Arias.Ricardo Arias Calderón (May 4, 1933 – February 13, 2017)[1] was a Panamanian politician who served as First Vice President from 1989 to 1992. A Catholic who studied at Yale and the Sorbonne, Arias returned to Panama in the 1960s to work for political reform. He went on to become the president of the Christian Democratic Party of Panama and a leading opponent of the military government of Manuel Noriega. In 1984, he ran as a candidate for Second Vice President on the ticket of three-time former president Arnulfo Arias, but they were defeated by pro-Noriega candidate Nicolás Ardito Barletta.Following an annulled 1989 election and the US invasion of Panama later in the same year, Arias Calderón was sworn in as the First Vice President of Panama under President Guillermo Endara. After growing tensions in the ruling coalition, Arias resigned his position on December 17, 1992, stating that the government had not done enough to help Panama's people. He continued to be an active voice in Panamanian politics following his resignation, supporting the Panama Canal expansion project and opposing the extradition of Noriega.","title":"Ricardo Arias Calderón"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sandino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandino"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP90-2"},{"link_name":"Culver Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culver_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"Paris-Sorbonne University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris-Sorbonne_University"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Jacques Maritain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Maritain"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP90-2"}],"text":"Arias' maternal family was from Nicaragua, having left during political upheaval there before his birth. One of Arias' great uncles ran for president in Panama, while another was a supporter of the Nicaraguan revolutionary Sandino, a family history that gave Arias an early interest in politics. His father, an engineer, died when Arias was two years old, and he was raised primarily by his mother, aunt, and grandmother. His mother later remarried to a Panamanian ambassador to the United States.[2]Arias studied at Culver Military Academy in Indiana in the US. He later majored in English literature at Yale University and philosophy at Paris-Sorbonne University. A Roman Catholic, Arias was heavily influenced by Catholic French philosopher and ethicist Jacques Maritain. Aesthetic, publicly stiff, and accused of aloofness, Arias would later be nicknamed \"Arias Cardinal Calderón\" during his political career.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian Democratic Party of Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_of_Panama"},{"link_name":"Florida International University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_International_University"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP90-2"},{"link_name":"Manuel Noriega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Noriega"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic Party of Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_of_Panama"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP90-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Arnulfo Arias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnulfo_Arias"},{"link_name":"the 1984 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Panamanian_general_election"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Nicolás Ardito Barletta Vallarino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Ardito_Barletta_Vallarino"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP90-2"},{"link_name":"Omar Torrijos International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Torrijos_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"May 1989 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Panamanian_general_election"},{"link_name":"Guillermo Endara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_Endara"},{"link_name":"Guillermo Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_Ford"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Arias returned to Panama in the early 1960s to work for political reform, soon joining the small Christian Democratic Party of Panama. In 1972, he left Panama for some time with his family, becoming a dean and later vice president at Florida International University in Miami, Florida in the US. In 1980, however, he declined an offer to become provost, and instead returned to Panamanian politics.[2]During the rule of military leader Manuel Noriega, Arias was an opposition leader as the president of the Christian Democratic Party of Panama, a member party of the Civic Democratic Opposition Alliance (ADOC).[2][3] He ran on the ticket of three-time former president Arnulfo Arias (no relation) in the 1984 election as the National Alliance of Opposition's candidate for Second Vice President.[4] Arnulfo Arias was narrowly defeated by Noriega ally Nicolás Ardito Barletta Vallarino, and the opposition stated that the election had been fraudulent.[5]In February 1988, plainclothes police officers forced Arias Calderón and his wife onto a plane to Costa Rica at gunpoint, and the couple spent a month in exile in Miami.[2] Arias returned to Panama in March, calling openly for Noriega's ouster on arrival at the Omar Torrijos International Airport.[6] In Panama's May 1989 elections, Arias stood as a candidate for First Vice President with the ADOC, with Guillermo Endara as the presidential candidate and Guillermo Ford as the candidate for Second Vice President. However, Noriega's government annulled the election before voting was complete. Days after the completion of voting, Endara, Arias, and Ford were attacked on camera by Noriega supporters while security forces observed and refused to intervene.[7] In October of that year, Arias was briefly arrested for urging citizens not to pay taxes to his government.[8]","title":"Early political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States invasion of Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT318-10"},{"link_name":"Panamanian Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamanian_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP90-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT318-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Following Noriega's fall in the December 1989 United States invasion of Panama, Arias was certified as vice president of Panama under President Endara[9] and inaugurated on a US military base.[10]Arias was put in charge of reforming the Panamanian police forces, putting them under civilian control. He controversially employed former members of Noriega's Panamanian Defense Forces, stating that he trusted them with his own security and that it was \"time to look to the future\".[2] His defense of former PDF soldiers split supporters of the coalition government, and in May 1990, sparked rumors that he and the CDP were attempting a coup while Endara was out of the country. The presidential offices were occupied by Endara loyalists with submachineguns, who accidentally shot and killed one of Endara's staff members.[11]In early 1991, the ADOC coalition began to unravel as Endara, Arias, and Ford publicly criticized one another. On April 8, accusing Arias' Christian Democrats of not rallying to his support during an impeachment vote, Endara dismissed Arias from the cabinet.[10]Arias resigned from the vice presidency on December 17, 1992, stating at a news conference that Endara's government \"does not listen to the people, nor does it have the courage to make changes\". Endara responded that Arias' resignation was \"demagoguery\" and \"merely starting his 1994 political campaign ahead of time\".[12]","title":"Vice presidency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal_Authority"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Ernesto Pérez Balladares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_P%C3%A9rez_Balladares"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Democratic Revolutionary Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Revolutionary_Party"},{"link_name":"La Prensa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Prensa_(Panama_City)"},{"link_name":"Grim Reaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grim_Reaper"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"a project to widen the canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal_expansion_project"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Hugo Chávez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Arias was an opponent of the post-invasion US presence in Panama before the December 31, 1999 handover of the Panama Canal to the Panama Canal Authority.[13] Arias was criticized in 1998 by Endara's successor, Ernesto Pérez Balladares, as \"immoral\" for having claimed almost $100,000 in salary from his time as vice president despite having resigned. Arias subsequently challenged Pérez Balladares to a debate over the morality of the latter's plans to amend the constitution and seek a second term.[14]In 2001, Arias released a book, Democracy without an Army: The Panamanian Experience, arguing that the nation must keep its security forces depoliticized.[15] That same year, he allied with Democratic Revolutionary Party, the former party of Noriega. He later pressed criminal defamation charges against La Prensa cartoonist Julio Briceño for a cartoon of Arias standing besides the Grim Reaper, representing the new alliance. Arias additionally asked for a million dollars in damages, stating \"That cartoon made me an accomplice of a crime ... That was a defamation I could not accept or tolerate. I was the one who denounced those crimes at the time of the dictatorship.\"[16] In 2006, he supported a project to widen the canal, calling it \"historical suicide\" not to do so.[17]Arias opposed the 2011 extradition of Noriega from France to Panama, warning that the former dictator could institute a \"demagogic populism\" similar to that of Venezuela's Hugo Chávez.[18]","title":"Later activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Ana Mae Diaz Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Mae_Diaz_Chen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP90-2"},{"link_name":"Parkinson's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Arias had a Cuban-born wife, Teresita, whom he married in 1964 and with whom he had four children. In the 1960s, she broke new ground for political spouses by attending political rallies and campaigning actively for her husband.[according to whom?] Because Endara was a widower, she also acted as Panama's First Lady until Endara remarried to Ana Mae Diaz Chen in 1990.[2]In his final years, Arias suffered from Parkinson's disease, which kept him out of the public eye. He died in Panama City on February 14, 2017, aged 83.[19]","title":"Personal life"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Las raíces de un filósofo, académico y activo político\". PanamaAmerica. June 22, 2013. Retrieved October 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/notas/1602844-las-raices--de-un-filosofo,-academico-y-activo-politico","url_text":"\"Las raíces de un filósofo, académico y activo político\""}]},{"reference":"Myra MacPherson (January 30, 1990). \"Panama's Philosopher Pol;Ricardo Arias Calderon's Leap From Exiled Academic to Vice President\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 19, 2014. Retrieved August 31, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myra_MacPherson","url_text":"Myra MacPherson"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140619121220/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1107830.html","url_text":"\"Panama's Philosopher Pol;Ricardo Arias Calderon's Leap From Exiled Academic to Vice President\""},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1107830.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Panama Said to Arrest 9 Opposition Members\". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. October 2, 1989. Archived from the original on May 14, 2014. Retrieved August 31, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1989-10-02/news/mn-402_1_opposition-members","url_text":"\"Panama Said to Arrest 9 Opposition Members\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140514022001/http://articles.latimes.com/1989-10-02/news/mn-402_1_opposition-members","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Panama vote untallied; Ecuador unity pledged\". The Courier. United Press International. May 7, 1984. Retrieved April 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZbtLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=eVADAAAAIBAJ&pg=6494,1462180&dq=ricardo+arias+calder%C3%B3n&hl=en","url_text":"\"Panama vote untallied; Ecuador unity pledged\""}]},{"reference":"\"Opposition cries fraud during Panama's presidential election\". Observer-Reporter. Associated Press. May 8, 1989. Retrieved April 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OKZdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KF0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1398,1451949&dq=ricardo+arias+calder%C3%B3n+1984&hl=en","url_text":"\"Opposition cries fraud during Panama's presidential election\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rival leader returns, urges Noriega to quit\". Chicago Sun-Times. March 25, 1988. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved August 31, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181116015321/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-3877009.html","url_text":"\"Rival leader returns, urges Noriega to quit\""},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-3877009.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Noriega's Surrender; Panama in Disorder: The 1980's\". The New York Times. January 5, 1990. Archived from the original on May 25, 2015. Retrieved August 31, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/05/world/noriega-s-surrender-panama-in-disorder-the-1980-s.html","url_text":"\"Noriega's Surrender; Panama in Disorder: The 1980's\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150525191345/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/05/world/noriega-s-surrender-panama-in-disorder-the-1980-s.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The World\". Los Angeles Times. October 3, 1989. Archived from the original on December 24, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1989-10-03/news/mn-441_1_arias-calderon","url_text":"\"The World\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121224074448/http://articles.latimes.com/1989-10-03/news/mn-441_1_arias-calderon","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Background Note: Panama\". Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs, US State Department. March 26, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2030.htm","url_text":"\"Background Note: Panama\""}]},{"reference":"Kenneth Freed (May 6, 1991). \"Panama's 3-Party Rule Turns Into 3-Ring Circus\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 31, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1991-05-06/news/mn-943_1_political-party","url_text":"\"Panama's 3-Party Rule Turns Into 3-Ring Circus\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140812084350/http://articles.latimes.com/1991-05-06/news/mn-943_1_political-party","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Wedding imminent, dowry missing\". The Economist. May 26, 1990. Archived from the original on March 27, 2016. Retrieved August 31, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160327052637/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-9046637.html","url_text":"\"Wedding imminent, dowry missing\""},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-9046637.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ricardo Arias Calderon\". Caribbean Update. February 1, 1993. Archived from the original on September 23, 2014. Retrieved August 31, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140923151852/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-43614268.html","url_text":"\"Ricardo Arias Calderon\""},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-43614268.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Juanita Darling (January 1, 2000). \"'The Canal Is Ours' Is Jubilant Cry in Panama\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 23, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2000/jan/01/news/mn-49575","url_text":"\"'The Canal Is Ours' Is Jubilant Cry in Panama\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121223180946/http://articles.latimes.com/2000/jan/01/news/mn-49575","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Omar Wong Wood (June 16, 1998). \"Ricardo Arias Calderon Balladares challenges\". Critica. Archived from the original on July 5, 2013. Retrieved April 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.critica.com.pa/archivo/061698/portada.html","url_text":"\"Ricardo Arias Calderon Balladares challenges\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20130705182523/http://www.critica.com.pa/archivo/061698/portada.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Serrano Sucre Hermes (June 8, 2001). \"Arias Calderón llama a una verdadera unidad nacional\". La Prensa (in Spanish). Archived from the original on November 5, 2002. Retrieved April 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2001/06/08/hoy/portada/152943.html","url_text":"\"Arias Calderón llama a una verdadera unidad nacional\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20021105145941/http://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2001/06/08/hoy/portada/152943.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"David Gonzalez (October 28, 2001). \"Panama Is Putting Journalists on Trial\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/28/world/panama-is-putting-journalists-on-trial.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"Panama Is Putting Journalists on Trial\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306223506/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/28/world/panama-is-putting-journalists-on-trial.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chris Kraul (September 23, 2006). \"Panamanians Likely to OK Canal's Expansion Project\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved August 31, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2006/sep/23/world/fg-canal23","url_text":"\"Panamanians Likely to OK Canal's Expansion Project\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306030515/http://articles.latimes.com/2006/sep/23/world/fg-canal23","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Arias Calderón warns against Noriega represents for democracy\". ABC. EFE. December 8, 2011. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved April 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.com.py/internacionales/arias-calderon-advierte-del-peligro-que-noriega-representa-para-la-democracia-341718.html","url_text":"\"Arias Calderón warns against Noriega represents for democracy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234012/http://www.abc.com.py/internacionales/arias-calderon-advierte-del-peligro-que-noriega-representa-para-la-democracia-341718.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Panama's former vice-president Arias Calderon dies at age 83\". Associated Press. February 14, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/general-news-73c0bfe34cbd4029b65374ba81c16c5c","url_text":"\"Panama's former vice-president Arias Calderon dies at age 83\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]}]
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Ecuador unity pledged\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OKZdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KF0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1398,1451949&dq=ricardo+arias+calder%C3%B3n+1984&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Opposition cries fraud during Panama's presidential election\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181116015321/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-3877009.html","external_links_name":"\"Rival leader returns, urges Noriega to quit\""},{"Link":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-3877009.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/05/world/noriega-s-surrender-panama-in-disorder-the-1980-s.html","external_links_name":"\"Noriega's Surrender; Panama in Disorder: The 1980's\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150525191345/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/05/world/noriega-s-surrender-panama-in-disorder-the-1980-s.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1989-10-03/news/mn-441_1_arias-calderon","external_links_name":"\"The World\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121224074448/http://articles.latimes.com/1989-10-03/news/mn-441_1_arias-calderon","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2030.htm","external_links_name":"\"Background Note: Panama\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1991-05-06/news/mn-943_1_political-party","external_links_name":"\"Panama's 3-Party Rule Turns Into 3-Ring Circus\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140812084350/http://articles.latimes.com/1991-05-06/news/mn-943_1_political-party","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160327052637/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-9046637.html","external_links_name":"\"Wedding imminent, dowry missing\""},{"Link":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-9046637.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140923151852/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-43614268.html","external_links_name":"\"Ricardo Arias Calderon\""},{"Link":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-43614268.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2000/jan/01/news/mn-49575","external_links_name":"\"'The Canal Is Ours' Is Jubilant Cry in Panama\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121223180946/http://articles.latimes.com/2000/jan/01/news/mn-49575","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.critica.com.pa/archivo/061698/portada.html","external_links_name":"\"Ricardo Arias Calderon Balladares challenges\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130705182523/http://www.critica.com.pa/archivo/061698/portada.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2001/06/08/hoy/portada/152943.html","external_links_name":"\"Arias Calderón llama a una verdadera unidad nacional\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20021105145941/http://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2001/06/08/hoy/portada/152943.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/28/world/panama-is-putting-journalists-on-trial.html?pagewanted=all","external_links_name":"\"Panama Is Putting Journalists on Trial\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306223506/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/28/world/panama-is-putting-journalists-on-trial.html?pagewanted=all","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2006/sep/23/world/fg-canal23","external_links_name":"\"Panamanians Likely to OK Canal's Expansion Project\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306030515/http://articles.latimes.com/2006/sep/23/world/fg-canal23","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.abc.com.py/internacionales/arias-calderon-advierte-del-peligro-que-noriega-representa-para-la-democracia-341718.html","external_links_name":"\"Arias Calderón warns against Noriega represents for democracy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234012/http://www.abc.com.py/internacionales/arias-calderon-advierte-del-peligro-que-noriega-representa-para-la-democracia-341718.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/general-news-73c0bfe34cbd4029b65374ba81c16c5c","external_links_name":"\"Panama's former vice-president Arias Calderon dies at age 83\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000024907994","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/41878135","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdgT9r99PkWdhWBDK8t8C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12152345x","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12152345x","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1047948540","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85245203","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/067028373","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Henderson_(publisher)
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James Henderson (publisher)
|
["1 Biography","2 James Henderson & Sons","3 References","4 External links"]
|
James HendersonBorn(1823-11-26)26 November 1823Laurencekirk, Kincardineshire, ScotlandDied24 February 1906(1906-02-24) (aged 82)Worthing, Sussex, EnglandNationalityBritishOccupation(s)Newspaper and magazine publisherYears activec.1850s–1900
James Henderson (26 November 1823 – 24 February 1906) was a British newspaper and magazine proprietor and publisher, who was influential in developing the popular press and comics in Britain. He established James Henderson & Sons Ltd, which published many newspapers and magazines as well as books and postcards.
Biography
Houses of Parliament and Big Ben, James Henderson & Sons postcard, sent 1918
Henderson was born in Laurencekirk, near Montrose in Scotland. After working for his father, a saddle maker, he took a post with the local newspaper, the Montrose Standard. He then moved to Glasgow where he worked on the North British Daily Mail and for a publishing company, before setting up his own business. In 1855, he launched the Glasgow Daily News, the first daily penny newspaper in Britain, and The Weekly News and General Advertiser. However, neither succeeded for long, and his business collapsed.
He moved to England and worked at the Leeds Express and Manchester Guardian. At the Guardian, he was sent into the Lancashire towns to find out whether there was a demand for the daily newspaper to be circulated there. He found that there was little demand for a daily newspaper, but that "what was wanted was a weekly paper which, whilst giving a certain amount of news, should contain a considerable proportion of light amusing reading."
Accordingly, Henderson founded his own journal, The Weekly Budget (originally The North British Weekly Budget), in Manchester in January 1861. The newspaper contained both news items and fiction, and sold well. Its success led Henderson to move to Red Lion Court in Fleet Street in London in 1862, and by the end of the following year the Weekly Budget had a claimed circulation of 150,000, rising to 300,000 in subsequent years.
Henderson and his family moved to Dulwich in 1864. He had a large villa, Adon Mount, built for himself, and developed neighbouring fields into a residential area. He also started the South London Press and Evening Mercury newspapers, and several other magazines including The Key, The Orb, and the Household Monthly Magazine.
In 1871, as a spin-off from the Weekly Budget, Henderson started the Young Folks magazine, which was again highly successful. It published, in serial form, three novels by the initially-unknown Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson - Treasure Island (first published in 17 instalments, from October 1881), The Black Arrow (1883). and Kidnapped (1886). They were initially published under the pseudonym "Captain James North". Other stories in Young Folks were written by Richard Quittenton ("Roland Quiz"; 1833–1914) and Walter Viles ("Walter Villiers"; 1850–1884), with illustrations by John Proctor ("Puck"; 1836–1914). Another contributor to Young Folks was Alfred Harmsworth, who wrote nearly 80 articles for the magazine and later founded the Daily Mail.
Henderson also published Funny Folks, from 1874 to 1894, in later years edited by Charles Pearce. Writer Denis Gifford considered Funny Folks to be the first British comic, though at first it tackled topical and political subjects along the same lines as Punch. The magazine was heavily illustrated, with cartoons by John Proctor among others, and benefitted from innovations in the use of cheap paper and photo-zincography printing.
Another publication by Henderson was Scraps, a compendium of items aimed at children, many from foreign sources, and published between 1883 and 1910. When Harmsworth published the similar Comic Cuts a few years later, Henderson sued him for plagiarism. Henderson also published the popular magazine Nuggets, which featured cartoons and stories about a fictional family of Irish immigrants in London, the Hooligans, which would now be considered examples of anti-Irish bigotry. Other journals published by Henderson during his lifetime included Penny Pictorial, Prize Paper, and Magnet.
In 1887, Henderson stood for election to Parliament as the Liberal Party candidate in the Dulwich by-election, but was defeated by the Conservative candidate, John Blundell Maple. Henderson's three sons became involved in the business. His son Nelson (1865–1943) – who also played rugby for London Scottish F.C. and Scotland – took over several of the magazines and later became chairman of the family company, James Henderson & Sons Ltd, which was formally established in 1899. Another brother, Winfred Stanley Henderson (1869–1941) was managing director of the company.
James Henderson retired to Worthing in Sussex, in about 1900. He died there in 1906, aged 82.
James Henderson & Sons
The South London Press was sold to outside interests in 1907, and in 1910 the Weekly Budget was sold to American publisher Randolph Hearst. Hendersons continued as a company producing comics, books, greetings cards and postcards until 1920, when the business was taken over by Harmsworth's Amalgamated Press and went into voluntary liquidation.
References
^ Mark Bryant, "James Henderson", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 22 November 2020
^ a b c d e f Mark Bryant, "A man of the press", The Dulwich Diverter. Retrieved 22 November 2020
^ Penny Press, p.396, in Andrew King, John Plunkett (eds.), Popular Print Media, 1820-1900, Volume 3, Taylor & Francis, 2004, p.252
^ "North British Weekly Budget", Victorian Periodicals. Retrieved 22 November 2020
^ a b c d e "James Henderson and Sons", Graces Guide. Retrieved 22 November 2020
^ a b c Kimit Muston, "It's Just a Joke", The Public "I", November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020
^ a b John Adcock, "Funny Folks", Yesterday's Papers, 29 September 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2020
^ Paul Flo Williams, "Charles E. Pearce", CharlesPearce.org, 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2020
^ a b James Chapman, British Comics: A Cultural History, Reaktion Books, 2011, p.
^ Nicholas Hiley, "Comic Periodicals", Gale.com. Retrieved 22 November 2020
^ "Nelson Henderson", Scrum.com. Retrieved 22 November 2020
^ Alan Petrulis. "MetroPostcard List of Postcard Publishers H p1". Metropostcard.com. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
External links
Profile of Henderson in William Harnett Blanch, Ye Parish of Cam̃erwell: A Brief Account of the Parish of Camberwell : Its History and Antiquities, 1877, pp. 362-365
Media related to James Henderson at Wikimedia Commons
|
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He established James Henderson & Sons Ltd, which published many newspapers and magazines as well as books and postcards.","title":"James Henderson (publisher)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Houses_of_Parliament_and_Big_Ben,_James_Henderson_postcard,_sent_1918_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Laurencekirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurencekirk"},{"link_name":"Montrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montrose,_Angus"},{"link_name":"saddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"North British Daily Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_British_Daily_Mail"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dulwich-2"},{"link_name":"Leeds Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leeds_Express&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Manchester Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Weekly Budget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weekly_Budget"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-victorian-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-graces-5"},{"link_name":"Fleet Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Street"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dulwich-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-muston-6"},{"link_name":"Dulwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulwich"},{"link_name":"South London Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_London_Press"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dulwich-2"},{"link_name":"Young Folks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Folks_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Robert Louis Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson"},{"link_name":"Treasure Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island"},{"link_name":"The Black Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Arrow"},{"link_name":"Kidnapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapped_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-graces-5"},{"link_name":"pseudonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym"},{"link_name":"John Proctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Proctor_(artist)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adcock-7"},{"link_name":"Alfred Harmsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Harmsworth"},{"link_name":"Daily Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mail"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dulwich-2"},{"link_name":"Funny Folks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funny_Folks"},{"link_name":"Charles Pearce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Pearce_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Denis Gifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Gifford"},{"link_name":"comic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chapman-9"},{"link_name":"Punch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"John Proctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Proctor_(artist)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adcock-7"},{"link_name":"photo-zincography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo-zincography"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-muston-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chapman-9"},{"link_name":"Comic Cuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Cuts"},{"link_name":"plagiarism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism"},{"link_name":"anti-Irish bigotry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Irish_bigotry"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-muston-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dulwich-2"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Dulwich by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1887_Dulwich_by-election"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"John Blundell Maple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Blundell_Maple"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dulwich-2"},{"link_name":"Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Henderson"},{"link_name":"rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"London Scottish F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Scottish_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-graces-5"},{"link_name":"Worthing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-graces-5"}],"text":"Houses of Parliament and Big Ben, James Henderson & Sons postcard, sent 1918Henderson was born in Laurencekirk, near Montrose in Scotland. After working for his father, a saddle maker,[1] he took a post with the local newspaper, the Montrose Standard. He then moved to Glasgow where he worked on the North British Daily Mail and for a publishing company, before setting up his own business. In 1855, he launched the Glasgow Daily News, the first daily penny newspaper in Britain, and The Weekly News and General Advertiser. However, neither succeeded for long, and his business collapsed.[2]He moved to England and worked at the Leeds Express and Manchester Guardian. At the Guardian, he was sent into the Lancashire towns to find out whether there was a demand for the daily newspaper to be circulated there. He found that there was little demand for a daily newspaper, but that \"what was wanted was a weekly paper which, whilst giving a certain amount of news, should contain a considerable proportion of light amusing reading.\"[3]Accordingly, Henderson founded his own journal, The Weekly Budget (originally The North British Weekly Budget), in Manchester in January 1861.[4] The newspaper contained both news items and fiction, and sold well.[5] Its success led Henderson to move to Red Lion Court in Fleet Street in London in 1862, and by the end of the following year the Weekly Budget had a claimed circulation of 150,000, rising to 300,000 in subsequent years.[2][6]Henderson and his family moved to Dulwich in 1864. He had a large villa, Adon Mount, built for himself, and developed neighbouring fields into a residential area. He also started the South London Press and Evening Mercury newspapers, and several other magazines including The Key, The Orb, and the Household Monthly Magazine.[2]In 1871, as a spin-off from the Weekly Budget, Henderson started the Young Folks magazine, which was again highly successful. It published, in serial form, three novels by the initially-unknown Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson - Treasure Island (first published in 17 instalments, from October 1881), The Black Arrow (1883). and Kidnapped (1886).[5] They were initially published under the pseudonym \"Captain James North\". Other stories in Young Folks were written by Richard Quittenton (\"Roland Quiz\"; 1833–1914) and Walter Viles (\"Walter Villiers\"; 1850–1884), with illustrations by John Proctor (\"Puck\"; 1836–1914).[7] Another contributor to Young Folks was Alfred Harmsworth, who wrote nearly 80 articles for the magazine and later founded the Daily Mail.[2]Henderson also published Funny Folks, from 1874 to 1894, in later years edited by Charles Pearce.[8] Writer Denis Gifford considered Funny Folks to be the first British comic,[9] though at first it tackled topical and political subjects along the same lines as Punch. The magazine was heavily illustrated, with cartoons by John Proctor among others,[7] and benefitted from innovations in the use of cheap paper and photo-zincography printing.[6][10]Another publication by Henderson was Scraps, a compendium of items aimed at children, many from foreign sources, and published between 1883 and 1910.[9] When Harmsworth published the similar Comic Cuts a few years later, Henderson sued him for plagiarism. Henderson also published the popular magazine Nuggets, which featured cartoons and stories about a fictional family of Irish immigrants in London, the Hooligans, which would now be considered examples of anti-Irish bigotry.[6] Other journals published by Henderson during his lifetime included Penny Pictorial, Prize Paper, and Magnet.[2]In 1887, Henderson stood for election to Parliament as the Liberal Party candidate in the Dulwich by-election, but was defeated by the Conservative candidate, John Blundell Maple.[2] Henderson's three sons became involved in the business. His son Nelson (1865–1943) – who also played rugby for London Scottish F.C. and Scotland[11] – took over several of the magazines and later became chairman of the family company, James Henderson & Sons Ltd, which was formally established in 1899. Another brother, Winfred Stanley Henderson (1869–1941) was managing director of the company.[5]James Henderson retired to Worthing in Sussex, in about 1900. He died there in 1906, aged 82.[5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Randolph Hearst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_Hearst"},{"link_name":"postcards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcard"},{"link_name":"Amalgamated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgamated_Press"},{"link_name":"voluntary liquidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_liquidation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-graces-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The South London Press was sold to outside interests in 1907, and in 1910 the Weekly Budget was sold to American publisher Randolph Hearst. Hendersons continued as a company producing comics, books, greetings cards and postcards until 1920, when the business was taken over by Harmsworth's Amalgamated Press and went into voluntary liquidation.[5][12]","title":"James Henderson & Sons"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Houses of Parliament and Big Ben, James Henderson & Sons postcard, sent 1918","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Houses_of_Parliament_and_Big_Ben%2C_James_Henderson_postcard%2C_sent_1918_01.jpg/220px-Houses_of_Parliament_and_Big_Ben%2C_James_Henderson_postcard%2C_sent_1918_01.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Alan Petrulis. \"MetroPostcard List of Postcard Publishers H p1\". Metropostcard.com. Retrieved 30 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metropostcard.com/publishersh1.html","url_text":"\"MetroPostcard List of Postcard Publishers H p1\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boumedfa%C3%A2
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Boumedfaâ
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["1 History","1.1 Christian Bishopric","2 References"]
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Coordinates: 36°22′13″N 2°28′35″E / 36.37028°N 2.47639°E / 36.37028; 2.47639Place in Aïn Defla, AlgeriaBoumedfaa
بومدفعⴱⵓⵎⴻⴷⴼⴰⵄNickname: بومدفعCountryAlgeriaProvinceAïn Defla 28 500Time zoneUTC+1 (West Africa Time)
Boumedfaa (بومدفع ) a town in northern Algeria.
It is located at 36°22′13″n, 2° 28′ 35″e, 100 km west of Algiers and 60 km north-east of Aïn Defla and 37 km north-west of Médéa and 40 km west of Blida.
In 2021 the population of the district was 28 500. The population density is 860 per km2.
History
During the Roman Empire a town of the Roman province of Mauretania Caesariensis called Flumenzer, was located at Boumedfaâ.
During the rule of the Vandals in late antiquity, the town's Christian bishop, Paolo, was sent into exile in 484AD, by the king Huneric.
January 1, 1855, Bou Medfa merged with the township of Aïn Benian (Aïn Defla)
1869 saw the Opening of the Bou Medfa-Affreville section of the Algiers to Oran railway and branch lines
An earthquake in 1959 with magnitude 5.3 earthquake struck this area of Algeria on November 7 at a depth of 15.0 km. Some damage was caused.
Christian Bishopric
An ancient Christian bishopric was established in the town during the Roman Empire. Although the bishopric ceased to effectively function with the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb the diocese of Flumenzer survives as a titular bishop.
The last bishop was Adel Zaky, apostolic vicar of Alexandria, Egypt (2009–2019).
area around Meurad - Bourkika - Boumedfaa
Vers Boumedfaa panorama
Boumedfaa Street scene
Boumedfaa street scene
Boumedfaa panoramio
References
Algeria portal
^ City (town): Bou Medfa: map, population, location Archived 2017-07-29 at the Wayback Machine, TipTopGlobe.com
^ Boumedfaâ at encylopedea Africa.
^ ↑ « Wilaya d'Aïn Defla : répartition de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs, selon la commune de résidence et la dispersion », Données du recensement général de la population et de l'habitat de 2008 sur le site de l'ONS.
^ Titular Episcopal See of Flumenzer at GCatholic.org.
^ "vesoul". fernand.mico.pagesperso-orange.fr. Retrieved 2018-01-29.
^ "M 5.3 - northern Algeria". United States Geological Survey. November 7, 1959. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
^ "Significant Earthquake ALGERIA: BOU-MEDFA". National Geophysical Data Center. November 7, 1959. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
^ Titular Episcopal See of Flumenzer, at GCatholic.org.
^ Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, (Leipzig, 1931), p. 465.
^ Stefano Antonio Morcelli, Africa christiana, Volume I, (Brescia, 1816), p.160+
^ David Cheney, Diocesi di Flumenzer, su Catholic-Hierarchy.org.
vte Aïn Defla ProvinceCapital: Aïn DeflaDistricts
Aïn Defla
Aïn Lechiakh
Bathia
Bordj El Amir Khaled
Boumedfaâ
Djendel
Djelida
El Abadia
El Amra
El Attaf
Hammam Righa
Khemis
Miliana
Rouina
Communes
Aïn Bénian
Aïn Bouyahia
Aïn Defla
Aïn Lechiakh
Aïn Soltane
Aïn Torki
Arib
Barbouche
Bathia
Bellas
Ben Allal
Bir Ould Khelifa
Bordj Emir Khaled Chikh
Bouchared
Boumedfaa
Djelida
Djemaa Ouled
Djendel
El Abadia
El Amra
El Attaf
El Hassania
El Maine
Hammam Righa
Hoceinia
Khemis Miliana
Mekhatria
Miliana
Oued Chorfa
Oued Djemaa
Rouina
Sidi Lakhdar
Tacheta Zougagha
Tarik Ibn Ziad
Tiberkanine
Zeddine
36°22′13″N 2°28′35″E / 36.37028°N 2.47639°E / 36.37028; 2.47639
This article about a location in Aïn Defla Province is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers"},{"link_name":"Aïn Defla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Defla"},{"link_name":"Médéa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9d%C3%A9a"},{"link_name":"Blida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blida"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"}],"text":"Place in Aïn Defla, AlgeriaBoumedfaa (بومدفع ) a town in northern Algeria.[1]It is located at 36°22′13″n, 2° 28′ 35″e, 100 km west of Algiers and 60 km north-east of Aïn Defla and 37 km north-west of Médéa and 40 km west of Blida.[2]In 2021 the population of the district was 28 500.[3] The population density is 860 per km2.","title":"Boumedfaâ"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitas"},{"link_name":"Roman province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_province"},{"link_name":"Mauretania Caesariensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Vandals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandals"},{"link_name":"late antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_antiquity"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"Huneric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huneric"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers"},{"link_name":"Oran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"During the Roman Empire a town of the Roman province of Mauretania Caesariensis called Flumenzer,[4] was located at Boumedfaâ.During the rule of the Vandals in late antiquity, the town's Christian bishop, Paolo, was sent into exile in 484AD, by the king Huneric.January 1, 1855, Bou Medfa merged with the township of Aïn Benian (Aïn Defla)[5]\n1869 saw the Opening of the Bou Medfa-Affreville section of the Algiers to Oran railway and branch linesAn earthquake in 1959 with magnitude 5.3 earthquake struck this area of Algeria on November 7 at a depth of 15.0 km.[6] Some damage was caused.[7][8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ancient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity"},{"link_name":"bishopric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Muslim conquest of the Maghreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb"},{"link_name":"diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"titular bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_bishop"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Adel Zaky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adel_Zaky"},{"link_name":"apostolic vicar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_vicar"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meurad_-_Bourkika_-_Boumedfaa_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vers_Boumedfaa_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boumedfaa_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%B9_-_panoramio_(5).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boumedfaa_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%B9_-_panoramio_(4).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boumedfaa_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%B9_-_panoramio.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Christian Bishopric","text":"An ancient Christian bishopric was established in the town during the Roman Empire. Although the bishopric ceased to effectively function with the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb the diocese of Flumenzer survives as a titular bishop.[9]\n[10] The last bishop was Adel Zaky, apostolic vicar of Alexandria, Egypt (2009–2019).[11]area around Meurad - Bourkika - Boumedfaa\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVers Boumedfaa panorama\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBoumedfaa Street scene\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBoumedfaa street scene\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBoumedfaa panoramio","title":"History"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"vesoul\". fernand.mico.pagesperso-orange.fr. Retrieved 2018-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://fernand.mico.pagesperso-orange.fr/dossiers/vesoul.htm","url_text":"\"vesoul\""}]},{"reference":"\"M 5.3 - northern Algeria\". United States Geological Survey. November 7, 1959. Retrieved February 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgemsup883244#executive","url_text":"\"M 5.3 - northern Algeria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Significant Earthquake ALGERIA: BOU-MEDFA\". National Geophysical Data Center. November 7, 1959. Retrieved February 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=4208&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display","url_text":"\"Significant Earthquake ALGERIA: BOU-MEDFA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geophysical_Data_Center","url_text":"National Geophysical Data Center"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Boumedfa%C3%A2¶ms=36_22_13_N_2_28_35_E_region:DZ_type:city_source:kolossus-frwiki","external_links_name":"36°22′13″N 2°28′35″E / 36.37028°N 2.47639°E / 36.37028; 2.47639"},{"Link":"http://www.tiptopglobe.com/city?i=630298&n=Bou%20Medfa","external_links_name":"City (town): Bou Medfa: map, population, location"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170729173734/http://www.tiptopglobe.com/city?i=630298&n=Bou%20Medfa","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://encyclopedie-afn.org/Historique_Bou_Medfa_-_Ville","external_links_name":"Boumedfaâ"},{"Link":"http://www.ons.dz/collections/w44_p2.pdf","external_links_name":"↑ « Wilaya d'Aïn Defla : répartition de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs, selon la commune de résidence et la dispersion »"},{"Link":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0799.htm","external_links_name":"Titular Episcopal See of Flumenzer"},{"Link":"http://fernand.mico.pagesperso-orange.fr/dossiers/vesoul.htm","external_links_name":"\"vesoul\""},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgemsup883244#executive","external_links_name":"\"M 5.3 - northern Algeria\""},{"Link":"https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=4208&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display","external_links_name":"\"Significant Earthquake ALGERIA: BOU-MEDFA\""},{"Link":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0799.htm","external_links_name":"Titular Episcopal See of Flumenzer"},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/d2f22.html","external_links_name":"Diocesi di Flumenzer"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Boumedfa%C3%A2¶ms=36_22_13_N_2_28_35_E_region:DZ_type:city_source:kolossus-frwiki","external_links_name":"36°22′13″N 2°28′35″E / 36.37028°N 2.47639°E / 36.37028; 2.47639"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boumedfa%C3%A2&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secl%C3%AC
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Seclì
|
["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 40°8′N 18°6′E / 40.133°N 18.100°E / 40.133; 18.100Comune in Apulia, ItalySeclì
Sikleion (Greek)ComuneComune di Seclì
Coat of armsLocation of Seclì
SeclìLocation of Seclì in ItalyShow map of ItalySeclìSeclì (Apulia)Show map of ApuliaCoordinates: 40°8′N 18°6′E / 40.133°N 18.100°E / 40.133; 18.100CountryItalyRegion ApuliaProvinceLecce (LE)FrazioniAradeo, Galatina, Galatone, NevianoArea • Total8 km2 (3 sq mi)Elevation78 m (256 ft)Population (March 2018) • Total1,427 • Density180/km2 (460/sq mi)DemonymSeclioti or SichigliatiTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code73050Dialing code0836ISTAT code075074 Patron saintSan Paolo Apostolo-Sant'Antonio da PadovaWebsiteOfficial website
Seclì (Greek: Sikleion) is a town and comune in the Italian province of Lecce in the Apulia region of southeast Italy.
References
^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^ Population from ISTAT
vteApulia · Comuni of the Province of Lecce
Acquarica del Capo
Alessano
Alezio
Alliste
Andrano
Aradeo
Arnesano
Bagnolo del Salento
Botrugno
Calimera
Campi Salentina
Cannole
Caprarica di Lecce
Carmiano
Carpignano Salentino
Casarano
Castri di Lecce
Castrignano de' Greci
Castrignano del Capo
Castro
Cavallino
Collepasso
Copertino
Corigliano d'Otranto
Corsano
Cursi
Cutrofiano
Diso
Gagliano del Capo
Galatina
Galatone
Gallipoli
Giuggianello
Giurdignano
Guagnano
Lecce
Lequile
Leverano
Lizzanello
Maglie
Martano
Martignano
Matino
Melendugno
Melissano
Melpignano
Miggiano
Minervino di Lecce
Monteroni di Lecce
Montesano Salentino
Morciano di Leuca
Muro Leccese
Nardò
Neviano
Nociglia
Novoli
Ortelle
Otranto
Palmariggi
Parabita
Patù
Poggiardo
Porto Cesareo
Presicce
Racale
Ruffano
Salice Salentino
Salve
San Cassiano
San Cesario di Lecce
San Donato di Lecce
San Pietro in Lama
Sanarica
Sannicola
Santa Cesarea Terme
Scorrano
Seclì
Sogliano Cavour
Soleto
Specchia
Spongano
Squinzano
Sternatia
Supersano
Surano
Surbo
Taurisano
Taviano
Tiggiano
Trepuzzi
Tricase
Tuglie
Ugento
Uggiano la Chiesa
Veglie
Vernole
Zollino
Authority control databases
VIAF
WorldCat
This Apulia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Lecce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecce"},{"link_name":"Apulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apulia"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"}],"text":"Comune in Apulia, ItalySeclì (Greek: Sikleion) is a town and comune in the Italian province of Lecce in the Apulia region of southeast Italy.","title":"Seclì"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","url_text":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Secl%C3%AC¶ms=40_8_N_18_6_E_region:IT_type:city(1427)","external_links_name":"40°8′N 18°6′E / 40.133°N 18.100°E / 40.133; 18.100"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Secl%C3%AC¶ms=40_8_N_18_6_E_region:IT_type:city(1427)","external_links_name":"40°8′N 18°6′E / 40.133°N 18.100°E / 40.133; 18.100"},{"Link":"http://ottomilacensus.istat.it/comune/075/075074","external_links_name":"075074"},{"Link":"http://www.comune.secli.le.it/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","external_links_name":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/246305033","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjyRMTkxmkvYcqC7V66rhd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Secl%C3%AC&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marystow
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Marystow
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["1 Footnotes"]
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Coordinates: 50°37′N 4°13′W / 50.617°N 4.217°W / 50.617; -4.217Village in Devon, England
Celtic crosses at Marystow
Marystow or Stow-St. Mary was a village and parish in the Tavistock district of Devon, England.
St Mary's church is medieval. The chancel was built in the early 14th century. The west tower and the north aisle are Perpendicular. In 1824 the tower was partly rebuilt. The font is Norman. There is an ambitious monument to Sir Thomas Wyse who died in 1629.
The monument to Sir Thomas Wyse
Footnotes
^ Pevsner, N. (1952) South Devon. Harmondsworth:Penguin; p. 204
50°37′N 4°13′W / 50.617°N 4.217°W / 50.617; -4.217
This Devon location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"Celtic crosses at Marystow","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Celtic_crosses_at_Marystow_-_geograph.org.uk_-_431810.jpg/220px-Celtic_crosses_at_Marystow_-_geograph.org.uk_-_431810.jpg"},{"image_text":"The monument to Sir Thomas Wyse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/ThomasWise_OfSydenham_Died1630_MarystowChurch_Devon.jpg/220px-ThomasWise_OfSydenham_Died1630_MarystowChurch_Devon.jpg"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Marystow¶ms=50_37_N_4_13_W_region:GB_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"50°37′N 4°13′W / 50.617°N 4.217°W / 50.617; -4.217"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Marystow¶ms=50_37_N_4_13_W_region:GB_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"50°37′N 4°13′W / 50.617°N 4.217°W / 50.617; -4.217"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marystow&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semnoderidae
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Semnoderidae
|
["1 References"]
|
Family of small marine invertebrates
Semnoderidae
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Kinorhyncha
Class:
Cyclorhagida
Order:
Kentrorhagata
Family:
SemnoderidaeRemane, 1929
Semnoderidae is a family of worms belonging to the class Cyclorhagida.
Genera:
Antygomonas? Nebelsick, 1990
Parasemnoderes Adrianov & Maiorova, 2018
Semnoderes Zelinka, 1907
Sphenoderes Higgins, 1969
References
^ a b "Semnoderidae". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
Taxon identifiersSemnoderidae
Wikidata: Q3478456
Wikispecies: Semnoderidae
ADW: Semnoderidae
CoL: 7NKZQ
EoL: 1536
GBIF: 9295
IRMNG: 113855
ITIS: 204360
NBN: NHMSYS0021053152
NCBI: 1215726
NZOR: b8b7ca00-a546-4f25-b783-4fbaca2755af
Open Tree of Life: 3583565
WoRMS: 101071
Authority control databases: National
Israel
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"worms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worm"},{"link_name":"Cyclorhagida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclorhagida"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBIF-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBIF-1"},{"link_name":"Antygomonas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antygomonas"},{"link_name":"Parasemnoderes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parasemnoderes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Semnoderes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semnoderes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sphenoderes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sphenoderes&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Semnoderidae is a family of worms belonging to the class Cyclorhagida.[1]Genera:[1]Antygomonas? Nebelsick, 1990\nParasemnoderes Adrianov & Maiorova, 2018\nSemnoderes Zelinka, 1907\nSphenoderes Higgins, 1969","title":"Semnoderidae"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Semnoderidae\". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 10 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gbif.org/species/9295","url_text":"\"Semnoderidae\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/9295","external_links_name":"\"Semnoderidae\""},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Semnoderidae/","external_links_name":"Semnoderidae"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7NKZQ","external_links_name":"7NKZQ"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1536","external_links_name":"1536"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/9295","external_links_name":"9295"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=113855","external_links_name":"113855"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=204360","external_links_name":"204360"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0021053152","external_links_name":"NHMSYS0021053152"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1215726","external_links_name":"1215726"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/b8b7ca00-a546-4f25-b783-4fbaca2755af","external_links_name":"b8b7ca00-a546-4f25-b783-4fbaca2755af"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3583565","external_links_name":"3583565"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=101071","external_links_name":"101071"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531622405171","external_links_name":"Israel"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCDD_E14000
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TCDD E14000
|
["1 External links"]
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You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Turkish. (April 2022) Click for important translation instructions.
Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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You may also add the template {{Translated|tr|TCDD E14000}} to the talk page.
For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.TCDD E14000In service1979 - 2013ManufacturerTüvasaşBuilt atAdapazarı Vagon FabrikasıEntered service1979Scrapped2013-2014Number built75Number in service0 (all of them are out of service)SuccessorTCDD E23000TCDD E32000Fleet numbersE14001 - E14...OperatorsTurkish State RailwaysDepotsHaydarpaşa, Halkalı, Ankara, AdapazarıLines servedCommuter railSpecificationsCar body constructionsteelTrain length68 m (223 ft 1+3⁄16 in) (3 cars per set)Floor height120 centimetres (47 in)Entryhigh floorDoors8 doors per car (4 on each side) / 24 per set (12 on each side)Maximum speed120 km/hPower output520 kWTransmissioncoupled direct to traction serial motorPower supplyOverhead wire / Faveley pantograph (1 unit per set)Electric system(s)25 kV 50 Hz ACBraking system(s)Wenn type - Air compressor service providedTrack gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)
TCDD E14000 were electric multiple unit used by the Turkish State Railways on their commuter rail services around Istanbul, Ankara and İzmir. The 75 units were delivered starting in 1979 to supplement the aging E8000 units that were in use on the European Istanbul service, when the other commuter train services were electrified.
Though the units still remain in service, they are heavily used and show signs of wear. It is not uncommon for doors not to shut, and TCDD is planning a major replacement of the stock with the Marmaray upgrade that is in progress.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to TCDD E14000.
Trains on Turkey page on E14000
vteTurkish State Railways (TCDD) rolling stockLocomotivesElectric
E4000
E40000
E43000
E52500
E68000
Diesel-electric
DE11000
DE18000
DE18100
DE20000
DE21500
DE22000
DE24000
DE33000
DE36000
DE37000
Diesel-hydraulic
DH3600
DH4100
DH6000
DH6500
DH7000
DH9500
DH11500
DH27000
DH33100
DH44100
Multiple unitsHigh-speed
HT65000
HT80000
Electric
E8000
E14000
E23000
E32000
E44000
Diesel
MT5200
MT5300
MT5500
DM15000
MT30000
Railcars
1–6
21–25
RM3000
MV5100
MF10000
MT5400
MT5600
MT5700
Passenger cars
Suburban
UIC-X
TVS2000
Modernized
See also Category:Rolling stock of Turkey
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electric multiple unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit"},{"link_name":"Turkish State Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_State_Railways"},{"link_name":"commuter rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_rail"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Ankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara"},{"link_name":"İzmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0zmir"},{"link_name":"E8000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCDD_E8000"},{"link_name":"Marmaray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmaray"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TCDD_E14000.jpg"}],"text":"TCDD E14000 were electric multiple unit used by the Turkish State Railways on their commuter rail services around Istanbul, Ankara and İzmir. The 75 units were delivered starting in 1979 to supplement the aging E8000 units that were in use on the European Istanbul service, when the other commuter train services were electrified.Though the units still remain in service, they are heavily used and show signs of wear. It is not uncommon for doors not to shut, and TCDD is planning a major replacement of the stock with the Marmaray upgrade that is in progress.","title":"TCDD E14000"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://www.trainsofturkey.com/w/pmwiki.php/MUs/E14000","external_links_name":"Trains on Turkey page on E14000"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands_5_West_(North)
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Midlands 5 West (North)
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["1 2018–19","1.1 Participating teams & locations","2 2017–18","2.1 Participating teams & locations","3 Participating Clubs 2016-17","4 Participating Clubs 2015-16","5 Participating Clubs 2014-15","6 Participating Clubs 2013-14","7 Participating clubs 2012–13","8 Participating clubs 2010–11","9 Original teams","10 Midlands 5 West (North) honours","10.1 Midlands 6 West (North) (2005–2009)","10.2 Midlands 5 West (North) (2009–2019)","11 Number of league titles","12 Notes","13 See also","14 References"]
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Midlands 5 West (North)Current season or competition: 2018–19 Midlands 5 West (North)SportRugby unionInstituted2005; 19 years ago (2005) (as Midlands 6 West (North))Ceased2019; 5 years ago (2019)Number of teams6Country EnglandHoldersTenbury (3rd title) (2018–19)(promoted to Midlands 4 West (North) )Most titlesTenbury (3 titles)WebsiteEngland RFU
Midlands 5 West (North) was a level 10 English Rugby Union league and level 5 of the Midlands League, that was made up of teams from the northern part of the West Midlands region including clubs from parts of Birmingham and the West Midlands, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Worcestershire and even Cheshire, with home and away matches played throughout the season. Each year some of the clubs in this division took part in the RFU Junior Vase - a level 9-12 national competition.
The league was formed in 2005 and was originally known as Midlands 6 West (North) prior to the Midlands league restructure at the end of the 2008-09 season. Promoted teams typically moved up to Midlands 4 West (North) and there was relegation due to it being one of the basement divisions for Midlands rugby. Since the end of the 2018–19 season the league has been discontinued, with the majority of teams transferred to Midlands 5 West (South).
2018–19
Participating teams & locations
Team
Ground
Capacity
City/Area
Previous season
Bishop's Castle & Onny Valley
Bishop's Castle Community College
Bishop's Castle, Shropshire
3rd
Chaddesley Corbett
Fox Lane
Chaddesley Corbett, Worcestershire
5th
Dixonians
Rowheath Park
Birmingham, West Midlands
Greater Birmingham Merit League (champions)
Stourport
Walshes Meadow
Stourport-on-Severn, Worcestershire
8th
Tenbury
Penlu
Tenbury Wells, Worcestershire
Relegated from Midlands 4 West (South) (11th)
Warley
Tatbank Road
Oldbury, West Midlands
6th
Bishop's CastleChaddesley CorbettDixoniansStourportTenbury}Warleyclass=notpageimage| Locations of the 2018–19 Midlands 5 West (North) teams
2017–18
Participating teams & locations
Team
Ground
Capacity
City/Area
Previous season
Bishop's Castle & Onny Valley
Bishop's Castle Community College
Bishop's Castle, Shropshire
Relegated from Midlands 4 West (North) (11th)
Chaddesley Corbett
Fox Lane
Chaddesley Corbett, Worcestershire
5th
Gnosall
Gnosall Family Sports Club
Gnosall, Staffordshire
Staffordshire Merit Leagues
Greyhound
Hereford City Sports Club
Hereford, Herefordshire
3rd
Linley & Kidsgrove
Kidsgrove Cricket Club
Kidsgrove, Staffordshire
Transferred from South Lancs/Cheshire 3 (14th)
St Leonards
Brian Westhead Pavilion
Stafford, Staffordshire
Relegated from Midlands 4 West (North) (12th)
Stourport
Walshes Meadow
Stourport-on-Severn, Worcestershire
6th
Warley
Tatbank Road
Oldbury, West Midlands
7th
Bishop's CastleChaddesley CorbettGnosallGreyhoundLinleySt LeonardsStourportWarleyclass=notpageimage| Locations of the 2017–18 Midlands 5 West (North) teams
Participating Clubs 2016-17
Acton Nomads
Aldridge (relegated from Midlands 4 West (North))
Chaddesley Corbett
Greyhound
Market Drayton (relegated from Midlands 4 West (North))
Stourport
Tenbury
Warley
Participating Clubs 2015-16
Chaddesley Corbett
Essington
Greyhound (relegated from Midlands 4 West (North))
Tenbury (relegated from Midlands 4 West (North))
St Leonards
Stourport
Warley
Participating Clubs 2014-15
Aldridge
Birmingham Barbarians
Chaddesley Corbett
Church Stretton
Essington
St Leonards
Stourport
Warley (relegated from Midlands 4 West (North))
Whittington
Participating Clubs 2013-14
Aldridge
Birmingham Barbarians
Chaddesley Corbett
Essington
Rugeley
Stourport
Telford Hornets
Whittington
Participating clubs 2012–13
Aldridge
Birmingham Barbarians
Essington
Rugeley
St Leonards
Stourport
Warley
Whittington
Participating clubs 2010–11
Aldridge
Birmingham Civil Service
Bromyard
Five Ways Old Edwardians
Hanford
Old Griffinians
Stourport
Tenbury
Wheaton Aston
Whittington
Original teams
When this division was introduced in 2005 as Midlands 6 West (North) it contained the following teams:
Barton-under-Needwood - transferred from Staffordshire 2 (3rd)
Eccleshall - transferred from Staffordshire 2 (8th)
Gnosall - transferred from Staffordshire 2 (9th)
Hanford - transferred from Staffordshire 2 (8th)
Market Drayton - transferred from Staffordshire 2 (6th)
Rugley - transferred from Staffordshire 2 (7th)
St Leonards - transferred from Staffordshire 2 (runners up)
Stone - transferred from Staffordshire 2 (4th)
Wheaton Aston & Penkridge - transferred from Staffordshire 2 (11th)
Whittington - transferred from Staffordshire 2 (5th)
Midlands 5 West (North) honours
Midlands 6 West (North) (2005–2009)
Midlands 6 West (North) was introduced ahead of the 2005–06 season as a tier 10 league to replace the discontinued North Midlands (North) and Staffordshire 1 leagues. Promotion was to Midlands 5 West (North) and there was no relegation.
Midlands 6 West (North)
Season
No of Teams
Champions
Runners–up
Relegated Teams
Reference
2005–06
10
St Leonards
Rugley
No relegation
2006–07
10
Handsworth
Eccleshall
No relegation
2007–08
9
Barton-Under-Needwood
Yardley & District
No relegation
2008–09
8
Essington
Rugeley
No relegation
Green backgrounds are promotion places.
Midlands 5 West (North) (2009–2019)
Further league restructuring by the RFU meant that Midlands 6 West (North) and their counterparts Midlands 6 West (South-East / South-West) were renamed as Midlands 5 West North and Midlands 5 West (South-East) and Midlands 5 West (South-West), with all leagues remaining at tier 10. Promotion was now to Midlands 4 West (North) (formerly Midlands 5 West (North)) and there was no relegation. At the end of 2018–19 season Midlands 5 West (North) was cancelled.
Midlands 5 West (North)
Season
No of Teams
Champions
Runners–up
Relegated Teams
Reference
2009–10
8
Market Drayton
Warley
No relegation
2010–11
8
Tenbury
Birmingham Civil Service
No relegation
2011–12
9
Bromyard
Five Ways Old Edwardians
No relegation
2012–13
8
St Leonards
Warley
No relegation
2013–14
8
Rugeley
Telford Hornets
No relegation
2014–15
9
Church Stretton
Aldridge
No relegation
2015–16
7
Essington
St Leonards
No relegation
2016–17
7
Tenbury
Market Drayton
No relegation
2017–18
8
Greyhound
Linley
No relegation
2018–19
6
Tenbury
Warley
No relegation
Green backgrounds are promotion places.
Number of league titles
Tenbury (3)
Essington (2)
St Leonards (2)
Barton-Under-Needwood (1)
Bromyard (1)
Church Stretton (1)
Greyhound (1)
Handsworth (1)
Market Drayton (1)
Rugeley (1)
Notes
See also
Midlands RFU
North Midlands RFU
Staffordshire RU
English rugby union system
Rugby union in England
References
^ "2005-2006 Midlands Division". England Rugby. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
^ "2006-2007 Midlands Division". England Rugby. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
^ "2007-2008 Midlands Division". England Rugby. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
^ "2008-2009 Midlands Division". England Rugby. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
^ "2009-2010 Midlands Division". England Rugby. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
^ "2010-2011 Midlands Division". England Rugby. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
^ "2011-2012 Midlands Division". England Rugby. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
^ "2012-2013 Midlands Division". England Rugby. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
^ "2013-2014 Midlands Division". England Rugby. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
^ "2014-2015 Midlands Division". England Rugby. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
^ "2015-2016 Midlands Division". England Rugby. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
^ "2016-2017 Midlands Division". England Rugby. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
^ "2017-2018 Midlands Division". England Rugby. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
^ "2018-19 Midlands Division". England Rugby. RFU. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
vte Rugby union in EnglandGoverning body
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Competition divisionsMen's
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rugby Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Union"},{"link_name":"Midlands League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Rugby_Union_Midland_Division"},{"link_name":"West Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"West Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)"},{"link_name":"Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire"},{"link_name":"RFU Junior Vase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFU_Junior_Vase"},{"link_name":"Midlands 6 West (North)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands_6_West_(North)"},{"link_name":"Midlands 4 West (North)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands_4_West_(North)"},{"link_name":"Midlands 5 West (South)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands_5_West_(South)"}],"text":"Midlands 5 West (North) was a level 10 English Rugby Union league and level 5 of the Midlands League, that was made up of teams from the northern part of the West Midlands region including clubs from parts of Birmingham and the West Midlands, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Worcestershire and even Cheshire, with home and away matches played throughout the season. Each year some of the clubs in this division took part in the RFU Junior Vase - a level 9-12 national competition.The league was formed in 2005 and was originally known as Midlands 6 West (North) prior to the Midlands league restructure at the end of the 2008-09 season. Promoted teams typically moved up to Midlands 4 West (North) and there was relegation due to it being one of the basement divisions for Midlands rugby. Since the end of the 2018–19 season the league has been discontinued, with the majority of teams transferred to Midlands 5 West (South).","title":"Midlands 5 West (North)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2018–19"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bishop's Castle Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop%27s_Castle_Community_College"},{"link_name":"Bishop's Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop%27s_Castle"},{"link_name":"Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Chaddesley Corbett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaddesley_Corbett"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"West Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)"},{"link_name":"Stourport-on-Severn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stourport-on-Severn"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Tenbury Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenbury_Wells"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Midlands 4 West (South)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands_4_West_(South)"},{"link_name":"Oldbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldbury,_West_Midlands"},{"link_name":"West Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:England_Midlands_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Bishop's Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop%27s_Castle_%26_Onny_Valley_RFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chaddesley Corbett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaddesley_Corbett_RFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dixonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dixonians_RFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stourport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stourport_RFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tenbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenbury_RUFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Warley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warley_Rugby_Club&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:England_Midlands_location_map.svg"}],"sub_title":"Participating teams & locations","text":"Team\n\nGround\n\nCapacity\n\nCity/Area\n\nPrevious season\n\n\nBishop's Castle & Onny Valley\nBishop's Castle Community College\n\nBishop's Castle, Shropshire\n3rd\n\n\nChaddesley Corbett\nFox Lane\n\nChaddesley Corbett, Worcestershire\n5th\n\n\nDixonians\nRowheath Park\n\nBirmingham, West Midlands\nGreater Birmingham Merit League (champions)\n\n\nStourport\nWalshes Meadow\n\nStourport-on-Severn, Worcestershire\n8th\n\n\nTenbury\nPenlu\n\nTenbury Wells, Worcestershire\nRelegated from Midlands 4 West (South) (11th)\n\n\nWarley\nTatbank Road\n\nOldbury, West Midlands\n6th\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBishop's CastleChaddesley CorbettDixoniansStourportTenbury}Warleyclass=notpageimage| Locations of the 2018–19 Midlands 5 West (North) teams","title":"2018–19"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2017–18"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bishop's Castle Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop%27s_Castle_Community_College"},{"link_name":"Bishop's Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop%27s_Castle"},{"link_name":"Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Midlands 4 West (North)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands_4_West_(North)"},{"link_name":"Chaddesley Corbett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaddesley_Corbett"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Gnosall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosall"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Hereford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereford"},{"link_name":"Herefordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herefordshire"},{"link_name":"Kidsgrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidsgrove"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"South Lancs/Cheshire 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lancs/Cheshire_3"},{"link_name":"Stafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Midlands 4 West (North)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands_4_West_(North)"},{"link_name":"Stourport-on-Severn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stourport-on-Severn"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Oldbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldbury,_West_Midlands"},{"link_name":"West Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:England_Midlands_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Bishop's Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop%27s_Castle_%26_Onny_Valley_RFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chaddesley Corbett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaddesley_Corbett_RFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gnosall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gnosall_RUFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greyhound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greyhound_RFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linley_%26_Kidsgrove_RUFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"St Leonards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Leonards_RUFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stourport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stourport_RFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Warley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warley_Rugby_Club&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:England_Midlands_location_map.svg"}],"sub_title":"Participating teams & locations","text":"Team\n\nGround\n\nCapacity\n\nCity/Area\n\nPrevious season\n\n\nBishop's Castle & Onny Valley\nBishop's Castle Community College\n\nBishop's Castle, Shropshire\nRelegated from Midlands 4 West (North) (11th)\n\n\nChaddesley Corbett\nFox Lane\n\nChaddesley Corbett, Worcestershire\n5th\n\n\nGnosall\nGnosall Family Sports Club\n\nGnosall, Staffordshire\nStaffordshire Merit Leagues\n\n\nGreyhound\nHereford City Sports Club\n\nHereford, Herefordshire\n3rd\n\n\nLinley & Kidsgrove\nKidsgrove Cricket Club\n\nKidsgrove, Staffordshire\nTransferred from South Lancs/Cheshire 3 (14th)\n\n\nSt Leonards\nBrian Westhead Pavilion\n\nStafford, Staffordshire\nRelegated from Midlands 4 West (North) (12th)\n\n\nStourport\nWalshes Meadow\n\nStourport-on-Severn, Worcestershire\n6th\n\n\nWarley\nTatbank Road\n\nOldbury, West Midlands\n7th\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBishop's CastleChaddesley CorbettGnosallGreyhoundLinleySt LeonardsStourportWarleyclass=notpageimage| Locations of the 2017–18 Midlands 5 West (North) teams","title":"2017–18"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Midlands 4 West (North)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands_4_West_(North)"},{"link_name":"Midlands 4 West (North)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands_4_West_(North)"}],"text":"Acton Nomads\nAldridge (relegated from Midlands 4 West (North))\nChaddesley Corbett\nGreyhound\nMarket Drayton (relegated from Midlands 4 West (North))\nStourport\nTenbury\nWarley","title":"Participating Clubs 2016-17"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Essington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essington_Rugby_Union_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Midlands 4 West (North)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands_4_West_(North)"},{"link_name":"Midlands 4 West (North)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands_4_West_(North)"}],"text":"Chaddesley Corbett\nEssington\nGreyhound (relegated from Midlands 4 West (North))\nTenbury (relegated from Midlands 4 West (North))\nSt Leonards\nStourport\nWarley","title":"Participating Clubs 2015-16"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Essington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essington_Rugby_Union_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Midlands 4 West (North)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands_4_West_(North)"}],"text":"Aldridge\nBirmingham Barbarians\nChaddesley Corbett\nChurch Stretton\nEssington\nSt Leonards\nStourport\nWarley\t(relegated from Midlands 4 West (North))\nWhittington","title":"Participating Clubs 2014-15"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Essington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essington_Rugby_Union_Football_Club"}],"text":"Aldridge\nBirmingham Barbarians\nChaddesley Corbett\nEssington\nRugeley\nStourport\nTelford Hornets\nWhittington","title":"Participating Clubs 2013-14"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Essington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essington_Rugby_Union_Football_Club"}],"text":"Aldridge\nBirmingham Barbarians\nEssington\nRugeley\nSt Leonards\nStourport\nWarley\nWhittington","title":"Participating clubs 2012–13"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Aldridge\nBirmingham Civil Service\nBromyard\nFive Ways Old Edwardians\nHanford\nOld Griffinians\nStourport\nTenbury\nWheaton Aston\nWhittington","title":"Participating clubs 2010–11"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barton-under-Needwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barton-Under-Needwood_RUFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire_2"},{"link_name":"Eccleshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eccleshall_RUFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire_2"},{"link_name":"Gnosall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gnosall_RUFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire_2"},{"link_name":"Hanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanford_RUFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire_2"},{"link_name":"Market Drayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Market_Drayton_RFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire_2"},{"link_name":"Rugley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rugeley_Rugby_Club&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire_2"},{"link_name":"St Leonards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Leonards_RUFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire_2"},{"link_name":"Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stone_RUFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire_2"},{"link_name":"Wheaton Aston & Penkridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheaton_Aston_%26_Penkridge_RUFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire_2"},{"link_name":"Whittington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whittington_RFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire_2"}],"text":"When this division was introduced in 2005 as Midlands 6 West (North) it contained the following teams:Barton-under-Needwood - transferred from Staffordshire 2 (3rd)\nEccleshall - transferred from Staffordshire 2 (8th)\nGnosall - transferred from Staffordshire 2 (9th)\nHanford - transferred from Staffordshire 2 (8th)\nMarket Drayton - transferred from Staffordshire 2 (6th)\nRugley - transferred from Staffordshire 2 (7th)\nSt Leonards - transferred from Staffordshire 2 (runners up)\nStone - transferred from Staffordshire 2 (4th)\nWheaton Aston & Penkridge - transferred from Staffordshire 2 (11th)\nWhittington - transferred from Staffordshire 2 (5th)","title":"Original teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Midlands 5 West (North) honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Midlands (North)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Midlands_1"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire_1"},{"link_name":"Midlands 5 West (North)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands_4_West_(North)"}],"sub_title":"Midlands 6 West (North) (2005–2009)","text":"Midlands 6 West (North) was introduced ahead of the 2005–06 season as a tier 10 league to replace the discontinued North Midlands (North) and Staffordshire 1 leagues. Promotion was to Midlands 5 West (North) and there was no relegation.","title":"Midlands 5 West (North) honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RFU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"Midlands 5 West (South-East)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands_5_West_(South)"},{"link_name":"Midlands 5 West (South-West)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands_5_West_(South)"},{"link_name":"Midlands 4 West (North)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands_4_West_(North)"}],"sub_title":"Midlands 5 West (North) (2009–2019)","text":"Further league restructuring by the RFU meant that Midlands 6 West (North) and their counterparts Midlands 6 West (South-East / South-West) were renamed as Midlands 5 West North and Midlands 5 West (South-East) and Midlands 5 West (South-West), with all leagues remaining at tier 10. Promotion was now to Midlands 4 West (North) (formerly Midlands 5 West (North)) and there was no relegation. At the end of 2018–19 season Midlands 5 West (North) was cancelled.","title":"Midlands 5 West (North) honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tenbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenbury_RUFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Essington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essington_Rugby_Union_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"St Leonards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Leonards_RUFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Barton-Under-Needwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barton-Under-Needwood_RFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bromyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bromyard_Rugby_Club&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Church Stretton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church_Stretton_Samurai_RFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greyhound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greyhound_RFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Handsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handsworth_Rugby_Union_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Market Drayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Market_Drayton_RUFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rugeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rugeley_Rugby_Club&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Tenbury (3)\nEssington (2)\nSt Leonards (2)\nBarton-Under-Needwood (1)\nBromyard (1)\nChurch Stretton (1)\nGreyhound (1)\nHandsworth (1)\nMarket Drayton (1)\nRugeley (1)","title":"Number of league titles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Midlands RFU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union_Midland_Division"},{"title":"North Midlands RFU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Midlands_Rugby_Football_Union"},{"title":"Staffordshire RU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire_Rugby_Union"},{"title":"English rugby union system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_rugby_union_system"},{"title":"Rugby union in England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_England"}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/competitions/midlands-division/2016-2017/group/21163","external_links_name":"England RFU"},{"Link":"https://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/search-results?competition=1597&division=2701&season=2005-2006#table","external_links_name":"\"2005-2006 Midlands Division\""},{"Link":"https://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/search-results?competition=1597&division=3018&season=2006-2007#table","external_links_name":"\"2006-2007 Midlands Division\""},{"Link":"https://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/search-results?competition=1597&division=3282&season=2007-2008#table","external_links_name":"\"2007-2008 Midlands Division\""},{"Link":"https://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/search-results?competition=1597&division=3621&season=2008-2009#table","external_links_name":"\"2008-2009 Midlands Division\""},{"Link":"https://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/search-results?competition=1597&division=4202&season=2009-2010#table","external_links_name":"\"2009-2010 Midlands Division\""},{"Link":"https://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/search-results?competition=1597&division=4912&season=2010-2011#table","external_links_name":"\"2010-2011 Midlands Division\""},{"Link":"https://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/search-results?competition=1597&division=5634&season=2011-2012#table","external_links_name":"\"2011-2012 Midlands Division\""},{"Link":"https://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/search-results?competition=1597&division=6514&season=2012-2013#table","external_links_name":"\"2012-2013 Midlands Division\""},{"Link":"https://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/search-results?competition=1597&division=7283&season=2013-2014#table","external_links_name":"\"2013-2014 Midlands Division\""},{"Link":"https://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/search-results?competition=1597&division=8094&season=2014-2015#table","external_links_name":"\"2014-2015 Midlands Division\""},{"Link":"https://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/search-results?competition=1597&division=9020&season=2015-2016#table","external_links_name":"\"2015-2016 Midlands Division\""},{"Link":"https://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/search-results?competition=1597&division=9875&season=2016-2017#table","external_links_name":"\"2016-2017 Midlands Division\""},{"Link":"https://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/search-results?competition=1597&division=11025&season=2017-2018#table","external_links_name":"\"2017-2018 Midlands Division\""},{"Link":"https://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/search-results?competition=1597&division=13649&season=2018-2019#table","external_links_name":"\"2018-19 Midlands Division\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Ride_3:_Roadkill
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Joy Ride 3: Roadkill
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Release","4 References","5 External links"]
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2014 American filmJoy Ride 3: RoadkillPromotional film posterDirected byDeclan O'BrienWritten byDeclan O'BrienBased onCharactersby J. J. AbramsClay TarverProduced byKim ToddStarring
Ken Kirzinger
Jesse Hutch
Kirsten Prout
Leela Savasta
Ben Hollingsworth
Gianpaolo Venuta
Dean Armstrong
CinematographyMichael MarshallEdited byMichael TrentMusic byClaude FoisyProductioncompanyRegency EnterprisesDistributed by20th Century Fox Home EntertainmentRelease date
June 3, 2014 (2014-06-03)
Running time96 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$2 million
Joy Ride 3: Roadkill (also known as Joy Ride 3) is a 2014 American horror film written and directed by Declan O'Brien and stars Ken Kirzinger, Jesse Hutch, Kirsten Prout, Ben Hollingsworth and Dean Armstrong. It is a sequel to Joy Ride (2001) and Joy Ride 2: Dead Ahead (2008) and the third and final installment of the Joy Ride series.
The film was released digitally and on direct-to-video in June 2014.
Plot
This section's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (June 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Rob and Candy are holed up in a motel room, using methamphetine and having sex. When they run out of drugs, Rob convinces Candy to use the CB to lure a trucker to their room, so they can rob him. Rusty Nail responds to Candy's summons. When Rob answers the door, Rusty realizes he's been tricked and takes the pair captive. Rob and Candy are chained to each other and the axle of Rusty Nail's truck. He takes them to a deserted stretch of Highway 17 and tells them he will let them go if they can hang onto the hood of the truck for a mile. If one of them falls, the other will be pulled off the truck by the chain, and both will die under the truck. He tapes a bag of meth to the windshield of his truck, telling them they can have the drugs after they make it. After riding awhile, Rob calls out that they have ridden for at least a mile, and Rusty Nail agrees. Thinking they have made it, Candy reaches for the bag of drugs; her chain is pulled into the axle, and she and Rob are both pulled underneath the still-moving truck and killed. Later, the authorities are called to the scene; Officer Williams, a newly appointed deputy, wants to investigate further, but is encouraged by Officer Jenkins to make it an open-and-shut case.
Racecar drivers Jordon and Austin, along with their team—Jewel (Jordon's girlfriend), Mickey, Alisa and Bobby — are headed on trip to Canada so that they can compete in the Road Rally 1000. Whilst stopping for lunch, Austin discovers an unpatrolled highway on a map that he realises could shorten their journey by a day, but are warned against taking the route by a creepy old trucker named Barry, for directions, he warns them against taking 17; he tells them it's called "Slaughter Alley" (which the cops at the scene of Rob and Candy's deaths also claimed), and tells them the story of Rusty Nail, who has become something of an urban legend. Jenkins stops in for a cup of coffee and denies Barry's claims, encouraging them to take 17. Barry tells them that stretch of highway is unpatrolled, which appeals to Austin, who wants to be able to test the limits of their car on open road, so they agree to go that way. Nevertheless, the group decides to take the route anyway.
During the journey, Austin's friends begin jokingly teasing him about a crash he had once gotten in. Austin gets upset, however, and vents his frustrations by messing with another truck driver (who happens to be Rusty Nail) before speeding off. Later, however, Rusty Nail catches up to the group and starts messing with them himself. Eventually, Rusty deliberately rams into a flatbed trailer which the group had been using to carry their racecar, causing it to detach from their SUV and run off the road with Mickey and Bobby inside. Rusty then tailgates Jordon, who dodges to get out of the way of an oncoming station wagon; when Rusty tries to do the same, he jackknifes, and Austin and co. are seemingly able to get away. However, Rusty then checks a camera he has mounted to the front of the truck, identifying Jordon's license number, and later uses an CB radio to hail Jordon and co., vowing revenge.
That night, Jewel and Austin offer to head to the police station to report the incident. During their trip, however, Rusty Nail catches up to Jewel and Austin, and quickly runs them off the road before putting their unconscious bodies in the back of his truck.
Rusty takes Jewel and Austin to a deserted field, where he kills Austin by putting his hands and shoving his face into an engine fan. He then calls Jordon over a walkie-talkie (which the group had been using to communicate with each other between the vehicles). Rusty tells Jordon that he'll give Jewel back if he and the others hand over the racecar, and instructs Jordon to meet up with him at an old warehouse in an hour.
Jordon, Mickey, Alisa, and Bobby arrive at the warehouse and split up looking for Rusty. Suddenly, Rusty appears and kidnaps Bobby before fleeing in his truck. The rest of the group pursue him in the racecar, only stopping when they come across a police car on the side of the road. The officer driving the car agrees to help them out, only for Rusty to abruptly plow through his car, killing him.
Jordon, Mickey, and Alisa get back to trying to follow Rusty. During the journey, Rusty pulls over and contacts Jordon, where he taunts him by killing Bobby as the group listens helplessly over the radio. Rusty then tells Jordon to meet him at a junkyard and give himself up; only then will he set Jewel and Austin free. Mickey tries to convince Jordon and Alisa to get help from law enforcement, and makes Jordon pull over, but they both refuse his offer, and Mickey thus decides to go look for help himself on foot. Mickey finds Rusty's truck on the side of road; he finds the truck parked on a side road, and is overpowered by Rusty Nail. Rusty crushes Mickey's head in a wench, then lights the semi-trailer of his truck on fire, driving off in just the tractor unit.
Jordon sends Alisa to go get help and enters the junkyard alone to confront Rusty Nail. The two fight, as Rusty indicates Jewel is trapped in a dangling car about to be crushed. Just as it seems Rusty has the upper hand, Alisa runs him over with the racecar, and she and Jordon go to rescue Jewel. When they get to the car, however, Jordon realises that the source of Jewel's apparent "screaming" was coming from a video camera in the trunk playing pre-recorded footage. As they watch helplessly, Jewel (tied to the roof of Rusty's truck) is killed when Rusty drives her into a steel bridge girder, killing her.
Enraged, Jordon and Alisa get in the car to go find Rusty Nail, but he rams into them, trying to crush them. Jordon manages to escape the car and runs to a nearby wrecking claw, using it to put Rusty's truck into the crusher, with Rusty inside. Later, however, when Williams and his men investigate, Rusty Nail is nowhere to be found. The film ends with Rusty Nail hitching a ride with another truck driver.
Cast
Ken Kirzinger as Rusty Nail
Jesse Hutch as Jordon Wells
Kirsten Prout as Jewel McCaul
Ben Hollingsworth as Mickey Cole
Leela Savasta as Alisa Rosado
Gianpaolo Venuta as Austin Morris*
Jake Manley as Bobby Crow
James Durham as Officer Jenkins
Dean Armstrong as Officer Williams
David Ferry as Barry
J. Adam Brown as Rob
Sara Mitich as Candy
^* In the film, Austin Morris is identified correctly when Rusty Nail finds the group in a laptop, but in the film's end credits his last name is listed as "Austin Moore".
Release
The film was released straight to DVD and Blu-ray on June 17, 2014. The film grossed over $1.223 million in home video sales.
References
^ "Joy Ride 3: Roadkill (2014) - Financial Information". The Numbers.
^ Buchanan, Jason. "Joy Ride 3: Roadkill". AllMovie. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
^ Woods, Kevin (March 14, 2014). "Joy Ride 3 Coming to Blu-ray/DVD in June; Release Details Revealed". JoBlo.com. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
^ "Joy Ride 3: Roadkill Blu-ray (Blu-ray + DVD)".
^ "Joy Ride 3: Roadkill (2014) - Financial Information". The Numbers.
External links
Joy Ride 3: Roadkill at IMDb
vteJoy Ride
J. J. Abrams
Clay Tarver
John Dahl
Films
Joy Ride (2001)
Joy Ride 2: Dead Ahead (2008)
Joy Ride 3: Roadkill (2014)
vteFilms directed by Declan O'Brien
Rock Monster (2008)
Monster Ark (2008)
Cyclops (2008)
Wrong Turn 3: Left for Dead (2009)
Sharktopus (2010)
Wrong Turn 4: Bloody Beginnings (2011)
Wrong Turn 5: Bloodlines (2012)
Joy Ride 3: Roadkill (2014)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"horror film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_film"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Declan O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declan_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"Ken Kirzinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Kirzinger"},{"link_name":"Jesse Hutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Hutch"},{"link_name":"Kirsten Prout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsten_Prout"},{"link_name":"Ben Hollingsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Hollingsworth_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Dean Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Joy Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Ride_(2001_film)"},{"link_name":"Joy Ride 2: Dead Ahead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Ride_2:_Dead_Ahead"},{"link_name":"direct-to-video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-to-video"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Joy Ride 3: Roadkill (also known as Joy Ride 3) is a 2014 American horror film[2] written and directed by Declan O'Brien and stars Ken Kirzinger, Jesse Hutch, Kirsten Prout, Ben Hollingsworth and Dean Armstrong. It is a sequel to Joy Ride (2001) and Joy Ride 2: Dead Ahead (2008) and the third and final installment of the Joy Ride series.The film was released digitally and on direct-to-video in June 2014.[3]","title":"Joy Ride 3: Roadkill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"jackknifes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackknifing"}],"text":"Rob and Candy are holed up in a motel room, using methamphetine and having sex. When they run out of drugs, Rob convinces Candy to use the CB to lure a trucker to their room, so they can rob him. Rusty Nail responds to Candy's summons. When Rob answers the door, Rusty realizes he's been tricked and takes the pair captive. Rob and Candy are chained to each other and the axle of Rusty Nail's truck. He takes them to a deserted stretch of Highway 17 and tells them he will let them go if they can hang onto the hood of the truck for a mile. If one of them falls, the other will be pulled off the truck by the chain, and both will die under the truck. He tapes a bag of meth to the windshield of his truck, telling them they can have the drugs after they make it. After riding awhile, Rob calls out that they have ridden for at least a mile, and Rusty Nail agrees. Thinking they have made it, Candy reaches for the bag of drugs; her chain is pulled into the axle, and she and Rob are both pulled underneath the still-moving truck and killed. Later, the authorities are called to the scene; Officer Williams, a newly appointed deputy, wants to investigate further, but is encouraged by Officer Jenkins to make it an open-and-shut case.Racecar drivers Jordon and Austin, along with their team—Jewel (Jordon's girlfriend), Mickey, Alisa and Bobby — are headed on trip to Canada so that they can compete in the Road Rally 1000. Whilst stopping for lunch, Austin discovers an unpatrolled highway on a map that he realises could shorten their journey by a day, but are warned against taking the route by a creepy old trucker named Barry, for directions, he warns them against taking 17; he tells them it's called \"Slaughter Alley\" (which the cops at the scene of Rob and Candy's deaths also claimed), and tells them the story of Rusty Nail, who has become something of an urban legend. Jenkins stops in for a cup of coffee and denies Barry's claims, encouraging them to take 17. Barry tells them that stretch of highway is unpatrolled, which appeals to Austin, who wants to be able to test the limits of their car on open road, so they agree to go that way. Nevertheless, the group decides to take the route anyway.During the journey, Austin's friends begin jokingly teasing him about a crash he had once gotten in. Austin gets upset, however, and vents his frustrations by messing with another truck driver (who happens to be Rusty Nail) before speeding off. Later, however, Rusty Nail catches up to the group and starts messing with them himself. Eventually, Rusty deliberately rams into a flatbed trailer which the group had been using to carry their racecar, causing it to detach from their SUV and run off the road with Mickey and Bobby inside. Rusty then tailgates Jordon, who dodges to get out of the way of an oncoming station wagon; when Rusty tries to do the same, he jackknifes, and Austin and co. are seemingly able to get away. However, Rusty then checks a camera he has mounted to the front of the truck, identifying Jordon's license number, and later uses an CB radio to hail Jordon and co., vowing revenge.That night, Jewel and Austin offer to head to the police station to report the incident. During their trip, however, Rusty Nail catches up to Jewel and Austin, and quickly runs them off the road before putting their unconscious bodies in the back of his truck.Rusty takes Jewel and Austin to a deserted field, where he kills Austin by putting his hands and shoving his face into an engine fan. He then calls Jordon over a walkie-talkie (which the group had been using to communicate with each other between the vehicles). Rusty tells Jordon that he'll give Jewel back if he and the others hand over the racecar, and instructs Jordon to meet up with him at an old warehouse in an hour.Jordon, Mickey, Alisa, and Bobby arrive at the warehouse and split up looking for Rusty. Suddenly, Rusty appears and kidnaps Bobby before fleeing in his truck. The rest of the group pursue him in the racecar, only stopping when they come across a police car on the side of the road. The officer driving the car agrees to help them out, only for Rusty to abruptly plow through his car, killing him.Jordon, Mickey, and Alisa get back to trying to follow Rusty. During the journey, Rusty pulls over and contacts Jordon, where he taunts him by killing Bobby as the group listens helplessly over the radio. Rusty then tells Jordon to meet him at a junkyard and give himself up; only then will he set Jewel and Austin free. Mickey tries to convince Jordon and Alisa to get help from law enforcement, and makes Jordon pull over, but they both refuse his offer, and Mickey thus decides to go look for help himself on foot. Mickey finds Rusty's truck on the side of road; he finds the truck parked on a side road, and is overpowered by Rusty Nail. Rusty crushes Mickey's head in a wench, then lights the semi-trailer of his truck on fire, driving off in just the tractor unit.Jordon sends Alisa to go get help and enters the junkyard alone to confront Rusty Nail. The two fight, as Rusty indicates Jewel is trapped in a dangling car about to be crushed. Just as it seems Rusty has the upper hand, Alisa runs him over with the racecar, and she and Jordon go to rescue Jewel. When they get to the car, however, Jordon realises that the source of Jewel's apparent \"screaming\" was coming from a video camera in the trunk playing pre-recorded footage. As they watch helplessly, Jewel (tied to the roof of Rusty's truck) is killed when Rusty drives her into a steel bridge girder, killing her.Enraged, Jordon and Alisa get in the car to go find Rusty Nail, but he rams into them, trying to crush them. Jordon manages to escape the car and runs to a nearby wrecking claw, using it to put Rusty's truck into the crusher, with Rusty inside. Later, however, when Williams and his men investigate, Rusty Nail is nowhere to be found. The film ends with Rusty Nail hitching a ride with another truck driver.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ken Kirzinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Kirzinger"},{"link_name":"Jesse Hutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Hutch"},{"link_name":"Kirsten Prout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsten_Prout"},{"link_name":"Ben Hollingsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Hollingsworth_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Leela Savasta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leela_Savasta"},{"link_name":"Gianpaolo Venuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianpaolo_Venuta"},{"link_name":"*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_surname"},{"link_name":"Jake Manley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Manley"},{"link_name":"Dean Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"David Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ferry_(actor)"},{"link_name":"J. Adam Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Adam_Brown"},{"link_name":"^*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_surname"}],"text":"Ken Kirzinger as Rusty Nail\nJesse Hutch as Jordon Wells\nKirsten Prout as Jewel McCaul\nBen Hollingsworth as Mickey Cole\nLeela Savasta as Alisa Rosado\nGianpaolo Venuta as Austin Morris*\nJake Manley as Bobby Crow\nJames Durham as Officer Jenkins\nDean Armstrong as Officer Williams\nDavid Ferry as Barry\nJ. Adam Brown as Rob\nSara Mitich as Candy^* In the film, Austin Morris is identified correctly when Rusty Nail finds the group in a laptop, but in the film's end credits his last name is listed as \"Austin Moore\".","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The film was released straight to DVD and Blu-ray on June 17, 2014.[4] The film grossed over $1.223 million in home video sales.[5]","title":"Release"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joy_Ride_3:_Roadkill&action=edit","external_links_name":"help improve it"},{"Link":"https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Joy-Ride-3","external_links_name":"\"Joy Ride 3: Roadkill (2014) - Financial Information\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/joy-ride-3-v596346","external_links_name":"\"Joy Ride 3: Roadkill\""},{"Link":"https://www.joblo.com/horror-movies/news/joy-ride-3-coming-to-blu-raydvd-in-june-release-details-revealed?id=joy-ride-3-coming-to-blu-raydvd-in-june-release-details-revealed&order=desc","external_links_name":"\"Joy Ride 3 Coming to Blu-ray/DVD in June; Release Details Revealed\""},{"Link":"https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Joy-Ride-3-Roadkill-Blu-ray/99229/","external_links_name":"\"Joy Ride 3: Roadkill Blu-ray (Blu-ray + DVD)\""},{"Link":"https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Joy-Ride-3","external_links_name":"\"Joy Ride 3: Roadkill (2014) - Financial Information\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3138376/","external_links_name":"Joy Ride 3: Roadkill"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics_%E2%80%93_Individual_freestyle_test_grade_IV
|
Equestrian at the 2008 Summer Paralympics – Individual freestyle test grade IV
|
["1 Ground jury","2 Results","3 References"]
|
Individual Freestyle Test Grade IVat the XIII Paralympic GamesParalympic EquestrianVenueHong Kong Olympic Equestrian CentreDates10 SeptemberCompetitors14 from 10 nationsMedalists
Philippa Johnson
South Africa
Ann Cathrin Lubbe
Norway
Georgia Bruce
Australia←20042012→Equestrian at the2008 Summer ParalympicsIndividual championshipIaIbIIIIIIVIndividual freestyleIaIbIIIIIIVMixed teamvte
The Equestrian Individual Freestyle Test Grade IV event at the 2008 Summer Paralympics was held in the Hong Kong Olympic Equestrian Centre on 10 September.
The competition was assessed by a ground jury composed of five judges placed at locations designated E, H, C, M, and B. Each judge rated the competitors' performances with scores out of 10 for technical difficulty and artistic merit. The ten scores from the jury were then summed to determine a rider's total percentage score.
The event was won by Philippa Johnson, representing South Africa.
Ground jury
Judge at E
Janet Geary ( Australia)
Judge at H
Gudrun Hofinga ( Germany)
Judge at C
Tarja Huttunen ( Finland), jury president
Judge at M
Hanneke Gerritsen ( Netherlands)
Judge at B
Anne Prain ( France)
Results
Rank
Rider
Horse
Score (and rank)
Tech/ArtScore (Rk)
Total % score
E
H
C
M
B
Philippa Johnson (RSA)
Benedict
Tech:
7.091 (3)
7.364 (1)
7.182 (2)
7.545 (1)
7.818 (1)
37.000 (1)
77.272
Art:
7.818 (2)
8.318 (1)
7.591 (3)
7.727 (1)
8.818 (1)
40.272 (1)
Ann Cathrin Lubbe (NOR)
Zanko
Tech:
7.273 (1)
7.364 (1)
7.091 (3)
7.182 (2)
7.091 (2)
36.001 (2)
75.046
Art:
7.727 (3)
7.682 (3)
7.818 (1)
7.682 (2)
8.136 (2)
39.045 (2)
Georgia Bruce (AUS)
V Salute
Tech:
7.273 (1)
7.364 (1)
7.273 (1)
6.909 (3)
7.000 (3)
35.819 (3)
74.319
Art:
7.909 (1)
7.818 (2)
7.818 (1)
7.000 (3)
7.955 (3)
38.500 (3)
4
Sigrid Rui (NOR)
Nanof
Tech:
6.636 (5)
6.909 (4)
6.364 (8)
6.545 (7)
6.818 (4)
33.272 (6)
69.498
Art:
6.909 (5)
7.636 (4)
7.318 (6)
6.818 (6)
7.545 (4)
36.226 (4)
5
Nathalie Bizet (FRA)
Mephisto
Tech:
6.545 (6)
6.364 (8)
6.909 (6)
6.818 (4)
6.818 (4)
33.454 (4)
68.453
Art:
6.727 (6)
6.727 (7)
7.545 (4)
6.727 (7)
7.273 (6)
34.999 (6)
6
Lotten Ronsson (SWE)
Busy Lizzie
Tech:
6.182 (9)
6.545 (7)
7.000 (4)
6.727 (5)
6.727 (6)
33.181 (7)
68.362
Art:
6.500 (9)
6.909 (5)
7.545 (4)
6.909 (4)
7.318 (5)
35.181 (5)
7
Sjerstin Vermeulen (NED)
Sultano
Tech:
6.545 (6)
6.636 (6)
7.000 (4)
6.455 (8)
6.636 (7)
33.272 (5)
67.908
Art:
6.727 (6)
6.682 (8)
7.273 (7)
6.909 (4)
7.045 (7)
34.636 (7)
8
Line Thorning Joergensen (DEN)
Colani-Star
Tech:
6.364 (8)
6.727 (5)
6.273 (9)
6.273 (10)
6.545 (8)
32.182 (9)
66.045
Art:
6.727 (6)
6.818 (6)
6.682 (8)
6.727 (7)
6.909 (9)
33.863 (8)
9
Sabine Peters (NED)
Donna D.M.
Tech:
6.818 (4)
6.091 (12)
6.545 (7)
6.364 (9)
6.455 (9)
32.273 (8)
65.863
Art:
7.591 (4)
6.545 (9)
6.045 (9)
6.409 (10)
7.000 (8)
33.590 (9)
10
Karen Brain (CAN)
VDL Odette
Tech:
6.000 (12)
6.182 (11)
6.091 (11)
6.636 (6)
5.909 (11)
30.818 (10)
62.136
Art:
6.318 (12)
6.227 (11)
5.909 (12)
6.591 (9)
6.273 (12)
31.318 (11)
11
Robin Brueckmann (USA)
Radetzky
Tech:
5.636 (14)
6.273 (9)
5.909 (13)
5.727 (12)
6.182 (10)
29.727 (12)
61.135
Art:
6.318 (12)
6.545 (9)
5.955 (11)
6.045 (11)
6.545 (10)
31.408 (10)
12
Eleonore Elstone (CAN)
Lutke
Tech:
6.182 (9)
6.273 (9)
6.182 (10)
5.909 (11)
5.909 (11)
30.455 (11)
60.683
Art:
6.409 (11)
6.000 (13)
6.000 (10)
5.364 (14)
6.455 (11)
30.228 (12)
13
Ineke de Groot (NED)
Indo
Tech:
6.182 (9)
5.455 (13)
6.000 (12)
5.455 (13)
5.818 (13)
28.910 (13)
58.955
Art:
6.455 (10)
6.045 (12)
5.545 (14)
5.864 (13)
6.136 (14)
30.045 (13)
14
Patrycja Gepner (POL)
Romeo
Tech:
5.727 (13)
5.273 (14)
5.273 (14)
5.182 (14)
5.364 (14)
26.819 (14)
56.819
Art:
6.227 (14)
5.818 (14)
5.636 (13)
6.045 (11)
6.273 (12)
30.000 (14)
References
^ "Individual Freestyle Test Grade IV" (PDF). The Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad. 10 September 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hong Kong Olympic Equestrian Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sports_Institute"},{"link_name":"Philippa Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippa_Johnson"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Equestrian Individual Freestyle Test Grade IV event at the 2008 Summer Paralympics was held in the Hong Kong Olympic Equestrian Centre on 10 September.The competition was assessed by a ground jury composed of five judges placed at locations designated E, H, C, M, and B. Each judge rated the competitors' performances with scores out of 10 for technical difficulty and artistic merit. The ten scores from the jury were then summed to determine a rider's total percentage score.The event was won by Philippa Johnson, representing South Africa.\n[1]","title":"Equestrian at the 2008 Summer Paralympics – Individual freestyle test grade IV"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ground jury"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Individual Freestyle Test Grade IV\" (PDF). The Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad. 10 September 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121002203139/http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRMP/ENG/INF/EQ/C73I/EQX204101.pdf","url_text":"\"Individual Freestyle Test Grade IV\""},{"url":"http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRMP/ENG/INF/EQ/C73I/EQX204101.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121002203139/http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRMP/ENG/INF/EQ/C73I/EQX204101.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Individual Freestyle Test Grade IV\""},{"Link":"http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRMP/ENG/INF/EQ/C73I/EQX204101.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowdy_Records
|
Rowdy Records
|
["1 History","2 Notable artists","2.1 Former","3 Notable producers","4 See also","5 References"]
|
American record label
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Rowdy Records" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Rowdy RecordsParent companyUniversal Music GroupFounded1992FounderDallas AustinAntonio "L.A." ReidDistributor(s)Motown Records(In the US)Mercury Records(Outside the US)Arista Records(1992–1998, back catalogue)GenreVarious, with a focus on hip hop and R&BCountry of originUnited StatesLocationNew York City, New YorkOfficial websiteRowdyRecords.com
Rowdy Records is a record label distributed through Motown. It was founded by record producer Dallas Austin in 1992, and the precursor to his entertainment company, Freeworld Entertainment.
History
Formed in 1992 by producers Dallas Austin and L.A. Reid, Rowdy was initially distributed through Arista Records. At the time, Austin had gained notoriety for writing and producing hits for acts like Monica, Another Bad Creation, Boyz II Men, Joi, For Real, Da King & I and TLC. Reid, meanwhile, was also running the fledgling LaFace Records. In 1993, Reid stepped down to continue focusing his energies on LaFace, leaving Dallas to run the Atlanta-based company on his own.
Rowdy shot to success in 1993 with rap group Illegal, who had two #1 rap singles and the #1 Billboard rap single of the year.
1995 saw the release of the triple platinum debut album from fourteen-year-old R&B singer Monica entitled Miss Thang. Other acts on the label included: Y'all So Stupid, For Real, Fishbone and Caron Wheeler. The label also released the soundtrack to the motion-picture Fled.
In spite of the label's strong buzz in the industry (mainly due to Austin's name being attached to it), by 1997 Rowdy began to flounder, as Monica's debut album had been its biggest release to date—and arguably the company's only success. Creative differences with Arista subsequently caused Rowdy to vacate its fold, while Monica (its most notable star) remained at Arista. Without a major distributor, Rowdy briefly went the independent route before stalling completely. Austin's career, meanwhile, continued to thrive as he remained a highly sought after producer, which led to him stepping down as CEO. Rowdy closed in 1998. He then started the short-lived record label Freeworld Entertainment after the dissolution of Rowdy.
In 2005, when the hip group Da BackWudz caught Austin's attention, he decided to reactivate Rowdy (after seven years of dormancy) in order to sign them. Upon its reactivation, Rowdy took up distribution with Motown Records.
Notable artists
Da BackWudz
Vonzell Solomon
Former
Y'all So Stupid
Sammie
Monica
Da King & I
Illegal
Rampage the Last Boy Scout
Jamal a.k.a. Mally G
For Real
Notable producers
Tim & Bob (1993-1999)
Mario Winans (1995-1998)
See also
List of record labels
References
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz label
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Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Reid"},{"link_name":"Arista Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arista_Records"},{"link_name":"Monica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Another Bad Creation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another_Bad_Creation"},{"link_name":"Boyz II Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyz_II_Men"},{"link_name":"Joi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joi_(singer)"},{"link_name":"For Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Real"},{"link_name":"Da King & I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_King_%26_I"},{"link_name":"TLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLC_(music)"},{"link_name":"LaFace Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaFace_Records"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_in_music"},{"link_name":"Illegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_(group)"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_in_music"},{"link_name":"Miss Thang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Thang"},{"link_name":"Y'all So Stupid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%27all_So_Stupid"},{"link_name":"For Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Real"},{"link_name":"Fishbone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishbone"},{"link_name":"Caron Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caron_Wheeler"},{"link_name":"soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"Fled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fled"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_in_music"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_in_music"},{"link_name":"Freeworld Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeworld_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Da BackWudz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_BackWudz"},{"link_name":"Motown Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown_Records"}],"text":"Formed in 1992 by producers Dallas Austin and L.A. Reid, Rowdy was initially distributed through Arista Records. At the time, Austin had gained notoriety for writing and producing hits for acts like Monica, Another Bad Creation, Boyz II Men, Joi, For Real, Da King & I and TLC. Reid, meanwhile, was also running the fledgling LaFace Records. In 1993, Reid stepped down to continue focusing his energies on LaFace, leaving Dallas to run the Atlanta-based company on his own.Rowdy shot to success in 1993 with rap group Illegal, who had two #1 rap singles and the #1 Billboard rap single of the year.1995 saw the release of the triple platinum debut album from fourteen-year-old R&B singer Monica entitled Miss Thang. Other acts on the label included: Y'all So Stupid, For Real, Fishbone and Caron Wheeler. The label also released the soundtrack to the motion-picture Fled.In spite of the label's strong buzz in the industry (mainly due to Austin's name being attached to it), by 1997 Rowdy began to flounder, as Monica's debut album had been its biggest release to date—and arguably the company's only success. Creative differences with Arista subsequently caused Rowdy to vacate its fold, while Monica (its most notable star) remained at Arista. Without a major distributor, Rowdy briefly went the independent route before stalling completely. Austin's career, meanwhile, continued to thrive as he remained a highly sought after producer, which led to him stepping down as CEO. Rowdy closed in 1998. He then started the short-lived record label Freeworld Entertainment after the dissolution of Rowdy.In 2005, when the hip group Da BackWudz caught Austin's attention, he decided to reactivate Rowdy (after seven years of dormancy) in order to sign them. Upon its reactivation, Rowdy took up distribution with Motown Records.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Da BackWudz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_BackWudz"},{"link_name":"Vonzell Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vonzell_Solomon"}],"text":"Da BackWudz\nVonzell Solomon","title":"Notable artists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Y'all So Stupid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%27all_So_Stupid"},{"link_name":"Sammie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammie"},{"link_name":"Monica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Da King & I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_King_%26_I"},{"link_name":"Illegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_(group)"},{"link_name":"Rampage the Last Boy Scout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampage_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Jamal a.k.a. Mally G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"For Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Real"}],"sub_title":"Former","text":"Y'all So Stupid\nSammie\nMonica\nDa King & I\nIllegal\nRampage the Last Boy Scout\nJamal a.k.a. Mally G\nFor Real","title":"Notable artists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tim & Bob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_%26_Bob"},{"link_name":"Mario Winans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Winans"}],"text":"Tim & Bob (1993-1999)\nMario Winans (1995-1998)","title":"Notable producers"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of record labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_record_labels"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Amateur_Boxing_Club
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Oxford University Amateur Boxing Club
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["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
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Boxing club of University of Oxford, England
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The Oxford University Amateur Boxing Club (OUABC) is the boxing club of the University of Oxford, England, located in Oxford. The club was founded in 1881. It is the second-oldest active amateur boxing club in the UK. Several OUABC boxers were featured in a 2006 documentary titled Blue Blood.
The club competes against Cambridge University Amateur Boxing Club in The Varsity Match, also known as The True Love Bowl, each year. Typically, the match location switches between Oxford and Cambridge, though some matches have been held in London.
In 2003/2004, OUABC began including female boxers in training and matches. In the 2005 Varsity Match, Kaleen Love of Oxford was the first Oxford woman to compete in a Varsity boxing match, and defeated Catherine Tubb of Cambridge Both were awarded Extraordinary Full Blues for their athletic accomplishments.
During the 1980s and 1990s, under the tutelage of head coach Henry Dean, OUABC won 17 Varsity Matches in a row, the longest single stretch of victories in the history of the tournament. However, since then the Match results have been more balanced; and in both the 2005 and 2009 Varsity Matches, OUABC registered defeats by the maximum 9-0 margin. Cambridge University Amateur Boxing Club (CUABC) remains the only side to have achieved this feat since the number of bouts was increased to 9 in the 1950s. For a time, Cambridge had taken to hosting the match every second year in London, due to seating limitations at Cambridge venues, with the 2009 match recorded for a documentary aired on Channel 4.
See also
Oxford–Cambridge rivalry
Varsity match
References
^ Blue Blood at the Internet Movie Database
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Oxford thrashed in varsity boxing". 11 March 2009 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
External links
OUABC website
OUABC history
Article on Oxford's 2005 BUSA results
Synopsis of 2006 Town vs. Gown
Punching Bag
Vincent's Club
vteUniversity of OxfordLeadership
Chancellor
The Lord Patten of Barnes
Vice-Chancellor
Irene Tracey
Registrar
Heads of houses
Colleges
All Souls
Balliol
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Portal
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[]
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[{"title":"Oxford–Cambridge rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93Cambridge_rivalry"},{"title":"Varsity match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_and_Irish_varsity_matches"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_Farm
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Voice Farm
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["1 Discography","1.1 Studio albums","1.2 Singles","2 References","3 External links"]
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American music and video collective
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Voice Farm" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Voice FarmOriginSan Francisco, CaliforniaGenresAlternative rock, electronica, electropunk,synthpopYears active1980–presentLabelsOptional Music, Ralph Records, Morgan Creek Records, Nice Tone MusicMembersCharly BrownMyke ReillyKen WellerMarilynn FowlerWebsitehttp://www.voice-farm.com
Voice Farm is a musical group and video collective based in San Francisco. Vocalist Charly Brown and sound designer Myke Reilly form the core of the group, who met in 1980.
Voice Farm's musical style has evolved from their influential early-1980s synth-pop sound. In 1991 they released a hit single, "Free Love". A fascination with popular culture and media continue to fuel Voice Farm's creative projects, including videos that they have on their website. Guitarist Ken Weller and back-up singer Marilynn Fowler are featured on the group's latest album, entitled Super Nova Experts (2009).
A Voice Farm song ("Sleep") appears on the Let Them Eat Jellybeans compilation.
Discography
Studio albums
The World We Live In (1982)
Voice Farm (1987)
Bigger Cooler Weirder (1991)
The Love Experiment (1995)
Super Nova Experts (2009)
Singles
"Sleep" B/W "Modern Things" (1981)
"Double Garage" B/W "Elevate" (1981)
Free Love (1991)
References
^ a b c d e f
Bush, John. "Voice Farm". All-Music Guide. Retrieved 2012-12-26.
^
Kristel, Todd. "Various Artists: Let Them Eat Jellybeans!". All-Music Guide. Retrieved 2012-12-26.
External links
Voice Farm's Official site
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
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[]
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[{"reference":"Bush, John. \"Voice Farm\". All-Music Guide. Retrieved 2012-12-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/voice-farm-mn0000811517","url_text":"\"Voice Farm\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Music_Guide","url_text":"All-Music Guide"}]},{"reference":"Kristel, Todd. \"Various Artists: Let Them Eat Jellybeans!\". All-Music Guide. Retrieved 2012-12-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/let-them-eat-jellybeans!-mw0001158799","url_text":"\"Various Artists: Let Them Eat Jellybeans!\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Mackay
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Wendy Mackay
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["1 Education","2 Career and research","2.1 Awards and honors","3 Personal life","4 References"]
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Computer Scientist
Wendy MackayWendy Mackay in 2014BornWendy Elizabeth Mackay (1956-05-25) May 25, 1956 (age 68)Montreal, CanadaNationalityCanadianCitizenshipUS / Canadian citizenAlma mater
University of California, San Diego (BA)
Northeastern University (MA)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (PhD)
Spouse
Michel Beaudouin-Lafon
(m. 1993)Awards
CHI Academy (2003)
ACM Fellow (2019)
Suffrage Science award (2020)
ACM SIGCHI Lifetime Research Award (2024)
Scientific careerFieldsHuman computer interactionInstitutions
INRIA
Xerox PARC
Université Paris-Sud
University of Aarhus
Stanford University
Digital Equipment Corporation
ThesisUsers and customizable software : a co-adaptive phenomenon (1990)Doctoral advisorWanda Orlikowski
Websiteex-situ.lri.fr/people/mackay
Wendy Elizabeth Mackay (born on (1956-05-25)May 25, 1956) is a Canadian researcher specializing in human-computer interaction. She has served in all of the roles on the SIGCHI committee, including Chair. She is a member of the CHI Academy and a recipient of a European Research Council Advanced grant. She has been a visiting professor in Stanford University between 2010 and 2012, and received the ACM SIGCHI Lifetime Service Award in 2014.
She leads research at Exsitu, while serving as research director with INRIA Saclay in France. Her research investigates of human computer interaction (HCI) and aims to develop and to facilitate the interfaces that provide users with the tools needed to accomplish the task at hand.
Education
Mackay received a Bachelor of Arts degree in psychology from University of California, San Diego in 1977. She received a Master of Arts in experimental psychology from Northeastern University in 1979 and a Doctor of Philosophy in Management of Technological Innovation from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1990. Her doctoral research was supervised by Wanda Orlikowski.
Career and research
After graduating from Northeastern University, Mackay worked in several roles at Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). In 1983, she focused formed a multimedia research group there and became a visiting scientist at MIT. At DEC, she created over 30 multimedia projects, including the first interactive video system which was titled IVIS. From 1987 to 1990 she worked on her Ph.D. at MIT and eventually worked as a senior research scientist at Xerox PARC where she published an award-winning special issue of Communications of the ACM on computer augmented environments. She also worked on augmented paper interfaces and explored the integration of paper with the online world. Afterward, she taught at Stanford University for two years as a visiting professor.
Her scientific contributions include writing the original toolkit software for IVIS, the world's first interactive video system. She also conducted the first major study of electronic mail while at MIT. Her design methods are taught in institutions around the world such as Stanford, MIT, Georgia Tech, and University of British Columbia. Mackay has published over two hundred research articles on human-computer interaction and has served as program chair or on the program committees of ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI), ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST), ACM Computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW), ACM DIS and ACM Multimedia.
Awards and honors
2009, Elected a member of the CHI Academy
2009, Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI) best paper award, top 1% of accepted papers, for Musink: Composing Music through Augmented Drawing
2011, SIGCHI Best Paper Award: Mid-air Pan-and-Zoom on Wall-sized Displays
2014, SIGCHI Lifetime Service Award
2019, ACM Fellow "for contributions to human-computer interaction, mixed reality and participatory design, and leadership in ACM SIGCHI".
2020, Suffrage Science award
2024, ACM SIGCHI Lifetime Research Award for her contributions to the study of Human-Computer Interaction
Personal life
Wendy married Michel Beaudouin-Lafon on August 11, 1993 in Avalon, California. She has two sons - Alexandre and Matthew Thomas Beaudouin-Mackay.
References
^ a b c Wendy Mackay publications indexed by Google Scholar
^ a b Mackay, Wendy Elizabeth (1990). Users and customizable software : a co-adaptive phenomenon. mit.edu (PhD thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. hdl:1721.1/14087. OCLC 60019520.
^ Wendy Mackay at DBLP Bibliography Server
^ "European Research Council Advanced grants". erc.europa.eu. 30 May 2023.
^ "Creating Co-Adaptive Human-Computer Partnerships". cordis.europa.eu.
^ a b "2014 SIGCHI Awards". sigchi.org.
^ Hutchinson, Hilary; Hansen, Heiko; Roussel, Nicolas; Eiderbäck, Björn; Mackay, Wendy; Westerlund, Bo; Bederson, Benjamin B.; Druin, Allison; Plaisant, Catherine; Beaudouin-Lafon, Michel; Conversy, Stéphane; Evans, Helen (2003). Technology probes. CHI '03: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. p. 17. doi:10.1145/642611.642616.
^ Mackay, Wendy E. (1991). Triggers and barriers to customizing software. CHI '91: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. pp. 153–160. doi:10.1145/108844.108867.
^ "Wendy Mackay's CV". lri.fr.
^ Wellner, Pierre; Mackay, Wendy; Gold, Rich (1993). "Back to the real world". Communications of the ACM. 36 (7): 24–26. doi:10.1145/159544.159555. ISSN 0001-0782. S2CID 21169183.
^ MacKay, Wendy E. (1999). "Is paper safer? The role of paper flight strips in air traffic control". ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction. 6 (4): 311–340. doi:10.1145/331490.331491. ISSN 1073-0516. S2CID 2759800.
^ https://ex-situ.lri.fr/people/mackay
^ Mackay, Wendy E. (1988). "Diversity in the use of electronic mail: a preliminary inquiry". ACM Transactions on Information Systems. 6 (4): 380–397. doi:10.1145/58566.58567. ISSN 1046-8188. S2CID 558592.
^ "2009 SIGCHI awards". sigchi.org.
^ Theophanis Tsandilas; Catherine Letondal; Wendy E. Mackay (2009). "Mus ink: Composing music through augmented drawing" (PDF). Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Boston, MA, USA: ACM. pp. 819–828. doi:10.1145/1518701.1518827. ISBN 9781605582467. S2CID 220980066.
^ Mathieu Nancel; Julie Wagner; Emmanuel Pietriga; Olivier Chapuis; Wendy Mackay (2011). "Mid-air pan-and-zoom on wall-sized displays" (PDF). Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Vancouver, BC, Canada: ACM. pp. 177–186. doi:10.1145/1978942.1978969. ISBN 9781450302289. S2CID 218672063.
^ "CHI'11 Best Paper Award". chi2011.org.
^ 2019 ACM Fellows Recognized for Far-Reaching Accomplishments that Define the Digital Age, Association for Computing Machinery, retrieved 2019-12-11
^ "Women in STEM: Professor Wendy Mackay recognised with Suffrage Science award". ex-situ.lri.fr.
^ "Wendy Mackay is awarded the ACM SIGCHI Lifetime Research Award". Université Paris-Saclay. 2024-04-12. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
^ "Wendy Mackay's personal website". lri.fr.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Israel
United States
Academics
Association for Computing Machinery
DBLP
Google Scholar
Scopus
Other
IdRef
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She is a member of the CHI Academy and a recipient of a European Research Council Advanced grant.[4][5] She has been a visiting professor in Stanford University between 2010 and 2012, and received the ACM SIGCHI Lifetime Service Award in 2014.[6]She leads research at Exsitu, while serving as research director with INRIA Saclay in France. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capos_(professional_wrestling)
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Los Capos
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["1 History","2 Los Capos Junior","3 Nueva Generación Dinamita","4 Championships and accomplishments","5 Luchas de Apuestas record","6 References"]
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Professional wrestling stable
This article is about the Mexican wrestlers. For other uses, see Capo (disambiguation).
Professional wrestling stable
Los CaposUniverso 2000, member of Los CaposStableMembersCien CarasMáscara Año 2000Universo 2000Name(s)Los CaposLos Hermanos DinamitaBilled heightsCien Caras 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in)Máscara Año 2000 1.79 m (5 ft 10 in)Universo 2000 1.82 m (6 ft 0 in)Combinedbilled weightCien Caras 102 kg (225 lb)Máscara Año 2000 97 kg (214 lb)Universo 2000 102 kg (225 lb)Formermember(s)Apolo DantésDebut1980s
Los Capos (Spanish for "The Bosses") was a Lucha Libre stable consisting of Cien Caras, Máscara Año 2000 (often written as "Dos Mil") and Universo 2000, and at one point also included Apolo Dantés. Los Capos is also often referred to as Los Hermanos Dinamita (Spanish for "The Dynamite Brothers") when working without Apolo Dantés as Cien Caras, Máscara Año 2000 and Universo 2000 are brothers. They have worked primarily in Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) but also worked in AAA and currently do guest spots for the International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG).
History
Los Hermanos Dinamita was formed in the late 1980s after Universo 2000 made his professional wrestling debut and began working with his older brothers Cien Caras and Máscara Año 2000. It was not until the early 1990s that the group began to work together on a regular basis when all three brothers worked for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) that the trio began to get noticed. While they worked as a team their biggest success came in individual competition, especially the oldest brother Cien Caras who won the CMLL World Heavyweight Championship. When former CMLL booker Antonio Peña left the promotion to form Asistencia Asesoría y Administración, later known simply as "AAA", jumped ship with him to continue with Konnan and became an integral part of the AAA's heavyweight division in its formative years. Cien Caras was a key factor in the events that led to the largest crown in Mexican wrestling history, 48,000 people, at Triplemanía I. While still working for CMLL Los Hermanas Dinamitas had won the Mexican National Trios Championship from Octagón, Atlantis and Máscara Sagrada and when they left CMLL they took the championship with them to AAA. The team held on to the Trios Title until they were defeated on April 26, 1994 almost three years after winning it. By the mid-1990s the group broke up as the brothers left AAA one by one to work on the Mexican Independent wrestling circuit or returned to CMLL.
Máscara Año 2000 wearing his mask in November 2018
Universo 2000 was the first to return to CMLL and saw a lot of success as an individual wrestler, capturing the CMLL World Heavyweight Championship on three separate occasions. after the turn of the millennia Universo 2000 was joined by his older brothers as well as CMLL veteran Apolo Dantés, collectively known as "Los Capos", although the brothers were still referred to as "Los Hermanos Dinamita" when they appeared without Dantés. The group was a fixture in the heavyweight division, often helping Universo 2000 retain his title through unfair means. Los Capos worked mainly trios matches, most often as Rudos (the Spanish term for a "wrestling villain"), although at time they were cheered when working against other Rudos such as Pierroth Jr. or "Los Talibanes" (Emilio Charles Jr., Scorpio Jr. and Bestia Salvaje). By 2004 Los Capos were winding down their in-ring activities with the retirement of Cien Caras in the works. The retirement storyline involved Los Capos feuding with Perro Aguayo Jr. and his father, Lucha Libre legend Perro Aguayo. This started out with Aguayo Jr. and El Terrible defeating Cien Caras and Máscara Año 2000 in a Luchas de Apuestas, hair vs. hair match where Caras and Máscara Año 2000 had put their hair on the line. After being shaved bald Los Capos attacked Perro Aguayo Jr. only to see Perro, Sr. run in to make the save. By the end of 2004 it was announced that Cien Caras would wrestle his last match on December 27, 2004 in a Luchas de Apuesta match teaming with Máscara Año 2000 against Pierroth Jr. and Vampiro Canadiense. Los Capos won the match and Cien Caras had a retirement ceremony after the match. The retirement was short lived as Caras ran in during a show and attacked Perro Aguayo Jr. stating that he had unfinished business with the young Aguayo and his father. The storyline culminated in a match at the annual Homenaje a Dos Leyendas show where Perro Sr. came out of retirement to team with his son, defeating Cien Caras and Máscara Año 2000 in a hair vs. hair match that saw Los Capos shaved bald once again. After the storyline with the Aguayos ended Los Capos slowly faded from CMLL. Apolo Dantés began working as a booker and trainer while Los Hermanos Dinamita worked a reduced scheduled before leaving CMLL completely.
Los Capos Junior
In 2006 a group called Los Capos Junior or Los Dinamitas Junior began working for International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG), supposedly the sons of Los Hermanos Dinamita. While Cien Caras, Máscara Año 2000 and Universo 2000 all made IWRG appearances, endorsing Los Junior Capos it was later confirmed that most of the Juniors are not actually related to Los Hermanos Dinamita. El Hijo de Cien Caras (Spanish for "the son of Cien Caras") previously worked as "Suplex" and was actually the brother of L.A. Park. Cien Caras, Jr. previously worked as "Sheriff", he is also not a blood relation of Cien Caras. Máscara Año 2000, Jr. has been confirmed as being the son of Máscara Año 2000 and it is believed Hijo de Máscara Año 2000 is as well, although that remains unconfirmed.
Nueva Generación Dinamita
Sansón, El Cuatrero and Forastero outside the ring in November 2018
In late 2015 , Sansón and El Cuatrero (sons of Cien Caras) teamed with Forastero (a nephew of the entire Los Capos group) to create "Nueva Generación Dinamita" , the team later won the Occidente Trios Championship. all three participated in the La Copa Junior 2017. Cuatrero was placed in Block A and Sansón and Forastero were placed in Block B. Cuatrero defeated The Panther and Drone before losing to eventual winner Soberano Jr. Forastero defeated Stigma before being eliminated by Blue Panther Jr. and Sansón defeated Star Jr. , Blue Panther Jr. and Esfinge qualifying for the finals where he was defeated by Soberano Jr.. all three participated in the Torneo Gran Alternativa where a young (novato) wrestler teams with an older, more experienced wrestler. for the tournament Sansón teamed up with Último Guerrero, Forastero with Mascara Año 2000 and Cuatrero and Shocker. Sansón and Último Guerrero defeated Pegasso and Blue Panther and Atlantis and Esfinge before losing to Soberano Jr. and Carístico in the finals. Shocker and Cuatrero defeated Stigma and Titán before losing to Esfinge and Atlantis. Forastero and Mascara Año 2000 lost to Atlantis and Esfinge, not making it through the first round. On July 22, 2017, Sansón and Cuatrero defeated Black Terry and Negro Navarro to win the CMLL Arena Coliseo Tag Team Championship. on July 25, the team defeated Mephisto , Luciferno and Ephesto to win the Mexican National Trios Championship. At the CMLL 84th Anniversary Show , they lost to Diamante Azul , Marco Corleone and Valiente. November 3, the team participated in a torneo cibernetico to crown the first CMLL Rey del Inframundo Champion also featuring Hechicero, Místico, Diamante Azul, Soberano Jr. and Valiente that saw Sansón pin Soberano to win the match and the championship.
Championships and accomplishments
Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre
Mexican National Tag Team Championship (1 time) - Cien Caras and Máscara Año 2000
Mexican National Trios Championship (1 time) - Cien Caras, Máscara Año 2000 and Universo 2000
CMLL World Heavyweight Championship (4 times) - Cien Caras (1), Universo 2000 (3)
Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide
AAA World Trios Championship (1 time) - El Cuatrero, Sansón and Forastero
AAA World Tag Team Championship (1 time, current) - Sansón and Forastero
Luchas de Apuestas record
See also: Luchas de Apuestas
Winner (wager)
Loser (wager)
Location
Event
Date
Notes
Perro Aguayo, Jr. and El Terrible (hair)
Cien Caras and Máscara Año 2000 (hair)
Mexico City
CMLL show
March 19, 2004
Cien Caras and Máscara Año 2000 (hair)
Pierroth, Jr. and Vampiro Canadiense (hair)
Mexico City
Sin Piedad
December 17, 2004
Perro Aguayo and Perro Aguayo Jr. (hair)
Cien Caras and Máscara Año 2000 (hair)
Mexico City
CMLL show
May 18, 2004
References
^ a b c Royal Duncan and Gary Will (2000). "Mexico: EMLL CMLL Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre heavyweight Title". Wrestling Title Histories. Archeus Communications. p. 395. ISBN 0-9698161-5-4.
^ "TripleMania: Mexico's answer to WrestleMania". Slam! Sports. Canadian Online Explorer. 2000-07-05. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved 2008-06-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ a b c d e f "Enciclopedia de las Mascaras". Cien Caras (in Spanish). Mexico. July 2007. p. 55. Tomo I.
^ a b "Los Reyes de Mexico: La Historia de Los Campeonatos Nacionales". Lucha 2000 (in Spanish). December 20, 2004. Especial 21.
^ Súper Luchas staff (January 24, 2005). "Número Especial - Lo mejor de la lucha libre mexicana durante el 2004". Súper Luchas (in Spanish). issue 91.
vteLos CaposOriginal Capos
Cien Caras
Máscara Año 2000
Universo 2000
Apolo Dantés
Los Capos Junior
Cien Caras Jr.
El Hijo de Cien Caras
Hijo de Máscara Año 2000
Máscara Año 2000 Jr.
Nueva Generación Dinamitas
El Cuatrero
Sansón
Forastero
Related
Universo 2000 Jr.
vteMexican National Tag Team Champions1950s
Los Hermanos Shadow (Black Shadow and Blue Demon)
Espectro I and Ray Mendoza
Tarzán López and Henry Pilusso
1960s
Los Rebeldes (Rene Guajardo and Karloff Lagarde)
Los Espantos (Espanto I and Espanto II)
Rayo de Jalisco and El Santo
La Ola Blanca (Ángel Blanco and Dr. Wagner)
1970s
Los Villanos (Villano I and Villano II)
Bruno Victoria and Dr. O'Borman
1980s
El Halcón and El Falcón
Los Brazos (Brazo de Oro and Brazo de Plata)
Cachorro Mendoza and Ringo Mendoza
Cien Caras and Sangre Chicana
Tony Benetto and Rayo de Jalisco Jr.
Los Hermanos Dinamita (Cien Caras and Máscara Año 2000)
Los Infernales (Masakre and MS-1)
Ángel Azteca and Atlantis
Bestia Salvaje and Pierroth Jr.
1990s
Ángel Azteca and Volador
Los Destructores (Tony Arce and Volcano)
Los Metálicos (Oro and Plata)
Misterioso and Volador
Los Destructores (Tony Arce and Rocco Valente)
Heavy Metal and Latin Lover
Fuerza Guerrera and Juventud Guerrera
Latin Lover and Panterita del Ring
Juventud Guerrera and Psicosis
Fuerza Guerrera and Mosco de la Merced
Perro Aguayo and Perro Aguayo Jr.
Los Vipers (Abismo Negro and Electroshock)
Hator and The Panther
2000s
Perro Aguayo Jr. and Héctor Garza
Los Consagrados (Pirata Morgan and El Texano)
Máscara Sagrada and La Parka Jr.
Chessman and Electroshock
Octagón and La Parka
2020s
Atlantis Jr. and Flyer
Los Atrapa Sueños (Espíritu Negro and Rey Cometa)
Felino Jr. and Pólvora
Esfinge and Fugaz
Rugido and Magnus (current)
vteMexican National Trios Champions1980s
Los Infernales (MS-1, Pirata Morgan and El Satánico)
Los Brazos (El Brazo, Brazo de Oro and Brazo de Plata)
Dos Caras, Villano III and Villano IV
Kiss, Ringo Mendoza and Rayo de Jalisco Jr.
Hombre Bala, Jerry Estrada and Pirata Morgan
Los Destructores (Tony Arce, Emilio Charles Jr. and Vulcano)
Black Terry, Jose Luis Feliciano and Shu El Guerrero
1990s
Los Arqueros del Espacio (El Arquero, Danny Boy and Lasser)
Los Thundercats (Leono, Panthro and Tigro)
Atlantis, Máscara Sagrada and Octagón
Los Hermanos Dinamita (Cien Caras, Máscara Año 2000 and Universo 2000)
Los Payasos (Coco Amarillo, Coco Azul and Coco Rojo)
Ángel Azteca, El Hijo del Santo and Super Muñeco
Los Destructores (Tony Arce, Rocco Valente and Vulcano)
Rey Misterio Jr., Octagón and Super Muñeco
Blue Panther, Fuerza Guerrera and Psicosis
Blue Panther, Fuerza Guerrera and El Signo
2000s
Mr. Niebla, Olímpico and Safari
Los Nuevos Infernales (Averno, Mephisto and El Satánico)
La Familia de Tijuana (Damián 666, Halloween and Nicho el Millonario)
El Felino, Safari and Volador Jr.
Pandilla Guerrera (Doctor X, Nitro and Sangre Azteca)
Máximo, El Sagrado and El Texano Jr.
Los Perros del Mal (Mr. Águila, Damián 666 and Halloween)
El Sagrado, La Sombra and Volador Jr.
Poder Mexica (Sangre Azteca, Black Warrior and Dragón Rojo Jr.)
2010s
Stuka Jr., Metro and Máscara Dorada / Delta
Ángel de Oro, Diamante and Rush
Los Invasores (Olímpico, Psicosis II and Volador Jr.)
Los Reyes de la Atlantida (Atlantis, Delta and Guerrero Maya Jr.)
Los Depredadores del Aire (Black Warrior, Mr. Águila and Volador Jr.)
Los Invasores (Kraneo, Mr. Águila and Psicosis II)
La Máscara, Rush and Titán
La Peste Negra (El Felino, Mr. Niebla and Negro Casas)
Los Hijos del Infierno (Mephisto, Ephesto and Luciferno)
Nueva Generación Dinamitas (El Cuatrero, Forastero and Sansón)
2020s
Los Cancerberos del Infierno (Cancerbero, Raziel and Virus)
Los Atrapa Sueños (Dulce Gardenia, Espíritu Negro and Rey Cometa)
Los Indestructibles (Apocalipsis, El Cholo and Disturbio) (current)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Capo (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capo_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Lucha Libre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucha_Libre"},{"link_name":"stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms#Stable"},{"link_name":"Cien Caras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cien_Caras"},{"link_name":"Máscara Año 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1scara_A%C3%B1o_2000"},{"link_name":"Universo 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universo_2000"},{"link_name":"Apolo Dantés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolo_Dant%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consejo_Mundial_de_Lucha_Libre"},{"link_name":"AAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucha_Libre_AAA_World_Wide"},{"link_name":"International Wrestling Revolution Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Wrestling_Revolution_Group"}],"text":"This article is about the Mexican wrestlers. For other uses, see Capo (disambiguation).Professional wrestling stableLos Capos (Spanish for \"The Bosses\") was a Lucha Libre stable consisting of Cien Caras, Máscara Año 2000 (often written as \"Dos Mil\") and Universo 2000, and at one point also included Apolo Dantés. Los Capos is also often referred to as Los Hermanos Dinamita (Spanish for \"The Dynamite Brothers\") when working without Apolo Dantés as Cien Caras, Máscara Año 2000 and Universo 2000 are brothers. They have worked primarily in Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) but also worked in AAA and currently do guest spots for the International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG).","title":"Los Capos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Universo 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universo_2000"},{"link_name":"Cien Caras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cien_Caras"},{"link_name":"Máscara Año 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1scara_A%C3%B1o_2000"},{"link_name":"Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consejo_Mundial_de_Lucha_Libre"},{"link_name":"CMLL World Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMLL_World_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMLLHeavy-1"},{"link_name":"Antonio Peña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Pe%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Asistencia Asesoría y Administración","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asistencia_Asesor%C3%ADa_y_Administraci%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Konnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konnan"},{"link_name":"Triplemanía I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripleman%C3%ADa_I"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-answer-2"},{"link_name":"Mexican National Trios Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_National_Trios_Championship"},{"link_name":"Octagón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octag%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Atlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Máscara Sagrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1scara_Sagrada"},{"link_name":"Independent wrestling circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_circuit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CMLL_November_30_Mascara_Ano_2000.jpg"},{"link_name":"Máscara Año 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1scara_A%C3%B1o_2000"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMLLHeavy-1"},{"link_name":"Apolo Dantés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolo_Dant%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Rudos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heel_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"Pierroth Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierroth_Jr."},{"link_name":"Emilio Charles Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Charles_Jr."},{"link_name":"Scorpio Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpio_Jr."},{"link_name":"Bestia Salvaje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestia_Salvaje"},{"link_name":"Perro Aguayo Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perro_Aguayo_Jr."},{"link_name":"Perro Aguayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perro_Aguayo"},{"link_name":"El Terrible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Terrible"},{"link_name":"Luchas de Apuestas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucha_libre#Luchas_de_Apuestas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncyCienCaras-3"},{"link_name":"Vampiro Canadiense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampiro"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncyCienCaras-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncyCienCaras-3"}],"text":"Los Hermanos Dinamita was formed in the late 1980s after Universo 2000 made his professional wrestling debut and began working with his older brothers Cien Caras and Máscara Año 2000. It was not until the early 1990s that the group began to work together on a regular basis when all three brothers worked for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) that the trio began to get noticed. While they worked as a team their biggest success came in individual competition, especially the oldest brother Cien Caras who won the CMLL World Heavyweight Championship.[1] When former CMLL booker Antonio Peña left the promotion to form Asistencia Asesoría y Administración, later known simply as \"AAA\", jumped ship with him to continue with Konnan and became an integral part of the AAA's heavyweight division in its formative years. Cien Caras was a key factor in the events that led to the largest crown in Mexican wrestling history, 48,000 people, at Triplemanía I.[2] While still working for CMLL Los Hermanas Dinamitas had won the Mexican National Trios Championship from Octagón, Atlantis and Máscara Sagrada and when they left CMLL they took the championship with them to AAA. The team held on to the Trios Title until they were defeated on April 26, 1994 almost three years after winning it. By the mid-1990s the group broke up as the brothers left AAA one by one to work on the Mexican Independent wrestling circuit or returned to CMLL.Máscara Año 2000 wearing his mask in November 2018Universo 2000 was the first to return to CMLL and saw a lot of success as an individual wrestler, capturing the CMLL World Heavyweight Championship on three separate occasions.[1] after the turn of the millennia Universo 2000 was joined by his older brothers as well as CMLL veteran Apolo Dantés, collectively known as \"Los Capos\", although the brothers were still referred to as \"Los Hermanos Dinamita\" when they appeared without Dantés. The group was a fixture in the heavyweight division, often helping Universo 2000 retain his title through unfair means. Los Capos worked mainly trios matches, most often as Rudos (the Spanish term for a \"wrestling villain\"), although at time they were cheered when working against other Rudos such as Pierroth Jr. or \"Los Talibanes\" (Emilio Charles Jr., Scorpio Jr. and Bestia Salvaje). By 2004 Los Capos were winding down their in-ring activities with the retirement of Cien Caras in the works. The retirement storyline involved Los Capos feuding with Perro Aguayo Jr. and his father, Lucha Libre legend Perro Aguayo. This started out with Aguayo Jr. and El Terrible defeating Cien Caras and Máscara Año 2000 in a Luchas de Apuestas, hair vs. hair match where Caras and Máscara Año 2000 had put their hair on the line.[3] After being shaved bald Los Capos attacked Perro Aguayo Jr. only to see Perro, Sr. run in to make the save. By the end of 2004 it was announced that Cien Caras would wrestle his last match on December 27, 2004 in a Luchas de Apuesta match teaming with Máscara Año 2000 against Pierroth Jr. and Vampiro Canadiense. Los Capos won the match and Cien Caras had a retirement ceremony after the match.[3] The retirement was short lived as Caras ran in during a show and attacked Perro Aguayo Jr. stating that he had unfinished business with the young Aguayo and his father. The storyline culminated in a match at the annual Homenaje a Dos Leyendas show where Perro Sr. came out of retirement to team with his son, defeating Cien Caras and Máscara Año 2000 in a hair vs. hair match that saw Los Capos shaved bald once again.[3] After the storyline with the Aguayos ended Los Capos slowly faded from CMLL. Apolo Dantés began working as a booker and trainer while Los Hermanos Dinamita worked a reduced scheduled before leaving CMLL completely.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Capos Junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Capos_Junior"},{"link_name":"International Wrestling Revolution Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Wrestling_Revolution_Group"},{"link_name":"El Hijo de Cien Caras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Hijo_de_Cien_Caras"},{"link_name":"L.A. Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Tapia"},{"link_name":"Cien Caras, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cien_Caras,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Máscara Año 2000, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1scara_A%C3%B1o_2000,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Hijo de Máscara Año 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijo_de_M%C3%A1scara_A%C3%B1o_2000"}],"text":"In 2006 a group called Los Capos Junior or Los Dinamitas Junior began working for International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG), supposedly the sons of Los Hermanos Dinamita. While Cien Caras, Máscara Año 2000 and Universo 2000 all made IWRG appearances, endorsing Los Junior Capos it was later confirmed that most of the Juniors are not actually related to Los Hermanos Dinamita. El Hijo de Cien Caras (Spanish for \"the son of Cien Caras\") previously worked as \"Suplex\" and was actually the brother of L.A. Park. Cien Caras, Jr. previously worked as \"Sheriff\", he is also not a blood relation of Cien Caras. Máscara Año 2000, Jr. has been confirmed as being the son of Máscara Año 2000 and it is believed Hijo de Máscara Año 2000 is as well, although that remains unconfirmed.","title":"Los Capos Junior"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nueva_Generacion_Dinamitas.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sansón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans%C3%B3n_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"El Cuatrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cuatrero"},{"link_name":"Forastero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forastero"},{"link_name":"Sansón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans%C3%B3n_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"El Cuatrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cuatrero"},{"link_name":"Forastero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forastero"},{"link_name":"La Copa Junior 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Copa_Junior#La_Copa_Junior_Nuevos_Valores_tournament_(2017)"},{"link_name":"The Panther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Panther_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Drone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hombre_Bala_Jr."},{"link_name":"Soberano Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soberano_Jr."},{"link_name":"Stigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigma_(luchador)"},{"link_name":"Blue Panther Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Panther_Jr."},{"link_name":"Star Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Jr."},{"link_name":"Esfinge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esfinge"},{"link_name":"Torneo Gran Alternativa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torneo_Gran_Alternativa_(2017)"},{"link_name":"Último Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Altimo_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"Shocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shocker_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Pegasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegasso"},{"link_name":"Blue Panther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Panther_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Atlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Carístico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car%C3%ADstico"},{"link_name":"Titán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tit%C3%A1n_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Black Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Terry"},{"link_name":"Negro Navarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_Navarro"},{"link_name":"CMLL Arena Coliseo Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMLL_Arena_Coliseo_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"Mephisto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mephisto_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Luciferno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciferno"},{"link_name":"Ephesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesto"},{"link_name":"Mexican National Trios Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_National_Trios_Championship"},{"link_name":"CMLL 84th Anniversary Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMLL_84th_Anniversary_Show"},{"link_name":"Diamante Azul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamante_Azul"},{"link_name":"Marco Corleone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Corleone"},{"link_name":"Valiente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valiente_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"torneo cibernetico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torneo_cibernetico"},{"link_name":"Hechicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hechicero"},{"link_name":"Místico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADstico_II"}],"text":"Sansón, El Cuatrero and Forastero outside the ring in November 2018In late 2015 , Sansón and El Cuatrero (sons of Cien Caras) teamed with Forastero (a nephew of the entire Los Capos group) to create \"Nueva Generación Dinamita\" , the team later won the Occidente Trios Championship. all three participated in the La Copa Junior 2017. Cuatrero was placed in Block A and Sansón and Forastero were placed in Block B. Cuatrero defeated The Panther and Drone before losing to eventual winner Soberano Jr. Forastero defeated Stigma before being eliminated by Blue Panther Jr. and Sansón defeated Star Jr. , Blue Panther Jr. and Esfinge qualifying for the finals where he was defeated by Soberano Jr.. all three participated in the Torneo Gran Alternativa where a young (novato) wrestler teams with an older, more experienced wrestler. for the tournament Sansón teamed up with Último Guerrero, Forastero with Mascara Año 2000 and Cuatrero and Shocker. Sansón and Último Guerrero defeated Pegasso and Blue Panther and Atlantis and Esfinge before losing to Soberano Jr. and Carístico in the finals. Shocker and Cuatrero defeated Stigma and Titán before losing to Esfinge and Atlantis. Forastero and Mascara Año 2000 lost to Atlantis and Esfinge, not making it through the first round. On July 22, 2017, Sansón and Cuatrero defeated Black Terry and Negro Navarro to win the CMLL Arena Coliseo Tag Team Championship. on July 25, the team defeated Mephisto , Luciferno and Ephesto to win the Mexican National Trios Championship. At the CMLL 84th Anniversary Show , they lost to Diamante Azul , Marco Corleone and Valiente. November 3, the team participated in a torneo cibernetico to crown the first CMLL Rey del Inframundo Champion also featuring Hechicero, Místico, Diamante Azul, Soberano Jr. and Valiente that saw Sansón pin Soberano to win the match and the championship.","title":"Nueva Generación Dinamita"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consejo_Mundial_de_Lucha_Libre"},{"link_name":"Mexican National Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_National_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_National_Tag_Team_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"Cien Caras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cien_Caras"},{"link_name":"Máscara Año 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1scara_A%C3%B1o_2000"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NatTitle-4"},{"link_name":"Mexican National Trios Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_National_Trios_Championship"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mexican_National_Trios_Champions"},{"link_name":"Universo 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universo_2000"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NatTitle-4"},{"link_name":"CMLL World Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMLL_World_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"4 times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_CMLL_World_Heavyweight_Champions"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMLLHeavy-1"},{"link_name":"Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucha_Libre_AAA_Worldwide"},{"link_name":"AAA World Trios Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAA_World_Trios_Championship"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAA_World_Trios_Championship#Reigns"},{"link_name":"El Cuatrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cuatrero"},{"link_name":"Sansón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans%C3%B3n_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Forastero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forastero"},{"link_name":"AAA World Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAA_World_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"1 time, current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAA_World_Tag_Team_Championship#AAA_World_Tag_Team_Title_Reigns"}],"text":"Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre\nMexican National Tag Team Championship (1 time) - Cien Caras and Máscara Año 2000[4]\nMexican National Trios Championship (1 time) - Cien Caras, Máscara Año 2000 and Universo 2000[4]\nCMLL World Heavyweight Championship (4 times) - Cien Caras (1), Universo 2000 (3)[1]\nLucha Libre AAA Worldwide\nAAA World Trios Championship (1 time) - El Cuatrero, Sansón and Forastero\nAAA World Tag Team Championship (1 time, current) - Sansón and Forastero","title":"Championships and accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luchas de Apuestas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucha_libre#Luchas_de_Apuestas"}],"text":"See also: Luchas de Apuestas","title":"Luchas de Apuestas record"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Máscara Año 2000 wearing his mask in November 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/CMLL_November_30_Mascara_Ano_2000.jpg/220px-CMLL_November_30_Mascara_Ano_2000.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sansón, El Cuatrero and Forastero outside the ring in November 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Nueva_Generacion_Dinamitas.jpg/220px-Nueva_Generacion_Dinamitas.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Royal Duncan and Gary Will (2000). \"Mexico: EMLL CMLL Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre heavyweight Title\". Wrestling Title Histories. Archeus Communications. p. 395. ISBN 0-9698161-5-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9698161-5-4","url_text":"0-9698161-5-4"}]},{"reference":"\"TripleMania: Mexico's answer to WrestleMania\". Slam! Sports. Canadian Online Explorer. 2000-07-05. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved 2008-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120717024437/http://slam.canoe.ca/SlamWrestlingInternational/triplemania.html","url_text":"\"TripleMania: Mexico's answer to WrestleMania\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Online_Explorer","url_text":"Canadian Online Explorer"}]},{"reference":"\"Enciclopedia de las Mascaras\". Cien Caras (in Spanish). Mexico. July 2007. p. 55. Tomo I.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico","url_text":"Mexico"}]},{"reference":"\"Los Reyes de Mexico: La Historia de Los Campeonatos Nacionales\". Lucha 2000 (in Spanish). December 20, 2004. Especial 21.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Súper Luchas staff (January 24, 2005). \"Número Especial - Lo mejor de la lucha libre mexicana durante el 2004\". Súper Luchas (in Spanish). issue 91.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAper_Luchas","url_text":"Súper Luchas"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120717024437/http://slam.canoe.ca/SlamWrestlingInternational/triplemania.html","external_links_name":"\"TripleMania: Mexico's answer to WrestleMania\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_C%C3%A1rdenas
|
Félix Cárdenas
|
["1 Major results","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Colombian road bicycle racer
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Cárdenas and the second or maternal family name is Ravalo.
Félix CárdenasPersonal informationFull nameFélix Rafael Cárdenas RavaloBorn (1973-11-24) November 24, 1973 (age 50)Encino, Santander, ColombiaTeam informationCurrent teamRetiredDisciplineRoadRoleRiderRider typeClimbing specialistAmateur teams1995–1996Pony Malta1997Lotería de Boyacá1998Petróleos de Colombia1999Lotería de Santander2010–2012GW–Shimano2013–2014Formesan–Bogotá Humana
Professional teams2000–2001Kelme–Costa Blanca2002Cage Maglierie200305 Orbitel2003–2004Cafés Baque2005–2009Barloworld
Managerial team2017GW–Shimano
Major winsGrand Tours
Tour de France
1 individual stage (2001)
Vuelta a España
Mountains classification (2003, 2004)
3 individual stages (2000, 2003, 2004)
One-day races and Classics
National Road Race Championships (2010, 2012)
Félix Rafael Cárdenas Ravalo (born November 24, 1973, in Encino, Santander) is a Colombian former road bicycle racer, who competed both as an amateur and as a professional between 1995 and 2014. He previously rode for UCI Professional Continental team Barloworld until the team's demise in 2009.
In the 2001 Tour de France, Cardenas took one of the biggest victory of his career on the mountainous stage 12. He crossed the line solo in Ax-les-Thermes, with Roberto Laiseka and Lance Armstrong rounding the podium. He performed his trademark victory salute, standing on the pedals with arms raised high in the air.
Major results
1996
Clásico RCN
1st Mountains classification
1st Stage 3
1998
6th Overall Clásico RCN
1999
3rd Overall Vuelta a Colombia
2000
1st Mountains classification Tour de Romandie
Tour du Limousin
1st Mountains classification
1st Stage 4
1st Stage 10 Vuelta a España
2001
1st Mountains classification Volta a Catalunya
1st Stage 12 Tour de France
10th Overall Euskal Bizikleta
2002
1st Stage 4 Giro del Trentino
Vuelta a Colombia
1st Stages 9 & 11
5th Giro della Romagna
7th Giro di Toscana
2003
1st Overall Vuelta a La Rioja
1st Mountains classification
1st Stage 3
1st Stage 4 Vuelta a Castilla y León
2nd Overall Vuelta a Colombia
1st Stages 7 & 11
4th Subida al Naranco
8th Overall Vuelta a España
1st Mountains classification
1st Stage 16
2004
Vuelta a España
1st Mountains classification
1st Stage 17
2nd Overall Clásico RCN
2nd Overall Vuelta a Asturias
7th Subida al Naranco
8th Gran Premio de Llodio
2005
1st Overall Tour of Japan
1st Points classification
1st Mountains classification
1st Stages 3 & 5
3rd Gran Premio Nobili Rubinetterie
10th Overall Vuelta a Aragón
2006
1st Prueba Villafranca de Ordizia
1st Gran Premio Industria e Commercio Artigianato Carnaghese
1st Stage 1 Brixia Tour
6th Overall Giro del Capo
9th Overall Peace Race
2007
2nd Overall Giro del Capo
1st Stage 1
2nd Overall Volta ao Alentejo
2nd Gran Premio Nobili Rubinetterie
7th Overall Settimana Ciclistica Lombarda
8th Trofeo Melinda
2008
6th Overall Giro del Capo
2009
6th Overall Tour Méditerranéen
7th Giro di Toscana
8th GP Industria & Artigianato di Larciano
2010
1st Road race, National Road Championships
1st Overall Clásico RCN
2011
1st Overall Vuelta a Colombia
1st Stage 4
2012
1st Road race, National Road Championships
1st Overall Vuelta a Colombia
1st Points classification
1st Stages 3, 4 & 10
2nd Overall Vuelta Ciclista de Chile
1st Stage 9
2013
1st Stage 9 Vuelta a Colombia
2014
1st Stage 8 Vuelta a Colombia
7th Overall Vuelta al Táchira
7th Overall Vuelta a la Independencia Nacional
References
^ "CQ – CARDENAS RAVALO Felix Rafael". Cqranking.com. 1972-11-24. Retrieved 2012-01-24.
^ Tim Maloney (20 July 2001). "California Dreaming and Felix Festa Nacional". Cycling News. Future Publishing Limited. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
External links
Profile at Barloworld official website
Félix Cárdenas at ProCyclingStats
Félix Cárdenas at trap-friis.dk
vteVuelta a España mountains classification winners
1935: Edoardo Molinar
1936: Salvador Molina
1941: Fermín Trueba
1942: Julián Berrendero
1945: Julián Berrendero
1946–47: Emilio Rodriguez
1948: Bernardo Ruiz
1950: Emilio Rodriguez
1955: Giuseppe Buratti
1956: Nino Defilippis
1957–58: Federico Bahamontes
1959: Antonio Suárez
1960–62: Antonio Karmany
1963–65: Julio Jiménez
1966: Gregorio San Miguel
1967: Mariano Díaz
1968: Francisco Gabica
1969: Luis Ocaña
1970: Agustín Tamames
1971: Joop Zoetemelk
1972: José Manuel Fuente
1973–74: José Luis Abilleira
1975–76: Andrés Oliva
1977: Pedro Torres
1978: Andrés Oliva
1979: Felipe Yáñez
1980: Juan Fernández
1981–83: José Luis Laguía
1984: Felipe Yáñez
1985–86: José Luis Laguía
1987: Luis Herrera
1988: Álvaro Pino
1989: Óscar Vargas
1990: José Martín Farfán
1991: Luis Herrera
1992: Carlos Hernández Bailo
1993: Tony Rominger
1994: Luc Leblanc
1995: Laurent Jalabert
1996: Tony Rominger
1997–99: José María Jiménez
2000: Carlos Sastre
2001: José María Jiménez
2002: Aitor Osa
2003–04: Félix Cárdenas
2005: Joaquín Rodríguez
2006: Egoi Martínez
2007: Denis Menchov
2008–11: David Moncoutié
2012: Simon Clarke
2013: Nicolas Edet
2014: Luis León Sánchez
2015–16: Omar Fraile
2017: Davide Villella
2018: Thomas De Gendt
2019: Geoffrey Bouchard
2020: Guillaume Martin
2021: Michael Storer
2022: Richard Carapaz
2023: Remco Evenepoel
vteColombian National Road Race Champions (men)1980–1999
Fabio Parra (1985)
Antonio Londoño (1986)
Reynel Montoya (1987–1989)
William Pulido (1990)
Jorge Otálvaro (1991–1992)
Federico Muñoz (1993)
Luis Alberto González (1994)
Efraím Rico (1995)
Celio Roncancio (1996)
José Castelblanco (1997)
Johny Ruiz (1998)
César Goyeneche (1999)
2000–2019
Héctor Valenzuela (2000)
Daniel Rincón (2001)
Jhon García (2002)
Élder Herrera (2003)
Israel Ochoa (2004)
Walter Pedraza (2005)
Alejandro Cortés (2006)
Fidel Chacón (2007)
Darwin Atapuma (2008)
Óscar Álvarez (2009)
Félix Cárdenas (2010)
Weimar Roldán (2011)
Félix Cárdenas (2012)
Walter Pedraza (2013)
Miguel Ángel Rubiano (2014)
Robinson Chalapud (2015)
Edwin Ávila (2016)
Sergio Henao (2017–2018)
Óscar Quiroz (2019)
2020–2039
Sergio Higuita (2020)
Aristóbulo Cala (2021)
Sergio Higuita (2022)
Esteban Chaves (2023)
Alejandro Osorio (2024)
This biographical article relating to Colombian cycling is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Encino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encino,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Santander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santander_Department"},{"link_name":"road bicycle racer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_bicycle_racer"},{"link_name":"UCI Professional Continental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_Professional_Continental"},{"link_name":"Barloworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barloworld_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2001 Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Ax-les-Thermes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ax-les-Thermes"},{"link_name":"Roberto Laiseka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Laiseka"},{"link_name":"Lance Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Cárdenas and the second or maternal family name is Ravalo.Félix Rafael Cárdenas Ravalo (born November 24, 1973, in Encino, Santander) is a Colombian former road bicycle racer, who competed both as an amateur and as a professional between 1995 and 2014. He previously rode for UCI Professional Continental team Barloworld until the team's demise in 2009.[1]In the 2001 Tour de France, Cardenas took one of the biggest victory of his career on the mountainous stage 12. He crossed the line solo in Ax-les-Thermes, with Roberto Laiseka and Lance Armstrong rounding the podium. He performed his trademark victory salute, standing on the pedals with arms raised high in the air.[2]","title":"Félix Cárdenas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clásico RCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Cl%C3%A1sico_RCN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_polkadot.svg"},{"link_name":"Clásico RCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Cl%C3%A1sico_RCN"},{"link_name":"Vuelta a Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Vuelta_a_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Tour de Romandie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Tour_de_Romandie"},{"link_name":"Tour du Limousin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_du_Limousin"},{"link_name":"Vuelta a España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Volta a Catalunya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Volta_a_Catalunya"},{"link_name":"Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Euskal Bizikleta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskal_Bizikleta"},{"link_name":"Giro del Trentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_of_the_Alps"},{"link_name":"Vuelta a Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Vuelta_a_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Giro della Romagna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_della_Romagna"},{"link_name":"Giro di Toscana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_di_Toscana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_yellow.svg"},{"link_name":"Vuelta a La Rioja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelta_a_La_Rioja"},{"link_name":"Vuelta a Castilla y León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelta_a_Castilla_y_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Vuelta a Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Vuelta_a_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Subida al Naranco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subida_al_Naranco"},{"link_name":"Vuelta a España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_orange.svg"},{"link_name":"Mountains classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains_classification_in_the_Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Vuelta a España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_granate.svg"},{"link_name":"Mountains classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains_classification_in_the_Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Clásico RCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Cl%C3%A1sico_RCN"},{"link_name":"Vuelta a Asturias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelta_a_Asturias"},{"link_name":"Subida al Naranco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subida_al_Naranco"},{"link_name":"Gran Premio de Llodio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Premio_de_Llodio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_yellow.svg"},{"link_name":"Tour of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Gran Premio Nobili Rubinetterie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Premio_Nobili_Rubinetterie"},{"link_name":"Vuelta a Aragón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelta_a_Arag%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Prueba Villafranca de Ordizia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prueba_Villafranca_de_Ordizia"},{"link_name":"Gran Premio Industria e Commercio Artigianato Carnaghese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Premio_Industria_e_Commercio_Artigianato_Carnaghese"},{"link_name":"Brixia Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brixia_Tour"},{"link_name":"Giro del Capo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_del_Capo"},{"link_name":"Peace Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Race"},{"link_name":"Giro del Capo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_del_Capo"},{"link_name":"Volta ao Alentejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta_ao_Alentejo"},{"link_name":"Gran Premio Nobili Rubinetterie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Premio_Nobili_Rubinetterie"},{"link_name":"Settimana Ciclistica Lombarda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settimana_Ciclistica_Lombarda"},{"link_name":"Trofeo Melinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofeo_Melinda"},{"link_name":"Giro del Capo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_del_Capo"},{"link_name":"Tour Méditerranéen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9enne"},{"link_name":"Giro di Toscana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_di_Toscana"},{"link_name":"GP Industria & Artigianato di Larciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP_Industria_%26_Artigianato_di_Larciano"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotColombia.PNG"},{"link_name":"Road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_National_Road_Race_Championships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_yellow.svg"},{"link_name":"Clásico RCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A1sico_RCN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_yellow.svg"},{"link_name":"Vuelta a Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelta_a_Colombia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotColombia.PNG"},{"link_name":"Road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_National_Road_Race_Championships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_yellow.svg"},{"link_name":"Vuelta a Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelta_a_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Vuelta Ciclista de Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelta_Ciclista_de_Chile"},{"link_name":"Vuelta a Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelta_a_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Vuelta a Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Vuelta_a_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Vuelta al Táchira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelta_al_T%C3%A1chira"},{"link_name":"Vuelta a la Independencia Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelta_a_la_Independencia_Nacional"}],"text":"1996\nClásico RCN\n1st Mountains classification\n1st Stage 3\n1998\n6th Overall Clásico RCN\n1999\n3rd Overall Vuelta a Colombia\n2000\n1st Mountains classification Tour de Romandie\nTour du Limousin\n1st Mountains classification\n1st Stage 4\n1st Stage 10 Vuelta a España\n2001\n1st Mountains classification Volta a Catalunya\n1st Stage 12 Tour de France\n10th Overall Euskal Bizikleta\n2002\n1st Stage 4 Giro del Trentino\nVuelta a Colombia\n1st Stages 9 & 11\n5th Giro della Romagna\n7th Giro di Toscana\n2003\n1st Overall Vuelta a La Rioja\n1st Mountains classification\n1st Stage 3\n1st Stage 4 Vuelta a Castilla y León\n2nd Overall Vuelta a Colombia\n1st Stages 7 & 11\n4th Subida al Naranco\n8th Overall Vuelta a España\n1st Mountains classification\n1st Stage 16\n2004\nVuelta a España\n1st Mountains classification\n1st Stage 17\n2nd Overall Clásico RCN\n2nd Overall Vuelta a Asturias\n7th Subida al Naranco\n8th Gran Premio de Llodio\n2005\n1st Overall Tour of Japan\n1st Points classification\n1st Mountains classification\n1st Stages 3 & 5\n3rd Gran Premio Nobili Rubinetterie\n10th Overall Vuelta a Aragón\n2006\n1st Prueba Villafranca de Ordizia\n1st Gran Premio Industria e Commercio Artigianato Carnaghese\n1st Stage 1 Brixia Tour\n6th Overall Giro del Capo\n9th Overall Peace Race\n2007\n2nd Overall Giro del Capo\n1st Stage 1\n2nd Overall Volta ao Alentejo\n2nd Gran Premio Nobili Rubinetterie\n7th Overall Settimana Ciclistica Lombarda\n8th Trofeo Melinda\n2008\n6th Overall Giro del Capo\n2009\n6th Overall Tour Méditerranéen\n7th Giro di Toscana\n8th GP Industria & Artigianato di Larciano\n2010\n1st Road race, National Road Championships\n1st Overall Clásico RCN\n2011\n1st Overall Vuelta a Colombia\n1st Stage 4\n2012\n1st Road race, National Road Championships\n1st Overall Vuelta a Colombia\n1st Points classification\n1st Stages 3, 4 & 10\n2nd Overall Vuelta Ciclista de Chile\n1st Stage 9\n2013\n1st Stage 9 Vuelta a Colombia\n2014\n1st Stage 8 Vuelta a Colombia\n7th Overall Vuelta al Táchira\n7th Overall Vuelta a la Independencia Nacional","title":"Major results"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"CQ – CARDENAS RAVALO Felix Rafael\". Cqranking.com. 1972-11-24. Retrieved 2012-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cqranking.com/men/asp/gen/rider.asp?riderid=122","url_text":"\"CQ – CARDENAS RAVALO Felix Rafael\""}]},{"reference":"Tim Maloney (20 July 2001). \"California Dreaming and Felix Festa Nacional\". Cycling News. Future Publishing Limited. Retrieved 2 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/2001/tour01/results/results_stage_12.shtml","url_text":"\"California Dreaming and Felix Festa Nacional\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.cqranking.com/men/asp/gen/rider.asp?riderid=122","external_links_name":"\"CQ – CARDENAS RAVALO Felix Rafael\""},{"Link":"http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/2001/tour01/results/results_stage_12.shtml","external_links_name":"\"California Dreaming and Felix Festa Nacional\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070812035313/http://www.teambarloworld.com/riders_view.php?l1=1&l2=1&id=7&l=1","external_links_name":"Profile at Barloworld official website"},{"Link":"https://www.procyclingstats.com/rider/137466","external_links_name":"Félix Cárdenas"},{"Link":"http://www.trap-friis.dk/cykling/colombia.Cardenas.htm","external_links_name":"Félix Cárdenas"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9lix_C%C3%A1rdenas&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcuate_arteries
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Arcuate arteries of the kidney
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Arcuate arteries of the kidneyDiagram of kidney, with arcuate arteries being the red-colored vessels among the "Arcuate blood vessels" labeled at top right.DetailsSourceInterlobar arteryBranchesVasa recta and interlobular arteriesVeinArcuate veinIdentifiersLatinArteriae arcuatae renisTA98A08.1.03.003TA24282FMA70497Anatomical terminology
The arcuate arteries of the kidney, also known as arciform arteries, are vessels of the renal circulation. They are located at the border of the renal cortex and renal medulla.
They are named after the fact that they are shaped in arcs due to the nature of the shape of the renal medulla.
Arcuate arteries arise from renal interlobar arteries.
References
^ Lote, Christopher J. (2012). Principles of Renal Physiology, 5th edition. Springer. p. 28.
^ Medical physiology : a cellular and molecular approach. Boron, Walter F.,, Boulpaep, Emile L. (Updated second ed.). Philadelphia, PA. 2012. p. 750. ISBN 9781437717532. OCLC 756281854.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
External links
Histology image: 16105loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University - "Urinary System: kidney, PAS stain, arcuate artery and vein, longitudinal"
Histology image: 15805loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University - "Urinary System: kidney, PAS stain, arcuate artery and vein, transverse"
Histology image: 15901lba – Histology Learning System at Boston University - "Urinary System: neonatal kidney, vasculature"
vteAnatomy of the urinary systemKidneysLayers
Fascia
Capsule
Cortex
column
Medulla
pyramids
medullary interstitium
Sinus
Lobe
Cortical lobule
Medullary ray
Nephron
Circulation
Arteries
Renal artery
segmental
interlobar
arcuate
interlobular
afferent
Veins
Renal vein
Peritubular capillaries
Vasa recta
arcuate
interlobar
efferent
NephronRenal corpuscle
Glomerulus
Bowman's capsule
Glomerular basement membrane
Podocyte
Filtration slits
Mesangium
Intraglomerular mesangial cell
Renal tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Descending
Thin ascending
Thick ascending
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct system
Connecting tubule
Papillary duct
Tubular fluid
Renal papilla
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Macula densa
Juxtaglomerular cells
Mesangium
Extraglomerular mesangial cell
Ureters
Ureteropelvic junction
Bladder
Circulation
Vesical arteries
Vesical veins
Vaginal artery (female)
Detrusor muscle
Median umbilical ligament
Trigone
Urethra
Internal urethral orifice
Urethral sphincters
External
male
female
Internal
Male urethra
pre-prostatic
prostatic
intermediate
spongy
navicular fossa
Lacunae of Morgagni
urethral gland
Urinary meatus
Portal: Anatomy
Authority control databases
Terminologia Anatomica
This cardiovascular system article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lote-1"},{"link_name":"renal circulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_circulation"},{"link_name":"renal cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_cortex"},{"link_name":"renal medulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_medulla"},{"link_name":"interlobar arteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlobar_arteries"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The arcuate arteries of the kidney, also known as arciform arteries,[1] are vessels of the renal circulation. They are located at the border of the renal cortex and renal medulla.They are named after the fact that they are shaped in arcs due to the nature of the shape of the renal medulla.Arcuate arteries arise from renal interlobar arteries.[2]","title":"Arcuate arteries of the kidney"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Lote, Christopher J. (2012). Principles of Renal Physiology, 5th edition. Springer. p. 28.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Medical physiology : a cellular and molecular approach. Boron, Walter F.,, Boulpaep, Emile L. (Updated second ed.). Philadelphia, PA. 2012. p. 750. ISBN 9781437717532. OCLC 756281854.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781437717532","url_text":"9781437717532"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/756281854","url_text":"756281854"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/08.1.03.003%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm","external_links_name":"A08.1.03.003"},{"Link":"https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=4282","external_links_name":"4282"},{"Link":"https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma70497","external_links_name":"70497"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/756281854","external_links_name":"756281854"},{"Link":"https://www.bu.edu/phpbin/medlib/histology/p/16105loa.htm","external_links_name":"Histology image: 16105loa"},{"Link":"https://www.bu.edu/phpbin/medlib/histology/p/15805loa.htm","external_links_name":"Histology image: 15805loa"},{"Link":"https://www.bu.edu/phpbin/medlib/histology/p/15901lba.htm","external_links_name":"Histology image: 15901lba"},{"Link":"http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A08.1.03.003","external_links_name":"Terminologia Anatomica"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arcuate_arteries_of_the_kidney&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonis_Mantzaris
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Antonis Mantzaris
|
["1 Professional career","2 National team career","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Greek basketball player and coach
Antonis MantzarisΑντώνης ΜάντζαρηςNo. 10 – PsychikoPositionShooting guard / small forwardLeagueElite LeaguePersonal informationBorn (1986-06-20) 20 June 1986 (age 37)Athens, GreeceNationalityGreekListed height6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)Listed weight220 lb (100 kg)Career informationPlaying career2004–presentCoaching career2015–presentCareer historyAs player:2004–2011Peristeri2011–2012AEK Athens2012–2013Peristeri2013–2014Panelefsiniakos2014–2015Psychiko2015–2016Ethnikos Piraeus2016–2018Peristeri2018Maroussi2018-2020Psychiko2020-2022Triton Sepolia2022-2023Panionios2023-Presentamilla peristeriouAs coach:2015–2020Esperos
Career highlights and awards
2x Greek 2nd Division champion (2008-2009, 2017-2018)
now ammila peristeriou
Antonis Mantzaris (alternate spelling: Antonios) (Greek: Αντώνης Μάντζαρης; born 20 June 1986) is a Greek professional basketball player and coach. He is 1.93 m (6'4") tall. He can play at the shooting guard and small forward positions.
Professional career
Mantzaris begin his pro career with the Greek Basket League club Peristeri in 2004. He moved to AEK Athens in 2011.
National team career
As a member of the Greek junior national teams, Mantzaris played at the 2004 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship and at the 2006 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship.
Personal life
Mantzaris' brother, Vangelis Mantzaris, is also a professional basketball player.
References
^ Antonis Mantzaris basketball profile Height: 193cm / 6'4".
External links
Eurobasket.com Profile
FIBA Europe Profile
Greek Basket League Profile (in Greek)
AEK.com Profile
This biographical article relating to a Greek basketball figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"shooting guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_guard"},{"link_name":"small forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_forward"}],"text":"now ammila peristeriouAntonis Mantzaris (alternate spelling: Antonios) (Greek: Αντώνης Μάντζαρης; born 20 June 1986) is a Greek professional basketball player and coach. He is 1.93 m (6'4\") tall.[1] He can play at the shooting guard and small forward positions.","title":"Antonis Mantzaris"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek Basket League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Basket_League"},{"link_name":"Peristeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristeri_BC"},{"link_name":"AEK Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEK_Athens_BC"}],"text":"Mantzaris begin his pro career with the Greek Basket League club Peristeri in 2004. He moved to AEK Athens in 2011.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2004 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_FIBA_Europe_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"2006 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_FIBA_Europe_Under-20_Championship"}],"text":"As a member of the Greek junior national teams, Mantzaris played at the 2004 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship and at the 2006 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship.","title":"National team career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vangelis Mantzaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vangelis_Mantzaris"}],"text":"Mantzaris' brother, Vangelis Mantzaris, is also a professional basketball player.","title":"Personal life"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://basketball.eurobasket.com/player/Antonis-Mantzaris/Greece/Peristeri-GS-Athens/64695","external_links_name":"Antonis Mantzaris basketball profile Height: 193cm / 6'4\"."},{"Link":"http://www.eurobasket.com/player.asp?Cntry=GRE&PlayerID=64695","external_links_name":"Eurobasket.com Profile"},{"Link":"http://www.fibaeurope.com/cid_KNce8jInH7Qj1EsyH5rjn2.playerID_45299.compID_UIfgjyQcGqk-fPlnl66Tj0.season_2006.roundID_4952.teamID_291.html","external_links_name":"FIBA Europe Profile"},{"Link":"http://esake.gr/el/action/EsakeplayerView?idteam=0000000B&idplayer=0000029B&mode=1&idchampionship=46F7BA21","external_links_name":"Greek Basket League Profile"},{"Link":"http://www.aek.com/basketball/roster/antonis_mantzaris.htm","external_links_name":"AEK.com Profile"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonis_Mantzaris&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OIE/FAO_Network_of_Expertise_on_Animal_Influenza
|
OIE/FAO Network of Expertise on Animal Influenza
|
["1 OFFLU's Objectives","2 Structure","3 Origins","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
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OFFLU is the joint OIE-FAO global network of expertise on animal influenzas. OFFLU aims to reduce the negative impacts of animal influenza viruses by promoting effective collaboration between animal health experts and the human health sector. OFFLU analyzes and shares information and biological material to identify and reduce health threats early, and shares information about animal influenza viruses with the World Health Organization (WHO) to assist with the early preparation of human vaccines. It was established in 2005, initially to support the global effort to control H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza.
The technical contribution to OFFLU is provided by an open network of experts in animal influenza from the OIE and FAO Reference Laboratories and Collaborating Centres, and from other institutes with leading expertise in diagnostics, epidemiology, bioinformatics, vaccinology, and animal production. Under the coordination and management of OFFLU, experts work together in discussion groups called OFFLU Technical Activities on pertinent topics and on technical projects to provide concrete outputs on relevant influenza-related issues. To date, these Technical Activities have delivered guidance on diagnostic protocols, antigenic matching of vaccine strains with circulating field viruses, minimum biosafety guidelines for laboratory workers, and strategic guidance on animal influenza surveillance.
The effectiveness and degree of collaboration between OFFLU and the human health sector (WHO) has improved significantly. This was highlighted following the emergence of pandemic H1N1 in April 2009 when OFFLU rapidly mobilised its experts to address the human-animal interface aspects of pandemic H1N1 jointly with colleagues from the public health sector.
OFFLU continues to develop in terms of scope and geographical representation and is looking ahead to developing a sustainable and effective mechanism for monitoring influenza viruses in animals and for communicating significant findings to all partners quickly.
OFFLU's Objectives
To share and offer technical advice, training, and veterinary expertise to international organisations and Member Countries to assist in the prevention, diagnosis, surveillance and control of animal influenza.
To exchange scientific data and biological materials (including virus strains) within the network, to analyse such data, and to share such information with the wider scientific community.
To collaborate with the WHO on issues relating to the animal-human interface, including pandemic preparedness for early preparation of the human vaccine.
To highlight influenza surveillance and research needs, promote their development, and ensure co-ordination.
Structure
The OFFLU network is managed by a steering committee who provide strategic direction, an Executive Committee who implement the decisions of the steering committee, a secretariat, and a dedicated OFFLU scientist. The network itself is made up of world leading scientists from a range of fields including virology, epidemiology, bioinformatics, vaccinology, and animal production.
Origins
In February 2006, OFFLU launched a campaign for openness when Dr. Ilaria Capua of Italy, chair of the network's Scientific Committee, published sequence data on H5N1 strains from Nigeria and Italy and urged 50 colleagues around the world to share their data. In March, the OFFLU Scientific Committee decided "to put new emphasis on the need for further collection, characterisation, and exchange" of avian flu viruses and for expansion of sequence data, the FAO reported. At about the same time, Capua and four OFFLU colleagues wrote a letter to the journal Science promising to make H5N1 samples available for sequencing."
References
^ CIDRAP article Indonesia, FAO, OIE pledge to publish H5N1 data published August 3, 2006
Further reading
CDC article OFFLU Network on Avian Influenza detailing OFFLU "achievements and constraints to date and plans for the future".
External links
Official website
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OFFLU aims to reduce the negative impacts of animal influenza viruses by promoting effective collaboration between animal health experts and the human health sector. OFFLU analyzes and shares information and biological material to identify and reduce health threats early, and shares information about animal influenza viruses with the World Health Organization (WHO) to assist with the early preparation of human vaccines. It was established in 2005, initially to support the global effort to control H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza.The technical contribution to OFFLU is provided by an open network of experts in animal influenza from the OIE and FAO Reference Laboratories and Collaborating Centres, and from other institutes with leading expertise in diagnostics, epidemiology, bioinformatics, vaccinology, and animal production. Under the coordination and management of OFFLU, experts work together in discussion groups called OFFLU Technical Activities on pertinent topics and on technical projects to provide concrete outputs on relevant influenza-related issues. To date, these Technical Activities have delivered guidance on diagnostic protocols, antigenic matching of vaccine strains with circulating field viruses, minimum biosafety guidelines for laboratory workers, and strategic guidance on animal influenza surveillance.The effectiveness and degree of collaboration between OFFLU and the human health sector (WHO) has improved significantly. This was highlighted following the emergence of pandemic H1N1 in April 2009 when OFFLU rapidly mobilised its experts to address the human-animal interface aspects of pandemic H1N1 jointly with colleagues from the public health sector.OFFLU continues to develop in terms of scope and geographical representation and is looking ahead to developing a sustainable and effective mechanism for monitoring influenza viruses in animals and for communicating significant findings to all partners quickly.","title":"OIE/FAO Network of Expertise on Animal Influenza"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"To share and offer technical advice, training, and veterinary expertise to international organisations and Member Countries to assist in the prevention, diagnosis, surveillance and control of animal influenza.\nTo exchange scientific data and biological materials (including virus strains) within the network, to analyse such data, and to share such information with the wider scientific community.\nTo collaborate with the WHO on issues relating to the animal-human interface, including pandemic preparedness for early preparation of the human vaccine.\nTo highlight influenza surveillance and research needs, promote their development, and ensure co-ordination.","title":"OFFLU's Objectives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"steering committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_committee"}],"text":"The OFFLU network is managed by a steering committee who provide strategic direction, an Executive Committee who implement the decisions of the steering committee, a secretariat, and a dedicated OFFLU scientist. The network itself is made up of world leading scientists from a range of fields including virology, epidemiology, bioinformatics, vaccinology, and animal production.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In February 2006, OFFLU launched a campaign for openness when Dr. Ilaria Capua of Italy, chair of the network's Scientific Committee, published sequence data on H5N1 strains from Nigeria and Italy and urged 50 colleagues around the world to share their data. In March, the OFFLU Scientific Committee decided \"to put new emphasis on the need for further collection, characterisation, and exchange\" of avian flu viruses and for expansion of sequence data, the FAO reported. At about the same time, Capua and four OFFLU colleagues wrote a letter to the journal Science promising to make H5N1 samples available for sequencing.\"[1]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no08/06-0380.htm"}],"text":"CDC article OFFLU Network on Avian Influenza detailing OFFLU \"achievements and constraints to date and plans for the future\".","title":"Further reading"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_de_Litt%C3%A9rature_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise
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Grand Prix de Littérature de l'Académie française
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["1 Laureates","2 References"]
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The Grand prix de littérature de l'Académie française is a French literary award, established in 1911 by the Académie française. It goes to an author for their entire body of work. Originally an annual prize, it has since 1979 been handed out every second year, alternately with the Grand prix de littérature Paul-Morand.
Laureates
Romain Rolland, recipient in 1913
Abel Bonnard, recipient in 1924
Jean Paulhan, recipient in 1945
Julien Green, recipient in 1970
Marguerite Yourcenar, recipient in 1977
Jean Raspail, recipient in 2003
1912: André Lafon
1913: Romain Rolland
1915: Émile Nolly
1916: Pierre-Maurice Masson
1917: Francis Jammes
1918: Gérard d'Houville
1919: Jean and Jérôme Tharaud
1920: Edmond Jaloux
1921: Anna de Noailles
1922: Pierre Lasserre
1923: François Porché
1924: Abel Bonnard
1925: E. Mangin
1926: Gilbert de Voisins
1927: Joseph de Pesquidoux
1928: Jean-Louis Vaudoyer
1929: Henri Massis
1930: Marie-Louise Pailleron
1931: Raymond Escholier
1932: Franc-Nohain
1933: Henri Duvernois
1934: Henry de Montherlant
1935: André Suarès
1936: Pierre Camo
1937: Maurice Magre
1938: Tristan Derème
1939: Jacques Boulenger
1940: Edmond Pilon
1941: Gabriel Faure
1942: Jean Schlumberger
1943: Jean Prévost
1944: André Billy
1945: Jean Paulhan
1946: Daniel-Rops
1947: Mario Meunier
1948: Gabriel Marcel
1949: Maurice Levaillant
1950: Marc Chadourne
1951: Henri Martineau
1952: Marcel Arland
1953: Marcel Brion
1954: Jean Guitton
1955: Jules Supervielle
1956: Henri Clouard
1958: Jules Roy
1959: Thierry Maulnier
1960: Simone Le Bargy
1961: Jacques Maritain
1962: Luc Estang
1963: Charles Vildrac
1964: Gustave Thibon
1965: Henri Petit
1966: Henri Gouhier
1967: Emmanuel Berl
1968: Henri Bosco
1969: Pierre Gascar
1970: Julien Green
1971: Georges-Emmanuel Clancier
1972: Jean-Louis Curtis
1973: Louis Guilloux
1974: André Dhôtel
1975: Henri Queffélec
1976: José Cabanis
1977: Marguerite Yourcenar
1978: Paul Guth
1979: Antoine Blondin
1981: Jacques Laurent
1983: Michel Mohrt
1985: Roger Grenier
1987: Jacques Brosse
1989: Roger Vrigny
1991: Jacques Lacarrière
1993: Louis Nucéra
1995: Jacques Brenner
1997: Béatrix Beck
1999: André Brincourt
2001: Milan Kundera
2003: Jean Raspail
2005: Danièle Sallenave
2007: Michel Chaillou
2009: Vincent Delecroix
2011: Jean-Bertrand Pontalis
2013: Michel Butor
2015: Laurence Cossé
2017: Charles Juliet
2019: Régis Debray
2021: Patrick Deville
References
^ "Grand Prix de Littérature" (in French). Académie française. Retrieved 2014-12-02.
^ "Grand Prix de Littérature: Patrick Deville". boersenblatt.net. 2021-07-02. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
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Yourcenar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_Yourcenar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean_Raspail_-_Portrait_-_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jean Raspail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Raspail"},{"link_name":"André Lafon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Lafon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Romain Rolland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romain_Rolland"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Maurice Masson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Maurice_Masson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Francis Jammes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Jammes"},{"link_name":"Gérard d'Houville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_d%27Houville"},{"link_name":"Jean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Tharaud"},{"link_name":"Jérôme Tharaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Tharaud"},{"link_name":"Edmond Jaloux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Jaloux"},{"link_name":"Anna de Noailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_de_Noailles"},{"link_name":"Pierre Lasserre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Lasserre"},{"link_name":"François Porché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Porch%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Abel Bonnard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Bonnard"},{"link_name":"Joseph de Pesquidoux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Pesquidoux"},{"link_name":"Jean-Louis Vaudoyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Louis_Vaudoyer"},{"link_name":"Henri Massis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Massis"},{"link_name":"Raymond Escholier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Escholier"},{"link_name":"Franc-Nohain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc-Nohain"},{"link_name":"Henri Duvernois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Duvernois"},{"link_name":"Henry de Montherlant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Montherlant"},{"link_name":"André Suarès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Suar%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Pierre Camo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Camo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maurice Magre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Magre"},{"link_name":"Tristan Derème","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_Der%C3%A8me"},{"link_name":"Jacques Boulenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Boulenger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Edmond Pilon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmond_Pilon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jean Schlumberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Schlumberger_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Jean Prévost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Pr%C3%A9vost"},{"link_name":"André Billy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Billy"},{"link_name":"Jean Paulhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Paulhan"},{"link_name":"Daniel-Rops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel-Rops"},{"link_name":"Mario Meunier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mario_Meunier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Marcel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel"},{"link_name":"Marc Chadourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Chadourne"},{"link_name":"Henri Martineau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henri_Martineau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marcel Arland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Arland"},{"link_name":"Marcel Brion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Brion"},{"link_name":"Jean Guitton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Guitton"},{"link_name":"Jules Supervielle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Supervielle"},{"link_name":"Henri Clouard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henri_Clouard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jules Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Roy"},{"link_name":"Thierry Maulnier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Maulnier"},{"link_name":"Simone Le Bargy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Le_Bargy"},{"link_name":"Jacques Maritain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Maritain"},{"link_name":"Luc Estang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc_Estang"},{"link_name":"Charles Vildrac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Vildrac"},{"link_name":"Gustave Thibon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Thibon"},{"link_name":"Henri Petit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henri_Petit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Henri Gouhier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Gouhier"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Berl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Berl"},{"link_name":"Henri Bosco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Bosco"},{"link_name":"Pierre Gascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gascar"},{"link_name":"Julien Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien_Green"},{"link_name":"Georges-Emmanuel Clancier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Emmanuel_Clancier"},{"link_name":"Jean-Louis Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Louis_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Louis Guilloux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Guilloux"},{"link_name":"André Dhôtel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Dh%C3%B4tel"},{"link_name":"Henri Queffélec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Queff%C3%A9lec"},{"link_name":"José Cabanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cabanis"},{"link_name":"Marguerite Yourcenar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_Yourcenar"},{"link_name":"Paul Guth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Guth"},{"link_name":"Antoine Blondin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Blondin"},{"link_name":"Jacques Laurent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Laurent"},{"link_name":"Michel Mohrt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Mohrt"},{"link_name":"Roger Grenier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Grenier"},{"link_name":"Jacques Brosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Brosse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roger Vrigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Vrigny"},{"link_name":"Jacques Lacarrière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Lacarri%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Louis Nucéra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Nuc%C3%A9ra"},{"link_name":"Jacques Brenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Brenner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Béatrix Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9atrix_Beck"},{"link_name":"André Brincourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Brincourt"},{"link_name":"Milan Kundera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Kundera"},{"link_name":"Jean Raspail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Raspail"},{"link_name":"Danièle Sallenave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dani%C3%A8le_Sallenave"},{"link_name":"Michel Chaillou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michel_Chaillou&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vincent Delecroix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Delecroix"},{"link_name":"Jean-Bertrand Pontalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Pontalis"},{"link_name":"Michel Butor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Butor"},{"link_name":"Laurence Cossé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Coss%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Charles Juliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Juliet"},{"link_name":"Régis Debray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9gis_Debray"},{"link_name":"Patrick Deville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Deville"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Romain Rolland, recipient in 1913Abel Bonnard, recipient in 1924Jean Paulhan, recipient in 1945Julien Green, recipient in 1970Marguerite Yourcenar, recipient in 1977Jean Raspail, recipient in 20031912: André Lafon\n1913: Romain Rolland\n1915: Émile Nolly\n1916: Pierre-Maurice Masson\n1917: Francis Jammes\n1918: Gérard d'Houville\n1919: Jean and Jérôme Tharaud\n1920: Edmond Jaloux\n1921: Anna de Noailles\n1922: Pierre Lasserre\n1923: François Porché\n1924: Abel Bonnard\n1925: E. Mangin\n1926: Gilbert de Voisins\n1927: Joseph de Pesquidoux\n1928: Jean-Louis Vaudoyer\n1929: Henri Massis\n1930: Marie-Louise Pailleron\n1931: Raymond Escholier\n1932: Franc-Nohain\n1933: Henri Duvernois\n1934: Henry de Montherlant\n1935: André Suarès\n1936: Pierre Camo\n1937: Maurice Magre\n1938: Tristan Derème\n1939: Jacques Boulenger\n1940: Edmond Pilon\n1941: Gabriel Faure\n1942: Jean Schlumberger\n1943: Jean Prévost\n1944: André Billy\n1945: Jean Paulhan\n1946: Daniel-Rops\n1947: Mario Meunier\n1948: Gabriel Marcel\n1949: Maurice Levaillant\n1950: Marc Chadourne\n1951: Henri Martineau\n1952: Marcel Arland\n1953: Marcel Brion\n1954: Jean Guitton\n1955: Jules Supervielle\n1956: Henri Clouard\n1958: Jules Roy\n1959: Thierry Maulnier\n1960: Simone Le Bargy\n1961: Jacques Maritain\n1962: Luc Estang\n1963: Charles Vildrac\n1964: Gustave Thibon\n1965: Henri Petit\n1966: Henri Gouhier\n1967: Emmanuel Berl\n1968: Henri Bosco\n1969: Pierre Gascar\n1970: Julien Green\n1971: Georges-Emmanuel Clancier\n1972: Jean-Louis Curtis\n1973: Louis Guilloux\n1974: André Dhôtel\n1975: Henri Queffélec\n1976: José Cabanis\n1977: Marguerite Yourcenar\n1978: Paul Guth\n1979: Antoine Blondin\n1981: Jacques Laurent\n1983: Michel Mohrt\n1985: Roger Grenier\n1987: Jacques Brosse\n1989: Roger Vrigny\n1991: Jacques Lacarrière\n1993: Louis Nucéra\n1995: Jacques Brenner\n1997: Béatrix Beck\n1999: André Brincourt\n2001: Milan Kundera\n2003: Jean Raspail\n2005: Danièle Sallenave\n2007: Michel Chaillou\n2009: Vincent Delecroix\n2011: Jean-Bertrand Pontalis\n2013: Michel Butor\n2015: Laurence Cossé\n2017: Charles Juliet\n2019: Régis Debray\n2021: Patrick Deville[2]","title":"Laureates"}]
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[{"image_text":"Romain Rolland, recipient in 1913","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Romain_Rolland%2C_Meurisse%2C_1914.jpg/220px-Romain_Rolland%2C_Meurisse%2C_1914.jpg"},{"image_text":"Abel Bonnard, recipient in 1924","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Abel_Bonnard_1933.jpg/220px-Abel_Bonnard_1933.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jean Paulhan, recipient in 1945","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Portrait_de_Jean_Paulhan_en_1938.jpg/220px-Portrait_de_Jean_Paulhan_en_1938.jpg"},{"image_text":"Julien Green, recipient in 1970","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Portrait_of_Julian_Green_%281900-1998%29%2C_by_photographer_Carl_van_Vechten.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Julian_Green_%281900-1998%29%2C_by_photographer_Carl_van_Vechten.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marguerite Yourcenar, recipient in 1977","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Marguerite_Yourcenar_redux.jpg/220px-Marguerite_Yourcenar_redux.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jean Raspail, recipient in 2003","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Jean_Raspail_-_Portrait_-_2010.jpg/220px-Jean_Raspail_-_Portrait_-_2010.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Grand Prix de Littérature\" (in French). Académie française. Retrieved 2014-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.academie-francaise.fr/grand-prix-de-litterature","url_text":"\"Grand Prix de Littérature\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise","url_text":"Académie française"}]},{"reference":"\"Grand Prix de Littérature: Patrick Deville\". boersenblatt.net. 2021-07-02. Retrieved 2021-07-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boersenblatt.net/news/literaturszene/patrick-deville-fuer-sein-gesamtwerk-geehrt-184677","url_text":"\"Grand Prix de Littérature: Patrick Deville\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thathagar
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Thathagar
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[]
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This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Thathagar" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Thathagar (ઠાઠાગર) is a Gujarati caste. It is a sub-caste of the Mehra channel in the Brahmakshatriya community which is also known as Khatri Brahmin. During the 19th century the Thathagar community moved from Karachi in Sindh and settled in Gujarat, India. Shri Maa Chamunda is the Kuldevi of this community. The famous temple of Maa Chamunda is located at Chotila and Uncha Kotda. The Thathagar community also worships their Dada's temple (Pitru Dev as per Hindu religion) which is located at Ghogha-Bhavnagar and Gariyadhar.
vteGujarati peopleBrahmin communities
Aboti Brahmin
Audichya Brahmins
Bardai Brahmins
Girnara Brahmin
Khedaval Brahmin
Modh Brahmin
Nagar Brahmin
Sachora Brahmins
Shrimali Brahmin
Sidhra-Rudhra Brahmins
Sompura Brahmins
Tapodhan Brahmin
Warrior communities
Chauhan
Chudasama
Dabhi Kolis
Dodiya
Karadiya
Kathi Darbar
Gohil
Jadeja
Jethwa
Jhala
Jinkara
Mer
Maiya
Nadoda
Parmar
Rathor
Rajput
Rehvar
Sarvaiya
Sagar
Solanki
Thakor
Vala
Wagher
Mercantile communities
Bhatia
Bhanushali
Lohana
Vaniya (Agarwal, Modh)
Agricultural communities
Aboti Brahmin
Anavil
Anjana Chaudhari
Charan
Bhanushali
Kathi people
Koli
Kanbi/Patidar (Leva, Kadva)
Pastoral communities
Ahir
Bharwad
Rabari
Genealogist communities
Barot
Motisar
Rawal
Artisan communities
Bhambi Khalpa
Bhambi Rohit
Gihara
Gurjar Kshatriya Kadia
Kansara
Koshti
Kumhar (Prajapati)
Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya
Mistry
Mestri
Panchal
Sikligar
Gurjar Suthar
Sai Suthar
Shenva
Sompura Salat
Sathwara Salat
Salaat (Muslim)
Soni
Vankar
Vanzha
Valand
Tribal communities
Bamcha
Bhil
Dungri Garasia
Vasava
Bhoi
Damor
Dangi
Dhanka
Dhodia
Gamit
Garasia
Godha
Halpati
Kharwa
Koli
Meghwal
Naikda
Padhar
Padharia
Patanwadia
Pateliya
Rathodia
Rathwa
Tirgar
Thori
Vagri
Muslim communities
Alavi Bohra
Ansari
Baloch
Bhadala
Chhipa
Chundrigar
Dawoodi Bohra
Halaypotra
Hingorja
Hingora
Juneja
Kadia
Kagzi
Ker
Khaskheli
Khoja
Machiyar
Makrani
Makwana Muslim
Malik
Mandali
Mansoori
Memon
Meta Qureshi
Miyana
Molesalam
Momna
Multani
Multani Lohar
Mutwa
Nagori
Nayak
Node
Panar
Patani Bohra
Patni Jamat
Pathans of Gujarat
Salaat (Muslim)
Samma
Sandhai Muslims
Shaikhs of Gujarat
Shaikhda
Sayyid of Gujarat
Siddi
Sipahi
Sulaymani Bohra
Sunni Bohra
Tai
Turk Jamat
Vora Patel
Vyapari
Jain communities
Navnat
Zoroastrian communities
Iranis
Parsis
Other communities
Khant
Kapadi
Dhedh
Mahyavanshi
Thathagar
See also
Genetic studies on Gujarati people
This article about an Indian ethnicity or social group is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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Kotda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//wikiedit.org/India/Uncha-Kotda/158159/"},{"link_name":"Pitru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitrs"},{"link_name":"Hindu religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Ghogha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghogha"},{"link_name":"Bhavnagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavnagar"},{"link_name":"Gariyadhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gariadhar"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Social_groups_of_Gujarat"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Social_groups_of_Gujarat"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_groups_of_Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Gujarati people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_people"},{"link_name":"Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin"},{"link_name":"Aboti Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboti_Brahmin"},{"link_name":"Audichya Brahmins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audichya_Brahmins"},{"link_name":"Bardai Brahmins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardai_Brahmins"},{"link_name":"Girnara Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girnara_Brahmin"},{"link_name":"Khedaval Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedaval"},{"link_name":"Modh Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modh"},{"link_name":"Nagar Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagar_Brahmin"},{"link_name":"Sachora Brahmins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachora_Brahmin"},{"link_name":"Shrimali Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimali_Brahmin"},{"link_name":"Sidhra-Rudhra Brahmins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidhra-Rudhra_Brahmins"},{"link_name":"Sompura Brahmins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sompura_Brahmin"},{"link_name":"Tapodhan Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapodhan_Brahmin"},{"link_name":"Chauhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauhan_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Chudasama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chudasama_(Rajput_clan)"},{"link_name":"Dabhi Kolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabhi_Kolis"},{"link_name":"Dodiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodiya"},{"link_name":"Karadiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karadiya_Rajput"},{"link_name":"Kathi Darbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathi_Darbar"},{"link_name":"Gohil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gohil_Koli"},{"link_name":"Jadeja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadeja"},{"link_name":"Jethwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jethwa"},{"link_name":"Jhala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhala_(clan)"},{"link_name":"Jinkara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinkara"},{"link_name":"Mer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer_people"},{"link_name":"Maiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiya"},{"link_name":"Nadoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadoda_Rajputs"},{"link_name":"Parmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmar_(Rajput_clan)"},{"link_name":"Rathor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathore_(Rajput_clan)"},{"link_name":"Rajput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajput"},{"link_name":"Rehvar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehvar"},{"link_name":"Sarvaiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvaiya"},{"link_name":"Sagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagar_caste"},{"link_name":"Solanki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanki_(clan)"},{"link_name":"Thakor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakor"},{"link_name":"Vala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vala_clan"},{"link_name":"Wagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagher"},{"link_name":"Bhatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhatia_caste"},{"link_name":"Bhanushali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhanushali"},{"link_name":"Lohana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohana"},{"link_name":"Vaniya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vania_(caste)"},{"link_name":"Agarwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agarwal"},{"link_name":"Modh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modh"},{"link_name":"Aboti Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboti_Brahmin"},{"link_name":"Anavil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anavil"},{"link_name":"Anjana Chaudhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjana_Chaudhari"},{"link_name":"Charan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charan"},{"link_name":"Bhanushali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhanushali"},{"link_name":"Kathi people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathi_people"},{"link_name":"Koli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koli_people"},{"link_name":"Kanbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanbi"},{"link_name":"Patidar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patidar"},{"link_name":"Leva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leva_Patel"},{"link_name":"Kadva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadava_Patidar"},{"link_name":"Ahir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahir"},{"link_name":"Bharwad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharwad"},{"link_name":"Rabari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabari"},{"link_name":"Genealogist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogist"},{"link_name":"Barot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barot_(caste)"},{"link_name":"Motisar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motisar_(caste)"},{"link_name":"Rawal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawal_(caste)"},{"link_name":"Bhambi Khalpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhambi_Khalpa"},{"link_name":"Bhambi Rohit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhambi_Rohit"},{"link_name":"Gihara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gihara"},{"link_name":"Gurjar Kshatriya Kadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurjar_Kshatriya_Kadia"},{"link_name":"Kansara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansara"},{"link_name":"Koshti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koshti"},{"link_name":"Kumhar (Prajapati)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumhar"},{"link_name":"Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutch_Gurjar_Kshatriya"},{"link_name":"Mistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistri_caste"},{"link_name":"Mestri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestri_(community)"},{"link_name":"Panchal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchal"},{"link_name":"Sikligar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikligar"},{"link_name":"Gurjar Suthar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suthar"},{"link_name":"Sai Suthar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sai_Suthar"},{"link_name":"Shenva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenva"},{"link_name":"Sompura Salat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sompura_Salat"},{"link_name":"Sathwara Salat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sathwara"},{"link_name":"Salaat (Muslim)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaat_(Muslim)"},{"link_name":"Soni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soni_(caste)"},{"link_name":"Vankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vankar"},{"link_name":"Vanzha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanzha"},{"link_name":"Valand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valand"},{"link_name":"Tribal communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adivasi"},{"link_name":"Bamcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamcha"},{"link_name":"Bhil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhil_people"},{"link_name":"Dungri Garasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungri_Garasia"},{"link_name":"Vasava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasava"},{"link_name":"Bhoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoi"},{"link_name":"Damor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damor"},{"link_name":"Dangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangi_(people)"},{"link_name":"Dhanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanka"},{"link_name":"Dhodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhodia"},{"link_name":"Gamit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamit"},{"link_name":"Garasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garasia"},{"link_name":"Godha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godha"},{"link_name":"Halpati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halpati"},{"link_name":"Kharwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharwa_caste"},{"link_name":"Koli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koli_people"},{"link_name":"Meghwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghwal"},{"link_name":"Naikda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naikda"},{"link_name":"Padhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padhar"},{"link_name":"Padharia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padharia"},{"link_name":"Pateliya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pateliya"},{"link_name":"Rathodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathodia"},{"link_name":"Rathwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathwa"},{"link_name":"Tirgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirgar"},{"link_name":"Thori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thori_caste"},{"link_name":"Vagri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagri"},{"link_name":"Muslim communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_Muslims"},{"link_name":"Alavi Bohra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alavi_Bohra"},{"link_name":"Ansari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momin_Ansari"},{"link_name":"Baloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloch_people"},{"link_name":"Bhadala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadala"},{"link_name":"Chhipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhipa"},{"link_name":"Chundrigar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chundrigar"},{"link_name":"Dawoodi Bohra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra"},{"link_name":"Halaypotra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halaypotra"},{"link_name":"Hingorja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hingorja"},{"link_name":"Hingora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hingora"},{"link_name":"Juneja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junejo"},{"link_name":"Kadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadia_(Muslim)"},{"link_name":"Kagzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagzi"},{"link_name":"Ker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ker_clan"},{"link_name":"Khaskheli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaskheli"},{"link_name":"Khoja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoja"},{"link_name":"Machiyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machiyar"},{"link_name":"Makrani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makrani_caste"},{"link_name":"Makwana Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Makwana"},{"link_name":"Mandali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandali_caste"},{"link_name":"Mansoori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansoori"},{"link_name":"Memon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memon_people"},{"link_name":"Meta Qureshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_Qureshi"},{"link_name":"Miyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyana_(community)"},{"link_name":"Molesalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molesalam_Rajput"},{"link_name":"Momna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momna"},{"link_name":"Multani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multani_(caste)"},{"link_name":"Multani Lohar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multani_Lohar"},{"link_name":"Mutwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutwa"},{"link_name":"Nagori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagori_(caste)"},{"link_name":"Nayak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayak_caste"},{"link_name":"Node","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_tribe"},{"link_name":"Panar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panar"},{"link_name":"Patani Bohra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patani_Bohras"},{"link_name":"Patni Jamat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patni_Jamat"},{"link_name":"Pathans of Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathans_of_Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Salaat (Muslim)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaat_(Muslim)"},{"link_name":"Samma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samma_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Sandhai Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhai_Muslims"},{"link_name":"Shaikhs of Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_Shaikh"},{"link_name":"Shaikhda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaikhda"},{"link_name":"Sayyid of Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_of_Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Siddi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddi"},{"link_name":"Sipahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipahi_(caste)"},{"link_name":"Sulaymani Bohra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaymani"},{"link_name":"Sunni Bohra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Bohra"},{"link_name":"Tai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_(caste)"},{"link_name":"Turk Jamat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turk_Jamat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vora Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vora_Patel"},{"link_name":"Vyapari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyapari_(caste)"},{"link_name":"Jain communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism_in_Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Navnat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navnat"},{"link_name":"Zoroastrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrian"},{"link_name":"Iranis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irani_(India)"},{"link_name":"Parsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsis"},{"link_name":"Khant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khant_(caste)"},{"link_name":"Kapadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapadi"},{"link_name":"Dhedh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhedh"},{"link_name":"Mahyavanshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahyavanshi"},{"link_name":"Thathagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Genetic studies on Gujarati people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Gujarati_people"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_India.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thathagar&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:India-ethno-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:India-ethno-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:India-ethno-stub"}],"text":"Thathagar (ઠાઠાગર) is a Gujarati caste. It is a sub-caste of the Mehra channel in the Brahmakshatriya community which is also known as Khatri Brahmin. During the 19th century the Thathagar community moved from Karachi in Sindh and settled in Gujarat, India. Shri Maa Chamunda is the Kuldevi of this community. The famous temple of Maa Chamunda is located at Chotila and Uncha Kotda. The Thathagar community also worships their Dada's temple (Pitru Dev as per Hindu religion) which is located at Ghogha-Bhavnagar and Gariyadhar.vteGujarati peopleBrahmin communities\nAboti Brahmin\nAudichya Brahmins\nBardai Brahmins\nGirnara Brahmin\nKhedaval Brahmin\nModh Brahmin\nNagar Brahmin\nSachora Brahmins\nShrimali Brahmin\nSidhra-Rudhra Brahmins\nSompura Brahmins\nTapodhan Brahmin\nWarrior communities\nChauhan\nChudasama\nDabhi Kolis\nDodiya\nKaradiya\nKathi Darbar\nGohil\nJadeja\nJethwa\nJhala\nJinkara\nMer\nMaiya\nNadoda\nParmar\nRathor\nRajput\nRehvar\nSarvaiya\nSagar\nSolanki\nThakor\nVala\nWagher\nMercantile communities\nBhatia\nBhanushali\nLohana\nVaniya (Agarwal, Modh)\nAgricultural communities\nAboti Brahmin\nAnavil\nAnjana Chaudhari\nCharan\nBhanushali\nKathi people\nKoli\nKanbi/Patidar (Leva, Kadva)\nPastoral communities\nAhir\nBharwad\nRabari\nGenealogist communities\nBarot\nMotisar\nRawal\nArtisan communities\nBhambi Khalpa\nBhambi Rohit\nGihara\nGurjar Kshatriya Kadia\nKansara\nKoshti\nKumhar (Prajapati)\nKutch Gurjar Kshatriya\nMistry\nMestri\nPanchal\nSikligar\nGurjar Suthar\nSai Suthar\nShenva\nSompura Salat\n Sathwara Salat\nSalaat (Muslim)\nSoni\nVankar\nVanzha\nValand\nTribal communities \nBamcha\nBhil\nDungri Garasia\nVasava\nBhoi\nDamor\nDangi\nDhanka\nDhodia\nGamit\nGarasia\nGodha\nHalpati\nKharwa\nKoli\nMeghwal\nNaikda\nPadhar\nPadharia\nPatanwadia\nPateliya\nRathodia\nRathwa\nTirgar\nThori\nVagri\nMuslim communities\nAlavi Bohra\nAnsari\nBaloch\nBhadala\nChhipa\nChundrigar\nDawoodi Bohra\nHalaypotra\nHingorja\nHingora\nJuneja\nKadia\nKagzi\nKer\nKhaskheli\nKhoja\nMachiyar\nMakrani\nMakwana Muslim\nMalik\nMandali\nMansoori\nMemon\nMeta Qureshi\nMiyana\nMolesalam\nMomna\nMultani\nMultani Lohar\nMutwa\nNagori\nNayak\nNode\nPanar\n Patani Bohra\nPatni Jamat\nPathans of Gujarat\nSalaat (Muslim)\nSamma\nSandhai Muslims\nShaikhs of Gujarat\nShaikhda\nSayyid of Gujarat\nSiddi\nSipahi\nSulaymani Bohra\nSunni Bohra\nTai\nTurk Jamat\nVora Patel\nVyapari\nJain communities \nNavnat\nZoroastrian communities\nIranis\nParsis\nOther communities\nKhant\nKapadi\nDhedh\nMahyavanshi\nThathagar\nSee also\nGenetic studies on Gujarati peopleThis article about an Indian ethnicity or social group is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Thathagar"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabushiki_Gaisha
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Kabushiki gaisha
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["1 Usage in language","2 History","3 Formation","3.1 Receipt of capital","4 Structure","4.1 Board of directors","4.2 Auditing and reporting","4.3 Officers","5 Other legal issues","5.1 Taxation","5.2 Derivative litigation","6 See also","7 Footnotes","8 External links"]
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Company with limited liability established under Japanese law
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A kabushiki gaisha (Japanese: 株式会社, pronounced ; lit. 'share company') or kabushiki kaisha, commonly abbreviated K.K. or KK, is a type of company (会社, kaisha) defined under the Companies Act of Japan. The term is often translated as "stock company", "joint-stock company" or "stock corporation". The term kabushiki gaisha in Japan refers to any joint-stock company regardless of country of origin or incorporation; however, outside Japan the term refers specifically to joint-stock companies incorporated in Japan.
Usage in language
In Latin script, kabushiki kaisha, with a ⟨k⟩, is often used, but the original Japanese pronunciation is kabushiki gaisha, with a ⟨g⟩, owing to rendaku.
A kabushiki gaisha must include "株式会社" in its name (Article 6, paragraph 2 of the Companies Act). In a company name, "株式会社" can be used as a prefix (e.g. 株式会社電通, kabushiki gaisha Dentsū, a style called 前株, mae-kabu) or as a suffix (e.g. トヨタ自動車株式会社, Toyota Jidōsha kabushiki gaisha, a style called 後株, ato-kabu).
Many Japanese companies translate the phrase "株式会社" in their name as "Company, Limited"—this is very often abbreviated as "Co., Ltd."—but others use the more Americanized translations "Corporation" or "Incorporated". Texts in England often refer to kabushiki kaisha as "joint stock companies". While that is close to a literal translation of the term, the two are not precisely the same. The Japanese government once endorsed "business corporation" as an official translation but now uses more literal translation "stock company."
Japanese often abbreviate "株式会社" in a company name on signage (including the sides of their vehicles) to 株 in parentheses, as, for example, "ABC㈱." The full, formal name would then be "ABC株式会社". 株式会社 is also combined into one Unicode character at code point U+337F ㍿ SQUARE CORPORATION, while the parenthesized form can also be represented with a single character, U+3231 ㈱ PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH STOCK as well as parentheses around U+682A 株 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-682A and its romanization U+33CD ㏍ SQUARE KK.
These forms, however, only exist for backward compatibility with older Japanese character encodings and Unicode and should be avoided when possible in new text.
History
The first kabushiki gaisha was the Dai-ichi Bank, incorporated in 1873.
Rules regarding kabushiki gaisha were set out in the Commercial Code of Japan, and was originally based on laws regulating German Aktiengesellschaft (which also means share company). However, during the United States-led Allied Occupation of Japan following World War II, the occupation authorities introduced revisions to the Commercial Code based on the Illinois Business Corporation Act of 1933, giving kabushiki gaisha many traits of American corporations, and to be more exact, Illinois corporations.
Over time, Japanese and U.S. corporate law diverged, and K.K. assumed many characteristics not found in U.S. corporations. For instance, a K.K. could not repurchase its own stock (a restriction lifted by the amendment of the Commercial Code in 2001), issue stock for a price of less than ¥50,000 per share (effective 1982-2003), or operate with paid-in capital of less than ¥10 million (effective 1991–2005).
On June 29, 2005, the Diet of Japan passed a new Companies Act (会社法, kaisha-hō), which took effect on May 1, 2006.
Formation
A kabushiki gaisha may be started with capital as low as ¥1, making the total cost of a K.K. incorporation approximately ¥240,000 (about US$2,500) in taxes and notarization fees. Under the old Commercial Code, a K.K. required starting capital of ¥10 million (about US$105,000); a lower capital requirement was later instituted, but corporations with under ¥3 million in assets were barred from issuing dividends, and companies were required to increase their capital to ¥10 million within five years of formation.
The main steps in incorporation are the following:
Preparation and notarization of articles of incorporation
Receipt of capital, either directly or through an offering
The incorporation of a K.K. is carried out by one or more incorporators (発起人, hokkinin, sometimes referred to as "promoters"). Although seven incorporators were required as recently as the 1980s, a K.K. now only needs one incorporator, which may be an individual or a corporation. If there are multiple incorporators, they must sign a partnership agreement before incorporating the company.
The value or minimum amount of assets received in exchange for the initial issuance of shares
The name and address of the incorporator(s)
The purpose statement requires some specialized knowledge, as Japan follows an ultra vires doctrine and does not allow a K.K. to act beyond its purposes. Judicial or administrative scriveners are often hired to draft the purposes of a new company.
Additionally, the articles of incorporation must contain the following if applicable:
Any non-cash assets contributed as capital to the company, the name of the contributor and the number of shares issued for such assets
Any assets promised to be purchased after the incorporation of the company and the name of the provider
Any compensation to be paid to the incorporator(s)
Non-routine incorporation expenses that will be borne by the company
Other matters may also be included, such as limits on the number of directors and auditors. The Corporation Code allows a K.K. to be formed as a "stock company that is not a public company" (公開会社でない株式会社, kōkai gaisha denai kabushiki gaisha), or a (so-called) "close company" (非公開会社, hi-kōkai gaisha), in which case the company (e.g. its board of directors or a shareholders' meeting, as defined in the articles of incorporation) must approve any transfer of shares between shareholders; this designation must be made in the articles of incorporation.
The articles must be sealed by the incorporator(s) and notarized by a civil law notary, then filed with the Legal Affairs Bureau in the jurisdiction where the company will have its head office.
Receipt of capital
In a direct incorporation, each incorporator receives a specified amount of stock as designated in the articles of incorporation. Each incorporator must then promptly pay its share of the starting capital of the company, and if no directors have been designated in the articles of incorporation, meet to determine the initial directors and other officers.
The other method is an "incorporation by offering," in which each incorporator becomes the stock underwriter of a specified number of shares (at least one each), and the other shares are offered to other investors. As in a direct incorporation, the incorporators must then hold an organizational meeting to appoint the initial directors and other officers. Any person wishing to receive shares must submit an application to the incorporator, and then make payment for his or her shares by a date specified by the incorporator(s).
Capital must be received in a commercial bank account designated by the incorporator(s), and the bank must provide certification that payment has been made. Once the capital has been received and certified, the incorporation may be registered at the Legal Affairs Bureau.
Structure
Further information: Corporate title § Japan and South Korea
Board of directors
Under present law, a K.K. must have a board of directors (取締役会, torishimariyaku kai) consisting of at least three individuals. Directors have a statutory term of office of two years, and auditors have a term of four years.
Small companies can exist with only one or two directors, with no statutory term of office, and without a board of directors (取締役会非設置会社, torishimariyaku-kai hi-setchi-gaisha). In such companies, decisions are made via shareholder meeting and the decision-making power of the directors is relatively limited. As soon as a third director is designated such companies must form a board.
At least one director is designated as a Representative Director (代表取締役, daihyō-torishimariyaku), holds the corporate seal and is empowered to represent the company in transactions. The Representative Director must "report" to the board of directors every three months; the exact meaning of this statutory provision is unclear, but some legal scholars interpret it to mean that the board must meet every three months. In 2015, the requirement that at least one director and one Representative Director must be a resident of Japan was changed. It is not required to have a resident Representative Director although it can be convenient to do so.
Directors are mandatories (agents) of the shareholders, and the Representative Director is a mandatory of the board. Any action outside of these mandates is considered a breach of mandatory duty.
Auditing and reporting
Every K.K. with multiple directors must have at least one statutory auditor (監査役, kansayaku). Statutory auditors report to the shareholders, and are empowered to demand financial and operational reports from the directors.
K.K.s with capital of over ¥500m, liabilities of over ¥2bn and/or publicly traded securities are required to have three statutory auditors, and must also have an annual audit performed by an outside CPA. Public K.K.s must also file securities law reports with the Ministry of Finance.
Under the new Company Law, public and other non-close K.K.s may either have a statutory auditor, or a nominating committee (指名委員会, shimei-iin-kai), auditing committee (監査委員会, kansa-iin-kai) and compensation committee (報酬委員会, hōshū-iin kai) structure similar to that of American public corporations. If the company has an auditing committee, it is referred to as a company with a board of statutory auditors (監査役会設置会社, kansayaku-kai setchi-gaisha).
Close K.K.s may also have a single person serving as director and statutory auditor, regardless of capital or liabilities.
A statutory auditor may be any person who is not an employee or director of the company. In practice, the position is often filled by a very senior employee close to retirement, or by an outside attorney or accountant.
Officers
Japanese law does not designate any corporate officer positions. Most Japanese-owned kabushiki gaisha do not have "officers" per se, but are directly managed by the directors, one of whom generally has the title of president (社長, sha-chō). The Japanese equivalent of a corporate vice president is a department chief (部長, bu-chō). Traditionally, under the lifetime employment system, directors and department chiefs begin their careers as line employees of the company and work their way up the management hierarchy over time. This is not the case in most foreign-owned companies in Japan, and some native companies have also abandoned this system in recent years in favor of encouraging more lateral movement in management.
Corporate officers often have the legal title of shihainin, which makes them authorized representatives of the corporation at a particular place of business, in addition to a common-use title.
Other legal issues
Taxation
Kabushiki gaisha are subject to double taxation of profits and dividends, as are corporations in most countries. In contrast to many other countries, however, Japan also levies double taxes on close corporations (yugen gaisha and gōdō gaisha). This makes taxation a minor issue when deciding how to structure a business in Japan. As all publicly traded companies follow the K.K. structure, smaller businesses often choose to incorporate as a K.K. simply to appear more prestigious.
In addition to income taxes, K.K.s must also pay registration taxes to the national government and may be subject to local taxes.
Derivative litigation
Generally, the power to bring actions against the directors on the corporation's behalf is granted to the statutory auditor.
Historically, derivative suits by shareholders were rare in Japan. Shareholders have been permitted to sue on the corporation's behalf since the postwar Americanization of the Commercial Code; however, this power was severely limited by the nature of court costs in Japan. Because the cost to file a civil action is proportional to the amount of damages being claimed, shareholders rarely had the motivation to sue on the company's behalf.
In 1993, the Commercial Code was amended to reduce the filing fee for all shareholder derivative suits to ¥8,200 per claim. This led to a rise in the number of derivative suits heard by Japanese courts, from 31 pending cases in 1992 to 286 in 1999, and to a number of very high-profile shareholder actions, such as those against Daiwa Bank and Nomura Securities
See also
Japan portalCompanies portal
Gōdō gaisha
Gōmei gaisha
Gōshi gaisha
Yūgen gaisha
Footnotes
^ "法令用語「日英対訳辞書」まとまる 政府検討委", 朝日新聞(Asahi Shimbun), March 18, 2006. (summary)
^ Standard Bilingual Dictionary of Legal Terminology.
^ a b "22.10 Enclosed Square, § CJK Compatibility". The Unicode® Standard Core Specification (PDF) (13th ed.). Mountain View, California: Unicode Consortium. March 2020. pp. 877–878. ISBN 978-1-936213-26-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 11, 2020.
^ Japan Company Laws and Regulations Handbook. Int'l Business Publications. 2010. ISBN 9781433070051.
^ Ramseyer, Mark, and Minoru Nakazato, Japanese Law: An Economic Approach (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), p. 111.
^ Z Japan
^ Janssen, Markus; Koma, Fumio; Kuroda, Shintaro; Schimmann, Peter (2002-04-01). "New Rules for Share Structure and Governance of Japanese Corporations". Journal of Japanese Law. 13: 254.
^ Ramseyer, op. cit., p. 123.
^ Professor Shosaku Masai (2 February 2009). "Review of 2005 Companies Act: Recent discussions". Waseda University Institute of Comparative Law. Retrieved 2011-02-26.
^ Lloyd, Terrie. "One Yen Companies – Part Two". Work in Japan.com. Archived from the original on May 10, 2006.
^ "How to Set Up Business in Japan". Japan External Trade Organization. Archived from the original on 2011-05-25. Retrieved 2011-02-26.
^ Yamazaki Bakery K.K. v. Iijima, 1015 Hanrei Jiho 27 (Tokyo Dist. Ct., March 26, 1981).
^ "Company with Board of Statutory Auditors — Corporate Governance — Management Policy". Shinsei Bank. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
^ West, Mark D. "Why Shareholders Sue: The Evidence from Japan," Journal of Legal Studies 30:351 (2001). doi:10.1086/322056
External links
"Difference between Corporate Governance Practices in Japan and in U.S." – Nomura Group
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The term kabushiki gaisha in Japan refers to any joint-stock company regardless of country of origin or incorporation; however, outside Japan the term refers specifically to joint-stock companies incorporated in Japan.","title":"Kabushiki gaisha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rendaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendaku"},{"link_name":"kabushiki gaisha Dentsū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentsu"},{"link_name":"Toyota Jidōsha kabushiki gaisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota"},{"link_name":"joint stock companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint-stock_company"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"parentheses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parentheses"},{"link_name":"Unicode character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode_character"},{"link_name":"code point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_point"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"backward compatibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_compatibility"},{"link_name":"character encodings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encodings"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"In Latin script, kabushiki kaisha, with a ⟨k⟩, is often used, but the original Japanese pronunciation is kabushiki gaisha, with a ⟨g⟩, owing to rendaku.A kabushiki gaisha must include \"株式会社\" in its name (Article 6, paragraph 2 of the Companies Act). In a company name, \"株式会社\" can be used as a prefix (e.g. 株式会社電通, kabushiki gaisha Dentsū, a style called 前株, mae-kabu) or as a suffix (e.g. トヨタ自動車株式会社, Toyota Jidōsha kabushiki gaisha, a style called 後株, ato-kabu).Many Japanese companies translate the phrase \"株式会社\" in their name as \"Company, Limited\"—this is very often abbreviated as \"Co., Ltd.\"—but others use the more Americanized translations \"Corporation\" or \"Incorporated\". Texts in England often refer to kabushiki kaisha as \"joint stock companies\". While that is close to a literal translation of the term, the two are not precisely the same. The Japanese government once endorsed \"business corporation\" as an official translation[1] but now uses more literal translation \"stock company.\"[2]Japanese often abbreviate \"株式会社\" in a company name on signage (including the sides of their vehicles) to 株 in parentheses, as, for example, \"ABC㈱.\" The full, formal name would then be \"ABC株式会社\". 株式会社 is also combined into one Unicode character at code point U+337F ㍿ SQUARE CORPORATION, while the parenthesized form can also be represented with a single character, U+3231 ㈱ PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH STOCK as well as parentheses around U+682A 株 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-682A[3] and its romanization U+33CD ㏍ SQUARE KK.\nThese forms, however, only exist for backward compatibility with older Japanese character encodings and Unicode and should be avoided when possible in new text.[3]","title":"Usage in language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dai-ichi Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai-Ichi_Kangyo_Bank"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Commercial Code of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Codes"},{"link_name":"Aktiengesellschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiengesellschaft"},{"link_name":"Occupation of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"American corporations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_corporate_law"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ramseyer1-5"},{"link_name":"further explanation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"repurchase its own stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_buyback"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ramseyer2-8"},{"link_name":"Diet of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The first kabushiki gaisha was the Dai-ichi Bank, incorporated in 1873.[4]Rules regarding kabushiki gaisha were set out in the Commercial Code of Japan, and was originally based on laws regulating German Aktiengesellschaft (which also means share company). However, during the United States-led Allied Occupation of Japan following World War II, the occupation authorities introduced revisions to the Commercial Code based on the Illinois Business Corporation Act of 1933, giving kabushiki gaisha many traits of American corporations, and to be more exact, Illinois corporations.[5][further explanation needed]Over time, Japanese and U.S. corporate law diverged, and K.K. assumed many characteristics not found in U.S. corporations. For instance, a K.K. could not repurchase its own stock (a restriction lifted by the amendment of the Commercial Code in 2001),[6] issue stock for a price of less than ¥50,000 per share (effective 1982-2003[7]), or operate with paid-in capital of less than ¥10 million (effective 1991–2005).[8]On June 29, 2005, the Diet of Japan passed a new Companies Act (会社法, kaisha-hō), which took effect on May 1, 2006.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"notarization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_notary"},{"link_name":"dividends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dividend"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Terrie-10"},{"link_name":"articles of incorporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_incorporation"},{"link_name":"capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_capital"},{"link_name":"incorporators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Incorporator&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"partnership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnership"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ultra vires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_vires"},{"link_name":"Judicial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_scrivener"},{"link_name":"administrative scriveners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_scrivener"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"civil law notary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_notary"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A kabushiki gaisha may be started with capital as low as ¥1, making the total cost of a K.K. incorporation approximately ¥240,000 (about US$2,500) in taxes and notarization fees. Under the old Commercial Code, a K.K. required starting capital of ¥10 million (about US$105,000); a lower capital requirement was later instituted, but corporations with under ¥3 million in assets were barred from issuing dividends, and companies were required to increase their capital to ¥10 million within five years of formation.[10]The main steps in incorporation are the following:Preparation and notarization of articles of incorporation\nReceipt of capital, either directly or through an offeringThe incorporation of a K.K. is carried out by one or more incorporators (発起人, hokkinin, sometimes referred to as \"promoters\"). Although seven incorporators were required as recently as the 1980s, a K.K. now only needs one incorporator, which may be an individual or a corporation. If there are multiple incorporators, they must sign a partnership agreement before incorporating the company.[citation needed]The value or minimum amount of assets received in exchange for the initial issuance of shares\nThe name and address of the incorporator(s)The purpose statement requires some specialized knowledge, as Japan follows an ultra vires doctrine and does not allow a K.K. to act beyond its purposes. Judicial or administrative scriveners are often hired to draft the purposes of a new company.[citation needed]Additionally, the articles of incorporation must contain the following if applicable:Any non-cash assets contributed as capital to the company, the name of the contributor and the number of shares issued for such assets\nAny assets promised to be purchased after the incorporation of the company and the name of the provider\nAny compensation to be paid to the incorporator(s)\nNon-routine incorporation expenses that will be borne by the companyOther matters may also be included, such as limits on the number of directors and auditors. The Corporation Code allows a K.K. to be formed as a \"stock company that is not a public company\" (公開会社でない株式会社, kōkai gaisha denai kabushiki gaisha), or a (so-called) \"close company\" (非公開会社, hi-kōkai gaisha), in which case the company (e.g. its board of directors or a shareholders' meeting, as defined in the articles of incorporation) must approve any transfer of shares between shareholders; this designation must be made in the articles of incorporation.[citation needed]The articles must be sealed by the incorporator(s) and notarized by a civil law notary, then filed with the Legal Affairs Bureau in the jurisdiction where the company will have its head office.[citation needed]","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"stock underwriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stock_underwriter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"commercial bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_bank"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Receipt of capital","text":"In a direct incorporation, each incorporator receives a specified amount of stock as designated in the articles of incorporation. Each incorporator must then promptly pay its share of the starting capital of the company, and if no directors have been designated in the articles of incorporation, meet to determine the initial directors and other officers.[citation needed]The other method is an \"incorporation by offering,\" in which each incorporator becomes the stock underwriter of a specified number of shares (at least one each), and the other shares are offered to other investors. As in a direct incorporation, the incorporators must then hold an organizational meeting to appoint the initial directors and other officers. Any person wishing to receive shares must submit an application to the incorporator, and then make payment for his or her shares by a date specified by the incorporator(s).[citation needed]Capital must be received in a commercial bank account designated by the incorporator(s), and the bank must provide certification that payment has been made. Once the capital has been received and certified, the incorporation may be registered at the Legal Affairs Bureau.[citation needed]","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corporate title § Japan and South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_title#Japan_and_South_Korea"}],"text":"Further information: Corporate title § Japan and South Korea","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Representative Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_Director_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_(law)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yamazaki-12"}],"sub_title":"Board of directors","text":"Under present law, a K.K. must have a board of directors (取締役会, torishimariyaku kai) consisting of at least three individuals. Directors have a statutory term of office of two years, and auditors have a term of four years.[citation needed]Small companies can exist with only one or two directors, with no statutory term of office, and without a board of directors (取締役会非設置会社, torishimariyaku-kai hi-setchi-gaisha). In such companies, decisions are made via shareholder meeting and the decision-making power of the directors is relatively limited. As soon as a third director is designated such companies must form a board.[citation needed]At least one director is designated as a Representative Director (代表取締役, daihyō-torishimariyaku), holds the corporate seal and is empowered to represent the company in transactions. The Representative Director must \"report\" to the board of directors every three months; the exact meaning of this statutory provision is unclear, but some legal scholars interpret it to mean that the board must meet every three months. In 2015, the requirement that at least one director and one Representative Director must be a resident of Japan was changed. It is not required to have a resident Representative Director although it can be convenient to do so.[11]Directors are mandatories (agents) of the shareholders, and the Representative Director is a mandatory of the board. Any action outside of these mandates is considered a breach of mandatory duty.[12]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_public_accountant"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"nominating committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominating_committee"},{"link_name":"auditing committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auditing_committee&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"compensation committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compensation_committee"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"company with a board of statutory auditors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory_auditor"},{"link_name":"監査役会設置会社","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%A3%E6%9F%BB%E5%BD%B9%E4%BC%9A%E8%A8%AD%E7%BD%AE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A4%BE"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Auditing and reporting","text":"Every K.K. with multiple directors must have at least one statutory auditor (監査役, kansayaku). Statutory auditors report to the shareholders, and are empowered to demand financial and operational reports from the directors.K.K.s with capital of over ¥500m, liabilities of over ¥2bn and/or publicly traded securities are required to have three statutory auditors, and must also have an annual audit performed by an outside CPA. Public K.K.s must also file securities law reports with the Ministry of Finance.[citation needed]Under the new Company Law, public and other non-close K.K.s may either have a statutory auditor, or a nominating committee (指名委員会, shimei-iin-kai), auditing committee (監査委員会, kansa-iin-kai) and compensation committee (報酬委員会, hōshū-iin kai) structure similar to that of American public corporations.[citation needed] If the company has an auditing committee, it is referred to as a company with a board of statutory auditors (監査役会設置会社, kansayaku-kai setchi-gaisha).[13]Close K.K.s may also have a single person serving as director and statutory auditor, regardless of capital or liabilities.A statutory auditor may be any person who is not an employee or director of the company. In practice, the position is often filled by a very senior employee close to retirement, or by an outside attorney or accountant.[citation needed]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vice president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_president"},{"link_name":"lifetime employment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifetime_employment"},{"link_name":"which?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"shihainin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shihainin"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Officers","text":"Japanese law does not designate any corporate officer positions. Most Japanese-owned kabushiki gaisha do not have \"officers\" per se, but are directly managed by the directors, one of whom generally has the title of president (社長, sha-chō). The Japanese equivalent of a corporate vice president is a department chief (部長, bu-chō). Traditionally, under the lifetime employment system, directors and department chiefs begin their careers as line employees of the company and work their way up the management hierarchy over time. This is not the case in most foreign-owned companies in Japan, and some native companies[which?] have also abandoned this system in recent years in favor of encouraging more lateral movement in management.[citation needed]Corporate officers often have the legal title of shihainin, which makes them authorized representatives of the corporation at a particular place of business, in addition to a common-use title.[citation needed]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"double taxation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_taxation"},{"link_name":"yugen gaisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugen_gaisha"},{"link_name":"gōdō gaisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%8Dd%C5%8D_gaisha"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Taxation","text":"Kabushiki gaisha are subject to double taxation of profits and dividends, as are corporations in most countries. In contrast to many other countries, however, Japan also levies double taxes on close corporations (yugen gaisha and gōdō gaisha). This makes taxation a minor issue when deciding how to structure a business in Japan. As all publicly traded companies follow the K.K. structure, smaller businesses often choose to incorporate as a K.K. simply to appear more prestigious.[citation needed]In addition to income taxes, K.K.s must also pay registration taxes to the national government and may be subject to local taxes.[citation needed]","title":"Other legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"derivative suits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative_suit"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Daiwa Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daiwa_Bank"},{"link_name":"Nomura Securities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomura_Securities"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West-14"}],"sub_title":"Derivative litigation","text":"Generally, the power to bring actions against the directors on the corporation's behalf is granted to the statutory auditor.[citation needed]Historically, derivative suits by shareholders were rare in Japan. Shareholders have been permitted to sue on the corporation's behalf since the postwar Americanization of the Commercial Code; however, this power was severely limited by the nature of court costs in Japan. Because the cost to file a civil action is proportional to the amount of damages being claimed, shareholders rarely had the motivation to sue on the company's behalf.[citation needed]In 1993, the Commercial Code was amended to reduce the filing fee for all shareholder derivative suits to ¥8,200 per claim. This led to a rise in the number of derivative suits heard by Japanese courts, from 31 pending cases in 1992 to 286 in 1999, and to a number of very high-profile shareholder actions, such as those against Daiwa Bank and Nomura Securities[14]","title":"Other legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Asahi Shimbun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asahi_Shimbun"},{"link_name":"summary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//kiyotani.at.webry.info/200603/article_26.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Standard Bilingual Dictionary of Legal Terminology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.legal-astray.jp/sbdic_lt/en/?q=%B3%F4%BC%B0%B2%F1%BC%D2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_3-1"},{"link_name":"The Unicode® Standard Core Specification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/UnicodeStandard-13.0.pdf"},{"link_name":"Mountain View, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California"},{"link_name":"Unicode Consortium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode_Consortium"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-936213-26-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-26-9"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200311192828/http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/UnicodeStandard-13.0.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Japan Company Laws and Regulations Handbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=230dSQYIhocC&q=The+first+kabushiki+gaisha+was+the+First+National+Bank+of+Japan%2C+incorporated+in+1873&pg=PA29"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781433070051","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781433070051"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ramseyer1_5-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Z Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.zjapanr.de/index.php/zjapanr/article/download/65/62/"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"New Rules for Share Structure and Governance of Japanese Corporations\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.zjapanr.de/index.php/zjapanr/article/download/663/686"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ramseyer2_8-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Review of 2005 Companies Act: Recent discussions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.waseda.jp/hiken/en/jalaw_inf/topics/005masai.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Terrie_10-0"},{"link_name":"\"One Yen Companies – Part Two\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060510034652/http://www.daijob.com/dj4/en/column/terrie/column.jsp?id=321"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.daijob.com/dj4/en/column/terrie/column.jsp?id=321"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"How to Set Up Business in Japan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110525184428/http://www.jetro.go.jp/en/invest/setting_up/laws/section1/page2.html"},{"link_name":"Japan External Trade Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_External_Trade_Organization"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jetro.go.jp/en/invest/setting_up/laws/section1/page2.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Yamazaki_12-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Company with Board of Statutory Auditors — Corporate Governance — Management Policy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.shinseibank.com/corporate/en/policy/governance/auditors.html"},{"link_name":"Shinsei Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinsei_Bank"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-West_14-0"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/322056","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F322056"}],"text":"^ \"法令用語「日英対訳辞書」まとまる 政府検討委\", 朝日新聞(Asahi Shimbun), March 18, 2006. (summary)\n\n^ Standard Bilingual Dictionary of Legal Terminology.\n\n^ a b \"22.10 Enclosed Square, § CJK Compatibility\". The Unicode® Standard Core Specification (PDF) (13th ed.). Mountain View, California: Unicode Consortium. March 2020. pp. 877–878. ISBN 978-1-936213-26-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 11, 2020.\n\n^ Japan Company Laws and Regulations Handbook. Int'l Business Publications. 2010. ISBN 9781433070051.\n\n^ Ramseyer, Mark, and Minoru Nakazato, Japanese Law: An Economic Approach (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), p. 111.\n\n^ Z Japan [dead link]\n\n^ Janssen, Markus; Koma, Fumio; Kuroda, Shintaro; Schimmann, Peter (2002-04-01). \"New Rules for Share Structure and Governance of Japanese Corporations\". Journal of Japanese Law. 13: 254.\n\n^ Ramseyer, op. cit., p. 123.\n\n^ Professor Shosaku Masai (2 February 2009). \"Review of 2005 Companies Act: Recent discussions\". Waseda University Institute of Comparative Law. Retrieved 2011-02-26.\n\n^ Lloyd, Terrie. \"One Yen Companies – Part Two\". Work in Japan.com. Archived from the original on May 10, 2006.\n\n^ \"How to Set Up Business in Japan\". Japan External Trade Organization. Archived from the original on 2011-05-25. Retrieved 2011-02-26.\n\n^ Yamazaki Bakery K.K. v. Iijima, 1015 Hanrei Jiho 27 (Tokyo Dist. Ct., March 26, 1981).\n\n^ \"Company with Board of Statutory Auditors — Corporate Governance — Management Policy\". Shinsei Bank. Retrieved 2022-06-23.\n\n^ West, Mark D. \"Why Shareholders Sue: The Evidence from Japan,\" Journal of Legal Studies 30:351 (2001). doi:10.1086/322056","title":"Footnotes"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerk_Colvill
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Clerk Colvill
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["1 Synopsis","2 Motifs","3 Similar ballads","4 Explanatory notes","5 References"]
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Child ballad
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Child's Ballads/42
"Clerk Colvill" is Child ballad No. 42, otherwise known as "The Mermaid".
This ballad was one of 25 traditional works included in Ballads Weird and Wonderful (1912) where it was illustrated by Vernon Hill.
Synopsis
Clerk Colvill, ignoring the advice of his lady or his mother, goes to a body of water, where a mermaid seduces him. His head starts to ache, and the mermaid tells him he will die of it. He goes home and dies.
In some variants, she offers that he may go to sea with her instead of dying, at the end, and he refuses.
Motifs
Francis James Child regarded the ballad as incomplete, and that Clerk Colvill is not an innocent victim of jealousy, but has clearly had a relationship with the mermaid, so that she inflicts death as the penalty for his infidelity, a motif found in many German and Scandinavian tales.
The detail of the mermaid washing a sark or silk garment may descend from Scandinavian originals of an elf-woman offering a shirt to the man she is enamored with as a sign of betrothal (see §Similar ballads below).
Similar ballads
Similar ballads exist in the Nordic countries. The ballad is called "Elveskud" (DgF 47) in Danish, "Olav Liljekrans" (NMB 36) in Norwegian, "Herr Olof och älvorna" (SMB 29) in Swedish, "Ólavur Riddararós og álvamoy" (CCF 154) in Faroese and "Kvæði af Ólafi liljurós" (IFkv 1) in Icelandic. In these ballads the role of the mermaid is taken by an elf woman.
Also, the "Johnny Collins" version of the Child ballad "Lady Alice" (No. 85) is in fact identifiable with "Clerk Colvill" which tells the same story.
A maiden "washing marble-white stone" in "Johnny Collins" seems nonsensical, but the mermaid is "washing silk upon a stane" in "Clerk Colvill" which makes all the sense, and the close similarity of these details is offered as compelling evidence for equating the two ballads. This mermaid-laundered clothing is paralleled in the Faroese version by the clean shirt. A piece of garment offered as gift is a form or seduction, or more precisely an invitation to become betrothed, and this is in Scottish tradition preserved in ballads, as well as being attested in the Scandinavian ballad Elveskud (DgF 47), where Sir Olav (Olaf) is offered a shirt in such a manner.
Explanatory notes
^ Proposed by Samuel P. Bayard (1945), though the similarity was already pointed out by Barbara M. Cra'ster in 1910.
References
Citations
^ Child (1884), 1: 371.
^ Child No. 42B=Herd, David, ed. (1869). "Clerk Colvill: or, The Mermaid.". Ancient and Modern Scottish Songs, Heroic Ballads, Etc. Vol. 1. Glasgow: Robert Anderson. pp. 161–162.
^ Child (1884), 1: 372–374.
^ a b Parker (1947), pp. 267–273.
^ Child (1884), 1: 374.
^ Jonsson, Bengt R. ; Solheim, Svale; Danielson, Eva, eds. (1978). The types of the Scandinavian medieval ballad (2nd ed.). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. ISBN 82-00-09479-0.
^ Parker (1947), p. 265.
^ a b Bayard, Samuel P. (April–June 1945). "The 'Johnny Collins' Version of Lady Alice". The Journal of American Folklore. 58 (228): 73–103. doi:10.2307/535498. JSTOR 535498.
^ Parker (1947), pp. 265–267.
^ Parker (1947), pp. 266–267.
^ Parker (1952) apud Fischer (1998), p. 195
Bibliography
Child, Francis James, ed. (1884). "42. Clerk Colvill". The English and Scottish Popular Ballads. Vol. 1, Part2. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company. pp. 371–389. Archived from the original on 2006-11-01.
Fischer, Frances J. (1998), Golež, Marjetka (ed.), "»No Death Without Warning«: a Supernatural Ballad in Scotland and the Faroe Islands", Ljudske balade med izročilom in sodobnostjo , Ljubljana: Založba ZRC, pp. 190–196, ISBN 9789616182607
Parker, Harbison (July–September 1947). "The 'Clerk Colvill' Mermaid". The Journal of American Folklore. 60 (237): 265–285. doi:10.2307/536380. JSTOR 536380.
—— (1952). Affiliations of British and West―Scandinavian ballads : a preliminary study (Ph. D.). University of California, Berkeley.
vteFrancis James ChildThe Child Ballads
Sir Aldingar
Alison and Willie
Allison Gross
Andrew Lammie
Archie o Cawfield
Kinmont Willie
Auld Matrons
Babylon
The Baffled Knight
The Bailiff's Daughter of Islington
Barbara Allen
The Battle of Otterburn
The Beggar-Laddie
Adam Bell
The Bent Sae Brown
Bessy Bell and Mary Gray
Blancheflour and Jollyflorice
The Bold Pedlar and Robin Hood
Bonnie Annie
The Bonnie Earl O' Moray
Bonnie George Campbell
Bonny Baby Livingston
Bonny Bee Hom
The Bonny Birdy
The Bonny Hind
The Bonnie House of Airlie
The Bonny Lass of Anglesey
Bonny Lizie Baillie
The Boy and the Mantle
Broom of the Cowdenknowes
The Broomfield Hill
Broughty Wa's
Brown Adam
The Brown Girl
Brown Robin
Brown Robyn's Confession
Burd Ellen and Young Tamlane
Burd Isabel and Earl Patrick
Captain Ward and the Rainbow
Captain Wedderburn's Courtship
The Carnal and the Crane
The Cherry-Tree Carol
The Ballad of Chevy Chase
Child Maurice
Child Owlet
Child Waters
Christopher White
Clerk Colvill
Clerk Saunders
The Clerk's Twa Sons o Owsenford
The Crafty Farmer
Crow and Pie
The Cruel Brother
The Cruel Mother
The Daemon Lover
The Death of Parcy Reed
The Death of Queen Jane
Dick o the Cow
Dives and Lazarus
The Dowie Dens o Yarrow
Dugall Quin
The Duke of Athole's Nurse
The Duke of Gordon's Daughter
Earl Brand
Earl Crawford
The Earl of Errol
The Earl of Mar's Daughter
Earl Rothes
Edom o Gordon
Edward
The Elfin Knight
Eppie Morrie
Erlinton
Fair Annie
The Fair Flower of Northumberland
Fair Janet
Fair Margaret and Sweet William
Fair Mary of Wallington
The False Lover Won Back
The Famous Flower of Serving-Men
The Farmer's Curst Wife
Fause Foodrage
The Fause Knight Upon the Road
The Friar in the Well
The Gardener
The Gay Goshawk
Geordie
The George Aloe and the Sweepstake
A Gest of Robyn Hode
Get Up and Bar the Door
Gil Brenton
Glasgerion
Glasgow Peggie
Glenlogie
The Great Silkie of Sule Skerry
The Grey Cock
Gude Wallace
The Raggle Taggle Gypsy
Battle of Harlaw
The Heir of Linne
Hind Etin
Hind Horn
Hobie Noble
Hughie Graham
James Hatley
Jamie Douglas
Jellon Grame
Jock o' the Side
Jock the Leg and the Merry Merchant
John Dory
John of Hazelgreen
Johnie Cock
Johnie Scot
Johnnie Armstrong
The Jolly Beggar
The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield
Judas
Katharine Jaffray
The Keach i the Creel
Kemp Owyne
Kempy Kay
King Arthur and King Cornwall
King Edward the Fourth and a Tanner of Tamworth
King Estmere
King Henry
King Henry Fifth's Conquest of France
King John and the Bishop
The King's Disguise, and Friendship with Robin Hood
The King's Dochter Lady Jean
Lang Johnny More
The Kitchie-Boy
The Knight and the Shepherd's Daughter
The Knight's Ghost
The Knoxville Girl
The Lads of Wamphray
Lady Alice
Lady Diamond
Lady Elspat
Lady Isabel
Lady Isabel and the Elf Knight
Lady Maisry
The Laily Worm and the Machrel of the Sea
The Laird o Drum
The Laird o Logie
Lamkin
The Lass of Roch Royal
Leesome Brand
Sir Lionel
Little John a Begging
Lizie Lindsay
Lizie Wan
The Lochmaben Harper
Lord Ingram and Chiel Wyet
Lord Lovel
Lord Maxwell's Last Goodnight
The Lord of Lorn and the False Steward
Lord Randall
Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie
Lord Thomas and Fair Annet
Lord Thomas and Lady Margaret
Lord Thomas Stuart
Lord William
The Maid and the Palmer
The Maid Freed from the Gallows
The Marriage of Sir Gawain
Mary Hamilton
Matty Groves
The Mermaid
The Mother's Malison
The New-Slain Knight
The Noble Fisherman
Northumberland Betrayed By Douglas
Old Robin of Portingale
Sir Orfeo
Prince Heathen
Prince Robert
Proud Lady Margaret
Queen Elanor's Confession
The Queen of Elfan's Nourice
The Queen of Scotland
The Rantin Laddie
Redesdale and Wise William
Richie Story
Riddles Wisely Expounded
Robin Hood and Allan-a-Dale
Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne
Robin Hood and Little John
Robin Hood and Maid Marian
Robin Hood and Queen Katherine
Robin Hood and the Beggar
Robin Hood and the Bishop
Robin Hood and the Bishop of Hereford
Robin Hood and the Butcher
Robin Hood and the Curtal Friar
Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow
Robin Hood and the Monk
Robin Hood and the Pedlars
Robin Hood and the Potter
Robin Hood and the Prince of Aragon
Robin Hood and the Ranger
Robin Hood and the Scotchman
Robin Hood and the Shepherd
Robin Hood and the Tanner
Robin Hood and the Tinker
Robin Hood and the Valiant Knight
Robin Hood Newly Revived
Robin Hood Rescuing Three Squires
Robin Hood Rescuing Will Stutly
Robin Hood's Birth, Breeding, Valor, and Marriage
Robin Hood's Chase
Robin Hood's Death
Robin Hood's Delight
Robin Hood's Golden Prize
Robin Hood's Progress to Nottingham
Robyn and Gandeleyn
The Rose of England
Rose the Red and White Lily
Saint Stephen and Herod
Sheath and Knife
Sir Cawline
Sir James the Rose
Sir Patrick Spens
The Suffolk Miracle
The Sweet Trinity
Sweet William's Ghost
Tam Lin
Thomas o Yonderdale
Thomas the Rhymer
The Three Ravens
Tom Potts
A True Tale of Robin Hood
The Twa Brothers
The Twa Magicians
The Twa Sisters
The Unquiet Grave
Walter Lesly
The Wee Wee Man
The West Country Damosel's Complaint
The White Fisher
The Whummil Bore
The Wife of Usher's Well
The Wife Wrapt in Wether's Skin
Will Stewart and John
Willie and Earl Richard's Daughter
Willie and Lady Maisry
Willie o Douglas Dale
Willie o Winsbury
Willie's Fatal Visit
Willie's Lady
Willie's Lyke-Wake
The Wylie Wife of the Hie Toun Hie
Young Andrew
Young Beichan
Young Benjie
The Young Earl of Essex's Victory over the Emperor of Germany
Young Hunting
Young Johnstone
Young Peggy
Young Ronald
Young Waters
Operas
Il pesceballo
Related
List of the Child Ballads
Percy Folio
"The Crabfish"
This folk song–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"Herd, David, ed. (1869). \"Clerk Colvill: or, The Mermaid.\". Ancient and Modern Scottish Songs, Heroic Ballads, Etc. Vol. 1. Glasgow: Robert Anderson. pp. 161–162.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Herd_(anthologist)","url_text":"Herd, David"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xlIJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA161","url_text":"\"Clerk Colvill: or, The Mermaid.\""}]},{"reference":"Jonsson, Bengt R. [in Swedish]; Solheim, Svale; Danielson, Eva, eds. (1978). The types of the Scandinavian medieval ballad (2nd ed.). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. ISBN 82-00-09479-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengt_R._Jonsson","url_text":"Jonsson, Bengt R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-00-09479-0","url_text":"82-00-09479-0"}]},{"reference":"Bayard, Samuel P. (April–June 1945). \"The 'Johnny Collins' Version of Lady Alice\". The Journal of American Folklore. 58 (228): 73–103. doi:10.2307/535498. JSTOR 535498.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Preston_Bayard","url_text":"Bayard, Samuel P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F535498","url_text":"10.2307/535498"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/535498","url_text":"535498"}]},{"reference":"Child, Francis James, ed. (1884). \"42. Clerk Colvill\". The English and Scottish Popular Ballads. Vol. 1, Part2. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company. pp. 371–389. Archived from the original on 2006-11-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_James_Child","url_text":"Child, Francis James"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/englishandscopt201chiluoft#page/374/mode/2up","url_text":"\"42. Clerk Colvill\""},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=m9IVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA371","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fischer, Frances J. (1998), Golež, Marjetka (ed.), \"»No Death Without Warning«: a Supernatural Ballad in Scotland and the Faroe Islands\", Ljudske balade med izročilom in sodobnostjo [Ballads: Between Tradition and Modern Times], Ljubljana: Založba ZRC, pp. 190–196, ISBN 9789616182607","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dEgwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA195","url_text":"\"»No Death Without Warning«: a Supernatural Ballad in Scotland and the Faroe Islands\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789616182607","url_text":"9789616182607"}]},{"reference":"Parker, Harbison (July–September 1947). \"The 'Clerk Colvill' Mermaid\". The Journal of American Folklore. 60 (237): 265–285. doi:10.2307/536380. JSTOR 536380.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F536380","url_text":"10.2307/536380"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/536380","url_text":"536380"}]},{"reference":"—— (1952). Affiliations of British and West―Scandinavian ballads : a preliminary study (Ph. D.). University of California, Berkeley.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xlIJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA161","external_links_name":"\"Clerk Colvill: or, The Mermaid.\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F535498","external_links_name":"10.2307/535498"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/535498","external_links_name":"535498"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/englishandscopt201chiluoft#page/374/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"42. Clerk Colvill\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=m9IVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA371","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dEgwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA195","external_links_name":"\"»No Death Without Warning«: a Supernatural Ballad in Scotland and the Faroe Islands\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F536380","external_links_name":"10.2307/536380"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/536380","external_links_name":"536380"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clerk_Colvill&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_William_%26_Mary_Tribe_football_team
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2009 William & Mary Tribe football team
|
["1 Schedule","2 Season summary","2.1 Regular season","2.2 Playoffs","3 References"]
|
American college football season
2009 William & Mary Tribe footballNCAA Division I Semifinal, L 13–14 vs. VillanovaConferenceColonial Athletic AssociationDivisionSouth DivisionRankingSports NetworkNo. 4FCS CoachesNo. 3Record11–3 (6–2 CAA)Head coachJimmye Laycock (30th season)Offensive coordinatorZbig Kepa (17th season)Defensive coordinatorBob Shoop (3rd season)CaptainR. J. Archer, David Caldwell, Sean Lissemore, Adrian Tracy, Rob VarnoHome stadiumZable StadiumSeasons← 20082010 →
2009 Colonial Athletic Association football standings
vte
Conf
Overall
Team
W
L
W
L
North Division
No. 7 New Hampshire x^
6
–
2
10
–
3
Maine
4
–
4
5
–
6
Hofstra
3
–
5
5
–
6
UMass
3
–
5
5
–
6
Northeastern
3
–
5
3
–
8
Rhode Island
0
–
8
1
–
10
South Division
No. 1 Villanova x+^
7
–
1
14
–
1
No. 5 Richmond x+^
7
–
1
11
–
2
No. 4 William & Mary ^
6
–
2
11
–
3
Delaware
4
–
4
6
–
5
James Madison
4
–
4
6
–
5
Towson
1
–
7
2
–
9
+ – Conference co-championsx – Division champion/co-champions^ – FCS playoff participantRankings from The Sports Network poll
The 2009 William & Mary Tribe football team represented the College of William & Mary during the 2009 NCAA Division I FCS football season. William & Mary competed as a member of the Colonial Athletic Association (CAA) under head football coach Jimmye Laycock and played their home games at Zable Stadium. The 2009 campaign came on the heels of a 7–4 record in 2008.
The 2009 Tribe football team finished the season ranked No. 4 in The Sports Network's final poll, which was the second highest final ranking William & Mary had ever earned; they finished No. 3 in 2004.
Schedule
DateTimeOpponentRankSiteTVResultAttendanceSourceSeptember 56:00 pmat Virginia*No. 14Scott StadiumCharlottesville, VAESPN360W 26–1454,587
September 127:00 pmCentral Connecticut*No. 7Zable StadiumWilliamsburg, VAW 33–149,546
September 196:00 pmat Norfolk State*No. 5William "Dick" Price StadiumNorfolk, VAW 27–1510,005
September 267:00 pmDelawareNo. 5Zable StadiumWilliamsburg, VA (rivalry)W 30–2012,259
October 33:30 pmat No. 2 VillanovaNo. 5Villanova StadiumVillanova, PAVersusL 17–288,217
October 101:00 pmat NortheasternNo. 8Parsons FieldBrookline, MassachusettsW 34–141,829
October 2412:00 pmJames MadisonNo. 5Zable StadiumWilliamsburg, VA (rivalry)CSNW 24–312,259
October 311:00 pmat Rhode IslandNo. 5Meade StadiumRIW 39–145,117
November 71:30 pmTowsonNo. 5Zable StadiumWilliamsburg, VAW 31–08,037
November 141:30 pmNo. 8 New HampshireNo. 5Zable StadiumWilliamsburg, VAW 20–179,246
November 2112:00 pmat No. 4 RichmondNo. 5University of Richmond StadiumRichmond, VA (Capital Cup)ComcastL 10–1317,527
November 281:00 pmNo. 15 Weber State*No. 6Zable StadiumWilliamsburg, VA (NCAA Division I First Round)W 38–06,497
December 512:00 pmat No. 1 Southern Illinois*No. 6McAndrew StadiumCarbondale, IL (NCAA Division I Quarterfinal)MASNW 24–35,860
December 118:00 pmat No. 2 Villanova*No. 6Villanova StadiumVillanova, PA (NCAA Division I Semifinal)ESPN2L 13–144,171
*Non-conference gameHomecomingRankings from The Sports Network Poll released prior to the gameAll times are in Eastern time
Season summary
Regular season
On September 5, William & Mary opened their season against their academic rivals, the Virginia Cavaliers (UVa) in Charlottesville. UVa, an FBS team, was expected to win handily. However, the Tribe forced a UVa school record-tying seven turnovers and won the game 26–14. It was William & Mary's first win over Virginia since 1986 and their first over an FBS school since 1998 (a 45–38 win over Temple). Tribe redshirt freshman cornerback B.W. Webb intercepted three passes, including a 50-yard pick six late in the fourth quarter to seal the victory. Webb was named the College Football National Defensive Player of the Week by the press. This selection marked the first time since the award's inception in 2001 that any player from an FCS school earned the distinction. Webb's game-sealing third interception was also chosen as SportsCenter's #5 play of the day on its daily Top 10 Plays segment.
The October 3rd match-up pitted the #5 Tribe against the #2 Villanova Wildcats. Both teams headed into the contest with 4–0 (1–0 CAA) records. The 3:30 p.m. game was broadcast live on the Versus network, making it the first-ever nationally televised CAA football game. Villanova won the game 28–17.
After defeating the #8 New Hampshire Wildcats on November 14, the Tribe tied their program's best record through 10 games since the 1947 season. The victory improved William & Mary's record to 5–0 at home on the season, marking the first time since 2004 that they had posted an undefeated regular season mark at Zable Stadium.
Capital Cup showdown
The I-64 Trophy, given to the winner of the annual rivalry game with Richmond (dubbed the I-64 Bowl), was replaced in 2009 with the Capital Cup, which honors the entire 118-game history of the rivalry (through 2008) between the schools and the status of the two cities as the last two capitals of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Both the trophy and game's names were changed to be called the Capital Cup. The 2009 edition turned out to be the most anticipated match-up in the long series' history. Both teams headed into the regular season finale with 9–1 (6–1 CAA) records, and each of the teams' single losses came to Villanova. The #5 Tribe had matched their best record through 10 games since the 1947 season, while the #4 Spiders were also looking for their first 10-win regular season in school history. The game contained not only playoff seeding ramifications, but a minimum share of the conference title was also on the line (the winner of the UR–W&M game would be the CAA's outright winner if #2 Villanova were to be upset by #25 Delaware).
The game was a defensive struggle as most possessions resulted in three-and-outs or, at most, one or two first downs. Tied at 10 apiece with less than 20 seconds remaining in the 4th quarter, William & Mary attempted one last play in Richmond territory to move close enough for a game-winning field goal. However, Tribe quarterback R. J. Archer threw an interception with 14 seconds left, giving the Spiders one last possession. After two pass completions covering close to 30 yards, Spiders kicker Andrew Howard converted a 48-yard field goal as time expired to give Richmond the win and a share of the conference title (Villanova would go on to win their game later that afternoon). Howard had only been 1-for-3 in field goal attempts prior to his game-winning kick.
Playoffs
With the loss, William & Mary finished the regular season 9–2 (6–2 CAA). When the FCS playoff bracket was announced, the #6 Tribe found out that they would be hosting the #15 Weber State Wildcats on November 28. In the first-ever meeting between the schools, William & Mary utilized a season-high four interceptions (two returned for touchdowns) to easily handle the Wildcats 38–0.
In the second round, William & Mary traveled to Carbondale, Illinois to take on the #1 ranked Southern Illinois Salukis. The Salukis boasted an offense that averaged more than 400 yards per game and over 34 points per game. After trailing 3–0 at the end of the first quarter, William & Mary's defense (#1 in the nation for rushing, #3 overall) stymied Southern Illinois for the remainder of the game and the Tribe stunned the host 24–3. The victory marked head coach Jimmye Laycock's 200th career victory (all at W&M), and also made him just the 13th FCS head coach to ever earn that many wins. It also helped the Tribe tie a single season school record of 11 wins which had been set back in 2004, the first and last time that they had reached the national semifinals.
On December 11 at 8:00 p.m., #6 William & Mary versus #2 Villanova met once again at Villanova Stadium for a national semifinal face-off. The game was broadcast live on ESPN2, and either winner of this match-up was going to make their first-ever national championship appearance in football. The Wildcats (12–1–0) came back from a 10–0 halftime deficit to defeat the Tribe for the second time in that season, 14–13. Villanova would then move on to defeat the Montana Grizzlies, 23–21, in the national championship.
References
^ Sports Network's FCS College Football Poll Archived 2011-05-03 at the Wayback Machine
^ 2009 FCS Coaches Poll Archived October 8, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^ Suhr, Jim (December 6, 2009). "Tribe's defense shuts down Salukis quickly". The Paducah Sun. Associated Press. p. 4B. Retrieved December 12, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ CAA Football Recap - November 14, 2009. Retrieved on 14 November 2009.
^ Richmond, William & Mary Rename Football Rivalry As Capital Cup Archived 2011-06-16 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on November 11, 2009.
^ a b Richmond 13 – William & Mary 10 Recap. Retrieved on 23 November 2009.
vteWilliam & Mary Tribe footballVenues
Zable Stadium (1935–present)
Jimmye Laycock Football Center (practice)
Bowls & rivalries
Ivy Bowl
Delaware
James Madison
Old Dominion
Richmond: Capital Cup
VMI
Culture & lore
Griffin
Colonel Ebirt
Scandal of 1951
"Tribe Fight Song"
William & Mary Pep Band
People
Head coaches
NFL draftees
Seasons
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vte2009 NCAA Division I FCS playoff participants
Appalachian State
Eastern Illinois
Eastern Washington
Elon
Holy Cross
McNeese State
Montana
New Hampshire
Richmond
South Carolina State
South Dakota State
Southern Illinois
Stephen F. Austin
Villanova
Weber State
William & Mary
Champion – Villanova Wildcats
|
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William & Mary competed as a member of the Colonial Athletic Association (CAA) under head football coach Jimmye Laycock and played their home games at Zable Stadium. The 2009 campaign came on the heels of a 7–4 record in 2008.The 2009 Tribe football team finished the season ranked No. 4 in The Sports Network's final poll, which was the second highest final ranking William & Mary had ever earned; they finished No. 3 in 2004.[1][2]","title":"2009 William & Mary Tribe football team"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virginia Cavaliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Virginia_Cavaliers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Charlottesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"FBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Bowl_Subdivision"},{"link_name":"Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Owls_football"},{"link_name":"redshirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshirt_(college_sports)"},{"link_name":"cornerback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornerback"},{"link_name":"pick six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interception"},{"link_name":"FCS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Championship_Subdivision"},{"link_name":"SportsCenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SportsCenter"},{"link_name":"Versus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versus_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"1947 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_William_%26_Mary_Tribe_football_team"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAA-4"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_William_%26_Mary_Tribe_football_team"},{"link_name":"Zable Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zable_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Capital Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Cup"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Delaware_Fightin%27_Blue_Hens_football_team"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RECAP-6"},{"link_name":"R. 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Webb's game-sealing third interception was also chosen as SportsCenter's #5 play of the day on its daily Top 10 Plays segment.The October 3rd match-up pitted the #5 Tribe against the #2 Villanova Wildcats. Both teams headed into the contest with 4–0 (1–0 CAA) records. The 3:30 p.m. game was broadcast live on the Versus network, making it the first-ever nationally televised CAA football game. Villanova won the game 28–17.After defeating the #8 New Hampshire Wildcats on November 14, the Tribe tied their program's best record through 10 games since the 1947 season.[4] The victory improved William & Mary's record to 5–0 at home on the season, marking the first time since 2004 that they had posted an undefeated regular season mark at Zable Stadium.Capital Cup showdownThe I-64 Trophy, given to the winner of the annual rivalry game with Richmond (dubbed the I-64 Bowl), was replaced in 2009 with the Capital Cup, which honors the entire 118-game history of the rivalry (through 2008) between the schools and the status of the two cities as the last two capitals of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Both the trophy and game's names were changed to be called the Capital Cup.[5] The 2009 edition turned out to be the most anticipated match-up in the long series' history. Both teams headed into the regular season finale with 9–1 (6–1 CAA) records, and each of the teams' single losses came to Villanova. The #5 Tribe had matched their best record through 10 games since the 1947 season, while the #4 Spiders were also looking for their first 10-win regular season in school history. The game contained not only playoff seeding ramifications, but a minimum share of the conference title was also on the line (the winner of the UR–W&M game would be the CAA's outright winner if #2 Villanova were to be upset by #25 Delaware).[6]The game was a defensive struggle as most possessions resulted in three-and-outs or, at most, one or two first downs. Tied at 10 apiece with less than 20 seconds remaining in the 4th quarter, William & Mary attempted one last play in Richmond territory to move close enough for a game-winning field goal. However, Tribe quarterback R. J. Archer threw an interception with 14 seconds left, giving the Spiders one last possession. After two pass completions covering close to 30 yards, Spiders kicker Andrew Howard converted a 48-yard field goal as time expired to give Richmond the win and a share of the conference title (Villanova would go on to win their game later that afternoon). 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When the FCS playoff bracket was announced, the #6 Tribe found out that they would be hosting the #15 Weber State Wildcats on November 28. In the first-ever meeting between the schools, William & Mary utilized a season-high four interceptions (two returned for touchdowns) to easily handle the Wildcats 38–0.In the second round, William & Mary traveled to Carbondale, Illinois to take on the #1 ranked Southern Illinois Salukis. The Salukis boasted an offense that averaged more than 400 yards per game and over 34 points per game. After trailing 3–0 at the end of the first quarter, William & Mary's defense (#1 in the nation for rushing, #3 overall) stymied Southern Illinois for the remainder of the game and the Tribe stunned the host 24–3. The victory marked head coach Jimmye Laycock's 200th career victory (all at W&M), and also made him just the 13th FCS head coach to ever earn that many wins. 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|
[]
| null |
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|
[{"Link":"http://www.sportsnetwork.com/merge/tsnform.aspx?c=sportsnetwork&page=cfoot2/misc/TSN-DIV-1AA-POLL.htm","external_links_name":"Sports Network's FCS College Football Poll"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110503204524/http://www.sportsnetwork.com/merge/tsnform.aspx?c=sportsnetwork&page=cfoot2/misc/TSN-DIV-1AA-POLL.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.soconsports.com/fls/4000/socon/FCS/polls/09polls/index.htm","external_links_name":"2009 FCS Coaches Poll"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091008113636/http://www.soconsports.com/fls/4000/socon/FCS/polls/09polls/index.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90476092/the-paducah-sun/","external_links_name":"\"Tribe's defense shuts down Salukis quickly\""},{"Link":"http://www.caasports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=8500&ATCLID=204833677","external_links_name":"CAA Football Recap - November 14, 2009"},{"Link":"http://www.richmondspiders.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/111109aaa.html","external_links_name":"Richmond, William & Mary Rename Football Rivalry As Capital Cup"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110616235914/http://www.richmondspiders.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/111109aaa.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://scores.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=293250257","external_links_name":"Richmond 13 – William & Mary 10 Recap"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanuki_Domain
|
Sanuki Domain
|
["1 History","2 Holdings at the end of the Edo period","3 List of daimyōs","4 References","5 External links","6 Notes"]
|
Sanuki Domain佐貫藩under Tokugawa shogunate Japan1600–1871CapitalSanuki Castle • TypeDaimyō
Historical eraEdo period• Established 1600• Disestablished 1871
Today part ofpart of Ibaraki Prefecture
Site of Sanuki Castle, administrative center of Sanuki Domain
Sanuki Domain (佐貫藩, Sanuki-han) was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, located in Kazusa Province (central modern-day Chiba Prefecture). It was centered on Sanuki Castle in what is now the city of Futtsu, Chiba.
History
The original Sanuki Castle was built by the Satomi clan, rulers of most of the Bōsō Peninsula during the Sengoku period. Following the Battle of Odawara in 1590, the Kantō region by was assigned to Tokugawa Ieyasu by the warlord Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who also restricted the Satomi to Awa Province for their lukewarm support of his campaigns against the Later Hōjō clan. Tokugawa Ieyasu appointed Naitō Ienaga, one of his hereditary retainers, to be daimyō of the newly formed 20,000 koku Sanuki Domain.
During the Siege of Fushimi in 1600 prior to the Battle of Sekigahara, Naito Ienaga was one of the last defenders of Fushimi Castle to fall to the forces of Ishida Mitsunari. He was succeeded by his son, Naito Masanaga, who was awarded an additional 10,000 koku for his efforts at the Siege of Osaka. He gained another 10,000 koku for his participation in the suppression of the Satomi clan at Tateyama Domain in Awa Province, and yet another 5,000 koku when Shōgun Tokugawa Hidetada visited on an extended falconry expedition, thus bringing his total revenues to 45,000 koku. He was subsequently transferred to Iwakidaira Domain in Mutsu Province.
His replacement, Matsudaira Tadashige, was an 8,000 koku hatamoto of Fukuya Domain in Musashi Province, who was elevated to the ranks of the daimyō with an additional 7,000 koku stipend. He was subsequently transferred to Tanaka Domain in Suruga Province and Sanuki Domain reverted to tenryō territory directly under the control of the Tokugawa shogunate.
In January 1639, the domain was revived for Matsudaira Katsutaka, a former jisha-bugyō, whose holdings had reached 15,000 koku, qualifying for the status of daimyō. However, the Matsudaira clan was dispossessed from Sanuki under the tenure of his son, Matsudaira Shigeharu, for mismanagement, and Sanuki Domain again lapsed to tenryō status.
In May 1710, the domain was reestablished as a 16,000 koku holding for Abe Masatane, formerly daimyō of Kariya Domain in Mikawa Province. The Abe clan continued to rule Sanuki until the Meiji Restoration. The final daimyo of Sanuki Domain, Abe Masatsune, initially served with the pro-Tokugawa forces in the Boshin War against the strong advice of his senior retainers and refused to surrender his armory to the new Meiji government. He was subsequently imprisoned for a time, but was pardoned, and was appointed domain governor under the new administration, until the abolition of the han system in July 1871 and subsequently became a viscount under the kazoku peerage. Sanuki Domain became “Sanuki Prefecture”, which merged with the short lived “Kisarazu Prefecture” in November 1871, which later became part of Chiba Prefecture.
The domain had a population of 401 samurai in 91 households, 111 ashigaru in 29 households, and 16,908 commoners in 3314 households per a census in 1869. The domain maintained its primary residence (kamiyashiki) in Edo at Soto-Sakurada.
Holdings at the end of the Edo period
Although most domains in the han system, consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned kokudaka, based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields, Sanuki Domain was a compact territory located entirely within Kazusa Province.
Kazusa Province
55 villages in Amaha District
1 village in Mouda District
6 villages in Ichihara District
List of daimyōs
#
Name
Tenure
Courtesy title
Court Rank
kokudaka
Naitō clan (fudai) 1590–1622
1
Naitō Ienaga (内藤家長)
1590–1600
-none-
-none-
20,000 koku
2
Naitō Masanaga (内藤政長)
1600–1622
Sama-no-suke (左馬助)
Lower 4th (従四位下)
45,000 koku
Matsudaira (Sakurai) clan (fudai) 1622–1633
1
Matsudaira Tadashige (松平忠重)
1622–1633
Daizen-no-suke (大膳亮)
Lower 5th (従五位下)
15,000 koku
Matsudaira clan (fudai) 1638–1684
1
Matsudaira Katsutaka (松平勝隆)
1638–1662
Izumo-no-kami (出雲守)
Lower 5th (従五位下)
15,000 koku
2
Matsudaira Shigeharu (松平重治)
1662–1684
Yamashiro-no-kami (山城守)
Lower 5th (従五位下)
15,000 koku
Abe clan (fudai) 1684–1871
1
Abe Masatane (阿部正鎮)
1710–1751
Inaba-no-kami (因幡守)
Lower 5th (従五位下)
16,000 koku
2
Abe Masaoki (阿部正興)
1751–1764
Inaba-no-kami (因幡守)
Lower 5th (従五位下)
16,000 koku
3
Abe Masayoshi (阿部正賀)
1764–1780
Suruga-no-kami (駿河守)
Lower 5th (従五位下)
16,000 koku
4
Abe Masazane (阿部正実)
1780–1792
Hyōbū-Shoyū (兵部少輔)
Lower 5th (従五位下)
16,000 koku
5
Abe Masahiro (阿部正簡)
1792–1825
Suruga-no-kami (駿河守)
Lower 5th (従五位下)
16,000 koku
6
Abe Masataka (阿部正暠)
1825–1836
Yamashiro-no-kami (山城守)
Lower 5th (従五位下)
16,000 koku
7
Abe Masami (阿部正身)
1836–1854
Suruga-no-kami (駿河守)
Lower 5th (従五位下)
16,000 koku
8
Abe Masatsune (阿部正恒)
1854–1871
Suruga-no-kami (駿河守)
Lower 5th (従五位下)
16,000 koku
References
Papinot, E. (1910). Historical and Geographic Dictionary of Japan. Tuttle (reprint) 1972.
Bolitho, Harold. (1974). Treasures Among Men: The Fudai Daimyo in Tokugawa Japan. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-01655-0; OCLC 185685588
Kodama Kōta 児玉幸多, Kitajima Masamoto 北島正元 (1966). Kantō no shohan 関東の諸藩. Tokyo: Shin Jinbutsu Ōraisha.
Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 48943301
External links
(in Japanese) Sanuki on "Edo 300 HTML"
Notes
^ Edo daimyo.net (in Japanese)
^ Mass, Jeffrey P. and William B. Hauser. (1987). The Bakufu in Japanese History, p. 150.
^ Elison, George and Bardwell L. Smith (1987). Warlords, Artists, & Commoners: Japan in the Sixteenth Century, p. 18.
vteDomains of Kantō
Numata
Tatebayashi
Isesaki
Maebashi
Takasaki
Annaka
Yoshii
Nanokaichi
Obata
Ōtawara
Kurobane
Takatoku
Satsuregawa
Karasuyama
Utsunomiya
Mibu
Fukiake
Sano
Ashikaga
Mito
Shishido
Kasama
Matsuoka
Shimodate
Shimotsuma
Hitachi-Fuchū
Shizuku
Tsuchiura
Yatabe
Ushiku
Asō
Yūki
Koga
Sekiyado
Takaoka
Omigawa
Tako
Sakura
Oyumi
Tsurumaki
Jōzai
Ichinomiya
Ōtaki
Kururi
Iino
Sanuki
Awa-Katsuyama
Tateyama
Funagata
Okabe
Oshi
Iwatsuki
Kawagoe
Kanazawa
Ogino-Yamanaka
Odawara
Japanese domains
Tōhoku & Hokkaidō
Kantō
Hokuriku & Kōshin
Chūbu
Kinki
Chūgoku
Shikoku
Kyūshū
|
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Odawara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odawara_Domain"},{"link_name":"Japanese domains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_han"},{"link_name":"Tōhoku & Hokkaidō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Domains_of_T%C5%8Dhoku_and_Hokkaid%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Kantō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Domains_of_Kant%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Hokuriku & Kōshin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Domains_of_Hokuriku_and_K%C5%8Dshin"},{"link_name":"Chūbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Domains_of_Ch%C5%ABbu"},{"link_name":"Kinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Domains_of_Kinki"},{"link_name":"Chūgoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Domains_of_Ch%C5%ABgoku"},{"link_name":"Shikoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Domains_of_Shikoku"},{"link_name":"Kyūshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Domains_of_Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB"}],"text":"^ Edo daimyo.net (in Japanese)\n\n^ Mass, Jeffrey P. and William B. Hauser. (1987). The Bakufu in Japanese History, p. 150.\n\n^ Elison, George and Bardwell L. Smith (1987). Warlords, Artists, & Commoners: Japan in the Sixteenth Century, p. 18.vteDomains of Kantō\nNumata\nTatebayashi\nIsesaki\nMaebashi\nTakasaki\nAnnaka\nYoshii\nNanokaichi\nObata\nŌtawara\nKurobane\nTakatoku\nSatsuregawa\nKarasuyama\nUtsunomiya\nMibu\nFukiake\nSano\nAshikaga\nMito\nShishido\nKasama\nMatsuoka\nShimodate\nShimotsuma\nHitachi-Fuchū\nShizuku\nTsuchiura\nYatabe\nUshiku\nAsō\nYūki\nKoga\nSekiyado\nTakaoka\nOmigawa\nTako\nSakura\nOyumi\nTsurumaki\nJōzai\nIchinomiya\nŌtaki\nKururi\nIino\nSanuki\nAwa-Katsuyama\nTateyama\nFunagata\nOkabe\nOshi\nIwatsuki\nKawagoe\nKanazawa\nOgino-Yamanaka\nOdawara\n\nJapanese domains\nTōhoku & Hokkaidō\nKantō\nHokuriku & Kōshin\nChūbu\nKinki\nChūgoku\nShikoku\nKyūshū","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Site of Sanuki Castle, administrative center of Sanuki Domain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sanuki_Castle.jpg/300px-Sanuki_Castle.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Papinot, E. (1910). Historical and Geographic Dictionary of Japan. Tuttle (reprint) 1972.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/185685588","external_links_name":"OCLC 185685588"},{"Link":"http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48943301/editions?editionsView=true&referer=br","external_links_name":"OCLC 48943301"},{"Link":"http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~me4k-skri/han/kantou/sanuki.html","external_links_name":"Sanuki on \"Edo 300 HTML\""},{"Link":"http://www1.parkcity.ne.jp/sito/34.html","external_links_name":"Edo daimyo.net (in Japanese)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Hv99D510nHcC&pg=PA150&dq=","external_links_name":"The Bakufu in Japanese History, p. 150"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T2_5_W7UFXwC&pg=PA18&dq=","external_links_name":"Warlords, Artists, & Commoners: Japan in the Sixteenth Century, p. 18"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burr_(cutter)
|
Burr (cutter)
|
["1 Description","2 References"]
|
Small cutting tool
A selection of carbide burrs.
Burrs or burs (sometimes called rotary files) are small cutting tools; not to be confused with small pieces of metal formed from cutting metal, used in die grinders, rotary tools, or dental drills. The name may be considered appropriate when their small-sized head (3 mm diameter shaft) is compared to a bur (fruit seed with hooks) or their teeth are compared to a metal burr.
Description
Burrs are a rotary analog to files that cut linearly (hence their alternate name, rotary files). They share many similarities with endmills and router bits, with the notable distinction that the latter typically have their toolpaths dictated by the machine, while burrs are frequently operated in a freehand manner. However, there is substantial overlap in the use and toolpath control of these various classes of cutters, and e outcomes accomplished with them. For example, endmills can be used in routers, and burrs can be used like endmills in milling by CNC or manual machine tools. These are often used in CNC machining centers for removing burrs (the small flakes of metal) after a machining process.
To achieve optimal surface speed and cutting conditions, burrs are rapidly rotated at high speeds, often in the range of thousands or tens of thousands of RPM, which is typically the maximum speed supported by a given spindle. The cutters depicted in the image, being made of tungsten carbide, can withstand and operate at these elevated speeds. This allows them to function at higher velocities compared to equivalent "HSS" (High-Speed Steel) cutters, all the while retaining the sharpness of their cutting edges.
Because the cutting edges of burrs are so small, they can often be touched when spinning by a finger without cutting the skin, which flexes out of the way, although it would not be safe to pinch or grip them from two sides. Hard metal or ceramic workpieces cannot flex beyond the cutting edges, so the tools remove material from them. This characteristic makes burrs suitable for use in dentistry, as the tool will grind the hard enamel of teeth, yet leaves soft mouth tissues unharmed if the tool should unintentionally touch them.
References
^ Customs Bulletin and Decisions: Regulations, Rulings, Decisions, and Notices Concerning Customs and Related Matters of the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals and the United States Customs Court. Department of the Treasury, U.S. Customs Service. 1976. Retrieved 2024-02-02.
^ Industry, Society of the Plastics (1991-08-31). Plastics Engineering Handbook Of The Society Of The Plastics Industry. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-0-412-99181-3. Retrieved 2024-02-02.
^ "Essential CNC Router Accessories". CNC Sourced. Retrieved 2024-02-02.
^ Mehra, Pushkar; D'Innocenzo, Richard (2015-08-03). Manual of Minor Oral Surgery for the General Dentist. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-43215-0.
vteMetalworkingvteMetalworking toolsCutting machines
Bandsaw
Cold saw
Laser
Miter saw
Plasma
Water jet cutter
Cutting tools
Broach
Burr
Chisel
Counterbore
Countersink
End mill
File
Hand scraper
Milling cutter
Nibbler
Oxy-fuel cutting torch
Reamer
Shears
Tipped tool
Tool bit
Forming tools
Brake
Die
English wheel
Hydraulic press
Machine press
Punch press
Screw press
Stamping press
Hand tools
Clamp
Combination square
Drift pin
Hacksaw
Hammer
Hand scraper
Machinist square
Needlegun scaler
Piercing saw
Pliers
Punch
Scriber
Tap and die
Tongs
Vise
Workbench
Wrench
Machine tooling
Angle plate
Chuck
Collet
Fixture
Indexing head
Jig
Lathe center
Machine taper
Magnetic switchable device
Mandrel
Rotary table
Wiggler
Measuring instruments
Bore gauge
Caliper
Center gauge
Dial indicator
Engineer's blue
Engineer's spirit level
Feeler gauge
Gauge
Gauge block
Go/no go gauge
Height gauge
Machinist square
Marking blue
Marking gauge
Marking out
Micrometer
Optical comparator
Radius gauge
Ruler
Sine bar
Straightedge
Surface plate
Tape measure
Thread pitch gauge
Vernier scale
Smithing tools
Anvil
Forge
Fuller
Hardy tools
Pritchel
Steam hammer
Swage block
Trip hammer
Casting
Fabrication
Forming
Jewellery
Machining
Metallurgy
Smithing
Tools and terminology
Welding
This metalworking article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This tool article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BurrCarbideCutters.jpg"},{"link_name":"carbide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbide"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"die grinders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_grinder"},{"link_name":"rotary tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_tool"},{"link_name":"dental drills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_drill"},{"link_name":"bur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bur"},{"link_name":"metal burr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burr_(edge)"}],"text":"A selection of carbide burrs.Burrs or burs (sometimes called rotary files)[1][2] are small cutting tools; not to be confused with small pieces of metal formed from cutting metal, used in die grinders, rotary tools, or dental drills. The name may be considered appropriate when their small-sized head (3 mm diameter shaft) is compared to a bur (fruit seed with hooks) or their teeth are compared to a metal burr.","title":"Burr (cutter)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rotary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation"},{"link_name":"files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_(tool)"},{"link_name":"linearly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/linear#Adjective"},{"link_name":"endmills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_mill"},{"link_name":"router bits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_bit"},{"link_name":"toolpaths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toolpath"},{"link_name":"routers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(woodworking)"},{"link_name":"milling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milling_(machining)"},{"link_name":"CNC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_control"},{"link_name":"machine tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_tool"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"burrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burr_(edge)"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute"},{"link_name":"High-Speed Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_steel"},{"link_name":"dentistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistry"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Burrs are a rotary analog to files that cut linearly (hence their alternate name, rotary files). They share many similarities with endmills and router bits, with the notable distinction that the latter typically have their toolpaths dictated by the machine, while burrs are frequently operated in a freehand manner. However, there is substantial overlap in the use and toolpath control of these various classes of cutters, and e outcomes accomplished with them. For example, endmills can be used in routers, and burrs can be used like endmills in milling by CNC or manual machine tools.[3] These are often used in CNC machining centers for removing burrs (the small flakes of metal) after a machining process.To achieve optimal surface speed and cutting conditions, burrs are rapidly rotated at high speeds, often in the range of thousands or tens of thousands of RPM, which is typically the maximum speed supported by a given spindle. The cutters depicted in the image, being made of tungsten carbide, can withstand and operate at these elevated speeds. This allows them to function at higher velocities compared to equivalent \"HSS\" (High-Speed Steel) cutters, all the while retaining the sharpness of their cutting edges.Because the cutting edges of burrs are so small, they can often be touched when spinning by a finger without cutting the skin, which flexes out of the way, although it would not be safe to pinch or grip them from two sides. Hard metal or ceramic workpieces cannot flex beyond the cutting edges, so the tools remove material from them. This characteristic makes burrs suitable for use in dentistry, as the tool will grind the hard enamel of teeth, yet leaves soft mouth tissues unharmed if the tool should unintentionally touch them.[4]","title":"Description"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A selection of carbide burrs.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/BurrCarbideCutters.jpg/200px-BurrCarbideCutters.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Customs Bulletin and Decisions: Regulations, Rulings, Decisions, and Notices Concerning Customs and Related Matters of the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals and the United States Customs Court. Department of the Treasury, U.S. Customs Service. 1976. Retrieved 2024-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=toFKlvIGNDcC","url_text":"Customs Bulletin and Decisions: Regulations, Rulings, Decisions, and Notices Concerning Customs and Related Matters of the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals and the United States Customs Court"}]},{"reference":"Industry, Society of the Plastics (1991-08-31). Plastics Engineering Handbook Of The Society Of The Plastics Industry. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-0-412-99181-3. Retrieved 2024-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FzPEJyDTqtEC&pg=PA658","url_text":"Plastics Engineering Handbook Of The Society Of The Plastics Industry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-412-99181-3","url_text":"978-0-412-99181-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Essential CNC Router Accessories\". CNC Sourced. Retrieved 2024-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cncsourced.com/guides/best-cnc-router-accessories/#spindle","url_text":"\"Essential CNC Router Accessories\""}]},{"reference":"Mehra, Pushkar; D'Innocenzo, Richard (2015-08-03). Manual of Minor Oral Surgery for the General Dentist. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-43215-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yEAxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA200","url_text":"Manual of Minor Oral Surgery for the General Dentist"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-43215-0","url_text":"978-1-118-43215-0"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=toFKlvIGNDcC","external_links_name":"Customs Bulletin and Decisions: Regulations, Rulings, Decisions, and Notices Concerning Customs and Related Matters of the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals and the United States Customs Court"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FzPEJyDTqtEC&pg=PA658","external_links_name":"Plastics Engineering Handbook Of The Society Of The Plastics Industry"},{"Link":"https://www.cncsourced.com/guides/best-cnc-router-accessories/#spindle","external_links_name":"\"Essential CNC Router Accessories\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yEAxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA200","external_links_name":"Manual of Minor Oral Surgery for the General Dentist"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burr_(cutter)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burr_(cutter)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canticle_III:_Still_falls_the_rain
|
Canticle III: Still falls the rain
|
["1 Composition and premiere","2 Source poem","3 Music","4 References"]
|
Canticle III: Still falls the rainCanticle by Benjamin BrittenBritten in 1968Opus55Textpoem by Edith SitwellLanguageEnglishComposed1954 (1954)Dedicationmemory of Noel Mewton-WoodPerformed1955 (1955)Scoringtenorhornpiano
Canticle III: Still falls the rain, Op. 55, is a 1954 vocal composition by Benjamin Britten for tenor, horn and piano. It is part of his series Canticles.
Composition and premiere
Britten composed Canticle III, Still falls the rain: The raids 1940. Night and dawn, to give its full title, in 1954 for a memorial concert for the pianist Noel Mewton-Wood. The concert was given at Wigmore Hall in January 1955. Canticle III was premiered by Peter Pears (tenor), Dennis Brain (French horn) and the composer on piano.
Source poem
The poem on which Canticle III is based is by Edith Sitwell and was first published in 1941. It was written after the raids on London in 1940. The poem is dark, and full of the disillusions of World War II. It speaks of the failure of man, and of the yet unconditional love of God.
Music
The structure of the piece is similar to that of the opera The Turn of the Screw which was premiered a few months before Canticle III. This structure is characterized by the alternation of an instrumental theme-and-variations (in the horn and piano) with six verses of text settings. The final instrumental variation is combined with the concluding text-verse setting. The theme of the variations is presented as an introduction, and consists of a sixteen-bar melody on the horn introducing all twelve notes. The theme has three phrases, the first consisting of five notes, and the second answering it in inversion. The remaining two notes are reserved for the final phrase, which also includes the five-note sequence and inversion from the preceding two phrases. The text is presented in a free recitative style with very few interventions by the piano, which emphasizes the poetry itself. The horn and tenor unite only at the very end, on a rhythmic unison, when the poem evokes the voice of God. A similar colouristic effect (rhythmic unison of the tenor and the alto) had been used in Canticle II: Abraham and Isaac to represent the voice of God talking to Abraham.
References
^ Kirkbride, Jo. "Canticle III: Still Falls the Rain". Scottish Chamber Orchestra (Programme note). Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
^ M, C. 1957. Untitled review of: Britten, Benjamin, Canticle III, 'Still falls the rain (Edith Sitwell) for Tenor, Horn and Piano, Op. 55. Music & Letters 38, no. 1 (January): 104–105
vteBenjamin BrittenList of compositionsOpera and operetta
Paul Bunyan (1941)
Peter Grimes (1945)
The Rape of Lucretia (1946)
Albert Herring (1947)
The Little Sweep (1949)
Billy Budd (1951)
Gloriana (1953)
The Turn of the Screw (1954)
Noye's Fludde (1958)
A Midsummer Night's Dream (1960)
Owen Wingrave (1971)
Death in Venice (1973)
Church parables
Curlew River (1964)
The Burning Fiery Furnace (1966)
The Prodigal Son (1968)
Film/Ballet
Plymouth Town (1931)
Night Mail (1936)
The Prince of the Pagodas (1956)
Orchestral
Sinfonietta (1932)
Simple Symphony (1934)
Soirées musicales (1937)
Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge (1937)
Mont Juic (1937)
Sinfonia da Requiem (1940)
Matinées musicales (1941)
The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra (1946)
Concertante
Piano Concerto (1938, rev. 1945)
Violin Concerto (1939, rev. 1958)
Young Apollo (1939)
Diversions for Piano Left Hand and Orchestra (1940 rev. 1954)
Cello Symphony (1963)
Vocal/Choral Orchestral
Our Hunting Fathers (1936)
The Company of Heaven (1937)
Les Illuminations (1939)
Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings (1943)
Saint Nicolas (1948)
Spring Symphony (1949)
Nocturne (1958)
Cantata academica (1959)
War Requiem (1961)
Cantata misericordium (1963)
Children's Crusade (1969)
Phaedra (1975)
Vocal
Beware! Three Early Songs (1922–26)
Seven Sonnets of Michelangelo (1940)
The Holy Sonnets of John Donne (1945)
Britten's Purcell realizations (1945)+
5 Canticles (1947–75, including Canticle I: My beloved is mine and I am his, Canticle II: Abraham and Isaac (1952), Canticle III: Still falls the rain (1954) and Canticle IV: The Journey of the Magi (1971)
A Charm of Lullabies (1947)
Winter Words (1954)
Songs from the Chinese (1957)
Sechs Hölderlin-Fragmente (1958)
Songs and Proverbs of William Blake (1965)
The Poet's Echo (1965)
Who Are These Children? (1969)
A Birthday Hansel (1975)
Choral
Friday Afternoons (1932–1935)
A Boy was Born (1933)
Te Deum in C (1934)
Advance Democracy (1938)
A Ceremony of Carols (1942)
Hymn to St Cecilia (1942)
Festival Te Deum (1944)
Rejoice in the Lamb (1943)
Five Flower Songs (1950)
Hymn to St Peter (1955)
Missa Brevis (1959)
A Hymn of St Columba (1962)
The Golden Vanity (1966)
Children's Crusade (1968)
Sacred and Profane (8 medieval lyrics) (1974)
Jubilate Deo (1961)
Chamber/Instrumental
String Quartet in D major (1931)
Phantasy Quartet (oboe quartet, 1932)
String Quartet No. 1 (1941)
String Quartet No. 2 (1945)
Prelude and Fugue on a Theme of Vittoria (organ, 1946)
Six Metamorphoses after Ovid (oboe, 1951)
Fanfare for St Edmundsbury (three trumpets, 1959)
Cello sonata (1961)
Nocturnal after John Dowland (guitar, 1963)
Cello suites (1964, 1967, 1972)
String Quartet No. 3 (1975)
Collaborations
Homage to Paderewski (1941)
Variations on an Elizabethan Theme (1953)
Film adaptations
War Requiem (1989 film)
Legacy
Aldeburgh Festival
Britten Pears Arts
Britten Pears Young Artist Programme
Britten-Pears Orchestra
Snape Maltings Concert Hall
The Red House, Aldeburgh
Named after Britten
Benjamin Britten (train)
Benjamin Britten Academy
Britten Inlet
Britten Hall
Britten Sinfonia
Related articles
Benjamin Britten: A Life in the Twentieth Century
Britten's Children
Cantus in Memoriam Benjamin Britten
English Opera Group
The Dark Tower
Scallop (2003)
Category
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
United States
Other
MusicBrainz work
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Op.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_number"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Britten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Britten"},{"link_name":"Canticles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canticles_(Britten)"}],"text":"Canticle III: Still falls the rain, Op. 55, is a 1954 vocal composition by Benjamin Britten for tenor, horn and piano. It is part of his series Canticles.","title":"Canticle III: Still falls the rain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Noel Mewton-Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Mewton-Wood"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Wigmore Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigmore_Hall"},{"link_name":"Peter Pears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pears"},{"link_name":"tenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor"},{"link_name":"Dennis Brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Brain"},{"link_name":"French horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_horn"}],"text":"Britten composed Canticle III, Still falls the rain: The raids 1940. Night and dawn, to give its full title, in 1954 for a memorial concert for the pianist Noel Mewton-Wood.[citation needed] The concert was given at Wigmore Hall in January 1955. Canticle III was premiered by Peter Pears (tenor), Dennis Brain (French horn) and the composer on piano.","title":"Composition and premiere"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edith Sitwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Sitwell"},{"link_name":"raids on London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blitz"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The poem on which Canticle III is based is by Edith Sitwell and was first published in 1941. It was written after the raids on London in 1940. The poem is dark, and full of the disillusions of World War II. It speaks of the failure of man, and of the yet unconditional love of God.[1]","title":"Source poem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Turn of the Screw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Turn_of_the_Screw"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Canticle II: Abraham and Isaac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canticle_II:_Abraham_and_Isaac"},{"link_name":"Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham"}],"text":"The structure of the piece is similar to that of the opera The Turn of the Screw which was premiered a few months before Canticle III. This structure is characterized by the alternation of an instrumental theme-and-variations (in the horn and piano) with six verses of text settings. The final instrumental variation is combined with the concluding text-verse setting. The theme of the variations is presented as an introduction, and consists of a sixteen-bar melody on the horn introducing all twelve notes. The theme has three phrases, the first consisting of five notes, and the second answering it in inversion. The remaining two notes are reserved for the final phrase, which also includes the five-note sequence and inversion from the preceding two phrases.[2] The text is presented in a free recitative style with very few interventions by the piano, which emphasizes the poetry itself. The horn and tenor unite only at the very end, on a rhythmic unison, when the poem evokes the voice of God. A similar colouristic effect (rhythmic unison of the tenor and the alto) had been used in Canticle II: Abraham and Isaac to represent the voice of God talking to Abraham.","title":"Music"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Kirkbride, Jo. \"Canticle III: Still Falls the Rain\". Scottish Chamber Orchestra (Programme note). Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140529013941/http://www.sco.org.uk/content/canticle-iii-still-falls-rain","url_text":"\"Canticle III: Still Falls the Rain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Chamber_Orchestra","url_text":"Scottish Chamber Orchestra"},{"url":"http://www.sco.org.uk/content/canticle-iii-still-falls-rain","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140529013941/http://www.sco.org.uk/content/canticle-iii-still-falls-rain","external_links_name":"\"Canticle III: Still Falls the Rain\""},{"Link":"http://www.sco.org.uk/content/canticle-iii-still-falls-rain","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/176398522","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13957781m","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13957781m","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no92000728","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/d2d7fa89-b705-41f9-aa88-55030ece4a4e","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo_lake
|
Lake Maracaibo
|
["1 Geology","2 Climate","3 History","4 Industry","5 Nature","6 Contamination","7 Islands","8 Bridge","9 Photos","10 References"]
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Coordinates: 09°48′57″N 71°33′24″W / 9.81583°N 71.55667°W / 9.81583; -71.55667Body of water in Venezuela
Lake MaracaiboSatellite image of Lake MaracaiboLake MaracaiboMapCoordinates09°48′57″N 71°33′24″W / 9.81583°N 71.55667°W / 9.81583; -71.55667TypeAncient lake, Coastal saltwater, bayPrimary inflowsCatatumbo RiverPrimary outflowsGulf of VenezuelaBasin countriesVenezuelaMax. length210 kilometres (130 mi)Max. width121 kilometres (75 mi)Surface area13,512 km2 (5,217 sq mi)Max. depth35 m (115 ft)Water volume280 km3 (230,000,000 acre⋅ft)Surface elevation0 m (0 ft)SettlementsMaracaibo, Cabimas, Ciudad Ojeda
Lake Maracaibo (Spanish: Lago de Maracaibo) is a brackish lake located in northwestern Venezuela, between the states of Zulia, Trujillo, and Mérida. Hydrologically, it is a semi-enclosed bay off the coast of the Gulf of Venezuela. Lake Maracaibo is commonly considered a lake, though due to its current geological characteristics, it should not be considered as such. With a surface area of 13,512 km2 (5,217 sq mi), it is the largest lake in South America and one of the oldest on Earth, having formed disputably as a lake 36 million years ago in the Andes Mountains.
The lake is connected to the Gulf of Venezuela to the north by a narrow spit. It is fed by numerous rivers, the biggest being the Catatumbo River. The fault in the northern section has collapsed and is rich in oil and gas resources. It is Venezuela's main oil producing area and an important fishing and agricultural producing area. Eutrophication caused by oil pollution is a major environmental problem facing the lagoon. The area around the lagoon is inhabited by a quarter of the country's population and is also the place with the most frequent lightning on earth. The famous Catatumbo lightning can illuminate nighttime navigation.
Geology
Lake Maracaibo is located within the eponymous basin and is one of the oldest lakes on earth. It was formed 36 million years ago when the faults collapsed when the Andes were uplifted in the late Eocene. In the geological history, sea water and fresh water have alternated many times, and have flooded the area. At the end of the last glacial period, the sea level rose, connecting Lake Maracaibo directly with the Atlantic Ocean, and the lighter fresh water floated on the heavier salt water, causing nutrients to be deposited on the bottom of the lake, resulting in the accumulation of more than a five kilometer thick deposit of sediment on the bedrock.
In the Pliocene, the depression of today's Lake Maracaibo reached what would be practically its current form. The numerous rivers that flow into the lake have been defining its banks, especially those that form the southern delta of the lake, where the Escalante, Catatumbo and Santa Ana rivers converge.
Lake Maracaibo is located in the Maracaibo lowland in the faulted basin between the Perija Mountains and the Merida Mountains of the Eastern Cordillera Mountains in northwestern Venezuela. The lake is in the shape of a vase. It is 210 kilometers long from north to south, 121 kilometers wide from east to west, covers an area of 13,512 square kilometers, the deepest is 35 meters, the shore length is about 1000 kilometers, and the volume is about 280 cubic kilometers. The largest river entering the lake, the Catatumbo River, enters the lake from west to east, providing 57% of the water entering the lake. In addition to the influence of the prevailing wind, the lake water circulates counterclockwise. There are also the Santa Ana River, Chama River, Motatán River, Escalante River, and about fifty other rivers which drain into it.
Lake Maracaibo is deep in the south and shallow in the north. The northern half of the lake, which looks like a bottleneck, is 55 kilometers long. The southeastern edge of the lake basin with a flat bottom is steep and the northwestern edge is gentle. It is slightly salty due to the influence of tides, and the overall salinity is between 1.5 and 3.8%. The Catatumbo River forms a bird-foot-shaped delta in the southwest of the lake basin, and the surface lake water in the delta has a salinity of only 0.13%. However, the intrusion of seawater from the mouth of the lake makes the salinity of the bottom lake water higher, reaching 0.2-0.3%. The north is connected with the Gulf of Venezuela, and the spit at the mouth of the lake extends for about 26 kilometers.
Climate
The annual average temperature of the lake area is 28 °C, the precipitation is more in the south and less in the north, and the average annual rainfall in the south is 1400 mm. The mountain wind from the Andes at night contacts the warm and humid air on the lake surface, forming an average of 297 mm per year. The meteorological phenomenon known as Catatumbo lightning takes place in southern part of the lake, characterized by a continuous series of lightnings that are almost continuous and silent. This makes Lake Maracaibo the place with the most frequent lightning on earth. There are about 233 lightning strikes per square kilometer in a year on average. The nocturnal thunderstorms occur on average about 297 days per year. At its peak in September, the lake area can experience up to 280 lightning strikes per hour, approximately 28 lightning strikes per minute, lasting up to 9 hours, and is capable of illuminating nighttime navigation.
History
The aboriginal Añú people who lived on the banks of the lake refer to it as Coquivacoa. The tribes of Wayuu, Caquetíos, and Quiriquires also lived in the area. When Italian navigator Amerigo Vespucci and Spanish explorer Alonso de Ojeda's fleet sailed here on August 24, 1499 (the first time Europeans entered this area), the stilt houses in which the Añú lived in reminded Vespucci of the Italian city of Venice, so he named the region Veneziola (Venezuela in Spanish), or "Little Venice". Spain made two attempts to establish settlements around the lake in 1529 and 1569, but it was not until 1574 that the city of Maracaibo was successfully established. The Privateer Henry Morgan raided settlements on the lake in the Spring of 1669 and defeated a Spanish squadron sent to intercept him. On July 24, 1823, Venezuela won the famous Battle of Lake Maracaibo on the lake during the Venezuelan War of Independence.
The original depth of the lake mouth, which was only more than 4 meters deep, was increased to 8 meters after dredging in the 1930s, and the 3-kilometer-long stone breakwater was further increased to 11 meters after its completion in 1957, allowing ocean-going tankers to enter the lake, At the same time, the northern part, which was originally fresh water, became brackish. The 8,678-meter General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge over the lake connecting Maracaibo and Santa Rita was completed in 1962.
Industry
Lake Maracaibo is rich in oil and gas resources and is known as the "oil lake". The first Spaniards who arrived used tar seeping from the lake to fill ship cracks. The Maracaibo oil field was discovered in 1914, the first oil well was constructed in 1917, and large-scale exploitation began in 1922. The oil fields are concentrated in the northeast and northwest of the lake, and the oil-producing layers are mainly Tertiary sandstone and Cretaceous limestone, with a hydrocarbon-bearing area of 1,300 square kilometers, mainly concentrated in the coastal waters 105 kilometers long and 32 kilometers wide in the east of the lake.
Maracaibo on the northwest coast is the capital of Zulia State, the second largest city in Venezuela and an important oil export port in the world. The lake area is also an important fishing and agricultural production area in Venezuela, supporting more than 20,000 fishermen, many of whom live in colorful traditional stilt houses built with iron sheets on the lake. The main crops on the south bank of the lake are bananas, peanuts, cocoa, coconut, sugar cane and coffee, the western shore of the lake developed dairy industry.
Lake Maracaibo and the Catatumbo River are the main traffic lines for the transportation of commodities in the nearby area, and the city of Maracaibo is the transshipment center of coffee produced in the Andes. The waterway can pass through large sea-going ships and oil tankers, exporting crude oil and agricultural and livestock products from the Andean mountains and lakes. The Lake District is home to a quarter of Venezuela's population, and with the influx of farmers from the nearby Andes, the population of the Lake District increased from about 300,000 in 1936 to over 3.62 million in 2007.
Nature
Lake Maracaibo possesses highly oxygenated waters which makes it rich in algae, and in turn fishes, making it very biologically diverse. It is home to clams, blue crabs, shrimps and other aquatic products, and is also home to two endangered aquatic mammals, the West Indian manatee and the Amazon river dolphin. About 145 species of fish inhabit the lake, including many endemic species such as the Maracaibo half-hooked catfish (Hypostomus maracaiboensis), the Maracaibo hairy catfish (Trichomycterus maracaiboensis), the Maracaibo Lake Lamont catfish (Lamontichthys maracaibero), Lake Maracaibo tetra (Bryconamericus motatanensis), and Maracaibo wolf anchovies (Lycengraulis limnichthys) living in surface waters.
The lake has been drilled about 14,000 times, and more than 15,000 miles of oil and gas pipelines criss-cross the lake floor, but most of these pipelines are half a century old, with oil leaking from many aging underwater pipes. Before the 1950s, the lake water could still be used directly for domestic use, but then due to the intrusion of tidal salt water caused by the widening of the lake mouth channel, the salinity of the northern lake area increased by about 1,000%, and the south also increased by 300-500%.
Contamination
11Algae bloomIn lakeside towns such as the city of Maracaibo, the lake water is contaminated with E. coli from feces, oil pollution, and eutrophication caused by agricultural sewage discharged into the lake, as well as domestic and industrial wastewater, resulting in the blooms of duckweed and green algae. The presence of large amounts of duckweed blocks the passage of sunlight, significantly affecting biological cycles, preventing the development of native algae and plant species. Additionally, duckweed residues accumulate at the bottom, generating a layer of organic elements that produces large amounts of ammonium, methane and other compounds whose saturation causes eutrophication of the waters.
In the spring of 2004, heavy rains fell in the Lake Maracaibo basin, causing a large influx of fresh water into the lake. This caused nutrients originally deposited on the bottom of the lake to float to the surface of the lake, which in turn allowed the duckweed to rapidly multiply and triggered a bloom that lasted for up to eight months. The blooms were noted in June to have covered 18% of the lake, and the local government had to begin spending about $2 million per month on cleanup work.
Oil slicks
Numerous oil spills, at least partly attributed to deficient maintenance, and the indiscriminate discharge of sewage without prior treatment, have significantly deteriorated the water quality, to the point that in some parts of the Zulia area, the water presents levels of contamination that are very dangerous for health.
Within the existing polluting activities, the mining of mineral coal has started more recently, which further contaminates the basin with pollutants.
Likewise, the so-called cañadas, which are random drainage courses, drag large amounts of garbage from the human settlements that are in their path to the lake. In addition to this, residential waste such as plastic bags and bottles are also added. These pollutants all eventually get carried into the lake.
Islands
There are many islands in the lake. Some primarily consist of sedimentary rock, such as the Zapata, Pescadores, and San Carlos islands (which is geographically a peninsula), while others like Toad have tectonic origins. The majority of the islands are located in the area of the Tablazo Bay and forms the Almirante Padilla municipality . The islands of Burro, Providencia, Hijacal, Pájaros, and the artificial islands are located at the neck of the lake and belong to other municipalities.
Natural islands of Lake Maracaibo:
San Carlos Island (Peninsula)
Zapara Island
Toas Island
Providence Island
Pescadores Island
Los Pájaros Island
Burro Island
Hicacal Island
Artificial islands of Lake Maracaibo:
Dorada Island - Residential complex in the Coquivacoa Parish of the city of Maracaibo.
La Salina Island - Island created for the filling of oil tankers in the city of Cabimas. The only island in the sack of the lake.
Bridge
Main article: General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge
The 8,678 metres (28,471 ft) long General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge connects the western and eastern coast of the lake together. It held the record for being the longest cable-stayed concrete bridge in the world at the time of its inauguration in 1962. Located in the southern part of the Strait of Maracaibo, it is a vehicles-only bridge that accommodates both directions of traffic, while its height allows for the passage of vessels up to 45 meters in height.
Photos
Sunset at Congo Mirador
General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge
Lenteja Acuatica in lake
Catatumbo Lightning
References
^ a b c d e "Earth from Space: Maracaibo, Venezuela". ESA. 2005-05-20. Archived from the original on 2019-12-06.
^ a b c d e f g h i Joyce A. Quinn; Susan L. Woodward (2015-02-03). Earth's Landscape: An Encyclopedia of the World's Geographic Features. ABC-CLIO. p. 397. ISBN 978-1-61069-446-9.
^ Luis Boscán, Fausto Capote, José Farias (2021-08-25). "Salinidad del agua en el epilimnion del Lago de Maracaibo" (in Spanish). Observador del Conocimiento: 81–89. doi:10.5281/zenodo.5256653. Retrieved 2022-03-15. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ a b Nola Fernandez Acosta (2004-06-23). "Duckweed Invasion in Lake Maracaibo". NASA. Retrieved 2022-04-22.
^ a b c d e f "马拉开波湖". 中國大百科全書 (in Chinese (China)) (第一版 ed.). Retrieved 2022-04-19.
^ a b c d e f g "马拉开波湖". 中國大百科全書 (in Chinese (China)) (第二版 ed.). Retrieved 2022-04-19.
^ a b c d e "Lake Maracaibo". britannica. 2016-06-16. Retrieved 2016-12-06.
^ a b c d John P. Rafferty (2010-10-01). Lakes and Wetlands: A "Juvenile Nonfiction Book". britannica Publishing. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-61530-403-5.
^ Merriam-Webster (2016). webster. p. 727. ISBN 978-0-87779-446-2.
^ a b Molly Porter (2006-05-02). "Earth's New Lightning Capital Revealed". NASA. Retrieved 2022-04-22.
^ a b c d Agnieszka Gautier (2021-04-19). "The Maracaibo beacon". NASA. Retrieved 2022-04-24.
^ a b c "Maracaibo, Lake". Columbia Encyclopedia (第六版 ed.). ISBN 0-7876-5015-3. Archived from the original on 2006-12-21. Retrieved 2006-12-02.
^ a b "Maracaibo, Venezuela". britannica. 2016-06-16. Retrieved 2022-04-19.
^ a b c Michael Carlowicz (2021-09-25). "Troubled Waters". NASA. Retrieved 2022-04-24.
^ a b Helle Askgaard; Per Nielsen. "Maracaibo". denstoredanske (in Danish). Retrieved 2022-04-26.
^ a b "Bassin de Maracaibo". universalis (in French). Retrieved 2022-04-21.
^ María Luisa Paúl (2021-10-07). "Oil slicks and algae blooms marring Venezuela's largest lake are visible from space". Washington Post. Retrieved 2022-08-20.
^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2014). "Hemiancistrus maracaiboensis" in FishBase. 11 2014 version.
^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2014). "Trichomycterus maracaiboensis" in FishBase. 11 2014 version.
^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2014). "Lamontichthys maracaibero" in FishBase. 11 2014 version.
^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2014). "Bryconamericus motatanensis" in FishBase. 1 2014 version.
^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Lycengraulis limnichthys" in FishBase. 6 2012 version.
^ Luis Boscán; Fausto Capote; José Farias (1973). "Contaminación salina del Lago de Maracaibo: Efectos en la calidad y aplicación de sus aguas". Boletín del Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (in Spanish). 9. ISSN 2477-9458. Retrieved 2021-12-13.
^ Rivas, Zulay (2009). "Nitrógeno y fósforo totales de los ríos tributarios al sistema lago de Maracaibo, Venezuela" (in Spanish). Interciencia. pp. 308–314. ISSN 0378-1844. Retrieved 2021-12-14.
^ Briñez, Nilda Bermúdez (January 2006). "Los derrames de petróleo en el Lago de Maracaibo entre 1922 y 1928 (Oil spills in Maracaibo Lake between 1922 and 1928)". Universidad de Los Andes. Procesos Históricos. Revista Semestral de Historia, Arte y Ciencias Sociales (University of the Andes. Historical Processes. Biannual Journal of History) (9).
^ "Basura y plástico tienen en "coma" nuestro Lago (Trash and plastic have our lake in a "coma")". Panorama. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
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Hydrologically, it is a semi-enclosed bay off the coast of the Gulf of Venezuela. Lake Maracaibo is commonly considered a lake, though due to its current geological characteristics, it should not be considered as such. With a surface area of 13,512 km2 (5,217 sq mi), it is the largest lake in South America and one of the oldest on Earth, having formed disputably as a lake 36 million years ago in the Andes Mountains.The lake is connected to the Gulf of Venezuela to the north by a narrow spit. It is fed by numerous rivers, the biggest being the Catatumbo River. The fault in the northern section has collapsed and is rich in oil and gas resources. It is Venezuela's main oil producing area and an important fishing and agricultural producing area. Eutrophication caused by oil pollution is a major environmental problem facing the lagoon. The area around the lagoon is inhabited by a quarter of the country's population and is also the place with the most frequent lightning on earth. The famous Catatumbo lightning can illuminate nighttime navigation.","title":"Lake Maracaibo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eponymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eponym"},{"link_name":"basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo_Basin"},{"link_name":"Eocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESA,_2005-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuinnWoodward2015-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuinnWoodward2015-2"},{"link_name":"last glacial period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasa2-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuinnWoodward2015-2"},{"link_name":"Pliocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocene"},{"link_name":"Escalante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escalante_River_(Venezuela)"},{"link_name":"Catatumbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catatumbo_River"},{"link_name":"Maracaibo lowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo_Lowlands"},{"link_name":"Perija Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perija_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b2-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESA,_2005-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica4-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Publishing2010-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b2-6"},{"link_name":"Catatumbo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catatumbo_River"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Publishing2010-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuinnWoodward2015-2"},{"link_name":"Chama River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chama_River_(Venezuela)"},{"link_name":"Motatán River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motat%C3%A1n_River"},{"link_name":"Escalante River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escalante_River_(Venezuela)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b2-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESA,_2005-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Publishing2010-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuinnWoodward2015-2"},{"link_name":"salinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinity"},{"link_name":"inconsistent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESA,_2005-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica4-7"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_delta"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuinnWoodward2015-2"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"spit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spit_(landform)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica4-7"}],"text":"Lake Maracaibo is located within the eponymous basin and is one of the oldest lakes on earth. It was formed 36 million years ago when the faults collapsed when the Andes were uplifted in the late Eocene.[1][2] In the geological history, sea water and fresh water have alternated many times, and have flooded the area.[2] At the end of the last glacial period, the sea level rose, connecting Lake Maracaibo directly with the Atlantic Ocean,[3] and the lighter fresh water floated on the heavier salt water, causing nutrients to be deposited on the bottom of the lake,[4] resulting in the accumulation of more than a five kilometer thick deposit of sediment on the bedrock.[2]In the Pliocene, the depression of today's Lake Maracaibo reached what would be practically its current form. The numerous rivers that flow into the lake have been defining its banks, especially those that form the southern delta of the lake, where the Escalante, Catatumbo and Santa Ana rivers converge.Lake Maracaibo is located in the Maracaibo lowland in the faulted basin between the Perija Mountains and the Merida Mountains of the Eastern Cordillera Mountains in northwestern Venezuela.[5][6] The lake is in the shape of a vase.[1] It is 210 kilometers long from north to south, 121 kilometers wide from east to west,[7][8] covers an area of 13,512 square kilometers, the deepest is 35 meters,[9] the shore length is about 1000 kilometers, and the volume is about 280 cubic kilometers.[5][6] The largest river entering the lake, the Catatumbo River, enters the lake from west to east, providing 57% of the water entering the lake. In addition to the influence of the prevailing wind, the lake water circulates counterclockwise.[8][2] There are also the Santa Ana River, Chama River, Motatán River, Escalante River, and about fifty other rivers which drain into it.[5][6]Lake Maracaibo is deep in the south and shallow in the north. The northern half of the lake, which looks like a bottleneck, is 55 kilometers long.[1][8] The southeastern edge of the lake basin with a flat bottom is steep and the northwestern edge is gentle.[2] It is slightly salty due to the influence of tides, and the overall salinity is between 1.5 and 3.8%.[inconsistent][1][7][failed verification] The Catatumbo River forms a bird-foot-shaped delta in the southwest of the lake basin, and the surface lake water in the delta has a salinity of only 0.13%. However, the intrusion of seawater from the mouth of the lake makes the salinity of the bottom lake water higher, reaching 0.2-0.3%.[2] The north is connected with the Gulf of Venezuela, and the spit at the mouth of the lake extends for about 26 kilometers.[7]","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b2-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuinnWoodward2015-2"},{"link_name":"Catatumbo lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catatumbo_lightning"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasa1-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuinnWoodward2015-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasa1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasa3-11"}],"text":"The annual average temperature of the lake area is 28 °C,[6] the precipitation is more in the south and less in the north, and the average annual rainfall in the south is 1400 mm.[2] The mountain wind from the Andes at night contacts the warm and humid air on the lake surface, forming an average of 297 mm per year. The meteorological phenomenon known as Catatumbo lightning takes place in southern part of the lake, characterized by a continuous series of lightnings that are almost continuous and silent. This makes Lake Maracaibo the place with the most frequent lightning on earth. There are about 233 lightning strikes per square kilometer in a year on average.[10] The nocturnal thunderstorms occur on average about 297 days per year. At its peak in September, the lake area can experience up to 280 lightning strikes per hour,[2][10] approximately 28 lightning strikes per minute, lasting up to 9 hours, and is capable of illuminating nighttime navigation.[11]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Añú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%C3%B1%C3%BA&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_a%C3%B1%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"Wayuu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayuu_people"},{"link_name":"Caquetíos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caquetio"},{"link_name":"Amerigo Vespucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci"},{"link_name":"Alonso de Ojeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda"},{"link_name":"stilt houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilt_house"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eco2-12"},{"link_name":"Maracaibo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo"},{"link_name":"Henry Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgan"},{"link_name":"defeated a Spanish squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgan%27s_raid_on_Lake_Maracaibo"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lake Maracaibo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Maracaibo"},{"link_name":"Venezuelan War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hy3-13"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica4-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasa4-14"},{"link_name":"General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Rafael_Urdaneta_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b2-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eco2-12"}],"text":"The aboriginal Añú [es] people who lived on the banks of the lake refer to it as Coquivacoa. The tribes of Wayuu, Caquetíos, and Quiriquires also lived in the area. When Italian navigator Amerigo Vespucci and Spanish explorer Alonso de Ojeda's fleet sailed here on August 24, 1499 (the first time Europeans entered this area), the stilt houses in which the Añú lived in reminded Vespucci of the Italian city of Venice, so he named the region Veneziola (Venezuela in Spanish), or \"Little Venice\".[12] Spain made two attempts to establish settlements around the lake in 1529 and 1569, but it was not until 1574 that the city of Maracaibo was successfully established. The Privateer Henry Morgan raided settlements on the lake in the Spring of 1669 and defeated a Spanish squadron sent to intercept him. On July 24, 1823, Venezuela won the famous Battle of Lake Maracaibo on the lake during the Venezuelan War of Independence.[13]The original depth of the lake mouth, which was only more than 4 meters deep, was increased to 8 meters after dredging in the 1930s, and the 3-kilometer-long stone breakwater was further increased to 11 meters after its completion in 1957, allowing ocean-going tankers to enter the lake,[7] At the same time, the northern part, which was originally fresh water, became brackish.[14] The 8,678-meter General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge over the lake connecting Maracaibo and Santa Rita was completed in 1962.[6][12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b2-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasa3-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dn3-15"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b2-6"},{"link_name":"Tertiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a1-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica4-7"},{"link_name":"Zulia State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulia_State"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hy3-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasa3-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a1-5"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fr3-16"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Publishing2010-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eco2-12"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dn3-15"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a1-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasa3-11"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fr3-16"}],"text":"Lake Maracaibo is rich in oil and gas resources and is known as the \"oil lake\".[6] The first Spaniards who arrived used tar seeping from the lake to fill ship cracks.[11] The Maracaibo oil field was discovered in 1914,[15] the first oil well was constructed in 1917, and large-scale exploitation began in 1922.[6] The oil fields are concentrated in the northeast and northwest of the lake, and the oil-producing layers are mainly Tertiary sandstone and Cretaceous limestone, with a hydrocarbon-bearing area of 1,300 square kilometers,[5] mainly concentrated in the coastal waters 105 kilometers long and 32 kilometers wide in the east of the lake.[7]Maracaibo on the northwest coast is the capital of Zulia State, the second largest city in Venezuela and an important oil export port in the world.[13] The lake area is also an important fishing and agricultural production area in Venezuela, supporting more than 20,000 fishermen, many of whom live in colorful traditional stilt houses built with iron sheets on the lake.[11] The main crops on the south bank of the lake are bananas, peanuts, cocoa, coconut, sugar cane and coffee, the western shore of the lake developed dairy industry.[5][16]Lake Maracaibo and the Catatumbo River are the main traffic lines for the transportation of commodities in the nearby area,[8][12] and the city of Maracaibo is the transshipment center of coffee produced in the Andes.[15] The waterway can pass through large sea-going ships and oil tankers, exporting crude oil and agricultural and livestock products from the Andean mountains and lakes.[5] The Lake District is home to a quarter of Venezuela's population,[11] and with the influx of farmers from the nearby Andes, the population of the Lake District increased from about 300,000 in 1936 to over 3.62 million in 2007.[16]","title":"Industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blue crabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callinectes_sapidus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuinnWoodward2015-2"},{"link_name":"West Indian manatee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indian_manatee"},{"link_name":"Amazon river dolphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_river_dolphin"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Hypostomus maracaiboensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypostomus_maracaiboensis"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Trichomycterus maracaiboensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichomycterus_maracaiboensis"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Lamontichthys maracaibero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamontichthys_maracaibero"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Bryconamericus motatanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bryconamericus_motatanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Lycengraulis limnichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lycengraulis_limnichthys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESA,_2005-1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasa4-14"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-23"}],"text":"Lake Maracaibo possesses highly oxygenated waters which makes it rich in algae, and in turn fishes, making it very biologically diverse. It is home to clams, blue crabs, shrimps and other aquatic products,[2] and is also home to two endangered aquatic mammals, the West Indian manatee and the Amazon river dolphin. About 145 species of fish inhabit the lake,[17] including many endemic species such as the Maracaibo half-hooked catfish (Hypostomus maracaiboensis),[18] the Maracaibo hairy catfish (Trichomycterus maracaiboensis),[19] the Maracaibo Lake Lamont catfish (Lamontichthys maracaibero),[20] Lake Maracaibo tetra (Bryconamericus motatanensis),[21] and Maracaibo wolf anchovies (Lycengraulis limnichthys) living in surface waters.[22]The lake has been drilled about 14,000 times, and more than 15,000 miles of oil and gas pipelines criss-cross the lake floor, but most of these pipelines are half a century old, with oil leaking from many aging underwater pipes.[1][14] Before the 1950s, the lake water could still be used directly for domestic use, but then due to the intrusion of tidal salt water caused by the widening of the lake mouth channel, the salinity of the northern lake area increased by about 1,000%, and the south also increased by 300-500%.[23]","title":"Nature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E. coli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._coli"},{"link_name":"eutrophication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophication"},{"link_name":"blooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algal_bloom"},{"link_name":"duckweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duckweed"},{"link_name":"green algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_algae"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-24"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasa2-4"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasa4-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maracaibo_OLI_2021.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maracaibo_OLI_2021.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maracaibo_OLI_2021.jpg"},{"link_name":"oil spills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mining"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"In lakeside towns such as the city of Maracaibo, the lake water is contaminated with E. coli from feces, oil pollution, and eutrophication caused by agricultural sewage discharged into the lake, as well as domestic and industrial wastewater, resulting in the blooms of duckweed and green algae.[24] The presence of large amounts of duckweed blocks the passage of sunlight, significantly affecting biological cycles, preventing the development of native algae and plant species. Additionally, duckweed residues accumulate at the bottom, generating a layer of organic elements that produces large amounts of ammonium, methane and other compounds whose saturation causes eutrophication of the waters.In the spring of 2004, heavy rains fell in the Lake Maracaibo basin, causing a large influx of fresh water into the lake. This caused nutrients originally deposited on the bottom of the lake to float to the surface of the lake, which in turn allowed the duckweed to rapidly multiply and triggered a bloom that lasted for up to eight months. The blooms were noted in June to have covered 18% of the lake, and the local government had to begin spending about $2 million per month on cleanup work.[4][14]Oil slicksNumerous oil spills, at least partly attributed to deficient maintenance, and the indiscriminate discharge of sewage without prior treatment, have significantly deteriorated the water quality, to the point that in some parts of the Zulia area, the water presents levels of contamination that are very dangerous for health.[25]Within the existing polluting activities, the mining of mineral coal has started more recently, which further contaminates the basin with pollutants.Likewise, the so-called cañadas, which are random drainage courses, drag large amounts of garbage from the human settlements that are in their path to the lake. In addition to this, residential waste such as plastic bags and bottles are also added. These pollutants all eventually get carried into the lake.[26]","title":"Contamination"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sedimentary rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_rock"},{"link_name":"Almirante Padilla municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Almirante_Padilla_municipality&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipio_Almirante_Padilla"},{"link_name":"San Carlos Island (Peninsula)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Carlos_Island_(Peninsula)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen%C3%ADnsula_de_San_Carlos"},{"link_name":"Zapara Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zapara_Island&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_de_Zapara"},{"link_name":"Toas Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toas_island"},{"link_name":"Providence Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Providence_Island_(Venezuela)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_de_Providencia_(Venezuela)"},{"link_name":"Pescadores Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pescadores_Island&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_de_Pescadores_(Venezuela)"},{"link_name":"Los Pájaros Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_P%C3%A1jaros_Island&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Los_P%C3%A1jaros"},{"link_name":"Dorada Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dorada_Island&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Dorada"},{"link_name":"La Salina Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Salina_Island&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_La_Salina"}],"text":"There are many islands in the lake. Some primarily consist of sedimentary rock, such as the Zapata, Pescadores, and San Carlos islands (which is geographically a peninsula), while others like Toad have tectonic origins. The majority of the islands are located in the area of the Tablazo Bay and forms the Almirante Padilla municipality [es]. The islands of Burro, Providencia, Hijacal, Pájaros, and the artificial islands are located at the neck of the lake and belong to other municipalities.Natural islands of Lake Maracaibo:San Carlos Island (Peninsula) [es]\nZapara Island [es]\nToas Island\nProvidence Island [es]\nPescadores Island [es]\nLos Pájaros Island [es]\nBurro Island\nHicacal IslandArtificial islands of Lake Maracaibo:Dorada Island [es] - Residential complex in the Coquivacoa Parish of the city of Maracaibo.\nLa Salina Island [es] - Island created for the filling of oil tankers in the city of Cabimas. The only island in the sack of the lake.","title":"Islands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Rafael_Urdaneta_Bridge"},{"link_name":"cable-stayed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable-stayed_bridge"}],"text":"The 8,678 metres (28,471 ft) long General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge connects the western and eastern coast of the lake together. It held the record for being the longest cable-stayed concrete bridge in the world at the time of its inauguration in 1962. Located in the southern part of the Strait of Maracaibo, it is a vehicles-only bridge that accommodates both directions of traffic, while its height allows for the passage of vessels up to 45 meters in height.","title":"Bridge"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Photos"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Earth from Space: Maracaibo, Venezuela\". ESA. 2005-05-20. Archived from the original on 2019-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191206052731/http://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Earth_from_Space_Maracaibo_Venezuela","url_text":"\"Earth from Space: Maracaibo, Venezuela\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESA","url_text":"ESA"},{"url":"http://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Earth_from_Space_Maracaibo_Venezuela","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Joyce A. Quinn; Susan L. Woodward (2015-02-03). Earth's Landscape: An Encyclopedia of the World's Geographic Features. ABC-CLIO. p. 397. ISBN 978-1-61069-446-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ErkxBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA397","url_text":"Earth's Landscape: An Encyclopedia of the World's Geographic Features"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-446-9","url_text":"978-1-61069-446-9"}]},{"reference":"Luis Boscán, Fausto Capote, José Farias (2021-08-25). \"Salinidad del agua en el epilimnion del Lago de Maracaibo\" (in Spanish). Observador del Conocimiento: 81–89. doi:10.5281/zenodo.5256653. Retrieved 2022-03-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/5256653","url_text":"\"Salinidad del agua en el epilimnion del Lago de Maracaibo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.5256653","url_text":"10.5281/zenodo.5256653"}]},{"reference":"Nola Fernandez Acosta (2004-06-23). \"Duckweed Invasion in Lake Maracaibo\". NASA. Retrieved 2022-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/4654/duckweed-invasion-in-lake-maracaibo","url_text":"\"Duckweed Invasion in Lake Maracaibo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA","url_text":"NASA"}]},{"reference":"\"马拉开波湖\". 中國大百科全書 (in Chinese (China)) (第一版 ed.). Retrieved 2022-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://h.bkzx.cn/item/49424?q=%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%BC%80%E6%B3%A2%E6%B9%96","url_text":"\"马拉开波湖\""}]},{"reference":"\"马拉开波湖\". 中國大百科全書 (in Chinese (China)) (第二版 ed.). Retrieved 2022-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://h.bkzx.cn/item/219678?q=%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%BC%80%E6%B3%A2%E6%B9%96","url_text":"\"马拉开波湖\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lake Maracaibo\". britannica. 2016-06-16. Retrieved 2016-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Maracaibo","url_text":"\"Lake Maracaibo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannica","url_text":"britannica"}]},{"reference":"John P. Rafferty (2010-10-01). Lakes and Wetlands: A \"Juvenile Nonfiction Book\". britannica Publishing. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-61530-403-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fdKcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA192","url_text":"Lakes and Wetlands: A \"Juvenile Nonfiction Book\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-403-5","url_text":"978-1-61530-403-5"}]},{"reference":"Merriam-Webster (2016). webster. p. 727. ISBN 978-0-87779-446-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/webstersnewgeogr00merr/page/727","url_text":"webster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-446-2","url_text":"978-0-87779-446-2"}]},{"reference":"Molly Porter (2006-05-02). \"Earth's New Lightning Capital Revealed\". NASA. Retrieved 2022-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/news/releases/2016/earths-new-lightning-capital-revealed.html","url_text":"\"Earth's New Lightning Capital Revealed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA","url_text":"NASA"}]},{"reference":"Agnieszka Gautier (2021-04-19). \"The Maracaibo beacon\". NASA. Retrieved 2022-04-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthdata.nasa.gov/learn/sensing-our-planet/the-maracaibo-beacon","url_text":"\"The Maracaibo beacon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA","url_text":"NASA"}]},{"reference":"\"Maracaibo, Lake\". Columbia Encyclopedia (第六版 ed.). ISBN 0-7876-5015-3. Archived from the original on 2006-12-21. Retrieved 2006-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061221215258/http://www.bartleby.com/65/ma/MaracaibL.html","url_text":"\"Maracaibo, Lake\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Columbia Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7876-5015-3","url_text":"0-7876-5015-3"},{"url":"http://www.bartleby.com/65/ma/MaracaibL.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Maracaibo, Venezuela\". britannica. 2016-06-16. Retrieved 2022-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Maracaibo","url_text":"\"Maracaibo, Venezuela\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannica","url_text":"britannica"}]},{"reference":"Michael Carlowicz (2021-09-25). \"Troubled Waters\". NASA. Retrieved 2022-04-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/148894/troubled-waters","url_text":"\"Troubled Waters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA","url_text":"NASA"}]},{"reference":"Helle Askgaard; Per Nielsen. \"Maracaibo\". denstoredanske (in Danish). Retrieved 2022-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/Maracaibo","url_text":"\"Maracaibo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bassin de Maracaibo\". universalis (in French). Retrieved 2022-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/bassin-de-maracaibo/","url_text":"\"Bassin de Maracaibo\""}]},{"reference":"María Luisa Paúl (2021-10-07). \"Oil slicks and algae blooms marring Venezuela's largest lake are visible from space\". Washington Post. Retrieved 2022-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/10/07/oil-pollution-lake-maracaibo-venezuela/","url_text":"\"Oil slicks and algae blooms marring Venezuela's largest lake are visible from space\""}]},{"reference":"Luis Boscán; Fausto Capote; José Farias (1973). \"Contaminación salina del Lago de Maracaibo: Efectos en la calidad y aplicación de sus aguas\". Boletín del Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (in Spanish). 9. ISSN 2477-9458. Retrieved 2021-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/boletin/article/view/214","url_text":"\"Contaminación salina del Lago de Maracaibo: Efectos en la calidad y aplicación de sus aguas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2477-9458","url_text":"2477-9458"}]},{"reference":"Rivas, Zulay (2009). \"Nitrógeno y fósforo totales de los ríos tributarios al sistema lago de Maracaibo, Venezuela\" (in Spanish). Interciencia. pp. 308–314. ISSN 0378-1844. Retrieved 2021-12-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0378-18442009000500004&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es","url_text":"\"Nitrógeno y fósforo totales de los ríos tributarios al sistema lago de Maracaibo, Venezuela\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0378-1844","url_text":"0378-1844"}]},{"reference":"Briñez, Nilda Bermúdez (January 2006). \"Los derrames de petróleo en el Lago de Maracaibo entre 1922 y 1928 (Oil spills in Maracaibo Lake between 1922 and 1928)\". Universidad de Los Andes. Procesos Históricos. Revista Semestral de Historia, Arte y Ciencias Sociales (University of the Andes. Historical Processes. Biannual Journal of History) (9).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.saber.ula.ve/bitstream/handle/123456789/23171/articulo7.pdf;jsessionid=70BBFD04E985B53C89D06D0818BC273D?sequence=1","url_text":"\"Los derrames de petróleo en el Lago de Maracaibo entre 1922 y 1928 (Oil spills in Maracaibo Lake between 1922 and 1928)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Basura y plástico tienen en \"coma\" nuestro Lago (Trash and plastic have our lake in a \"coma\")\". Panorama. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171002163716/http://www.panorama.com.ve/ciudad/Basura-y-plastico-tienen-en-coma-nuestro-Lago-20171001-0029.html","url_text":"\"Basura y plástico tienen en \"coma\" nuestro Lago (Trash and plastic have our lake in a \"coma\")\""},{"url":"http://www.panorama.com.ve/ciudad/Basura-y-plastico-tienen-en-coma-nuestro-Lago-20171001-0029.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorty_Baker
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Shorty Baker
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["1 Discography","1.1 As leader/co-leader","1.2 As sideman","2 References","3 External links"]
|
American jazz trumpeter
Shorty Baker, c. November 1946
Harold "Shorty" Baker (May 26, 1914 in St. Louis, Missouri, US – November 8, 1966) was an American jazz trumpeter.
Baker began on drums, but switched to trumpet during his teens. He started his career on riverboats and played with Don Redman in the mid-1930s. He also worked with Teddy Wilson and Andy Kirk before joining Duke Ellington. He married Kirk's pianist Mary Lou Williams and though the two separated shortly thereafter, they never officially divorced.
Baker worked on and off in Duke Ellington's Orchestra from 1942 to 1962. He also worked with Johnny Hodges's group in the early 1950s, during the period when Hodges was not a member of Ellington's orchestra.
He died of throat cancer in New York at the age of 52.
Discography
As leader/co-leader
The Broadway Beat (King, 1959)
The Bud Freeman All-Stars featuring Shorty Baker (Swingville, 1960) with Bud Freeman
Shorty & Doc (Swingville, 1961) with Doc Cheatham
As sideman
See also: Duke Ellington discography
With Johnny Hodges
The Blues (Norgran, 1952–54, )
Used to Be Duke (Norgran, 1954)
The Big Sound (Verve, 1957)
With Billy Strayhorn
Cue for Saxophone (Felsted, 1959)
References
^ a b c d e f g h Colin Larkin, ed. (1992). The Guinness Who's Who of Jazz (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 27/8. ISBN 0-85112-580-8.
^ Owsley, D. (2006). City of Gabriels: The History of Jazz in St. Louis, 1895-1973. United States: Reedy Press, p. 57
External links
Shorty Baker at AllMusic
Jazz trumpet site
vteDuke EllingtonDiscographyStudio albums
Harlem Jazz, 1930
Ellingtonia, Vol. One
Ellingtonia, Vol. Two
Braggin' in Brass: The Immortal 1938 Year
The Blanton–Webster Band
Never No Lament: The Blanton-Webster Band
Smoke Rings
Liberian Suite
Great Times!
Masterpieces by Ellington
Ellington Uptown
The Duke Plays Ellington
Ellington '55
Dance to the Duke!
Ellington Showcase
Historically Speaking
Duke Ellington Presents...
The Complete Porgy and Bess
A Drum Is a Woman
Studio Sessions, Chicago 1956
Such Sweet Thunder
Studio Sessions 1957 & 1962
Ellington Indigos
Black, Brown and Beige
Duke Ellington at the Bal Masque
The Cosmic Scene
Happy Reunion
Jazz Party
Anatomy of a Murder
Festival Session
Blues in Orbit
The Nutcracker Suite
Piano in the Background
Swinging Suites by Edward E. and Edward G.
Unknown Session
Piano in the Foreground
Paris Blues
Featuring Paul Gonsalves
Midnight in Paris
Studio Sessions, New York 1962
Afro-Bossa
The Symphonic Ellington
Duke Ellington's Jazz Violin Session
Studio Sessions New York 1963
My People
Ellington '65
Duke Ellington Plays Mary Poppins
Ellington '66
Concert in the Virgin Islands
The Popular Duke Ellington
Far East Suite
The Jaywalker
Studio Sessions, 1957, 1965, 1966, 1967, San Francisco, Chicago, New York
...And His Mother Called Him Bill
Second Sacred Concert
Studio Sessions New York, 1968
Latin American Suite
The Pianist
New Orleans Suite
Orchestral Works
The Suites, New York 1968 & 1970
The Intimacy of the Blues
The Afro-Eurasian Eclipse
Studio Sessions New York & Chicago, 1965, 1966 & 1971
The Intimate Ellington
The Ellington Suites
This One's for Blanton!
Up in Duke's Workshop
Duke's Big 4
Mood Ellington
Live albums
Duke Ellington at Fargo, 1940 Live
Black, Brown, and Beige
The Carnegie Hall Concerts: January 1943
The Carnegie Hall Concerts: December 1944
The Carnegie Hall Concerts: January 1946
The Carnegie Hall Concerts: December 1947
Ellington at Newport
Dance Concerts, California 1958
Dance Dates, California 1958
Newport 1958
Jazz at the Plaza Vol. II
Duke Ellington at the Alhambra
Live at the Blue Note
Hot Summer Dance
The Great Paris Concert
A Concert of Sacred Music
In the Uncommon Market
Soul Call
Yale Concert
70th Birthday Concert
Togo Brava Suite
Live at the Whitney
Third Sacred Concert
Eastbourne Performance
Collaborations
Blue Rose
Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Duke Ellington Song Book
Side by Side
Back to Back
The Great Summit
First Time! The Count Meets the Duke
Duke Ellington Meets Coleman Hawkins
Money Jungle
Duke Ellington & John Coltrane
Serenade to Sweden
Ella at Duke's Place
The Stockholm Concert, 1966
Ella and Duke at the Cote D'Azur
Francis A. & Edward K.
It Don't Mean a Thing If It Ain't Got That Swing
Compositions
"African Flower"
"All Too Soon"
"Azure"
"Black and Tan Fantasy"
"Black, Brown and Beige"
"C Jam Blues"
"Come Sunday"
"Cotton Tail"
"Creole Love Call"
"Day Dream"
"Diminuendo and Crescendo in Blue"
"Do Nothing Till You Hear from Me"
"Don't Get Around Much Anymore"
"Drop Me Off in Harlem"
"East St. Louis Toodle-Oo"
"Echoes of Harlem"
"Everything but You"
"I Ain't Got Nothin' but the Blues"
"I Didn't Know About You"
"I Got It Bad (and That Ain't Good)"
"I Let a Song Go Out of My Heart"
"I'm Beginning to See the Light"
"I'm Just a Lucky So-and-So"
"In a Mellow Tone"
"In a Sentimental Mood"
"It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)"
"Just A-Sittin' and A-Rockin'"
"Just Squeeze Me (But Please Don't Tease Me)"
"The Mooche"
"Mood Indigo"
" Prelude to a Kiss"
"Rocks in My Bed"
"(In My) Solitude"
"Sophisticated Lady"
Queenie Pie (unfinished opera)
by Billy Strayhorn
"Take the 'A' Train"
"Lush Life"
"Chelsea Bridge"
"Something to Live For"
"Satin Doll"
"Blood Count"
by Juan Tizol
"Caravan"
"Perdido"
Orchestramembers
Hayes Alvis
Cat Anderson
Ivie Anderson
Harold Ashby
Alice Babs
Shorty Baker
Butch Ballard
Art Baron
Aaron Bell
Louie Bellson
Joe Benjamin
Barney Bigard
Lou Blackburn
Jimmy Blanton
Wellman Braud
Lawrence Brown
Harry Carney
Johnny Coles
Willie Cook
Buster Cooper
Kay Davis
Wild Bill Davis
Wilbur de Paris
Bobby Durham
Mercer Ellington
Rolf Ericson
Jimmy Forrest
Victor Gaskin
Peter Giger
Tyree Glenn
Paul Gonsalves
Sonny Greer
Fred Guy
Jimmy Hamilton
Otto Hardwick
Shelton Hemphill
Rick Henderson
Al Hibbler
Johnny Hodges
Major Holley
Charlie Irvis
Quentin Jackson
Hilton Jefferson
Herb Jeffries
Freddie Jenkins
Money Johnson
Herbie Jones
Wallace Jones
Taft Jordan
Al Killian
Queen Esther Marrow
Wendell Marshall
Murray McEachern
Louis Metcalf
James "Bubber" Miley
Harold "Geezil" Minerve
Ray Nance
Tricky Sam Nanton
Oscar Pettiford
Eddie Preston
Russell Procope
Junior Raglin
Betty Roché
Ernie Royal
Al Sears
Joya Sherrill
Willie Smith
Elmer Snowden
Rex Stewart
Billy Strayhorn
Billy Taylor
Clark Terry
Juan Tizol
Norris Turney
Ben Webster
Arthur Whetsel
Cootie Williams
Nelson Williams
Skippy Williams
Booty Wood
Jimmy Woode
Britt Woodman
Sam Woodyard
Related
Mercer Ellington (son)
Sacred Concerts
Duke Ellington Bridge
Duke Ellington Circle
Duke Ellington Memorial
Duke Ellington House
Duke Ellington School of the Arts
Luther Henderson
Irving Mills
Sophisticated Ladies
Play On!
Jam Session
Steve Ellington
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
2
France
BnF data
Germany
Belgium
United States
Korea
Artists
MusicBrainz
Other
SNAC
IdRef
This article about a jazz trumpeter from the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[{"image_text":"Shorty Baker, c. November 1946","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shorty_Baker.jpg/220px-Shorty_Baker.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewishencyclopedia.com
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The Jewish Encyclopedia
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["1 History","1.1 Conception","1.2 Editorial board","2 Scholarship","3 Editions","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Citations","5.2 Sources","6 External links"]
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Jewish-themed encyclopedia
Not to be confused with a similar work, the Encyclopaedia Judaica.
The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day Cover page of the 1901 editionEditorIsidore SingerLanguageEnglishPublisherFunk & WagnallsPublication datebetween 1901 and 1906
The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day is an English-language encyclopedia containing over 15,000 articles on the history, culture, and state of Judaism up to the early 20th century. The encyclopedia's managing editor was Isidore Singer and the editorial board was chaired by Isaac K. Funk and Frank H. Vizetelly.
The work's scholarship is still highly regarded. The American Jewish Archives deemed it "the most monumental Jewish scientific work of modern times", and Rabbi Joshua L. Segal said "for events prior to 1900, it is considered to offer a level of scholarship superior to either of the more recent Jewish encyclopedias written in English."
It was originally published in 12 volumes between 1901 and 1906 by Funk & Wagnalls of New York, and reprinted in the 1960s by KTAV Publishing House. It is now in the public domain.
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Singer conceived of a Jewish encyclopedia in Europe and proposed creating an Allgemeine Encyklopädia für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums in 1891. He envisioned 12 volumes, published over 10 to 15 years, at a cost of 50 dollars as a set. They would contain scientific and unbiased articles on ancient and modern Jewish culture. This proposal received good press coverage and interest from the Brockhaus publishing company. After the House of Rothschild in Paris, consulted by Zadoc Kahn, offered to back the project with only eight percent of the minimum funds requested by Brockaus, the project was abandoned. Following the Dreyfus affair and associated unpleasantness, Singer emigrated to New York City.
Initially believing that American Jews could do little more than provide funding for his project, Singer was impressed by the level of scholarship in the United States. He wrote a new prospectus, changing the title of his planned encyclopedia to Encyclopedia of the History and Mental Evolution of the Jewish Race. His radical ecumenism and opposition to orthodoxy upset many of his Jewish readers; nevertheless he attracted the interest of publisher Isaac K. Funk, a Lutheran minister who also believed in integrating Judaism and Christianity. Funk agreed to publish the encyclopedia on the condition that it remain unbiased on issues which might seem unfavorable for Jews. Singer accepted and was established in an office at Funk & Wagnalls on 2 May 1898.
Publication of the prospectus in 1898 created a severe backlash, including accusations of poor scholarship and of subservience to Christians. Kaufmann Kohler and Gotthard Deutsch, writing in American Hebrew, highlighted Singer's factual errors, and accused him of commercialism and irreligiosity. Now considering that the project could not succeed with Singer at the helm, Funk & Wagnalls appointed an editorial board to oversee creation of the encyclopedia.
Editorial board
Funk & Wagnalls assembled an editorial board between October 1898 and March 1899. Singer toned down his ideological rhetoric, indicated his desire to collaborate, and changed the work's proposed title to The Jewish Encyclopedia. Despite their reservations about Singer, rabbi Gustav Gottheil and Cyrus Adler agreed to join the board, followed by Morris Jastrow, Frederick de Sola Mendes, and two published critics of the project: Kauffmann Kohler and Gotthard Deutsch
Theologian and Presbyterian minister George Foot Moore was added to the board for balance. Soon after work started, Moore withdrew and was replaced by Baptist minister Crawford Toy. Last was added the elderly Marcus Jastrow, mostly for his symbolic imprimatur as America's leading Talmudist. In March 1899, the Central Conference of American Rabbis, which had been contemplating a competing project, agreed to discuss collaborating with Funk & Wagnalls—thus securing the position of the Jewish Encyclopedia as the only major project of its kind. Shuly Rubin Schwartz describes the payment scheme arranged at this time as follows:
Members of the local executive committee, exclusive of Singer and, of course, Funk, would receive one thousand dollars per annum, while the rest of the department editors would receive five hundred. All collaborators, editors included, would be paid five dollars per printed page of about one thousand English words. If the article was written in a foreign language, payment would be only $3.50 per page. Singer's compensation was forty dollars a week (thirty-five plus five for a life insurance premium). His salary was considered an advance, since Singer alone was to share with the company in the profits.
Other editors participating in all 12 volumes were Gotthard Deutsch, Richard Gottheil, Joseph Jacobs, Kaufmann Kohler, Herman Rosenthal, and Crawford Howell Toy. Morris Jastrow, Jr. and Frederick de Sola Mendes assisted with volumes I to II; Marcus Jastrow with volumes I, II, and III; Louis Ginzberg with the first four volumes; Solomon Schechter with volumes IV through VII; Emil G. Hirsch with volumes IV through XII; and Wilhelm Bacher with volumes VIII through XII. William Popper served as assistant revision editor and chief of translation for volumes IV through XII.
The editors plunged into their enormous task and soon identified and solved some inefficiencies with the project. Article assignments were shuffled around and communication practices were streamlined. Joseph Jacobs was hired as a coordinator. He also wrote four hundred articles and procured many of the encyclopedia's illustrations. Herman Rosenthal, an authority on Russia, was added as an editor. Louis Ginzberg joined the project and later became head of the rabbinical literature department.
The board naturally faced many difficult editorial questions and disagreements. Singer wanted specific entries for every Jewish community in the world, with detailed information about, for example, the name and dates of the first Jewish settler in Prague. Conflict also arose over what types of Bible interpretation should be included, as some editors feared that Morris Jastrow's involvement in "higher criticism" would lead to unfavorable treatment of scripture.
Scholarship
The first edition's first illustration: "Ark of the Law"
The scholarly style of The Jewish Encyclopedia aligns directly to the Wissenschaft des Judentums, an approach to Jewish scholarship and religion that flourished in 19th-century Germany. The encyclopedia may be regarded as the culmination of this movement, which sought to modernize scholarly methods in Jewish research. In the 20th century, the movement's members dispersed to Jewish Studies departments in the United States and Israel.
The scholarly authorities cited in the encyclopedia—besides the classical and medieval exegetes—are almost uniformly Wissenschaft figures, such as Leopold Zunz, Moritz Steinschneider, Solomon Schechter, Wilhelm Bacher, Solomon Judah Loeb Rapoport, David Zvi Hoffmann, and Heinrich Graetz. Its scholarly style is evident by the encyclopedia's almost obsessive attention to manuscript discovery, editing, publication, comparison, and dating. These endeavors were among the foremost interests of Wissenschaft scholarship.
The Jewish Encyclopedia is an English-language work, but the vast majority of the encyclopedia's contemporary sources are German-language sources, since this was the mother tongue of the Wissenschaft scholars and the lingua franca of Biblical scholarship in general in that period. Of all works cited not in German—usually the more classical works—the largest part are either in Hebrew or Arabic. The only heavily cited English-language source of contemporary scholarship is Schechter's publications in The Jewish Quarterly Review.
The significance of the work's publication in English rather than German or Hebrew is captured by Harry Wolfson, writing in 1926:
About twenty-five years ago, there was no greater desert, as far as Jewish life and learning, than the English-speaking countries, and English of all languages was the least serviceable for such a Jewish work of reference. To contemporary European reviewers of The Jewish Encyclopedia, the undertaking seemed then like an effort wasted on half-clad Zulus in South Africa and Jewish tailors in New York. Those who were then really in need of such a work and could benefit thereby would have been better served if it were put out in Hebrew, German or Russian.
The editors and authors of The Jewish Encyclopedia proved prescient in their choice of language, since within that same span of 25 years, English rose to become the dominant language of academic Jewish scholarship and among Jews worldwide. Wolfson continues that "if a Jewish Encyclopedia in a modern language were planned for the first time, the choice would undoubtedly have fallen upon English."
Editions
The unedited text of the original can be found at The Jewish Encyclopedia website. The site offers both JPEG facsimiles of the original articles and Unicode transcriptions of all texts.
The search capability is somewhat handicapped by the fact that the search mechanism fails to take into account the decision to maintain all diacritical marks in the transliterated Hebrew and Aramaic from the 1901–1906 text, which used a large number of diacriticals not in common use today. Thus, for example, to successfully search for "Halizah"—the ceremony by which the widow of a brother who has died childless released her brother-in-law from the obligation of marrying her—one would have to know that they have transliterated this as "Ḥaliẓah". The alphabetic index ignores diacriticals so it can be more useful when searching for an article whose title is known.
The scholarly apparatus of citation is thorough, but can be a bit daunting to contemporary users. Books that might have been widely known among scholars of Judaism at the time the encyclopedia was written (but which are quite obscure to a lay reader today) are referred to by author and title, but with no publication information and often without indication of the language in which they were written.
The Jewish Encyclopedia was heavily used as a source by the 16-volume Jewish Encyclopedia in Russian, published by Brockhaus and Efron in Saint Petersburg between 1906 and 1913.
See also
Books portalJudaism portal
Encyclopaedia Judaica
Shorter Jewish Encyclopedia
The New Jewish Encyclopedia
References
Citations
^ The New York Times. 16 Aug. 1902.
^ a b Marcus 1974.
^ Schwartz 1991, pp. 25–27.
^ Schwartz 1991, pp. 28–31.
^ Schwartz 1991, pp. 33–36.
^ Schwartz 1991, pp. 37–51.
^ Schwartz 1991, pp. 51–56.
^ Schwartz 1991, pp. 57–59.
^ Schwartz 1991, pp. 2–4.
^ a b Schwarz 1965.
Sources
"The Jewish Encyclopedia". The New York Times. 16 August 1902.
Marcus, J. R. (1974). The Larger Task (Speech). Ninetieth Ordination Exercises of the Hebrew Union College. Cincinnati: American Jewish Archives.
Schwarz, L. W. (1965). "A Bibliographical Essay". In Lieberman, S. (ed.). Harry Austryn Wolfson Jubilee Volume. Jerusalem: American Academy for Jewish Research.
Schwartz, S. R. (1991). The Emergence of Jewish Scholarship in America: The Publication of the Jewish Encyclopedia. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union. ISBN 0878204121.
External links
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After the House of Rothschild in Paris, consulted by Zadoc Kahn, offered to back the project with only eight percent of the minimum funds requested by Brockaus, the project was abandoned. Following the Dreyfus affair and associated unpleasantness, Singer emigrated to New York City.[3]Initially believing that American Jews could do little more than provide funding for his project, Singer was impressed by the level of scholarship in the United States. He wrote a new prospectus, changing the title of his planned encyclopedia to Encyclopedia of the History and Mental Evolution of the Jewish Race. His radical ecumenism and opposition to orthodoxy upset many of his Jewish readers; nevertheless he attracted the interest of publisher Isaac K. Funk, a Lutheran minister who also believed in integrating Judaism and Christianity. Funk agreed to publish the encyclopedia on the condition that it remain unbiased on issues which might seem unfavorable for Jews. Singer accepted and was established in an office at Funk & Wagnalls on 2 May 1898.[4]Publication of the prospectus in 1898 created a severe backlash, including accusations of poor scholarship and of subservience to Christians. Kaufmann Kohler and Gotthard Deutsch, writing in American Hebrew, highlighted Singer's factual errors, and accused him of commercialism and irreligiosity. Now considering that the project could not succeed with Singer at the helm, Funk & Wagnalls appointed an editorial board to oversee creation of the encyclopedia.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Funk & Wagnalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk_%26_Wagnalls"},{"link_name":"Gustav Gottheil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Gottheil"},{"link_name":"Cyrus Adler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Adler"},{"link_name":"Morris Jastrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Jastrow"},{"link_name":"Frederick de Sola Mendes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_de_Sola_Mendes"},{"link_name":"George Foot Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Foot_Moore"},{"link_name":"Crawford Toy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford_Toy"},{"link_name":"Marcus Jastrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Jastrow"},{"link_name":"Central Conference of American Rabbis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Conference_of_American_Rabbis"},{"link_name":"Shuly Rubin Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuly_Rubin_Schwartz"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz199137%E2%80%9351-6"},{"link_name":"Gotthard Deutsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthard_Deutsch"},{"link_name":"Richard Gottheil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Gottheil"},{"link_name":"Joseph Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Jacobs"},{"link_name":"Kaufmann Kohler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaufmann_Kohler"},{"link_name":"Herman Rosenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Rosenthal"},{"link_name":"Crawford Howell Toy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford_Howell_Toy"},{"link_name":"Morris Jastrow, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Jastrow,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Louis Ginzberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Ginzberg"},{"link_name":"Solomon Schechter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Schechter"},{"link_name":"Emil G. Hirsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_G._Hirsch"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Bacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Bacher"},{"link_name":"Joseph Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Jacobs"},{"link_name":"Herman Rosenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Rosenthal"},{"link_name":"Louis Ginzberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Ginzberg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz199151%E2%80%9356-7"},{"link_name":"higher criticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_criticism"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz199157%E2%80%9359-8"}],"sub_title":"Editorial board","text":"Funk & Wagnalls assembled an editorial board between October 1898 and March 1899. Singer toned down his ideological rhetoric, indicated his desire to collaborate, and changed the work's proposed title to The Jewish Encyclopedia. Despite their reservations about Singer, rabbi Gustav Gottheil and Cyrus Adler agreed to join the board, followed by Morris Jastrow, Frederick de Sola Mendes, and two published critics of the project: Kauffmann Kohler and Gotthard DeutschTheologian and Presbyterian minister George Foot Moore was added to the board for balance. Soon after work started, Moore withdrew and was replaced by Baptist minister Crawford Toy. Last was added the elderly Marcus Jastrow, mostly for his symbolic imprimatur as America's leading Talmudist. In March 1899, the Central Conference of American Rabbis, which had been contemplating a competing project, agreed to discuss collaborating with Funk & Wagnalls—thus securing the position of the Jewish Encyclopedia as the only major project of its kind. Shuly Rubin Schwartz describes the payment scheme arranged at this time as follows:Members of the local executive committee, exclusive of Singer and, of course, Funk, would receive one thousand dollars per annum, while the rest of the department editors would receive five hundred. All collaborators, editors included, would be paid five dollars per printed page of about one thousand English words. If the article was written in a foreign language, payment would be only $3.50 per page. Singer's compensation was forty dollars a week (thirty-five plus five for a life insurance premium). His salary was considered an advance, since Singer alone was to share with the company in the profits.[6]Other editors participating in all 12 volumes were Gotthard Deutsch, Richard Gottheil, Joseph Jacobs, Kaufmann Kohler, Herman Rosenthal, and Crawford Howell Toy. Morris Jastrow, Jr. and Frederick de Sola Mendes assisted with volumes I to II; Marcus Jastrow with volumes I, II, and III; Louis Ginzberg with the first four volumes; Solomon Schechter with volumes IV through VII; Emil G. Hirsch with volumes IV through XII; and Wilhelm Bacher with volumes VIII through XII. William Popper served as assistant revision editor and chief of translation for volumes IV through XII.The editors plunged into their enormous task and soon identified and solved some inefficiencies with the project. Article assignments were shuffled around and communication practices were streamlined. Joseph Jacobs was hired as a coordinator. He also wrote four hundred articles and procured many of the encyclopedia's illustrations. Herman Rosenthal, an authority on Russia, was added as an editor. Louis Ginzberg joined the project and later became head of the rabbinical literature department.[7]The board naturally faced many difficult editorial questions and disagreements. Singer wanted specific entries for every Jewish community in the world, with detailed information about, for example, the name and dates of the first Jewish settler in Prague. Conflict also arose over what types of Bible interpretation should be included, as some editors feared that Morris Jastrow's involvement in \"higher criticism\" would lead to unfavorable treatment of scripture.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jewish_Encyclopedia_Colored_Illustration_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ark of the Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_of_the_Law"},{"link_name":"Wissenschaft des Judentums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wissenschaft_des_Judentums"},{"link_name":"Jewish Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Studies"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"exegetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exegesis"},{"link_name":"Wissenschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wissenschaft"},{"link_name":"Leopold Zunz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Zunz"},{"link_name":"Moritz Steinschneider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz_Steinschneider"},{"link_name":"Solomon Schechter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Schechter"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Bacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Bacher"},{"link_name":"Solomon Judah Loeb Rapoport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Judah_Loeb_Rapoport"},{"link_name":"David Zvi Hoffmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Zvi_Hoffmann"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Graetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Graetz"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz19912%E2%80%934-9"},{"link_name":"lingua franca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"The Jewish Quarterly Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_Quarterly_Review"},{"link_name":"Harry Wolfson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Wolfson"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1965-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1965-10"}],"text":"The first edition's first illustration: \"Ark of the Law\"The scholarly style of The Jewish Encyclopedia aligns directly to the Wissenschaft des Judentums, an approach to Jewish scholarship and religion that flourished in 19th-century Germany. The encyclopedia may be regarded as the culmination of this movement, which sought to modernize scholarly methods in Jewish research. In the 20th century, the movement's members dispersed to Jewish Studies departments in the United States and Israel.The scholarly authorities cited in the encyclopedia—besides the classical and medieval exegetes—are almost uniformly Wissenschaft figures, such as Leopold Zunz, Moritz Steinschneider, Solomon Schechter, Wilhelm Bacher, Solomon Judah Loeb Rapoport, David Zvi Hoffmann, and Heinrich Graetz. Its scholarly style is evident by the encyclopedia's almost obsessive attention to manuscript discovery, editing, publication, comparison, and dating. These endeavors were among the foremost interests of Wissenschaft scholarship.[9]The Jewish Encyclopedia is an English-language work, but the vast majority of the encyclopedia's contemporary sources are German-language sources, since this was the mother tongue of the Wissenschaft scholars and the lingua franca of Biblical scholarship in general in that period. Of all works cited not in German—usually the more classical works—the largest part are either in Hebrew or Arabic. The only heavily cited English-language source of contemporary scholarship is Schechter's publications in The Jewish Quarterly Review.The significance of the work's publication in English rather than German or Hebrew is captured by Harry Wolfson, writing in 1926:About twenty-five years ago, there was no greater desert, as far as Jewish life and learning, than the English-speaking countries, and English of all languages was the least serviceable for such a Jewish work of reference. To contemporary European reviewers of The Jewish Encyclopedia, the undertaking seemed then like an effort wasted on half-clad Zulus in South Africa and Jewish tailors in New York. Those who were then really in need of such a work and could benefit thereby would have been better served if it were put out in Hebrew, German or Russian.[10]The editors and authors of The Jewish Encyclopedia proved prescient in their choice of language, since within that same span of 25 years, English rose to become the dominant language of academic Jewish scholarship and among Jews worldwide. Wolfson continues that \"if a Jewish Encyclopedia in a modern language were planned for the first time, the choice would undoubtedly have fallen upon English.\"[10]","title":"Scholarship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JPEG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG"},{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"},{"link_name":"diacritical marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritical_marks"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic_language"},{"link_name":"Halizah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halizah"},{"link_name":"Brockhaus and Efron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockhaus_and_Efron"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"}],"text":"The unedited text of the original can be found at The Jewish Encyclopedia website. The site offers both JPEG facsimiles of the original articles and Unicode transcriptions of all texts.The search capability is somewhat handicapped by the fact that the search mechanism fails to take into account the decision to maintain all diacritical marks in the transliterated Hebrew and Aramaic from the 1901–1906 text, which used a large number of diacriticals not in common use today. Thus, for example, to successfully search for \"Halizah\"—the ceremony by which the widow of a brother who has died childless released her brother-in-law from the obligation of marrying her—one would have to know that they have transliterated this as \"Ḥaliẓah\". The alphabetic index ignores diacriticals so it can be more useful when searching for an article whose title is known.The scholarly apparatus of citation is thorough, but can be a bit daunting to contemporary users. Books that might have been widely known among scholars of Judaism at the time the encyclopedia was written (but which are quite obscure to a lay reader today) are referred to by author and title, but with no publication information and often without indication of the language in which they were written.The Jewish Encyclopedia was heavily used as a source by the 16-volume Jewish Encyclopedia in Russian, published by Brockhaus and Efron in Saint Petersburg between 1906 and 1913.","title":"Editions"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1177
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1177
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["1 Events","1.1 January–December","1.2 Date unknown","2 Births","3 Deaths","4 References"]
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Calendar year
Millennium:
2nd millennium
Centuries:
11th century
12th century
13th century
Decades:
1150s
1160s
1170s
1180s
1190s
Years:
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1177 by topic
Leaders
Political entities
State leaders
Religious leaders
Birth and death categories
Births – Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments – Disestablishments
Art and literature
1177 in poetry
vte
1177 in various calendarsGregorian calendar1177MCLXXVIIAb urbe condita1930Armenian calendar626ԹՎ ՈԻԶAssyrian calendar5927Balinese saka calendar1098–1099Bengali calendar584Berber calendar2127English Regnal year23 Hen. 2 – 24 Hen. 2Buddhist calendar1721Burmese calendar539Byzantine calendar6685–6686Chinese calendar丙申年 (Fire Monkey)3874 or 3667 — to —丁酉年 (Fire Rooster)3875 or 3668Coptic calendar893–894Discordian calendar2343Ethiopian calendar1169–1170Hebrew calendar4937–4938Hindu calendars - Vikram Samvat1233–1234 - Shaka Samvat1098–1099 - Kali Yuga4277–4278Holocene calendar11177Igbo calendar177–178Iranian calendar555–556Islamic calendar572–573Japanese calendarAngen 3 / Jishō 1(治承元年)Javanese calendar1084–1085Julian calendar1177MCLXXVIIKorean calendar3510Minguo calendar735 before ROC民前735年Nanakshahi calendar−291Seleucid era1488/1489 AGThai solar calendar1719–1720Tibetan calendar阳火猴年(male Fire-Monkey)1303 or 922 or 150 — to —阴火鸡年(female Fire-Rooster)1304 or 923 or 151Year 1177 (MCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
January – Eystein Meyla, leader of the Birkebeiner in Norway, is killed. Sverre Sigurdson (Later, King Sverre I, of Norway) becomes the new leader.
January 13 – Leopold V becomes Duke of Austria.
March – Treaty of Venice: Frederick I Barbarossa acknowledges Alexander III as Pope, after a diplomatic mediation by Venetian doge Sebastiano Ziani.
March 16 – The Spanish Award is signed and witnessed by, among others, Robert III de Stuteville and John of Greenford
August 1 – The Holy Roman Empire renounces any claims on the territory of Rome.
September 27 – Pope Alexander III sends a letter to Prester John, believing he is real.
November 25 – Battle of Montgisard: Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and Raynald of Chatillon defeat Saladin.
Date unknown
During the third year of the Angen era in Japan, a fire devastates Kyoto.
During the winter, the Estonians attack Pskov.
Casimir II overthrows his brother Mieszko III the Old, to become High Duke of Poland.
The Cham sack the Khmer capital of Angkor. The date is disputed.
Moscow is burned down by Gleb I, prince of Ryazan, and its inhabitants are killed.
A civil war breaks out in the Republic of Florence, between the Uberti Family and their consular opponent.
Puigcerdà is founded by Alfonso II of Aragon.
Byland Abbey is established on its final site in Yorkshire, England, by the Cistercians.
Abbas Benedictus becomes abbot of Peterborough in England.
Roger de Moulins becomes Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller.
possible date – Richard FitzNeal begins to write his treatise Dialogus de Scaccario ("Dialogue concerning the Exchequer") in England.
The union of Egypt and Syria under Sultan Saladin Yusuf ibn Ayyub, the foundation of the Ayyubid Sultanate.
Births
February/March – Philip of Swabia, rival of Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1208)
August – Baldwin V, King of Jerusalem (d. 1186)
Marie of Oignies, French beguin (d. 1213)
Sylvester Gozzolini, Italian founder of the Sylvestrines (d. 1267)
Deaths
January 13 – Henry II, Duke of Austria (b. 1107)
January – Eystein Meyla, leader of the Birkebeiner in Norway. (b. 1157)
June – William of Montferrat, Count of Jaffa and Ascalon, father of Baldwin V of Jerusalem (b. early 1140s)
probable – Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk (b. 1095)
References
^ a b Grammaticus, Saxo (2015). Friis-Jensen, Karsten (ed.). Gesta Danorum: The History of the Danes. Oxford Medieval Texts. Vol. II. Translated by Fisher, Peter. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 1390. ISBN 9780198705765.
^ Lyon, Jonathan R. (2012). Princely Brothers and Sisters: The Sibling Bond in German Politics, 1100–1250. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press. p. 124. ISBN 9780801467844.
^ Johrendt, Jochen (2012). "The Empire and the Schism". In Duggan, Anne J.; Clarke, Peter D. (eds.). Pope Alexander III (1159–81): The Art of Survival. Routledge. p. 122. ISBN 9781317078371.
^ Rosand, David (2001). Myths of Venice: The Figuration of a State. Chapel Hill and London: Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 6. ISBN 9780807856635.
^ Stubbs, William (1874). The Constitutional History of England in Its Origin and Development. Oxford and London: Clarendon Press. pp. 486. 1177 The Spanish Award.
^ Walcott, Mackenzie E. C. (1878). "The Bishops of Chichester from Stigand to Sherborne". Sussex Archaeological Collections. XXVIII. Lewes, England: Sussex Archaeological Society.: 21. doi:10.5284/1085498.
^ Kleinhenz, Christopher (2004). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. New York and London: Routledge. p. 504. ISBN 9781135948801.
^ Baldridge, Cates (2014). Prisoners of Prester John: The Portuguese Mission to Ethiopia in Search of the Mythical King, 1520-1526. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 13. ISBN 9780786490196.
^ Phillips, J. R. S. (1988). The Medieval Expansion of Europe. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 60. ISBN 9780192891235.
^ Ehrlich, Michael (2013). "Saint Catherine's Day Miracle - The Battle of Montgisard". In Rogers, Clifford J.; DeVries, Kelly; France, John (eds.). Journal of Medieval Military History. Suffolk and Rochester, NY: Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 97. ISBN 9781843838609.
^ Kornicki, Peter Francis (1998). The Book in Japan: A Cultural History from the Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century. Leiden, Boston, Köln: BRILL. p. 370. ISBN 9789004101951.
^ Estonian Theological Society in Exile (April 1956). "Charisteria Iohanni Kõpp octogenario oblata. 304 pp. Stockholm, 1954. $5.00. (Papers of the Estonian Theological Society in Exile, No. 7.) (May be obtained from the Bookstore, Chicago Lutheran Theological Seminary, Maywood, Ill.)". Theology Today. 13 (1): 129. doi:10.1177/004057365601300124. ISSN 0040-5736. S2CID 220990258.
^ A'Beckett, William (1836). A Universal Biography: Including Scriptural, Classical and Mytological Memoirs, Together with Accounts of Many Eminent Living Characters: the Whole Newly Compiled and Composed from the Most Recent and Authentic Sources. London: Isaac, Tuckey, and Company. pp. 686. 1177 Casimir II poland.
^ Arrowood, Janet (2008). Adventure Guide Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. Edison, NH, Quebec and Oxford: Hunter Publishing, Inc. p. 82. ISBN 9781588435200.
^ Phuong, Tran Ky; Lockhart, Bruce (2011). The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art. Singapore: National University of Singapore Press. p. 400. ISBN 9789971694593.
^ Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. (2005). Russian Identities: A Historical Survey. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, USA. p. 35. ISBN 9780195156508.
^ Trollope, Thomas Adolphus (1865). A History of the Commonwealth of Florence: From the Earliest Independence of the Commune to the Fall of the Republic in 1531. Vol. I. London: Chapman and Hall. pp. 60–61.
^ Clarke, Michelle T. (2018). Machiavelli's Florentine Republic. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, New Delhi: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 9781107125506.
^ Dubin, Marc (2004). The Rough Guide to the Pyrenees. London, New York: Rough Guides. p. 221. ISBN 9781843531968.
^ Rickman, Thomas; Parker, John Henry (1862). An attempt to discriminate the styles of English architecture, from the Conquest to the Reformation. Preceded by a sketch of the Grecian and Roman orders, with notices of nearly five hundred English buildings (6th ed.). Oxford and London: John Henry & James Parker. pp. 172. 1177 Byland Abbey.
^ Parker, John Henry (1846). A Companion to the Fourth Edition of A Glossary of Terms Used in Grecian, Roman, Italian, and Gothic Architecture: Containing 400 Additional Examples, a Chronological Table and a General Index. Oxford and London: John Henry Parker. p. 65.
^ Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2012). "3. Reaching Maturity: 1177 - 1206". The Knights Hospitaller in the Levant, C.1070-1309. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 38. ISBN 9780230290839.
^ Rosenstock-Huessy, Eugen; Battles, Ford Lewis (1975). Magna Carta Latina: The Privilege of Singing, Articulating, and Reading a Language and of Keeping it Alive. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: The Pickwick Press. p. 230. ISBN 9780915138074.
^ Duffus Hardy, Thomas (1865). Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores: Or, Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and Ireland During the Middle Ages. Vol. II: Descriptive Catalogue of Materials Relating to the History of Great Britain and Ireland to the End of the Reign of Henry VII (from A.D. 1066 to A.D. 1200). London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans and Roberts. p. 410.
^ Newton, Michael (2014). Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia. Vol. I: A - P. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 420. ISBN 9781610692861.
^ Coatsworth, Elizabeth; Owen-Crocker, Gale (2018). Clothing the Past: Surviving Garments from Early Medieval to Early Modern Western Europe. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 91. ISBN 9789004352162.
^ Jones, Barry (2017). Dictionary of World Biography (Fourth ed.). Acton, Australia: Australian National University Press. p. 51. ISBN 9781760461263.
^ Emmerson, Richard Kenneth (2006). Key Figures in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia. New York and London: Taylor & Francis. p. 452. ISBN 9780415973854.
^ Currier, Charles Warren (1898). History of Religious Orders: a Compendious and Popular Sketch of the Rise and Progress of the Principal Monastic, Canonical, Military, Mendicant, and Clerical Orders and Congregations of the Eastern and Western Churches, Together With a Brief History of the Catholic Church in Relation to Religious Orders. New York: Murphy & McCarthy. pp. 146. 1177 Sylvester Gozzolini.
^ Driver, Stephanie (2010). World and Its Peoples. Vol. Europe 7: Central Europe. New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. 884. ISBN 9780761478942.
^ Hamilton, Bernard (2005). The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 117–118. ISBN 9780521017473.
^ Tyerman, Christopher (2006). God's War: A New History of the Crusades. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 360. ISBN 9780674023871. 1177 William of Montferrat.
^ Nicolas, Sir Nicholas Harris; Courthope, William John (1857). The Historic Peerage of England: Exhibiting, Under Alphabetical Arrangement, the Origin, Descent, and Present State of Every Title of Peerage Which Has Existed in This Country Since the Conquest; Being a New Edition of the "Synopsis of the Peerage of England". London: John Murray. pp. 350. 1177 Hugh Bigod.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MCLXXVII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals"},{"link_name":"common year starting on Saturday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Saturday"},{"link_name":"Julian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar"}],"text":"Calendar yearYear 1177 (MCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.","title":"1177"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"January","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January"},{"link_name":"Eystein Meyla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eystein_Meyla"},{"link_name":"Birkebeiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkebeiner"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Sverre I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverre_I"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"January 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_13"},{"link_name":"Leopold V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_V_of_Austria_(Babenberg)"},{"link_name":"Duke of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Frederick I Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"Alexander III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III"},{"link_name":"Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"Venetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Republic"},{"link_name":"doge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doge_(title)"},{"link_name":"Sebastiano Ziani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastiano_Ziani"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"March 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_16"},{"link_name":"Robert III de Stuteville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_III_de_Stuteville"},{"link_name":"John of Greenford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Greenford"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"August 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_1"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"September 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_27"},{"link_name":"Pope Alexander III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III"},{"link_name":"Prester John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prester_John"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"November 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_25"},{"link_name":"Battle of Montgisard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Montgisard"},{"link_name":"Baldwin IV of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_IV_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Raynald of Chatillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raynald_of_Chatillon"},{"link_name":"Saladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"January–December","text":"January – Eystein Meyla, leader of the Birkebeiner in Norway, is killed. Sverre Sigurdson (Later, King Sverre I, of Norway) becomes the new leader.[1]\nJanuary 13 – Leopold V becomes Duke of Austria.[2]\nMarch – Treaty of Venice: Frederick I Barbarossa acknowledges Alexander III as Pope, after a diplomatic mediation by Venetian doge Sebastiano Ziani.[3][4]\nMarch 16 – The Spanish Award is signed and witnessed by, among others, Robert III de Stuteville and John of Greenford[5][6]\nAugust 1 – The Holy Roman Empire renounces any claims on the territory of Rome.[7]\nSeptember 27 – Pope Alexander III sends a letter to Prester John, believing he is real.[8][9]\nNovember 25 – Battle of Montgisard: Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and Raynald of Chatillon defeat Saladin.[10]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angen"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Kyoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Estonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonians"},{"link_name":"Pskov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pskov"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Casimir II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_II_the_Just"},{"link_name":"Mieszko III the Old","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_III_the_Old"},{"link_name":"High Duke of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Cham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham_(Asia)"},{"link_name":"Angkor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Gleb I, prince of Ryazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Ryazan"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Republic of Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Florence"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Puigcerdà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puigcerd%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Alfonso II of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Byland Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byland_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Cistercians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercian"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Abbas Benedictus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_Benedictus"},{"link_name":"Peterborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Roger de Moulins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_de_Moulins"},{"link_name":"Knights Hospitaller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Richard FitzNeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_FitzNeal"},{"link_name":"Dialogus de Scaccario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogus_de_Scaccario"},{"link_name":"Exchequer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchequer"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Saladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin"},{"link_name":"Ayyubid Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_Sultanate"}],"sub_title":"Date unknown","text":"During the third year of the Angen era in Japan, a fire devastates Kyoto.[11]\nDuring the winter, the Estonians attack Pskov.[12]\nCasimir II overthrows his brother Mieszko III the Old, to become High Duke of Poland.[13]\nThe Cham sack the Khmer capital of Angkor. The date is disputed.[14][15]\nMoscow is burned down by Gleb I, prince of Ryazan, and its inhabitants are killed.[16]\nA civil war breaks out in the Republic of Florence, between the Uberti Family and their consular opponent.[17][18]\nPuigcerdà is founded by Alfonso II of Aragon.[19]\nByland Abbey is established on its final site in Yorkshire, England, by the Cistercians.[20]\nAbbas Benedictus becomes abbot of Peterborough in England.[21]\nRoger de Moulins becomes Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller.[22]\npossible date – Richard FitzNeal begins to write his treatise Dialogus de Scaccario (\"Dialogue concerning the Exchequer\") in England.[23][24]\nThe union of Egypt and Syria under Sultan Saladin Yusuf ibn Ayyub, the foundation of the Ayyubid Sultanate.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"February","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February"},{"link_name":"March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March"},{"link_name":"Philip of Swabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_of_Swabia"},{"link_name":"Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"1208","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"August","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August"},{"link_name":"Baldwin V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_V_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"King of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"1186","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1186"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Marie of Oignies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_of_Oignies"},{"link_name":"1213","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1213"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Sylvester Gozzolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_Gozzolini"},{"link_name":"Sylvestrines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvestrines"},{"link_name":"1267","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1267"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"February/March – Philip of Swabia, rival of Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1208)[25][26]\nAugust – Baldwin V, King of Jerusalem (d. 1186)[27]\nMarie of Oignies, French beguin (d. 1213)[28]\nSylvester Gozzolini, Italian founder of the Sylvestrines (d. 1267)[29]","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"January 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_13"},{"link_name":"Henry II, Duke of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II,_Duke_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"1107","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1107"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"January","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January"},{"link_name":"Eystein Meyla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eystein_Meyla"},{"link_name":"Birkebeiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkebeiner"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"1157","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1157"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"June","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June"},{"link_name":"William of Montferrat, Count of Jaffa and Ascalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Montferrat,_Count_of_Jaffa_and_Ascalon"},{"link_name":"1140s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1140s"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Hugh Bigod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Bigod,_1st_Earl_of_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Earl of Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"1095","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1095"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"January 13 – Henry II, Duke of Austria (b. 1107)[30]\nJanuary – Eystein Meyla, leader of the Birkebeiner in Norway. (b. 1157)[1]\nJune – William of Montferrat, Count of Jaffa and Ascalon, father of Baldwin V of Jerusalem (b. early 1140s)[31][32]\nprobable – Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk (b. 1095)[33]","title":"Deaths"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Grammaticus, Saxo (2015). Friis-Jensen, Karsten (ed.). Gesta Danorum: The History of the Danes. Oxford Medieval Texts. Vol. II. Translated by Fisher, Peter. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 1390. ISBN 9780198705765.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MbK6BwAAQBAJ&q=Eystein+Meyla+1177&pg=PA1390","url_text":"Gesta Danorum: The History of the Danes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198705765","url_text":"9780198705765"}]},{"reference":"Lyon, Jonathan R. (2012). Princely Brothers and Sisters: The Sibling Bond in German Politics, 1100–1250. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press. p. 124. ISBN 9780801467844.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EvP9cMSmZsgC&q=1177+Leopold+V+austria&pg=PA124","url_text":"Princely Brothers and Sisters: The Sibling Bond in German Politics, 1100–1250"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801467844","url_text":"9780801467844"}]},{"reference":"Johrendt, Jochen (2012). \"The Empire and the Schism\". In Duggan, Anne J.; Clarke, Peter D. (eds.). Pope Alexander III (1159–81): The Art of Survival. Routledge. p. 122. ISBN 9781317078371.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rE4GDAAAQBAJ&q=1177+Treaty+of+Venice+Barbarossa+pope&pg=PA122","url_text":"\"The Empire and the Schism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317078371","url_text":"9781317078371"}]},{"reference":"Rosand, David (2001). Myths of Venice: The Figuration of a State. Chapel Hill and London: Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 6. ISBN 9780807856635.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U63ApPjeeoUC&q=1177+Holy+Roman+Empire+claims+Rome&pg=PA6","url_text":"Myths of Venice: The Figuration of a State"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807856635","url_text":"9780807856635"}]},{"reference":"Stubbs, William (1874). The Constitutional History of England in Its Origin and Development. Oxford and London: Clarendon Press. pp. 486. 1177 The Spanish Award.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/constitutionalhi01stubuoft","url_text":"The Constitutional History of England in Its Origin and Development"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/constitutionalhi01stubuoft/page/486","url_text":"486"}]},{"reference":"Walcott, Mackenzie E. C. (1878). \"The Bishops of Chichester from Stigand to Sherborne\". Sussex Archaeological Collections. XXVIII. Lewes, England: Sussex Archaeological Society.: 21. doi:10.5284/1085498.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5284%2F1085498","url_text":"\"The Bishops of Chichester from Stigand to Sherborne\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5284%2F1085498","url_text":"10.5284/1085498"}]},{"reference":"Kleinhenz, Christopher (2004). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. New York and London: Routledge. p. 504. ISBN 9781135948801.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=E2CTAgAAQBAJ&q=1177+Holy+Roman+Empire+territorial+claims+rome&pg=PT534","url_text":"Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135948801","url_text":"9781135948801"}]},{"reference":"Baldridge, Cates (2014). Prisoners of Prester John: The Portuguese Mission to Ethiopia in Search of the Mythical King, 1520-1526. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 13. ISBN 9780786490196.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1-UASH0jE5cC&q=1177+Pope+Alexander+III+Prester+John&pg=PA13","url_text":"Prisoners of Prester John: The Portuguese Mission to Ethiopia in Search of the Mythical King, 1520-1526"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786490196","url_text":"9780786490196"}]},{"reference":"Phillips, J. R. S. (1988). The Medieval Expansion of Europe. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 60. ISBN 9780192891235.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fFfjDQAAQBAJ&q=1177+Pope+Alexander+III+Prester+John&pg=PA60","url_text":"The Medieval Expansion of Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192891235","url_text":"9780192891235"}]},{"reference":"Ehrlich, Michael (2013). \"Saint Catherine's Day Miracle - The Battle of Montgisard\". In Rogers, Clifford J.; DeVries, Kelly; France, John (eds.). Journal of Medieval Military History. Suffolk and Rochester, NY: Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 97. ISBN 9781843838609.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pqgTAgAAQBAJ&q=1177+Battle+of+Montgisard&pg=PA97","url_text":"\"Saint Catherine's Day Miracle - The Battle of Montgisard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843838609","url_text":"9781843838609"}]},{"reference":"Kornicki, Peter Francis (1998). The Book in Japan: A Cultural History from the Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century. Leiden, Boston, Köln: BRILL. p. 370. ISBN 9789004101951.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tomscJO8ny8C&q=1177+Kyoto+fire&pg=PA370","url_text":"The Book in Japan: A Cultural History from the Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004101951","url_text":"9789004101951"}]},{"reference":"Estonian Theological Society in Exile (April 1956). \"Charisteria Iohanni Kõpp octogenario oblata. 304 pp. Stockholm, 1954. $5.00. (Papers of the Estonian Theological Society in Exile, No. 7.) (May be obtained from the Bookstore, Chicago Lutheran Theological Seminary, Maywood, Ill.)\". Theology Today. 13 (1): 129. doi:10.1177/004057365601300124. ISSN 0040-5736. S2CID 220990258.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F004057365601300124","url_text":"10.1177/004057365601300124"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-5736","url_text":"0040-5736"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220990258","url_text":"220990258"}]},{"reference":"A'Beckett, William (1836). A Universal Biography: Including Scriptural, Classical and Mytological Memoirs, Together with Accounts of Many Eminent Living Characters: the Whole Newly Compiled and Composed from the Most Recent and Authentic Sources. London: Isaac, Tuckey, and Company. pp. 686. 1177 Casimir II poland.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_eLo5AAAAcAAJ","url_text":"A Universal Biography: Including Scriptural, Classical and Mytological Memoirs, Together with Accounts of Many Eminent Living Characters: the Whole Newly Compiled and Composed from the Most Recent and Authentic Sources"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_eLo5AAAAcAAJ/page/n694","url_text":"686"}]},{"reference":"Arrowood, Janet (2008). Adventure Guide Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. Edison, NH, Quebec and Oxford: Hunter Publishing, Inc. p. 82. ISBN 9781588435200.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_zRVzX-DBdAC&q=1177+Cham+Angkor+Wat&pg=PA82","url_text":"Adventure Guide Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588435200","url_text":"9781588435200"}]},{"reference":"Phuong, Tran Ky; Lockhart, Bruce (2011). The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art. Singapore: National University of Singapore Press. p. 400. ISBN 9789971694593.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GUHeBgAAQBAJ&q=1177+Cham+Angkor+Wat&pg=PA400","url_text":"The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789971694593","url_text":"9789971694593"}]},{"reference":"Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. (2005). Russian Identities: A Historical Survey. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, USA. p. 35. ISBN 9780195156508.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Xno8DwAAQBAJ&q=1177+Moscow+burned&pg=PA35","url_text":"Russian Identities: A Historical Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195156508","url_text":"9780195156508"}]},{"reference":"Trollope, Thomas Adolphus (1865). A History of the Commonwealth of Florence: From the Earliest Independence of the Commune to the Fall of the Republic in 1531. Vol. I. London: Chapman and Hall. pp. 60–61.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1QAOAQAAIAAJ&q=1177+Republic+of+florence+civil+war&pg=PA60","url_text":"A History of the Commonwealth of Florence: From the Earliest Independence of the Commune to the Fall of the Republic in 1531"}]},{"reference":"Clarke, Michelle T. (2018). Machiavelli's Florentine Republic. 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An attempt to discriminate the styles of English architecture, from the Conquest to the Reformation. Preceded by a sketch of the Grecian and Roman orders, with notices of nearly five hundred English buildings (6th ed.). Oxford and London: John Henry & James Parker. pp. 172. 1177 Byland Abbey.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/anattempttodisc01parkgoog","url_text":"An attempt to discriminate the styles of English architecture, from the Conquest to the Reformation. Preceded by a sketch of the Grecian and Roman orders, with notices of nearly five hundred English buildings"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/anattempttodisc01parkgoog/page/n191","url_text":"172"}]},{"reference":"Parker, John Henry (1846). A Companion to the Fourth Edition of A Glossary of Terms Used in Grecian, Roman, Italian, and Gothic Architecture: Containing 400 Additional Examples, a Chronological Table and a General Index. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saif_ad-Din_Abu-Bakr
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Al-Mansur Abu Bakr
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["1 Early life and career","2 Reign","3 Notes","4 References","5 Bibliography"]
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Al-Malik al-Mansur
Al-Mansur Abu BakrAl-Malik al-MansurSultan of Egypt and SyriaReign7 June 1341 – 5 August 1341PredecessorAn-Nasir MuhammadSuccessorAl-Ashraf KujukBornc. 1321Cairo, Mamluk SultanateDiedNovember 1341 (aged 20)Qus, Mamluk SultanateSpouseDaughter of Emir Tuquzdamur al-HamawiNamesAl-Malik al-Mansur Sayf ad-Din Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad ibn QalawunHouseQalawuniDynastyBahriFatherAn-Nasir MuhammadMotherNarjisReligionIslam
Al-Malik al-Mansur Sayf ad-Din Abu Bakr (Arabic: الملك المنصور سيف الدين أبو بكر), better known as al-Mansur Abu Bakr (المنصور أبو بكر), (ca. 1321 – November 1341) was a Bahri Mamluk Sultan of Egypt in 1341. From an early age, Abu Bakr received military training in the desert town of al-Karak. His father, Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad (r. 1310–41), groomed him as a potential successor to the throne and made him an emir in 1335. He was consistently promoted in the following years, becoming the na'ib (governor) of al-Karak in 1339. In June 1341, he became sultan, the first of several sons of an-Nasir Muhammad to accede the throne. However, his reign was short-lived; in August, Abu Bakr was deposed and arrested by his father's senior emir, Qawsun. Abu Bakr was imprisoned in the Upper Egyptian city of Qus, along with several of his brothers, and executed on Qawsun's orders two months later. He was formally succeeded by his younger half-brother, al-Ashraf Kujuk, but Qawsun was left as the strongman of the sultanate.
Early life and career
Abu Bakr was born around 1321 to his sultan father an-Nasir Muhammad (r. 1310–1341) and his concubine mother, Narjis. Narjis also gave birth to Abu Bakr's younger full brothers Ramadan (died 1343) and Yusuf (died 1346). Information about Abu Bakr's early childhood is unavailable in the Mamluk sources. The first mention of Abu Bakr came in 1332. At that time, Abu Bakr had been sent to the desert fortress of al-Karak to join his half-brothers Ahmad and Ibrahim in their military training. Also during that year, Abu Bakr left al-Karak to accompany his father and half-brothers Anuk and Ahmad at al-Aqaba and from there to Mecca to perform the Hajj pilgrimage. However, an-Nasir Muhammad had them return to al-Karak before the trek to Mecca.
In 1335, Abu Bakr was recalled to Cairo and made an emir by his father. The event was marked by a royal procession, led by Emir Qawsun, in which Abu Bakr was dressed in the attire of an emir. At around the same time, an-Nasir Muhammad arranged Abu Bakr's marriage to a daughter of Emir Tuquzdamur al-Hamawi, who married Narjis sometime earlier. Later, during his 59-day reign as sultan, Abu Bakr also married two slave girls, spending 100,000 gold dinars for each of their bridal veils. In 1337/38, Abu Bakr was promoted to an amir arba'in (emir of forty ).
For several years, Abu Bakr was based in the desert fortress of al-Karak (pictured), where he gained military training and briefly served as governor.
Abu Bakr was sent back to al-Karak in 1339 to replace Ahmad as na'ib of the province. By then, Ahmad had been dropped by an-Nasir Muhammad as a potential successor. Anuk remained the sultan's favored son to replace him, but with Ahmad deemed unfit to rule, Abu Bakr became the runner-up. Sometime that year, Abu Bakr paid a visit to his father with a gift of 200,000 silver dirhams that he apparently extorted from the inhabitants of al-Karak. He later returned to al-Karak where he remained until 17 July 1340. At that point, Anuk had been dropped as a potential successor by the sultan, who invited Abu Bakr back to Cairo. There, an-Nasir Muhammad had his emirs swear an oath of allegiance to Abu Bakr.
Abu Bakr then set off for al-Karak until he was recalled to Cairo once more in 1341, arriving on 24 January. When he returned, he brought his father a sum of 100,000 dirhams, while an-Nasir Muhammad issued another order recalling all of Abu Bakr's mamluks and soldiers in al-Karak to Cairo. Abu Bakr remained in Cairo effectively to wait for his ailing father to die. In the months prior to an-Nasir Muhammad's death, Abu Bakr was given a large iqta (fief), his interests were put under the care of Emir Bashtak and he was transferred a large number of wafidiyya (immigrant, typically Mongol, soldiers) from Aleppo and other troops. On 4 June 1341, while on his deathbed, an-Nasir Muhammad had all of his emirs recognize the transfer of the sultanate to Abu Bakr in the event of his death. Moreover, he crowned Abu Bakr as "al-Malik al-Mansur", the title of the latter's grandfather, Sultan Qalawun (r. 1277–90), and gave him Qalawun's sword. The throne was peacefully passed to Abu Bakr when an-Nasir Muhammad died on 7 June.
Reign
Although Abu Bakr was made sultan, the reins of power were held by an-Nasir Muhammad's senior emirs, chief among whom were his son-in-law Qawsun and Bashtak. According to historian Amalia Levanoni, Abu Bakr sought to restore the traditional concepts of mamluk-master relations and the modes of hierarchical advancement set by his grandfather Qalawun and abrogate the growing independence of the emirs that developed under his father. However, the post-Qalawun mamluk norms of conduct proved too resilient for Abu Bakr. In the view of the emirs and the low and middle-ranking mamluks, Abu Bakr was to solely play the role of a figurehead and not disturb the system created by his father. Thus, Abu Bakr's attempts to rule in his own right were consistently stymied by the emirs. Of the latter, the most prominent was Qawsun, who sought to become the mudabbir ad-dawla (organizer of the state), in effect the strongman of the sultanate. After neutralizing Bashtak, his principal rival, Qawsun moved against Abu Bakr; Qawsun had feared that Abu Bakr would attempt to imprison him.
On 5 August 1341, Qawsun had Abu Bakr arrested on concocted charges of frivolity. Abu Bakr and six of his brothers were subsequently sent to prison in Qus in Upper Egypt. In November 1341, Abu Bakr was executed by the governor of Qus on orders from Qawsun. After his death, Qawsun installed Abu Bakr's infant half-brother, Kujuk, as sultan and became the Kujuk's regent. Meanwhile, dissent mounted against Qawsun in Syria and Cairo and he was ousted in a revolt, along with Kujuk. The new sultan, Abu Bakr's half-brother Ahmad, later had Qawsun and the governor of Qus (who apologized for killing Abu Bakr) executed in early 1342.
Notes
^ Abu Bakr's mother and Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad's concubine, Narjis, was married off by the sultan to Tuquzdamur al-Hamawi to consolidate networks of dependency and loyalty among the Mamluk elite.
References
^ a b Bauden 2009, p. 63.
^ a b c d e f Bauden 2009, p. 74.
^ Bauden 2009, p. 68.
^ Levanoni 1995, p. 187.
^ a b c d e f g h i Bauden 2009, p. 75.
^ a b c d Bauden 2009, p. 76.
^ a b c d e f g Drory 2006, p. 20.
^ a b Levanoni 1995, pp. 79–80.
^ Drory 2006, p. 24.
^ Drory 2006, p. 25.
Bibliography
Bauden, Frédéric (2009). "The Sons of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad and the Politics of Puppets: Where Did It All Start?" (PDF). Mamluk Studies Review. 13 (1). Middle East Documentation Center, The University of Chicago.
Drory, Joseph (2006). "The Prince who Favored the Desert: Fragmentary Biography of al-Nasir Ahmad (d. 745/1344)". In Wasserstein, David J.; Ayalon, Ami (eds.). Mamluks and Ottomans: Studies in Honour of Michael Winter. Routledge. ISBN 9781136579172.
Levanoni, Amalia (1995). A Turning Point in Mamluk History: The Third Reign of Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad Ibn Qalāwūn (1310–1341). Brill. ISBN 9789004101821.
Al-Mansur Abu Bakr Bahri dynastyCadet branch of the Mamluk SultanateBorn: 1321 Died: November 1341
Regnal titles
Preceded byAn-Nasir Muhammad
Sultan of Egypt and Syria 7 June 1341 – August 1341
Succeeded byAl-Ashraf Kujuk
vteMamluk sultans of CairoSalihi Mamluks
Izz al-Din Aybak (1250–1257)
Nur al-Din Ali (1257–1259)
Sayf al-Din Qutuz (1259–1260)
Bahri dynasty
Rukn al-Din Baybars (1260–1277)
Nasir al-Din Barakah (1277–1279)
Badr al-Din Salamish (1279)
Sayf al-Din Qalawun (1279–1290)
Salah al-Din Khalil (1290–1293)
Nasir al-Din Muhammad (1293–1294)
Zayn al-Din Kitbugha (1294–1296)
Husam al-Din Lajin (1296–1299)
Nasir al-Din Muhammad (1299–1309)
Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Jashnakir (1309–1310)
Nasir al-Din Muhammad (1310–1341)
Sayf al-Din Abu Bakr (1341)
Ala'a al-Din Kujuk (1341–1342)
Shihab al-Din Ahmad (1342)
Imad al-Din Abu'l Fida Isma'il (1342–1345)
Sayf al-Din Sha'ban (1345–1346)
Sayf al-Din Hajji (1346–1347)
Badr al-Din Hasan (1347–1351)
Salah al-Din Salih (1351–1354)
Badr al-Din Hasan (1354–1361)
Salah al-Din Muhammad (1361–1363)
Zayn al-Din Sha'ban (1363–1377)
Ala'a al-Din Ali (1377–1381)
Salah al-Din Hajji (1381–1382)
Burji dynasty
Sayf al-Din Barquq (1382–1389)
As-Salih Hajji (1389–1390)
Sayf al-Din Barquq (1390–1399)
Nasir al-Din Faraj (1399–1405)
Izz al-Din Abd al-Aziz (1405)
Nasir al-Din Faraj (1405–1412)
Al-Musta'in Billah (1412)
Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh (1412–1421)
Al-Muzaffar Ahmad (1421)
Sayf al-Din Tatar (1421)
Al-Nasir al-Din Muhammad (1421–1422)
Sayf al-Din Barsbay (1422–1438)
Al-Aziz Jamal al-Din Yusuf (1438)
Sayf al-Din Jaqmaq (1438–1453)
Fakhr al-Din Uthman (1453)
Sayf al-Din Inal (1453–1461)
Shihab al-Din Ahmad (1461)
Sayf al-Din Khushqadam (1461–1467)
Sayf al-Din Bilbay (1467)
Timurbugha (1467–1468)
Sayf al-Din Qa'itbay (1468–1496)
An-Nasir Muhammad (1496–1498)
Abu Sa'id Qansuh (1498–1500)
Al-Ashraf Janbalat (1500–1501)
Sayf al-Din Tumanbay (1501)
Qansuh al-Ghawri (1501–1516)
Tumanbay II (1516–1517)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Bahri Mamluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahri_Mamluks"},{"link_name":"Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Egypt"},{"link_name":"al-Karak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Karak"},{"link_name":"an-Nasir Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-Nasir_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Qawsun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qawsun"},{"link_name":"Upper Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Qus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qus"},{"link_name":"al-Ashraf Kujuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Kujuk"}],"text":"Al-Malik al-MansurAl-Malik al-Mansur Sayf ad-Din Abu Bakr (Arabic: الملك المنصور سيف الدين أبو بكر), better known as al-Mansur Abu Bakr (المنصور أبو بكر), (ca. 1321 – November 1341) was a Bahri Mamluk Sultan of Egypt in 1341. From an early age, Abu Bakr received military training in the desert town of al-Karak. His father, Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad (r. 1310–41), groomed him as a potential successor to the throne and made him an emir in 1335. He was consistently promoted in the following years, becoming the na'ib (governor) of al-Karak in 1339. In June 1341, he became sultan, the first of several sons of an-Nasir Muhammad to accede the throne. However, his reign was short-lived; in August, Abu Bakr was deposed and arrested by his father's senior emir, Qawsun. Abu Bakr was imprisoned in the Upper Egyptian city of Qus, along with several of his brothers, and executed on Qawsun's orders two months later. He was formally succeeded by his younger half-brother, al-Ashraf Kujuk, but Qawsun was left as the strongman of the sultanate.","title":"Al-Mansur Abu Bakr"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"an-Nasir Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-Nasir_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauden63-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauden63-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauden74-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauden74-2"},{"link_name":"al-Karak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Karak"},{"link_name":"Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-Nasir_Ahmad,_Sultan_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauden74-2"},{"link_name":"al-Aqaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqaba"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"Hajj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauden74-2"},{"link_name":"Qawsun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qawsun"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauden74-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauden74-2"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"dinars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"mamluks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauden75-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jordan-17A-093_-_Karak_Castle.jpg"},{"link_name":"al-Karak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Karak"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauden75-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauden75-6"},{"link_name":"dirhams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirham"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauden75-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauden75-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauden75-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauden75-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauden75-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauden75-6"},{"link_name":"iqta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqta"},{"link_name":"wafidiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafidiyya"},{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauden76-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauden76-7"},{"link_name":"Qalawun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalawun"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauden76-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauden76-7"}],"text":"Abu Bakr was born around 1321 to his sultan father an-Nasir Muhammad (r. 1310–1341) and his concubine mother, Narjis.[1] Narjis also gave birth to Abu Bakr's younger full brothers Ramadan (died 1343) and Yusuf (died 1346).[1] Information about Abu Bakr's early childhood is unavailable in the Mamluk sources.[2] The first mention of Abu Bakr came in 1332.[2] At that time, Abu Bakr had been sent to the desert fortress of al-Karak to join his half-brothers Ahmad and Ibrahim in their military training.[2] Also during that year, Abu Bakr left al-Karak to accompany his father and half-brothers Anuk and Ahmad at al-Aqaba and from there to Mecca to perform the Hajj pilgrimage. However, an-Nasir Muhammad had them return to al-Karak before the trek to Mecca.[3]In 1335, Abu Bakr was recalled to Cairo and made an emir by his father.[2] The event was marked by a royal procession, led by Emir Qawsun, in which Abu Bakr was dressed in the attire of an emir.[2] At around the same time, an-Nasir Muhammad arranged Abu Bakr's marriage to a daughter of Emir Tuquzdamur al-Hamawi, who married Narjis sometime earlier.[2][note 1] Later, during his 59-day reign as sultan, Abu Bakr also married two slave girls, spending 100,000 gold dinars for each of their bridal veils.[4] In 1337/38, Abu Bakr was promoted to an amir arba'in (emir of forty [mounted mamluks]).[5]For several years, Abu Bakr was based in the desert fortress of al-Karak (pictured), where he gained military training and briefly served as governor.Abu Bakr was sent back to al-Karak in 1339 to replace Ahmad as na'ib of the province. By then, Ahmad had been dropped by an-Nasir Muhammad as a potential successor.[5] Anuk remained the sultan's favored son to replace him, but with Ahmad deemed unfit to rule, Abu Bakr became the runner-up.[5] Sometime that year, Abu Bakr paid a visit to his father with a gift of 200,000 silver dirhams that he apparently extorted from the inhabitants of al-Karak.[5] He later returned to al-Karak where he remained until 17 July 1340.[5] At that point, Anuk had been dropped as a potential successor by the sultan, who invited Abu Bakr back to Cairo.[5] There, an-Nasir Muhammad had his emirs swear an oath of allegiance to Abu Bakr.[5]Abu Bakr then set off for al-Karak until he was recalled to Cairo once more in 1341, arriving on 24 January.[5] When he returned, he brought his father a sum of 100,000 dirhams, while an-Nasir Muhammad issued another order recalling all of Abu Bakr's mamluks and soldiers in al-Karak to Cairo.[5] Abu Bakr remained in Cairo effectively to wait for his ailing father to die. In the months prior to an-Nasir Muhammad's death, Abu Bakr was given a large iqta (fief), his interests were put under the care of Emir Bashtak and he was transferred a large number of wafidiyya (immigrant, typically Mongol, soldiers) from Aleppo and other troops.[6] On 4 June 1341, while on his deathbed, an-Nasir Muhammad had all of his emirs recognize the transfer of the sultanate to Abu Bakr in the event of his death.[6] Moreover, he crowned Abu Bakr as \"al-Malik al-Mansur\", the title of the latter's grandfather, Sultan Qalawun (r. 1277–90), and gave him Qalawun's sword.[6] The throne was peacefully passed to Abu Bakr when an-Nasir Muhammad died on 7 June.[6]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drory20-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levanoni79-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levanoni79-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drory20-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drory20-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drory20-8"},{"link_name":"Qus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qus"},{"link_name":"Upper Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drory20-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drory20-8"},{"link_name":"Kujuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kujuk"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drory20-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Although Abu Bakr was made sultan, the reins of power were held by an-Nasir Muhammad's senior emirs, chief among whom were his son-in-law Qawsun and Bashtak.[7] According to historian Amalia Levanoni, Abu Bakr sought to restore the traditional concepts of mamluk-master relations and the modes of hierarchical advancement set by his grandfather Qalawun and abrogate the growing independence of the emirs that developed under his father.[8] However, the post-Qalawun mamluk norms of conduct proved too resilient for Abu Bakr.[8] In the view of the emirs and the low and middle-ranking mamluks, Abu Bakr was to solely play the role of a figurehead and not disturb the system created by his father. Thus, Abu Bakr's attempts to rule in his own right were consistently stymied by the emirs.[7] Of the latter, the most prominent was Qawsun, who sought to become the mudabbir ad-dawla (organizer of the state), in effect the strongman of the sultanate. After neutralizing Bashtak, his principal rival, Qawsun moved against Abu Bakr; Qawsun had feared that Abu Bakr would attempt to imprison him.[7]On 5 August 1341, Qawsun had Abu Bakr arrested on concocted charges of frivolity.[7] Abu Bakr and six of his brothers were subsequently sent to prison in Qus in Upper Egypt.[7] In November 1341, Abu Bakr was executed by the governor of Qus on orders from Qawsun.[7] After his death, Qawsun installed Abu Bakr's infant half-brother, Kujuk, as sultan and became the Kujuk's regent.[7] Meanwhile, dissent mounted against Qawsun in Syria and Cairo and he was ousted in a revolt, along with Kujuk.[9] The new sultan, Abu Bakr's half-brother Ahmad, later had Qawsun and the governor of Qus (who apologized for killing Abu Bakr) executed in early 1342.[10]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"}],"text":"^ Abu Bakr's mother and Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad's concubine, Narjis, was married off by the sultan to Tuquzdamur al-Hamawi to consolidate networks of dependency and loyalty among the Mamluk elite.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The Sons of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad and the Politics of Puppets: Where Did It All Start?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mamluk.uchicago.edu/MSR_XIII-1_2009-Bauden_pp53-81.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"The Prince who Favored the Desert: Fragmentary Biography of al-Nasir Ahmad (d. 745/1344)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=SMGSTgfU7CQC&pg=PA19"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781136579172","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136579172"},{"link_name":"A Turning Point in Mamluk History: The Third Reign of Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad Ibn Qalāwūn (1310–1341)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/12312607"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789004101821","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004101821"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mamluk_Sultans_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mamluk_Sultans_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mamluk_Sultans_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Mamluk sultans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mamluk_sultans"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)"},{"link_name":"Izz al-Din Aybak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aybak"},{"link_name":"Nur al-Din Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur_Ali"},{"link_name":"Sayf al-Din Qutuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutuz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Mameluke_Sultanate.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Mamluk_Sultanate_(Alexandria).svg"},{"link_name":"Bahri dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahri_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Rukn al-Din Baybars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybars"},{"link_name":"Nasir al-Din Barakah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Said_Barakah"},{"link_name":"Badr al-Din Salamish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solamish"},{"link_name":"Sayf al-Din Qalawun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalawun"},{"link_name":"Salah al-Din Khalil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Khalil"},{"link_name":"Nasir al-Din Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nasir_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Zayn al-Din Kitbugha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Adil_Kitbugha"},{"link_name":"Husam al-Din Lajin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajin"},{"link_name":"Nasir al-Din Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nasir_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Jashnakir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baibars_II"},{"link_name":"Nasir al-Din Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nasir_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Sayf al-Din Abu Bakr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Ala'a al-Din Kujuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Kujuk"},{"link_name":"Shihab al-Din Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-Nasir_Ahmad,_Sultan_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Imad al-Din Abu'l Fida Isma'il","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As-Salih_Ismail,_Sultan_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Sayf al-Din Sha'ban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kamil_Sha%27ban"},{"link_name":"Sayf al-Din Hajji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muzaffar_Hajji"},{"link_name":"Badr al-Din Hasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-Nasir_Hasan"},{"link_name":"Salah al-Din Salih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As-Salih_Salih"},{"link_name":"Badr al-Din Hasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-Nasir_Hasan"},{"link_name":"Salah al-Din Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur_Muhammad,_Sultan_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Zayn al-Din Sha'ban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Sha%27ban"},{"link_name":"Ala'a al-Din Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur_Ali_II,_Sultan_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Salah al-Din Hajji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As-Salih_Hajji"},{"link_name":"Burji dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burji_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Sayf al-Din Barquq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barquq"},{"link_name":"As-Salih Hajji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As-Salih_Hajji"},{"link_name":"Sayf al-Din Barquq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barquq"},{"link_name":"Nasir al-Din Faraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-Nasir_Faraj"},{"link_name":"Izz al-Din Abd al-Aziz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izz_al-Din_Abd_al-Aziz"},{"link_name":"Nasir al-Din Faraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-Nasir_Faraj"},{"link_name":"Al-Musta'in Billah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Musta%27in_(Cairo)"},{"link_name":"Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27ayyad_Shaykh"},{"link_name":"Al-Muzaffar Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muzaffar_Ahmad"},{"link_name":"Sayf al-Din Tatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_Tatar"},{"link_name":"Al-Nasir al-Din Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nasir_al-Din_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Sayf al-Din Barsbay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barsbay"},{"link_name":"Al-Aziz Jamal al-Din Yusuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aziz_Jamal_al-Din_Yusuf"},{"link_name":"Sayf al-Din Jaqmaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_Jaqmaq"},{"link_name":"Fakhr al-Din Uthman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur_Fakhr_al-Din_Uthman"},{"link_name":"Sayf al-Din Inal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_Inal"},{"link_name":"Shihab al-Din Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27ayyad_Shihab_al-Din_Ahmad"},{"link_name":"Sayf al-Din Khushqadam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_Khushqadam"},{"link_name":"Sayf al-Din Bilbay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_Bilbay"},{"link_name":"Timurbugha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurbugha"},{"link_name":"Sayf al-Din Qa'itbay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaitbay"},{"link_name":"An-Nasir Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-Nasir_Muhammad_ibn_Qaitbay"},{"link_name":"Abu Sa'id Qansuh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_Qansuh"},{"link_name":"Al-Ashraf Janbalat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Janbalat"},{"link_name":"Sayf al-Din Tumanbay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuman_bay_I"},{"link_name":"Qansuh al-Ghawri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Qansuh_al-Ghuri"},{"link_name":"Tumanbay II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuman_bay_II"}],"text":"Bauden, Frédéric (2009). \"The Sons of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad and the Politics of Puppets: Where Did It All Start?\" (PDF). Mamluk Studies Review. 13 (1). Middle East Documentation Center, The University of Chicago.\nDrory, Joseph (2006). \"The Prince who Favored the Desert: Fragmentary Biography of al-Nasir Ahmad (d. 745/1344)\". In Wasserstein, David J.; Ayalon, Ami (eds.). Mamluks and Ottomans: Studies in Honour of Michael Winter. Routledge. ISBN 9781136579172.\nLevanoni, Amalia (1995). A Turning Point in Mamluk History: The Third Reign of Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad Ibn Qalāwūn (1310–1341). Brill. ISBN 9789004101821.vteMamluk sultans of CairoSalihi Mamluks\nIzz al-Din Aybak (1250–1257)\nNur al-Din Ali (1257–1259)\nSayf al-Din Qutuz (1259–1260)\nBahri dynasty\nRukn al-Din Baybars (1260–1277)\nNasir al-Din Barakah (1277–1279)\nBadr al-Din Salamish (1279)\nSayf al-Din Qalawun (1279–1290)\nSalah al-Din Khalil (1290–1293)\nNasir al-Din Muhammad (1293–1294)\nZayn al-Din Kitbugha (1294–1296)\nHusam al-Din Lajin (1296–1299)\nNasir al-Din Muhammad (1299–1309)\nRukn al-Din Baybars al-Jashnakir (1309–1310)\nNasir al-Din Muhammad (1310–1341)\nSayf al-Din Abu Bakr (1341)\nAla'a al-Din Kujuk (1341–1342)\nShihab al-Din Ahmad (1342)\nImad al-Din Abu'l Fida Isma'il (1342–1345)\nSayf al-Din Sha'ban (1345–1346)\nSayf al-Din Hajji (1346–1347)\nBadr al-Din Hasan (1347–1351)\nSalah al-Din Salih (1351–1354)\nBadr al-Din Hasan (1354–1361)\nSalah al-Din Muhammad (1361–1363)\nZayn al-Din Sha'ban (1363–1377)\nAla'a al-Din Ali (1377–1381)\nSalah al-Din Hajji (1381–1382)\nBurji dynasty\nSayf al-Din Barquq (1382–1389)\nAs-Salih Hajji (1389–1390)\nSayf al-Din Barquq (1390–1399)\nNasir al-Din Faraj (1399–1405)\nIzz al-Din Abd al-Aziz (1405)\nNasir al-Din Faraj (1405–1412)\nAl-Musta'in Billah (1412)\nAl-Mu'ayyad Shaykh (1412–1421)\nAl-Muzaffar Ahmad (1421)\nSayf al-Din Tatar (1421)\nAl-Nasir al-Din Muhammad (1421–1422)\nSayf al-Din Barsbay (1422–1438)\nAl-Aziz Jamal al-Din Yusuf (1438)\nSayf al-Din Jaqmaq (1438–1453)\nFakhr al-Din Uthman (1453)\nSayf al-Din Inal (1453–1461)\nShihab al-Din Ahmad (1461)\nSayf al-Din Khushqadam (1461–1467)\nSayf al-Din Bilbay (1467)\nTimurbugha (1467–1468)\nSayf al-Din Qa'itbay (1468–1496)\nAn-Nasir Muhammad (1496–1498)\nAbu Sa'id Qansuh (1498–1500)\nAl-Ashraf Janbalat (1500–1501)\nSayf al-Din Tumanbay (1501)\nQansuh al-Ghawri (1501–1516)\nTumanbay II (1516–1517)","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"image_text":"For several years, Abu Bakr was based in the desert fortress of al-Karak (pictured), where he gained military training and briefly served as governor.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Jordan-17A-093_-_Karak_Castle.jpg/220px-Jordan-17A-093_-_Karak_Castle.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Bauden, Frédéric (2009). \"The Sons of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad and the Politics of Puppets: Where Did It All Start?\" (PDF). Mamluk Studies Review. 13 (1). Middle East Documentation Center, The University of Chicago.","urls":[{"url":"http://mamluk.uchicago.edu/MSR_XIII-1_2009-Bauden_pp53-81.pdf","url_text":"\"The Sons of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad and the Politics of Puppets: Where Did It All Start?\""}]},{"reference":"Drory, Joseph (2006). \"The Prince who Favored the Desert: Fragmentary Biography of al-Nasir Ahmad (d. 745/1344)\". In Wasserstein, David J.; Ayalon, Ami (eds.). Mamluks and Ottomans: Studies in Honour of Michael Winter. Routledge. ISBN 9781136579172.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SMGSTgfU7CQC&pg=PA19","url_text":"\"The Prince who Favored the Desert: Fragmentary Biography of al-Nasir Ahmad (d. 745/1344)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136579172","url_text":"9781136579172"}]},{"reference":"Levanoni, Amalia (1995). A Turning Point in Mamluk History: The Third Reign of Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad Ibn Qalāwūn (1310–1341). Brill. ISBN 9789004101821.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/12312607","url_text":"A Turning Point in Mamluk History: The Third Reign of Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad Ibn Qalāwūn (1310–1341)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004101821","url_text":"9789004101821"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://mamluk.uchicago.edu/MSR_XIII-1_2009-Bauden_pp53-81.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Sons of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad and the Politics of Puppets: Where Did It All Start?\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SMGSTgfU7CQC&pg=PA19","external_links_name":"\"The Prince who Favored the Desert: Fragmentary Biography of al-Nasir Ahmad (d. 745/1344)\""},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/12312607","external_links_name":"A Turning Point in Mamluk History: The Third Reign of Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad Ibn Qalāwūn (1310–1341)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieseler_Fi_99
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Fieseler Fi 99
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["1 Specifications","2 References","3 Further reading"]
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Fieseler Fi 99
The Fi 99 Jungtiger
Role
Sports aircraftType of aircraft
National origin
Germany
Manufacturer
Fieseler
First flight
22 April 1937
Number built
1
The Fieseler Fi 99 Jungtiger (English: Young Tiger) was a German sports aircraft prototype, produced by Fieseler company. The aircraft was a low-wing two-seat aircraft with an enclosed cabin. It was powered by a Hirth HM 506A engine, producing 160 hp (119 kW).
Specifications
Data from Flugzeug-Typenbuch : Handbuch der Deutschen Luftfahrt- und Zubehör-Industrie 1939/40General characteristics
Crew: 1
Capacity: 1 pax
Length: 7.9 m (25 ft 11 in)
Wingspan: 10.7 m (35 ft 1 in)
Height: 2.15 m (7 ft 1 in)
Width folded:2.9 m (9 ft 6 in)
Height folded:2.95 m (9 ft 8 in)
Wing area: 16.8 m2 (181 sq ft)
Aspect ratio: 6.74
Empty weight: 555 kg (1,224 lb)
Gross weight: 875 kg (1,929 lb)
Max takeoff weight: 875 kg (1,929 lb)
Fuel capacity: 163 L (43 US gal; 36 imp gal)
Powerplant: 1 × Hirth HM 506A six-cylinder inline piston 160 PS (158 hp; 118 kW)
Propellers: 2-bladed wooden fixed-pitch propeller, 2.2 m (7 ft 3 in) diameter
Propeller disc area: 3.8 m2 (40.9 sq ft)
Propeller loading: 42.1 PS/m2 (3.9 hp/sq ft; 31.0 kW/m2)
Performance
Maximum speed: 236 km/h (147 mph, 127 kn)
Cruise speed: 223 km/h (139 mph, 120 kn)
Landing speed: 72 km/h (45 mph; 39 kn)
Range: 830 km (520 mi, 450 nmi)
Endurance: 3 hours 47 minutes
Service ceiling: 6,250 m (20,500 ft)
g limits: +7.2 (ultimate)
Rate of climb: 5.3 m/s (1,040 ft/min)
Time to altitude: 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in 3 minutes 24 seconds
2,000 m (6,600 ft) in 7 minutes 30 seconds
3,000 m (9,800 ft) in 12 minutes 30 seconds
Wing loading: 51.45 kg/m2 (10.54 lb/sq ft)
Power/mass: 0.183 PS/m2 (0.017 hp/sq ft; 0.135 kW/m2)
Fuel consumption: 5.35 km/L (12.58 mpg‑US; 15.11 mpg‑imp)
References
^ Schneider, Helmut (Dipl.Ing.) (1939). Flugzeug-Typenbuch : Handbuch der Deutschen Luftfahrt- und Zubehör-Industrie 1939/40 (in German) (Facsimile reprint 1988 ed.). leipzig: Gondrom. pp. 42–43. ISBN 3811206273.
Further reading
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fieseler Fi 99.
Nowarra, Heinz J. (1988). Die deutsche Luftrüstung 1933-1945, Volume 4 (in German). ISBN 978-3-7637-5464-9.
Journal of the Aerospace Sciences. 6. Institute of the Aerospace Sciences: 122. 1939. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
vteKassel and Fieseler aircraftKassel
Kassel 12
Kassel 20
Kassel 25
SK3 Herkules
Fieseler
F 1
F 2
F 3
F 4
F 5
F 6
Fi 97
Fi 98
Fi 99
Fi 103
Fi 103R
Fi 156
Fi 157
Fi 158
Fi 167
Fi 168
Fi 253
Fi 333
vteReich Air Ministry (RLM) aircraft designations (list)1 to 100
8-11
Fi 2
8-31
8-41
Fi 5
DFS 6
8-71
Gö 8
Gö 9
Do 10
Do 11/Wn 11
8-124/Do 12
Do 13
Do 14
Do 15
Do 16/Wn 16
Do 17
Do 18
Do 19
Do 20
8-211
Do 22
Do 23
Do 24
Do 253/Kl 25
Do 26/Kl 26
8-27/Do 273/Kl 275
8-281
8-29/Do 29
Fw 30
Kl 31
Kl 32
Ju 33
Ju 34
Kl 35
Kl 36
He 373
He 38/Ju 38
DFS 39
BV 40/DFS 40
He 413
Fw 42/He 42
Fw 43
Fw 44
He 45
He 46/Ju 46
Fw 47/He 47
Ju 48
He 49/Ju 49
He 50/Ju 50
He 51
He 52/Ju 52
Ju 53
DFS 54/NR 54
Fw 55/NR 55
Fw 56
8-574/Fw 57
Fw 58/He 58
He 59
He 60/Ju 60
Fa 61/Fw 61/He 61
Fw 62/He 62
8-634/He 63
Ar 64/He 64
Ar 65/He 65
Ar 66/He 66
Ar 67
Ar 68
Ar 69
He 70
8-714/He 71
He 72
He 733
He 74
Al 75
Ar 76/FZG 766
Ar 77
Ar 783
Ar 79
Ar 80
Ar 81
8-824
8-831
Al 84
Ju 85
Ju 86
Ju 87
Ju 88
Ju 89
Ju 90
Ju 913
Ju 92
Ju 933
Ju 943
Ar 95
Ar 96
Fi 97
Fi 98
Fi 99
Fi 1003/He 100
101 to 200
Al 101
Al 102
Al 103/Fi 103
R
Fh 104
Kl 105
Kl 106
Kl 107
Bf 108
Bf 109/Bf 109R6
Bf 110
He 111/He 111U6
He 112
He 1136
He 114
He 115
He 116
He 1173/Hs 117
He 118
He 119
He 120
Hs 121
Hs 122
Hs 123
Hs 124
Hs 125
Hs 126
Hs 127
Hs 128
Hs 129
Hs 130
Bü 131
Bü 1323/Hs 132
Bü 133
Bü 134
Ha 135
Ha 136/Hü 136
Ha 137
BV 138
Ha 139
Ha 140
BV 141
BV 142
BV 143
BV 144
Go 145
Go 146
Go 147/Ju 147
Go 1483
Go 149
Go 150
Kl 151
Kl 152/Ta 152
Kl 1533/Ta 153
Kl 1543/Ta 154
BV 155/Kl 1553/Me 155
Fi 156
Fi 157
Fi 158
Fw 159
Ju 160
Bf 161
Bf 162/He 162
Bf 163/Li 163/Me 163
Me 164/MeC 164
Bf 165
Fi 166/FK 166
Fi 167
Fi 168
Fi 1693
He 170
He 1713
He 172
He 1733
He 1743
8-1754
He 176
He 177
He 178
He 1795
Bü 180/He 180
Bü 181
Bü 182
Bü 1833/Ta 183
Fl 184
Fl 185
Fw 186/Ju 186
Fw 187/Ju 1872
Fw 1883/Ju 188
Fw 189
Fw 190
Fw 191
Ao 192
Ao 1933/DFS 193
DFS 194/Me 194
Ar 195
Ar 196
Ar 197
Ar 198
Ar 199
Do 2004,6/Fw 200
201 to 300
Si 201
Si 202
DFS 203
Si 204
8-2051
Fw 206
8-2071
Me 208
Me 209 (I)/Me 209 (II)
Me 210
Hü 211
8-2124/Do 212
8-2131
Do 214
Do 215
Do 216
Do 217/Hs 217
Do 2183
He 219
He 220
Do 2213
BV 222
Fa 223
Fa 224
Ao 225/Fa 225
BV 226/Ho 226
FGP 227
DFS 228
Go 229/Ho 229
8-230/DFS 230
Ar 231
Ar 232
Ar 233
Ar 234
Do 2355
Fa 2363
BV 237
BV 238
8-2391
Ar 240
Go 241
Go 242
Me 2433
Go 244
Go 2453
BV 246
8-2471
Ju 248
BV 250/Ho 250
Ho 251
Ho 252
Ju 252
Fi 253/Ho 253
Ho 254/Ta 254
8-2551
Fi 256
SK 257
8-2581
Fw 259
8-2601
Me 261/Me 261w
Me 262
Me 263 (1941)/Me 263 (1942)/Me 263 (1945)
Me 264
Fl 265/Me 265
Fa 266/Go 2663
Ho 267
Ju 268
Fa 269
He 270
We 271
He 2723
He 2733
He 274
He 2755
He 2763
He 277
He 278
He 2793
He 280
He 2813
Fl 282
Fa 283
Fa 284
Fl 285
Ju 286
Ju 287
Do 2884,6/Ju 288
Ju 2893
Ju 290
Hs 291
As 292/Hs 2923
Hs 293
Hs 294
Hs 295
Ar 296/Hs 296
Hs 297
Hs 298
Ju 2993
Fw 300
301 to 349
DFS 301
8-3021
8-3031
8-3041
8-3051
8-3061
8-3071
8-3081
Me 309
Zwilling
Me 310
8-3111
8-3121
8-3134
8-3141
Hs 315
8-3161
Do 317
Do 318
He 319
Me 3203
Me 321
Ju 322
Me 323/ZMe 323
8-3241
Fa 325/Fw 3253
8-3261
Me 327
Me 328
Me 329
Fa 330
DFS 331
DFS 332
Fi 333
Ar 3343/Me 334
Do 335
Fa 336
Ju 3373
8-3381
Fl 339
Ar 340
8-341
WNF 342
He 343
Rk 344/So 3445
Go 345
DFS 346
Rk 347
8-3481
Ba 349
Post-349 (non-sequential)
Ju 352
Fi 356/Ju 356
Me 362
Me 3642
Me 3683
Ju 388
Ju 390
Fw 391
Ar 3933
Ar 396
Ta 400
Me 409
Me 410
Do 417
He 419
ZMe 423
Ar 430/Ka 430
Ar 432
Do 435
Ar 440
8-4454
DFS 446
Ju 452
Me 4622
DFS 468
Ju 488
Fw 491
He 500
Me 509
Me 510
He 519
8-5204
ZSO 523
Ar 532
8-5344
Do 535/He 535
Me 6002
Me 609
Ar 632
Do 635/He 635/Ju 635
1 Not assigned
2 Unofficial/proposed
3 Assigned, but not used before RLM was dissolved
4 Assigned to captured aircraft
5 Unconfirmed
6 Propaganda/cover designation
Note: Official RLM designations had the prefix "8-", but this was usually dropped and replaced with the manufacturer's prefix.
This aircraft of the 1930s article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornier_Do_20"},{"link_name":"Do 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornier_Do_22"},{"link_name":"Do 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornier_Do_23"},{"link_name":"Do 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornier_Do_24"},{"link_name":"Kl 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemm_Kl_25"},{"link_name":"Do 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornier_Do_26"},{"link_name":"Kl 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemm_Kl_26"},{"link_name":"8-27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BFW_M.27"},{"link_name":"Kl 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemm_Kl_26"},{"link_name":"8-29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akaflieg_Darmstadt_D-29"},{"link_name":"Do 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornier_Do_29_(1934)"},{"link_name":"Fw 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cierva_C.30"},{"link_name":"Kl 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemm_Kl_31"},{"link_name":"Kl 32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemm_Kl_32"},{"link_name":"Ju 33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_W_33"},{"link_name":"Ju 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_W_34"},{"link_name":"Kl 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemm_Kl_35"},{"link_name":"Kl 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemm_Kl_36"},{"link_name":"He 38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinkel_HD_38"},{"link_name":"Ju 38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_G.38"},{"link_name":"DFS 39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lippisch_Delta_IV"},{"link_name":"BV 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blohm_%26_Voss_BV_40"},{"link_name":"DFS 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFS_40"},{"link_name":"Fw 42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_42"},{"link_name":"He 42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinkel_He_42"},{"link_name":"Fw 43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_43_Falke"},{"link_name":"Fw 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347","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kramer_Rk_347&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ba 349","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachem_Ba_349_Natter"},{"link_name":"Ju 352","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Ju_352"},{"link_name":"Fi 356","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieseler_Fi_156_Storch"},{"link_name":"Ju 356","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Junkers_Ju_356&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Me 362","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messerschmitt_Me_362&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Me 364","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_264"},{"link_name":"Ju 388","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Ju_388"},{"link_name":"Ju 390","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Ju_390"},{"link_name":"Fw 391","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_191"},{"link_name":"Ar 396","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arado_Ar_96"},{"link_name":"Ta 400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Ta_400"},{"link_name":"Me 409","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blohm_%26_Voss_BV_155"},{"link_name":"Me 410","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_410_Hornisse"},{"link_name":"Do 417","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornier_Do_417"},{"link_name":"He 419","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinkel_He_219"},{"link_name":"ZMe 423","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_323_Gigant"},{"link_name":"Ar 430","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arado_Ar_430&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ka 430","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotha_Ka_430"},{"link_name":"Ar 432","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arado_Ar_232"},{"link_name":"Do 435","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornier_Do_335"},{"link_name":"Ar 440","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arado_Ar_240"},{"link_name":"8-445","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudron_C.440_Go%C3%A9land"},{"link_name":"DFS 446","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DFS_446&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ju 452","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Ju_252"},{"link_name":"Me 462","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_P.1107"},{"link_name":"DFS 468","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DFS_468&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ju 488","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Ju_488"},{"link_name":"Fw 491","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_191"},{"link_name":"He 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinkel_He_162"},{"link_name":"Me 509","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_509"},{"link_name":"Me 510","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messerschmitt_Me_510&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"He 519","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinkel_He_119"},{"link_name":"8-520","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewoitine_D.520"},{"link_name":"ZSO 523","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeppelin-SNCASO_ZSO_523"},{"link_name":"Ar 532","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arado_Ar_232"},{"link_name":"8-534","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avia_B-534"},{"link_name":"Do 535","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornier_Do_335"},{"link_name":"He 535","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornier_Do_335"},{"link_name":"Me 600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_AS-6"},{"link_name":"Me 609","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_609"},{"link_name":"Ar 632","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arado_Ar_232"},{"link_name":"Do 635","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornier_Do_335"},{"link_name":"He 635","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornier_Do_335"},{"link_name":"Ju 635","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornier_Do_335"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aero-stub_img.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fieseler_Fi_99&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aero-1930s-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Aero-1930s-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aero-1930s-stub"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fieseler Fi 99.Nowarra, Heinz J. (1988). Die deutsche Luftrüstung 1933-1945, Volume 4 (in German). ISBN 978-3-7637-5464-9.\nJournal of the Aerospace Sciences. 6. Institute of the Aerospace Sciences: 122. 1939. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)vteKassel and Fieseler aircraftKassel\nKassel 12\nKassel 20\nKassel 25\nSK3 Herkules\nFieseler\nF 1\nF 2\nF 3\nF 4\nF 5\nF 6\nFi 97\nFi 98\nFi 99\nFi 103\nFi 103R\nFi 156\nFi 157\nFi 158\nFi 167\nFi 168\nFi 253\nFi 333vteReich Air Ministry (RLM) aircraft designations (list)1 to 100\n8-11\nFi 2\n8-31\n8-41\nFi 5\nDFS 6\n8-71\nGö 8\nGö 9\nDo 10\nDo 11/Wn 11\n8-124/Do 12\nDo 13\nDo 14\nDo 15\nDo 16/Wn 16\nDo 17\nDo 18\nDo 19\nDo 20\n8-211\nDo 22\nDo 23\nDo 24\nDo 253/Kl 25\nDo 26/Kl 26\n8-27/Do 273/Kl 275\n8-281\n8-29/Do 29\nFw 30\nKl 31\nKl 32\nJu 33\nJu 34\nKl 35\nKl 36\nHe 373\nHe 38/Ju 38\nDFS 39\nBV 40/DFS 40\nHe 413\nFw 42/He 42\nFw 43\nFw 44\nHe 45\nHe 46/Ju 46\nFw 47/He 47\nJu 48\nHe 49/Ju 49\nHe 50/Ju 50\nHe 51\nHe 52/Ju 52\nJu 53\nDFS 54/NR 54\nFw 55/NR 55\nFw 56\n8-574/Fw 57\nFw 58/He 58\nHe 59\nHe 60/Ju 60\nFa 61/Fw 61/He 61\nFw 62/He 62\n8-634/He 63\nAr 64/He 64\nAr 65/He 65\nAr 66/He 66\nAr 67\nAr 68\nAr 69\nHe 70\n8-714/He 71\nHe 72\nHe 733\nHe 74\nAl 75\nAr 76/FZG 766\nAr 77\nAr 783\nAr 79\nAr 80\nAr 81\n8-824\n8-831\nAl 84\nJu 85\nJu 86\nJu 87\nJu 88\nJu 89\nJu 90\nJu 913\nJu 92\nJu 933\nJu 943\nAr 95\nAr 96\nFi 97\nFi 98\nFi 99\nFi 1003/He 100\n101 to 200\nAl 101\nAl 102\nAl 103/Fi 103\nR\nFh 104\nKl 105\nKl 106\nKl 107\nBf 108\nBf 109/Bf 109R6\nBf 110\nHe 111/He 111U6\nHe 112\nHe 1136\nHe 114\nHe 115\nHe 116\nHe 1173/Hs 117\nHe 118\nHe 119\nHe 120\nHs 121\nHs 122\nHs 123\nHs 124\nHs 125\nHs 126\nHs 127\nHs 128\nHs 129\nHs 130\nBü 131\nBü 1323/Hs 132\nBü 133\nBü 134\nHa 135\nHa 136/Hü 136\nHa 137\nBV 138\nHa 139\nHa 140\nBV 141\nBV 142\nBV 143\nBV 144\nGo 145\nGo 146\nGo 147/Ju 147\nGo 1483\nGo 149\nGo 150\nKl 151\nKl 152/Ta 152\nKl 1533/Ta 153\nKl 1543/Ta 154\nBV 155/Kl 1553/Me 155\nFi 156\nFi 157\nFi 158\nFw 159\nJu 160\nBf 161\nBf 162/He 162\nBf 163/Li 163/Me 163\nMe 164/MeC 164\nBf 165\nFi 166/FK 166\nFi 167\nFi 168\nFi 1693\nHe 170\nHe 1713\nHe 172\nHe 1733\nHe 1743\n8-1754\nHe 176\nHe 177\nHe 178\nHe 1795\nBü 180/He 180\nBü 181\nBü 182\nBü 1833/Ta 183\nFl 184\nFl 185\nFw 186/Ju 186\nFw 187/Ju 1872\nFw 1883/Ju 188\nFw 189\nFw 190\nFw 191\nAo 192\nAo 1933/DFS 193\nDFS 194/Me 194\nAr 195\nAr 196\nAr 197\nAr 198\nAr 199\nDo 2004,6/Fw 200\n201 to 300\nSi 201\nSi 202\nDFS 203\nSi 204\n8-2051\nFw 206\n8-2071\nMe 208\nMe 209 (I)/Me 209 (II)\nMe 210\nHü 211\n8-2124/Do 212\n8-2131\nDo 214\nDo 215\nDo 216\nDo 217/Hs 217\nDo 2183\nHe 219\nHe 220\nDo 2213\nBV 222\nFa 223\nFa 224\nAo 225/Fa 225\nBV 226/Ho 226\nFGP 227\nDFS 228\nGo 229/Ho 229\n8-230/DFS 230\nAr 231\nAr 232\nAr 233\nAr 234\nDo 2355\nFa 2363\nBV 237\nBV 238\n8-2391\nAr 240\nGo 241\nGo 242\nMe 2433\nGo 244\nGo 2453\nBV 246\n8-2471\nJu 248\nBV 250/Ho 250\nHo 251\nHo 252\nJu 252\nFi 253/Ho 253\nHo 254/Ta 254\n8-2551\nFi 256\nSK 257\n8-2581\nFw 259\n8-2601\nMe 261/Me 261w\nMe 262\nMe 263 (1941)/Me 263 (1942)/Me 263 (1945)\nMe 264\nFl 265/Me 265\nFa 266/Go 2663\nHo 267\nJu 268\nFa 269\nHe 270\nWe 271\nHe 2723\nHe 2733\nHe 274\nHe 2755\nHe 2763\nHe 277\nHe 278\nHe 2793\nHe 280\nHe 2813\nFl 282\nFa 283\nFa 284\nFl 285\nJu 286\nJu 287\nDo 2884,6/Ju 288\nJu 2893\nJu 290\nHs 291\nAs 292/Hs 2923\nHs 293\nHs 294\nHs 295\nAr 296/Hs 296\nHs 297\nHs 298\nJu 2993\nFw 300\n301 to 349\nDFS 301\n8-3021\n8-3031\n8-3041\n8-3051\n8-3061\n8-3071\n8-3081\nMe 309\nZwilling\nMe 310\n8-3111\n8-3121\n8-3134\n8-3141\nHs 315\n8-3161\nDo 317\nDo 318\nHe 319\nMe 3203\nMe 321\nJu 322\nMe 323/ZMe 323\n8-3241\nFa 325/Fw 3253\n8-3261\nMe 327\nMe 328\nMe 329\nFa 330\nDFS 331\nDFS 332\nFi 333\nAr 3343/Me 334\nDo 335\nFa 336\nJu 3373\n8-3381\nFl 339\nAr 340\n8-341\nWNF 342\nHe 343\nRk 344/So 3445\nGo 345\nDFS 346\nRk 347\n8-3481\nBa 349\nPost-349 (non-sequential)\nJu 352\nFi 356/Ju 356\nMe 362\nMe 3642\nMe 3683\nJu 388\nJu 390\nFw 391\nAr 3933\nAr 396\nTa 400\nMe 409\nMe 410\nDo 417\nHe 419\nZMe 423\nAr 430/Ka 430\nAr 432\nDo 435\nAr 440\n8-4454\nDFS 446\nJu 452\nMe 4622\nDFS 468\nJu 488\nFw 491\nHe 500\nMe 509\nMe 510\nHe 519\n8-5204\nZSO 523\nAr 532\n8-5344\nDo 535/He 535\nMe 6002\nMe 609\nAr 632\nDo 635/He 635/Ju 635\n\n1 Not assigned\n2 Unofficial/proposed\n3 Assigned, but not used before RLM was dissolved\n4 Assigned to captured aircraft\n5 Unconfirmed\n6 Propaganda/cover designation\nNote: Official RLM designations had the prefix \"8-\", but this was usually dropped and replaced with the manufacturer's prefix.This aircraft of the 1930s article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"reference":"Schneider, Helmut (Dipl.Ing.) (1939). Flugzeug-Typenbuch : Handbuch der Deutschen Luftfahrt- und Zubehör-Industrie 1939/40 (in German) (Facsimile reprint 1988 ed.). leipzig: Gondrom. pp. 42–43. ISBN 3811206273.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3811206273","url_text":"3811206273"}]},{"reference":"Nowarra, Heinz J. (1988). Die deutsche Luftrüstung 1933-1945, Volume 4 (in German). ISBN 978-3-7637-5464-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7637-5464-9","url_text":"978-3-7637-5464-9"}]},{"reference":"Journal of the Aerospace Sciences. 6. Institute of the Aerospace Sciences: 122. 1939.","urls":[]}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fieseler_Fi_99&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Musical_Theatre_of_San_Jose
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American Musical Theatre of San Jose
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["1 History","1.1 San Jose Light Opera Association","1.2 San Jose Music Theatre","1.3 San Jose Civic Light Opera","1.4 American Musical Theatre of San Jose","2 Bankruptcy and liquidation","3 References"]
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AMTSJ performed at the San Jose Center for the Performing Arts in downtown San Jose.
The American Musical Theatre of San Jose (AMTSJ), previously known as the San Jose Civic Light Opera (SJCLO), was a major professional nonprofit musical theatre company in San Jose, California. Founded in 1934 as the San Jose Light Opera Association, it became the second largest theatre company in the Northern California (exceeded only by the American Conservatory Theater), with an annual budget of $9.8 million and an attendance exceeding 150,000, including 15,000 season ticket holders. The company performed at the 2,677-seat San Jose Center for the Performing Arts. The organization incurred debts after a 2002 agreement to become a receiving house for touring Broadway productions. It closed in December 2008.
History
The American Musical Theatre of San Jose had been through many name changes:
San Jose Light Opera Association
In 1934, a group of community volunteers formed the San Jose Light Opera Association (SJLOA), performing works by Gilbert and Sullivan. The first production was The Mikado, held at the Victory Theatre on North First Street near Santa Clara Avenue in downtown San Jose, where they would perform for several more years. Shows were later held at Theodore Roosevelt Junior High School Auditorium, the Montgomery Theatre downtown, and then the Santa Clara University Theatre.
For the 1957/1958 season, SJLOA shifted from light opera to musical theatre. (Light opera is light-hearted opera usually with a happy ending; musical theatre can be thought of as a play with singing.) Also, performances were moved to the San Jose Civic Auditorium. The first productions in the new venue were Carousel and Guys and Dolls.
San Jose Music Theatre
In 1972, as the company continued to grow in popularity and success, SJLOA changed its name to San Jose Music Theatre (SJMT), in time for its move into the new San Jose Community Theatre (renamed in 1975 as the San Jose Center for the Performing Arts). To mark the occasion, SJMT hired its first Equity actor, Enzo Stuarti, for its production of South Pacific. Unfortunately, the move to the new venue was delayed when the interior ceiling of the Community Theatre collapsed, closing the building for three years for repairs.
In 1975, SJMT finally debuted at the Center for Performing Arts with Guys and Dolls. That same year, SJMT began to contract much more Equity talent, including stars like Michele Lee, Tommy Tune, JoAnne Worley, Theodore Bikel, and Tyne Daly. The influx of Equity actors forced SJMT to begin a costume shop; before that, actors were responsible for making their own costumes. By 1979 SJMT was providing costumes for the entire cast.
The 1979/1980 season saw a downturn in the company's fortunes. The premiere of City of Broken Promises, based on the book of the same name by Austin Coates, ran so far over budget that SJMT faced bankruptcy. The President of the board resigned, and newly installed President Anthony J. Mercant demanded that each board member donate $500 or resign. The members complied, and this, coupled with a grant from Chevron, averted financial disaster.
San Jose Civic Light Opera
After the 1979/1980 season the board hired Stewart Slater as General Manager, ushering in a new era and another new name: the San Jose Civic Light Opera (SJCLO). In Slater, who had been general manager of American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco, the board chose someone from outside the organization and a proven business leader. Within two years of Slater's hiring, SJCLO once again had a balanced budget and began a streak of eight profitable seasons.
When Slater took over, the company relied heavily on star power to draw audiences. The big names were paid for at the expense of production quality; many of the supporting cast were unpaid volunteers. One of Slater's first acts was to end this practice, avoiding costly stars to bolster the quality of the entire production.
In 1984, thanks to a successful season ticket renewal campaign, the CLO had a rare surplus of $40,000 in advance ticket sales, prompting Slater to take an unprecedented risk for the organization. He hired a Chicago arts publicist, Danny Newman, to organize the largest direct mailing campaign ever done by an arts organization, spending the entire surplus. The gamble paid off, with the number of season ticket subscribers increasing by 10,000 within two years.
The Slater era saw steady growth in the company's reputation and attendance. Performances such as the critically acclaimed production of Jesus Christ Superstar in the 1989/1990 season and the widely successful restaging of Chess in 1991/1992 were considered notable achievements by Dianna Shuster, whom Slater had promoted to Artistic Director in 1985.
American Musical Theatre of San Jose
In 1995, the theatre changed its name yet again, this time to American Musical Theatre of San Jose, to commemorate its 60th anniversary.
In February 2002, AMTSJ announced an agreement with the Nederlander Organization, one of the largest operators of live theatre and music in the United States, allowing AMTSJ to present touring Broadway shows in the same season with locally produced shows. The move ended a 67-year era of exclusive locally produced works and led to the departure of artistic director Dianna Shuster.
Following the Nederlander agreement, single-ticket sales, subscriptions, and donations all plummeted, leading to a loss at least $2 million over two years, and to the departure of Slater after 24 years as executive producer. Michael Miller, the new executive producer, blamed the downturn on the community disconnect caused when the Nederlander agreement displaced local talent and on the struggling Silicon Valley economy.
Upon his arrival from Paper Mill Playhouse in New Jersey, the AMTSJ alumnus Miller launched a program to boost revenues with flexible ticket package offerings, extensive marketing, and aggressive fundraising. The plan paid off almost immediately, with AMTSJ showing over $500,000 of positive revenue for 2005, cutting debt by one third.
Bankruptcy and liquidation
On November 26, 2008, AMTSJ laid off all of its employees. The following week, it filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy and ended operations. Executive producer Michael Miller announced that the sudden failure was due to a $1.7 million loss on an adaptation of Disney's musical Tarzan in partnership with Theater of the Stars in Atlanta. Miller called legal action against Theater of the Stars "likely" and claimed that money given to Theater of the Stars by AMTSJ for Tarzan was diverted for other purposes. Company assets were auctioned the last week of February 2009.
References
^ a b Quillen, Shay. "American Musical Theatre of San Jose closes down", San Jose Mercury News, December 1, 2008.
^ a b "AMTSJ Mission Statement and History". www.amtsj.org. American Musical Theatre of San Jose. Archived from the original on 3 November 2007.
^ a b c "History of AMTSJ", American Musical Theatre of San Jose.
^ "Center for Performing Arts Waits in Wings for Renovations", San Jose Mercury News, March 25, 2000.
^ a b Green, Judith. "The Secret of CLO's Success: Stewart Slater Lifted a Community Theater from Desperation to State-of-the-Arts", San Jose Mercury News, October 20, 1991.
^ a b Green, Judith. "San Jose: Culture at the Crossroads", San Jose Mercury News, December 28, 1986.
^ Frymer, Murry. "San Jose CLO's 55th Season is Music to Pair's Ears", San Jose Mercury News, November 5, 1989.
^ Frymer, Murry. "Women in the Spotlight — Shuster: Her Struggle to be a Director is Paying off at San Jose CLO", San Jose Mercury News, January 22, 1988.
^ "CLO Changes Name on 60th Anniversary", San Jose Mercury News, March 11, 1995.
^ McCollum, Charlie. "Silicon Valley Groups Paint Bleak Picture of State of the Arts", San Jose Mercury News, August 24, 2002.
^ Winn, Steven. "Crucial Moves in Axis of Bay Area's Theater World", San Francisco Chronicle, August 24, 2002.
^ D'Souza, Karen. "Theater Group Posts Loss for Second Straight Season-Ticket Sales, Donations Slump for American Musical Theatre", San Jose Mercury News, August 4, 2004.
^ D'Souza, Karen. "What Led to Parting of Ways of AMT Board, Former Boss", San Jose Mercury News, August 8, 2004.
^ a b D'Souza, Karen. "New Executive Aims to Get AMT Back in the Black — To Reverse a Dramatic Two-Year Downturn, Michael Miller Wants More Local Productions", San Jose Mercury News, August 8, 2004.
^ D'Souza, Karen. "Musical Theatre Posts Surplus, Stirring Hope for Rebound — Belt-Tightening, Marketing Changes Credited", San Jose Mercury News, September 12, 2005
^ Weselby, Cathy. "San Jose's American Musical Theatre shuts down", Silicon Valley / San Jose Business Journal, December 1, 2008.
^ Hetrick, Adam. "Theater of the Stars Indefinitely Postpones Tarzan; Works to Repay Advanced Funds". Archived from the original on June 30, 2013. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
vteList of tourist attractions in Santa Clara ValleyArboreta & gardens
Arizona Cactus Garden
Chinese Cultural Garden
Edenvale Garden Park
Emma Prusch Farm Park
Hakone Gardens
Japanese Friendship Garden
Overfelt Gardens
SJ Municipal Rose Garden
Stanford Arboretum
Villa Montalvo Arboretum
Cultural
American Musical Theatre of SJ
Cantor Center for Visual Arts
Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph
Choral Project
De Saisset Museum
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library
Gurdwara Sahib
Hammer Theatre
Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies
MACLA
Mexican Heritage Plaza
Montalvo Arts Center
Villa Montalvo
Opera San José
Pacific Art League
SJ City Hall
SJ Flea Market
SJ Improv
San José Museum of Art
sjDANCEco
Symphony Silicon Valley
Triton Museum of Art
Viet Museum
Villa Mira Monte
Vivace Youth Chorus
Event venues
California Theatre
CEFCU Stadium
Earthquakes Stadium
Excite Ballpark
Frost Amphitheater
Levi's Stadium
Mountain View Center for the Performing Arts
Mountain Winery Amphitheatre
PAL Stadium
Provident Credit Union Event Center
San Jose Center for the Performing Arts
SAP Center
Santa Clara Convention Center
Shoreline Amphitheatre
San Jose Civic
San Jose McEnery Convention Center
Sharks Ice San Jose
Stanford Stadium
Stevens Stadium
Events
BayCon
Cinequest Film Festival
FanimeCon
Further Confusion
SJ Bike Party
SJ Holiday Parade
SJ Jazz Festival
Silicon Valley Comic Con
Stanford Jazz Festival
Christmas in the Park
Historical
Circle of Palms
Hotel De Anza
Hangar One
History Park at Kelley Park
HP Garage
Japanese American Museum
New Almaden
Peralta Adobe
Portuguese Historical Museum
Rengstorff House
Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum
SJ Museum of Quilts & Textiles
Winchester Mystery House
Parks & trails
Almaden Quicksilver County Park
Alum Rock Park
Anderson Lake
Bay Area Ridge Trail
Calero Reservoir
Castle Rock State Park
Coyote–Bear Park
Coyote Creek Trail
Ed Levin Park
Joseph D. Grant County Park
Guadalupe River Trail
Henry W. Coe State Park
Kelley Park
Lake Cunningham
Los Alamitos Creek Trail
Los Gatos Creek Trail
Plaza de César Chávez
Rancho San Antonio
Rosicrucian Park
St. James Park
Sanborn County Park
SF Bay Trail
Shoreline Park
Stevens Creek Trail
Uvas Canyon
Uvas Creek Preserve
Uvas Reservoir
Vasona Park
Tech & education
Apple Park Visitor Center
Children's Discovery Museum
Computer History Museum
Googleplex
Intel Museum
Lick Observatory
NASA Gift Shop in Silicon Valley
SJSU
SCU
Stanford
The Tech Interactive
Shopping
Eastridge
Great Mall
Oakridge
PruneYard
San Antonio
Santana Row
Stanford
Valley Fair
Westgate
Theme parks & tours
Billy Jones Wildcat Railroad
California's Great America
Gilroy Gardens
Happy Hollow Park & Zoo
CaliBunga Waterpark
Vineyards & wineries
Byington Vineyard
J. Lohr Vineyards & Wines
Mountain Winery
Picchetti Brothers Winery
Savannah–Chanelle Vineyards
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nonprofit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit"},{"link_name":"musical theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatre"},{"link_name":"San Jose, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California"},{"link_name":"Northern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_California"},{"link_name":"American Conservatory Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Conservatory_Theater"},{"link_name":"San Jose Center for the Performing Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shutdown-1"}],"text":"The American Musical Theatre of San Jose (AMTSJ), previously known as the San Jose Civic Light Opera (SJCLO), was a major professional nonprofit musical theatre company in San Jose, California. Founded in 1934 as the San Jose Light Opera Association, it became the second largest theatre company in the Northern California (exceeded only by the American Conservatory Theater), with an annual budget of $9.8 million and an attendance exceeding 150,000, including 15,000 season ticket holders. The company performed at the 2,677-seat San Jose Center for the Performing Arts. The organization incurred debts after a 2002 agreement to become a receiving house for touring Broadway productions. It closed in December 2008.[1]","title":"American Musical Theatre of San Jose"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The American Musical Theatre of San Jose had been through many name changes:","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gilbert and Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"The Mikado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mikado"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"downtown San Jose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_San_Jose"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara University Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history2-3"},{"link_name":"opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"},{"link_name":"play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"San Jose Civic Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_Civic_Auditorium"},{"link_name":"Carousel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carousel_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Guys and Dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guys_and_Dolls_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"}],"sub_title":"San Jose Light Opera Association","text":"In 1934, a group of community volunteers formed the San Jose Light Opera Association (SJLOA), performing works by Gilbert and Sullivan. The first production was The Mikado,[2] held at the Victory Theatre on North First Street near Santa Clara Avenue in downtown San Jose, where they would perform for several more years. Shows were later held at Theodore Roosevelt Junior High School Auditorium, the Montgomery Theatre downtown, and then the Santa Clara University Theatre.[3]For the 1957/1958 season, SJLOA shifted from light opera to musical theatre. (Light opera is light-hearted opera usually with a happy ending; musical theatre can be thought of as a play with singing.) Also, performances were moved to the San Jose Civic Auditorium. The first productions in the new venue were Carousel and Guys and Dolls.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Jose Center for the Performing Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts"},{"link_name":"Equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actors%27_Equity_Association"},{"link_name":"Enzo Stuarti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzo_Stuarti"},{"link_name":"South Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pacific_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Michele Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Lee"},{"link_name":"Tommy Tune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Tune"},{"link_name":"JoAnne Worley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JoAnne_Worley"},{"link_name":"Theodore Bikel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Bikel"},{"link_name":"Tyne Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyne_Daly"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history2-3"},{"link_name":"City of Broken Promises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City_of_Broken_Promises_(musical)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Austin Coates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Coates"},{"link_name":"bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"Chevron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevron_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history2-3"}],"sub_title":"San Jose Music Theatre","text":"In 1972, as the company continued to grow in popularity and success, SJLOA changed its name to San Jose Music Theatre (SJMT), in time for its move into the new San Jose Community Theatre (renamed in 1975 as the San Jose Center for the Performing Arts). To mark the occasion, SJMT hired its first Equity actor, Enzo Stuarti, for its production of South Pacific. Unfortunately, the move to the new venue was delayed when the interior ceiling of the Community Theatre collapsed, closing the building for three years for repairs.[4]In 1975, SJMT finally debuted at the Center for Performing Arts with Guys and Dolls. That same year, SJMT began to contract much more Equity talent, including stars like Michele Lee, Tommy Tune, JoAnne Worley, Theodore Bikel, and Tyne Daly.[3] The influx of Equity actors forced SJMT to begin a costume shop; before that, actors were responsible for making their own costumes. By 1979 SJMT was providing costumes for the entire cast.The 1979/1980 season saw a downturn in the company's fortunes. The premiere of City of Broken Promises, based on the book of the same name by Austin Coates, ran so far over budget that SJMT faced bankruptcy. The President of the board resigned, and newly installed President Anthony J. Mercant demanded that each board member donate $500 or resign. The members complied, and this, coupled with a grant from Chevron, averted financial disaster.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-secret-5"},{"link_name":"American Conservatory Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Conservatory_Theater"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crossroads-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Danny Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Newman"},{"link_name":"direct mailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_mail"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-secret-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crossroads-6"},{"link_name":"Jesus Christ Superstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ_Superstar"},{"link_name":"Chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"San Jose Civic Light Opera","text":"After the 1979/1980 season the board hired Stewart Slater as General Manager,[5] ushering in a new era and another new name: the San Jose Civic Light Opera (SJCLO). In Slater, who had been general manager of American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco, the board chose someone from outside the organization and a proven business leader. Within two years of Slater's hiring, SJCLO once again had a balanced budget and began a streak of eight profitable seasons.When Slater took over, the company relied heavily on star power to draw audiences. The big names were paid for at the expense of production quality; many of the supporting cast were unpaid volunteers. One of Slater's first acts was to end this practice, avoiding costly stars to bolster the quality of the entire production.[6][7]In 1984, thanks to a successful season ticket renewal campaign, the CLO had a rare surplus of $40,000 in advance ticket sales, prompting Slater to take an unprecedented risk for the organization. He hired a Chicago arts publicist, Danny Newman, to organize the largest direct mailing campaign ever done by an arts organization, spending the entire surplus.[5] The gamble paid off, with the number of season ticket subscribers increasing by 10,000 within two years.[6]The Slater era saw steady growth in the company's reputation and attendance. Performances such as the critically acclaimed production of Jesus Christ Superstar in the 1989/1990 season and the widely successful restaging of Chess in 1991/1992 were considered notable achievements by Dianna Shuster, whom Slater had promoted to Artistic Director in 1985.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Nederlander Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlander_Organization"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfgate-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Silicon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller-14"},{"link_name":"Paper Mill Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Mill_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"American Musical Theatre of San Jose","text":"In 1995, the theatre changed its name yet again, this time to American Musical Theatre of San Jose, to commemorate its 60th anniversary.[9]In February 2002, AMTSJ announced an agreement with the Nederlander Organization, one of the largest operators of live theatre and music in the United States, allowing AMTSJ to present touring Broadway shows in the same season with locally produced shows. The move ended a 67-year era of exclusive locally produced works and led to the departure of artistic director Dianna Shuster.[10][11]Following the Nederlander agreement, single-ticket sales, subscriptions, and donations all plummeted, leading to a loss at least $2 million over two years,[12] and to the departure of Slater after 24 years as executive producer.[13] Michael Miller, the new executive producer, blamed the downturn on the community disconnect caused when the Nederlander agreement displaced local talent and on the struggling Silicon Valley economy.[14]Upon his arrival from Paper Mill Playhouse in New Jersey, the AMTSJ alumnus Miller launched a program to boost revenues with flexible ticket package offerings, extensive marketing, and aggressive fundraising.[14] The plan paid off almost immediately, with AMTSJ showing over $500,000 of positive revenue for 2005, cutting debt by one third.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chapter 7 bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_7_bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shutdown-1"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company"},{"link_name":"Tarzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarzan_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Theater of the Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theater_of_the_Stars_(theater_company)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Playbill-17"}],"text":"On November 26, 2008, AMTSJ laid off all of its employees. The following week, it filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy and ended operations.[1] Executive producer Michael Miller announced that the sudden failure was due to a $1.7 million loss on an adaptation of Disney's musical Tarzan in partnership with Theater of the Stars in Atlanta. Miller called legal action against Theater of the Stars \"likely\" and claimed that money given to Theater of the Stars by AMTSJ for Tarzan was diverted for other purposes.[16][17] Company assets were auctioned the last week of February 2009.","title":"Bankruptcy and liquidation"}]
|
[{"image_text":"AMTSJ performed at the San Jose Center for the Performing Arts in downtown San Jose.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/San_Jose_Center_for_Performing_Arts.jpg/375px-San_Jose_Center_for_Performing_Arts.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"AMTSJ Mission Statement and History\". www.amtsj.org. American Musical Theatre of San Jose. Archived from the original on 3 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071103185733/http://www.amtsj.org/about/mission_hist.html","url_text":"\"AMTSJ Mission Statement and History\""},{"url":"http://www.amtsj.org/about/mission_hist.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hetrick, Adam. \"Theater of the Stars Indefinitely Postpones Tarzan; Works to Repay Advanced Funds\". Archived from the original on June 30, 2013. Retrieved May 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130630034556/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/123905-Theater-of-the-Stars-Indefinitely-Postpones-Tarzan-Works-to-Repay-Advanced-Funds","url_text":"\"Theater of the Stars Indefinitely Postpones Tarzan; Works to Repay Advanced Funds\""},{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/123905-Theater-of-the-Stars-Indefinitely-Postpones-Tarzan-Works-to-Repay-Advanced-Funds","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_11114254?source=most_viewed","external_links_name":"\"American Musical Theatre of San Jose closes down\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071103185733/http://www.amtsj.org/about/mission_hist.html","external_links_name":"\"AMTSJ Mission Statement and History\""},{"Link":"http://www.amtsj.org/about/mission_hist.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2002/08/24/MN137892.DTL","external_links_name":"\"Crucial Moves in Axis of Bay Area's Theater World\""},{"Link":"http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2008/12/01/daily18.html","external_links_name":"\"San Jose's American Musical Theatre shuts down\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130630034556/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/123905-Theater-of-the-Stars-Indefinitely-Postpones-Tarzan-Works-to-Repay-Advanced-Funds","external_links_name":"\"Theater of the Stars Indefinitely Postpones Tarzan; Works to Repay Advanced Funds\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/123905-Theater-of-the-Stars-Indefinitely-Postpones-Tarzan-Works-to-Repay-Advanced-Funds","external_links_name":"the original"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_constant
|
Prime constant
|
["1 Irrationality","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Real number whose nth binary digit is 1 if n is prime and 0 if n is composite or 1
Not to be confused with Hardy–Littlewood's twin prime constant or Brun's twin prime constant.
The prime constant is the real number
ρ
{\displaystyle \rho }
whose
n
{\displaystyle n}
th binary digit is 1 if
n
{\displaystyle n}
is prime and 0 if
n
{\displaystyle n}
is composite or 1.
In other words,
ρ
{\displaystyle \rho }
is the number whose binary expansion corresponds to the indicator function of the set of prime numbers. That is,
ρ
=
∑
p
1
2
p
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
χ
P
(
n
)
2
n
{\displaystyle \rho =\sum _{p}{\frac {1}{2^{p}}}=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\chi _{\mathbb {P} }(n)}{2^{n}}}}
where
p
{\displaystyle p}
indicates a prime and
χ
P
{\displaystyle \chi _{\mathbb {P} }}
is the characteristic function of the set
P
{\displaystyle \mathbb {P} }
of prime numbers.
The beginning of the decimal expansion of ρ is:
ρ
=
0.414682509851111660248109622
…
{\displaystyle \rho =0.414682509851111660248109622\ldots }
(sequence A051006 in the OEIS)
The beginning of the binary expansion is:
ρ
=
0.011010100010100010100010000
…
2
{\displaystyle \rho =0.011010100010100010100010000\ldots _{2}}
(sequence A010051 in the OEIS)
Irrationality
The number
ρ
{\displaystyle \rho }
can be shown to be irrational. To see why, suppose it were rational.
Denote the
k
{\displaystyle k}
th digit of the binary expansion of
ρ
{\displaystyle \rho }
by
r
k
{\displaystyle r_{k}}
. Then since
ρ
{\displaystyle \rho }
is assumed rational, its binary expansion is eventually periodic, and so there exist positive integers
N
{\displaystyle N}
and
k
{\displaystyle k}
such that
r
n
=
r
n
+
i
k
{\displaystyle r_{n}=r_{n+ik}}
for all
n
>
N
{\displaystyle n>N}
and all
i
∈
N
{\displaystyle i\in \mathbb {N} }
.
Since there are an infinite number of primes, we may choose a prime
p
>
N
{\displaystyle p>N}
. By definition we see that
r
p
=
1
{\displaystyle r_{p}=1}
. As noted, we have
r
p
=
r
p
+
i
k
{\displaystyle r_{p}=r_{p+ik}}
for all
i
∈
N
{\displaystyle i\in \mathbb {N} }
. Now consider the case
i
=
p
{\displaystyle i=p}
. We have
r
p
+
i
⋅
k
=
r
p
+
p
⋅
k
=
r
p
(
k
+
1
)
=
0
{\displaystyle r_{p+i\cdot k}=r_{p+p\cdot k}=r_{p(k+1)}=0}
, since
p
(
k
+
1
)
{\displaystyle p(k+1)}
is composite because
k
+
1
≥
2
{\displaystyle k+1\geq 2}
. Since
r
p
≠
r
p
(
k
+
1
)
{\displaystyle r_{p}\neq r_{p(k+1)}}
we see that
ρ
{\displaystyle \rho }
is irrational.
References
^ Hardy, G. H. (2008). An introduction to the theory of numbers. E. M. Wright, D. R. Heath-Brown, Joseph H. Silverman (6th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-921985-8. OCLC 214305907.
External links
Weisstein, Eric W. "Prime Constant". MathWorld.
vteIrrational numbers
Chaitin's (Ω)
Liouville
Prime (ρ)
Omega
Cahen
Logarithm of 2
Gauss's (G)
Twelfth root of 2
Apéry's (ζ(3))
Cube root of 2
Plastic ratio (ρ)
Square root of 2
Supergolden ratio (ψ)
Erdős–Borwein (E)
Golden ratio (φ)
Square root of 3
Supersilver ratio (ς)
Square root of 5
Silver ratio (δS)
Square root of 6
Square root of 7
Euler's (e)
Pi (π)
Schizophrenic
Transcendental
Trigonometric
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hardy–Littlewood's twin prime constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_prime#First_Hardy%E2%80%93Littlewood_conjecture"},{"link_name":"Brun's twin prime constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brun%27s_theorem"},{"link_name":"real number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number"},{"link_name":"binary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_number"},{"link_name":"prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number"},{"link_name":"composite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_number"},{"link_name":"binary expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_numeral_system"},{"link_name":"indicator function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicator_function"},{"link_name":"set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"prime numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number"},{"link_name":"characteristic function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_function"},{"link_name":"A051006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A051006"},{"link_name":"OEIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences"},{"link_name":"A010051","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A010051"},{"link_name":"OEIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Hardy–Littlewood's twin prime constant or Brun's twin prime constant.The prime constant is the real number \n \n \n \n ρ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\rho }\n \n whose \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \nth binary digit is 1 if \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n is prime and 0 if \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n is composite or 1.In other words, \n \n \n \n ρ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\rho }\n \n is the number whose binary expansion corresponds to the indicator function of the set of prime numbers. That is,ρ\n =\n \n ∑\n \n p\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n \n p\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n \n χ\n \n \n P\n \n \n \n (\n n\n )\n \n \n 2\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\rho =\\sum _{p}{\\frac {1}{2^{p}}}=\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {\\chi _{\\mathbb {P} }(n)}{2^{n}}}}where \n \n \n \n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}\n \n indicates a prime and \n \n \n \n \n χ\n \n \n P\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\chi _{\\mathbb {P} }}\n \n is the characteristic function of the set \n \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {P} }\n \n of prime numbers.The beginning of the decimal expansion of ρ is: \n \n \n \n ρ\n =\n 0.414682509851111660248109622\n …\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\rho =0.414682509851111660248109622\\ldots }\n \n (sequence A051006 in the OEIS)The beginning of the binary expansion is: \n \n \n \n ρ\n =\n 0.011010100010100010100010000\n \n …\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\rho =0.011010100010100010100010000\\ldots _{2}}\n \n (sequence A010051 in the OEIS)","title":"Prime constant"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"irrational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrational_number"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"rational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_number"},{"link_name":"integers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer"},{"link_name":"an infinite number of","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid%27s_theorem"}],"text":"The number \n \n \n \n ρ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\rho }\n \n can be shown to be irrational.[1] To see why, suppose it were rational.Denote the \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \nth digit of the binary expansion of \n \n \n \n ρ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\rho }\n \n by \n \n \n \n \n r\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle r_{k}}\n \n. Then since \n \n \n \n ρ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\rho }\n \n is assumed rational, its binary expansion is eventually periodic, and so there exist positive integers \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n and \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n such that\n\n \n \n \n \n r\n \n n\n \n \n =\n \n r\n \n n\n +\n i\n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle r_{n}=r_{n+ik}}\n \n for all \n \n \n \n n\n >\n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n>N}\n \n and all \n \n \n \n i\n ∈\n \n N\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle i\\in \\mathbb {N} }\n \n.Since there are an infinite number of primes, we may choose a prime \n \n \n \n p\n >\n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p>N}\n \n. By definition we see that \n \n \n \n \n r\n \n p\n \n \n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle r_{p}=1}\n \n. As noted, we have \n \n \n \n \n r\n \n p\n \n \n =\n \n r\n \n p\n +\n i\n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle r_{p}=r_{p+ik}}\n \n for all \n \n \n \n i\n ∈\n \n N\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle i\\in \\mathbb {N} }\n \n. Now consider the case \n \n \n \n i\n =\n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i=p}\n \n. We have \n \n \n \n \n r\n \n p\n +\n i\n ⋅\n k\n \n \n =\n \n r\n \n p\n +\n p\n ⋅\n k\n \n \n =\n \n r\n \n p\n (\n k\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle r_{p+i\\cdot k}=r_{p+p\\cdot k}=r_{p(k+1)}=0}\n \n, since \n \n \n \n p\n (\n k\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p(k+1)}\n \n is composite because \n \n \n \n k\n +\n 1\n ≥\n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k+1\\geq 2}\n \n. Since \n \n \n \n \n r\n \n p\n \n \n ≠\n \n r\n \n p\n (\n k\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle r_{p}\\neq r_{p(k+1)}}\n \n we see that \n \n \n \n ρ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\rho }\n \n is irrational.","title":"Irrationality"}]
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[{"reference":"Hardy, G. H. (2008). An introduction to the theory of numbers. E. M. Wright, D. R. Heath-Brown, Joseph H. Silverman (6th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-921985-8. OCLC 214305907.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/214305907","url_text":"An introduction to the theory of numbers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921985-8","url_text":"978-0-19-921985-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/214305907","url_text":"214305907"}]},{"reference":"Weisstein, Eric W. \"Prime Constant\". MathWorld.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weisstein","url_text":"Weisstein, Eric W."},{"url":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/PrimeConstant.html","url_text":"\"Prime Constant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorld","url_text":"MathWorld"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/214305907","external_links_name":"An introduction to the theory of numbers"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/214305907","external_links_name":"214305907"},{"Link":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/PrimeConstant.html","external_links_name":"\"Prime Constant\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groovin%27_(EP)
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You're the Best Thing
|
["1 Versions","2 Compilation appearances","3 Music video","4 Track listings","5 Charts","5.1 Weekly charts","5.2 Year-end charts","6 Certifications","7 References"]
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Not to be confused with You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me, You Are the Best Thing, or U R the Best Thing.
1984 single by the Style Council"You're the Best Thing"Single by the Style Councilfrom the album Café Bleu B-side"The Big Boss Groove"Released18 May 1984Genre
Blue-eyed soul
pop rock
Length5:45 (original album version)4:18 (single version)LabelPolydorSongwriter(s)Paul WellerProducer(s)
Paul Weller
Peter Wilson
The Style Council singles chronology
"My Ever Changing Moods" (1984)
"You're the Best Thing" (1984)
""Shout to the Top!" (1984)
"You're the Best Thing" is a song by English band the Style Council which was their sixth single to be released. It was composed by lead singer Paul Weller, recorded at Weller's own studio Solid Bond Studios, and was released in 1984. It is the second single from the band's début album, Café Bleu (1984). Café Bleu was renamed My Ever Changing Moods in the United States to capitalise on the success of the first single.
Versions
The 7-inch single version of the song adds a saxophone solo that is not present in the original album version. Certain editions of the My Ever Changing Moods album in the U.S. feature this single version in place of the full-length album version that appeared on all editions of Café Bleu.
In the UK and Australasia, the song was released as a Double A-sided single with "The Big Boss Groove". In the UK it was officially an EP titled Groovin'. Edited versions of both songs appeared on the 7-inch release.
Compilation appearances
As well as the song's single release, it has featured on various compilation albums released by The Style Council. The song was included on The Singular Adventures of The Style Council, The Complete Adventures of The Style Council, and Greatest Hits.
Music video
The music video for "You're the Best Thing" was directed by Tim Pope.
Track listings
7-inch single (UK)
"You're The Best Thing" — 4:18
"The Big Boss Groove" — 3:40
12-inch single (UK)
"You're The Best Thing" (Long Version) — 5:41
"You're The Dub Thing" — 4:58
"The Big Boss Groove" — 4:39
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (1984)
Peakposition
Australia (Kent Music Report)
17
Canadian Hot 100
97
Irish Singles Chart
5
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)
7
UK Singles Chart
5
U.S. Billboard Hot 100
76
U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary
31
Year-end charts
Chart (1984)
Position
Australia (Kent Music Report)
92
United Kingdom (Gallup)
92
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
United Kingdom (BPI)
Silver
200,000‡
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
References
^ "The Style Council: You're the Best Thing (1984)". IMDb. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, NSW: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
^ "The Irish Charts - All there is to know". www.irishcharts.ie. Retrieved 2023-07-13.
^ "charts.nz The Style Council – "You're The Best Thing"" (ASP). Hung Medien. Recording Industry Association of New Zealand. Retrieved 8 April 2017.
^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 537. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
^ Whitburn, Joel (2013). Joel Whitburn’s Top Pop Singles, 14th Edition: 1955-2012. Record Research. p. 813.
^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 236.
^ "Kent Music Report No 548 – 31 December 1984 > National Top 100 Singles for 1984". Kent Music Report. Retrieved 23 January 2023 – via Imgur.com.
^ "Top 100 Singles 1984" (PDF). Music Week. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
^ "British single certifications – Style Council – You're the Best Thing". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
vteThe Style Council
Paul Weller
Mick Talbot
Dee C Lee
Steve White
Studio albums
Introducing The Style Council
Café Bleu
Our Favourite Shop
The Cost of Loving
Confessions of a Pop Group
Modernism: A New Decade
Live albums
Home and Abroad
Compilations
The Singular Adventures of The Style Council
Here's Some That Got Away
The Complete Adventures of The Style Council
Greatest Hits
Singles
"Speak Like a Child"
"Long Hot Summer"
"A Solid Bond in Your Heart
"You're the Best Thing"
"My Ever Changing Moods"
"Shout to the Top!"
"Walls Come Tumbling Down!"
"Come to Milton Keynes"
"The Lodgers"
"Boy Who Cried Wolf"
"It Didn't Matter"
"Promised Land"
Related articles
Discography
The Jam
Animal Nightlife
Dexys Midnight Runners
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz work
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re_the_Best_Thing_That_Ever_Happened_to_Me"},{"link_name":"You Are the Best Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Are_the_Best_Thing"},{"link_name":"U R the Best Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_R_the_Best_Thing"},{"link_name":"the Style Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Style_Council"},{"link_name":"Paul Weller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Weller_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Café Bleu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Bleu"},{"link_name":"My Ever Changing Moods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Ever_Changing_Moods"}],"text":"Not to be confused with You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me, You Are the Best Thing, or U R the Best Thing.1984 single by the Style Council\"You're the Best Thing\" is a song by English band the Style Council which was their sixth single to be released. It was composed by lead singer Paul Weller, recorded at Weller's own studio Solid Bond Studios, and was released in 1984. It is the second single from the band's début album, Café Bleu (1984). Café Bleu was renamed My Ever Changing Moods in the United States to capitalise on the success of the first single.","title":"You're the Best Thing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone"}],"text":"The 7-inch single version of the song adds a saxophone solo that is not present in the original album version. Certain editions of the My Ever Changing Moods album in the U.S. feature this single version in place of the full-length album version that appeared on all editions of Café Bleu.In the UK and Australasia, the song was released as a Double A-sided single with \"The Big Boss Groove\". In the UK it was officially an EP titled Groovin'. Edited versions of both songs appeared on the 7-inch release.","title":"Versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Singular Adventures of The Style Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Singular_Adventures_of_The_Style_Council"},{"link_name":"The Complete Adventures of The Style Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_Adventures_of_The_Style_Council"},{"link_name":"Greatest Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_(The_Style_Council_album)"}],"text":"As well as the song's single release, it has featured on various compilation albums released by The Style Council. The song was included on The Singular Adventures of The Style Council, The Complete Adventures of The Style Council, and Greatest Hits.","title":"Compilation appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tim Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Pope"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The music video for \"You're the Best Thing\" was directed by Tim Pope.[1]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"7-inch single (UK)\"You're The Best Thing\" — 4:18\n\"The Big Boss Groove\" — 3:4012-inch single (UK)\"You're The Best Thing\" (Long Version) — 5:41\n\"You're The Dub Thing\" — 4:58\n\"The Big Boss Groove\" — 4:39","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Weekly charts","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Year-end charts","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]
|
[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenko_Chevrolet
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Yenko Chevrolet
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["1 History","2 Custom Cars","3 Production numbers","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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"Yenko" redirects here. For people named Yenko, see Yenko (surname).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Yenko Chevrolet" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Company logo
The former Yenko Chevrolet building as of March 2008
Yenko Chevrolet was a Chevrolet dealership located at 575 West Pike Street in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. Operating from 1949 to 1982, the dealership is best known for selling customized sports cars during the late 1960s. Referred to presently as "Yenkos," they are among the most collectible 1960s vehicles.
History
Yenko Chevrolet's history dates back to 1929, the year Frank Yenko opened a dealership for selling Durant cars. After the Durant company ended in 1932, Yenko opened a Chevrolet dealership in Pennsylvania in Bentleyville in 1934. In 1949, Yenko opened a second Chevrolet dealership in Canonsburg, nearby in the same state.
In 1957, Frank's son Don Yenko assumed ownership of the dealership. Known for his modified Chevrolets, Don managed the dealership until 1982, at which time he sold the business.
Custom Cars
In 1966, Don Yenko was impressed with the late model Chevrolet Corvair's handling, and decided to apply for SCCA approval of the Corsa model for racing. The sanctioning body approved the cars with back seat removed and upgrades to the Corsa engine increasing horsepower and torque. The 100 1966 Corsas that received certification were all painted white and most had blue striping, and were named "Yenko Stingers".
1968 Yenko Super Camaro
Yenko continued to modify Corvair coupes as Stingers for the rest of the car's production run. The last Stinger was a 1969 coupe, after which Corvair production ceased at Willow Run, Michigan. Charlie Doerge wrote a book on the Yenko Stinger and some of Don's escapades in 2011. The book lists many original and subsequent owners, as well as known racing history with much information on all of the cars that were produced. Jay Leno in a video has declared it "the bible for Yenko Stinger owners".
When Camaros, classifiable as a "pony car", became available in 1967, Yenko transferred Chevrolet's 427 cubic inch (7 L), 425hp (317 kW) L-72 engine (along with other high-performance parts) into some Camaros, creating the Yenko Camaro. The 1967 & 1968 427 Camaros were so popular that, in 1969, Yenko used Chevrolet's Central Office Production Order (COPO) system to have L-72 engines installed into Chevrolet Camaros and Chevelles.
During 1971 and 1972, Yenko sold Yenko Stinger Vegas. Based on the Chevrolet Vega GT Hatchback, Stinger Vegas included front and rear spoilers and Yenko Stinger side striping and a special COPO engine with alloy-plated forged aluminum pistons. The modified Vega aluminum-block 2.3 inline 4 with a turbocharger and 155 hp required a 50,000 mile test for EPA certification and Don Yenko eventually decided against using the turbochargers. Chevrolet was not interested in the marketing potential of a Turbo version as neither the Yenko-requested higher-compression engine blocks nor factory equipped turbo engines were ever built. The Stinger Vega was offered from Yenko Chevrolet through 1972 without turbochargers installed, but Yenko did offer the turbochargers as an aftermarket kit.
The high performance and limited production of all Yenko-modified cars makes them valuable and prized to collectors.
Production numbers
Stinger
Year
Corvair
Vega
1966
100
—
1967
14
—
1969
1
—
1971
—
200
1972
—
200
1973
—
Unknown
Super Camaro and Super Car
Year
Camaro
Chevelle
Nova
1967
54
—
—
1968
64
—
—
1969
198
99
38
^ Name for 1967 and 1968 models. All 1969s were Super Cars.
Nova
Year
Nova
1970
175
Turbo Z
Year
Camaro
1981
19
See also
Don Yenko
Yenko Camaro
Chevrolet Corvair: Yenko Stinger
Chevrolet Vega
References
^ Bill Holder & Phil Kunz; forewords by Dick Brannan, Arnie Beswick & Hayden Proffitt (2006). Extreme Muscle Cars: The Factory Lightweight Legacy (Soft cover. ed.). Krause. p. 37. ISBN 0896892786.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
External links
Yenko Stinger II Vega
Yenko dealers at Yenko.net
The 1970 Nova Yenko Deuce
vteCanonsburg in Washington County, PennsylvaniaHistoric sites
Black Horse Tavern
Canonsburg Armory
Hawthorne School (demolished)
Roberts House
John McMillan's Log School
Museums and attractions
Canonsburg Fourth of July Parade
Canonsburg Lake
Singing statue of Perry Como
Transportation
Freedom Transit
Education
Jefferson College (now Washington & Jefferson College)
Western Center (now closed)
Canon-McMillan School District
Industry and commerce
All-Clad
Ansys
Consol Energy
Sarris Candies
Southpointe
VITAC
Washington oil field
Yenko Chevrolet
Sports
Mylan Classic (Southpointe Golf Club)
Pittsburgh Cougars (defunct) (IceoPlex at Southpointe)
Other
Canonsburg General Hospital
Category
Commons
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yenko (surname)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenko_(surname)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yenko_Chevrolet_logo.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yenko_Chevrolet.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet"},{"link_name":"Canonsburg, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonsburg,_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"\"Yenko\" redirects here. For people named Yenko, see Yenko (surname).Company logoThe former Yenko Chevrolet building as of March 2008Yenko Chevrolet was a Chevrolet dealership located at 575 West Pike Street in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. Operating from 1949 to 1982, the dealership is best known for selling customized sports cars during the late 1960s. Referred to presently as \"Yenkos,\" they are among the most collectible 1960s vehicles.","title":"Yenko Chevrolet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Durant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durant_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"Bentleyville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentleyville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Don Yenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Yenko"}],"text":"Yenko Chevrolet's history dates back to 1929, the year Frank Yenko opened a dealership for selling Durant cars. After the Durant company ended in 1932, Yenko opened a Chevrolet dealership in Pennsylvania in Bentleyville in 1934. In 1949, Yenko opened a second Chevrolet dealership in Canonsburg, nearby in the same state.In 1957, Frank's son Don Yenko assumed ownership of the dealership. Known for his modified Chevrolets, Don managed the dealership until 1982, at which time he sold the business.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chevrolet Corvair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvair"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:68_Yenko_Camaro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Corvair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvair"},{"link_name":"Willow Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_Run"},{"link_name":"Camaros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camaro"},{"link_name":"pony car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony_car"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet"},{"link_name":"cubic inch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_inch"},{"link_name":"hp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower"},{"link_name":"L-72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_L72"},{"link_name":"Yenko Camaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenko_Camaro"},{"link_name":"Chevelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Chevelle"},{"link_name":"inline 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inline_4"},{"link_name":"turbocharger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocharger"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In 1966, Don Yenko was impressed with the late model Chevrolet Corvair's handling, and decided to apply for SCCA approval of the Corsa model for racing. The sanctioning body approved the cars with back seat removed and upgrades to the Corsa engine increasing horsepower and torque. The 100 1966 Corsas that received certification were all painted white and most had blue striping, and were named \"Yenko Stingers\".1968 Yenko Super CamaroYenko continued to modify Corvair coupes as Stingers for the rest of the car's production run. The last Stinger was a 1969 coupe, after which Corvair production ceased at Willow Run, Michigan. Charlie Doerge wrote a book on the Yenko Stinger and some of Don's escapades in 2011. The book lists many original and subsequent owners, as well as known racing history with much information on all of the cars that were produced. Jay Leno in a video has declared it \"the bible for Yenko Stinger owners\".When Camaros, classifiable as a \"pony car\", became available in 1967, Yenko transferred Chevrolet's 427 cubic inch (7 L), 425hp (317 kW) L-72 engine (along with other high-performance parts) into some Camaros, creating the Yenko Camaro. The 1967 & 1968 427 Camaros were so popular that, in 1969, Yenko used Chevrolet's Central Office Production Order (COPO) system to have L-72 engines installed into Chevrolet Camaros and Chevelles.During 1971 and 1972, Yenko sold Yenko Stinger Vegas. Based on the Chevrolet Vega GT Hatchback, Stinger Vegas included front and rear spoilers and Yenko Stinger side striping and a special COPO engine with alloy-plated forged aluminum pistons. The modified Vega aluminum-block 2.3 inline 4 with a turbocharger and 155 hp required a 50,000 mile test for EPA certification and Don Yenko eventually decided against using the turbochargers.[1] Chevrolet was not interested in the marketing potential of a Turbo version as neither the Yenko-requested higher-compression engine blocks nor factory equipped turbo engines were ever built. The Stinger Vega was offered from Yenko Chevrolet through 1972 without turbochargers installed, but Yenko did offer the turbochargers as an aftermarket kit. \nThe high performance and limited production of all Yenko-modified cars makes them valuable and prized to collectors.","title":"Custom Cars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"}],"text":"^ Name for 1967 and 1968 models. All 1969s were Super Cars.","title":"Production numbers"}]
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[{"reference":"Bill Holder & Phil Kunz; forewords by Dick Brannan, Arnie Beswick & Hayden Proffitt (2006). Extreme Muscle Cars: The Factory Lightweight Legacy (Soft cover. ed.). Krause. p. 37. ISBN 0896892786.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0896892786","url_text":"0896892786"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brecqhou
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Brecqhou
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["1 Name","2 Geography","3 Feudal relationship with Sark","3.1 Tenants","4 Flag and stamps","5 Public visits","6 Notes and references","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 49°25′56″N 02°23′17″W / 49.43222°N 2.38806°W / 49.43222; -2.38806Islet off the west coast of Sark in the Channel Islands
BrecqhouThis is a map of the Bailiwick of Guernsey; Brecqhou is off the west coast of SarkGeographyCoordinates49°25′56″N 02°23′17″W / 49.43222°N 2.38806°W / 49.43222; -2.38806ArchipelagoChannel IslandsAdjacent toEnglish ChannelArea74 acres (30 ha)AdministrationBailiwick of GuernseyJurisdictionSarkDemographicsPopulation1
Brecqhou (or Brechou; French pronunciation: ) is one of the Channel Islands, located off the west coast of Sark where they are now geographically detached from each other. Brecqhou is politically part of both Sark and the Bailiwick of Guernsey. It has been established in the courts that Brecqhou is a tenement of Sark. The Ministry of Justice, the department of the United Kingdom government with responsibility for the Channel Islands, considers Brecqhou part of Sark.
Name
1680 map of Sark and "Merchant's Island" (Brecquou); South is on top, so Brecqhou is located to the right (west) of Sark.
The name Brecqhou derives from the Old Norse brekka (slope or escarpment; compare Bricquebec) and holmr (island or islet; see -hou). It was also formerly known as "Merchant's Island" (L'Isle aux Marchands). The spellings Brechou, Brehou, Brehoe appear on old maps.
Geography
A mere islet, Brecqhou has a surface area of just 74 acres (30 ha). The island is separated from Sark by an extremely narrow sound (Le Goulliot Passage) which can be perilous for rowers. It is traversed frequently by yachts during each summer and by fishing boats year round and even forms a part of the route taken by occasional powerboating events in the islands.
An aerial view of Brecqhou
A view of Brecqhou, from the north of Sark
The Barclay Brothers' completed building the castle on Brecqhou in 1996.
A view of Brecqhou, from the southeast
Feudal relationship with Sark
Map c. 1800 of the Bailiwick of Guernsey (Garnsey), with Sarck (yellow) and Brehoe (green) visible in the east.
In Sark, the word tenant is used, and often pronounced as in French, in the sense of feudal landholder rather than the common English meaning of lessee. The landholdings of Sark are held by 40 tenants representing the parcels of the 40 families who colonised Sark. As explained on the Sark government website: "There is no true freehold, all land being held on perpetual lease (fief) from the Seigneur, and the 40 properties (Tenements) into which the Island is divided (as well as a few other holdings in perpetual fief) can only pass by strict rules of inheritance or by sale." The relevance of the seigneurial privileges and duties that distinguish feudal from civil landowning has decreased as most of the duties relate to agriculture and defence.
Since 1929, the island has been connected to the title of the tenement La Moinerie de Haut, one of the 40 tenements whose owner had to keep a gun for the defence of the fief and, until forfeit in 2008, had a seat in the Chief Pleas. Originally, La Moinerie de Haut, named after the medieval monastery whose site is close to it, was a parcel of land in northwest Sark that was, at that time, owned by the Seigneur himself. When Sibyl Hathaway sold the island of Brecqhou to Angelo Clarke in 1929, she transferred that seat in the Chief Pleas to unrepresented Brecqhou. This was scant loss for her, as she owned more than one tenement and every member of the Chief Pleas was entitled to only one vote.
From 1993, the tenement of Brecqhou was owned by the Barclay brothers, the co-owners of The Daily Telegraph newspaper and former co-owners of The Scotsman. The brothers bought the island for £2.3 million in September 1993. Under the Reform (Sark) Law 1951, the tenant was David Barclay. After assuming ownership, the brothers had intermittent legal disputes with the government of Sark, and expressed a desire to make Brecqhou politically independent. They drove cars on the island and had a helicopter, both of which are banned under Sark law.
Customary and express written rule of Sark over Brecqhou may be evidenced in the retention of all seigneurial rights per the sale instrument from the Dame (female Seigneur) of Sark, Hathaway, to Clarke in 1929.
According to the Barclays this retention was invalid, as Brecqhou may not have been part of the fief of Sark. They cited facts such as that the letters patent establishing the fief do not mention the smaller island. While the Seigneur in long succession came to own Brecqhou (not before 1681), they cited practices and acts to suggest Brecqhou may not have been merged into the fief of Sark. Therefore the claim runs that the Seigneur could not legally hold the privileges valid elsewhere such as might survive sale, whatever its terms.
This conflict caused a lawsuit (1996–2000) and the founding in 2006 of a Brecqhou liaison sub-committee of Sark's Chief Pleas.
Sir David Barclay died in January 2021, leaving his brother as the sole tenant of Brecqhou.
Tenants
1929–1932: Angelo Clarke
1932–1944: Thomas Arthur Clarke (1871–1944; left the island 20 June 1940)
1949–1966: John Thomson Donaldson
1966–1987: Leonard Joseph Matchan
1987–1992: Susan Groves (not recognised by Seigneur of Sark)
1993–2021: David and Frederick Barclay
2021–: Sir Frederick Barclay
Flag and stamps
Former flag of Brecqhou - the personal flag of Matchan
Coat of arms of Leonard Joseph Matchan
The former tenant, Leonard Joseph Matchan, had devised a personal flag (identical to the Sark flag, with the exception that the Matchan coat of arms was emblazoned on the bottom right). Although frequently considered the island flag, this was only a personal flag, and is no longer in use.
The flag has since been adapted to equate with the current tenant, Sir Frederick Barclay. The current flag of Brecqhou remains in the same format as the previous flag, but replaces the Matchan coat of arms with the twins' coats of arms in the bottom right.
Leonard Joseph Matchan issued postage stamps (labelled "Brechou") on 30 September 1969, but they were suppressed the following day by the Guernsey Post Office when they took over responsibility from Royal Mail for the issue of stamps. Matchan occupied Brecqhou until his death on 6 October 1987. The current tenants issued stamps annually between 1999 and 2013.
Public visits
In 2012, it was reported that the island is open to the public, by prior arrangement.
Notes and references
^ Island Brecqhou
^ "Background briefing on the Crown dependencies: Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man" (PDF). Ministry of Justice. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
^ "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights – Fifth Periodic Report from the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies, the British Overseas Territories" (PDF). July 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
^ Quayle, Thomas (24 April 1815). General View of the Agriculture and Present State of the Islands on the Coast of Normandy, Subject to the Crown of Great Britain. London: Sherwood, Neely & Jones. p. 298 – via Google Books. A small island, anciently called Brecqhou, now generally, l'Ile de Marchands, uninhabited, and used as a sheep-walk, lies on the west side.
^ Suffling, Ernest Richard (7 February 2012) . "Chapter III". Jethou or Crusoe Life in the Channel Isles. Tredition. p. 39. ISBN 9783847209270 – via Google Books. From the island, at the point opposite Neptune's Throne, a good view of Sark is obtained; on one day it will be seen standing clearly above the sea, with Brecqhou or Merchant's Island clearly discernable, and La Coupée (the isthmus which holds the two parts of the island together) plainly in view in the sunlight; on yet another day it will be quite invisible, although the distance is only about six miles.
^ "A Week's Imprisonment in Sark". The Cornhill Magazine. 22: 537–550. October 1861 – via Google Books.
^ Bowers, Simon; Pidd, Helen (27 June 2012). "Brecqhou: how windswept eyesore became Barclays' getaway". The Guardian.
^ "Sark Chief Pleas". Isle of Sark Government.
^ Ewen, Alfred Harry; de Carteret, Alan Roper (1969). The Fief of Sark. Guernsey: Guernsey Press. pp. 120–121. In 1929 the seat in Chief Pleas held by the Tenant of la Moinerie de haut was transferred by La Dame to Mr. Angelo Clarke, who had purchased the Island of Brecqhou, and since that date it has been held by the owner of Brecqhou, who at the present time is Mr. Leonard Matchan.
^ Pierce, Andrew; Frean, Alexandra; Binney, Marcus (7 October 1995). "Reclusive tycoons realise 30-year dream to buy Ritz". The Times.
^ a b Coutanche, André. "Brecqhou, Channel Islands". Flags of the World. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
^ The Stamps of Brecqhou http://www.philatelicdatabase.com/topicals-thematics/the-stamps-of-brecqhou/ ; see also the Brecqhou Stamps website https://brecqhou-stamps.co.uk/
^ Steele, Paul (8 May 2012). "Brecqhou: A private Channel Island opens to the public". Huffington Post. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
External links
Lepelley, René (2001). Le dicotentin: 200 chroniques des mots d'ici et d'à côté (in French). Cherbourg: Isoète. ISBN 2-913920-06-3.
Miller, Gertrude Mary, ed. (1971). BBC Pronouncing Dictionary of British Names. Oxford University Press.
"Sark Islanders fear takeover". BBC Today Programme. 28 March 2012.
Backman, Anders; Forrester, Bob (1981). The Postage Stamps of the Smaller Channel Islands. Channel Islands Publishing.
"Welcome to the Brecqhou Stamps website". Brecqhou Development Ltd. 18 May 2020.
vteChannel IslandsBailiwick of GuernseyAlderney
Burhou
Les Casquets
Ortac
Guernsey
Bréhon
Caquorobert
Crevichon
Herm
Jethou
Les Hanois
Les Houmets
Lihou
Sark
Brecqhou
Bailiwick of Jersey
Jersey
La Motte
Les Dirouilles
Les Écréhous
Les Minquiers
Pierres de Lecq
See also: Chausey
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[bʁɛku]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Channel Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Islands"},{"link_name":"Sark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark"},{"link_name":"Bailiwick of Guernsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MoJ-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Islet off the west coast of Sark in the Channel IslandsBrecqhou (or Brechou; French pronunciation: [bʁɛku]) is one of the Channel Islands, located off the west coast of Sark where they are now geographically detached from each other. Brecqhou is politically part of both Sark and the Bailiwick of Guernsey. It has been established in the courts that Brecqhou is a tenement of Sark. The Ministry of Justice, the department of the United Kingdom government with responsibility for the Channel Islands,[2] considers Brecqhou part of Sark.[3]","title":"Brecqhou"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sark_map_1680_by_Thomas_Phillips.png"},{"link_name":"South is on top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-up_map_orientation"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"Bricquebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bricquebec"},{"link_name":"-hou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-hou"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"1680 map of Sark and \"Merchant's Island\" (Brecquou); South is on top, so Brecqhou is located to the right (west) of Sark.The name Brecqhou derives from the Old Norse brekka (slope or escarpment; compare Bricquebec) and holmr (island or islet; see -hou). It was also formerly known as \"Merchant's Island\" (L'Isle aux Marchands).[4][5] The spellings Brechou, Brehou, Brehoe appear on old maps.","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brecqhou_from_the_air.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brecqhou-north.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brecqhou_-_Barclay_Brothers_Castle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Barclay Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_and_Frederick_Barclay"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brecqhou-southeast.jpg"}],"text":"A mere islet, Brecqhou has a surface area of just 74 acres (30 ha). The island is separated from Sark by an extremely narrow sound (Le Goulliot Passage) which can be perilous for rowers.[6] It is traversed frequently by yachts during each summer and by fishing boats year round and even forms a part of the route taken by occasional powerboating events in the islands.An aerial view of Brecqhou\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA view of Brecqhou, from the north of Sark\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Barclay Brothers' completed building the castle on Brecqhou in 1996.[7]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA view of Brecqhou, from the southeast","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guernsey_old_map.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bailiwick of Guernsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey"},{"link_name":"pronounced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_pronunciation"},{"link_name":"feudal landholder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism"},{"link_name":"lessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leasehold"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Chief Pleas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Pleas"},{"link_name":"Sibyl Hathaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibyl_Hathaway"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Barclay brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_and_Frederick_Barclay"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"The Scotsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scotsman"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence"},{"link_name":"seigneurial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorialism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"letters patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_patent"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Map c. 1800 of the Bailiwick of Guernsey (Garnsey), with Sarck (yellow) and Brehoe (green) visible in the east.In Sark, the word tenant is used, and often pronounced as in French, in the sense of feudal landholder rather than the common English meaning of lessee. The landholdings of Sark are held by 40 tenants representing the parcels of the 40 families who colonised Sark. As explained on the Sark government website: \"There is no true freehold, all land being held on perpetual lease (fief) from the Seigneur, and the 40 properties (Tenements) into which the Island is divided (as well as a few other holdings in perpetual fief) can only pass by strict rules of inheritance or by sale.\"[8] The relevance of the seigneurial privileges and duties that distinguish feudal from civil landowning has decreased as most of the duties relate to agriculture and defence.Since 1929, the island has been connected to the title of the tenement La Moinerie de Haut, one of the 40 tenements whose owner had to keep a gun for the defence of the fief and, until forfeit in 2008, had a seat in the Chief Pleas. Originally, La Moinerie de Haut, named after the medieval monastery whose site is close to it, was a parcel of land in northwest Sark that was, at that time, owned by the Seigneur himself. When Sibyl Hathaway sold the island of Brecqhou to Angelo Clarke in 1929, she transferred that seat in the Chief Pleas to unrepresented Brecqhou.[9] This was scant loss for her, as she owned more than one tenement and every member of the Chief Pleas was entitled to only one vote.From 1993, the tenement of Brecqhou was owned by the Barclay brothers, the co-owners of The Daily Telegraph newspaper and former co-owners of The Scotsman. The brothers bought the island for £2.3 million in September 1993.[10] Under the Reform (Sark) Law 1951, the tenant was David Barclay. After assuming ownership, the brothers had intermittent legal disputes with the government of Sark, and expressed a desire to make Brecqhou politically independent. They drove cars on the island and had a helicopter, both of which are banned under Sark law.Customary and express written rule of Sark over Brecqhou may be evidenced in the retention of all seigneurial rights per the sale instrument from the Dame (female Seigneur) of Sark, Hathaway, to Clarke in 1929.[citation needed]\nAccording to the Barclays this retention was invalid, as Brecqhou may not have been part of the fief of Sark. They cited facts such as that the letters patent establishing the fief do not mention the smaller island. While the Seigneur in long succession came to own Brecqhou (not before 1681), they cited practices and acts to suggest Brecqhou may not have been merged into the fief of Sark. Therefore the claim runs that the Seigneur could not legally hold the privileges valid elsewhere such as might survive sale, whatever its terms.[citation needed]This conflict caused a lawsuit (1996–2000) and the founding in 2006 of a Brecqhou liaison sub-committee of Sark's Chief Pleas.[citation needed]Sir David Barclay died in January 2021, leaving his brother as the sole tenant of Brecqhou.","title":"Feudal relationship with Sark"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"David and Frederick Barclay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_and_Frederick_Barclay"}],"sub_title":"Tenants","text":"1929–1932: Angelo Clarke\n1932–1944: Thomas Arthur Clarke (1871–1944; left the island 20 June 1940)\n1949–1966: John Thomson Donaldson\n1966–1987: Leonard Joseph Matchan\n1987–1992: Susan Groves (not recognised by Seigneur of Sark[citation needed])\n1993–2021: David and Frederick Barclay\n2021–: Sir Frederick Barclay","title":"Feudal relationship with Sark"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Brecqhou.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Brecqhou.svg"},{"link_name":"coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldry"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fotw-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fotw-11"},{"link_name":"postage stamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamp"},{"link_name":"Guernsey Post Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey_Post"},{"link_name":"Royal Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mail"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Former flag of Brecqhou - the personal flag of MatchanCoat of arms of Leonard Joseph MatchanThe former tenant, Leonard Joseph Matchan, had devised a personal flag (identical to the Sark flag, with the exception that the Matchan coat of arms was emblazoned on the bottom right). Although frequently considered the island flag, this was only a personal flag, and is no longer in use.[11]The flag has since been adapted to equate with the current tenant, Sir Frederick Barclay. The current flag of Brecqhou remains in the same format as the previous flag, but replaces the Matchan coat of arms with the twins' coats of arms in the bottom right.[11]Leonard Joseph Matchan issued postage stamps (labelled \"Brechou\") on 30 September 1969, but they were suppressed the following day by the Guernsey Post Office when they took over responsibility from Royal Mail for the issue of stamps. Matchan occupied Brecqhou until his death on 6 October 1987. The current tenants issued stamps annually between 1999 and 2013.[12]","title":"Flag and stamps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In 2012, it was reported that the island is open to the public, by prior arrangement.[13]","title":"Public visits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Island Brecqhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.islandseurope.com/description.php?island=brecqhou"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MoJ_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Background briefing on the Crown dependencies: Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20191102104306/http://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/about/moj/our-responsibilities/Background_Briefing_on_the_Crown_Dependencies2.pdf"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/about/moj/our-responsibilities/Background_Briefing_on_the_Crown_Dependencies2.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights – Fifth Periodic Report from the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies, the British Overseas Territories\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090607155303/http://www.justice.gov.uk/publications/docs/ICESCR-report-part1.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.justice.gov.uk/publications/docs/ICESCR-report-part1.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"General View of the Agriculture and Present State of the Islands on the Coast of Normandy, Subject to the Crown of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=hxBLAAAAYAAJ&pg=298"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Chapter III\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Pbdc6P3Ogz8C&pg=PT44"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9783847209270","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783847209270"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_6-0"},{"link_name":"\"A Week's Imprisonment in Sark\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=2AxLAQAAMAAJ&dq=Goulliot+passage&pg=PA548"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Brecqhou: how windswept eyesore became Barclays' getaway\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jun/27/brecqhou-barclay-brothers-getaway-island"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Sark Chief Pleas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sarkgov.co.uk/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fotw_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fotw_11-1"},{"link_name":"\"Brecqhou, Channel Islands\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fotw.info/flags/gg-bre.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"http://www.philatelicdatabase.com/topicals-thematics/the-stamps-of-brecqhou/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.philatelicdatabase.com/topicals-thematics/the-stamps-of-brecqhou/"},{"link_name":"https://brecqhou-stamps.co.uk/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//brecqhou-stamps.co.uk/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Brecqhou: A private Channel Island opens to the public\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.huffingtonpost.com/paul-steele/brecqhou-a-private-channe_b_1327534.html"},{"link_name":"Huffington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffington_Post"}],"text":"^ Island Brecqhou\n\n^ \"Background briefing on the Crown dependencies: Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man\" (PDF). Ministry of Justice. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2017.\n\n^ \"International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights – Fifth Periodic Report from the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies, the British Overseas Territories\" (PDF). July 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2011.\n\n^ Quayle, Thomas (24 April 1815). General View of the Agriculture and Present State of the Islands on the Coast of Normandy, Subject to the Crown of Great Britain. London: Sherwood, Neely & Jones. p. 298 – via Google Books. A small island, anciently called Brecqhou, now generally, l'Ile de Marchands, uninhabited, and used as a sheep-walk, lies on the west side.\n\n^ Suffling, Ernest Richard (7 February 2012) [1898]. \"Chapter III\". Jethou or Crusoe Life in the Channel Isles. Tredition. p. 39. ISBN 9783847209270 – via Google Books. From the island, at the point opposite Neptune's Throne, a good view of Sark is obtained; on one day it will be seen standing clearly above the sea, with Brecqhou or Merchant's Island clearly discernable, and La Coupée (the isthmus which holds the two parts of the island together) plainly in view in the sunlight; on yet another day it will be quite invisible, although the distance is only about six miles.\n\n^ \"A Week's Imprisonment in Sark\". The Cornhill Magazine. 22: 537–550. October 1861 – via Google Books.\n\n^ Bowers, Simon; Pidd, Helen (27 June 2012). \"Brecqhou: how windswept eyesore became Barclays' getaway\". The Guardian.\n\n^ \"Sark Chief Pleas\". Isle of Sark Government.\n\n^ Ewen, Alfred Harry; de Carteret, Alan Roper (1969). The Fief of Sark. Guernsey: Guernsey Press. pp. 120–121. In 1929 the seat in Chief Pleas held by the Tenant of la Moinerie de haut was transferred by La Dame to Mr. Angelo Clarke, who had purchased the Island of Brecqhou, and since that date it has been held by the owner of Brecqhou, who at the present time is Mr. Leonard Matchan.\n\n^ Pierce, Andrew; Frean, Alexandra; Binney, Marcus (7 October 1995). \"Reclusive tycoons realise 30-year dream to buy Ritz\". The Times.\n\n^ a b Coutanche, André. \"Brecqhou, Channel Islands\". Flags of the World. Retrieved 21 April 2020.\n\n^ The Stamps of Brecqhou http://www.philatelicdatabase.com/topicals-thematics/the-stamps-of-brecqhou/ ; see also the Brecqhou Stamps website https://brecqhou-stamps.co.uk/\n\n^ Steele, Paul (8 May 2012). \"Brecqhou: A private Channel Island opens to the public\". Huffington Post. Retrieved 11 April 2012.","title":"Notes and references"}]
|
[{"image_text":"1680 map of Sark and \"Merchant's Island\" (Brecquou); South is on top, so Brecqhou is located to the right (west) of Sark.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sark_map_1680_by_Thomas_Phillips.png/220px-Sark_map_1680_by_Thomas_Phillips.png"},{"image_text":"Map c. 1800 of the Bailiwick of Guernsey (Garnsey), with Sarck (yellow) and Brehoe (green) visible in the east.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Guernsey_old_map.jpg/220px-Guernsey_old_map.jpg"},{"image_text":"Former flag of Brecqhou - the personal flag of Matchan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Brecqhou.svg/220px-Flag_of_Brecqhou.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Coat of arms of Leonard Joseph Matchan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Coat_of_arms_of_Brecqhou.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brecqhou.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Background briefing on the Crown dependencies: Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man\" (PDF). Ministry of Justice. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191102104306/http://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/about/moj/our-responsibilities/Background_Briefing_on_the_Crown_Dependencies2.pdf","url_text":"\"Background briefing on the Crown dependencies: Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"Ministry of Justice"},{"url":"http://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/about/moj/our-responsibilities/Background_Briefing_on_the_Crown_Dependencies2.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights – Fifth Periodic Report from the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies, the British Overseas Territories\" (PDF). July 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090607155303/http://www.justice.gov.uk/publications/docs/ICESCR-report-part1.pdf","url_text":"\"International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights – Fifth Periodic Report from the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies, the British Overseas Territories\""},{"url":"http://www.justice.gov.uk/publications/docs/ICESCR-report-part1.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Quayle, Thomas (24 April 1815). General View of the Agriculture and Present State of the Islands on the Coast of Normandy, Subject to the Crown of Great Britain. London: Sherwood, Neely & Jones. p. 298 – via Google Books. A small island, anciently called Brecqhou, now generally, l'Ile de Marchands, uninhabited, and used as a sheep-walk, lies on the west side.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hxBLAAAAYAAJ&pg=298","url_text":"General View of the Agriculture and Present State of the Islands on the Coast of Normandy, Subject to the Crown of Great Britain"}]},{"reference":"Suffling, Ernest Richard (7 February 2012) [1898]. \"Chapter III\". Jethou or Crusoe Life in the Channel Isles. Tredition. p. 39. ISBN 9783847209270 – via Google Books. From the island, at the point opposite Neptune's Throne, a good view of Sark is obtained; on one day it will be seen standing clearly above the sea, with Brecqhou or Merchant's Island clearly discernable, and La Coupée (the isthmus which holds the two parts of the island together) plainly in view in the sunlight; on yet another day it will be quite invisible, although the distance is only about six miles.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Pbdc6P3Ogz8C&pg=PT44","url_text":"\"Chapter III\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783847209270","url_text":"9783847209270"}]},{"reference":"\"A Week's Imprisonment in Sark\". The Cornhill Magazine. 22: 537–550. October 1861 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2AxLAQAAMAAJ&dq=Goulliot+passage&pg=PA548","url_text":"\"A Week's Imprisonment in Sark\""}]},{"reference":"Bowers, Simon; Pidd, Helen (27 June 2012). \"Brecqhou: how windswept eyesore became Barclays' getaway\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jun/27/brecqhou-barclay-brothers-getaway-island","url_text":"\"Brecqhou: how windswept eyesore became Barclays' getaway\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sark Chief Pleas\". Isle of Sark Government.","urls":[{"url":"https://sarkgov.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Sark Chief Pleas\""}]},{"reference":"Ewen, Alfred Harry; de Carteret, Alan Roper (1969). The Fief of Sark. Guernsey: Guernsey Press. pp. 120–121. In 1929 the seat in Chief Pleas held by the Tenant of la Moinerie de haut was transferred by La Dame to Mr. Angelo Clarke, who had purchased the Island of Brecqhou, and since that date it has been held by the owner of Brecqhou, who at the present time is Mr. Leonard Matchan.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pierce, Andrew; Frean, Alexandra; Binney, Marcus (7 October 1995). \"Reclusive tycoons realise 30-year dream to buy Ritz\". The Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Coutanche, André. \"Brecqhou, Channel Islands\". Flags of the World. Retrieved 21 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fotw.info/flags/gg-bre.html","url_text":"\"Brecqhou, Channel Islands\""}]},{"reference":"Steele, Paul (8 May 2012). \"Brecqhou: A private Channel Island opens to the public\". Huffington Post. Retrieved 11 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/paul-steele/brecqhou-a-private-channe_b_1327534.html","url_text":"\"Brecqhou: A private Channel Island opens to the public\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffington_Post","url_text":"Huffington Post"}]},{"reference":"Lepelley, René (2001). Le dicotentin: 200 chroniques des mots d'ici et d'à côté [Le dicotentin: 200 stories of words from here and next door] (in French). Cherbourg: Isoète. ISBN 2-913920-06-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-913920-06-3","url_text":"2-913920-06-3"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Gertrude Mary, ed. (1971). BBC Pronouncing Dictionary of British Names. Oxford University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Sark Islanders fear takeover\". BBC Today Programme. 28 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_9709000/9709518.stm","url_text":"\"Sark Islanders fear takeover\""}]},{"reference":"Backman, Anders; Forrester, Bob (1981). The Postage Stamps of the Smaller Channel Islands. Channel Islands Publishing.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to the Brecqhou Stamps website\". Brecqhou Development Ltd. 18 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://brecqhou-stamps.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Welcome to the Brecqhou Stamps website\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brecqhou¶ms=49_25_56_N_02_23_17_W_region:GG_type:isle","external_links_name":"49°25′56″N 02°23′17″W / 49.43222°N 2.38806°W / 49.43222; -2.38806"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brecqhou¶ms=49_25_56_N_02_23_17_W_region:GG_type:isle","external_links_name":"49°25′56″N 02°23′17″W / 49.43222°N 2.38806°W / 49.43222; -2.38806"},{"Link":"http://www.islandseurope.com/description.php?island=brecqhou","external_links_name":"Island Brecqhou"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191102104306/http://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/about/moj/our-responsibilities/Background_Briefing_on_the_Crown_Dependencies2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Background briefing on the Crown dependencies: Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man\""},{"Link":"http://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/about/moj/our-responsibilities/Background_Briefing_on_the_Crown_Dependencies2.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090607155303/http://www.justice.gov.uk/publications/docs/ICESCR-report-part1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights – Fifth Periodic Report from the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies, the British Overseas Territories\""},{"Link":"http://www.justice.gov.uk/publications/docs/ICESCR-report-part1.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hxBLAAAAYAAJ&pg=298","external_links_name":"General View of the Agriculture and Present State of the Islands on the Coast of Normandy, Subject to the Crown of Great Britain"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Pbdc6P3Ogz8C&pg=PT44","external_links_name":"\"Chapter III\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2AxLAQAAMAAJ&dq=Goulliot+passage&pg=PA548","external_links_name":"\"A Week's Imprisonment in Sark\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jun/27/brecqhou-barclay-brothers-getaway-island","external_links_name":"\"Brecqhou: how windswept eyesore became Barclays' getaway\""},{"Link":"https://sarkgov.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Sark Chief Pleas\""},{"Link":"https://www.fotw.info/flags/gg-bre.html","external_links_name":"\"Brecqhou, Channel Islands\""},{"Link":"http://www.philatelicdatabase.com/topicals-thematics/the-stamps-of-brecqhou/","external_links_name":"http://www.philatelicdatabase.com/topicals-thematics/the-stamps-of-brecqhou/"},{"Link":"https://brecqhou-stamps.co.uk/","external_links_name":"https://brecqhou-stamps.co.uk/"},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/paul-steele/brecqhou-a-private-channe_b_1327534.html","external_links_name":"\"Brecqhou: A private Channel Island opens to the public\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_9709000/9709518.stm","external_links_name":"\"Sark Islanders fear takeover\""},{"Link":"https://brecqhou-stamps.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to the Brecqhou Stamps website\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleem_Dar
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Aleem Dar
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["1 Personal life","2 Career","2.1 Umpiring","2.2 Aleem Dar Cricket Academy","2.3 Dar's Delighto","3 Accolades","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Pakistani cricket umpire
Aleem DarPPDar umpiring during the 2017–18 AshesPersonal informationFull nameAleem Sarwar DarBorn (1968-06-06) 6 June 1968 (age 56)Jhang, Punjab, PakistanBattingRight-handedBowlingRight-arm leg spinRoleUmpireDomestic team information
YearsTeam1986–2009Pakistan Railways1988–1995Lahore City1995Allied Bank Limited1997–1998Gujranwala
FC debut8 February 1987 Pakistan Railways v ADBPLast FC6 December 1997 Gujranwala v BahawalpurLA debut29 September 1986 Pakistan Railways v United Bank LimitedLast LA23 March 1998 Gujranwala v MalaysiaUmpiring information Tests umpired145 (2003–2023)ODIs umpired231 (2000–2023)T20Is umpired72 (2009–2023)WT20Is umpired5 (2009–2016)
Career statistics
Competition
FC
LA
Matches
17
18
Runs scored
270
179
Batting average
11.73
19.88
100s/50s
0/0
0/0
Top score
39
37
Balls bowled
740
634
Wickets
11
15
Bowling average
34.36
31.66
5 wickets in innings
0
0
10 wickets in match
0
0
Best bowling
3/19
3/27
Catches/stumpings
5/–
17/–Source: ESPNcricinfo, 24 June 2023
Aleem Dar PP (Punjabi, Urdu: علیم ڈار; born 6 June 1968) is a Pakistani cricket umpire and former first-class cricketer. He has been a member of the Elite Panel of ICC Umpires. Dar won the David Shepherd Trophy three years in a row from 2009 to 2011, after being nominated twice in 2005 and 2006. Aleem Dar, Marais Erasmus, Richard Kettleborough, Kumar Dharmasena and Simon Taufel were the only umpires to have received the award from its inception until 2017. Before becoming an umpire, Dar played first-class cricket as a right-handed batsman and a leg-break bowler for Allied Bank, Gujranwala, Lahore and Pakistan Railways teams.
In December 2019, in the first match of the series between Australia and New Zealand, Aleem stood in his 129th Test match, breaking the record previously set by Steve Bucknor. On 1 November 2020, in the second ODI between Pakistan and Zimbabwe, Aleem stood in his 210th ODI match as an on-field umpire, surpassing South African Rudi Koertzen's record of officiating in the most ODI matches.
Personal life
Aleem Dar was born on June 6, 1968, in Jhang, Pakistan. He is married to Noshaba. They have three children, sons Hassan and Ali, and a daughter, Jaweria, who died due to epilepsy.
Career
Umpiring
Aleem is best known as an international cricket umpire. He made his international umpiring debut in an ODI between Pakistan and Sri Lanka at Gujranwala on 16 February 2000. In 2002 he became a member of ICC's International Panel of umpires. He was chosen to umpire at the ICC Cricket World Cup.
In April 2004, he became the first Pakistani to be part of the Elite Panel of ICC Umpires. He was nominated for the ICC Umpire of the year Award in 2005 and 2006, beaten on both occasions by the Australian Simon Taufel. On 17 October 2007 Aleem umpired in his 100th ODI, between India and Australia at Mumbai, making him the tenth umpire in the history of cricket to reach that landmark. He reached the landmark in a record time, taking just seven years, and became the first Pakistani to officiate in a century of One Day Internationals.
Aleem has stood in a solitary India-Pakistan ODI match at Karachi 2006 and five Ashes Test matches. He was also one of the on-field umpires for the final of the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy, standing alongside Rudi Koertzen. He stood in the final of the 2007 Cricket World Cup between Australia and Sri Lanka, along with Steve Bucknor. Dar was also selected to stand in the final of the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 between Australia and England .
In January 2005, Aleem and his colleague Steve Bucknor, received death threats during a Test match between England and South Africa at Centurion. He was also involved in a controversy during the 2007 Cricket World Cup final where he, along with fellow officials Bucknor, Koertzen, Bowden and Crowe incorrectly made Australia bowl three unnecessary overs in near darkness. Consequently, the ICC decided to suspend him, along with the other four officials, from duty for the next ICC event, which was the 2007 World Twenty20 Championship.
Aleem proved his accuracy at the 2011 Cricket World Cup when all the 15 Umpire Decision Review System appeals against him were struck down.
He was selected as one of the twenty umpires to stand in matches during the 2015 Cricket World Cup. In April 2019, he was named as one of the sixteen umpires to stand in matches during the 2019 Cricket World Cup. The following month, in the second match of the 2019 Ireland Tri-Nation Series, he became the third umpire, and first from Pakistan, to officiate in 200 ODIs.
On 16 March 2023, Dar stepped down from the elite panel of umpires after a 19-year career. He will still umpire games if the PCB selects him to stand in games played in Pakistan.
From 5–7 April 2023, He stood in his last test match as an Elite panel umpire, during the one-off test between Bangladesh and Ireland. At the end of the match, he also received a Guard of Honor from both teams and a memento was presented to him by Bangladesh Cricket Board.
Aleem Dar Cricket Academy
Aleem Dar Cricket Academy, ADCA is a training and coaching academy for hearing-impaired boys and girls. It is located in Lahore, Pakistan. It is equipped with a ground, gymnasium, jogging track and basketball court. Aleem Dar established the academy in 2013.
Dar's Delighto
In 2018, he started a restaurant named Dar's Delighto in PIA Cooperative Housing Society, Lahore.
Accolades
After being nominated twice in 2005 and 2006, Aleem finally won the Umpire of the Year award in October 2009, at the annual ICC awards ceremony in Johannesburg, South Africa. By claiming the award, Aleem ended Simon Taufel's run of five successive awards. It was the first time that any umpire other than Taufel had picked up the accolade in the six years that the ceremony had taken place. In October 2010, he won the award for a second straight year. In September 2011, he was named best umpire for the third consecutive year. On 14 August 2010, the Government of Pakistan honoured him with the President's Award for Pride of Performance.
He was honoured by ICC for officiating in 150 ODIs.
See also
List of Test cricket umpires
List of One Day International cricket umpires
List of Twenty20 International cricket umpires
References
^ "Dar named best umpire for the third consecutive year". ESPNcricinfo. ESPN.
^ "Aleem Dar set to break record for most Tests as umpire". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
^ "Aleem Dar set to break record for most ODIs as on-field umpire". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
^ "Aleem Dar". pakpedia.pk. 26 February 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
^ a b "ICC announces match officials for ICC Cricket World Cup 2015". International Cricket Council. Archived from the original on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
^ "Mallender and Aleem Dar to join the elite". Cricinfo. 6 February 2004. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
^ "Aleem Dar becomes 10th umpire to stand in 100 ODIs" (Press release). International Cricket Council. 25 October 2007. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015 – via Wisden India.
^ "Umpires received death threats, reveals Bucknor". Cricinfo. 30 January 2005. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
^ "World Cup officials banned by ICC". ESPNcricinfo. 22 June 2007. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
^ "Dar hails the use of technology". The Express Tribune. Karachi. 6 April 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
^ "10 Best Cricket Umpires of All Time in History". Sporteology. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
^ "Match officials for ICC Men's Cricket World Cup 2019 announced" (Press release). International Cricket Council. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
^ "Umpire Ian Gould to retire after World Cup". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
^ "Pakistan umpire Aleem Dar to officiate in his 200th ODI". Daily Times. Lahore. 6 May 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
^ "Adrian Holdstock, Ahsan Raza join ICC Elite Panel of Umpires as Aleem Dar steps down". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
^ "Aleem Dar ends 19-year old career as Elite Panel Umpire". Cricbuzz. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
^ ডেস্ক, খেলা. "মিরপুরে 'গার্ড অব অনার' পেলেন আলিম দার". Prothomalo (in Bengali). Retrieved 7 April 2023.
^ "Services - Aleem Dar Cricket Academy". adca.pk. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
^ "World's finest umpire Aleem Dar celebrates his 53rd birthday today". Daily Times. 6 June 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
^ "Pakistan cricket umpire Aleem Dar offers free food for jobless at his Lahore joint". Deccan Chronicle. 27 March 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
^ "Aleem Dar". 26 February 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
^ reporter, stafff (3 October 2009). "Aleem Dar wins ICC Umpire-of-the-Year Award". The Nation. The Nation. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
^ Aleem Dar named Umpire of the Year Cricinfo. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
^ Dar named best umpire for the third consecutive year ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
^ "ICC Umpire Aleem Dar launches aid campaign for flood victims". Geo News. Karachi. 15 August 2010. Archived from the original on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
^ "Aleem Dar honoured by ICC for officiating in 150 ODIs". NDTV Sports. 2012. Archived from the original on 2 July 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012. Pakistan's Aleem Dar has been honoured by the International Cricket Council for becoming only the seventh umpire to officiate in 150 ODIs
External links
Aleem Dar at ESPNcricinfo
vteICC Umpire of the Year
2004: Taufel
2005: Taufel
2006: Taufel
2007: Taufel
2008: Taufel
2009: Dar
2010: Dar
2011: Dar
2012: Dharmasena
2013: Kettleborough
2014: Kettleborough
2015: Kettleborough
2016: Erasmus
2017: Erasmus
2018: Dharmasena
2019: Illingworth
2021: Erasmus
2022: Illingworth
2023: Illingworth
vteICC Elite Panel of Umpires
Kumar Dharmasena
Chris Gaffaney
Michael Gough
Adrian Holdstock
Richard Illingworth
Richard Kettleborough
Nitin Menon
Ahsan Raza
Paul Reiffel
Sharfuddoula
Rod Tucker
Joel Wilson
vtePride of Performance for Sports1950s
Hashim Khan (1958)
Hawaldar Abdul Khaliq (1958)
Abdul Hafeez Kardar (1958)
Fazal Mehmood (1958)
Subedar Muhammad Iqbal (1959)
Hanif Mohammad (1959)
1960s
Syed Abdus Samad (1960)
Major Abdul Hamid (1960)
Roshan Khan (1960)
Brojen Das (1960)
Khawaja Iftikhar Ahmed (1960)
The Great Gama (1960)
Captain Raja Javed Akhtar Khan (1961)
Azam Khan (1961)
Bholu Pahalwan (1962)
Naseer Bunda(1962)
Hafiz Rashid (1962)
Saeed Ahmed (1962)
Brigadier M.A. Baig (1962)
Abbas Mirza (1963)
Manzoor Hussain Aatif (1963)
Mushtaq Muhammad (1963)
Dafadar Mubarak Shah (1963)
Khundker Nasim Ahmed (1964)
Jamadar Ghulam Raziq (1964)
Subedar Muhammad Nawaz (1966)
Imtiaz Ahmad (1966)
Sheikh Shaheb Ali (1966)
Aslam Pahalwan (1967)
Asif Iqbal (1968)
Muhammad Bashir (1968)
Khalid Mahmood Hussain (1968)
Tariq Aziz (1968)
Muhammad Asad Malik (1969)
Moideen Kutty (1969)
Mohammad Akhtar (1969)
1970s
Lala Abdul Rashid (1970)
Ahmed Riazuddin (1970)
Jehangir Ahmed Butt (1970)
Chaudhry Ghulam Rasool (1970)
Faiz Muhammad (1970)
Major Mohammad Aslam Khan (1970)
Fazal Rehman (1971)
Tanvir Dar (1971)
Riaz Ahmed (1971)
Nabi Ahmed Kalat (1971)
Zaheer Abbas (1971)
1980s
Islahuddin Siddique (1982)
Jahangir Khan (1982)
Byram D. Avari (1982)
Nazir Ahmed Sabir (1982)
Ashraf Aman (1982)
Malcolm Stevenson Forbes (1983)
Akhtar Rasool (1983)
Samiullah Khan (1983)
Manzoor Hussain Junior (1984)
Hasan Sardar (1984)
Kaleemullah Khan (1984)
Hanif Khan (1984)
Qamar Zaman (1984)
Major Mohammad Sher Khan (1985)
Javed Miandad (1986)
Zaheer Abbas (1986)
Captain Abdul Jabbar Bhatti (1986)
Mohammad Ali (1986)
Abdul Majeed Maruwala (1987)
Shah Jehan (1988)
Zia Mahmood (1988)
Intikhab Alam (1988)
Abdul Qadir (1988)
Nasir Ali (1988)
Mudassar Nazar (1989)
1990s
Honorary Lieutenant Mohammad Younis (1990)
Arif Khan (1990)
Muhammad Umer (1990)
Nazo Anwar Miandad (1990)
Mohammad Shehnaz Sheikh (1990)
Wasim Akram (1992)
Shahbaz Ahmed (1992)
Ghulam Abbas (1992)
Taimur Hasan (1992)
Shahid Ali Khan (1992)
Qazi Muhibur Rehman (1993)
Rajab Shah (1993)
Mohammad Yousuf (1994)
Mohibullah Khan Junior (1994)
Khwaja Mohammad Junaid (1994)
Abdul Rashid (1994)
Muhammad Saeed Khan (1994)
Mansoor Ahmed (1994)
Ahmed Alam (1994)
Tahir Zaman (1994)
Muhammad Shahbaz (1994)
Muhammad Shafqat (1994)
Irfan Mehmood (1994)
Naveed Alam (1994)
Asif Bajwa (1994)
Muhammad Danish Kaleem (1994)
Muhammad Usman (1994)
Kamran Ashraf (1994)
Rahim Khan (1994)
Rana Mujahid Ali (1994)
Waseem Feroze (1994)
Aliya Rasheed (1995)
Fareed Sehrai (1995)
Waqar Younis (1995)
Ali Nawaz Baloch (1995)
Mohammad Sarwar (1995)
Asghar Ali Changezi (1996)
Sardar Azmarai Javaid Hissam el-Effendi (1996)* Ghulam Noorani Khan (1996)
Munawwar uz Zaman (1997)
2000s
Saeed Anwar (2000)
Haider Ali (2003)
Rozi Ali (2003)
Mohammad Irfan Islam (2003)
Grand Master Muhammad Ashraf Tai (2004)
Zakir Hussain Syed (2004)
Mehrullah Lassi (2004)
Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi (2005)
Nida Waseem (2008)
Zubair Ahmed Hundal (2008)
Shahid Rehman (2008)
Umer Khan Achakzai (2009)
2010s
Atta Muhammad Kakar (2010)
Khawaja Zakauddin (2010)
Lal Saeed (2010)
Shahid Khan Afridi (2010)
Younis Khan (2010)
Aleem Dar (2011)
Goshpi Avari (2011)
Naseem Hameed (2011)
Shahid Pervaiz Butt (2011)
Qasim Zia (2011)
Mohammad Yousuf (2012)
Maria Toorpakai Wazir (2013)
Misbah-ul-Haq (2014)
Zeeshan Abbasi (2014)
Hanif Khan (2014)
Muhammad Asif (2015)
Amir Iqbal Khan (2015)
Samina Baig (2015)
Muhammad Waseem (2017)
Alamgir Anwar Shaikh (2017)
vte2013 ICC Champions Trophy Team of the Tournament
Shikhar Dhawan
Jonathan Trott
Kumar Sangakkara
Virat Kohli
Misbah-ul-Haq
MS Dhoni (c & wk)
Ravindra Jadeja
Ryan McLaren
Bhuvneshwar Kumar
James Anderson
Mitchell McClenaghan
Joe Root (12th man)
Geoff Allardice, Javagal Srinath, Aleem Dar, Scyld Berry and Stephen Brenkley were the Panel of selectors for the Team.
Shikhar Dhawan was adjudged as the Player of the Tournament.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_of_Performance"},{"link_name":"Punjabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"Elite Panel of ICC Umpires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite_Panel_of_ICC_Umpires"},{"link_name":"David Shepherd Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Shepherd_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Marais Erasmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marais_Erasmus"},{"link_name":"Richard Kettleborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kettleborough"},{"link_name":"Kumar Dharmasena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumar_Dharmasena"},{"link_name":"Simon Taufel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Taufel"},{"link_name":"first-class cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"Allied Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Bank_Limited_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Gujranwala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujranwala_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Railways_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Australia and New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_cricket_team_in_Australia_in_2019%E2%80%9320"},{"link_name":"Steve Bucknor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bucknor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"between Pakistan and Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwean_cricket_team_in_Pakistan_in_2020%E2%80%9321"},{"link_name":"Rudi Koertzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi_Koertzen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Aleem Dar PP (Punjabi, Urdu: علیم ڈار; born 6 June 1968) is a Pakistani cricket umpire and former first-class cricketer. He has been a member of the Elite Panel of ICC Umpires. Dar won the David Shepherd Trophy three years in a row from 2009 to 2011, after being nominated twice in 2005 and 2006.[1] Aleem Dar, Marais Erasmus, Richard Kettleborough, Kumar Dharmasena and Simon Taufel were the only umpires to have received the award from its inception until 2017. Before becoming an umpire, Dar played first-class cricket as a right-handed batsman and a leg-break bowler for Allied Bank, Gujranwala, Lahore and Pakistan Railways teams.In December 2019, in the first match of the series between Australia and New Zealand, Aleem stood in his 129th Test match, breaking the record previously set by Steve Bucknor.[2] On 1 November 2020, in the second ODI between Pakistan and Zimbabwe, Aleem stood in his 210th ODI match as an on-field umpire, surpassing South African Rudi Koertzen's record of officiating in the most ODI matches.[3]","title":"Aleem Dar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jhang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhang"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Aleem Dar was born on June 6, 1968, in Jhang, Pakistan. He is married to Noshaba. They have three children, sons Hassan and Ali, and a daughter, Jaweria, who died due to epilepsy.[4]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cricket umpire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_umpire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"},{"link_name":"ODI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Day_International"},{"link_name":"Gujranwala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinnah_Stadium_(Gujranwala)"},{"link_name":"ICC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_cricket_council"},{"link_name":"Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Elite Panel of ICC Umpires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite_Panel_of_ICC_Umpires"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Simon Taufel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Taufel"},{"link_name":"ODI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Day_International"},{"link_name":"One Day Internationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Day_Internationals"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashes_series"},{"link_name":"2006 ICC Champions Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_ICC_Champions_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Rudi Koertzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi_Koertzen"},{"link_name":"2007 Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Steve Bucknor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bucknor"},{"link_name":"2010 ICC World Twenty20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_ICC_World_Twenty20"},{"link_name":"Steve Bucknor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bucknor"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2007 Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Bucknor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bucknor"},{"link_name":"Koertzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi_Koertzen"},{"link_name":"Bowden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Bowden"},{"link_name":"Crowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Crowe"},{"link_name":"2007 World Twenty20 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_ICC_World_Twenty20"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2011 Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Umpire Decision Review System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umpire_Decision_Review_System"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"2015 Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"},{"link_name":"2019 Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"2019 Ireland Tri-Nation Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Ireland_Tri-Nation_Series"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"one-off test between Bangladesh and Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_cricket_team_in_Bangladesh_in_2022%E2%80%9323#Only_Test"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Cricket Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Cricket_Board"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Umpiring","text":"Aleem is best known as an international cricket umpire.[5] He made his international umpiring debut in an ODI between Pakistan and Sri Lanka at Gujranwala on 16 February 2000. In 2002 he became a member of ICC's International Panel of umpires. He was chosen to umpire at the ICC Cricket World Cup.In April 2004, he became the first Pakistani to be part of the Elite Panel of ICC Umpires.[6] He was nominated for the ICC Umpire of the year Award in 2005 and 2006, beaten on both occasions by the Australian Simon Taufel. On 17 October 2007 Aleem umpired in his 100th ODI, between India and Australia at Mumbai, making him the tenth umpire in the history of cricket to reach that landmark. He reached the landmark in a record time, taking just seven years, and became the first Pakistani to officiate in a century of One Day Internationals.[7]Aleem has stood in a solitary India-Pakistan ODI match at Karachi 2006 and five Ashes Test matches. He was also one of the on-field umpires for the final of the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy, standing alongside Rudi Koertzen. He stood in the final of the 2007 Cricket World Cup between Australia and Sri Lanka, along with Steve Bucknor. Dar was also selected to stand in the final of the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 between Australia and England .In January 2005, Aleem and his colleague Steve Bucknor, received death threats during a Test match between England and South Africa at Centurion.[8] He was also involved in a controversy during the 2007 Cricket World Cup final where he, along with fellow officials Bucknor, Koertzen, Bowden and Crowe incorrectly made Australia bowl three unnecessary overs in near darkness. Consequently, the ICC decided to suspend him, along with the other four officials, from duty for the next ICC event, which was the 2007 World Twenty20 Championship.[9]Aleem proved his accuracy at the 2011 Cricket World Cup when all the 15 Umpire Decision Review System appeals against him were struck down.[10][11]He was selected as one of the twenty umpires to stand in matches during the 2015 Cricket World Cup.[5] In April 2019, he was named as one of the sixteen umpires to stand in matches during the 2019 Cricket World Cup.[12][13] The following month, in the second match of the 2019 Ireland Tri-Nation Series, he became the third umpire, and first from Pakistan, to officiate in 200 ODIs.[14]On 16 March 2023, Dar stepped down from the elite panel of umpires after a 19-year career.[15] He will still umpire games if the PCB selects him to stand in games played in Pakistan.[16]From 5–7 April 2023, He stood in his last test match as an Elite panel umpire, during the one-off test between Bangladesh and Ireland. At the end of the match, he also received a Guard of Honor from both teams and a memento was presented to him by Bangladesh Cricket Board.[17]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Aleem Dar Cricket Academy","text":"Aleem Dar Cricket Academy, ADCA is a training and coaching academy for hearing-impaired boys and girls. It is located in Lahore, Pakistan. It is equipped with a ground, gymnasium, jogging track and basketball court. Aleem Dar established the academy in 2013.[18][19]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Dar's Delighto","text":"In 2018, he started a restaurant named Dar's Delighto in PIA Cooperative Housing Society, Lahore.[20][21]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ICC awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_ICC_Awards"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Simon Taufel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Taufel"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Government of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Pride of Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_of_Performance"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"ICC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_cricket_council"},{"link_name":"ODIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Day_International"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"After being nominated twice in 2005 and 2006, Aleem finally won the Umpire of the Year award in October 2009, at the annual ICC awards ceremony in Johannesburg, South Africa.[22] By claiming the award, Aleem ended Simon Taufel's run of five successive awards. It was the first time that any umpire other than Taufel had picked up the accolade in the six years that the ceremony had taken place. In October 2010, he won the award for a second straight year.[23] In September 2011, he was named best umpire for the third consecutive year.[24] On 14 August 2010, the Government of Pakistan honoured him with the President's Award for Pride of Performance.[25]He was honoured by ICC for officiating in 150 ODIs.[26]","title":"Accolades"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of Test cricket umpires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Test_cricket_umpires"},{"title":"List of One Day International cricket umpires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_One_Day_International_cricket_umpires"},{"title":"List of Twenty20 International cricket umpires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Twenty20_International_cricket_umpires"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Dar named best umpire for the third consecutive year\". ESPNcricinfo. ESPN.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/532182.html","url_text":"\"Dar named best umpire for the third consecutive year\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aleem Dar set to break record for most Tests as umpire\". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 12 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1526681","url_text":"\"Aleem Dar set to break record for most Tests as umpire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aleem Dar set to break record for most ODIs as on-field umpire\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 1 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30228199/aleem-dar-set-break-record-most-odis-field-umpire","url_text":"\"Aleem Dar set to break record for most ODIs as on-field umpire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aleem Dar\". pakpedia.pk. 26 February 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pakpedia.pk/aleem-dar/#Aleem_Dar_Biography","url_text":"\"Aleem Dar\""}]},{"reference":"\"ICC announces match officials for ICC Cricket World Cup 2015\". International Cricket Council. Archived from the original on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150330201852/http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2014/media-releases/83319/icc-announces-match-officials-for-icc-cricket-world-cup-2015","url_text":"\"ICC announces match officials for ICC Cricket World Cup 2015\""},{"url":"http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2014/media-releases/83319/icc-announces-match-officials-for-icc-cricket-world-cup-2015","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mallender and Aleem Dar to join the elite\". Cricinfo. 6 February 2004. Retrieved 18 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.cricinfo.com/pakistan/content/story/136525.html","url_text":"\"Mallender and Aleem Dar to join the elite\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aleem Dar becomes 10th umpire to stand in 100 ODIs\" (Press release). International Cricket Council. 25 October 2007. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015 – via Wisden India.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402164331/http://stats.wisdenindia.com/Archive/Articles/7/7520.html","url_text":"\"Aleem Dar becomes 10th umpire to stand in 100 ODIs\""},{"url":"http://stats.wisdenindia.com/Archive/Articles/7/7520.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Umpires received death threats, reveals Bucknor\". Cricinfo. 30 January 2005. Retrieved 18 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/145643.html","url_text":"\"Umpires received death threats, reveals Bucknor\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Cup officials banned by ICC\". ESPNcricinfo. 22 June 2007. Retrieved 22 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/twenty20wc/content/story/299277.html","url_text":"\"World Cup officials banned by ICC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dar hails the use of technology\". The Express Tribune. Karachi. 6 April 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://tribune.com.pk/story/143702/dar-hails-the-use-of-technology/","url_text":"\"Dar hails the use of technology\""}]},{"reference":"\"10 Best Cricket Umpires of All Time in History\". Sporteology. Retrieved 22 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://sporteology.com/10-best-cricket-umpires-time-history/","url_text":"\"10 Best Cricket Umpires of All Time in History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Match officials for ICC Men's Cricket World Cup 2019 announced\" (Press release). International Cricket Council. Retrieved 26 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1198051","url_text":"\"Match officials for ICC Men's Cricket World Cup 2019 announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"Umpire Ian Gould to retire after World Cup\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 26 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1182149.html","url_text":"\"Umpire Ian Gould to retire after World Cup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pakistan umpire Aleem Dar to officiate in his 200th ODI\". Daily Times. Lahore. 6 May 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailytimes.com.pk/389812/pakistan-umpire-aleem-dar-to-officiate-in-his-200th-odi/","url_text":"\"Pakistan umpire Aleem Dar to officiate in his 200th ODI\""}]},{"reference":"\"Adrian Holdstock, Ahsan Raza join ICC Elite Panel of Umpires as Aleem Dar steps down\". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 17 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3111811","url_text":"\"Adrian Holdstock, Ahsan Raza join ICC Elite Panel of Umpires as Aleem Dar steps down\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aleem Dar ends 19-year old career as Elite Panel Umpire\". Cricbuzz. Retrieved 17 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/125944/aleem-dar-ends-19-year-old-career-as-elite-panel-umpire-cricbuzzcom","url_text":"\"Aleem Dar ends 19-year old career as Elite Panel Umpire\""}]},{"reference":"ডেস্ক, খেলা. \"মিরপুরে 'গার্ড অব অনার' পেলেন আলিম দার\". Prothomalo (in Bengali). Retrieved 7 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/cricket/1z58rblt16","url_text":"\"মিরপুরে 'গার্ড অব অনার' পেলেন আলিম দার\""}]},{"reference":"\"Services - Aleem Dar Cricket Academy\". adca.pk. Retrieved 24 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://adca.pk/service","url_text":"\"Services - Aleem Dar Cricket Academy\""}]},{"reference":"\"World's finest umpire Aleem Dar celebrates his 53rd birthday today\". Daily Times. 6 June 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailytimes.com.pk/768126/worlds-finest-umpire-aleem-dar-celebrates-his-53rd-birthday-today/","url_text":"\"World's finest umpire Aleem Dar celebrates his 53rd birthday today\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pakistan cricket umpire Aleem Dar offers free food for jobless at his Lahore joint\". Deccan Chronicle. 27 March 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/cricket/270320/pakistan-cricket-umpire-aleem-dar-offers-free-food-for-jobless-at-his.html","url_text":"\"Pakistan cricket umpire Aleem Dar offers free food for jobless at his Lahore joint\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aleem Dar\". 26 February 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pakpedia.pk/aleem-dar/#Aleem_Dar_Biography","url_text":"\"Aleem Dar\""}]},{"reference":"reporter, stafff (3 October 2009). \"Aleem Dar wins ICC Umpire-of-the-Year Award\". The Nation. The Nation. Retrieved 3 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://nation.com.pk/03-Oct-2009/aleem-dar-wins-icc-umpireoftheyear-award","url_text":"\"Aleem Dar wins ICC Umpire-of-the-Year Award\""}]},{"reference":"\"ICC Umpire Aleem Dar launches aid campaign for flood victims\". Geo News. Karachi. 15 August 2010. Archived from the original on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 9 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100821074402/http://geo.tv/8-15-2010/69991.htm","url_text":"\"ICC Umpire Aleem Dar launches aid campaign for flood victims\""},{"url":"http://www.geo.tv/8-15-2010/69991.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Aleem Dar honoured by ICC for officiating in 150 ODIs\". NDTV Sports. 2012. Archived from the original on 2 July 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012. Pakistan's Aleem Dar has been honoured by the International Cricket Council for becoming only the seventh umpire to officiate in 150 ODIs","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120702163949/http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/item/192725-aleem-dar-honoured-by-icc-for-officiating-in-150-odis","url_text":"\"Aleem Dar honoured by ICC for officiating in 150 ODIs\""},{"url":"http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/item/192725-aleem-dar-honoured-by-icc-for-officiating-in-150-odis","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War
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War crimes in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
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["1 Armenian war crimes","2 Azerbaijani war crimes","3 White phosphorus use allegations","4 References"]
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Amnesty International stated that both Azerbaijani and Armenian forces committed war crimes during Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, and called on the governments of Armenia and Azerbaijan to immediately conduct independent, impartial investigations, identify all those responsible, and bring them to justice. UN Secretary-General António Guterres stated that "indiscriminate attacks on populated areas anywhere, including in Stepanakert, Ganja and other localities in and around the immediate Nagorno-Karabakh zone of conflict, were totally unacceptable". Columbia University's Institute for the Study of Human Rights recognized that violent conflict affected all sides in the conflict but distinguished "the collateral damage of Azerbaijanis" from "the policy of atrocities such as mutilations and beheadings committed by Azerbaijani forces and their proxies in Artsakh." Azerbaijan started an investigation on war crimes by Azerbaijani servicemen in November and as of 14 December 2020, has arrested four of its servicemen.
Armenian war crimes
The Armenian forces had shelled the town of Shikharkh, damaging apartments and schools. The town was built for the Azerbaijani refugees of the First Nagorno-Karabakh war.
Armenia struck several Azerbaijani cities outside of the conflict zone, most frequently Tartar, Beylagan and Barda. Attacks reported by Azerbaijani authorities included an attack on Beylagan on 4 October, killing two civilians and injuring 2 others, Goranboy on 8 October killing a civilian, Hadrut on 10 October, seriously injuring a medical worker, Fuzuli on 20 October, resulting in one civilian death and six injuries, Tartar on 20 October, resulting in two civilian deaths and one civilian injury and Tartar on 10 November, resulting in one civilian injury. By 9 November, there had been more than 93 civilian deaths and 416 civilian injuries in areas of Azerbaijan outside of the war zone.
Human Rights Watch reported that on 27 September, the Armenian forces had launched an artillery attack on Qaşaltı of Goranboy District, killing five members of the Gurbanov family, and damaged several homes. Human Rights Watch examined the severely damaged house and found several munition remnants in the courtyard that were consistent with fragments of large-caliber artillery. It also reported that the Armenian forces struck Hacıməmmədli of Aghdam District on 1 October, in an agricultural area, at around 11:00, killing two civilians. HRW stated that they had found no evident military objectives during their visit to the village. HRW also reported that the Armenian forces had launched an artillery attack on 4 October in Tap Qaraqoyunlu of Goranboy District at about 16:30, wounding a civilian. Then, on 5 October, Human Rights Watch reported that the Armenian forces fired a munition that landed in a field about 500 meters from Babı of Fuzuli District. The Azerbaijani authorities stated that they had identified the munition as a Scud-B ballistic missile and measured the crater as 15 meters in diameter.
Armenian forces heavily shelled the district of Tartar during the war, starting from 28 September. The bombardment caused widespread destruction and many civilian deaths. Thousands of people became refugees, making the city of Tartar a ghost town, and fled to neighbouring cities such as Barda. The Azerbaijani authorities stated that the Armenian forces had fired 15,500 shells on the territory of Tartar District until 29 October, with over 2,000 shells being fired upon Tartar in some days. Official Azerbaijani figures show that over a thousand civilian objects, including schools, hospitals, and government buildings were either damaged or destroyed during the bombardment. Human Rights Watch confirmed many of the targeted attacks on civilians and civilian objects, such as kindergartens and hospitals, by the Armenian forces. It also stated that the Armenian military forces had carried out unlawfully indiscriminate rocket and missile strikes on the Azerbaijani territories, and that such indiscriminate attacks were war crimes. The constant bombardment of the city prompted the Azerbaijani to label Tartar as the Stalingrad of Azerbaijan, and the President of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev, accused Armenia of trying to turn Tartar to the next Aghdam, also referred to as the Hiroshima of the Caucasus by the locals. Turkey also condemned the Armenian shelling of a cemetery in Tartar during a funeral ceremony, which foreign journalists at scene and Human Rights Watch confirmed. On 29 October, the head of the Tartar District Executive Power, Mustagim Mammadov, stated that during the war, 17 civilians killed, and 61 people injured in Tartar District as a result of the bombardment in Tartar. According to him, in total, about 1,200 people suffered from the bombardment. The Azerbaijani authorities reported two more civilian injuries later on.
Destruction in Tartar after the Armenian bombardment.
External videos Azerbaijan: footage shows shelling in city of Ganja on YouTube
Between 4 and 17 October, four separate missile attacks on the city of Ganja killed 32 civilians, including a 13-year-old Russian citizen, and injured 125 with women and children among the victims. The attacks were condemned by the European Union, and Azerbaijani authorities accused the Armenian Armed Forces of "committing war crimes through the firing of ballistic missiles at civilian settlements", calling the third attack "an act of genocide". Armenia denied responsibility for the attacks. The Artsakh Defence Army confirmed responsibility for the first attack but denied targeting residential areas, claiming that it had fired at military targets, especially Ganja International Airport. Subsequently, both a correspondent reporting from the scene for a Russian media outlet and the airport director denied that the airport had been hit, while a BBC News journalist, Orla Guerin, visited the scene and found no evidence of any military target there.
On 15 October, the Armenian forces shelled a cemetery 400 metres (1,300 ft) north of the city of Tartar during a funeral ceremony, killing 4 civilians and injuring 4 more. This was confirmed by local journalists, TV Rain, and the Human Rights Watch. The Presidential Administration of Azerbaijan also confirmed that the cemetery was shelled in the morning.
On 25 October, a video emerged online of an Armenian teenager in civilian clothing helping soldiers fire artillery on Azerbaijani positions. Azerbaijan subsequently accused Armenia of using child soldiers. One day later, the Artsakh ombudsman released a statement claiming that the boy in the video was 16, was not directly engaged in military actions and was working with his father.
The Human Rights Watch reported that on 28 October, at about 17:00, the Armenian forces fired a munition on Tap Qaraqoyunlu of Goranboy District that produced fragmentation and killed a civilian.
The Artsakh Defence Army hit the Azerbaijani town of Barda with missiles twice on 27 and 28 October 2020, resulting in the deaths of 26 civilians and injuring over 83, making it the deadliest attack of the conflict. The casualties included a 39-year-old Red Crescent volunteer, while two other volunteers were injured. Civilian infrastructure and vehicles were extensively damaged. Armenia denied responsibility, but Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch stated that Armenia had fired, or intentionally supplied Artsakh with, the cluster munitions and Smerch rockets used in the attack. Artsakh acknowledged responsibility, but said it was targeting military facilities. Marie Struthers, Amnesty International's Regional Director for Eastern Europe and Central Asia, said that the "firing of cluster munitions into civilian areas is cruel and reckless, and causes untold death, injury and misery". The Azerbaijani ombudsman called the attack a "terrorist act against civilians". The use of cluster munitions was also reported by The New York Times. On 7 November, according to Human Rights Watch, the Armenian forces fired a rocket that struck an agricultural field near the village of Əyricə and killed a 16-year-old boy while he playing with other children. Azerbaijani authorities stated that they had identified the munition as a 9M528 Smerch rocket, which carries a warhead that produces blast and fragmentation effect. HRW reported that the researchers did not observe any military objectives in the area.
On 30 October 2020, Human Rights Watch reported that Armenia or Artsakh forces used cluster munition and stated that Armenia should immediately cease using cluster munitions or supplying them to Nagorno-Karabakh forces.
Destruction in Ganja after the Armenian missile attacks on the city.
In mid-November, a video of a wounded Azerbaijani soldier Amin Musayev receiving first aid by Ukrainian journalist Alexander Kharchenko and Armenian soldiers after the ceasefire came into force was spread on social media platforms. Following this, a video was released showing Musayev being abused inside a vehicle. It is reported that he was lying on the ground in the car and asked: "where are we going?" In response, the alleged Armenian soldier said, "If you behave well, go home," and cursed, after which it became clear that the Azerbaijani soldier had been kicked. On 18 November, a representative of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in Yerevan said that information about this person was "being investigated." The ICRC's representative in Yerevan, Zara Amatuni, declined to say whether she had any information about Musayev. The Artsakh ombudsman said he had no information about the Azerbaijani soldier, but that if he was injured, he was "probably in hospital in Armenia." The Azerbaijani Foreign Ministry said in a statement that the issue was being investigated and will be reported to the relevant international organisations. According to the ministry, "the information about the torture of prisoners is first checked for accuracy and brought to the attention of relevant international organizations." On 25 November, ICRC's representatives visited Musayev and Karimov in Yerevan. On 5 December, the family of Musayev was informed of his condition through ICRC. According to a reported copy of the letter sent by Musayev, he stated that his condition was well. Musayev was returned to Azerbaijan on 15 December as part of the POW exchange deal. Azerbaijan had officially accused the Armenian side of ill-treating the Azerbaijani POWs. Several Azerbaijani POWs, in interviews with the Azerbaijani media outlets, had stated that they were tortured by their Armenian captors until being transferred back to Azerbaijan. Dilgam Asgarov, a Russian citizen of Azerbaijani descent, who was detained by the Armenian-allied forces alongside Shahbaz Guliyev, an Azerbaijani citizen, in 2014, during an incident in Kalbajar, in an interview to Virtual Azərbaycan newspaper he gave after being released, also stated that the Armenian captors had tortured the Azerbaijani POWs.
On 10 December, Amnesty International released a report on videos depicting war crimes. In one of the videos, the Armenian soldiers were seen cutting the throat of an Azerbaijani captive. The captive appears to be lying on the ground, whilst gagged and bound when an Armenian soldier approaches him and sticks a knife into his throat. Independent pathological analysis confirmed that the wound sustained led to his death in minutes. Eleven other videos showing inhumane treatment and outrages upon personal dignity of Azerbaijani captives by the Armenian army has come to light. In several videos, Armenian soldiers are seen cutting the ear off a dead Azerbaijani soldier, dragging a dead Azerbaijani soldier across the ground by a rope tied around his feet, and standing on the corpse of a dead Azerbaijani soldier.
On 11 December, Human Rights Watch released an extensive report about Armenia's unlawful rocket strikes on Azerbaijani civilian areas. The report investigated 18 separate strikes, which killed 40 civilians and wounded dozens more. During on-site investigations in Azerbaijan in November, Human Rights Watch documented 11 incidents in which Armenian forces used ballistic missiles, unguided artillery rockets, large-calibre artillery projectiles and cluster munitions that hit populated areas in apparently indiscriminate attacks. In at least four other cases, munitions struck civilians or civilian objects in areas where there were no apparent military targets. In addition to causing civilian casualties, the Armenian attacks damaged homes, businesses, schools, and a health clinic, and contributed to mass displacement. It acknowledged the presence of military forces in two cities and two villages attacked by Armenian forces, claiming that Azerbaijan had unnecessarily put civilians at risk, however, it also stated that the presence of military targets did not excuse the use of inherently inaccurate weaponry with a large destructive radius in populated areas by Armenian forces. Human Rights Watch called the Armenian government to conduct transparent investigations into attacks by Armenian forces that violate international humanitarian law, or the laws of war. On 15 December, Human Rights Watch released another report about Armenia's use of cluster munitions in multiple attacks on Azerbaijani civilian areas. Its researchers documented four attacks with cluster munitions in three of the country's districts, Barda, Goranboy and Tartar which killed at least seven civilians, including two children, and wounded close to 20, including two children. Human Rights Watch also stated that as Nagorno-Karabakh forces do not possess cluster munitions, it is likely that Armenian forces carried out the attacks or supplied the munitions to Nagorno-Karabakh forces.
Azerbaijani war crimes
See also: Armenian prisoners of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
Camera footage of Azerbaijan's use of cluster munition on Stepanakert during a shelling on 4 October 2020.Stepanakert after the shelling on 4 October 2020.
On 4 October 2020, the Armenian government stated Azerbaijan had deployed cluster munitions against residential targets in Stepanakert; an Amnesty International investigator condemned this. In an Amnesty International report, the cluster bombs were identified as "Israeli-made M095 DPICM cluster munitions that appear to have been fired by Azerbaijani forces". The next day, Armenian Minister of Foreign Affairs Zohrab Mnatsakanyan stated to Fox News that the targeting of civilian populations in Nagorno-Karabakh by Azerbaijani forces was tantamount to war crimes and called for an end to the "aggression". In November 2020, Aliyev denied using cluster munitions against civilian areas in Stepanakert on the 1, 2, and 3 October 2020 in an interview with BBC News journalist Orla Guerin, describing as "fake news" the statements of other BBC reporters who witnessed the attacks and described them as "indiscriminate shelling of a town without clear military targets".
During an on-site investigation in Nagorno-Karabakh in October 2020, Human Rights Watch documented four incidents in which Azerbaijan used Israeli-supplied cluster munitions against civilian areas of Nagorno-Karabakh. The HRW investigation team stated that they did not find any sort of military sites in the residential neighbourhoods where the cluster munitions were used and condemned its use against civilian-populated areas. Stephen Goose, arms division director at Human Rights Watch and chair of the Cluster Munition Coalition, stated that "the continued use of cluster munitions – particularly in populated areas – shows flagrant disregard for the safety of civilians". He then added that "the repeated use of cluster munitions by Azerbaijan should cease immediately as their continued use serves to heighten the danger for civilians for years to come". The HRW investigation team also noted that numerous civilian buildings and infrastructure were heavily damaged due to shelling.
On 16 December, Human Rights Watch published a report about two separate attacks, hours apart, on the Ghazanchetsots Cathedral on 8 October in the town of Shusha, known to Armenians as Shushi, suggesting that the church, a civilian object with cultural significance, was an intentional target despite the absence of evidence that it was used for military purposes. The weapon remnants Human Rights Watch collected at the site corroborate the use of guided munitions. "The two strikes on the church, the second one while journalists and other civilians had gathered at the site, appear to be deliberate," said Hugh Williamson, Europe and Central Asia director at Human Rights Watch. "These attacks should be impartially investigated and those responsible held to account."
Destroyed housing complex after the Azerbaijani bombardment of Stepanakert
On 15 October 2020, a video surfaced of two captured Armenians being executed by Azerbaijani soldiers; Artsakh authorities identified one as a civilian. Bellingcat analysed the videos and concluded that the footage was real and that both executed were Armenian combatants captured by Azerbaijani forces between 9 and 15 October 2020 and later executed. The BBC also investigated the videos and confirmed that the videos were from Hadrut and were filmed some time between 9–15 October 2020. A probe has been launched by Armenia's human rights defender, Arman Tatoyan, who shared the videos with European Court of Human Rights and who will also show the videos to the UN human rights commissioner, the Council of Europe and other international organisations. The U.N. human rights chief, Michelle Bachelet, stated that "in-depth investigations by media organisations into videos that appeared to show Azerbaijani troops summarily executing two captured Armenians in military uniforms uncovered compelling and deeply disturbing information".
On 10 December, Amnesty International released a report on videos depicting war crimes from both sides. In some of these videos, Azerbaijani soldiers were seen decapitating the head of an Armenian soldier as he was alive. In another video, the victim is an older man in civilian clothes who gets his throat cut before the video abruptly ends.
Beheadings of two elderly ethnic Armenian Civilians by Azerbaijani armed forces have been identified by The Guardian. In videos posted online on 22 November and 3 December, men in Azerbaijani military uniforms hold down and decapitate a man using a knife. One then places the severed head on a dead animal. "This is how we get revenge – by cutting off heads," a voice says off-camera. The victim was identified as Genadi Petrosyan, 69, who had moved to Matadashen in the late 1980s from Sumgait. Another video posted on 7 December showed two soldiers in Azerbaijani military uniforms pinning down an elderly man near a tree. Another soldier passes a knife to one of the attackers, who begins slicing at the victim's neck. The victim was identified as Yuri Asryan, a reclusive 82-year-old who had refused to leave his village, Azokh.
In another video, a villager named Kamo Manasyan is kicked and beaten as blood streams from his right eye and then hit with a rifle stock.
External videos Nagorno-Karabakh hospital hit by shelling on YouTube
On 16 October, according to Armenia's ombudsman report, an Azerbaijani serviceman had called the brother of an Armenian soldier from the latter's phone number, saying that his brother was with them and that they had beheaded him and were going to post his photos on the internet; according to Armenian sources, they did post the image online. The Humanitarian Aid Relief Trust included the beheading of an Armenian soldier in their reporting.
Protesters in Geneva demand the release of Armenian POWs, 15 April 2021
In early November, Armenia applied to European Convention on Human Rights over the videos of the brutal treatment of the bodies of Armenian POWs, which were spread on the social network. On 23 November, ECHR announced that it applies urgent measures in case of Armenian POWs and civilians held in Azerbaijan. Michael Rubin of the Washington Examiner, referring to the beheadings, the torture and mutilations of POWs, stated that, in contrast to Aliyev's reassurance of ethnic Armenians on remaining as residents of Azerbaijan, the actions of the Azerbaijani servicemen "tell a different story". Human Rights Watch reported about the videos depicting physical abuse and humiliation of Armenian POWs by their Azerbaijani captors, adding that the most of the captors did not fear being held accountable, as their faces were visible in the videos. HRW spoke with the families of some of the POWs in the videos, who provided photographs and other documents establishing their identity, and confirmed that these relatives were serving either in the Artsakh Defence Army, or the Armenian armed forces.
Artsakhi residents try to remove car tires from a burning car shop after shelling by Azerbaijan's artillery
A criminal case was opened in Azerbaijan over the Armenian POWs videos with the country's Prosecutor General's Office stating that inhuman treatment could result in the criminal prosecution of some soldiers serving in the Azerbaijani Armed Forces. It also stated that many of these videos were fake. On 14 December, the Azerbaijani security forces arrested two Azerbaijani privates and two other warrant officers accused of insulting the bodies of the Armenian servicemen and gravestones belonging to Armenians. The Azerbaijani human rights activists considered the government reaction to the suspected war crimes to be adequate, although some Azerbaijani social media users argued about whether their persecution was justified, also criticising Armenia not investigating its suspected war crimes.
On 19 March 2021, Human Rights Watch published a report regarding Armenian prisoners of war abused by Azerbaijani forces, subjecting them to cruel and degrading treatment and torture either when they were captured, during their transfer, or while in custody at various detention facilities. Hugh Williamson, Europe and Central Asia director at Human Rights Watch, named these actions by Azerbaijani forces "abhorrent and a war crime".
On 3 May 2021, Artak Zeynalyan reported that Azerbaijani servicemen tortured and killed 19 Armenian POWs, which is a war crime. The list of 19 killed includes 12 civilians and seven servicemen. According to Human Rights Defender of Armenia Arman Tatoyan, the study of the collected videos and photos shows that the tortures, cruelties, and inhuman treatment by the Azerbaijani Armed Forces against Armenian POWs have been committed with motives of ethnic hatred.
White phosphorus use allegations
On 30 October, Armenian and Artsakh authorities had accused the Azerbaijani forces of using phosphorus to burn forests near Shusha. This was supported by "Ecocide alert" from 51 non-governmental organisations under the auspices of Transparency International. France 24 reported that Azerbaijan could have used white phosphorus during the war, highlighting that its use is strictly regulated under an international agreement that neither Azerbaijan nor Armenia have signed. A reporter of The Independent who visited the National Burns Centre in Yerevan saw the soldiers' burns, which, according to deputy director of the centre, were consistent with white phosphorus damage in 80% cases. Patrick Knipper, an orthopaedic surgeon and a specialist in severe burns at the Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, who was in Yerevan as part of a French assistance mission to help with the treatment of the injured arriving from the front, provided the first independent confirmation of burns being the result of white phosphorus munition use to Le Point magazine, highlighting the characteristic deep burns, hypocalcaemia and sudden deaths in his conclusion Azerbaijan denied using white phosphorus. Two interviewed Russian military experts did not find evidence provided by the Armenian side to be convincing, and expressed their doubts that white phosphorus was used by either side of the conflict. However, on 22 September 2021, the U.S. House of Representatives passed the Amendment, calling for a report on Azerbaijani war crimes, including the use of illegal munitions and white phosphorus against Armenian civilians.
In late October and early November, Azerbaijan accused the Armenian forces of using white phosphorus on civilian areas. Then, on 4 November, Azerbaijan National Agency for Mine Action (ANAMA) reported finding unexploded white phosphorus munitions in Səhləbad, near Tartar, which, according to Azerbaijan, were fired by the Armenian forces. Azerbaijani authorities claimed the Armenian forces were transporting white phosphorus into the region. On 20 November, Prosecutor General's Office of Azerbaijan filed a lawsuit, accusing the Armenian Armed Forces of using phosphorus ammunition in Nagorno-Karabakh, as well as in Tartar District, and chemical munitions to "inflict large-scale and long-term harm to the environment" in Fuzuli and Tartar Districts, as well as around Shusha.
References
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vteNagorno-Karabakh conflictBackground
Nagorno-Karabakh
History
Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)
Deportation of Azerbaijanis from Armenia
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Karabakh movement
Miatsum
Armenians in Azerbaijan
Armenians in Baku
Azerbaijanis in Armenia
Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan
Armenia–Azerbaijan relations
First war (1988–1994)
Çardaqlı clash
Askeran clash
Sumgait pogrom
Gugark pogrom
Zvartnots Airport clash
Shusha and Stepanakert pogroms
Kirovabad pogrom
Il-76 crash near Leninakan (1988)
Baku pogrom
Black January
Bağanis Ayrum
1990 Tbilisi–Agdam bus bombing
Operation Ring
Voskepar massacre
Battle of Togh
1991 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown
Law on Abolishment of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast
Siege of Stepanakert
Operation Dashalty
1992 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown
Capture of Gushchular and Malibeyli
Capture of Garadaghly
Khojaly massacre
Maraga massacre
Capture of Shusha
Capture of Artsvashen
Operation Goranboy
Mardakert and Martuni Offensives
Operation Həsənqaya
Battle of Lachin
Operation Qazançı
1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état
Battle of Kalbajar
Battle of Aghdam
1993 Summer Offensives
Operation Geghamasar
Operation Horadiz
Operation Kalbajar
1994 Baku Metro bombings
1994 Iranian Air Force C-130 shootdown
1994 Bagratashen bombing
Refugees in Azerbaijan
Interwar clashes
2008 Mardakert clashes
January 2009 Agdam military incident
September 2009 Agdam military incident
2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes
2010 Mardakert clashes
2012 Armenian–Azerbaijani border clashes
2014 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes
2014 Armenian Mil Mi-24 shootdown
2016 Odundağ clashes
2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
2017 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
Shelling of Alxanlı
2018 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes
2019 clash near Chinari
July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes
Incidents
Protests in Azerbaijan
Reactions
Second war (2020)
Timeline
Casualties
International reactions
Allegations of third-party involvement
Madagiz offensive
Aras Valley campaign
Bombardments (Barda, Ganja, Ghazanchetsots Cathedral, Martuni, Stepanakert, Tartar)
Battle of Hadrut
Lachin offensive
Battle of Shusha
Russian Mil Mi-24 shootdown
War crimes
Treatment of Armenian POWs
Post-ceasefire events
Azerbaijan's construction in gained areas
2020–2021 Armenian protests
Chaylaggala and Hin Tagher
Border crisis
September 2022 escalation
Susuzluq
Shusha
Farukh
2022 Armenian protests
Blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh
2023 Azerbaijani offensive
Protests in Armenia
Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians
Berkadzor fuel depot explosion
Main locations
Administrative divisions of the Republic of Artsakh
Stepanakert
Askeran Province
Hadrut Province
Kashatagh Province
Martakert Province
Martuni Province
Shahumyan Province
Shushi Province
Armenian-occupied territories
Aghdam District
Fuzuli District
Jabrayil District
Kalbajar District
Lachin District
Lachin corridor
Qubadli District
Zangilan District
Political leaders
Armenia
Levon Ter-Petrosyan
Robert Kocharyan
Serzh Sargsyan
Nikol Pashinyan
Republic of Artsakh
Artur Mkrtchyan
Robert Kocharyan
Leonard Petrosyan
Arkadi Ghukasyan
Bako Sahakyan
Arayik Harutyunyan
Samvel Shahramanyan
Azerbaijan
Ayaz Mutallibov
Abulfaz Elchibey
Heydar Aliyev
Ilham Aliyev
Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh
Bayram Safarov
Nizami Bahmanov
Tural Ganjaliyev
Russia
Mikhail Gorbachev
Boris Yeltsin
Vladimir Putin
Turkey
Turgut Özal
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Military leaders
Armenia
Vazgen Sargsyan
Gurgen Dalibaltayan
Norat Ter-Grigoryants
Jirair Sefilian
Tiran Khachatryan
Seyran Ohanyan
Republic of Artsakh
Samvel Babayan
Kristapor Ivanyan
Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan
Monte Melkonian
Jalal Harutyunyan
Mikael Arzumanyan
Azerbaijan
Isgandar Hamidov
Rahim Gaziyev
Surat Huseynov
Valeh Barshadly
Mais Barkhudarov
Hikmat Mirzayev
Hikmat Hasanov
Russia
Viktor Polyanichko
Pavel Grachev
Rustam Muradov
Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
Shamil Basayev
Afghanistan
Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
Peace process
Baker rules
Bishkek Protocol
Tehran Communiqué
Zheleznovodsk Communiqué
OSCE Minsk Group
Prague Process
Madrid Principles
2020 ceasefire agreement
2020–2024 monitoring and peacekeeping
Russia
OSCE
EU
EUMCAP Oct–Dec 2022
EUPAT Dec 2022–Jan 2023
EUMA Feb 2023–present
2023 ceasefire agreement
International documents
Astrakhan Declaration
Nagorno-Karabakh Declaration
NATO Lisbon Summit Declaration
OIC Resolution 10/11
OIC Resolution 10/37
PACE Resolution 1416
PACE Resolution 2085
UNGA Resolution 48/114
UNGA Resolution 60/285
UNGA Resolution 62/243
UNSC resolutions
822
853
874
884
vteWar crimes
List of war crimes
Internationalhumanitarian lawSources
Lieber Code
Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868
Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
Geneva Protocol
Geneva Conventions
1864
First (1949)
Second (1949)
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"War crimes in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Destroyed_apartment_located_in_Shikharkh.png"},{"link_name":"Shikharkh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikharkh,_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrwarmeniancrimes-7"},{"link_name":"First Nagorno-Karabakh war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Tartar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartar_(city)"},{"link_name":"Beylagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beylagan_(city)"},{"link_name":"Barda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barda,_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"Qaşaltı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qa%C5%9Falt%C4%B1_Qaraqoyunlu"},{"link_name":"Goranboy District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goranboy_District"},{"link_name":"Hacıməmmədli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hac%C4%B1m%C9%99mm%C9%99dli,_Agdam"},{"link_name":"Aghdam District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agdam_District"},{"link_name":"Tap Qaraqoyunlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_Qaraqoyunlu"},{"link_name":"Goranboy District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goranboy_District"},{"link_name":"Babı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Fuzuli District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzuli_District"},{"link_name":"Scud-B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-17_Elbrus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrwarmeniancrimes-7"},{"link_name":"heavily shelled the district of Tartar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tartar"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mammadov2-22"},{"link_name":"ghost town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_town"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Barda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barda,_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mammadov2-22"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket"},{"link_name":"indiscriminate attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiscriminate_attack"},{"link_name":"war crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crime"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrwtartar-27"},{"link_name":"Stalingrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"President of Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Ilham Aliyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev"},{"link_name":"Aghdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghdam"},{"link_name":"Hiroshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dozhd-32"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrwtartar-27"},{"link_name":"Mustagim Mammadov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mustagim_Mammadov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tartar District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartar_District"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mammadov2-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Destroyed_hallway_in_Tartar_(cropped).png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Damaged_apartment_in_Shikharkh.png"},{"link_name":"missile attacks on the city of Ganja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Ganja_missile_attacks"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrwarmeniancrimes-7"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-36"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"act of genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-36"},{"link_name":"Artsakh Defence Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artsakh_Defence_Army"},{"link_name":"Ganja International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganja_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"BBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News"},{"link_name":"Orla Guerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orla_Guerin"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"city of Tartar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartar_(city)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"TV Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Rain"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dozhd-32"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrwtartar-27"},{"link_name":"Presidential Administration of Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Administration_of_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"child soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_in_the_military"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Tap Qaraqoyunlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_Qaraqoyunlu"},{"link_name":"Goranboy District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goranboy_District"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrwarmeniancrimes-7"},{"link_name":"hit the Azerbaijani town of Barda with missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Barda_missile_attacks"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Red Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"cluster munitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_munitions"},{"link_name":"Smerch rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BM-30_Smerch"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-25"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-25"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani ombudsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights_of_the_Republic_of_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"Əyricə","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fyric%C9%99"},{"link_name":"warhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warhead"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrwarmeniancrimes-7"},{"link_name":"cluster munitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_munition"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrw-62"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Results_of_Ganja_Attacks_(October,_2020)_06.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ganja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Amin Musayev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amin_Musayev"},{"link_name":"International Committee of the Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-musayevkarimov-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-musayevkarimov-63"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Dilgam Asgarov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilgam_Asgarov_and_Shahbaz_Guliyev"},{"link_name":"Kalbajar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalbajar_District"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Amnesty International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amnestybehead-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardianwarcrimes-2"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"ballistic missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_missiles"},{"link_name":"unguided artillery rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_artillery"},{"link_name":"large-calibre artillery projectiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large-calibre_artillery"},{"link_name":"health clinic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrwarmeniancrimes-7"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"text":"The Armenian forces had shelled the town of Shikharkh, damaging apartments and schools.[7] The town was built for the Azerbaijani refugees of the First Nagorno-Karabakh war.[8]Armenia struck several Azerbaijani cities outside of the conflict zone, most frequently Tartar, Beylagan and Barda.[9][10] Attacks reported by Azerbaijani authorities included an attack on Beylagan on 4 October, killing two civilians and injuring 2 others,[11][12] Goranboy on 8 October killing a civilian,[13] Hadrut on 10 October, seriously injuring a medical worker,[14] Fuzuli on 20 October, resulting in one civilian death and six injuries,[15][16] Tartar on 20 October, resulting in two civilian deaths and one civilian injury[17] and Tartar on 10 November, resulting in one civilian injury.[18] By 9 November, there had been more than 93 civilian deaths and 416 civilian injuries in areas of Azerbaijan outside of the war zone.[19][20]Human Rights Watch reported that on 27 September, the Armenian forces had launched an artillery attack on Qaşaltı of Goranboy District, killing five members of the Gurbanov family, and damaged several homes. Human Rights Watch examined the severely damaged house and found several munition remnants in the courtyard that were consistent with fragments of large-caliber artillery. It also reported that the Armenian forces struck Hacıməmmədli of Aghdam District on 1 October, in an agricultural area, at around 11:00, killing two civilians. HRW stated that they had found no evident military objectives during their visit to the village. HRW also reported that the Armenian forces had launched an artillery attack on 4 October in Tap Qaraqoyunlu of Goranboy District at about 16:30, wounding a civilian. Then, on 5 October, Human Rights Watch reported that the Armenian forces fired a munition that landed in a field about 500 meters from Babı of Fuzuli District. The Azerbaijani authorities stated that they had identified the munition as a Scud-B ballistic missile and measured the crater as 15 meters in diameter.[7]Armenian forces heavily shelled the district of Tartar during the war, starting from 28 September. The bombardment caused widespread destruction and many civilian deaths.[21][22] Thousands of people became refugees, making the city of Tartar a ghost town,[23] and fled to neighbouring cities such as Barda.[24][25][26] The Azerbaijani authorities stated that the Armenian forces had fired 15,500 shells on the territory of Tartar District until 29 October, with over 2,000 shells being fired upon Tartar in some days. Official Azerbaijani figures show that over a thousand civilian objects, including schools, hospitals, and government buildings were either damaged or destroyed during the bombardment.[22] Human Rights Watch confirmed many of the targeted attacks on civilians and civilian objects, such as kindergartens and hospitals, by the Armenian forces. It also stated that the Armenian military forces had carried out unlawfully indiscriminate rocket and missile strikes on the Azerbaijani territories, and that such indiscriminate attacks were war crimes.[27] The constant bombardment of the city prompted the Azerbaijani to label Tartar as the Stalingrad of Azerbaijan,[28] and the President of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev, accused Armenia of trying to turn Tartar to the next Aghdam, also referred to as the Hiroshima of the Caucasus by the locals.[29][30] Turkey also condemned the Armenian shelling of a cemetery in Tartar during a funeral ceremony,[31] which foreign journalists at scene and Human Rights Watch confirmed.[32][27] On 29 October, the head of the Tartar District Executive Power, Mustagim Mammadov, stated that during the war, 17 civilians killed, and 61 people injured in Tartar District as a result of the bombardment in Tartar. According to him, in total, about 1,200 people suffered from the bombardment.[22] The Azerbaijani authorities reported two more civilian injuries later on.Destruction in Tartar after the Armenian bombardment.Between 4 and 17 October, four separate missile attacks on the city of Ganja killed 32 civilians,[7] including a 13-year-old Russian citizen, and injured 125[33][34][35][36] with women and children among the victims.[36] The attacks were condemned by the European Union,[37] and Azerbaijani authorities accused the Armenian Armed Forces of \"committing war crimes through the firing of ballistic missiles at civilian settlements\", calling the third attack \"an act of genocide\".[38][39][40] Armenia denied responsibility for the attacks.[41][36] The Artsakh Defence Army confirmed responsibility for the first attack but denied targeting residential areas, claiming that it had fired at military targets, especially Ganja International Airport.[42][43] Subsequently, both a correspondent reporting from the scene for a Russian media outlet and the airport director denied that the airport had been hit,[44] while a BBC News journalist, Orla Guerin, visited the scene and found no evidence of any military target there.[45]On 15 October, the Armenian forces shelled a cemetery 400 metres (1,300 ft) north of the city of Tartar during a funeral ceremony, killing 4 civilians and injuring 4 more.[46] This was confirmed by local journalists,[47] TV Rain,[32] and the Human Rights Watch.[27] The Presidential Administration of Azerbaijan also confirmed that the cemetery was shelled in the morning.[48]On 25 October, a video emerged online of an Armenian teenager in civilian clothing helping soldiers fire artillery on Azerbaijani positions. Azerbaijan subsequently accused Armenia of using child soldiers.[49][50] One day later, the Artsakh ombudsman released a statement claiming that the boy in the video was 16, was not directly engaged in military actions and was working with his father.[51]The Human Rights Watch reported that on 28 October, at about 17:00, the Armenian forces fired a munition on Tap Qaraqoyunlu of Goranboy District that produced fragmentation and killed a civilian.[7]The Artsakh Defence Army hit the Azerbaijani town of Barda with missiles twice on 27 and 28 October 2020, resulting in the deaths of 26 civilians and injuring over 83, making it the deadliest attack of the conflict.[52][53][54] The casualties included a 39-year-old Red Crescent volunteer, while two other volunteers were injured.[55] Civilian infrastructure and vehicles were extensively damaged.[56] Armenia denied responsibility,[57] but Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch stated that Armenia had fired, or intentionally supplied Artsakh with, the cluster munitions and Smerch rockets used in the attack.[25][58] Artsakh acknowledged responsibility, but said it was targeting military facilities.[59] Marie Struthers, Amnesty International's Regional Director for Eastern Europe and Central Asia, said that the \"firing of cluster munitions into civilian areas is cruel and reckless, and causes untold death, injury and misery\".[25] The Azerbaijani ombudsman called the attack a \"terrorist act against civilians\".[60] The use of cluster munitions was also reported by The New York Times.[61] On 7 November, according to Human Rights Watch, the Armenian forces fired a rocket that struck an agricultural field near the village of Əyricə and killed a 16-year-old boy while he playing with other children. Azerbaijani authorities stated that they had identified the munition as a 9M528 Smerch rocket, which carries a warhead that produces blast and fragmentation effect. HRW reported that the researchers did not observe any military objectives in the area.[7]On 30 October 2020, Human Rights Watch reported that Armenia or Artsakh forces used cluster munition and stated that Armenia should immediately cease using cluster munitions or supplying them to Nagorno-Karabakh forces.[62]Destruction in Ganja after the Armenian missile attacks on the city.In mid-November, a video of a wounded Azerbaijani soldier Amin Musayev receiving first aid by Ukrainian journalist Alexander Kharchenko and Armenian soldiers after the ceasefire came into force was spread on social media platforms. Following this, a video was released showing Musayev being abused inside a vehicle. It is reported that he was lying on the ground in the car and asked: \"where are we going?\" In response, the alleged Armenian soldier said, \"If you behave well, go home,\" and cursed, after which it became clear that the Azerbaijani soldier had been kicked. On 18 November, a representative of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in Yerevan said that information about this person was \"being investigated.\" The ICRC's representative in Yerevan, Zara Amatuni, declined to say whether she had any information about Musayev. The Artsakh ombudsman said he had no information about the Azerbaijani soldier, but that if he was injured, he was \"probably in hospital in Armenia.\" The Azerbaijani Foreign Ministry said in a statement that the issue was being investigated and will be reported to the relevant international organisations. According to the ministry, \"the information about the torture of prisoners is first checked for accuracy and brought to the attention of relevant international organizations.\"[63][64] On 25 November, ICRC's representatives visited Musayev and Karimov in Yerevan.[65] On 5 December, the family of Musayev was informed of his condition through ICRC. According to a reported copy of the letter sent by Musayev, he stated that his condition was well.[63] Musayev was returned to Azerbaijan on 15 December as part of the POW exchange deal.[66] Azerbaijan had officially accused the Armenian side of ill-treating the Azerbaijani POWs.[67] Several Azerbaijani POWs, in interviews with the Azerbaijani media outlets, had stated that they were tortured by their Armenian captors until being transferred back to Azerbaijan.[68][69][70] Dilgam Asgarov, a Russian citizen of Azerbaijani descent, who was detained by the Armenian-allied forces alongside Shahbaz Guliyev, an Azerbaijani citizen, in 2014, during an incident in Kalbajar,[71] in an interview to Virtual Azərbaycan newspaper he gave after being released, also stated that the Armenian captors had tortured the Azerbaijani POWs.[72]On 10 December, Amnesty International released a report on videos depicting war crimes. In one of the videos, the Armenian soldiers were seen cutting the throat of an Azerbaijani captive. The captive appears to be lying on the ground, whilst gagged and bound when an Armenian soldier approaches him and sticks a knife into his throat. Independent pathological analysis confirmed that the wound sustained led to his death in minutes. Eleven other videos showing inhumane treatment and outrages upon personal dignity of Azerbaijani captives by the Armenian army has come to light. In several videos, Armenian soldiers are seen cutting the ear off a dead Azerbaijani soldier, dragging a dead Azerbaijani soldier across the ground by a rope tied around his feet, and standing on the corpse of a dead Azerbaijani soldier.[1][2]On 11 December, Human Rights Watch released an extensive report about Armenia's unlawful rocket strikes on Azerbaijani civilian areas. The report investigated 18 separate strikes, which killed 40 civilians and wounded dozens more. During on-site investigations in Azerbaijan in November, Human Rights Watch documented 11 incidents in which Armenian forces used ballistic missiles, unguided artillery rockets, large-calibre artillery projectiles and cluster munitions that hit populated areas in apparently indiscriminate attacks. In at least four other cases, munitions struck civilians or civilian objects in areas where there were no apparent military targets. In addition to causing civilian casualties, the Armenian attacks damaged homes, businesses, schools, and a health clinic, and contributed to mass displacement. It acknowledged the presence of military forces in two cities and two villages attacked by Armenian forces, claiming that Azerbaijan had unnecessarily put civilians at risk, however, it also stated that the presence of military targets did not excuse the use of inherently inaccurate weaponry with a large destructive radius in populated areas by Armenian forces. Human Rights Watch called the Armenian government to conduct transparent investigations into attacks by Armenian forces that violate international humanitarian law, or the laws of war.[7] On 15 December, Human Rights Watch released another report about Armenia's use of cluster munitions in multiple attacks on Azerbaijani civilian areas. Its researchers documented four attacks with cluster munitions in three of the country's districts, Barda, Goranboy and Tartar which killed at least seven civilians, including two children, and wounded close to 20, including two children. Human Rights Watch also stated that as Nagorno-Karabakh forces do not possess cluster munitions, it is likely that Armenian forces carried out the attacks or supplied the munitions to Nagorno-Karabakh forces.[73]","title":"Armenian war crimes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenian prisoners of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_prisoners_of_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War"},{"link_name":"the shelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_bombardment_of_Stepanakert"},{"link_name":"cluster munitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_munitions"},{"link_name":"Stepanakert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepanakert"},{"link_name":"Amnesty International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"DPICM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPICM"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Zohrab Mnatsakanyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohrab_Mnatsakanyan"},{"link_name":"Fox News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News"},{"link_name":"war crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crime"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Ghazanchetsots Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazanchetsots_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Destroyed_housing_compex_in_the_Republic_of_Artsakh_due_to_bombardment_from_Azerbaijan_in_September-October_2020.jpg"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani bombardment of Stepanakert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_bombardment_of_Stepanakert"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bellingcat-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Bellingcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellingcat"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bellingcat-80"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"European Court of Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"UN human rights commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council"},{"link_name":"Council of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Michelle Bachelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Bachelet"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amnestybehead-1"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani armed forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Matadashen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madatashen"},{"link_name":"Sumgait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumgait"},{"link_name":"Azokh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azokh"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-84"},{"link_name":"rifle stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifle_stock"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-84"},{"link_name":"phone number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_number"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:01_Protesters_in_Geneva_demand_the_release_of_Armenian_POWs,_15_April_2021.jpg"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"European Convention on Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Michael Rubin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rubin_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Washington Examiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Examiner"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArmenianPOWs-90"},{"link_name":"Artsakh Defence Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artsakh_Defence_Army"},{"link_name":"Armenian armed forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArmenianPOWs-90"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armenian_people_try_to_remove_car_tires_from_a_burning_car_shop_after_shelling_by_Azerbaijan%27s_artillery.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-azeinvestigate-5"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Hugh Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Williamson"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArmenianPOWsAbused-93"},{"link_name":"Artak Zeynalyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artak_Zeynalyan"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"ethnic hatred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_hatred"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"}],"text":"See also: Armenian prisoners of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh WarCamera footage of Azerbaijan's use of cluster munition on Stepanakert during a shelling on 4 October 2020.Stepanakert after the shelling on 4 October 2020.On 4 October 2020, the Armenian government stated Azerbaijan had deployed cluster munitions against residential targets in Stepanakert; an Amnesty International investigator condemned this.[74] In an Amnesty International report, the cluster bombs were identified as \"Israeli-made M095 DPICM cluster munitions that appear to have been fired by Azerbaijani forces\".[75] The next day, Armenian Minister of Foreign Affairs Zohrab Mnatsakanyan stated to Fox News that the targeting of civilian populations in Nagorno-Karabakh by Azerbaijani forces was tantamount to war crimes and called for an end to the \"aggression\".[76] In November 2020, Aliyev denied using cluster munitions against civilian areas in Stepanakert on the 1, 2, and 3 October 2020 in an interview with BBC News journalist Orla Guerin, describing as \"fake news\" the statements of other BBC reporters who witnessed the attacks and described them as \"indiscriminate shelling of a town without clear military targets\".[77]During an on-site investigation in Nagorno-Karabakh in October 2020, Human Rights Watch documented four incidents in which Azerbaijan used Israeli-supplied cluster munitions against civilian areas of Nagorno-Karabakh. The HRW investigation team stated that they did not find any sort of military sites in the residential neighbourhoods where the cluster munitions were used and condemned its use against civilian-populated areas. Stephen Goose, arms division director at Human Rights Watch and chair of the Cluster Munition Coalition, stated that \"the continued use of cluster munitions – particularly in populated areas – shows flagrant disregard for the safety of civilians\". He then added that \"the repeated use of cluster munitions by Azerbaijan should cease immediately as their continued use serves to heighten the danger for civilians for years to come\". The HRW investigation team also noted that numerous civilian buildings and infrastructure were heavily damaged due to shelling.[78]On 16 December, Human Rights Watch published a report about two separate attacks, hours apart, on the Ghazanchetsots Cathedral on 8 October in the town of Shusha, known to Armenians as Shushi, suggesting that the church, a civilian object with cultural significance, was an intentional target despite the absence of evidence that it was used for military purposes. The weapon remnants Human Rights Watch collected at the site corroborate the use of guided munitions. \"The two strikes on the church, the second one while journalists and other civilians had gathered at the site, appear to be deliberate,\" said Hugh Williamson, Europe and Central Asia director at Human Rights Watch. \"These attacks should be impartially investigated and those responsible held to account.\"[79]Destroyed housing complex after the Azerbaijani bombardment of StepanakertOn 15 October 2020, a video surfaced of two captured Armenians being executed by Azerbaijani soldiers;[80] Artsakh authorities identified one as a civilian.[81] Bellingcat analysed the videos and concluded that the footage was real and that both executed were Armenian combatants captured by Azerbaijani forces between 9 and 15 October 2020 and later executed.[80] The BBC also investigated the videos and confirmed that the videos were from Hadrut and were filmed some time between 9–15 October 2020. A probe has been launched by Armenia's human rights defender, Arman Tatoyan, who shared the videos with European Court of Human Rights and who will also show the videos to the UN human rights commissioner, the Council of Europe and other international organisations.[82] The U.N. human rights chief, Michelle Bachelet, stated that \"in-depth investigations by media organisations into videos that appeared to show Azerbaijani troops summarily executing two captured Armenians in military uniforms uncovered compelling and deeply disturbing information\".[83]On 10 December, Amnesty International released a report on videos depicting war crimes from both sides. In some of these videos, Azerbaijani soldiers were seen decapitating the head of an Armenian soldier as he was alive. In another video, the victim is an older man in civilian clothes who gets his throat cut before the video abruptly ends.[1]Beheadings of two elderly ethnic Armenian Civilians by Azerbaijani armed forces have been identified by The Guardian. In videos posted online on 22 November and 3 December, men in Azerbaijani military uniforms hold down and decapitate a man using a knife. One then places the severed head on a dead animal. \"This is how we get revenge – by cutting off heads,\" a voice says off-camera. The victim was identified as Genadi Petrosyan, 69, who had moved to Matadashen in the late 1980s from Sumgait. Another video posted on 7 December showed two soldiers in Azerbaijani military uniforms pinning down an elderly man near a tree. Another soldier passes a knife to one of the attackers, who begins slicing at the victim's neck. The victim was identified as Yuri Asryan, a reclusive 82-year-old who had refused to leave his village, Azokh.[84]In another video, a villager named Kamo Manasyan is kicked and beaten as blood streams from his right eye and then hit with a rifle stock.[84]On 16 October, according to Armenia's ombudsman report, an Azerbaijani serviceman had called the brother of an Armenian soldier from the latter's phone number, saying that his brother was with them and that they had beheaded him and were going to post his photos on the internet; according to Armenian sources, they did post the image online.[85] The Humanitarian Aid Relief Trust included the beheading of an Armenian soldier in their reporting.[86]Protesters in Geneva demand the release of Armenian POWs, 15 April 2021In early November, Armenia applied to European Convention on Human Rights over the videos of the brutal treatment of the bodies of Armenian POWs, which were spread on the social network.[87] On 23 November, ECHR announced that it applies urgent measures in case of Armenian POWs and civilians held in Azerbaijan.[88] Michael Rubin of the Washington Examiner, referring to the beheadings, the torture and mutilations of POWs, stated that, in contrast to Aliyev's reassurance of ethnic Armenians on remaining as residents of Azerbaijan, the actions of the Azerbaijani servicemen \"tell a different story\".[89] Human Rights Watch reported about the videos depicting physical abuse and humiliation of Armenian POWs by their Azerbaijani captors, adding that the most of the captors did not fear being held accountable, as their faces were visible in the videos.[90] HRW spoke with the families of some of the POWs in the videos, who provided photographs and other documents establishing their identity, and confirmed that these relatives were serving either in the Artsakh Defence Army, or the Armenian armed forces.[90]Artsakhi residents try to remove car tires from a burning car shop after shelling by Azerbaijan's artilleryA criminal case was opened in Azerbaijan over the Armenian POWs videos with the country's Prosecutor General's Office stating that inhuman treatment could result in the criminal prosecution of some soldiers serving in the Azerbaijani Armed Forces. It also stated that many of these videos were fake.[5] On 14 December, the Azerbaijani security forces arrested two Azerbaijani privates and two other warrant officers accused of insulting the bodies of the Armenian servicemen and gravestones belonging to Armenians.[91] The Azerbaijani human rights activists considered the government reaction to the suspected war crimes to be adequate, although some Azerbaijani social media users argued about whether their persecution was justified, also criticising Armenia not investigating its suspected war crimes.[92]On 19 March 2021, Human Rights Watch published a report regarding Armenian prisoners of war abused by Azerbaijani forces, subjecting them to cruel and degrading treatment and torture either when they were captured, during their transfer, or while in custody at various detention facilities. Hugh Williamson, Europe and Central Asia director at Human Rights Watch, named these actions by Azerbaijani forces \"abhorrent and a war crime\".[93]On 3 May 2021, Artak Zeynalyan reported that Azerbaijani servicemen tortured and killed 19 Armenian POWs, which is a war crime. The list of 19 killed includes 12 civilians and seven servicemen.[94] According to Human Rights Defender of Armenia Arman Tatoyan, the study of the collected videos and photos shows that the tortures, cruelties, and inhuman treatment by the Azerbaijani Armed Forces against Armenian POWs have been committed with motives of ethnic hatred.[95]","title":"Azerbaijani war crimes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Ecocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecocide"},{"link_name":"Transparency International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_International"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"France 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_24"},{"link_name":"white phosphorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_phosphorus_munitions"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistance_Publique_%E2%80%93_H%C3%B4pitaux_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"Le Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Point"},{"link_name":"hypocalcaemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocalcaemia"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"U.S. House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"white phosphorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes_of_phosphorus"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan National Agency for Mine Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Agency_for_Mine_Action"},{"link_name":"Səhləbad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99hl%C9%99bad"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Tartar District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartar_District"},{"link_name":"Fuzuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzuli_District"},{"link_name":"Shusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shusha"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"}],"text":"On 30 October, Armenian and Artsakh authorities had accused the Azerbaijani forces of using phosphorus to burn forests near Shusha.[96][97] This was supported by \"Ecocide alert\" from 51 non-governmental organisations under the auspices of Transparency International.[98] France 24 reported that Azerbaijan could have used white phosphorus during the war, highlighting that its use is strictly regulated under an international agreement that neither Azerbaijan nor Armenia have signed.[99] A reporter of The Independent who visited the National Burns Centre in Yerevan saw the soldiers' burns, which, according to deputy director of the centre, were consistent with white phosphorus damage in 80% cases.[100] Patrick Knipper, an orthopaedic surgeon and a specialist in severe burns at the Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, who was in Yerevan as part of a French assistance mission to help with the treatment of the injured arriving from the front, provided the first independent confirmation of burns being the result of white phosphorus munition use to Le Point magazine, highlighting the characteristic deep burns, hypocalcaemia and sudden deaths in his conclusion[101][102] Azerbaijan denied using white phosphorus.[103] Two interviewed Russian military experts did not find evidence provided by the Armenian side to be convincing, and expressed their doubts that white phosphorus was used by either side of the conflict.[104][105] However, on 22 September 2021, the U.S. House of Representatives passed the Amendment, calling for a report on Azerbaijani war crimes, including the use of illegal munitions and white phosphorus against Armenian civilians.[106][107]In late October and early November, Azerbaijan accused the Armenian forces of using white phosphorus on civilian areas.[108][109] Then, on 4 November, Azerbaijan National Agency for Mine Action (ANAMA) reported finding unexploded white phosphorus munitions in Səhləbad, near Tartar, which, according to Azerbaijan, were fired by the Armenian forces.[110][111] Azerbaijani authorities claimed the Armenian forces were transporting white phosphorus into the region.[112] On 20 November, Prosecutor General's Office of Azerbaijan filed a lawsuit, accusing the Armenian Armed Forces of using phosphorus ammunition in Nagorno-Karabakh, as well as in Tartar District, and chemical munitions to \"inflict large-scale and long-term harm to the environment\" in Fuzuli and Tartar Districts, as well as around Shusha.[113]","title":"White phosphorus use allegations"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The Armenian forces had shelled the town of Shikharkh, damaging apartments and schools.[7] The town was built for the Azerbaijani refugees of the First Nagorno-Karabakh war.[8]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Destroyed_apartment_located_in_Shikharkh.png/220px-Destroyed_apartment_located_in_Shikharkh.png"},{"image_text":"Destruction in Ganja after the Armenian missile attacks on the city.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Results_of_Ganja_Attacks_%28October%2C_2020%29_06.jpg/220px-Results_of_Ganja_Attacks_%28October%2C_2020%29_06.jpg"},{"image_text":"Destroyed housing complex after the Azerbaijani bombardment of Stepanakert","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Destroyed_housing_compex_in_the_Republic_of_Artsakh_due_to_bombardment_from_Azerbaijan_in_September-October_2020.jpg/220px-Destroyed_housing_compex_in_the_Republic_of_Artsakh_due_to_bombardment_from_Azerbaijan_in_September-October_2020.jpg"},{"image_text":"Protesters in Geneva demand the release of Armenian POWs, 15 April 2021","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/01_Protesters_in_Geneva_demand_the_release_of_Armenian_POWs%2C_15_April_2021.jpg/220px-01_Protesters_in_Geneva_demand_the_release_of_Armenian_POWs%2C_15_April_2021.jpg"},{"image_text":"Artsakhi residents try to remove car tires from a burning car shop after shelling by Azerbaijan's artillery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Armenian_people_try_to_remove_car_tires_from_a_burning_car_shop_after_shelling_by_Azerbaijan%27s_artillery.jpg/250px-Armenian_people_try_to_remove_car_tires_from_a_burning_car_shop_after_shelling_by_Azerbaijan%27s_artillery.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Armenia/Azerbaijan: Decapitation and war crimes in gruesome videos must be urgently investigated\". amnesty.org. Amnesty International. 10 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/12/armenia-azerbaijan-decapitation-and-war-crimes-in-gruesome-videos-must-be-urgently-investigated/","url_text":"\"Armenia/Azerbaijan: Decapitation and war crimes in gruesome videos must be urgently investigated\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International","url_text":"Amnesty International"}]},{"reference":"Roth, Andrew (10 December 2020). \"Human rights groups detail 'war crimes' in Nagorno-Karabakh\". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/10/human-rights-groups-detail-war-crimes-in-nagorno-karabakh","url_text":"\"Human rights groups detail 'war crimes' in Nagorno-Karabakh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Both sides obliged to 'spare and protect civilians' over Nagorno-Karabakh fighting declares UN's Guterres\". United Nations. 18 October 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/10/1075672","url_text":"\"Both sides obliged to 'spare and protect civilians' over Nagorno-Karabakh fighting declares UN's Guterres\""}]},{"reference":"\"Atrocities Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) | Institute for the Study of Human Rights\". www.humanrightscolumbia.org. Retrieved 2023-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.humanrightscolumbia.org/peace-building/atrocities-artsakh-nagorno-karabakh","url_text":"\"Atrocities Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) | Institute for the Study of Human Rights\""}]},{"reference":"\"Erməni əsirlərin cəsədlərilə qəddar rəftarı göstərən videolarla bağlı Azərbaycanda cinayət işi açılıb\". BBC Azerbaijani Service (in Azerbaijani). 23 November 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/azeri/azerbaijan-55044791","url_text":"\"Erməni əsirlərin cəsədlərilə qəddar rəftarı göstərən videolarla bağlı Azərbaycanda cinayət işi açılıb\""}]},{"reference":"\"Azerbaijan arrests soldiers suspected of war crimes\". Al Jazeera. 14 December 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/14/azerbaijan-arrests-soldiers-suspected-of-war-crimes","url_text":"\"Azerbaijan arrests soldiers suspected of war crimes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English","url_text":"Al Jazeera"}]},{"reference":"\"Armenia: Unlawful Rocket, Missile Strikes on Azerbaijan\". hrw.org. Human Rights Watch. 11 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/12/11/armenia-unlawful-rocket-missile-strikes-azerbaijan","url_text":"\"Armenia: Unlawful Rocket, Missile Strikes on Azerbaijan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch","url_text":"Human Rights Watch"}]},{"reference":"Ismayilov, Rovshan (5 July 2007). \"Azerbaijan: Life on the Frontlines\". Eurasianet. Retrieved 11 December 2020 – via ReliefWeb.","urls":[{"url":"https://reliefweb.int/report/azerbaijan/azerbaijan-life-frontlines","url_text":"\"Azerbaijan: Life on the Frontlines\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasianet","url_text":"Eurasianet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReliefWeb","url_text":"ReliefWeb"}]},{"reference":"\"Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: Azerbaijan accuses Armenian forces of shelling the towns of Tartar, Barda and Beylagan\". france24.com. France 24. 6 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.france24.com/en/video/20201006-nagorno-karabakh-conflict-azerbaijan-accuses-armenian-forces-of-shelling-the-towns-of-tartar-barda-and-beylagan","url_text":"\"Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: Azerbaijan accuses Armenian forces of shelling the towns of Tartar, Barda and Beylagan\""}]},{"reference":"Hahn, Julia (26 October 2020). \"Civilians suffer amid Nagorno-Karabakh conflict\". dw.com. DW News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dw.com/en/civilians-suffer-amid-nagorno-karabakh-conflict/a-55403694","url_text":"\"Civilians suffer amid Nagorno-Karabakh conflict\""}]},{"reference":"\"Two civilians killed in Armenian forces' shelling, Azerbaijan says\". TASS. Retrieved 19 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tass.com/world/1208343","url_text":"\"Two civilians killed in Armenian forces' shelling, Azerbaijan says\""}]},{"reference":"Safi, Michael (5 October 2020). \"Azerbaijan and Armenia accuse each other of shelling cities\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. 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|
[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ETwvBpXv0Pc","external_links_name":"Azerbaijan: footage shows shelling in city of Ganja"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o8XivRzn1L8","external_links_name":"Nagorno-Karabakh hospital hit by shelling"},{"Link":"https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/12/armenia-azerbaijan-decapitation-and-war-crimes-in-gruesome-videos-must-be-urgently-investigated/","external_links_name":"\"Armenia/Azerbaijan: Decapitation and war crimes in gruesome videos must be urgently investigated\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/10/human-rights-groups-detail-war-crimes-in-nagorno-karabakh","external_links_name":"\"Human rights groups detail 'war crimes' in Nagorno-Karabakh\""},{"Link":"https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/10/1075672","external_links_name":"\"Both sides obliged to 'spare and protect civilians' over Nagorno-Karabakh fighting declares UN's 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cities\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","external_links_name":"0261-3077"},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/8/azeris-and-armenians-fight-new-clashes-before-geneva-talks-live","external_links_name":"\"Diplomatic efforts fail to calm Nagorno-Karabakh clash: Live news\""},{"Link":"https://en.trend.az/azerbaijan/karabakh/3314663.html","external_links_name":"\"Shelling of civilians by Armenian armed forces after humanitarian ceasefire agreement – another clear example of barbarism, Azerbaijani MFA says\""},{"Link":"https://en.trend.az/azerbaijan/karabakh/3308468.html","external_links_name":"\"Armenian side continues to shell Fuzuli, Tartar districts\""},{"Link":"https://azertag.az/en/xeber/Prosecutor_General_039s_Office_Three_civilians_injured_as_a_result_of_enemys_shelling_of_Garabagh_village_Fuzuli_district-1608539","external_links_name":"\"Prosecutor General's Office: Three civilians injured as a result of enemy's shelling of Garabagh village, Fuzuli district\""},{"Link":"https://www.azernews.az/aggression/171097.html","external_links_name":"\"Two Azerbaijani civilians killed, one injured in Armenia's shelling of Tartar\""},{"Link":"https://menafn.com/1101100632/Azerbaijani-civilian-injured-in-Armenian-shelling-of-Tartar","external_links_name":"\"Azerbaijani civilian injured in Armenian shelling of Tartar\""},{"Link":"https://avia.pro/news/my-preduprezhdali-alieva-iran-sbil-azerbaydzhanskiy-voennyy-samolyot","external_links_name":"\"'Мы предупреждали Алиева!': Иран сбил азербайджанский военный самолёт\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201002115459/https://avia.pro/news/my-preduprezhdali-alieva-iran-sbil-azerbaydzhanskiy-voennyy-samolyot","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.azernews.az/aggression/173628.html","external_links_name":"\"Civilian death toll in Armenian attacks reaches 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligaya
|
Ligaya
|
["1 Cover versions","2 References"]
|
1993 single by Eraserheads"Ligaya"Single by Eraserheadsfrom the album Ultraelectromagneticpop! B-side"Easy Ka Lang"Released1993GenrePinoy rock, alternative rockLength4:29Label
Musiko Records
BMG Records (Pilipinas), Inc.
Songwriter(s)Ely BuendiaProducer(s)Ed FormosoEraserheads singles chronology
"Ligaya" (1993)
"Toyang" (1993)
Audio sample"Ligaya"filehelpLyric video"Ligaya" on YouTube
"Ligaya" (English: "Joy") is a song by Filipino alternative rock band Eraserheads. It was included on their debut album, Ultraelectromagneticpop! (1993). It is the band's first promotional single.
The single was able to make it to the Top Ten of 97.1 WLS-FM countdown. The band last performed the song in their "Ang Huling El Bimbo" reunion concert in December 2022.
Cover versions
Kitchie Nadal covered the song for the Eraserheads tribute album Ultraelectromagneticjam!: The Music of the Eraserheads, released in 2005.
Mayonnaise covered the song for another Eraserheads tribute album The Reunion: An Eraserheads Tribute Album, released in 2012.
Rivermaya lead vocalist from 2007 to 2011 Jason Fernandez covered the song as a Wishclusive on Wish 107.5 in 2018.
The song was also played in the 2018 Resorts World Manila musical Ang Huling El Bimbo.
References
^ "Ultraelectromagneticgold!". Manila Standard. Kamahalan Publishing Corp. January 17, 1994. p. 21. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
vteEraserheads
Ely Buendia
Buddy Zabala
Marcus Adoro
Raimund Marasigan
Studio albums
Ultraelectromagneticpop!
Circus
Cutterpillow
Fruitcake
Sticker Happy
Natin99
Carbon Stereoxide
EPs and demos
Fruitcake
Bananatype
Please Transpose EP
Live albums
Eraserheads: The Reunion Concert 08.30.08
Compilations
Aloha Milkyway
Eraserheads: The Singles
Eraserheads Anthology
Eraserheads Anthology Two
Singles
"Ligaya"
"Toyang"
"Pare Ko"
"Alapaap"
"With a Smile"
"Magasin"
"Superproxy"
"Ang Huling El Bimbo"
Films
Run Barbi Run
Eraserheads: The Reunion Concert
Related articles
Discography
Pupil
Francis M.
Michael V.
The Oktaves
Sandwich
Pedicab
Cambio
The Dawn
Ultraelectromagneticjam!: The Music of the Eraserheads
The Reunion: An Eraserheads Tribute Album
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz work
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eraserheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eraserheads"},{"link_name":"Ultraelectromagneticpop!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraelectromagneticpop!"},{"link_name":"97.1 WLS-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DWLS"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"\"Ligaya\" (English: \"Joy\") is a song by Filipino alternative rock band Eraserheads. It was included on their debut album, Ultraelectromagneticpop! (1993). It is the band's first promotional single.The single was able to make it to the Top Ten of 97.1 WLS-FM countdown.[1] The band last performed the song in their \"Ang Huling El Bimbo\" reunion concert in December 2022.","title":"Ligaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kitchie Nadal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchie_Nadal"},{"link_name":"Ultraelectromagneticjam!: The Music of the Eraserheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraelectromagneticjam!:_The_Music_of_the_Eraserheads"},{"link_name":"Mayonnaise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayonnaise_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Reunion: An Eraserheads Tribute Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reunion:_An_Eraserheads_Tribute_Album"},{"link_name":"Rivermaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivermaya"},{"link_name":"Wish 107.5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wish_107.5"},{"link_name":"Resorts World Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resorts_World_Manila"},{"link_name":"Ang Huling El Bimbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang_Huling_El_Bimbo"}],"text":"Kitchie Nadal covered the song for the Eraserheads tribute album Ultraelectromagneticjam!: The Music of the Eraserheads, released in 2005.\nMayonnaise covered the song for another Eraserheads tribute album The Reunion: An Eraserheads Tribute Album, released in 2012.\nRivermaya lead vocalist from 2007 to 2011 Jason Fernandez covered the song as a Wishclusive on Wish 107.5 in 2018.\nThe song was also played in the 2018 Resorts World Manila musical Ang Huling El Bimbo.","title":"Cover versions"}]
|
[{}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Ultraelectromagneticgold!\". Manila Standard. Kamahalan Publishing Corp. January 17, 1994. p. 21. Retrieved September 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=8cBNEdFwSQkC&dat=19940117&printsec=frontpage&hl=en","url_text":"\"Ultraelectromagneticgold!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Standard","url_text":"Manila Standard"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z69SUwuucHQ","external_links_name":"\"Ligaya\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=8cBNEdFwSQkC&dat=19940117&printsec=frontpage&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Ultraelectromagneticgold!\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/7900c4f4-9323-406c-a4cc-01197567aa7d","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Resonanz
|
Ensemble Resonanz
|
["1 History","2 Recordings","3 References","4 External links"]
|
An editor has performed a search and found that sufficient sources exist to establish the subject's notability. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ensemble Resonanz" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ensemble Resonanz" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
German string ensemble
Ensemble Resonanz, 2011
The Ensemble Resonanz is a German string ensemble that combines the performance and promotion of Neue Musik with the interpretation of classical repertoire. It sees itself at the interface between chamber orchestra and soloist ensemble for Neue Musik. The ensemble is based in Hamburg, where it is an Ensemble in Residence of the Elbphilharmonie.
History
The ensemble was founded in 1994 by members of the Junge Deutsche Philharmonie. After stations in Frankfurt and in Diez an der Lahn, in 2002 the Hamburg became the home of the ensemble. There it established itself as the ensemble in residence of the Laeiszhalle – Musikhalle Hamburg with the concert series Resonanzen. Since January 2017, the residency has continued in the chamber music hall of the Elbphilharmonie. In Hamburg's Schanzenviertel, Ensemble Resonanz has established the concert series urban string since 2011, which combines classical music and club culture.
Their awards include the Würth Prize of Jeunesses Musicales Germany (2002) and the Rudolf Stilcken Prize for Cultural Communication. From 2002 to 2004, it was ensemble in residence of the Darmstädter Ferienkurse. From 2005 to 2008, it accompanied the construction of the Elbphilharmonie with the concert series "Kaispeicher entern!" in Hamburg-HafenCity.
From 2010 to 2013, the cellist Jean-Guihen Queyras was an Artist in Residence of the ensemble. Since September 2013, Tabea Zimmermann has followed him in this position. Other partners of the ensemble are not only composers, soloists and conductors, but also media artists, directors and performing and visual artists. These included among others Helmut Lachenmann, Beat Furrer, Rebecca Saunders, Fazıl Say, Matthias Goerne, Tabea Zimmermann, Emilio Pomàrico , Reinhard Goebel, Riccardo Minasi, Imre Kertész, Roger Willemsen, Falk Richter and the RIAS Kammerchor.
Since 2014, the ensemble has been cooperating with the free music radio station ByteFM – also based in the Bunker Hamburg – in the context of a monthly classical music programme.
Recordings
Mercy seat – winterreise: A Séance between Franz Schubert and Nick Cave (2020, resonanzraum records), with Charly Hübner.
W.A. Mozart: Symphonies Nos. 39–41 (2020, Harmonia mundi), with Riccardo Minasi
Bryce Dessner: Tenebre (2019, resonanzraum records), with Moses Sumney
Joseph Haydn: The Seven Last Words (2019, Harmonia mundi), with Riccardo Minasi
C.P.E. Bach: Cello Concertos (2018, Harmonia mundi), with Jean-Guihen Queyras, cello
J.S. Bach: Christmas Oratorio (2017, resonanzraum records)
C.P.E. Bach: 4 symphonies Wq 183, 6 sonatas Wq 184 (2016, E-flat major).
C.P.E. Bach: 6 Hamburg Symphonies (2014, E flat major)
Berg / Schönberg: Lyric Suite / Transfigured Night (2014, Harmonia mundi), with Jean-Guihen Queyras, cello
Hanns Eisler: Serious Songs & Lieder with Piano (2013, Harmonia mundi), with Matthias Görne
Julia Wolfe: Cruel Sister / Fuel (2011, cantalouope music), with Brad Lubman
Manuel Hidalgo: Hacia (2010, kairos), with the WDR Symphony Orchestra Cologne and Lothar Zagrosek
Iannis Xenakis: Music for Strings (2005, mode records)
Johann Sebastian Bach: Goldberg Variations (2002, ambitus)
Michael Gordon: Weather (1997, nonesuch records)
References
^ Sabine Lurtz. "Ensemble Resonanz Künstler mit Publikumsnähe". hamburger wirtschaft, Ausgabe Juli 2008, Website der Handelskammer Hamburg (in German). Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
^ "idea (Ensemble Resonanz)". Archived from the original on 10 February 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
^ "ByteFM Klassik – mit Juliane Reil".
External links
Official website (in German and English)
Ensemble Resonanz discography at Discogs
Portals: Classical Music Germany
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
Israel
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ensemble_Resonanz_K%C3%BCchenKonzert.jpg"},{"link_name":"string ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_instrument"},{"link_name":"Neue Musik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Musik"},{"link_name":"chamber orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_orchestra"},{"link_name":"soloist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solo_(music)"},{"link_name":"Neue Musik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Musik"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Ensemble in Residence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist_in_Residence"},{"link_name":"Elbphilharmonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbphilharmonie"}],"text":"German string ensembleEnsemble Resonanz, 2011The Ensemble Resonanz is a German string ensemble that combines the performance and promotion of Neue Musik with the interpretation of classical repertoire. It sees itself at the interface between chamber orchestra and soloist ensemble for Neue Musik.[citation needed] The ensemble is based in Hamburg, where it is an Ensemble in Residence of the Elbphilharmonie.","title":"Ensemble Resonanz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Junge Deutsche Philharmonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junge_Deutsche_Philharmonie"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"Diez an der Lahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diez_an_der_Lahn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Laeiszhalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laeiszhalle"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Schanzenviertel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternschanze"},{"link_name":"Würth Prize of Jeunesses Musicales Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrth_Prize_of_Jeunesses_Musicales_Germany"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Darmstädter Ferienkurse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmst%C3%A4dter_Ferienkurse"},{"link_name":"Elbphilharmonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbphilharmonie"},{"link_name":"Hamburg-HafenCity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg-HafenCity"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Jean-Guihen Queyras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Guihen_Queyras"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Helmut Lachenmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Lachenmann"},{"link_name":"Beat Furrer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_Furrer"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Saunders"},{"link_name":"Fazıl Say","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faz%C4%B1l_Say"},{"link_name":"Matthias Goerne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Goerne"},{"link_name":"Tabea Zimmermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabea_Zimmermann"},{"link_name":"Emilio Pomàrico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emilio_Pom%C3%A0rico&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Pom%C3%A0rico"},{"link_name":"Reinhard Goebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Goebel"},{"link_name":"Riccardo Minasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Minasi"},{"link_name":"Imre Kertész","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imre_Kert%C3%A9sz"},{"link_name":"Roger Willemsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Willemsen"},{"link_name":"Falk Richter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falk_Richter"},{"link_name":"RIAS Kammerchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAS_Kammerchor"},{"link_name":"ByteFM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ByteFM&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ByteFM"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ByteFM_Klassik-3"}],"text":"The ensemble was founded in 1994 by members of the Junge Deutsche Philharmonie. After stations in Frankfurt and in Diez an der Lahn, in 2002[1] the Hamburg became the home of the ensemble. There it established itself as the ensemble in residence of the Laeiszhalle – Musikhalle Hamburg with the concert series Resonanzen. Since January 2017,[2] the residency has continued in the chamber music hall of the Elbphilharmonie. In Hamburg's Schanzenviertel, Ensemble Resonanz has established the concert series urban string since 2011, which combines classical music and club culture.Their awards include the Würth Prize of Jeunesses Musicales Germany (2002) and the Rudolf Stilcken Prize for Cultural Communication.[citation needed] From 2002 to 2004, it was ensemble in residence of the Darmstädter Ferienkurse. From 2005 to 2008, it accompanied the construction of the Elbphilharmonie with the concert series \"Kaispeicher entern!\" in Hamburg-HafenCity.[citation needed]From 2010 to 2013, the cellist Jean-Guihen Queyras was an Artist in Residence of the ensemble. Since September 2013, Tabea Zimmermann has followed him in this position.[citation needed] Other partners of the ensemble are not only composers, soloists and conductors, but also media artists, directors and performing and visual artists. These included among others Helmut Lachenmann, Beat Furrer, Rebecca Saunders, Fazıl Say, Matthias Goerne, Tabea Zimmermann, Emilio Pomàrico [de], Reinhard Goebel, Riccardo Minasi, Imre Kertész, Roger Willemsen, Falk Richter and the RIAS Kammerchor.Since 2014, the ensemble has been cooperating with the free music radio station ByteFM [de] – also based in the Bunker Hamburg – in the context of a monthly classical music programme.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harmonia mundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonia_mundi"},{"link_name":"Christmas Oratorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Oratorio"}],"text":"Mercy seat – winterreise: A Séance between Franz Schubert and Nick Cave (2020, resonanzraum records), with Charly Hübner.\nW.A. Mozart: Symphonies Nos. 39–41 (2020, Harmonia mundi), with Riccardo Minasi\nBryce Dessner: Tenebre (2019, resonanzraum records), with Moses Sumney\nJoseph Haydn: The Seven Last Words (2019, Harmonia mundi), with Riccardo Minasi\nC.P.E. Bach: Cello Concertos (2018, Harmonia mundi), with Jean-Guihen Queyras, cello\nJ.S. Bach: Christmas Oratorio (2017, resonanzraum records)\nC.P.E. Bach: 4 symphonies Wq 183, 6 sonatas Wq 184 (2016, E-flat major).\nC.P.E. Bach: 6 Hamburg Symphonies (2014, E flat major)\nBerg / Schönberg: Lyric Suite / Transfigured Night (2014, Harmonia mundi), with Jean-Guihen Queyras, cello\nHanns Eisler: Serious Songs & Lieder with Piano (2013, Harmonia mundi), with Matthias Görne\nJulia Wolfe: Cruel Sister / Fuel (2011, cantalouope music), with Brad Lubman\nManuel Hidalgo: Hacia (2010, kairos), with the WDR Symphony Orchestra Cologne and Lothar Zagrosek\nIannis Xenakis: Music for Strings (2005, mode records)\nJohann Sebastian Bach: Goldberg Variations (2002, ambitus)\nMichael Gordon: Weather (1997, nonesuch records)","title":"Recordings"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Ensemble Resonanz, 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ensemble_Resonanz_K%C3%BCchenKonzert.jpg/220px-Ensemble_Resonanz_K%C3%BCchenKonzert.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Sabine Lurtz. \"Ensemble Resonanz Künstler mit Publikumsnähe\". hamburger wirtschaft, Ausgabe Juli 2008, Website der Handelskammer Hamburg (in German). Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200203183811/http://www.hamburger-wirtschaft.de/html/hw2008/artikel/21_extra-journal/08_07_42_ensemble_resonanz.html","url_text":"\"Ensemble Resonanz Künstler mit Publikumsnähe\""},{"url":"http://www.hamburger-wirtschaft.de/html/hw2008/artikel/21_extra-journal/08_07_42_ensemble_resonanz.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"idea (Ensemble Resonanz)\". Archived from the original on 10 February 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170210121429/http://www.ensembleresonanz.com/de/ensemble/idee.html","url_text":"\"idea (Ensemble Resonanz)\""},{"url":"http://www.ensembleresonanz.com/de/ensemble/idee.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ByteFM Klassik – mit Juliane Reil\".","urls":[{"url":"https://byte.fm/sendungen/bytefm-klassik/2014-11-02/12/mit-juliane-reil/","url_text":"\"ByteFM Klassik – mit Juliane Reil\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANXA2
|
Annexin A2
|
["1 Gene","2 Function","3 Interactions","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
|
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
ANXA2Available structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes1W7B, 1XJL, 2HYU, 2HYV, 2HYW, 4DRW, 4FTG, 4HRHIdentifiersAliasesANXA2, ANX2, ANX2L4, CAL1H, HEL-S-270, LIP2, LPC2, LPC2D, P36, PAP-IV, annexin A2External IDsOMIM: 151740; MGI: 88246; HomoloGene: 20857; GeneCards: ANXA2; OMA:ANXA2 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 15 (human)Band15q22.2Start60,347,134 bpEnd60,402,883 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 9 (mouse)Band9 C|9 38.58 cMStart69,360,902 bpEnd69,399,077 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inbronchial epithelial cellamniotic fluidnasal epitheliumepithelium of nasopharynxsynovial jointmucosa of pharynxvisceral pleuraparietal pleuraoral cavityhair follicleTop expressed incorneal stromaendothelial cell of lymphatic vesselgranulocytegastrulacalvariaskin of external eardermisbelly cordconjunctival fornixright lung lobeMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function
phospholipase inhibitor activity
calcium ion binding
S100 protein binding
phospholipase A2 inhibitor activity
calcium-dependent protein binding
protease binding
cytoskeletal protein binding
protein binding
calcium-dependent phospholipid binding
phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate binding
cadherin binding involved in cell-cell adhesion
RNA binding
identical protein binding
bone sialoprotein binding
molecular function regulator
phosphatidylserine binding
calcium channel activity
virion binding
voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in regulation of cytosolic calcium levels
Cellular component
vesicle
cytosol
endosome
membrane
late endosome membrane
melanosome
ruffle
plasma membrane
lipid droplet
myelin sheath adaxonal region
Schmidt-Lanterman incisure
PCSK9-AnxA2 complex
macropinosome
basement membrane
cell surface
lysosomal membrane
basolateral plasma membrane
cell cortex
midbody
early endosome
perinuclear region of cytoplasm
sarcolemma
extrinsic component of plasma membrane
extracellular exosome
nucleus
extracellular space
azurophil granule lumen
cytoplasm
membrane raft
extracellular matrix
extracellular region
protein-containing complex
collagen-containing extracellular matrix
Biological process
negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor catabolic process
positive regulation of protein phosphorylation
protein heterotetramerization
fibrinolysis
body fluid secretion
collagen fibril organization
positive regulation of fibroblast proliferation
response to thyroid hormone
positive regulation of binding
positive regulation of vesicle fusion
membrane raft assembly
angiogenesis
vesicle budding from membrane
osteoclast development
cell-cell adhesion
negative regulation of catalytic activity
positive regulation of receptor recycling
neutrophil degranulation
positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance
positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding
positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor activity
positive regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis involved in cholesterol transport
negative regulation of formation of structure involved in a symbiotic process
positive regulation of vacuole organization
interleukin-12-mediated signaling pathway
protein localization to plasma membrane
growth plate cartilage development
regulation of plasminogen activation
biomineral tissue development
positive regulation of chondrocyte differentiation
positive regulation by host of viral process
regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration
positive regulation of calcium ion transport
endocardial cell differentiation
calcium ion transmembrane transport
positive regulation of viral life cycle
Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez30212306EnsemblENSG00000182718ENSMUSG00000032231UniProtP07355P07356RefSeq (mRNA)NM_001002857NM_001002858NM_001136015NM_004039NM_007585RefSeq (protein)NP_001002857NP_001002858NP_001129487NP_004030NP_031611Location (UCSC)Chr 15: 60.35 – 60.4 MbChr 9: 69.36 – 69.4 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse
Annexin A2 also known as annexin II is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ANXA2 gene.
Annexin 2 is involved in diverse cellular processes such as cell motility (especially that of the epithelial cells), linkage of membrane-associated protein complexes to the actin cytoskeleton, endocytosis, fibrinolysis, ion channel formation, and cell matrix interactions.
It is a calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding protein whose function is to help organize exocytosis of intracellular proteins to the extracellular domain. Annexin II is a pleiotropic protein meaning that its function is dependent on place and time in the body.
Gene
The ANXA2 gene, located at 15q22.2, has three pseudogenes located on chromosomes 4, 9 and 10, respectively. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
Function
This protein is a member of the annexin family. Members of this calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding protein family play a role in the regulation of cellular growth and in signal transduction pathways. This protein functions as an autocrine factor which heightens osteoclast formation and bone resorption. Epigenetic regulation of Annexin A2 has been identified as a key determinant of mesenchymal transformation in brain tumors. Maternal deficiency of the ANXA2 gene contributes to shallow decidual invasion by placental cytotrophoblast cells. These findings highlight the maternal contribution to the pathogenesis of severe preeclampsia.
Annexin A2 has been proposed to function inside the cell in sorting of endosomes and outside the cell in anticoagulant reactions.
Interactions
Annexin A2 has been shown to interact with Prohibitin, CEACAM1, S100A10, PCNA, complement Factor H, and a number of viral factors including the HPV16 minor capsid protein L2.
See also
Annexin
References
^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000182718 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000032231 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Takahashi S, Reddy SV, Chirgwin JM, Devlin R, Haipek C, Anderson J, Roodman GD (November 1994). "Cloning and identification of annexin II as an autocrine/paracrine factor that increases osteoclast formation and bone resorption". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (46): 28696–28701. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)61961-7. PMID 7961821.
^ a b "Entrez Gene: ANXA2 annexin A2".
^ Kling T, Ferrarese R, Ó hAilín D, Johansson P, Heiland DH, Dai F, et al. (October 2016). "Integrative Modeling Reveals Annexin A2-mediated Epigenetic Control of Mesenchymal Glioblastoma". eBioMedicine. 12: 72–85. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.08.050. PMC 5078587. PMID 27667176.
^ Ng SW, Norwitz GA, Pavlicev M, Tilburgs T, Simón C, Norwitz ER (June 2020). "Endometrial Decidualization: The Primary Driver of Pregnancy Health". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 21 (11): 4092. doi:10.3390/ijms21114092. PMC 7312091. PMID 32521725.
^ Bacher S, Achatz G, Schmitz ML, Lamers MC (December 2002). "Prohibitin and prohibitone are contained in high-molecular weight complexes and interact with alpha-actinin and annexin A2". Biochimie. 84 (12): 1207–1220. doi:10.1016/S0300-9084(02)00027-5. PMID 12628297.
^ Kirshner J, Schumann D, Shively JE (December 2003). "CEACAM1, a cell-cell adhesion molecule, directly associates with annexin II in a three-dimensional model of mammary morphogenesis". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (50): 50338–50345. doi:10.1074/jbc.M309115200. PMID 14522961.
^ Réty S, Sopkova J, Renouard M, Osterloh D, Gerke V, Tabaries S, et al. (January 1999). "The crystal structure of a complex of p11 with the annexin II N-terminal peptide". Nature Structural Biology. 6 (1): 89–95. doi:10.1038/4965. PMID 9886297. S2CID 26400923.
^ He KL, Deora AB, Xiong H, Ling Q, Weksler BB, Niesvizky R, Hajjar KA (July 2008). "Endothelial cell annexin A2 regulates polyubiquitination and degradation of its binding partner S100A10/p11". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 283 (28): 19192–19200. doi:10.1074/jbc.M800100200. PMC 2443646. PMID 18434302.
^ Ohta S, Shiomi Y, Sugimoto K, Obuse C, Tsurimoto T (October 2002). "A proteomics approach to identify proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-binding proteins in human cell lysates. Identification of the human CHL12/RFCs2-5 complex as a novel PCNA-binding protein". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (43): 40362–40367. doi:10.1074/jbc.M206194200. PMID 12171929.
^ Leffler J, Herbert AP, Norström E, Schmidt CQ, Barlow PN, Blom AM, Martin M (February 2010). "Annexin-II, DNA, and histones serve as factor H ligands on the surface of apoptotic cells". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 285 (6): 3766–3776. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.045427. PMC 2823518. PMID 19951950.
^ Woodham AW, Da Silva DM, Skeate JG, Raff AB, Ambroso MR, Brand HE, et al. (2012). "The S100A10 subunit of the annexin A2 heterotetramer facilitates L2-mediated human papillomavirus infection". PLOS ONE. 7 (8): e43519. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...743519W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043519. PMC 3425544. PMID 22927980.
^ Woodham AW, Raff AB, Raff LM, Da Silva DM, Yan L, Skeate JG, et al. (May 2014). "Inhibition of Langerhans cell maturation by human papillomavirus type 16: a novel role for the annexin A2 heterotetramer in immune suppression". Journal of Immunology. 192 (10): 4748–4757. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1303190. PMC 4019435. PMID 24719459.
Further reading
Kwon M, MacLeod TJ, Zhang Y, Waisman DM (January 2005). "S100A10, annexin A2, and annexin a2 heterotetramer as candidate plasminogen receptors". Frontiers in Bioscience. 10 (1–3): 300–325. doi:10.2741/1529. PMID 15574370.
Babiychuk EB, Draeger A (June 2006). "Regulation of ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity via Ca2+-dependent, annexin 2-mediated membrane rearrangement?". Biochemical Society Transactions. 34 (Pt 3): 374–376. doi:10.1042/BST0340374. PMID 16709165.
Bohn E, Gerke V, Kresse H, Löffler BM, Kunze H (January 1992). "Annexin II inhibits calcium-dependent phospholipase A1 and lysophospholipase but not triacyl glycerol lipase activities of rat liver hepatic lipase". FEBS Letters. 296 (3): 237–240. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(92)80294-Q. PMID 1531641. S2CID 19633878.
Dawson SJ, White LA (May 1992). "Treatment of Haemophilus aphrophilus endocarditis with ciprofloxacin". The Journal of Infection. 24 (3): 317–320. doi:10.1016/S0163-4453(05)80037-4. PMID 1602151.
Jindal HK, Chaney WG, Anderson CW, Davis RG, Vishwanatha JK (March 1991). "The protein-tyrosine kinase substrate, calpactin I heavy chain (p36), is part of the primer recognition protein complex that interacts with DNA polymerase alpha". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (8): 5169–5176. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)67770-7. PMID 1825830.
Filipek A, Gerke V, Weber K, Kuźnicki J (February 1991). "Characterization of the cell-cycle-regulated protein calcyclin from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Identification of two binding proteins obtained by Ca2(+)-dependent affinity chromatography". European Journal of Biochemistry. 195 (3): 795–800. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb15768.x. PMID 1999197.
Becker T, Weber K, Johnsson N (December 1990). "Protein-protein recognition via short amphiphilic helices; a mutational analysis of the binding site of annexin II for p11". The EMBO Journal. 9 (13): 4207–4213. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07868.x. PMC 552202. PMID 2148288.
Spano F, Raugei G, Palla E, Colella C, Melli M (November 1990). "Characterization of the human lipocortin-2-encoding multigene family: its structure suggests the existence of a short amino acid unit undergoing duplication". Gene. 95 (2): 243–251. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(90)90367-Z. PMID 2174397.
Johnsson N, Johnsson K, Weber K (August 1988). "A discontinuous epitope on p36, the major substrate of src tyrosine-protein-kinase, brings the phosphorylation site into the neighbourhood of a consensus sequence for Ca2+/lipid-binding proteins". FEBS Letters. 236 (1): 201–204. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(88)80314-4. PMID 2456953. S2CID 38734898.
Gould KL, Woodgett JR, Isacke CM, Hunter T (July 1986). "The protein-tyrosine kinase substrate p36 is also a substrate for protein kinase C in vitro and in vivo". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 6 (7): 2738–2744. doi:10.1128/mcb.6.7.2738. PMC 367834. PMID 2946940.
Huebner K, Cannizzaro LA, Frey AZ, Hecht BK, Hecht F, Croce CM, Wallner BP (May 1988). "Chromosomal localization of the human genes for lipocortin I and lipocortin II". Oncogene Research. 2 (4): 299–310. PMID 2969496.
Huang KS, Wallner BP, Mattaliano RJ, Tizard R, Burne C, Frey A, et al. (July 1986). "Two human 35 kd inhibitors of phospholipase A2 are related to substrates of pp60v-src and of the epidermal growth factor receptor/kinase". Cell. 46 (2): 191–199. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90736-1. PMID 3013422. S2CID 24557024.
Buday L, Egan SE, Rodriguez Viciana P, Cantrell DA, Downward J (March 1994). "A complex of Grb2 adaptor protein, Sos exchange factor, and a 36-kDa membrane-bound tyrosine phosphoprotein is implicated in ras activation in T cells". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (12): 9019–9023. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)37070-9. PMID 7510700.
Chung CY, Erickson HP (July 1994). "Cell surface annexin II is a high affinity receptor for the alternatively spliced segment of tenascin-C". The Journal of Cell Biology. 126 (2): 539–548. doi:10.1083/jcb.126.2.539. PMC 2200039. PMID 7518469.
Kato S, Sekine S, Oh SW, Kim NS, Umezawa Y, Abe N, et al. (December 1994). "Construction of a human full-length cDNA bank". Gene. 150 (2): 243–250. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90433-2. PMID 7821789.
Richard I, Broux O, Chiannilkulchai N, Fougerousse F, Allamand V, Bourg N, et al. (October 1994). "Regional localization of human chromosome 15 loci". Genomics. 23 (3): 619–627. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1550. PMID 7851890.
Takahashi S, Reddy SV, Chirgwin JM, Devlin R, Haipek C, Anderson J, Roodman GD (November 1994). "Cloning and identification of annexin II as an autocrine/paracrine factor that increases osteoclast formation and bone resorption". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (46): 28696–28701. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)61961-7. PMID 7961821.
Hyatt SL, Liao L, Chapline C, Jaken S (February 1994). "Identification and characterization of alpha-protein kinase C binding proteins in normal and transformed REF52 cells". Biochemistry. 33 (5): 1223–1228. doi:10.1021/bi00171a023. PMID 8110754.
Wright JF, Kurosky A, Wasi S (February 1994). "An endothelial cell-surface form of annexin II binds human cytomegalovirus". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 198 (3): 983–989. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1994.1140. PMID 8117306.
Maruyama K, Sugano S (January 1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–174. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.
External links
Annexin+A2 at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Human ANXA2 genome location and ANXA2 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.
vtePDB gallery
1w7b: ANNEXIN A2: DOES IT INDUCE MEMBRANE AGGREGATION BY A NEW MULTIMERIC STATE OF THE PROTEIN.
1xjl: Structure of human annexin A2 in the presence of calcium ions
2hyu: Human Annexin A2 with heparin tetrasaccharide bound
2hyv: Human Annexin A2 with heparin hexasaccharide bound
2hyw: Human Annexin A2 with Calcium bound
vteCell signaling: calcium signaling and calcium metabolismCell membraneAdhesion molecules
Cadherins
CDH1
CDH2
CDH3
CDH4
CDH5
CDH6
CDH7
CDH8
CDH9
CDH10
CDH11
CDH12
CDH13
CDH14
CDH15
CDH16
CDH17
Calcium channels
Ligand-gated
5-HT3 receptor
Ionotropic glutamate receptors
AMPA receptors
Kainate receptors
NMDA receptors
P2X receptors
Voltage-gated
L
N
P
R
T
TRP channels
TRPA
TRPC
TRPV
Calcium pumps
Sodium-calcium exchangers
SLC3A2
SLC8A1
GPCRs
Calcium-sensing receptor
Annexins
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A8-L2
A9
A10
A11
A12
A13
Intracellular signalingSecond messengers
IP3
NAADP
cADPR
Intracellular channels
IP3 receptor
Ryanodine receptor
Calcium-induced calcium release
Intracellular pumps
SERCA
ATP2A1
ATP2A2
ATP2A3
Sodium-calcium exchangers
SLC8B1
SLC24A5
Sensors and chelators
Calbindin
Calmodulin
CALM1
CALM2
CALM3
CALML3
CALML5
Calsequestrin
Calretinin
Gelsolin
Neuronal calcium sensors
Calsenilin
Frequenin
GUCA
1A
1B
Hippocalcin
Neurocalcin
Recoverin
Visinin
Parvalbumin
Phospholamban
Sarcalumenin
Synaptotagmins
SYT1
SYT2
SYT3
SYT4
SYT5
SYT6
SYT7
SYT9
SYT11
SYT13
SYT14
S100
S100P
Troponin C
TNNC1
TNNC2
Calcium-dependent chaperones
Calreticulin
Calnexin
HSPA5
HSP90B1
Calcium-dependent kinases
CaM kinases
CAMK1
CAMK2
A
B
D
G
CAMK3
CAMK4
Protein kinase C
Calcium-dependent proteases
Calpains
CAPN1
CAPN2
CAPN3
CAPN4
CAPN5
CAPN6
CAPN7
CAPN8
CAPN9
CAPN10
Indirect regulators
Calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone
Vitamin D
Vitamin K
Extracellular chelatorsExtracellular matrix proteins
Fibulins
FBLN1
FBLN2
FBLN3
FBLN4
FBLN5
Hemicentin 1
Matrix gla protein
Osteonectin
SIBLINGs
Bone sialoprotein
Dentin matrix phosphoprotein
Dentin sialophosphoprotein
Osteopontin
Secreted hormones
Osteocalcin
Calcium-binding domains
C2 domain
Cadherin
C-type lectin
EF hand
EGF-like domain
Gla domain
|
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Annexin II is a pleiotropic protein meaning that its function is dependent on place and time in the body.","title":"Annexin A2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pseudogenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudogene"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-6"}],"text":"The ANXA2 gene, located at 15q22.2, has three pseudogenes located on chromosomes 4, 9 and 10, respectively. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[6]","title":"Gene"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"annexin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmidTBD-7"},{"link_name":"preeclampsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-eclampsia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"endosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosomes"},{"link_name":"anticoagulant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticoagulant"}],"text":"This protein is a member of the annexin family. Members of this calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding protein family play a role in the regulation of cellular growth and in signal transduction pathways. This protein functions as an autocrine factor which heightens osteoclast formation and bone resorption.[6] Epigenetic regulation of Annexin A2 has been identified as a key determinant of mesenchymal transformation in brain tumors.[7] Maternal deficiency of the ANXA2 gene contributes to shallow decidual invasion by placental cytotrophoblast cells. These findings highlight the maternal contribution to the pathogenesis of severe preeclampsia.[8]Annexin A2 has been proposed to function inside the cell in sorting of endosomes and outside the cell in anticoagulant reactions.","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein-protein_interaction"},{"link_name":"Prohibitin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibitin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12628297-9"},{"link_name":"CEACAM1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEACAM1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid14522961-10"},{"link_name":"S100A10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S100A10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9886297-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18434302-12"},{"link_name":"PCNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCNA"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12171929-13"},{"link_name":"Factor H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_H"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19951950-14"},{"link_name":"HPV16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPV16"},{"link_name":"capsid protein L2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papillomaviridae#L2"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Annexin A2 has been shown to interact with Prohibitin,[9] CEACAM1,[10] S100A10,[11][12] PCNA,[13] complement Factor H,[14] and a number of viral factors including the HPV16 minor capsid protein L2.[15][16]","title":"Interactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"S100A10, annexin A2, and annexin a2 heterotetramer as candidate plasminogen receptors\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2741%2F1529"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2741/1529","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2741%2F1529"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15574370","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15574370"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1042/BST0340374","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1042%2FBST0340374"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16709165","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16709165"},{"link_name":"\"Annexin II inhibits calcium-dependent phospholipase A1 and lysophospholipase but not triacyl glycerol lipase activities of rat liver hepatic lipase\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2892%2980294-Q"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0014-5793(92)80294-Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2892%2980294-Q"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1531641","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1531641"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"19633878","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19633878"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0163-4453(05)80037-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0163-4453%2805%2980037-4"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1602151","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1602151"},{"link_name":"\"The protein-tyrosine kinase substrate, calpactin I heavy chain (p36), is part of the primer recognition protein complex that interacts with DNA polymerase alpha\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2967770-7"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0021-9258(19)67770-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2967770-7"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1825830","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1825830"},{"link_name":"\"Characterization of the cell-cycle-regulated protein calcyclin from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. 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protein-tyrosine kinase substrate p36 is also a substrate for protein kinase C in vitro and in 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complex of Grb2 adaptor protein, Sos exchange factor, and a 36-kDa membrane-bound tyrosine phosphoprotein is implicated in ras activation in T cells\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2817%2937070-9"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0021-9258(17)37070-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2817%2937070-9"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7510700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7510700"},{"link_name":"\"Cell surface annexin II is a high affinity receptor for the alternatively spliced segment of tenascin-C\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2200039"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1083/jcb.126.2.539","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.126.2.539"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2200039","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2200039"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7518469","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7518469"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0378-1119(94)90433-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-1119%2894%2990433-2"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7821789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7821789"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1006/geno.1994.1550","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.1994.1550"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7851890","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7851890"},{"link_name":"\"Cloning and identification of annexin II as an autocrine/paracrine factor that increases osteoclast formation and bone resorption\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2961961-7"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0021-9258(19)61961-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2961961-7"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7961821","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7961821"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1021/bi00171a023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi00171a023"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8110754","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8110754"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1006/bbrc.1994.1140","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1006%2Fbbrc.1994.1140"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8117306","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8117306"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-1119%2894%2990802-8"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8125298","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8125298"}],"text":"Kwon M, MacLeod TJ, Zhang Y, Waisman DM (January 2005). \"S100A10, annexin A2, and annexin a2 heterotetramer as candidate plasminogen receptors\". Frontiers in Bioscience. 10 (1–3): 300–325. doi:10.2741/1529. PMID 15574370.\nBabiychuk EB, Draeger A (June 2006). \"Regulation of ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity via Ca2+-dependent, annexin 2-mediated membrane rearrangement?\". Biochemical Society Transactions. 34 (Pt 3): 374–376. doi:10.1042/BST0340374. PMID 16709165.\nBohn E, Gerke V, Kresse H, Löffler BM, Kunze H (January 1992). \"Annexin II inhibits calcium-dependent phospholipase A1 and lysophospholipase but not triacyl glycerol lipase activities of rat liver hepatic lipase\". FEBS Letters. 296 (3): 237–240. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(92)80294-Q. PMID 1531641. S2CID 19633878.\nDawson SJ, White LA (May 1992). \"Treatment of Haemophilus aphrophilus endocarditis with ciprofloxacin\". The Journal of Infection. 24 (3): 317–320. doi:10.1016/S0163-4453(05)80037-4. PMID 1602151.\nJindal HK, Chaney WG, Anderson CW, Davis RG, Vishwanatha JK (March 1991). \"The protein-tyrosine kinase substrate, calpactin I heavy chain (p36), is part of the primer recognition protein complex that interacts with DNA polymerase alpha\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (8): 5169–5176. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)67770-7. PMID 1825830.\nFilipek A, Gerke V, Weber K, Kuźnicki J (February 1991). \"Characterization of the cell-cycle-regulated protein calcyclin from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Identification of two binding proteins obtained by Ca2(+)-dependent affinity chromatography\". European Journal of Biochemistry. 195 (3): 795–800. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb15768.x. PMID 1999197.\nBecker T, Weber K, Johnsson N (December 1990). \"Protein-protein recognition via short amphiphilic helices; a mutational analysis of the binding site of annexin II for p11\". The EMBO Journal. 9 (13): 4207–4213. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07868.x. PMC 552202. PMID 2148288.\nSpano F, Raugei G, Palla E, Colella C, Melli M (November 1990). \"Characterization of the human lipocortin-2-encoding multigene family: its structure suggests the existence of a short amino acid unit undergoing duplication\". Gene. 95 (2): 243–251. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(90)90367-Z. PMID 2174397.\nJohnsson N, Johnsson K, Weber K (August 1988). \"A discontinuous epitope on p36, the major substrate of src tyrosine-protein-kinase, brings the phosphorylation site into the neighbourhood of a consensus sequence for Ca2+/lipid-binding proteins\". FEBS Letters. 236 (1): 201–204. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(88)80314-4. PMID 2456953. S2CID 38734898.\nGould KL, Woodgett JR, Isacke CM, Hunter T (July 1986). \"The protein-tyrosine kinase substrate p36 is also a substrate for protein kinase C in vitro and in vivo\". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 6 (7): 2738–2744. doi:10.1128/mcb.6.7.2738. PMC 367834. PMID 2946940.\nHuebner K, Cannizzaro LA, Frey AZ, Hecht BK, Hecht F, Croce CM, Wallner BP (May 1988). \"Chromosomal localization of the human genes for lipocortin I and lipocortin II\". Oncogene Research. 2 (4): 299–310. PMID 2969496.\nHuang KS, Wallner BP, Mattaliano RJ, Tizard R, Burne C, Frey A, et al. (July 1986). \"Two human 35 kd inhibitors of phospholipase A2 are related to substrates of pp60v-src and of the epidermal growth factor receptor/kinase\". Cell. 46 (2): 191–199. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90736-1. PMID 3013422. S2CID 24557024.\nBuday L, Egan SE, Rodriguez Viciana P, Cantrell DA, Downward J (March 1994). \"A complex of Grb2 adaptor protein, Sos exchange factor, and a 36-kDa membrane-bound tyrosine phosphoprotein is implicated in ras activation in T cells\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (12): 9019–9023. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)37070-9. PMID 7510700.\nChung CY, Erickson HP (July 1994). \"Cell surface annexin II is a high affinity receptor for the alternatively spliced segment of tenascin-C\". The Journal of Cell Biology. 126 (2): 539–548. doi:10.1083/jcb.126.2.539. PMC 2200039. PMID 7518469.\nKato S, Sekine S, Oh SW, Kim NS, Umezawa Y, Abe N, et al. (December 1994). \"Construction of a human full-length cDNA bank\". Gene. 150 (2): 243–250. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90433-2. PMID 7821789.\nRichard I, Broux O, Chiannilkulchai N, Fougerousse F, Allamand V, Bourg N, et al. (October 1994). \"Regional localization of human chromosome 15 loci\". Genomics. 23 (3): 619–627. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1550. PMID 7851890.\nTakahashi S, Reddy SV, Chirgwin JM, Devlin R, Haipek C, Anderson J, Roodman GD (November 1994). \"Cloning and identification of annexin II as an autocrine/paracrine factor that increases osteoclast formation and bone resorption\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (46): 28696–28701. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)61961-7. PMID 7961821.\nHyatt SL, Liao L, Chapline C, Jaken S (February 1994). \"Identification and characterization of alpha-protein kinase C binding proteins in normal and transformed REF52 cells\". Biochemistry. 33 (5): 1223–1228. doi:10.1021/bi00171a023. PMID 8110754.\nWright JF, Kurosky A, Wasi S (February 1994). \"An endothelial cell-surface form of annexin II binds human cytomegalovirus\". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 198 (3): 983–989. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1994.1140. PMID 8117306.\nMaruyama K, Sugano S (January 1994). \"Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides\". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–174. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"Annexin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexin"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=302","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=12306","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Takahashi S, Reddy SV, Chirgwin JM, Devlin R, Haipek C, Anderson J, Roodman GD (November 1994). \"Cloning and identification of annexin II as an autocrine/paracrine factor that increases osteoclast formation and bone resorption\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (46): 28696–28701. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)61961-7. PMID 7961821.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2961961-7","url_text":"\"Cloning and identification of annexin II as an autocrine/paracrine factor that increases osteoclast formation and bone resorption\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2961961-7","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9258(19)61961-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7961821","url_text":"7961821"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: ANXA2 annexin A2\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=302","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: ANXA2 annexin A2\""}]},{"reference":"Kling T, Ferrarese R, Ó hAilín D, Johansson P, Heiland DH, Dai F, et al. (October 2016). \"Integrative Modeling Reveals Annexin A2-mediated Epigenetic Control of Mesenchymal Glioblastoma\". eBioMedicine. 12: 72–85. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.08.050. PMC 5078587. PMID 27667176.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5078587","url_text":"\"Integrative Modeling Reveals Annexin A2-mediated Epigenetic Control of Mesenchymal Glioblastoma\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ebiom.2016.08.050","url_text":"10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.08.050"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5078587","url_text":"5078587"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27667176","url_text":"27667176"}]},{"reference":"Ng SW, Norwitz GA, Pavlicev M, Tilburgs T, Simón C, Norwitz ER (June 2020). \"Endometrial Decidualization: The Primary Driver of Pregnancy Health\". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 21 (11): 4092. doi:10.3390/ijms21114092. PMC 7312091. PMID 32521725.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7312091","url_text":"\"Endometrial Decidualization: The Primary Driver of Pregnancy Health\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms21114092","url_text":"10.3390/ijms21114092"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7312091","url_text":"7312091"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32521725","url_text":"32521725"}]},{"reference":"Bacher S, Achatz G, Schmitz ML, Lamers MC (December 2002). \"Prohibitin and prohibitone are contained in high-molecular weight complexes and interact with alpha-actinin and annexin A2\". Biochimie. 84 (12): 1207–1220. doi:10.1016/S0300-9084(02)00027-5. PMID 12628297.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0300-9084%2802%2900027-5","url_text":"10.1016/S0300-9084(02)00027-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12628297","url_text":"12628297"}]},{"reference":"Kirshner J, Schumann D, Shively JE (December 2003). \"CEACAM1, a cell-cell adhesion molecule, directly associates with annexin II in a three-dimensional model of mammary morphogenesis\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (50): 50338–50345. doi:10.1074/jbc.M309115200. PMID 14522961.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M309115200","url_text":"\"CEACAM1, a cell-cell adhesion molecule, directly associates with annexin II in a three-dimensional model of mammary morphogenesis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M309115200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M309115200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14522961","url_text":"14522961"}]},{"reference":"Réty S, Sopkova J, Renouard M, Osterloh D, Gerke V, Tabaries S, et al. (January 1999). \"The crystal structure of a complex of p11 with the annexin II N-terminal peptide\". Nature Structural Biology. 6 (1): 89–95. doi:10.1038/4965. PMID 9886297. S2CID 26400923.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F4965","url_text":"10.1038/4965"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9886297","url_text":"9886297"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26400923","url_text":"26400923"}]},{"reference":"He KL, Deora AB, Xiong H, Ling Q, Weksler BB, Niesvizky R, Hajjar KA (July 2008). \"Endothelial cell annexin A2 regulates polyubiquitination and degradation of its binding partner S100A10/p11\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 283 (28): 19192–19200. doi:10.1074/jbc.M800100200. PMC 2443646. PMID 18434302.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2443646","url_text":"\"Endothelial cell annexin A2 regulates polyubiquitination and degradation of its binding partner S100A10/p11\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M800100200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M800100200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2443646","url_text":"2443646"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18434302","url_text":"18434302"}]},{"reference":"Ohta S, Shiomi Y, Sugimoto K, Obuse C, Tsurimoto T (October 2002). \"A proteomics approach to identify proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-binding proteins in human cell lysates. Identification of the human CHL12/RFCs2-5 complex as a novel PCNA-binding protein\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (43): 40362–40367. doi:10.1074/jbc.M206194200. PMID 12171929.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M206194200","url_text":"\"A proteomics approach to identify proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-binding proteins in human cell lysates. Identification of the human CHL12/RFCs2-5 complex as a novel PCNA-binding protein\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M206194200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M206194200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12171929","url_text":"12171929"}]},{"reference":"Leffler J, Herbert AP, Norström E, Schmidt CQ, Barlow PN, Blom AM, Martin M (February 2010). \"Annexin-II, DNA, and histones serve as factor H ligands on the surface of apoptotic cells\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 285 (6): 3766–3776. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.045427. PMC 2823518. PMID 19951950.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2823518","url_text":"\"Annexin-II, DNA, and histones serve as factor H ligands on the surface of apoptotic cells\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M109.045427","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M109.045427"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2823518","url_text":"2823518"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19951950","url_text":"19951950"}]},{"reference":"Woodham AW, Da Silva DM, Skeate JG, Raff AB, Ambroso MR, Brand HE, et al. (2012). \"The S100A10 subunit of the annexin A2 heterotetramer facilitates L2-mediated human papillomavirus infection\". PLOS ONE. 7 (8): e43519. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...743519W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043519. PMC 3425544. PMID 22927980.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3425544","url_text":"\"The S100A10 subunit of the annexin A2 heterotetramer facilitates L2-mediated human papillomavirus infection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...743519W","url_text":"2012PLoSO...743519W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0043519","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0043519"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3425544","url_text":"3425544"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22927980","url_text":"22927980"}]},{"reference":"Woodham AW, Raff AB, Raff LM, Da Silva DM, Yan L, Skeate JG, et al. (May 2014). \"Inhibition of Langerhans cell maturation by human papillomavirus type 16: a novel role for the annexin A2 heterotetramer in immune suppression\". Journal of Immunology. 192 (10): 4748–4757. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1303190. PMC 4019435. PMID 24719459.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4019435","url_text":"\"Inhibition of Langerhans cell maturation by human papillomavirus type 16: a novel role for the annexin A2 heterotetramer in immune suppression\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.1303190","url_text":"10.4049/jimmunol.1303190"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4019435","url_text":"4019435"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24719459","url_text":"24719459"}]},{"reference":"Kwon M, MacLeod TJ, Zhang Y, Waisman DM (January 2005). \"S100A10, annexin A2, and annexin a2 heterotetramer as candidate plasminogen receptors\". Frontiers in Bioscience. 10 (1–3): 300–325. doi:10.2741/1529. PMID 15574370.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2741%2F1529","url_text":"\"S100A10, annexin A2, and annexin a2 heterotetramer as candidate plasminogen receptors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2741%2F1529","url_text":"10.2741/1529"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15574370","url_text":"15574370"}]},{"reference":"Babiychuk EB, Draeger A (June 2006). \"Regulation of ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity via Ca2+-dependent, annexin 2-mediated membrane rearrangement?\". Biochemical Society Transactions. 34 (Pt 3): 374–376. doi:10.1042/BST0340374. PMID 16709165.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1042%2FBST0340374","url_text":"10.1042/BST0340374"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16709165","url_text":"16709165"}]},{"reference":"Bohn E, Gerke V, Kresse H, Löffler BM, Kunze H (January 1992). \"Annexin II inhibits calcium-dependent phospholipase A1 and lysophospholipase but not triacyl glycerol lipase activities of rat liver hepatic lipase\". FEBS Letters. 296 (3): 237–240. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(92)80294-Q. PMID 1531641. S2CID 19633878.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2892%2980294-Q","url_text":"\"Annexin II inhibits calcium-dependent phospholipase A1 and lysophospholipase but not triacyl glycerol lipase activities of rat liver hepatic lipase\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2892%2980294-Q","url_text":"10.1016/0014-5793(92)80294-Q"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1531641","url_text":"1531641"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19633878","url_text":"19633878"}]},{"reference":"Dawson SJ, White LA (May 1992). \"Treatment of Haemophilus aphrophilus endocarditis with ciprofloxacin\". The Journal of Infection. 24 (3): 317–320. doi:10.1016/S0163-4453(05)80037-4. PMID 1602151.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0163-4453%2805%2980037-4","url_text":"10.1016/S0163-4453(05)80037-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1602151","url_text":"1602151"}]},{"reference":"Jindal HK, Chaney WG, Anderson CW, Davis RG, Vishwanatha JK (March 1991). \"The protein-tyrosine kinase substrate, calpactin I heavy chain (p36), is part of the primer recognition protein complex that interacts with DNA polymerase alpha\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (8): 5169–5176. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)67770-7. PMID 1825830.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2967770-7","url_text":"\"The protein-tyrosine kinase substrate, calpactin I heavy chain (p36), is part of the primer recognition protein complex that interacts with DNA polymerase alpha\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2967770-7","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9258(19)67770-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1825830","url_text":"1825830"}]},{"reference":"Filipek A, Gerke V, Weber K, Kuźnicki J (February 1991). \"Characterization of the cell-cycle-regulated protein calcyclin from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Identification of two binding proteins obtained by Ca2(+)-dependent affinity chromatography\". European Journal of Biochemistry. 195 (3): 795–800. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb15768.x. PMID 1999197.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1432-1033.1991.tb15768.x","url_text":"\"Characterization of the cell-cycle-regulated protein calcyclin from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Identification of two binding proteins obtained by Ca2(+)-dependent affinity chromatography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1432-1033.1991.tb15768.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb15768.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1999197","url_text":"1999197"}]},{"reference":"Becker T, Weber K, Johnsson N (December 1990). \"Protein-protein recognition via short amphiphilic helices; a mutational analysis of the binding site of annexin II for p11\". The EMBO Journal. 9 (13): 4207–4213. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07868.x. PMC 552202. PMID 2148288.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC552202","url_text":"\"Protein-protein recognition via short amphiphilic helices; a mutational analysis of the binding site of annexin II for p11\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1460-2075.1990.tb07868.x","url_text":"10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07868.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC552202","url_text":"552202"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2148288","url_text":"2148288"}]},{"reference":"Spano F, Raugei G, Palla E, Colella C, Melli M (November 1990). \"Characterization of the human lipocortin-2-encoding multigene family: its structure suggests the existence of a short amino acid unit undergoing duplication\". Gene. 95 (2): 243–251. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(90)90367-Z. PMID 2174397.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-1119%2890%2990367-Z","url_text":"10.1016/0378-1119(90)90367-Z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2174397","url_text":"2174397"}]},{"reference":"Johnsson N, Johnsson K, Weber K (August 1988). \"A discontinuous epitope on p36, the major substrate of src tyrosine-protein-kinase, brings the phosphorylation site into the neighbourhood of a consensus sequence for Ca2+/lipid-binding proteins\". FEBS Letters. 236 (1): 201–204. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(88)80314-4. PMID 2456953. S2CID 38734898.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2888%2980314-4","url_text":"10.1016/0014-5793(88)80314-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2456953","url_text":"2456953"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38734898","url_text":"38734898"}]},{"reference":"Gould KL, Woodgett JR, Isacke CM, Hunter T (July 1986). \"The protein-tyrosine kinase substrate p36 is also a substrate for protein kinase C in vitro and in vivo\". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 6 (7): 2738–2744. doi:10.1128/mcb.6.7.2738. PMC 367834. PMID 2946940.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC367834","url_text":"\"The protein-tyrosine kinase substrate p36 is also a substrate for protein kinase C in vitro and in vivo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fmcb.6.7.2738","url_text":"10.1128/mcb.6.7.2738"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC367834","url_text":"367834"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2946940","url_text":"2946940"}]},{"reference":"Huebner K, Cannizzaro LA, Frey AZ, Hecht BK, Hecht F, Croce CM, Wallner BP (May 1988). \"Chromosomal localization of the human genes for lipocortin I and lipocortin II\". Oncogene Research. 2 (4): 299–310. PMID 2969496.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2969496","url_text":"2969496"}]},{"reference":"Huang KS, Wallner BP, Mattaliano RJ, Tizard R, Burne C, Frey A, et al. (July 1986). \"Two human 35 kd inhibitors of phospholipase A2 are related to substrates of pp60v-src and of the epidermal growth factor receptor/kinase\". Cell. 46 (2): 191–199. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90736-1. PMID 3013422. S2CID 24557024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2886%2990736-1","url_text":"10.1016/0092-8674(86)90736-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3013422","url_text":"3013422"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24557024","url_text":"24557024"}]},{"reference":"Buday L, Egan SE, Rodriguez Viciana P, Cantrell DA, Downward J (March 1994). \"A complex of Grb2 adaptor protein, Sos exchange factor, and a 36-kDa membrane-bound tyrosine phosphoprotein is implicated in ras activation in T cells\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (12): 9019–9023. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)37070-9. PMID 7510700.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2817%2937070-9","url_text":"\"A complex of Grb2 adaptor protein, Sos exchange factor, and a 36-kDa membrane-bound tyrosine phosphoprotein is implicated in ras activation in T cells\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2817%2937070-9","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9258(17)37070-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7510700","url_text":"7510700"}]},{"reference":"Chung CY, Erickson HP (July 1994). \"Cell surface annexin II is a high affinity receptor for the alternatively spliced segment of tenascin-C\". The Journal of Cell Biology. 126 (2): 539–548. doi:10.1083/jcb.126.2.539. PMC 2200039. PMID 7518469.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2200039","url_text":"\"Cell surface annexin II is a high affinity receptor for the alternatively spliced segment of tenascin-C\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.126.2.539","url_text":"10.1083/jcb.126.2.539"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2200039","url_text":"2200039"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7518469","url_text":"7518469"}]},{"reference":"Kato S, Sekine S, Oh SW, Kim NS, Umezawa Y, Abe N, et al. (December 1994). \"Construction of a human full-length cDNA bank\". Gene. 150 (2): 243–250. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90433-2. PMID 7821789.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-1119%2894%2990433-2","url_text":"10.1016/0378-1119(94)90433-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7821789","url_text":"7821789"}]},{"reference":"Richard I, Broux O, Chiannilkulchai N, Fougerousse F, Allamand V, Bourg N, et al. (October 1994). \"Regional localization of human chromosome 15 loci\". Genomics. 23 (3): 619–627. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1550. PMID 7851890.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.1994.1550","url_text":"10.1006/geno.1994.1550"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7851890","url_text":"7851890"}]},{"reference":"Takahashi S, Reddy SV, Chirgwin JM, Devlin R, Haipek C, Anderson J, Roodman GD (November 1994). \"Cloning and identification of annexin II as an autocrine/paracrine factor that increases osteoclast formation and bone resorption\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (46): 28696–28701. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)61961-7. PMID 7961821.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2961961-7","url_text":"\"Cloning and identification of annexin II as an autocrine/paracrine factor that increases osteoclast formation and bone resorption\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2961961-7","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9258(19)61961-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7961821","url_text":"7961821"}]},{"reference":"Hyatt SL, Liao L, Chapline C, Jaken S (February 1994). \"Identification and characterization of alpha-protein kinase C binding proteins in normal and transformed REF52 cells\". Biochemistry. 33 (5): 1223–1228. doi:10.1021/bi00171a023. PMID 8110754.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi00171a023","url_text":"10.1021/bi00171a023"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8110754","url_text":"8110754"}]},{"reference":"Wright JF, Kurosky A, Wasi S (February 1994). \"An endothelial cell-surface form of annexin II binds human cytomegalovirus\". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 198 (3): 983–989. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1994.1140. PMID 8117306.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fbbrc.1994.1140","url_text":"10.1006/bbrc.1994.1140"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8117306","url_text":"8117306"}]},{"reference":"Maruyama K, Sugano S (January 1994). \"Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides\". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–174. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-1119%2894%2990802-8","url_text":"10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8125298","url_text":"8125298"}]}]
|
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levels"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031982","external_links_name":"vesicle"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005829","external_links_name":"cytosol"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005768","external_links_name":"endosome"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016020","external_links_name":"membrane"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031902","external_links_name":"late endosome membrane"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042470","external_links_name":"melanosome"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001726","external_links_name":"ruffle"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005886","external_links_name":"plasma membrane"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005811","external_links_name":"lipid droplet"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0035749","external_links_name":"myelin sheath 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff_of_Shropshire
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High Sheriff of Shropshire
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["1 Sheriff","1.1 11th century","1.2 12th century","1.3 13th and 14th centuries","1.4 15th century","1.5 16th century","1.6 17th century","1.7 18th century","1.8 19th century","1.9 20th century","2 High sheriffs","2.1 20th century","2.2 21st century","3 Footnotes","4 References"]
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Ceremonial officer of the English county of Shropshire
This is a list of sheriffs and high sheriffs of Shropshire
The sheriff is the oldest secular office under the Crown. Formerly the high sheriff was the principal law enforcement officer in the county but over the centuries most of the responsibilities associated with the post have been transferred elsewhere or are now defunct so that its functions are now largely ceremonial. From 1204 to 1344 the Sheriff of Staffordshire served also as the Sheriff of Shropshire.
Under the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972, on 1 April 1974 the office previously known as sheriff was retitled high sheriff. The high sheriff changes every March.
Sheriff
11th century
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2008)
Warin the Bald
c. 1086 Rainald De Balliol, De Knightley (1040–1086)
1102 Hugh (son of Warin)
12th century
-1114: Alan fitz Flaad (died 1114)
1127–1137: Pain fitzJohn (died 1137)
1137–1138: William Fitz Alan (exiled 1138)
1155–1159: William Fitz Alan (died 1160)
1160–1165: Guy le Strange
1166–1169: Geoffrey de Vere
1170:Geoffrey de Vere and William Clericus
1171–1179: Guy le Strange
1180–1189: Hugh Pantulf, 4th Baron of Wem
1190–1201: William fitz Alan II (died 1210)
13th and 14th centuries
1204–1344 See High Sheriff of Staffordshire
1208 Reginald de Lega (acting)
1228 (or before) Henry de Deneston
1228 Henry de Verdun (I)
1285: Sir Roger de Pulesdon (otherwise 'de Pyvelesdon')
1354–1359 John de Burton
1377: Sir John Burley
1377: Sir Bryan Cornwall of Burford, Shropshire
1378: John Ludlow
1379: John de Drayton
1380: Roger Hord
1381: John Shery
1382: Edward Acton of Longnor
1383: John de Stepulton
1384: Edward Acton of Longnor
1386: Nicholas de Sandford
1387: Robert de Lee
1388: John de la Pole (alias Mowetho), of Mawddwy and Wattlesborough
1388: Robert de Ludlow
1389: Edward Acton of Longnor
1390: John de Stepulton
1391: Sir William Hugford of Apley, Salop and Wilden, Beds
1392: Henry de Winesbury
1393: John de Eyton of Eyton upon the Weald Moors
1394: Thomas de Lee of South Bache in Diddlebury
1395: William Worthie
1396: Sir William Hugford of Apley, Salop and Wilden, Beds
1397–1398: Adamus de Pashal
1399: John Cornwall of Kinlet
15th century
1400: Sir William Hugford of Apley, Salop and Wilden, Beds
1401–1402: John Darras of Sidbury and Neenton
1402–1403: Thomas Newport of High Ercall Hall
1403: Sir John Cornwall of Kinlet
1405: Thomas de Whitton of Whitton near Burford
1405: Sir John Cornwall of Kinlet
1406: William Brounshul
1407: John Burley of Broomscraft Castle
1408: Sir Roger Acton
1409: Edward Sprenghose of Plaish
1410: Robert Tiptrot
1413–1415: Sir Robert Corbet of Hadley
1415: Sir Richard Lacon of Lacon and Willey
1416: George Hawkstone of Hawkstone
1417: William Ludlow
1418: Adam Peshale
1419: Sir Robert Corbet of Moreton Corbet castle (died in office, 1420)
1420–1422: John Bruyn of Bridgnorth
1423: Hugo Harnage of Belswardyne and Sheinton
1424: Thomas le Strange
1425: William Burley
1426: Thomas Corbet of Leigh
1427: William Lichfield
1428: John Wynnesbury of Winsbury and Glazeley, Salop and Pillaton Hall in Penkridge, Staffs
1429: Hugh Burgh of Wattlesborough and Dinas Mawddwy, Merionethshire (died 1430) and Thomas Hopton of Rockhill
1430: Richard Archer
1431: John Bruyn of Bridgnorth
1432: John Ludlow
1433: Thomas Corbet de Ley
1434: Hugo Cresset of Upton Cressett
1435: Robert Inglefield of Berkshire
1436: William Ludlow
1437: William Lichfield
1438: Humphrey Low
1439–1440: Nicholas Eyton of Eyton Hall, near Wellington
1441: John Burgh
1442: William Ludlow
1443: Thomas Corbet
1444: Nicholas Eyton
1445: Hugo Cresset
1446: Sir Fulk Sprenghose of Plaish
1447: William Ludlow
1448: John Burgh
1449: Roger Eyton
1450: Thomas Herbert of Chirbury
1451: Sir William Lakyn of Willey
1452: John Burgh
1453: Robert Corbet
1454: Nicholas Eyton
1455: William Mitton
1456: Thomas Hord
1457: Fulk Sprencheaux
1459: Sir Thomas Cornwall of Burford, Shropshire
1460: Robert Corbet
1461: Sir Humphrey Blount Kt. of Kinlet Hall
1462–1463: Sir Roger Kynaston Kt of Hordley
1464: John Burgh
1465: Richard Lee
1466: Robert Eyton
1467: Sir Humphrey Blount Kt. of Kinlet Hall
1468: John Leighton of Watlesbury (1st term)
1469: Robert Cresset of Upton Cressett
1470: Roger Kinaston (arm.)
1471: Roger Kinaston (mil.)
1472: Robert Charlton
1473: William Newport of High Ercall Hall
1474: John Leighton (2nd term)
1475: Sir Humphrey Blount Kt. of Kinlet Hall
1476: John Heuui
1477: Richard Lakin of Willey
1478: Richard Ludlow
1479: Richard Lee (grandson of Robert, HS 1387)
1480: Sir Thomas Blount of Kinlet Hall
1481: John Harley
1482: John Leighton (3rd term)
1483: Thomas Mytton
1484: Thomas Hord
1485: Robert Cresset and Gilbert Talbot
1486: John Talbot
1487: Richard Laken
1488: Thomas Hord
1489: Edward Blount
1490: Richard Ludlow
1491: John Newport of High Ercall Hall
1492: William Young of Kenton
1493: Edward Blount
1494: Thomas Blount
1495: Thomas Leighton and Richard Lee
1496: Richard Lee
1497: Thomas Screvin
1498: Richard Laken
1499: Richard Harley
16th century
1500: William Ottley of Pitchford
1501: John Newport
1502: Thomas Blount
1503–1504: Peter Newton of Hertley
1505: George Manwayring
1506: Thomas Cornwall (1st term)
1507: Sir Robert Corbet Kt. of Moreton Corbet castle
1508: Thomas Kynaston of Hordley.
1509: Sir Thomas Laykin of Willey
1510: John Newport
1511: Thomas Scriven
1512: Peter Newton
1513: William Ottley
1514: Thomas Laken
1515: Thomas Cornwall (2nd term)
1516: Robert Pigott of Chetwynd Hall, Newport
1517: Peter Newton
1518: Thomas Blount
1519: Thomas Cornwall (3rd term)
1520: John Salter of Oswestry
1521: George Bromley
1522: Peter Newton of Bromley
1523: Thomas Vernon of Hodnet
1524: Thomas Cornwall
1525: Sir John Corbet of Leigh
1526: Thomas Screvin
1527: John Talbot
1528: Sir Robert Needham of Shenton, Adderley
1529: Roger Corbet of Moreton Corbet
1530: John Blount died and replaced by Thomas Cornwall (4th term)
1531: Thomas Manwayring
1532: Thomas Laken
1533: Thomas Talbot
1534: Thomas Vernon
1535: Sir Robert Needham of Shenton, Adderley
1536: John Corbet of Leigh
1537: John Talbot
1538: Richard Manwayring
1539: Sir Richard Lakyn of Willey
1540: Sir Robert Needham of Shenton, Adderley
1541: John Talbot
1542: Thomas Newport of High Ercall Hall
1543: Richard Mytton of Shrewsbury and Halston and Dinas Mawddwy, Merionethshire
1544: Richard Manwayring
1545: Thomas Vernon
1546: Thomas Lee
1547: William Young
1548: Richard Cornwall of Burford
1549: Thomas Newport
1550: Sir Andrew Corbet, Kt of Moreton Corbet castle
1551: Richard Newport of High Ercall Hall (1st term)
1552: Sir Richard Maynewaring
1553: Sir Adam Mytton
1554: Richard Cornwall of Burford
1555: Sir Andrew Corbet, Kt of Moreton Corbet castle
1556: Sir Richard Leveson
1557: Richard Newport of High Ercall Hall (2nd term)
1558: Thomas Fermor of Horke Park, Bridgnorth
1559: Richard Mytton of Shrewsbury and Halston and Dinas Mawddwy, Merionethshire
1560: Richard Corbet of Poynton and Wortley, Yorks.
1561: Richard Cornwall of Burford
1562: Arthur Manwayring
1563: Sir George Blount of Kinlet Hall
1564: Robert Needham of Shenton, Adderley
1565: Humphrey Onslow
1566: Thomas Charlton and Thomas Eyton of Eyton Hall, near Wellington
1567: Edward Leighton of Wattlesborough Castle
1568: Richard Lewis
1569: Richard Newport of High Ercall Hall (3rd term)
1570: Sir Andrew Corbet, Kt of Moreton Corbet castle
1571: Rowland Lacon of Willey and Kinlet Hall
1572: William Gratewood
1573: Thomas Powell of Worthen
1574: Robert Pigott of Chetwynd Hall, Newport
1575: John Hopton
1576: Walter Leveson
1577: Arthur Maynwaring
1578: Francis Lawley of Spoon Hill
1579: William Young
1580: Edmund Cornwall of Burford, Shropshire
1581: William Gratewood
1582: Thomas Williams of Willaston
1583: Charles Foxe of Chainham
1584: Richard Cresset of Upton Cressett Hall
1585: Roul. Barker
1586: Francis Newport of High Ercall Hall (1st term)
1587: Robert Needham of Shenton, Adderley
1588: Edward Leighton of Wattlesborough Castle
1589: Thomas Cornwall
1590: Andrew Charleton
1591: William Hopton
1592: Robert Eyton
1593: Richard Corbet of Moreton Corbet castle
1594: Robert Powel
1595: Francis Albany of Fern Hill
1596: Robert Needham of Shenton, Adderley
1597: Edward Scriven
1598: Charles Fox
1599: Edward Kynaston of Oteley
17th century
1600: Humphrey Lee
1601: Francis Newport of High Ercall Hall
1602: Francis Newton
1603: Roger Kynaston of Hordley.
1604: Sir Roger Owen of Condover Hall
1605: Humphrey Brigges of Ernestry Park, Ludlow
1606: Sir Henry Wallop of Red Castle (Feb–Nov)
1607: Sir Robert Needham of Shenton, Adderley (later Viscount Kilmorey)
1608: Edward Fox of Caynham and Ludlow and Gwern-y-go, Ceri, Montgomeryshire
1609: Robert Purslow of Sidbury
1610: Richard Mitton (Thornes?) of Holston
1611: Bonham Norton
1612: Sir Francis Lacon of Kinlet Hall
1613: Thomas Gervis
1614: John Cotes of Woodcote
1615: Thomas Pigott of Chetwynd Hall, Newport
1616: Thomas Cornwall
1617: Rowland Cotton of Alkington Hall, Whitchurch and Bellaport Hall, Norton-in-Hales
1618: Robert Owen of Woodhouse
1619: Thomas Harris of Boreatton
1620: William Whitmore of Apley Hall
1621: Walter Barker
1622: Thomas Edwards of Creete, Rushbury and Shrewsbury
1623: Sir William Owen of Condover Hall
1624: Walter Pigott of Chetwynd Hall, Newport
1625: Francis Charleton of Apley
1626: Sir Richard Newport of High Ercall Hall
1627: Richard Prince of Shrewsbury
1627: Samuel Wingfield of Preston Brockhurst
1628: Sir John Corbet, 1st Baronet, of Stoke upon Tern
1629: Walter Acton of Aldenham
1630: Humphrey Walcott (or Walcot) of Walcot
1631: Thomas Ireland of Abrington
1632: Sir Philip Eyton of Eyton Hall, near Wellington
1633: Thomas Thynne of Caus Castle
1634: Sir Thomas Cornwall of Burford, Shropshire
1635: John Newton of Heytley
1636: Robert Corbet (died 1676) of Stanwardine
1637: Sir Paul Harris, 2nd Baronet
1638: William Pierpoint of Tong Castle
1639: Richard Lee
1640: Roger Kynaston of Hordley.
1641: Thomas Nicholas of Shrewsbury
1642: John Welde of Willye
1643–1644: Civil war
1645: Thomas Mytton
1646: Robert Powel
1648: William Cotton
1649: Thomas Barker
1650:
1651: Sir Edward Corbet Kt.
1652: Francis Forester of Watling Street
1653: George Norton of Stretton
1654: Thomas Kynnersley of Badger Hall, near Bridgnorth
1655: Matthew Herbert
1656: Thomas Hunt of Boreatton Park
1657:
1658: Edward Waring
1659: William Oakeley of Oakeley
1660: John Walcot of Walcot
1661:
1662:
1663: Isaac Jones
1664:
1665: Francis Charlton of Apley Castle
12 November 1665: Sir Humphrey Briggs, 2nd Baronet, of Haughton Hall, Shifnal
7 November 1666: Francis Leveson Fowler
14 September 1667: Robert Owen, of Woodhouse
6 November 1668: Thomas Mackworth
11 November 1669: Richard Cresswell
4 November 1670: Philip Prince
9 November 1671: Rowland Hunt, of Plaish
11 November 1672: Thomas Ireland
10 November 1673: Edward Keneston
12 November 1673: Robert Clive, of Llych
5 November 1674: Charles Foster, of Everlicke or Evelocke
12 November 1674: Rowland Nicholls, of Boycott
15 November 1675: Sir John Corbet, 3rd Baronet, of Adderley Hall
10 November 1676: Roger Evans
15 November 1677: Francis Forester
17 November 1677: Thomas Cotton, of Powley
14 November 1678: Lingen Topp, of Whitton
13 November 1679: Edward Kynaston, of Otley
4 November 1680: Thomas Hill, of Soulton
1682: Edward Kynaston of Hordley
1683: Henry Davenport
1684: Richard Lyster of Rowton Castle
1685: Sir Edward Acton, 3rd Baronet of Aldenham Park
1686: Richard Mytton of Halston, nr. Oswestry
1687: Ralph Browne of Caughley
1688: Robert Leighton of Wattlesborough Castle
1689: Jonathan Langley
1689: Francis Charlton
1690: John Kynaston of Hordley and Hardwick
1691: John Tayleur of Rodington
1692: Thomas Wingfield of Preston Brockhurst
1693: Sir Edward Leighton, 1st Baronet of Wattlesborough Castle
1694: Francis Prince
1694: Sir Roger Owen of Condover
1695: Richard More of Linley
1695: Richard Leighton
1696: Francis Herbert of Oakly Park, Ludlow
1697: Robert Pigott of Chetwynd Hall, Newport.
1698: Rowland Cotton of Etwall, Derbyshire and Bellaport
1699: Sir Francis Charlton, 2nd Baronet of Ludford House
1699: Thomas Jones of Shrewsbury
18th century
1700: Sir Robert Corbet, 4th Baronet of Adderley and Stoke
1701: Thomas Pardoe of Faintree
1702: Edward Cressett of Cound
1703: Henry Biggs (afterwards High Sheriff of Montgomeryshire, 1704)
1704: Sir William Williams
1705: Thomas Childe of The Birch, Kinlet
1706: Bartholomew Lutley of Wolverton, Eaton under Heywood
1707: Robert Slaney, of Rudge and Hatton
1708: Roger Owen, of Condover
1709: Robert Burton of Longner, near Shrewsbury
1710: Charles Walcott (or Walcot) of Walcot
1711: Richard Cresswell
1712: William Fowler
1713: William Tayleur of Rodington (son of John, HS 1691)
1714: Bulkley Mackworth
1715: William Church
1716: Sir John Wolryche, 4th Baronet
1717: Thomas Powell of Park
1718: Thomas Hunt of Plaish
1719: Edward Browne
1720: Edward Jorden of Briersleigh
1721: John Kynnersley of Badger Hall, near Bridgnorth
1722: Bromwich Pope of Wolstanton
1723: William Cludde of Orleton Hall
1724: Richard Oakeley of Oakeley
1725: Francis Walker
1726: Richard Leighton, of Rodenhurst
1727: Sir Edward Leighton, 2nd Baronet, of Loton Park
1728: Sir Whitmore Acton, 4th Baronet of Aldenham Park
1729: Thomas Jenkins of Chorton Hill
1730: Thomas Harries of Weston Lizard
1731: Grey James Grove of Pool Hall, Alveley
1732: Sir Rowland Hill, Bt
1733: Thomas Lloyd of Heightley
1734: Thomas Beal
1735:
1736: Thomas Lloyd of Heightley
1737: John Powell of Worthin
1738: Adam Ottley of Pitchford Hall
1739: Thomas Smyth of Stoke
1740: Richard Stanier, of Pepperhill
1741: Thomas Eyton of Eyton Hall, near Wellington
1742: Revel Moreton of Sheffnell
1743: Thomas Langley of Goulding
1744: William Tayleur of Shrewsbury
1745: Thomas Jones of Shrewsbury
1746: George Weld of Willey Park
1747: Sir Hugh Brigges Bt. of Haughton Hall, Shifnal
1748: Job Charlton of Park
1749: Charlton Leighton
1750: William Lutwiche of Brockton
1751: Sir Richard Acton of Aldenham Park
1752: Thomas Sandford of Sandford
1753: Rowland Wingfield of Onslow
1754: Edward Pemberton of Wrockwardine
1755: Francis Turner Blythe, of Shrewsbury
1756: Anthony Kinnersly of Leighton
1757: St John Charlton of Apley Castle
1758: John Amler of Ford House, Ford
1759: Samuel Griffith of Dinthill
1760: Thomas Jones of Shrewsbury
1761: John Smitheman of Madeley Wood, and later of West Coppice, Buildwas
1762: Thomas Powis of Great Berwick
1763: Thomas Burton
1764: Edward Rogers of Eaton
1765: John Topp of Whitton
1766: Charles Pigott of Peplow
1767: Thomas Ottley of Pitchford Hall
1768: Edward Botterell of the Heath
1769: John Owen of Woodhouse
1770: Richard Morhall of Onslow
1771: Joseph Griffiths of Dinthill
1772: Nicholas Smythe, of Nibley
1773: John Dod of Whitchurch
1774: Robert Pigott of Chetwynd Hall, Newport
1775: John Charlton Kinchant of Park Hall
1776: Thomas Jelf Powys of Berwick
1777: Dudley Acland of Millichap
1778: Sir Robert Corbet Kt. of Longnor
1779: Thomas Eyton of Eyton Hall, near Wellington
1780:
1781: Edward Charles Windsor
1782: Charles Walcott of Walcot Hall
1783: Isaac Hawkins Browne of Badger Hall, near Bridgnorth
1784: William Child
1785: Robert More of Linley
1785: John Sparling of Petton
1786: Sir Robert Leighton, 5th Baronet
1787: John Robert Lloyd of Aston replaced by Humphrey Sandford of the Isle
1788: Joseph Muckleston of Prescot
1789: Joseph Oldham, of Cainham
1790: Saint John Charlton of Charlton
1791: Thomas Pardoe
1792: Thomas Crompton
1793: John Corbet of Sundorne
1794: William Yelverton Davenport of Davenport House
1795: Henry Bevan of Shrewsbury
1796: Ralph Leeke
1797: William Tayleur of Buntingsdale (son of William, HS 1713)
1798: Sir Andrew Corbet, 1st Baronet
1799: Thomas Dickin
19th century
5 February 1800: William Chaloner, of Duddlestone
11 February 1801: Richard Lyster, of Rowton
18 February 1801: Thomas Clark, of Peplow
3 February 1802: William Ferriday, of Dawley Parva
3 March 1802: Thomas Harries, of Cruckton
3 February 1803: Thomas Kinnersley, of Leighton
1 February 1804: Robert Burton, of Longner Hall
6 February 1805: Thomas Whitmore, of Apley Hall
1 February 1806: William Botfield, of Malins Lee
4 February 1807: William Charlton, of Apley Castle
3 February 1808: Ralph Browne Wylde-Browne, of Caughley
6 February 1809: William Sparling, of Petton
31 January 1810: William Lloyd, of Aston
8 February 1811: George Brooke, of Haughton
24 January 1812: Richard Lyster of Rowton Castle
10 February 1813: William Church Norcop, of Belton House
4 February 1814: William Cludde, of Orleton
13 February 1815: (Frederic) Farmer Taylor, of Chyknell
1816: Sir Thomas Tyrwhitt-Jones, 2nd Baronet of Stanley Hall
1817: William Ormsby-Gore of Porkington
1818: Thomas Botfield of Hopton Court
1819: Edward William Smythe Owen of Condover
1820: Thomas Taylor of Ellerton
1821: Richard Heber, of Hodnett
1822: Robert Bridgman More, of Linley
1823: John Mytton of Halston, Salop. (Mad Jack Mytton)
1824: John Wingfield of Onslow
1825: John Whitehall Dod of Cloverley
1826: John Cotes of Woodcote Hall
1827: William Tayleur
1828: William Lacon Childe of Kinlet Hall
1829: Charles Kynaston Mainwaring of Oteley
1830: Rowland Hunt of Boreatton Park
1831: Sir Edward Joseph Smythe, 6th Baronet, of Acton Burnell Castle
1832: William Oakeley, of Oakeley
1833: Walter Moseley, of Buildwas Park
1834: Hon. Henry Wentworth Powys, of Berwick House
1835: Sir Baldwin Leighton, 7th Baronet, of Loton Park
1836: Sir William Rouse-Boughton, 2nd Baronet, of Downton
1837: Thomas Henry Hope, of Netley Hall
1838: William Wolryche Whitmore, of Dudmaston
1839: Peter Broughton, of Tunstall
1840: Thomas Eyton, of Eyton Hall, near Wellington
1841: Hon. Gustavus Frederick Hamilton, of Burwarton
1842: Henry Justice, of Hinstock
1843: Sir Andrew Corbet, 2nd Baronet, of Acton Reynald Hall
1844: John Charles Burton Borough, of Chetwynd Park
1845: St John Chiverton Charlton, of Apley Castle
1846: Richard Henry Kinchant, of Park Hall
1847: Joseph Venables Lovett, of Belmont
1848: William Henry Francis Plowden, of Plowden
1849: Panton Corbett, of Longnor
1850: Ralph Merrick Leeke, of Longford
1851: Robert Henry Cheney, of Badger Hall
1852: Robert Burton, of Longner Hall
1853: Algernon Charles Heber-Percy, of Hodnet Hall
1854: Robert Aglionby Slaney, of Walford Manor
1855: Willoughby Hurt Sitwell, of Bucknall
1856: Edward Lloyd Gatacre, of Gatacre
1857: Sir William Curtis, 3rd Baronet, of Caynham Court, Caynham
1858: Edmund Wright, of Halston
1859: Charles Orlando Childe Pemberton, of Millichope Park
1860: Sir Charles Henry Rouse-Boughton, 11th Baronet, of Downton Hall, Stanton Lacy
1861: George Pritchard, of Broseley
1862: Sir Vincent Rowland Corbet, 3rd Baronet, of Acton Reynald Hall
1863: Thomas Charlton Whitmore, of Apley Park
1864: David Francis Atcherley, of Marton Hall
1865: Francis Harries, of Cruckton
1866: Thomas Hugh Sandford, of Sandford
1867: Sir Charles Frederick Smythe, 7th Baronet, of Acton Burnell Castle
1868: Charles Spencer Lloyd, of Leaton Knolls
1869: John Rocke, of Clungunford
1870: Salusbury Kynaston Mainwaring, of Oteley Park
1871: William Kenyon Slaney, of Hatton Grange
1872: John Henniker Lovett, of Fern Hill, Oswestry
1873: Charles George Wingfield, of Onslow, Shrewsbury
1874: Richard Thomas Lloyd, of Aston Hall, Oswestry
1875: Sir Henry George Harnage, 3rd Baronet, of Belswardine
1876: Arthur Mostyn Owen, of Woodhouse
1877: Sir Henry Thomas Tyrwhitt, 3rd Baronet, of Stanley Hall, Bridgnorth
1878: The Honourable Robert Charles Herbert, of Orleton
1879: Henry de Grey Warter, of Longden Manor
1880: Charles Donaldson-Hudson, of Cheswardine Hall
1881: Robert Jasper More, of Linley Hall
1882: James Jenkinson Bibby, of Hardwicke Grange, Hadnall
1883: William Orme Foster, of Apley Park
1884: Charles John Morris, of Oxon
1885: William Edward Montagu Hulton-Harrop, of Lythwood Hall
1886: Arthur Sparrow, of Preen Manor
1887: Sir Offley Wakeman, 3rd Baronet, of Rorrington Lodge, Chirbury
1888: Arthur Pemberton Heywood-Lonsdale, of Shavington Hall
1889: John Tayleur, of Buntingsdale, Market Drayton
1890: Thomas Slaney Eyton, of Walford Hall, Shrewsbury
1891: Sir Edward Ripley, 2nd Baronet, of Bedstone Court, Bucknell,
1892: Henry Reginald Corbet, of Adderley Hall, Market Drayton
1893: John Derby Allcroft, of Stokesay Court, Onibury
1894: Francis Stanier, of Peplow Hall, Market Drayton
1895: Edward Wood, of Culmington Manor, Craven Arms
1896: William Henry Whitaker, of Totterton Hall, Lydbury North
1897: John Baddeley Wood, of Henley Hall, Ludlow
1898: Sir Walter Orlando Corbet, 4th Baronet, of Acton Reynald, Shrewsbury
1899: Hugh Ker Colville, of Bellaport Hall, Market Drayton
20th century
1900: Frank Bibby of Sansaw Hall, near Shrewsbury
1901: John Sidney Burton-Borough of Chetwynd Park, Newport
1902: James Augustine Harvey Thursby-Pelham of Cound Hall, Shrewsbury
1903: William Henry Foster of Apley Park, Bridgnorth
1904: Herbert James Hope-Edwards of Netley, Dorrington, Shrewsbury
1905: Charles Edward Morris of Oxon, near Shrewsbury
1906: Alfred Edmund William Darby of Adcote, near Baschurch
1907: Charles Francis Kynaston Mainwaring of Otley Park, Ellesmere
1908: Edward Charles Ayshford Sanford, of Chipley Park, Wellington
1909: Alfred Wynne Corrie of Park Hall, Oswestry
1910: Sir Raymond Robert Tyrwhitt-Wilson Bt (later Baron Berners) of Stanley Hall.
1911: Edward Brocklehurst Fielden of Condover Hall, Shrewsbury
1912: Alexander Cowan McCorquodale, of Cound Hall, Shrewsbury
1913: Charles Ralph Borlase Wingfield of Onslow, near Shrewsbury.
1914: Sir William St Andrew Rouse-Boughton of Downton Hall, Stanton Lacy.
1915: William Swire of Longden Manor, Shrewsbury
1916: James Volant Wheeler of Bitterley Court, Bitterley, Ludlow
1917: John Reid Walker of Ruckley Grange, Shifnal
1918: John Henry Arthur Whitley of Bourton, Much Wenlock
1919: Lt Col Nathaniel Ffarington Eckersley of The Trench, Wem
1920: Henry Ernest Whittaker of Ludford Park, Ludlow
1921: Captain James Whittaker of Winsley Hall, Shrewsbury
1922: Colonel John Robert Howard-McLean of Aston Hall, Shifnal
1923: Alfred Rowland Clegg of Nash Court near Tenbury
1924: Captain Harry Anthony Van Bergen of Ferney Hall, near Craven Arms
1925: Humphrey Sandford, of The Isle, Shrewsbury
1926: Norman William Howard-McLean, of Brereton Hall
1927: Lieut.-Col. Ralph Charles Donaldson–Hudson of Cheswardine, Market Drayton
1928: Major Herbert Rushton Sykes, of Lydham Manor, Bishops Castle.
1929: Capt. Frank Brian Frederic Bibby, of Sansaw, Shrewsbury.
1930: John Arthur Gwynn Sparrow, of Albrighton Hall, Shrewsbury
1931: Lieut.-Col. Harold Platt Sykes, of Longford Hall, Newport
1932: Major Arthur William Foster of Apley Park, Bridgnorth
1933: John Russell Allcroft, of Stokesay Court, Onibury
1934: Sir Offley Wakeman of Yeaton Peverey House, near Shrewsbury
1935: Robert Orlando Rodolph Kenyon-Slaney of Hatton Grange, Shifnal
1936: Lt Col Hon Francis Henry Cecil Weld-Forester of Decker Hill, Shifnal
1937: Joseph Eccles, of Halston Hall, Whittington, Oswestry
1938: Col. Charles Reginald Morris-Eyton of Walford Manor, Baschurch, Shrewsbury
1939: Major Charles Morris Threlfall, of Ruyton Manor, Shrewsbury
1940: Sir Edward Hotham Rouse-Boughton of Downton Hall, Stanton Lacy.
1941: Lieut.-Col. Roger Arthur Mostyn-Owen, of Woodhouse, Oswestry
1942: Major Anthony Charles Stevens Bovill, of Mytton Hall, Montford Bridge, Shrewsbury
1943: Lieut.-Col. John Nicholas Price Wood, of Henley Hall, Ludlow
1944: Major Lawrence Warner Wyld Lees, of Old Hall, Cheswardine, Market Drayton
1945: Lieut.-Colonel George Paton Pollitt of Harnage Grange, Cressage, Shrewsbury
1946: Wiston John Kynnersley-Browne of Leighton Hall, Shrewsbury
1947: Reginald Adam Black, of Prees Hall, Whitchurch
1948: Folliott Sandford Neale, of Berwick House, Shrewsbury
1949: Captain Codrington Gwynne Reid Walker, of Ruckley Grange, Shifnal
1950: Major Reginald Culcheth Holcroft, of Wrentnall House, Pulverbatch, Shrewsbury
1951: Brigadier Sir Alexander Beville Gibbons Stanier, 2nd Baronet of The Citadel, Weston, Shrewsbury.
1952: Lieut-Colonel William Warburton Hayes, of Harcourt, Stanton, Shrewsbury.
1953: Charles Wingfield of Onslow, near Shrewsbury.
1954: Lieut.-Colonel Edward Anthony Fielden of Court of Hill, Ludlow
1955: Arthur Frederick Vavasour McConnell, of Hampton Hall, Worthen
1956: Sir Richard Tihel Leighton of Loton Park
1957: Col. J.S. Burton Borough, of Chetwynd Park, Newport.
1958: Sir Oliver William Hargreaves Leese, of Lower Hall, Worfield, Bridgnorth.
1959: Captain Richard William Corbett of The Dower House, Longnor, near Shrewsbury.
1960: Arthur Nicholas Fielden, of Cruckton Cottage, Shrewsbury.
1961: Lieut.-Colonel Arthur Patrick Sykes of Lydham Manor, Bishop's Castle.
1962: Brigadier James Norman Ritchie of Yeaton House, Baschurch
1963: Major Edward Fitzhardinge Peyton Gage, of Chyknell, Bridgnorth
1964: Charles Hugh Rogers-Coltman of The Home, Bishop's Castle
1965: Brigadier Gordon Forbes Maclean of Pentreheylin, Maesbrook, Llanymynech.
1966: Lieut.-Colonel Sir John Vincent Corbet, 7th Baronet of Acton Reynald, Shrewsbury.
1967: William Francis Godfrey Plowden of Plowden Hall, Lydbury North.
1968: John Leigh Reed of Sidbury Hall, Bridgnorth.
1969: Peter George Culcheth Holcroft of Eaton Mascott Hall, Berrington, near Shrewsbury.
1970: Major Hubert Robert Holden of Sibdon Castle, Craven Arms.
1971: John Seymour Evan Rocke of Clungunford House, Craven Arms.
1972: Major Francis John Yates, of The Wood, Codsall Wood, near Wolverhampton
1973: Robert Ivan Kenyon-Slaney of Hatton Grange, Shifnal.
High sheriffs
20th century
1974: Captain John Michael George Lumsden of Henley Hall, Ludlow.
1975: Colonel Guy Mytton Thornycroft, of The Mount, Cressage, near Shrewsbury
1976: Lieut.-Col. Robert Charles Henry Armitstead, of Stoke Court, Greete, Ludlow
1977: Peter Howard Thompson, of Coton Hall, Bridgnorth
1978: John Anthony Fielden, of Court of Hill, Ludlow.
1979: William Simon Rodolph Kenyon-Slaney, of Chyknell, Bridgnorth.
1980: Lieut-Colonel Robert Charles Gilfrid Morris-Eyton, TD, of Calvington Manor, Newport.
1981: Vesey Martin Edward Holt, of Orleton Hall, Wellington, Telford.
1982: John Cyril Yeoward of Newcastle Court, Clun, Craven Arms
1983: David Langdon Upton Scott, of Harnage Grange, Cressage.
1984: Christopher Ronald Thompson, of Aldenham Park, near Bridgnorth.
1985: Christopher Stephen Motley, of Chilton Grove, Atcham, near Shrewsbury
1986: Timothy Claud Heywood-Lonsdale, of The Old Laundry, Shavington, Market Drayton.
1987: Algernon Eustace Hugh Heber-Percy
1988: Roger Everard Angell-James, of Berwick House, Shrewsbury.
1989: David Robin Bibby Thompson of Sansaw, Clive, Shrewsbury.
1990: Denis Peareth Hornell Lennox, of The Old Mill, Bayton, near Kidderminster, Worcestershire, died and was replaced by Hugh Bernard Meynell, of Brockton Court, Shifnal
1991: Lionel Richard Jebb, of The Lyth, Ellesmere.
1992: Edward Martin Amphlett Thompson, of The Bolt Hole, Six Ashes, Bridgnorth.
1993: Roger Michael Gabb
1994: Jeremy Hugh Gifford Lywood of Ashford Court, Ashford Carbonell, Ludlow.
1995: Nicholas Edward Egerton Stephens of Grafton Lodge, Montford Bridge, Shrewsbury.
1996: Timothy William Edward Corbett, Esq., of The Dower House, Longnor, Shrewsbury.
1997: Elizabeth Catherine Weld-Forester, Baroness Forester, of Willey Park
1998: Lindsay Claude Neils Bury, of Millichope Park, Munslow, Craven Arms.
1999: Jonathan Rupert Blakiston Lovegrove-Fielden, of Longden Manor, Pontesford, Shrewsbury
21st century
2000: Richard Panton Corbett, of Grove Farm House, Longnor
2001: John Richard Ravenscroft, of The Old Rectory
2002: John Nicholas Richard Neville Bishop, of Shipton Hall
2003: Julian Veronica Morgan, of 1 Silk Mill Lane, Ludlow
2004: Humphrey Salwey of The Lodge, Overton
2005: Michael John Lowe
2006: Anthony Richard Tanner
2007: Meriel Rose Afia
2008: Anne Gee
2009: Anna Turner
2010: Hugh Trevor-Jones
2011: Richard Henry Burbidge
2012: John Abram of Oswestry
2013: Diana Flint
2014: Robert Bland
2015: David Stacey of Leigh Manor, Hope, Shrewsbury
2016: Christine Holmes
2017: Charles E Lillis of Whittington
2018: Rhoderick Martin Swire of Ludlow
2019: Dr Jeremy John Dixey of Westbury, Shrewsbury
2020: Amanda Nadine Harris of Shrewsbury
2021: Robert Anthony Morris-Eyton of Calvington
2022: Selina Lucy Graham
2023: Mrs Amanda Jillian Thorn
Footnotes
^ There are seven places in Shropshire called Aston, and the source does not say which this one was. However, there are records of a Lloyd family of Aston Hall, Oswestry.
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^ "No. 35119". The London Gazette. 28 March 1941. p. 1802.
^ "No. 35508". The London Gazette. 31 March 1942. p. 1453.
^ "No. 35938". The London Gazette. 12 March 1943. p. 1200.
^ "No. 36444". The London Gazette. 28 March 1944. p. 1449.
^ "No. 36998". The London Gazette. 23 March 1945. p. 1602.
^ "No. 37509". The London Gazette. 22 March 1946. p. 1494.
^ "No. 37905". The London Gazette. 14 March 1947. p. 1214.
^ "No. 38235". The London Gazette. 12 March 1948. p. 1811.
^ "No. 38556". The London Gazette. 8 March 1949. p. 1202.
^ "No. 38878". The London Gazette. 4 April 1950. p. 1666.
^ "No. 39175". The London Gazette. 16 March 1951. p. 1428.
^ "No. 39489". The London Gazette. 11 March 1952. p. 1400.
^ "Charles Wingfield obituary". Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
^ "No. 40115". The London Gazette. 2 March 1954. p. 1315.
^ "No. 40433". The London Gazette. 18 March 1955. p. 1609.
^ "No. 40738". The London Gazette. 23 March 1956. p. 1731.
^ "Welcome to Discovering Shropshire's History". beta.discovershropshire.org.uk. Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
^ "No. 41340". The London Gazette. 18 March 1958. p. 1779.
^ "No. 41656". The London Gazette. 13 March 1959. p. 1725.
^ "No. 41986". The London Gazette. 18 March 1960. p. 2025.
^ "No. 42314". The London Gazette. 28 March 1961. p. 2346.
^ "No. 42623". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 March 1962. p. 2144.
^ "No. 42955". The London Gazette. 29 March 1963. p. 2824.
^ "No. 43286". The London Gazette. 31 March 1964. p. 2849.
^ "No. 43610". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 March 1965. p. 3049.
^ "No. 43921". The London Gazette. 11 March 1966. p. 2704.
^ "No. 44276". The London Gazette. 28 March 1967. p. 3382.
^ "No. 44540". The London Gazette. 5 March 1968. p. 2668.
^ "No. 44811". The London Gazette. 20 March 1969. p. 3011.
^ "No. 45070". The London Gazette. 31 March 1970. p. 3646.
^ "No. 45321". The London Gazette. 12 March 1971. p. 2158.
^ "No. 45630". The London Gazette. 24 March 1972. p. 3654.
^ "No. 45941". The London Gazette. 30 March 1973. p. 4154.
^ "No. 46249". The London Gazette. 28 March 1974. p. 4007.
^ "No. 46524". The London Gazette. 21 March 1975. p. 3844.
^ "No. 46857". The London Gazette. 23 March 1976. p. 4338.
^ "No. 47171". The London Gazette. 11 March 1977. p. 3436.
^ "No. 47497". The London Gazette. 23 March 1978. p. 3664.
^ "No. 47795". The London Gazette. 16 March 1979. p. 3548.
^ "No. 48134". The London Gazette. 21 March 1980. p. 4412.
^ "No. 48563". The London Gazette. 24 March 1981. p. 4216.
^ "No. 48919". The London Gazette. 12 March 1982. p. 3495.
^ "No. 49294". The London Gazette. 18 March 1983. p. 3830.
^ "No. 49677". The London Gazette. 16 March 1984. p. 3868.
^ "No. 50071". The London Gazette. 22 March 1985. p. 4108.
^ "No. 50472". The London Gazette. 27 March 1986. p. 4374.
^ "Algernon Heber-Percy, Esq Authorised Biography | Debrett's People of Today". debretts.com. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
^ "No. 50865". The London Gazette. 19 March 1987. p. 3692.
^ "No. 51281". The London Gazette. 24 March 1988. p. 3545.
^ "No. 51678". The London Gazette. 17 March 1989. p. 3358.
^ "No. 52081". The London Gazette. 20 March 1990. p. 3678.
^ "No. 52133". The London Gazette. 9 May 1990. p. 8877.
^ "People of today Index, People of Today, People | Debrett's". debretts.com. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
^ "No. 52868". The London Gazette. 20 March 1992. p. 5026.
^ "No. 53247". The London Gazette. 15 March 1993. p. 4679.
^ Jeremy%20Hugh%20Gifford+LYWOOD.aspx
^ "Nicholas Stephens, Esq, DL Authorised Biography | Debrett's People of Today". debretts.com. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
^ "No. 53985". The London Gazette. 20 March 1995. p. 4273.
^ "No. 54345". The London Gazette. 14 March 1996. p. 3831.
^ "No. 54715". The London Gazette. 25 March 1997. p. 3621.
^ "No. 55079". The London Gazette. 25 March 1998. p. 3449.
^ "No. 55428". The London Gazette. 12 March 1999. p. 2938.
^
"No. 55792". The London Gazette. 16 March 2000. p. 2988.
^ "No. 56155". The London Gazette. 22 March 2001. p. 3254.
^ "No. 56531". The London Gazette. 9 April 2002. p. 4284.
^ "No. 56884". The London Gazette. 21 March 2003. p. 3604.
^ "No. 57230". The London Gazette. 11 March 2004. p. 3128.
^ "No. 57598". The London Gazette. 29 March 2005. p. 3762.
^ "No. 57921". The London Gazette. 9 March 2006. p. 3376.
^ "No. 58266". The London Gazette. 7 March 2007. p. 3314.
^ "No. 58639". The London Gazette. 13 March 2008. p. 3948.
^ "No. 59011". The London Gazette. 19 March 2009. p. 4924.
^ "No. 59364". The London Gazette. 18 March 2010. p. 4707.
^ "No. 59729". The London Gazette. 17 March 2011. p. 4995.
^ "No. 60087". The London Gazette. 15 March 2012. p. 5223.
^ "No. 60447". The London Gazette. 14 March 2013. p. 5101.
^ "No. 60799". The London Gazette. 6 March 2014. p. 4635.
^ "No. 61177". The London Gazette. 23 March 2015. p. 5242.
^ "No. 61759". The London Gazette. 17 March 2016. p. 5942.
^ "No. 61868". The London Gazette. 10 March 2017. p. 5262.
^ "No. 62229". The London Gazette. 15 March 2018. p. 4814.
^ "No. 62582". The London Gazette. 15 March 2019. p. 4643.
^ "No. 62943". The London Gazette. 13 March 2020. p. 5161.
^ Not Yet Published
^ "No. 63644". The London Gazette. 17 March 2022. p. 5082.
^ "No. 63990". The London Gazette. 10 March 2023. p. 4634.
vteHigh sheriffs in the United KingdomEnglandCurrent
Bedfordshire
Berkshire
Bristol
Buckinghamshire
Cambridgeshire
Cheshire
Cornwall
Cumbria
Derbyshire
Devon
Dorset
Durham
East Riding of Yorkshire
East Sussex
Essex
Gloucestershire
City of London
Greater London
Greater Manchester
Hampshire
Herefordshire
Hertfordshire
Hull
Isle of Wight
Kent
Lancashire
Leicestershire
Lincolnshire
Merseyside
Norfolk
North Yorkshire
Northamptonshire
Northumberland
Nottinghamshire
Oxfordshire
Rutland
Shropshire
Somerset
South Yorkshire
Staffordshire
Suffolk
Surrey
Tyne and Wear
Warwickshire
West Midlands
West Sussex
West Yorkshire
Wiltshire
Worcestershire
Former
Avon
Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire
Berkshire and Oxfordshire
Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire
Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely
Cleveland
Cumberland
Hallamshire
Hereford and Worcester
Humberside
Huntingdon and Peterborough
Leicestershire and Warwickshire
County of London
Middlesex
Norfolk and Suffolk
Notts, Derbys and the Royal Forests
Sussex
Westmorland
Yorkshire
Ireland(pre-partition)County
Carlow
Cavan
Clare
Cork
Donegal
Dublin
Galway
Kerry
Kildare
Kilkenny
King's County
Leitrim
Limerick
Longford
Louth
Mayo
Meath
Monaghan
Queen's County
Roscommon
Sligo
Tipperary
Waterford
Westmeath
Wexford
Wicklow
City and town
Carrickfergus
Cork
Drogheda
Dublin
Galway
Kilkenny
Limerick
Waterford
Northern IrelandCounty
Antrim
Armagh
Down
Fermanagh
Londonderry
Tyrone
City
Belfast
Londonderry
WalesCurrent
Clwyd
Dyfed
Gwent
Gwynedd
Mid Glamorgan
Powys
South Glamorgan
West Glamorgan
Former
Anglesey
Brecknockshire
Caernarvonshire
Cardiganshire
Carmarthenshire
Denbighshire
Flintshire
Glamorgan
Merionethshire
Monmouthshire
Montgomeryshire
Pembrokeshire
Radnorshire
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire"},{"link_name":"sheriff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_sheriff"},{"link_name":"Sheriff of Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff_of_Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Local Government Act 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972"},{"link_name":"high sheriff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_sheriff"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"This is a list of sheriffs and high sheriffs of ShropshireThe sheriff is the oldest secular office under the Crown. Formerly the high sheriff was the principal law enforcement officer in the county but over the centuries most of the responsibilities associated with the post have been transferred elsewhere or are now defunct so that its functions are now largely ceremonial. From 1204 to 1344 the Sheriff of Staffordshire served also as the Sheriff of Shropshire.Under the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972, on 1 April 1974 the office previously known as sheriff was retitled high sheriff.[1] The high sheriff changes every March.","title":"High Sheriff of Shropshire"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sheriff"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"11th century","text":"Warin the Bald\nc. 1086 Rainald De Balliol, De Knightley (1040–1086)\n1102 Hugh (son of Warin)","title":"Sheriff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alan fitz Flaad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_fitz_Flaad"},{"link_name":"Pain fitzJohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_fitzJohn"},{"link_name":"William Fitz Alan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fitz_Allan,_Lord_of_Oswestry"},{"link_name":"William Fitz Alan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fitz_Allan,_Lord_of_Oswestry"}],"sub_title":"12th century","text":"-1114: Alan fitz Flaad (died 1114)\n1127–1137: Pain fitzJohn (died 1137)\n1137–1138: William Fitz Alan (exiled 1138)\n1155–1159: William Fitz Alan (died 1160)\n1160–1165: Guy le Strange\n1166–1169: Geoffrey de Vere\n1170:Geoffrey de Vere and William Clericus\n1171–1179: Guy le Strange\n1180–1189: Hugh Pantulf, 4th Baron of Wem\n1190–1201: William fitz Alan II (died 1210)","title":"Sheriff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"High Sheriff of Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Henry de Verdun (I)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Verdun_(I)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sir Roger de Pulesdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Roger_de_Pulesdon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Burford, Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burford,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Edward Acton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Acton_(MP_for_Shropshire)"},{"link_name":"Edward Acton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Acton_(MP_for_Shropshire)"},{"link_name":"Edward Acton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Acton_(MP_for_Shropshire)"},{"link_name":"Sir William Hugford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Hugford&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG391-6"},{"link_name":"Thomas de Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Lee_(fl.1385-1404)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sir William Hugford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Hugford&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cornwall_(c.1366-1414)"}],"sub_title":"13th and 14th centuries","text":"1204–1344 See High Sheriff of Staffordshire\n1208 Reginald de Lega (acting)\n1228 (or before) Henry de Deneston [2]\n1228 Henry de Verdun (I)[3]\n1285: Sir Roger de Pulesdon (otherwise 'de Pyvelesdon') [4]\n1354–1359 John de Burton [5]\n1377: Sir John Burley\n1377: Sir Bryan Cornwall of Burford, Shropshire\n1378: John Ludlow\n1379: John de Drayton\n1380: Roger Hord\n1381: John Shery\n1382: Edward Acton of Longnor\n1383: John de Stepulton\n1384: Edward Acton of Longnor\n1386: Nicholas de Sandford\n1387: Robert de Lee\n1388: John de la Pole (alias Mowetho), of Mawddwy and Wattlesborough\n1388: Robert de Ludlow\n1389: Edward Acton of Longnor\n1390: John de Stepulton\n1391: Sir William Hugford of Apley, Salop and Wilden, Beds\n1392: Henry de Winesbury\n1393: John de Eyton of Eyton upon the Weald Moors[6]\n1394: Thomas de Lee of South Bache in Diddlebury\n1395: William Worthie\n1396: Sir William Hugford of Apley, Salop and Wilden, Beds\n1397–1398: Adamus de Pashal\n1399: John Cornwall of Kinlet","title":"Sheriff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir William Hugford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Hugford&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Darras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Darras"},{"link_name":"Neenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neenton"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"High Ercall Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Ercall_Hall"},{"link_name":"Sir John Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cornwall_(c.1366-1414)"},{"link_name":"Thomas de Whitton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Whitton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sir John Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cornwall_(c.1366-1414)"},{"link_name":"John Burley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Burley"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HCS-8"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Corbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Corbet_(died_1417)"},{"link_name":"Sir Richard Lacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Lacon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c-9"},{"link_name":"George Hawkstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Hawkstone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Corbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Corbet_(died_1420)"},{"link_name":"Moreton Corbet castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreton_Corbet_castle"},{"link_name":"John Bruyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Bruyn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hugo Harnage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Harnage&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Burley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Burley_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Co-10"},{"link_name":"John Wynnesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Wynnesbury&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pillaton Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillaton_Hall"},{"link_name":"Hugh Burgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Burgh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hopton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hopton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Bruyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Bruyn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Upton Cressett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upton_Cressett"},{"link_name":"Eyton Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eyton_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG391-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HCS-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c-9"},{"link_name":"Burford, Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burford,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Kinlet Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinlet_Hall"},{"link_name":"Sir Roger Kynaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Roger_Kynaston"},{"link_name":"Hordley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hordley"},{"link_name":"Kinlet Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinlet_Hall"},{"link_name":"Upton Cressett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upton_Cressett"},{"link_name":"Roger Kinaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Roger_Kynaston"},{"link_name":"High Ercall Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Ercall_Hall"},{"link_name":"Kinlet Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinlet_Hall"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c-9"},{"link_name":"Kinlet Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinlet_Hall"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c-9"},{"link_name":"High Ercall Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Ercall_Hall"}],"sub_title":"15th century","text":"1400: Sir William Hugford of Apley, Salop and Wilden, Beds\n1401–1402: John Darras of Sidbury and Neenton[7]\n1402–1403: Thomas Newport of High Ercall Hall\n1403: Sir John Cornwall of Kinlet\n1405: Thomas de Whitton of Whitton near Burford\n1405: Sir John Cornwall of Kinlet\n1406: William Brounshul\n1407: John Burley of Broomscraft Castle\n1408: Sir Roger Acton\n1409: Edward Sprenghose of Plaish[8]\n1410: Robert Tiptrot\n1413–1415: Sir Robert Corbet of Hadley\n1415: Sir Richard Lacon of Lacon and Willey[9]\n1416: George Hawkstone of Hawkstone\n1417: William Ludlow\n1418: Adam Peshale\n1419: Sir Robert Corbet of Moreton Corbet castle (died in office, 1420)\n1420–1422: John Bruyn of Bridgnorth\n1423: Hugo Harnage of Belswardyne and Sheinton\n1424: Thomas le Strange\n1425: William Burley\n1426: Thomas Corbet of Leigh[10]\n1427: William Lichfield\n1428: John Wynnesbury of Winsbury and Glazeley, Salop and Pillaton Hall in Penkridge, Staffs\n1429: Hugh Burgh of Wattlesborough and Dinas Mawddwy, Merionethshire (died 1430) and Thomas Hopton of Rockhill\n1430: Richard Archer\n1431: John Bruyn of Bridgnorth\n1432: John Ludlow\n1433: Thomas Corbet de Ley\n1434: Hugo Cresset of Upton Cressett\n1435: Robert Inglefield of Berkshire\n1436: William Ludlow\n1437: William Lichfield\n1438: Humphrey Low\n1439–1440: Nicholas Eyton of Eyton Hall, near Wellington[6]\n1441: John Burgh\n1442: William Ludlow\n1443: Thomas Corbet\n1444: Nicholas Eyton\n1445: Hugo Cresset\n1446: Sir Fulk Sprenghose of Plaish[8]\n1447: William Ludlow\n1448: John Burgh\n1449: Roger Eyton\n1450: Thomas Herbert of Chirbury\n1451: Sir William Lakyn of Willey[9]\n1452: John Burgh\n1453: Robert Corbet\n1454: Nicholas Eyton\n1455: William Mitton\n1456: Thomas Hord\n1457: Fulk Sprencheaux\n1459: Sir Thomas Cornwall of Burford, Shropshire\n1460: Robert Corbet\n1461: Sir Humphrey Blount Kt. of Kinlet Hall\n1462–1463: Sir Roger Kynaston Kt of Hordley\n1464: John Burgh\n1465: Richard Lee\n1466: Robert Eyton\n1467: Sir Humphrey Blount Kt. of Kinlet Hall\n1468: John Leighton of Watlesbury (1st term)\n1469: Robert Cresset of Upton Cressett\n1470: Roger Kinaston (arm.)\n1471: Roger Kinaston (mil.)\n1472: Robert Charlton\n1473: William Newport of High Ercall Hall\n1474: John Leighton (2nd term)\n1475: Sir Humphrey Blount Kt. of Kinlet Hall\n1476: John Heuui\n1477: Richard Lakin of Willey[9]\n1478: Richard Ludlow\n1479: Richard Lee (grandson of Robert, HS 1387)\n1480: Sir Thomas Blount of Kinlet Hall[9]\n1481: John Harley\n1482: John Leighton (3rd term)\n1483: Thomas Mytton\n1484: Thomas Hord\n1485: Robert Cresset and Gilbert Talbot\n1486: John Talbot\n1487: Richard Laken\n1488: Thomas Hord\n1489: Edward Blount\n1490: Richard Ludlow\n1491: John Newport of High Ercall Hall\n1492: William Young of Kenton\n1493: Edward Blount\n1494: Thomas Blount\n1495: Thomas Leighton and Richard Lee\n1496: Richard Lee\n1497: Thomas Screvin\n1498: Richard Laken\n1499: Richard Harley","title":"Sheriff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pitchford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchford"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Corbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Corbet_(died_1513)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Moreton Corbet castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreton_Corbet_castle"},{"link_name":"Thomas Kynaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Kynaston&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c-9"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Chetwynd Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetwynd_Park_estate"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C193-11"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Sir John Corbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Corbet_(by_1500-55_or_later)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Co-10"},{"link_name":"Roger Corbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Corbet"},{"link_name":"Moreton Corbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreton_Corbet"},{"link_name":"John Blount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Blount_(died_1531)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Adderley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adderley"},{"link_name":"John Corbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Corbet_(by_1500-55_or_later)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c-9"},{"link_name":"High Ercall Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Ercall_Hall"},{"link_name":"Richard Mytton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Mytton"},{"link_name":"Richard Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cornwall_(died_1569)"},{"link_name":"Sir Andrew Corbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Corbet_(died_1578)"},{"link_name":"Moreton Corbet castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreton_Corbet_castle"},{"link_name":"Richard Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Newport_(died_1570)"},{"link_name":"High Ercall Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Ercall_Hall"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBM-12"},{"link_name":"Adam Mytton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Mytton"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBM-12"},{"link_name":"Richard Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cornwall_(died_1569)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBM-12"},{"link_name":"Sir Andrew Corbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Corbet_(died_1578)"},{"link_name":"Moreton Corbet castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreton_Corbet_castle"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBM-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBM-12"},{"link_name":"Richard Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Newport_(died_1570)"},{"link_name":"High Ercall Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Ercall_Hall"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBM-12"},{"link_name":"Thomas Fermor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Fermor"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBM-12"},{"link_name":"Richard Mytton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Mytton"},{"link_name":"Richard Corbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Corbet_(died_1566)"},{"link_name":"Richard Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cornwall_(died_1569)"},{"link_name":"Sir George Blount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Blount_(died_1581)"},{"link_name":"Kinlet Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinlet_Hall"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG391-6"},{"link_name":"Edward Leighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Leighton_(died_1593)"},{"link_name":"Wattlesborough Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattlesborough_Castle"},{"link_name":"Richard Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Newport_(died_1570)"},{"link_name":"High Ercall Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Ercall_Hall"},{"link_name":"Sir Andrew Corbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Corbet_(died_1578)"},{"link_name":"Moreton Corbet castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreton_Corbet_castle"},{"link_name":"Kinlet Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinlet_Hall"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c-9"},{"link_name":"Chetwynd Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetwynd_Park_estate"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C193-11"},{"link_name":"Walter Leveson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Leveson_(1551-1602)"},{"link_name":"Burford, Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burford,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Charles Foxe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Foxe"},{"link_name":"Upton Cressett Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upton_Cressett_Hall"},{"link_name":"Francis Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Newport_(died_1623)"},{"link_name":"High Ercall Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Ercall_Hall"},{"link_name":"Edward Leighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Leighton_(died_1593)"},{"link_name":"Wattlesborough Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattlesborough_Castle"},{"link_name":"Richard Corbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Corbet_(died_1606)"},{"link_name":"Moreton Corbet castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreton_Corbet_castle"}],"sub_title":"16th century","text":"1500: William Ottley of Pitchford\n1501: John Newport\n1502: Thomas Blount\n1503–1504: Peter Newton of Hertley\n1505: George Manwayring\n1506: Thomas Cornwall (1st term)\n1507: Sir Robert Corbet Kt. of Moreton Corbet castle\n1508: Thomas Kynaston of Hordley.\n1509: Sir Thomas Laykin of Willey[9]\n1510: John Newport\n1511: Thomas Scriven\n1512: Peter Newton\n1513: William Ottley\n1514: Thomas Laken\n1515: Thomas Cornwall (2nd term)\n1516: Robert Pigott of Chetwynd Hall, Newport[11]\n1517: Peter Newton\n1518: Thomas Blount\n1519: Thomas Cornwall (3rd term)\n1520: John Salter of Oswestry\n1521: George Bromley\n1522: Peter Newton of Bromley\n1523: Thomas Vernon of Hodnet\n1524: Thomas Cornwall\n1525: Sir John Corbet of Leigh[10]\n1526: Thomas Screvin\n1527: John Talbot\n1528: Sir Robert Needham of Shenton, Adderley\n1529: Roger Corbet of Moreton Corbet\n1530: John Blount died and replaced by Thomas Cornwall (4th term)\n1531: Thomas Manwayring\n1532: Thomas Laken\n1533: Thomas Talbot\n1534: Thomas Vernon\n1535: Sir Robert Needham of Shenton, Adderley\n1536: John Corbet of Leigh\n1537: John Talbot\n1538: Richard Manwayring\n1539: Sir Richard Lakyn of Willey[9]\n1540: Sir Robert Needham of Shenton, Adderley\n1541: John Talbot\n1542: Thomas Newport of High Ercall Hall\n1543: Richard Mytton of Shrewsbury and Halston and Dinas Mawddwy, Merionethshire\n1544: Richard Manwayring\n1545: Thomas Vernon\n1546: Thomas Lee\n1547: William Young\n1548: Richard Cornwall of Burford\n1549: Thomas Newport\n1550: Sir Andrew Corbet, Kt of Moreton Corbet castle\n1551: Richard Newport of High Ercall Hall (1st term)\n1552: Sir Richard Maynewaring [12]\n1553: Sir Adam Mytton[12]\n1554: Richard Cornwall of Burford [12]\n1555: Sir Andrew Corbet, Kt of Moreton Corbet castle[12]\n1556: Sir Richard Leveson [12]\n1557: Richard Newport of High Ercall Hall[12] (2nd term)\n1558: Thomas Fermor of Horke Park, Bridgnorth[12]\n1559: Richard Mytton of Shrewsbury and Halston and Dinas Mawddwy, Merionethshire\n1560: Richard Corbet of Poynton and Wortley, Yorks.\n1561: Richard Cornwall of Burford\n1562: Arthur Manwayring\n1563: Sir George Blount of Kinlet Hall[9]\n1564: Robert Needham of Shenton, Adderley\n1565: Humphrey Onslow\n1566: Thomas Charlton and Thomas Eyton of Eyton Hall, near Wellington[6]\n1567: Edward Leighton of Wattlesborough Castle\n1568: Richard Lewis\n1569: Richard Newport of High Ercall Hall (3rd term)\n1570: Sir Andrew Corbet, Kt of Moreton Corbet castle\n1571: Rowland Lacon of Willey and Kinlet Hall[9]\n1572: William Gratewood\n1573: Thomas Powell of Worthen\n1574: Robert Pigott of Chetwynd Hall, Newport[11]\n1575: John Hopton\n1576: Walter Leveson\n1577: Arthur Maynwaring\n1578: Francis Lawley of Spoon Hill\n1579: William Young\n1580: Edmund Cornwall of Burford, Shropshire\n1581: William Gratewood\n1582: Thomas Williams of Willaston\n1583: Charles Foxe of Chainham\n1584: Richard Cresset of Upton Cressett Hall\n1585: Roul. Barker\n1586: Francis Newport of High Ercall Hall (1st term)\n1587: Robert Needham of Shenton, Adderley\n1588: Edward Leighton of Wattlesborough Castle\n1589: Thomas Cornwall\n1590: Andrew Charleton\n1591: William Hopton\n1592: Robert Eyton\n1593: Richard Corbet of Moreton Corbet castle\n1594: Robert Powel\n1595: Francis Albany of Fern Hill\n1596: Robert Needham of Shenton, Adderley\n1597: Edward Scriven\n1598: Charles Fox\n1599: Edward Kynaston of Oteley","title":"Sheriff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francis Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Newport_(died_1623)"},{"link_name":"High Ercall Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Ercall_Hall"},{"link_name":"Sir Roger Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Owen_(MP)"},{"link_name":"Condover Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condover_Hall"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-13"},{"link_name":"Ludlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludlow"},{"link_name":"Henry Wallop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wallop_(1568-1642)"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Needham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Needham,_1st_Viscount_Kilmorey"},{"link_name":"Adderley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adderley"},{"link_name":"Viscount Kilmorey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount_Kilmorey"},{"link_name":"Edward Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Fox_(MP)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bonham Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonham_Norton"},{"link_name":"Kinlet Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinlet_Hall"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c-9"},{"link_name":"Woodcote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcote"},{"link_name":"Chetwynd Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetwynd_Park_estate"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C193-11"},{"link_name":"Rowland Cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowland_Cotton"},{"link_name":"Alkington Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkington,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"William Whitmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Whitmore_(died_1648)"},{"link_name":"Apley Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apley_Hall"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BC-14"},{"link_name":"Thomas Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edwards_(MP_for_Calne)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sir William Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Owen_(died_1663)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Condover Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condover_Hall"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-13"},{"link_name":"Chetwynd Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetwynd_Park_estate"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C193-11"},{"link_name":"Sir Richard Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Newport,_1st_Baron_Newport"},{"link_name":"High Ercall Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Ercall_Hall"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-13"},{"link_name":"Sir John Corbet, 1st Baronet, of Stoke upon Tern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Corbet,_1st_Baronet,_of_Stoke_upon_Tern"},{"link_name":"Walcot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walcot,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG391-6"},{"link_name":"Caus Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caus_Castle"},{"link_name":"Burford, Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burford,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Robert Corbet (died 1676)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Corbet_(died_1676)"},{"link_name":"Sir Paul Harris, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Paul_Harris,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"William Pierpoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pierrepont_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Tong Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tong_Castle"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henning-16"},{"link_name":"Thomas Mytton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mytton"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K-21"},{"link_name":"Matthew Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_baronets"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"William Oakeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Oakeley"},{"link_name":"John Walcot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Walcot"},{"link_name":"Walcot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walcot,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Apley Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apley_Castle"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burke-p196-25"},{"link_name":"Sir Humphrey Briggs, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briggs_baronets"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Haughton Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haughton_Hall"},{"link_name":"Shifnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shifnal"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HCS-8"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Sir John Corbet, 3rd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbet_baronets"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Adderley Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adderley_Hall"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Edward Kynaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Kynaston_(1641%E2%80%931693)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Soulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soulton"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Edward Kynaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Kynaston_(1641%E2%80%931693)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Rowton Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowton_Castle"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Sir Edward Acton, 3rd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Edward_Acton,_3rd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Aldenham Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldenham_Park,_Morville"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Richard Mytton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Mytton_(died_1718)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Wattlesborough Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattlesborough_Castle"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henning-16"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChirkCastle-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henning-16"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burke-p1357-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Sir Edward Leighton, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Edward_Leighton,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Wattlesborough Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattlesborough_Castle"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChirkCastle-55"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Robert Pigott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pigott"},{"link_name":"Chetwynd Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetwynd_Park_estate"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C193-11"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Rowland Cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowland_Cotton_(died_1753)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Sir Francis Charlton, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton_baronets"},{"link_name":"Ludford House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludford,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henning-16"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Jones_(younger)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"sub_title":"17th century","text":"1600: Humphrey Lee\n1601: Francis Newport of High Ercall Hall\n1602: Francis Newton\n1603: Roger Kynaston of Hordley.\n1604: Sir Roger Owen of Condover Hall[13]\n1605: Humphrey Brigges of Ernestry Park, Ludlow\n1606: Sir Henry Wallop of Red Castle (Feb–Nov)\n1607: Sir Robert Needham of Shenton, Adderley (later Viscount Kilmorey)\n1608: Edward Fox of Caynham and Ludlow and Gwern-y-go, Ceri, Montgomeryshire\n1609: Robert Purslow of Sidbury\n1610: Richard Mitton (Thornes?) of Holston\n1611: Bonham Norton\n1612: Sir Francis Lacon of Kinlet Hall[9]\n1613: Thomas Gervis\n1614: John Cotes of Woodcote\n1615: Thomas Pigott of Chetwynd Hall, Newport[11]\n1616: Thomas Cornwall\n1617: Rowland Cotton of Alkington Hall, Whitchurch and Bellaport Hall, Norton-in-Hales\n1618: Robert Owen of Woodhouse\n1619: Thomas Harris of Boreatton\n1620: William Whitmore of Apley Hall[14]\n1621: Walter Barker\n1622: Thomas Edwards of Creete, Rushbury and Shrewsbury\n1623: Sir William Owen of Condover Hall[13]\n1624: Walter Pigott of Chetwynd Hall, Newport[11]\n1625: Francis Charleton of Apley\n1626: Sir Richard Newport of High Ercall Hall\n1627: Richard Prince of Shrewsbury\n1627: Samuel Wingfield of Preston Brockhurst[13]\n1628: Sir John Corbet, 1st Baronet, of Stoke upon Tern\n1629: Walter Acton of Aldenham\n1630: Humphrey Walcott (or Walcot) of Walcot[15]\n1631: Thomas Ireland of Abrington\n1632: Sir Philip Eyton of Eyton Hall, near Wellington[6]\n1633: Thomas Thynne of Caus Castle\n1634: Sir Thomas Cornwall of Burford, Shropshire\n1635: John Newton of Heytley\n1636: Robert Corbet (died 1676) of Stanwardine\n1637: Sir Paul Harris, 2nd Baronet\n1638: William Pierpoint of Tong Castle[16]\n1639: Richard Lee\n1640: Roger Kynaston of Hordley.\n1641: Thomas Nicholas of Shrewsbury\n1642: John Welde of Willye\n1643–1644: Civil war\n1645: Thomas Mytton\n1646: Robert Powel\n1648: William Cotton [17]\n1649: Thomas Barker\n[18]\n\n1650:\n1651: Sir Edward Corbet Kt.\n1652: Francis Forester of Watling Street [19]\n1653: George Norton of Stretton [20]\n1654: Thomas Kynnersley of Badger Hall, near Bridgnorth[21]\n1655: Matthew Herbert[22]\n1656: Thomas Hunt of Boreatton Park[23]\n1657:\n1658: Edward Waring\n1659: William Oakeley of Oakeley\n1660: John Walcot of Walcot\n1661:\n1662:\n1663: Isaac Jones [24]\n1664:\n1665: Francis Charlton of Apley Castle[25]\n12 November 1665: Sir Humphrey Briggs, 2nd Baronet,[26] of Haughton Hall, Shifnal\n7 November 1666: Francis Leveson Fowler[27]\n14 September 1667: Robert Owen,[28][29] of Woodhouse\n6 November 1668: Thomas Mackworth[30]\n11 November 1669: Richard Cresswell[31]\n4 November 1670: Philip Prince[32]\n9 November 1671: Rowland Hunt,[33] of Plaish[8]\n11 November 1672: Thomas Ireland[34]\n10 November 1673: Edward Keneston[35]\n12 November 1673: Robert Clive, of Llych\n5 November 1674: Charles Foster, of Everlicke or Evelocke[36]\n12 November 1674: Rowland Nicholls,[37] of Boycott\n15 November 1675: Sir John Corbet, 3rd Baronet,[38] of Adderley Hall\n10 November 1676: Roger Evans[39]\n15 November 1677: Francis Forester[40]\n17 November 1677: Thomas Cotton, of Powley[41]\n14 November 1678: Lingen Topp,[42] of Whitton [43]\n13 November 1679: Edward Kynaston, of Otley[44]\n4 November 1680: Thomas Hill, of Soulton[45]\n1682: Edward Kynaston of Hordley[46]\n1683: Henry Davenport [47]\n1684: Richard Lyster of Rowton Castle[48][49]\n1685: Sir Edward Acton, 3rd Baronet of Aldenham Park[50]\n1686: Richard Mytton of Halston, nr. Oswestry[51][52]\n1687: Ralph Browne of Caughley [53]\n1688: Robert Leighton of Wattlesborough Castle[16][54]\n1689: Jonathan Langley [55][56]\n1689: Francis Charlton [16]\n1690: John Kynaston of Hordley and Hardwick [57]\n1691: John Tayleur of Rodington [58][59]\n1692: Thomas Wingfield of Preston Brockhurst [60][61]\n1693: Sir Edward Leighton, 1st Baronet of Wattlesborough Castle[62][63]\n1694: Francis Prince [64]\n1694: Sir Roger Owen of Condover\n1695: Richard More of Linley [65]\n1695: Richard Leighton [55]\n1696: Francis Herbert of Oakly Park, Ludlow [66][67]\n1697: Robert Pigott of Chetwynd Hall, Newport.[11][68]\n1698: Rowland Cotton of Etwall, Derbyshire and Bellaport [69][70]\n1699: Sir Francis Charlton, 2nd Baronet of Ludford House[16][71]\n1699: Thomas Jones of Shrewsbury [72]","title":"Sheriff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Robert Corbet, 4th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Robert_Corbet,_4th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Adderley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adderley"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Edward Cressett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Cressett"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nationalarchives-76"},{"link_name":"High Sheriff of Montgomeryshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Montgomeryshire"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Kinlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinlet"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c-9"},{"link_name":"Eaton under Heywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_under_Heywood"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Condover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condover"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Walcot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walcot,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Rodington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodington"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burke-p1357-58"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TunstallOldCourt-85"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TunstallOldCourt-85"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-60"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HCS-8"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History1-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K-21"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Orleton Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orleton_Hall"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shropshire_Parish_Registers-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Loton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loton_Park"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Sir Whitmore Acton, 4th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Whitmore_Acton,_4th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Aldenham Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldenham_Park,_Morville"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Weston Lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weston_under_Lizard"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History1-88"},{"link_name":"Grey James Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_James_Grove"},{"link_name":"Alveley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveley"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Sir Rowland Hill, Bt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Rowland_Hill,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Pitchford Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchford_Hall"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG391-6"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"George Weld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Weld_(1674-1748)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Sir Hugh Brigges Bt.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigges_baronets"},{"link_name":"Haughton Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haughton_Hall"},{"link_name":"Shifnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shifnal"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Sir Richard Acton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Richard_Acton,_5th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Aldenham Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldenham_Park,_Morville"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-60"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-13"},{"link_name":"Wrockwardine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrockwardine"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shropshire_Parish_Registers-91"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burke-p196-25"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Pitchford Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchford_Hall"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"Robert Pigott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pigott_(radical)"},{"link_name":"Chetwynd Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetwynd_Park_estate"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C193-11"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG391-6"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burke1781-1792-141"},{"link_name":"Charles Walcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Walcott_(MP)"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burke1781-1792-141"},{"link_name":"Isaac Hawkins Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Hawkins_Browne_(coalowner)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K-21"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burke1781-1792-141"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burke-p1265-143"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-60"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burke1781-1792-141"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burke1781-1792-141"},{"link_name":"John Corbet of Sundorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Corbet_of_Sundorne"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Co-10"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burke-p1357-58"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"}],"sub_title":"18th century","text":"1700: Sir Robert Corbet, 4th Baronet of Adderley and Stoke[73]\n1701: Thomas Pardoe of Faintree [74]\n1702: Edward Cressett of Cound [75]\n1703: Henry Biggs [76] (afterwards High Sheriff of Montgomeryshire, 1704)\n1704: Sir William Williams [77]\n1705: Thomas Childe of The Birch, Kinlet[9]\n1706: Bartholomew Lutley of Wolverton, Eaton under Heywood[78]\n1707: Robert Slaney, of Rudge and Hatton [79]\n1708: Roger Owen, of Condover[80]\n1709: Robert Burton of Longner, near Shrewsbury [81]\n1710: Charles Walcott (or Walcot) of Walcot[82]\n1711: Richard Cresswell [83]\n1712: William Fowler [84]\n1713: William Tayleur of Rodington[58] (son of John, HS 1691)\n1714: Bulkley Mackworth [85]\n1715: William Church[85]\n1716: Sir John Wolryche, 4th Baronet [60]\n1717: Thomas Powell of Park [86]\n1718: Thomas Hunt of Plaish[8]\n1719: Edward Browne [87]\n1720: Edward Jorden of Briersleigh[88][89]\n1721: John Kynnersley of Badger Hall, near Bridgnorth[21]\n1722: Bromwich Pope of Wolstanton [90]\n1723: William Cludde of Orleton Hall[91]\n1724: Richard Oakeley of Oakeley[92]\n1725: Francis Walker [93]\n1726: Richard Leighton, of Rodenhurst [94]\n1727: Sir Edward Leighton, 2nd Baronet, of Loton Park[95]\n1728: Sir Whitmore Acton, 4th Baronet of Aldenham Park\n1729: Thomas Jenkins of Chorton Hill [96]\n1730: Thomas Harries of Weston Lizard[88]\n1731: Grey James Grove of Pool Hall, Alveley[97]\n1732: Sir Rowland Hill, Bt[98]\n1733: Thomas Lloyd of Heightley [99]\n1734: Thomas Beal [100]\n1735:\n1736: Thomas Lloyd of Heightley [101]\n1737: John Powell of Worthin [102]\n1738: Adam Ottley of Pitchford Hall[103]\n1739: Thomas Smyth of Stoke[104]\n1740: Richard Stanier, of Pepperhill [105]\n1741: Thomas Eyton of Eyton Hall, near Wellington[6]\n1742: Revel Moreton of Sheffnell [106]\n1743: Thomas Langley of Goulding [107]\n1744: William Tayleur of Shrewsbury [108]\n1745: Thomas Jones of Shrewsbury [109]\n1746: George Weld of Willey Park[110]\n1747: Sir Hugh Brigges Bt. of Haughton Hall, Shifnal\n1748: Job Charlton of Park [111]\n1749: Charlton Leighton [112]\n1750: William Lutwiche of Brockton [113]\n1751: Sir Richard Acton of Aldenham Park\n1752: Thomas Sandford of Sandford [60]\n1753: Rowland Wingfield of Onslow[13]\n1754: Edward Pemberton of Wrockwardine[91]\n1755: Francis Turner Blythe, of Shrewsbury [114]\n1756: Anthony Kinnersly of Leighton [115]\n1757: St John Charlton of Apley Castle [25]\n1758: John Amler of Ford House, Ford[116]\n1759: Samuel Griffith of Dinthill [117][118]\n1760: Thomas Jones of Shrewsbury [119]\n1761: John Smitheman of Madeley Wood, and later of West Coppice, Buildwas[120][121]\n1762: Thomas Powis of Great Berwick[122]\n1763: Thomas Burton [123]\n1764: Edward Rogers of Eaton [124][125]\n1765: John Topp of Whitton[126]\n1766: Charles Pigott of Peplow [127]\n1767: Thomas Ottley of Pitchford Hall[128]\n1768: Edward Botterell of the Heath [129]\n1769: John Owen of Woodhouse [130]\n1770: Richard Morhall of Onslow [131]\n1771: Joseph Griffiths of Dinthill [132]\n1772: Nicholas Smythe, of Nibley [133]\n1773: John Dod of Whitchurch[134]\n1774: Robert Pigott of Chetwynd Hall, Newport[11][135]\n1775: John Charlton Kinchant of Park Hall [136]\n1776: Thomas Jelf Powys of Berwick [137]\n1777: Dudley Acland of Millichap[138]\n1778: Sir Robert Corbet Kt. of Longnor[139]\n1779: Thomas Eyton of Eyton Hall, near Wellington[6][140]\n1780:\n1781: Edward Charles Windsor [141]\n1782: Charles Walcott of Walcot Hall[141]\n1783: Isaac Hawkins Browne of Badger Hall, near Bridgnorth[21]\n1784: William Child [141]\n1785: Robert More of Linley[142]\n1785: John Sparling of Petton [143]\n1786: Sir Robert Leighton, 5th Baronet [144]\n1787: John Robert Lloyd of Aston [145] replaced by Humphrey Sandford of the Isle [60][146]\n1788: Joseph Muckleston of Prescot [147][148]\n1789: Joseph Oldham, of Cainham[149]\n1790: Saint John Charlton of Charlton [150]\n1791: Thomas Pardoe [141]\n1792: Thomas Crompton [141]\n1793: John Corbet of Sundorne[10]\n1794: William Yelverton Davenport of Davenport House [151]\n1795: Henry Bevan of Shrewsbury [152]\n1796: Ralph Leeke [153]\n1797: William Tayleur of Buntingsdale [58] (son of William, HS 1713)\n1798: Sir Andrew Corbet, 1st Baronet\n1799: Thomas Dickin [154]","title":"Sheriff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"Rowton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowton,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"Peplow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peplow"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"Dawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawley"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"Cruckton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruckton"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"Longner Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longner_Hall"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"Thomas Whitmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Whitmore_(1782%E2%80%931846)"},{"link_name":"Apley Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apley_Hall"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"Malins Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malinslee"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Apley Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apley_Castle"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"Petton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petton,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"Rowton Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowton_Castle"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Tyrwhitt-Jones, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Tyrwhitt-Jones,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Stanley Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Hall,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"William Ormsby-Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ormsby-Gore_(1779%E2%80%931860)"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"Thomas Botfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Botfield"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"Condover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condover"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"Hodnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodnet"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"John Mytton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mytton"},{"link_name":"Halston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halston_Hall"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"Woodcote Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcote_Hall"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"William Tayleur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tayleur"},{"link_name":"William Lacon Childe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lacon_Childe"},{"link_name":"Kinlet Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinlet_Hall"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c-9"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"Sir Edward Joseph Smythe, 6th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smythe_baronets"},{"link_name":"Acton Burnell Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acton_Burnell_Castle"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"Buildwas Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buildwas_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"Sir Baldwin Leighton, 7th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Baldwin_Leighton,_7th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Loton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loton_Park"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"Sir William Rouse-Boughton, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rouse-Boughton"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"Eyton Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyton_upon_the_Weald_Moors"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"Gustavus Frederick Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount_Boyne"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"Hinstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinstock"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"Sir Andrew Corbet, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbet_baronets"},{"link_name":"Acton Reynald Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acton_Reynald_Hall"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"Chetwynd Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetwynd_Park_estate"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"Panton Corbett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panton_Corbett"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"Hodnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodnet"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"},{"link_name":"Robert Aglionby Slaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Aglionby_Slaney"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"Sir William Curtis, 3rd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_baronets"},{"link_name":"Caynham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caynham"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"Millichope Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millichope_Park"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"},{"link_name":"Sir Charles Henry Rouse-Boughton, 11th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boughton_baronets"},{"link_name":"Downton Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downton_Hall"},{"link_name":"Stanton Lacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanton_Lacy"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"Broseley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broseley"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"link_name":"Sir Vincent Rowland Corbet, 3rd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbet_baronets"},{"link_name":"Acton Reynald Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acton_Reynald_Hall"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"},{"link_name":"Thomas Charlton Whitmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Charlton_Whitmore"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"Sir Charles Frederick Smythe, 7th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smythe_baronets"},{"link_name":"Acton Burnell Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acton_Burnell_Castle"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-227"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"},{"link_name":"John Rocke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rocke"},{"link_name":"Clungunford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clungunford"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-229"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-233"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-234"},{"link_name":"Sir Henry George Harnage, 3rd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harnage_baronets"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"},{"link_name":"Sir Henry Thomas Tyrwhitt, 3rd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Berners"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-237"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-238"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-239"},{"link_name":"Charles Donaldson-Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Donaldson-Hudson"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-240"},{"link_name":"Robert Jasper More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jasper_More"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-241"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-242"},{"link_name":"William Orme Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Orme_Foster"},{"link_name":"Apley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apley_Hall"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-243"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-244"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-245"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-246"},{"link_name":"Sir Offley Wakeman, 3rd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakeman_baronets"},{"link_name":"[246]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-247"},{"link_name":"Arthur Pemberton Heywood-Lonsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Heywood-Lonsdale"},{"link_name":"Shavington Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adderley"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-248"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-249"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-250"},{"link_name":"Sir Edward Ripley, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripley_baronets"},{"link_name":"Bedstone Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedstone_Court"},{"link_name":"[250]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-251"},{"link_name":"[251]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-252"},{"link_name":"[252]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-253"},{"link_name":"[253]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-254"},{"link_name":"[254]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-255"},{"link_name":"[255]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-256"},{"link_name":"Henley Hall, Ludlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henley_Hall,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"[256]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-257"},{"link_name":"Sir Walter Orlando Corbet, 4th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbet_baronets"},{"link_name":"[257]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-258"},{"link_name":"[258]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-259"}],"sub_title":"19th century","text":"5 February 1800: William Chaloner, of Duddlestone[155]\n11 February 1801: Richard Lyster, of Rowton[156]\n18 February 1801: Thomas Clark, of Peplow[157]\n3 February 1802: William Ferriday, of Dawley Parva[158]\n3 March 1802: Thomas Harries, of Cruckton[159]\n3 February 1803: Thomas Kinnersley, of Leighton[160]\n1 February 1804: Robert Burton, of Longner Hall[161]\n6 February 1805: Thomas Whitmore, of Apley Hall[162]\n1 February 1806: William Botfield, of Malins Lee[163]\n4 February 1807: William Charlton, of Apley Castle[164]\n3 February 1808: Ralph Browne Wylde-Browne, of Caughley[165]\n6 February 1809: William Sparling, of Petton[166]\n31 January 1810: William Lloyd, of Aston[a][168]\n8 February 1811: George Brooke, of Haughton[169]\n24 January 1812: Richard Lyster of Rowton Castle[170][171]\n10 February 1813: William Church Norcop, of Belton House[172]\n4 February 1814: William Cludde, of Orleton[173]\n13 February 1815: (Frederic) Farmer Taylor, of Chyknell[174]\n1816: Sir Thomas Tyrwhitt-Jones, 2nd Baronet of Stanley Hall\n1817: William Ormsby-Gore of Porkington [175]\n1818: Thomas Botfield of Hopton Court [176]\n1819: Edward William Smythe Owen of Condover[177]\n1820: Thomas Taylor of Ellerton [178]\n1821: Richard Heber, of Hodnett[179]\n1822: Robert Bridgman More, of Linley[180]\n1823: John Mytton of Halston, Salop. (Mad Jack Mytton)[181]\n1824: John Wingfield of Onslow [182]\n1825: John Whitehall Dod of Cloverley [183]\n1826: John Cotes of Woodcote Hall[184]\n1827: William Tayleur\n1828: William Lacon Childe of Kinlet Hall[9]\n1829: Charles Kynaston Mainwaring of Oteley [185]\n1830: Rowland Hunt of Boreatton Park[186]\n1831: Sir Edward Joseph Smythe, 6th Baronet, of Acton Burnell Castle[187][188]\n1832: William Oakeley, of Oakeley[189]\n1833: Walter Moseley, of Buildwas Park[190][191]\n1834: Hon. Henry Wentworth Powys, of Berwick House[192]\n1835: Sir Baldwin Leighton, 7th Baronet, of Loton Park[193]\n1836: Sir William Rouse-Boughton, 2nd Baronet, of Downton[194]\n1837: Thomas Henry Hope, of Netley Hall[195]\n1838: William Wolryche Whitmore, of Dudmaston[196]\n1839: Peter Broughton, of Tunstall[197]\n1840: Thomas Eyton, of Eyton Hall, near Wellington[198]\n1841: Hon. Gustavus Frederick Hamilton, of Burwarton[199]\n1842: Henry Justice, of Hinstock[200]\n1843: Sir Andrew Corbet, 2nd Baronet, of Acton Reynald Hall[201]\n1844: John Charles Burton Borough, of Chetwynd Park[202][203]\n1845: St John Chiverton Charlton, of Apley Castle[204]\n1846: Richard Henry Kinchant, of Park Hall[205]\n1847: Joseph Venables Lovett, of Belmont[206]\n1848: William Henry Francis Plowden, of Plowden[207]\n1849: Panton Corbett, of Longnor[208]\n1850: Ralph Merrick Leeke, of Longford[209]\n1851: Robert Henry Cheney, of Badger Hall[210]\n1852: Robert Burton, of Longner Hall[211]\n1853: Algernon Charles Heber-Percy, of Hodnet Hall[212]\n1854: Robert Aglionby Slaney, of Walford Manor[213]\n1855: Willoughby Hurt Sitwell, of Bucknall[214]\n1856: Edward Lloyd Gatacre, of Gatacre[215]\n1857: Sir William Curtis, 3rd Baronet, of Caynham Court, Caynham[216]\n1858: Edmund Wright, of Halston[217]\n1859: Charles Orlando Childe Pemberton, of Millichope Park[218]\n1860: Sir Charles Henry Rouse-Boughton, 11th Baronet, of Downton Hall, Stanton Lacy[219]\n1861: George Pritchard, of Broseley[220]\n1862: Sir Vincent Rowland Corbet, 3rd Baronet, of Acton Reynald Hall[221]\n1863: Thomas Charlton Whitmore, of Apley Park[222]\n1864: David Francis Atcherley, of Marton Hall[223]\n1865: Francis Harries, of Cruckton[224]\n1866: Thomas Hugh Sandford, of Sandford[225]\n1867: Sir Charles Frederick Smythe, 7th Baronet, of Acton Burnell Castle[226]\n1868: Charles Spencer Lloyd, of Leaton Knolls[227]\n1869: John Rocke, of Clungunford[228]\n1870: Salusbury Kynaston Mainwaring, of Oteley Park[229]\n1871: William Kenyon Slaney, of Hatton Grange[230]\n1872: John Henniker Lovett, of Fern Hill, Oswestry[231]\n1873: Charles George Wingfield, of Onslow, Shrewsbury[232]\n1874: Richard Thomas Lloyd, of Aston Hall, Oswestry[233]\n1875: Sir Henry George Harnage, 3rd Baronet, of Belswardine[234]\n1876: Arthur Mostyn Owen, of Woodhouse[235]\n1877: Sir Henry Thomas Tyrwhitt, 3rd Baronet, of Stanley Hall, Bridgnorth[236]\n1878: The Honourable Robert Charles Herbert, of Orleton[237]\n1879: Henry de Grey Warter, of Longden Manor[238]\n1880: Charles Donaldson-Hudson, of Cheswardine Hall[239]\n1881: Robert Jasper More, of Linley Hall[240]\n1882: James Jenkinson Bibby, of Hardwicke Grange, Hadnall[241]\n1883: William Orme Foster, of Apley Park[242]\n1884: Charles John Morris, of Oxon[243]\n1885: William Edward Montagu Hulton-Harrop, of Lythwood Hall[244]\n1886: Arthur Sparrow, of Preen Manor[245]\n1887: Sir Offley Wakeman, 3rd Baronet, of Rorrington Lodge, Chirbury[246]\n1888: Arthur Pemberton Heywood-Lonsdale, of Shavington Hall[247]\n1889: John Tayleur, of Buntingsdale, Market Drayton[248]\n1890: Thomas Slaney Eyton, of Walford Hall, Shrewsbury[249]\n1891: Sir Edward Ripley, 2nd Baronet, of Bedstone Court, Bucknell,[250]\n1892: Henry Reginald Corbet, of Adderley Hall, Market Drayton[251]\n1893: John Derby Allcroft, of Stokesay Court, Onibury[252]\n1894: Francis Stanier, of Peplow Hall, Market Drayton[253]\n1895: Edward Wood, of Culmington Manor, Craven Arms[254]\n1896: William Henry Whitaker, of Totterton Hall, Lydbury North[255]\n1897: John Baddeley Wood, of Henley Hall, Ludlow[256]\n1898: Sir Walter Orlando Corbet, 4th Baronet, of Acton Reynald, Shrewsbury[257]\n1899: Hugh Ker Colville, of Bellaport Hall, Market Drayton[258]","title":"Sheriff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[259]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-260"},{"link_name":"Chetwynd Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetwynd_Park"},{"link_name":"[260]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-261"},{"link_name":"Cound Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cound_Hall"},{"link_name":"[261]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-262"},{"link_name":"William Henry Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Foster_(Bridgnorth_MP)"},{"link_name":"Apley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apley_Hall"},{"link_name":"[262]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-263"},{"link_name":"[263]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-264"},{"link_name":"[264]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-265"},{"link_name":"Adcote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adcote_School"},{"link_name":"[265]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-266"},{"link_name":"[266]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-267"},{"link_name":"[267]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-268"},{"link_name":"[268]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-269"},{"link_name":"Baron Berners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Berners"},{"link_name":"Edward Brocklehurst Fielden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Brocklehurst_Fielden"},{"link_name":"Condover Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condover_Hall"},{"link_name":"[269]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-270"},{"link_name":"Cound Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cound_Hall"},{"link_name":"[270]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-271"},{"link_name":"[271]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-272"},{"link_name":"Sir William St Andrew Rouse-Boughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boughton_baronets"},{"link_name":"Downton Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downton_Hall"},{"link_name":"[272]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-273"},{"link_name":"Bitterley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitterley"},{"link_name":"Ludlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludlow"},{"link_name":"[273]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-274"},{"link_name":"John Reid Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Reid_Walker"},{"link_name":"Shifnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shifnal"},{"link_name":"[274]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-275"},{"link_name":"Much Wenlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Much_Wenlock"},{"link_name":"[275]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-276"},{"link_name":"Wem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wem"},{"link_name":"[276]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-277"},{"link_name":"Ludlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludlow"},{"link_name":"[277]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-278"},{"link_name":"[278]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-279"},{"link_name":"Shifnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shifnal"},{"link_name":"[279]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-280"},{"link_name":"[280]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-281"},{"link_name":"Ferney Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferney_Hall"},{"link_name":"Craven Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craven_Arms"},{"link_name":"[281]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-282"},{"link_name":"[282]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-283"},{"link_name":"Brereton Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brereton_Hall"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-284"},{"link_name":"Cheswardine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheswardine"},{"link_name":"[284]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-285"},{"link_name":"[285]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-286"},{"link_name":"[286]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-287"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-288"},{"link_name":"Longford Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longford_Hall,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"[288]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-289"},{"link_name":"Apley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apley_Hall"},{"link_name":"[289]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-290"},{"link_name":"[290]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-291"},{"link_name":"Sir Offley Wakeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakeman_baronets"},{"link_name":"[291]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-292"},{"link_name":"[292]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-293"},{"link_name":"[293]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-294"},{"link_name":"[294]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-295"},{"link_name":"[295]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-296"},{"link_name":"[296]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-297"},{"link_name":"Sir Edward Hotham Rouse-Boughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boughton_baronets"},{"link_name":"Downton Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downton_Hall"},{"link_name":"[297]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-298"},{"link_name":"[298]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-299"},{"link_name":"Henley Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henley_Hall,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"[299]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-300"},{"link_name":"[300]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-301"},{"link_name":"[301]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-302"},{"link_name":"[302]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-303"},{"link_name":"[303]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-304"},{"link_name":"[304]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-305"},{"link_name":"[305]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-306"},{"link_name":"Pulverbatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulverbatch"},{"link_name":"[306]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-307"},{"link_name":"Sir Alexander Beville Gibbons Stanier, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Alexander_Beville_Gibbons_Stanier,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Weston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weston-under-Redcastle"},{"link_name":"[307]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-308"},{"link_name":"Stanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanton_upon_Hine_Heath"},{"link_name":"[308]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-309"},{"link_name":"[309]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-310"},{"link_name":"[310]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-311"},{"link_name":"Hampton Hall, Worthen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Hall,_Worthen"},{"link_name":"[311]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-312"},{"link_name":"Sir Richard Tihel Leighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leighton_baronets"},{"link_name":"Loton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loton_Park"},{"link_name":"[312]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-313"},{"link_name":"[313]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-discovershropshire-314"},{"link_name":"Sir Oliver William Hargreaves Leese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Leese"},{"link_name":"[314]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-315"},{"link_name":"Longnor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longnor,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"[315]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-316"},{"link_name":"[316]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-317"},{"link_name":"[317]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-318"},{"link_name":"[318]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-319"},{"link_name":"[319]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-320"},{"link_name":"[320]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-321"},{"link_name":"Llanymynech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanymynech"},{"link_name":"[321]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-322"},{"link_name":"Acton Reynald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acton_Reynald"},{"link_name":"[322]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-323"},{"link_name":"Plowden Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plowden_Hall"},{"link_name":"[323]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-324"},{"link_name":"[324]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-325"},{"link_name":"Berrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berrington,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"[325]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-326"},{"link_name":"Sibdon Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibdon_Castle"},{"link_name":"[326]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-327"},{"link_name":"[327]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-328"},{"link_name":"[328]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-329"},{"link_name":"[329]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-330"}],"sub_title":"20th century","text":"1900: Frank Bibby of Sansaw Hall, near Shrewsbury[259]\n1901: John Sidney Burton-Borough of Chetwynd Park, Newport[260]\n1902: James Augustine Harvey Thursby-Pelham of Cound Hall, Shrewsbury[261]\n1903: William Henry Foster of Apley Park, Bridgnorth[262]\n1904: Herbert James Hope-Edwards of Netley, Dorrington, Shrewsbury[263]\n1905: Charles Edward Morris of Oxon, near Shrewsbury[264]\n1906: Alfred Edmund William Darby of Adcote, near Baschurch[265]\n1907: Charles Francis Kynaston Mainwaring of Otley Park, Ellesmere[266]\n1908: Edward Charles Ayshford Sanford, of Chipley Park, Wellington[267]\n1909: Alfred Wynne Corrie of Park Hall, Oswestry[268]\n1910: Sir Raymond Robert Tyrwhitt-Wilson Bt (later Baron Berners) of Stanley Hall.\n1911: Edward Brocklehurst Fielden of Condover Hall, Shrewsbury[269]\n1912: Alexander Cowan McCorquodale, of Cound Hall, Shrewsbury[270]\n1913: Charles Ralph Borlase Wingfield of Onslow, near Shrewsbury.[271]\n1914: Sir William St Andrew Rouse-Boughton of Downton Hall, Stanton Lacy.\n1915: William Swire of Longden Manor, Shrewsbury[272]\n1916: James Volant Wheeler of Bitterley Court, Bitterley, Ludlow[273]\n1917: John Reid Walker of Ruckley Grange, Shifnal[274]\n1918: John Henry Arthur Whitley of Bourton, Much Wenlock[275]\n1919: Lt Col Nathaniel Ffarington Eckersley of The Trench, Wem[276]\n1920: Henry Ernest Whittaker of Ludford Park, Ludlow[277]\n1921: Captain James Whittaker of Winsley Hall, Shrewsbury[278]\n1922: Colonel John Robert Howard-McLean of Aston Hall, Shifnal[279]\n1923: Alfred Rowland Clegg of Nash Court near Tenbury[280]\n1924: Captain Harry Anthony Van Bergen of Ferney Hall, near Craven Arms[281]\n1925: Humphrey Sandford, of The Isle, Shrewsbury[282]\n1926: Norman William Howard-McLean, of Brereton Hall[283]\n1927: Lieut.-Col. Ralph Charles Donaldson–Hudson of Cheswardine, Market Drayton[284]\n1928: Major Herbert Rushton Sykes, of Lydham Manor, Bishops Castle.[285]\n1929: Capt. Frank Brian Frederic Bibby, of Sansaw, Shrewsbury.[286]\n1930: John Arthur Gwynn Sparrow, of Albrighton Hall, Shrewsbury [287]\n1931: Lieut.-Col. Harold Platt Sykes, of Longford Hall, Newport [288]\n1932: Major Arthur William Foster of Apley Park, Bridgnorth [289]\n1933: John Russell Allcroft, of Stokesay Court, Onibury [290]\n1934: Sir Offley Wakeman of Yeaton Peverey House, near Shrewsbury[291]\n1935: Robert Orlando Rodolph Kenyon-Slaney of Hatton Grange, Shifnal[292]\n1936: Lt Col Hon Francis Henry Cecil Weld-Forester of Decker Hill, Shifnal[293]\n1937: Joseph Eccles, of Halston Hall, Whittington, Oswestry [294]\n1938: Col. Charles Reginald Morris-Eyton of Walford Manor, Baschurch, Shrewsbury [295]\n1939: Major Charles Morris Threlfall, of Ruyton Manor, Shrewsbury [296]\n1940: Sir Edward Hotham Rouse-Boughton of Downton Hall, Stanton Lacy.\n1941: Lieut.-Col. Roger Arthur Mostyn-Owen, of Woodhouse, Oswestry [297]\n1942: Major Anthony Charles Stevens Bovill, of Mytton Hall, Montford Bridge, Shrewsbury [298]\n1943: Lieut.-Col. John Nicholas Price Wood, of Henley Hall, Ludlow [299]\n1944: Major Lawrence Warner Wyld Lees, of Old Hall, Cheswardine, Market Drayton [300]\n1945: Lieut.-Colonel George Paton Pollitt of Harnage Grange, Cressage, Shrewsbury [301]\n1946: Wiston John Kynnersley-Browne of Leighton Hall, Shrewsbury [302]\n1947: Reginald Adam Black, of Prees Hall, Whitchurch [303]\n1948: Folliott Sandford Neale, of Berwick House, Shrewsbury [304]\n1949: Captain Codrington Gwynne Reid Walker, of Ruckley Grange, Shifnal [305]\n1950: Major Reginald Culcheth Holcroft, of Wrentnall House, Pulverbatch, Shrewsbury [306]\n1951: Brigadier Sir Alexander Beville Gibbons Stanier, 2nd Baronet of The Citadel, Weston, Shrewsbury.[307]\n1952: Lieut-Colonel William Warburton Hayes, of Harcourt, Stanton, Shrewsbury.[308]\n1953: Charles Wingfield of Onslow, near Shrewsbury.[309]\n1954: Lieut.-Colonel Edward Anthony Fielden of Court of Hill, Ludlow [310]\n1955: Arthur Frederick Vavasour McConnell, of Hampton Hall, Worthen[311]\n1956: Sir Richard Tihel Leighton of Loton Park[312]\n1957: Col. J.S. Burton Borough, of Chetwynd Park, Newport.[313]\n1958: Sir Oliver William Hargreaves Leese, of Lower Hall, Worfield, Bridgnorth.[314]\n1959: Captain Richard William Corbett of The Dower House, Longnor, near Shrewsbury.[315]\n1960: Arthur Nicholas Fielden, of Cruckton Cottage, Shrewsbury.[316]\n1961: Lieut.-Colonel Arthur Patrick Sykes of Lydham Manor, Bishop's Castle.[317]\n1962: Brigadier James Norman Ritchie of Yeaton House, Baschurch [318]\n1963: Major Edward Fitzhardinge Peyton Gage, of Chyknell, Bridgnorth[319]\n1964: Charles Hugh Rogers-Coltman of The Home, Bishop's Castle[320]\n1965: Brigadier Gordon Forbes Maclean of Pentreheylin, Maesbrook, Llanymynech.[321]\n1966: Lieut.-Colonel Sir John Vincent Corbet, 7th Baronet of Acton Reynald, Shrewsbury.[322]\n1967: William Francis Godfrey Plowden of Plowden Hall, Lydbury North.[323]\n1968: John Leigh Reed of Sidbury Hall, Bridgnorth.[324]\n1969: Peter George Culcheth Holcroft of Eaton Mascott Hall, Berrington, near Shrewsbury.[325]\n1970: Major Hubert Robert Holden of Sibdon Castle, Craven Arms.[326]\n1971: John Seymour Evan Rocke of Clungunford House, Craven Arms.[327]\n1972: Major Francis John Yates, of The Wood, Codsall Wood, near Wolverhampton [328]\n1973: Robert Ivan Kenyon-Slaney of Hatton Grange, Shifnal.[329]","title":"Sheriff"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"High sheriffs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henley Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henley_Hall,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"[330]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-331"},{"link_name":"[331]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-332"},{"link_name":"[332]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-333"},{"link_name":"Coton Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coton,_Alveley,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"[333]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-334"},{"link_name":"[334]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-335"},{"link_name":"[335]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-336"},{"link_name":"[336]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-337"},{"link_name":"[337]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-338"},{"link_name":"[338]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-339"},{"link_name":"[339]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-340"},{"link_name":"Aldenham Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldenham_Park,_Morville"},{"link_name":"[340]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-341"},{"link_name":"Atcham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atcham"},{"link_name":"[341]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-342"},{"link_name":"[342]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-343"},{"link_name":"[343]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-debretts-344"},{"link_name":"[344]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-345"},{"link_name":"[345]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-346"},{"link_name":"[346]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-347"},{"link_name":"[347]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-348"},{"link_name":"[348]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-349"},{"link_name":"[349]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-debretts2-350"},{"link_name":"[350]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-351"},{"link_name":"[351]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-352"},{"link_name":"Ashford Carbonell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashford_Carbonell"},{"link_name":"[352]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-353"},{"link_name":"[353]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-debretts3-354"},{"link_name":"[354]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-355"},{"link_name":"[355]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-356"},{"link_name":"[356]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-357"},{"link_name":"Millichope Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millichope_Park"},{"link_name":"[357]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-358"},{"link_name":"[358]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-359"}],"sub_title":"20th century","text":"1974: Captain John Michael George Lumsden of Henley Hall, Ludlow.[330]\n1975: Colonel Guy Mytton Thornycroft, of The Mount, Cressage, near Shrewsbury [331]\n1976: Lieut.-Col. Robert Charles Henry Armitstead, of Stoke Court, Greete, Ludlow[332]\n1977: Peter Howard Thompson, of Coton Hall, Bridgnorth[333]\n1978: John Anthony Fielden, of Court of Hill, Ludlow.[334]\n1979: William Simon Rodolph Kenyon-Slaney, of Chyknell, Bridgnorth.[335]\n1980: Lieut-Colonel Robert Charles Gilfrid Morris-Eyton, TD, of Calvington Manor, Newport.[336]\n1981: Vesey Martin Edward Holt, of Orleton Hall, Wellington, Telford.[337]\n1982: John Cyril Yeoward of Newcastle Court, Clun, Craven Arms[338]\n1983: David Langdon Upton Scott, of Harnage Grange, Cressage.[339]\n1984: Christopher Ronald Thompson, of Aldenham Park, near Bridgnorth.[340]\n1985: Christopher Stephen Motley, of Chilton Grove, Atcham, near Shrewsbury[341]\n1986: Timothy Claud Heywood-Lonsdale, of The Old Laundry, Shavington, Market Drayton.[342]\n1987: Algernon Eustace Hugh Heber-Percy[343][344]\n1988: Roger Everard Angell-James, of Berwick House, Shrewsbury.[345]\n1989: David Robin Bibby Thompson of Sansaw, Clive, Shrewsbury.[346]\n1990: Denis Peareth Hornell Lennox, of The Old Mill, Bayton, near Kidderminster, Worcestershire,[347] died and was replaced by Hugh Bernard Meynell, of Brockton Court, Shifnal[348]\n1991: Lionel Richard Jebb, of The Lyth, Ellesmere.[349]\n1992: Edward Martin Amphlett Thompson, of The Bolt Hole, Six Ashes, Bridgnorth.[350]\n1993: Roger Michael Gabb[351]\n1994: Jeremy Hugh Gifford Lywood of Ashford Court, Ashford Carbonell, Ludlow.[352]\n1995: Nicholas Edward Egerton Stephens of Grafton Lodge, Montford Bridge, Shrewsbury.[353][354]\n1996: Timothy William Edward Corbett, Esq., of The Dower House, Longnor, Shrewsbury.[355]\n1997: Elizabeth Catherine Weld-Forester, Baroness Forester, of Willey Park[356]\n1998: Lindsay Claude Neils Bury, of Millichope Park, Munslow, Craven Arms.[357]\n1999: Jonathan Rupert Blakiston Lovegrove-Fielden, of Longden Manor, Pontesford, Shrewsbury[358]","title":"High sheriffs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[359]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-360"},{"link_name":"[360]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-361"},{"link_name":"Shipton Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipton_Hall"},{"link_name":"[361]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-362"},{"link_name":"[362]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-363"},{"link_name":"[363]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-364"},{"link_name":"[364]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-365"},{"link_name":"[365]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-366"},{"link_name":"[366]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-367"},{"link_name":"[367]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-368"},{"link_name":"[368]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-369"},{"link_name":"[369]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-370"},{"link_name":"[370]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-371"},{"link_name":"[371]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-372"},{"link_name":"[372]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-373"},{"link_name":"[373]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-374"},{"link_name":"[374]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-375"},{"link_name":"[375]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-376"},{"link_name":"Whittington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittington,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"[376]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-377"},{"link_name":"[377]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-378"},{"link_name":"[378]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-379"},{"link_name":"[379]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-380"},{"link_name":"[380]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-381"},{"link_name":"[381]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-382"},{"link_name":"[382]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-383"}],"sub_title":"21st century","text":"2000: Richard Panton Corbett, of Grove Farm House, Longnor[359]\n2001: John Richard Ravenscroft, of The Old Rectory[360]\n2002: John Nicholas Richard Neville Bishop, of Shipton Hall[361]\n2003: Julian Veronica Morgan, of 1 Silk Mill Lane, Ludlow[362]\n2004: Humphrey Salwey of The Lodge, Overton[363]\n2005: Michael John Lowe[364]\n2006: Anthony Richard Tanner[365]\n2007: Meriel Rose Afia [366]\n2008: Anne Gee [367]\n2009: Anna Turner[368]\n2010: Hugh Trevor-Jones[369]\n2011: Richard Henry Burbidge [370]\n2012: John Abram of Oswestry [371]\n2013: Diana Flint [372]\n2014: Robert Bland [373]\n2015: David Stacey of Leigh Manor, Hope, Shrewsbury[374]\n2016: Christine Holmes[375]\n2017: Charles E Lillis of Whittington[376]\n2018: Rhoderick Martin Swire of Ludlow [377]\n2019: Dr Jeremy John Dixey of Westbury, Shrewsbury [378]\n2020: Amanda Nadine Harris of Shrewsbury [379]\n2021: Robert Anthony Morris-Eyton of Calvington [380]\n2022: Selina Lucy Graham[381]\n2023: Mrs Amanda Jillian Thorn[382]","title":"High sheriffs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-168"},{"link_name":"Aston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_(disambiguation)#Elsewhere_in_England"},{"link_name":"Aston Hall, Oswestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aston_Hall,_Oswestry&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"}],"text":"^ There are seven places in Shropshire called Aston, and the source does not say which this one was. However, there are records of a Lloyd family of Aston Hall, Oswestry.[167]","title":"Footnotes"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Government Act 1972: Section 219\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1972/70/section/219Local","url_text":"\"Government Act 1972: Section 219\""}]},{"reference":"\"Foxe's Book of Martyrs\". Retrieved 26 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/johnfoxe/apparatus/offices.jsp?strName=&strTitle=sheriff+of+Shropshire&cmdSearch=Search","url_text":"\"Foxe's Book of Martyrs\""}]},{"reference":"Burke, J. (1836). A genealogical and heraldic history of the commoners of Great Britain and Ireland enjoying territorial possessions or high official rank: but uninvested with heritable honours. Vol. 2. Colburn. p. 484. Retrieved 19 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vuVsAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"A genealogical and heraldic history of the commoners of Great Britain and Ireland enjoying territorial possessions or high official rank: but uninvested with heritable honours"}]},{"reference":"\"Walcott, Humphrey (WLCT604H)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.","urls":[{"url":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=WLCT604H&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","url_text":"\"Walcott, Humphrey (WLCT604H)\""}]},{"reference":"\"House of Commons Journal\". British History Online. Retrieved 10 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=25229","url_text":"\"House of Commons Journal\""}]},{"reference":"\"House of Lords Journal Volume 10: 25 November 1648\". English History Online. Retrieved 27 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/lords-jrnl/vol10/pp607-610#s33","url_text":"\"House of Lords Journal Volume 10: 25 November 1648\""}]},{"reference":"\"Journal of the House of Commons: volume 7: 1651–1660\". British History Online. Retrieved 11 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=23890","url_text":"\"Journal of the House of Commons: volume 7: 1651–1660\""}]},{"reference":"Journals of the House of Commons, Volume 7. House of Commons. 1652. p. 214.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Burke, John. A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies. p. 258.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gentleman's Magazine. 155: 222. 1835.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Burke, Bernard. A genealogical and heraldic dictionary of the landed gentry of Britain..., Volume 1. p. 196.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"No. 1\". The Oxford Gazette. 7 November 1665. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/1/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Gazette","url_text":"The Oxford Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 102\". The London Gazette. 5 November 1666. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/102/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 102\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 191\". The London Gazette. 12 September 1667. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/191/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 191\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 206\". The London Gazette. 4 November 1667. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/206/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 206\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 311\". The London Gazette. 9 November 1668. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/311/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 311\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 416\". The London Gazette. 8 November 1669. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/416/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 416\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 519\". The London Gazette. 3 November 1670. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/519/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 519\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 624\". The London Gazette. 6 November 1671. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/624/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 624\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 728\". The London Gazette. 7 November 1672. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/728/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 728\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 833\". The London Gazette. 10 November 1673. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/833/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 833\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 935\". The London Gazette. 5 November 1674. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/935/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 935\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 938\". The London Gazette. 16 November 1674. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/938/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 938\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 1042\". The London Gazette. 15 November 1675. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/1042/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 1042\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 1146\". The London Gazette. 9 November 1676. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/1146/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 1146\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 1251\". The London Gazette. 12 November 1677. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/1251/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 1251\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 1252\". The London Gazette. 15 November 1677. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/1252/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 1252\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 1355\". The London Gazette. 11 November 1678. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/1355/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 1355\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 1460\". The London Gazette. 13 November 1679. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/1460/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 1460\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 1562\". The London Gazette. 4 November 1680. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/1562/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 1562\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 1668\". The London Gazette. 10 November 1681. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/1668/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 1668\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 1773\". The London Gazette. 13 November 1682. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/1773/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 1773\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 1877\". The London Gazette. 12 November 1683. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/1877/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 1877\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 1984\". The London Gazette. 20 November 1684. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/1984/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 1984\""}]},{"reference":"\"MYTTON, Richard (1660–1718), of Halston, nr. Oswestry, Salop\". History of Parliament online. Retrieved 27 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1690-1715/member/mytton-richard-1660-1718","url_text":"\"MYTTON, Richard (1660–1718), of Halston, nr. Oswestry, Salop\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 2090\". The London Gazette. 26 November 1685. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/2090/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 2090\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 2194\". The London Gazette. 25 November 1686. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/2194/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 2194\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 2300\". The London Gazette. 1 December 1687. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/2300/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 2300\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 2397\". The London Gazette. 8 November 1688. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/2397/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 2397\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 2506\". The London Gazette. 18 November 1689. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/2506/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 2506\""}]},{"reference":"Burke, Bernard. A genealogical and heraldic dictionary of the landed gentry of Great Britain. p. 1357.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"No. 2614\". The London Gazette. 27 November 1690. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/2614/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 2614\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 2722\". The London Gazette. 10 December 1691. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/2722/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 2722\""}]},{"reference":"\"LEIGHTON, Sir Edward, 1st Bt. (c.1650–1711), of Wattlesborough Castle, Salop\". History of Parliament online. Retrieved 27 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1690-1715/member/leighton-sir-edward-1650-1711","url_text":"\"LEIGHTON, Sir Edward, 1st Bt. (c.1650–1711), of Wattlesborough Castle, Salop\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 2820\". The London Gazette. 17 November 1692. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/2820/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 2820\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 2924\". The London Gazette. 16 November 1693. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/2924/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 2924\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 3034\". The London Gazette. 6 December 1694. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/3034/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 3034\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 3138\". The London Gazette. 5 December 1695. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/3138/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 3138\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 3242\". The London Gazette. 3 December 1696. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/3242/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 3242\""}]},{"reference":"\"COTTON, Rowland (?1675–1753), of Etwall, Derbys. and Bellaport, Salop\". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 28 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1715-1754/member/cotton-rowland-1675-1753","url_text":"\"COTTON, Rowland (?1675–1753), of Etwall, Derbys. and Bellaport, Salop\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 3350\". The London Gazette. 16 December 1697. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/3350/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 3350\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 3456\". The London Gazette. 22 December 1698. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/3456/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 3456\""}]},{"reference":"\"JONES, Thomas (c.1667–1715), of Shrewsbury, Salop\". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 29 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1715-1754/member/jones-thomas-1667-1715","url_text":"\"JONES, Thomas (c.1667–1715), of Shrewsbury, Salop\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 3772\". The London Gazette. 1 January 1701. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/3772/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 3772\""}]},{"reference":"\"Assignment of gaol, prisoners and actions, as High Sheriff | The National Archives\". apps.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 19 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=166-5460&cid=8-19-3-2&kw=Shropshire%20Archives#8-19-3-2","url_text":"\"Assignment of gaol, prisoners and actions, as High Sheriff | The National Archives\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 3872\". The London Gazette. 2 December 1703. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/3872/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 3872\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 4280\". The London Gazette. 14 November 1706. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/4280/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 4280\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 4386\". The London Gazette. 20 November 1707. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/4386/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 4386\""}]},{"reference":"Burke, John. A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain. Vol. 4. p. 263.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Alumni Oxonienses 1500–1714\". British History Online. Retrieved 9 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=119396","url_text":"\"Alumni Oxonienses 1500–1714\""}]},{"reference":"\"Radnorshire Society transactions Vol. 47 1977\". National Library of Wales. Retrieved 9 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://cylchgronaucymru.llgc.org.uk/browse/viewpage/llgc-id:1191402/llgc-id:1195440/llgc-id:1195480/getText","url_text":"\"Radnorshire Society transactions Vol. 47 1977\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tunstall Old Court\". Retrieved 29 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/A2A/records.aspx?cat=166-5194&cid=5-1#5-1","url_text":"\"Tunstall Old Court\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 5485\". The London Gazette. 10 November 1716. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/5485/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 5485\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 5804\". The London Gazette. 1 December 1719. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/5804/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 5804\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 6231\". The London Gazette. 4 January 1723. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/6231/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 6231\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 6328\". The London Gazette. 8 December 1724. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/6328/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 6328\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 6442\". The London Gazette. 11 January 1725. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/6442/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 6442\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 6533\". The London Gazette. 26 November 1726. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/6533/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 6533\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 6736\". The London Gazette. 17 December 1728. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/6736/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 6736\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 6943\". The London Gazette. 12 December 1730. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/6943/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 6943\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 7046\". The London Gazette. 7 December 1731. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/7046/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 7046\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 7152\". The London Gazette. 12 December 1732. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/7152/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 7152\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 7258\". The London Gazette. 18 December 1733. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/7258/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 7258\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 7474\". The London Gazette. 20 January 1735. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/7474/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 7474\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 7666\". The London Gazette. 10 January 1737. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/7666/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 7666\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 7770\". The London Gazette. 9 January 1738. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/7770/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 7770\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 7870\". The London Gazette. 25 December 1739. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/7870/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 7870\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 8080\". The London Gazette. 29 December 1741. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/8080/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 8080\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 8190\". The London Gazette. 18 January 1742. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/8190/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 8190\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 8290\". The London Gazette. 3 January 1743. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/8290/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 8290\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 8396\". The London Gazette. 8 January 1744. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/8396/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 8396\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shropshire Houses past and present\". Retrieved 13 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/shropshirehouses00leiguoft/shropshirehouses00leiguoft_djvu.txt","url_text":"\"Shropshire Houses past and present\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 8710\". The London Gazette. 12 January 1747. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/8710/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 8710\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 8814\". The London Gazette. 10 January 1748. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/8814/page/3","url_text":"\"No. 8814\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 8920\". The London Gazette. 16 January 1749. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/8920/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 8920\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 9446\". The London Gazette. 28 January 1755. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/9446/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 9446\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 9549\". The London Gazette. 24 January 1756. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/9549/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 9549\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 9760\". The London Gazette. 24 January 1758. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/9760/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 9760\""}]},{"reference":"The Magazine of Magazines: Compiled from Original Pieces, with ..., Volumes 2–3. p. 117.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"No. 9866\". The London Gazette. 30 January 1759. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/9866/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 9866\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 9970\". The London Gazette. 20 January 1760. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/9970/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 9970\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 10074\". The London Gazette. 27 January 1761. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/10074/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 10074\""}]},{"reference":"\"Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological and Natural History Society\". Retrieved 9 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofsh4719shro/transactionsofsh4719shro_djvu.txt","url_text":"\"Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological and Natural History Society\""}]},{"reference":"Burke, Sir Bernard. A genealogical and heraldic dictionary of the landed gentry of Great Britain. p. 168.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"No. 10390\". The London Gazette. 7 February 1764. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/10390/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 10390\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 10492\". The London Gazette. 29 January 1765. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/10492/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 10492\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 10601\". The London Gazette. 15 February 1766. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/10601/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 10601\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 10702\". The London Gazette. 10 February 1767. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/10702/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 10702\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 10798\". The London Gazette. 12 January 1768. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/10798/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 10798\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 10906\". The London Gazette. 24 January 1769. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/10906/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 10906\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shropshire houses : past & present ; illustrated from drawings\". Retrieved 9 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/shropshirehouses00leiguoft/shropshirehouses00leiguoft_djvu.txt","url_text":"\"Shropshire houses : past & present ; illustrated from drawings\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 11116\". The London Gazette. 6 February 1771. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/11116/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 11116\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 11223\". The London Gazette. 15 February 1772. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/11223/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 11223\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 11325\". The London Gazette. 6 February 1773. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/11325/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 11325\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 11429\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1774. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/11429/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 11429\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 11637\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1776. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/11637/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 11637\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 11740\". The London Gazette. 28 January 1777. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/11740/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 11740\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 11844\". The London Gazette. 27 January 1778. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/11844/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 11844\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 11949\". The London Gazette. 30 January 1779. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/11949/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 11949\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 12622\". The London Gazette. 15 February 1785. p. 89.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/12622/page/89","url_text":"\"No. 12622\""}]},{"reference":"Burke, Berard. A genealogical and heraldic dictionary of the landed gentry of Great Britain. p. 1265.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"No. 12829\". The London Gazette. 10 February 1787. p. 69.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/12829/page/69","url_text":"\"No. 12829\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 12831\". The London Gazette. 17 February 1787. p. 85.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/12831/page/85","url_text":"\"No. 12831\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 12962\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1788. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/12962/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 12962\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 13092\". The London Gazette. 28 April 1789. p. 333.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/13092/page/333","url_text":"\"No. 13092\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 13170\". The London Gazette. 26 January 1790. p. 57.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/13170/page/57","url_text":"\"No. 13170\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 13621\". The London Gazette. 4 February 1794. p. 114.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/13621/page/114","url_text":"\"No. 13621\""}]},{"reference":"Plantagenet Roll of the Blood Royal: The Isabel of Essex Volume. p. 475.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Burke, Sir Bernard. A genealogical and heraldic history of the landed gentry of Great Britain., Volume 2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Burke, John. A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain, Volume 2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"No. 15228\". The London Gazette. 4 February 1800. p. 114.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15228/page/114","url_text":"\"No. 15228\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 15336\". The London Gazette. 10 February 1801. p. 173.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15336/page/173","url_text":"\"No. 15336\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 15338\". The London Gazette. 17 February 1801. p. 202.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15338/page/202","url_text":"\"No. 15338\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 15450\". The London Gazette. 2 February 1802. p. 113.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15450/page/113","url_text":"\"No. 15450\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 15458\". The London Gazette. 2 March 1802. p. 229.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15458/page/229","url_text":"\"No. 15458\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 15555\". The London Gazette. 1 February 1803. p. 137.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15555/page/137","url_text":"\"No. 15555\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 15695\". The London Gazette. 21 April 1804. p. 494.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15695/page/494","url_text":"\"No. 15695\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 15778\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1805. p. 175.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15778/page/175","url_text":"\"No. 15778\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 15886\". The London Gazette. 1 February 1806. p. 145.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15886/page/145","url_text":"\"No. 15886\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 15998\". The London Gazette. 7 February 1807. p. 156.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15998/page/156","url_text":"\"No. 15998\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 16115\". The London Gazette. 2 February 1808. p. 173.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16115/page/173","url_text":"\"No. 16115\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 16226\". The London Gazette. 4 February 1809. p. 165.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16226/page/165","url_text":"\"No. 16226\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lloyd family, of Aston Hall\". National Library of Wales.","urls":[{"url":"https://archives.library.wales/index.php/lloyd-family-of-aston-hall","url_text":"\"Lloyd family, of Aston Hall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Wales","url_text":"National Library of Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 16338\". The London Gazette. 30 January 1810. p. 149.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16338/page/149","url_text":"\"No. 16338\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 16451\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1811. p. 226.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16451/page/226","url_text":"\"No. 16451\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 16565\". The London Gazette. 21 January 1812. p. 142.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16565/page/142","url_text":"\"No. 16565\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 16574\". The London Gazette. 11 February 1812. p. 289.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16574/page/289","url_text":"\"No. 16574\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 16702\". The London Gazette. 9 February 1813. p. 301.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16702/page/301","url_text":"\"No. 16702\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 16852\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1814. p. 278.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16852/page/278","url_text":"\"No. 16852\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 16984\". The London Gazette. 14 February 1815. p. 257.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16984/page/257","url_text":"\"No. 16984\""}]},{"reference":"Burke, Edmund (1818). Dodsley's Annual Register, 1817. Retrieved 17 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OKwvAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA150","url_text":"Dodsley's Annual Register, 1817"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 17326\". The London Gazette. 24 January 1818. p. 188.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/17326/page/188","url_text":"\"No. 17326\""}]},{"reference":"Cave, Edward; Nichols, John (1819). The Gentleman's Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, for ..., Volume 89, Part 1. Retrieved 18 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_d4IAAAAIAAJ&q=high+sheriff+john+grubb+1819+gazette&pg=PA176","url_text":"The Gentleman's Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, for ..., Volume 89, Part 1"}]},{"reference":"Dodsley's Annual Register, 1820. 1822. Retrieved 17 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CnUEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA551","url_text":"Dodsley's Annual Register, 1820"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 17677\". The London Gazette. 6 February 1821. p. 328.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/17677/page/328","url_text":"\"No. 17677\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 17788\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1822. p. 217.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/17788/page/217","url_text":"\"No. 17788\""}]},{"reference":"The New monthly magazine. 1823. p. 134.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Annual Register, 1829. 1830. Retrieved 18 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eTFdAAAAIAAJ&q=william+edward+nightingale+sheriff&pg=RA1-PA193","url_text":"Annual Register, 1829"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 18652\". The London Gazette. 2 February 1830. pp. 257–258.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/18652/page/257","url_text":"\"No. 18652\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 18772\". The London Gazette. 1 February 1831. pp. 194–195.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/18772/page/194","url_text":"\"No. 18772\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 18900\". The London Gazette. 6 February 1832. pp. 254–255.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/18900/page/254","url_text":"\"No. 18900\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 19019\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1833. p. 246.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19019/page/246","url_text":"\"No. 19019\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 19125\". The London Gazette. 4 February 1834. p. 206.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19125/page/206","url_text":"\"No. 19125\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 19238\". The London Gazette. 9 February 1835. pp. 235–236.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19238/page/235","url_text":"\"No. 19238\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 19353\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1836. pp. 223–224.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19353/page/223","url_text":"\"No. 19353\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 19462\". The London Gazette. 31 January 1837. pp. 232–233.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19462/page/232","url_text":"\"No. 19462\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 19586\". The London Gazette. 1 February 1838. p. 232.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19586/page/232","url_text":"\"No. 19586\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 19704\". The London Gazette. 9 February 1839. p. 214.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19704/page/214","url_text":"\"No. 19704\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 19819\". The London Gazette. 31 January 1840. pp. 197–198.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19819/page/197","url_text":"\"No. 19819\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 19948\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1841. pp. 303–304.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19948/page/303","url_text":"\"No. 19948\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 20067\". The London Gazette. 4 February 1842. pp. 285–286.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/20067/page/285","url_text":"\"No. 20067\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 20192\". The London Gazette. 1 February 1843. pp. 371–372.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/20192/page/371","url_text":"\"No. 20192\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 20311\". The London Gazette. 31 January 1844. pp. 347–348.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/20311/page/347","url_text":"\"No. 20311\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 20439\". The London Gazette. 4 February 1845. pp. 315–316.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/20439/page/315","url_text":"\"No. 20439\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 20566\". The London Gazette. 30 January 1846. pp. 361–362.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/20566/page/361","url_text":"\"No. 20566\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 20698\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1847. pp. 410–411.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/20698/page/410","url_text":"\"No. 20698\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 20825\". The London Gazette. 11 February 1848. pp. 541–542.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/20825/page/541","url_text":"\"No. 20825\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 20944\". The London Gazette. 13 February 1849. pp. 431–432.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/20944/page/431","url_text":"\"No. 20944\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21065\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1850. p. 313.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21065/page/313","url_text":"\"No. 21065\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21181\". The London Gazette. 11 February 1851. p. 363.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21181/page/363","url_text":"\"No. 21181\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21287\". The London Gazette. 3 February 1852. p. 289.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21287/page/289","url_text":"\"No. 21287\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21409\". The London Gazette. 8 February 1853. p. 329.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21409/page/329","url_text":"\"No. 21409\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21517\". The London Gazette. 31 January 1854. p. 265.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21517/page/265","url_text":"\"No. 21517\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21660\". The London Gazette. 9 February 1855. p. 470.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21660/page/470","url_text":"\"No. 21660\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21844\". The London Gazette. 31 January 1855. p. 361.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21844/page/361","url_text":"\"No. 21844\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21964\". The London Gazette. 3 February 1857. p. 379.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21964/page/379","url_text":"\"No. 21964\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 22091\". The London Gazette. 3 February 1858. p. 539.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22091/page/539","url_text":"\"No. 22091\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 22226\". The London Gazette. 2 February 1859. p. 454.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22226/page/454","url_text":"\"No. 22226\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 22348\". The London Gazette. 23 January 1860. p. 213.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22348/page/213","url_text":"\"No. 22348\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 22477\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1861. p. 434.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22477/page/434","url_text":"\"No. 22477\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25596\". The London Gazette. 7 February 1862. p. 649.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25596/page/649","url_text":"\"No. 25596\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 22704\". The London Gazette. 3 February 1863. p. 573.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22704/page/573","url_text":"\"No. 22704\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 22815\". The London Gazette. 3 February 1864. p. 525.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22815/page/525","url_text":"\"No. 22815\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 22936\". The London Gazette. 3 February 1865. p. 559.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22936/page/559","url_text":"\"No. 22936\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 23066\". The London Gazette. 2 February 1866. p. 638.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23066/page/638","url_text":"\"No. 23066\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 23215\". The London Gazette. 2 February 1867. p. 611.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23215/page/611","url_text":"\"No. 23215\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 23348\". The London Gazette. 31 January 1868. p. 453.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23348/page/453","url_text":"\"No. 23348\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 23465\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1869. p. 583.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23465/page/583","url_text":"\"No. 23465\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 23584\". The London Gazette. 7 February 1870. p. 721.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23584/page/721","url_text":"\"No. 23584\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 23704\". The London Gazette. 8 February 1871. p. 474.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23704/page/474","url_text":"\"No. 23704\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 23825\". The London Gazette. 6 February 1872. p. 403.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23825/page/403","url_text":"\"No. 23825\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 23945\". The London Gazette. 6 February 1873. p. 514.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23945/page/514","url_text":"\"No. 23945\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 24061\". The London Gazette. 2 February 1874. p. 481.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24061/page/481","url_text":"\"No. 24061\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 24177\". The London Gazette. 4 February 1875. p. 450.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24177/page/450","url_text":"\"No. 24177\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 24293\". The London Gazette. 12 February 1876. p. 637.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24293/page/637","url_text":"\"No. 24293\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 24416\". The London Gazette. 7 February 1877. p. 608.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24416/page/608","url_text":"\"No. 24416\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 24554\". The London Gazette. 22 February 1878. p. 878.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24554/page/878","url_text":"\"No. 24554\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 24683\". The London Gazette. 22 February 1879. p. 927.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24683/page/927","url_text":"\"No. 24683\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 24817\". The London Gazette. 26 February 1880. p. 1697.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24817/page/1697","url_text":"\"No. 24817\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 24945\". The London Gazette. 2 March 1881. p. 979.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24945/page/979","url_text":"\"No. 24945\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25078\". The London Gazette. 28 February 1882. p. 870.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25078/page/870","url_text":"\"No. 25078\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25208\". The London Gazette. 3 March 1883. p. 1231.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25208/page/1231","url_text":"\"No. 25208\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25325\". The London Gazette. 4 March 1884. p. 1117.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25325/page/1117","url_text":"\"No. 25325\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25449\". The London Gazette. 6 March 1885. p. 970.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25449/page/970","url_text":"\"No. 25449\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25566\". The London Gazette. 9 March 1886. p. 1136.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25566/page/1136","url_text":"\"No. 25566\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25680\". The London Gazette. 8 March 1887. p. 1222.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25680/page/1222","url_text":"\"No. 25680\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25798\". The London Gazette. 20 March 1888. p. 1696.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25798/page/1696","url_text":"\"No. 25798\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25922\". The London Gazette. 9 April 1889. p. 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25922/page/2009","url_text":"\"No. 25922\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26036\". The London Gazette. 25 March 1890. p. 1782.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26036/page/1782","url_text":"\"No. 26036\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26146\". The London Gazette. 24 March 1891. p. 1653.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26146/page/1653","url_text":"\"No. 26146\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26269\". The London Gazette. 18 March 1892. p. 1589.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26269/page/1589","url_text":"\"No. 26269\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26383\". The London Gazette. 17 March 1893. p. 1677.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26383/page/1677","url_text":"\"No. 26383\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26494\". The London Gazette. 13 March 1894. p. 1518.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26494/page/1518","url_text":"\"No. 26494\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26606\". The London Gazette. 12 March 1895. p. 1455.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26606/page/1455","url_text":"\"No. 26606\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26720\". The London Gazette. 10 March 1896. p. 1596.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26720/page/1596","url_text":"\"No. 26720\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26828\". The London Gazette. 2 March 1897. p. 1238.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26828/page/1238","url_text":"\"No. 26828\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26945\". The London Gazette. 8 March 1898. p. 1414.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26945/page/1414","url_text":"\"No. 26945\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27061\". The London Gazette. 10 March 1899. p. 1660.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27061/page/1660","url_text":"\"No. 27061\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27171\". The London Gazette. 6 March 1900. p. 1520.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27171/page/1520","url_text":"\"No. 27171\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27293\". The London Gazette. 12 March 1901. p. 1760.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27293/page/1760","url_text":"\"No. 27293\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27414\". The London Gazette. 7 March 1902. p. 1625.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27414/page/1625","url_text":"\"No. 27414\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27634\". The London Gazette. 13 March 1903. p. 1672.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27634/page/1672","url_text":"\"No. 27634\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27655\". The London Gazette. 8 March 1904. p. 1537.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27655/page/1537","url_text":"\"No. 27655\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27777\". The London Gazette. 21 March 1905. p. 2179.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27777/page/2179","url_text":"\"No. 27777\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27890\". The London Gazette. 27 February 1906. p. 1434.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27890/page/1434","url_text":"\"No. 27890\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 28000\". The London Gazette. 1 March 1907. p. 1462.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28000/page/1462","url_text":"\"No. 28000\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 28115\". The London Gazette. 3 March 1908. p. 1480.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28115/page/1480","url_text":"\"No. 28115\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 28229\". The London Gazette. 2 March 1909. p. 1655.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28229/page/1655","url_text":"\"No. 28229\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 28473\". The London Gazette. 7 March 1911. p. 1952.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28473/page/1952","url_text":"\"No. 28473\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 28586\". The London Gazette. 1 March 1912. p. 1557.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28586/page/1557","url_text":"\"No. 28586\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 29086\". The London Gazette. 2 March 1915. p. 2089.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29086/page/2089","url_text":"\"No. 29086\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 29492\". The London Gazette. 29 February 1916. p. 2236.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29492/page/2236","url_text":"\"No. 29492\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 29982\". The London Gazette. 13 March 1917. p. 2509.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29982/page/2509","url_text":"\"No. 29982\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 30557\". The London Gazette. 5 March 1918. p. 2781.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30557/page/2781","url_text":"\"No. 30557\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 31230\". The London Gazette. 14 March 1919. p. 3477.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31230/page/3477","url_text":"\"No. 31230\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 31821\". The London Gazette. 12 March 1920. p. 3178.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31821/page/3178","url_text":"\"No. 31821\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 32254\". The London Gazette. 11 March 1921. p. 1995.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32254/page/1995","url_text":"\"No. 32254\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 32642\". The London Gazette. 17 March 1922. p. 2231.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32642/page/2231","url_text":"\"No. 32642\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 32805\". The London Gazette. 13 March 1923. p. 1990.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32805/page/1990","url_text":"\"No. 32805\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 32920\". The London Gazette. 21 March 1924. p. 2415.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32920/page/2415","url_text":"\"No. 32920\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 33030\". The London Gazette. 17 March 1925. p. 1875.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33030/page/1875","url_text":"\"No. 33030\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 33143\". The London Gazette. 19 March 1926. p. 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33143/page/2012","url_text":"\"No. 33143\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 33259\". The London Gazette. 22 March 1927. p. 1876.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33259/page/1876","url_text":"\"No. 33259\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 33369\". The London Gazette. 23 March 1928. p. 2127.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33369/page/2127","url_text":"\"No. 33369\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 33479\". The London Gazette. 22 March 1929. p. 1966.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33479/page/1966","url_text":"\"No. 33479\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 33592\". The London Gazette. 28 March 1930. p. 1958.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33592/page/1958","url_text":"\"No. 33592\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 33700\". The London Gazette. 20 March 1931. p. 1878.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33700/page/1878","url_text":"\"No. 33700\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 33809\". The London Gazette. 18 March 1932. p. 1854.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33809/page/1854","url_text":"\"No. 33809\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 33922\". The London Gazette. 17 March 1933. p. 1856.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33922/page/1856","url_text":"\"No. 33922\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 34035\". The London Gazette. 23 March 1934. p. 1940.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34035/page/1940","url_text":"\"No. 34035\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 34135\". The London Gazette. 22 February 1935. p. 1266.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34135/page/1266","url_text":"\"No. 34135\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 34261\". The London Gazette. 3 March 1936. p. 1380.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34261/page/1380","url_text":"\"No. 34261\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 34381\". The London Gazette. 19 March 1937. p. 1820.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34381/page/1820","url_text":"\"No. 34381\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 34494\". The London Gazette. 18 March 1938. p. 1839.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34494/page/1839","url_text":"\"No. 34494\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 34606\". The London Gazette. 10 March 1939. p. 1633.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34606/page/1633","url_text":"\"No. 34606\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 35119\". The London Gazette. 28 March 1941. p. 1802.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35119/page/1802","url_text":"\"No. 35119\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 35508\". The London Gazette. 31 March 1942. p. 1453.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35508/page/1453","url_text":"\"No. 35508\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 35938\". The London Gazette. 12 March 1943. p. 1200.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35938/page/1200","url_text":"\"No. 35938\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 36444\". The London Gazette. 28 March 1944. p. 1449.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36444/page/1449","url_text":"\"No. 36444\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 36998\". The London Gazette. 23 March 1945. p. 1602.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36998/page/1602","url_text":"\"No. 36998\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 37509\". The London Gazette. 22 March 1946. p. 1494.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37509/page/1494","url_text":"\"No. 37509\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 37905\". The London Gazette. 14 March 1947. p. 1214.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37905/page/1214","url_text":"\"No. 37905\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 38235\". The London Gazette. 12 March 1948. p. 1811.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38235/page/1811","url_text":"\"No. 38235\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 38556\". The London Gazette. 8 March 1949. p. 1202.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38556/page/1202","url_text":"\"No. 38556\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 38878\". The London Gazette. 4 April 1950. p. 1666.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38878/page/1666","url_text":"\"No. 38878\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 39175\". The London Gazette. 16 March 1951. p. 1428.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/39175/page/1428","url_text":"\"No. 39175\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 39489\". The London Gazette. 11 March 1952. p. 1400.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/39489/page/1400","url_text":"\"No. 39489\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charles Wingfield obituary\". Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716223247/http://www.wingfield.org/Obits/charles_w.htm","url_text":"\"Charles Wingfield obituary\""},{"url":"http://www.wingfield.org/Obits/charles_w.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 40115\". The London Gazette. 2 March 1954. p. 1315.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/40115/page/1315","url_text":"\"No. 40115\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 40433\". The London Gazette. 18 March 1955. p. 1609.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/40433/page/1609","url_text":"\"No. 40433\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 40738\". The London Gazette. 23 March 1956. p. 1731.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/40738/page/1731","url_text":"\"No. 40738\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to Discovering Shropshire's History\". beta.discovershropshire.org.uk. Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110812093109/http://beta.discovershropshire.org.uk/html/search/verb/GetRecord/resource:20061114171441","url_text":"\"Welcome to Discovering Shropshire's History\""},{"url":"http://beta.discovershropshire.org.uk/html/search/verb/GetRecord/resource:20061114171441","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 41340\". The London Gazette. 18 March 1958. p. 1779.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41340/page/1779","url_text":"\"No. 41340\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 41656\". The London Gazette. 13 March 1959. p. 1725.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41656/page/1725","url_text":"\"No. 41656\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 41986\". The London Gazette. 18 March 1960. p. 2025.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41986/page/2025","url_text":"\"No. 41986\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 42314\". The London Gazette. 28 March 1961. p. 2346.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/42314/page/2346","url_text":"\"No. 42314\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 42623\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 March 1962. p. 2144.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/42623/supplement/2144","url_text":"\"No. 42623\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 42955\". The London Gazette. 29 March 1963. p. 2824.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/42955/page/2824","url_text":"\"No. 42955\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 43286\". The London Gazette. 31 March 1964. p. 2849.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/43286/page/2849","url_text":"\"No. 43286\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 43610\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 March 1965. p. 3049.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/43610/supplement/3049","url_text":"\"No. 43610\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 43921\". The London Gazette. 11 March 1966. p. 2704.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/43921/page/2704","url_text":"\"No. 43921\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 44276\". The London Gazette. 28 March 1967. p. 3382.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/44276/page/3382","url_text":"\"No. 44276\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 44540\". The London Gazette. 5 March 1968. p. 2668.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/44540/page/2668","url_text":"\"No. 44540\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 44811\". The London Gazette. 20 March 1969. p. 3011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/44811/page/3011","url_text":"\"No. 44811\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 45070\". The London Gazette. 31 March 1970. p. 3646.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/45070/page/3646","url_text":"\"No. 45070\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 45321\". The London Gazette. 12 March 1971. p. 2158.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/45321/page/2158","url_text":"\"No. 45321\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 45630\". The London Gazette. 24 March 1972. p. 3654.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/45630/page/3654","url_text":"\"No. 45630\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 45941\". The London Gazette. 30 March 1973. p. 4154.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/45941/page/4154","url_text":"\"No. 45941\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 46249\". The London Gazette. 28 March 1974. p. 4007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/46249/page/4007","url_text":"\"No. 46249\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 46524\". The London Gazette. 21 March 1975. p. 3844.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/46524/page/3844","url_text":"\"No. 46524\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 46857\". The London Gazette. 23 March 1976. p. 4338.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/46857/page/4338","url_text":"\"No. 46857\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 47171\". The London Gazette. 11 March 1977. p. 3436.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/47171/page/3436","url_text":"\"No. 47171\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 47497\". The London Gazette. 23 March 1978. p. 3664.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/47497/page/3664","url_text":"\"No. 47497\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 47795\". The London Gazette. 16 March 1979. p. 3548.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/47795/page/3548","url_text":"\"No. 47795\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 48134\". The London Gazette. 21 March 1980. p. 4412.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/48134/page/4412","url_text":"\"No. 48134\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 48563\". The London Gazette. 24 March 1981. p. 4216.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/48563/page/4216","url_text":"\"No. 48563\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 48919\". The London Gazette. 12 March 1982. p. 3495.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/48919/page/3495","url_text":"\"No. 48919\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 49294\". The London Gazette. 18 March 1983. p. 3830.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/49294/page/3830","url_text":"\"No. 49294\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 49677\". The London Gazette. 16 March 1984. p. 3868.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/49677/page/3868","url_text":"\"No. 49677\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 50071\". The London Gazette. 22 March 1985. p. 4108.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/50071/page/4108","url_text":"\"No. 50071\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 50472\". The London Gazette. 27 March 1986. p. 4374.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/50472/page/4374","url_text":"\"No. 50472\""}]},{"reference":"\"Algernon Heber-Percy, Esq Authorised Biography | Debrett's People of Today\". debretts.com. Retrieved 19 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.debretts.com/people/biographies/search/results/19718/Algernon%20Eustace%20Hugh+HEBER-PERCY.aspx","url_text":"\"Algernon Heber-Percy, Esq Authorised Biography | Debrett's People of Today\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 50865\". The London Gazette. 19 March 1987. p. 3692.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/50865/page/3692","url_text":"\"No. 50865\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 51281\". The London Gazette. 24 March 1988. p. 3545.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/51281/page/3545","url_text":"\"No. 51281\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 51678\". The London Gazette. 17 March 1989. p. 3358.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/51678/page/3358","url_text":"\"No. 51678\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 52081\". The London Gazette. 20 March 1990. p. 3678.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/52081/page/3678","url_text":"\"No. 52081\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 52133\". The London Gazette. 9 May 1990. p. 8877.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/52133/page/8877","url_text":"\"No. 52133\""}]},{"reference":"\"People of today Index, People of Today, People | Debrett's\". debretts.com. Retrieved 19 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.debretts.com/people/biographies/search/results/9039/Lionel%20Richard%20JEBB.aspx","url_text":"\"People of today Index, People of Today, People | Debrett's\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 52868\". The London Gazette. 20 March 1992. p. 5026.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/52868/page/5026","url_text":"\"No. 52868\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 53247\". The London Gazette. 15 March 1993. p. 4679.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/53247/page/4679","url_text":"\"No. 53247\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nicholas Stephens, Esq, DL Authorised Biography | Debrett's People of Today\". debretts.com. Retrieved 19 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.debretts.com/people/biographies/search/results/9280/Nicholas%20Edward%20Egerton+STEPHENS.aspx","url_text":"\"Nicholas Stephens, Esq, DL Authorised Biography | Debrett's People of Today\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 53985\". The London Gazette. 20 March 1995. p. 4273.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/53985/page/4273","url_text":"\"No. 53985\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 54345\". The London Gazette. 14 March 1996. p. 3831.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/54345/page/3831","url_text":"\"No. 54345\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 54715\". The London Gazette. 25 March 1997. p. 3621.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/54715/page/3621","url_text":"\"No. 54715\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 55079\". The London Gazette. 25 March 1998. p. 3449.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/55079/page/3449","url_text":"\"No. 55079\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 55428\". The London Gazette. 12 March 1999. p. 2938.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/55428/page/2938","url_text":"\"No. 55428\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 55792\". The London Gazette. 16 March 2000. p. 2988.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/55792/page/2988","url_text":"\"No. 55792\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 56155\". The London Gazette. 22 March 2001. p. 3254.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/56155/page/3254","url_text":"\"No. 56155\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 56531\". The London Gazette. 9 April 2002. p. 4284.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/56531/page/4284","url_text":"\"No. 56531\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 56884\". The London Gazette. 21 March 2003. p. 3604.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/56884/page/3604","url_text":"\"No. 56884\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 57230\". The London Gazette. 11 March 2004. p. 3128.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/57230/page/3128","url_text":"\"No. 57230\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 57598\". The London Gazette. 29 March 2005. p. 3762.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/57598/page/3762","url_text":"\"No. 57598\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 57921\". The London Gazette. 9 March 2006. p. 3376.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/57921/page/3376","url_text":"\"No. 57921\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 58266\". The London Gazette. 7 March 2007. p. 3314.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/58266/page/3314","url_text":"\"No. 58266\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 58639\". The London Gazette. 13 March 2008. p. 3948.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/58639/page/3948","url_text":"\"No. 58639\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 59011\". The London Gazette. 19 March 2009. p. 4924.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/59011/page/4924","url_text":"\"No. 59011\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 59364\". The London Gazette. 18 March 2010. p. 4707.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/59364/page/4707","url_text":"\"No. 59364\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 59729\". The London Gazette. 17 March 2011. p. 4995.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/59729/page/4995","url_text":"\"No. 59729\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 60087\". The London Gazette. 15 March 2012. p. 5223.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/60087/page/5223","url_text":"\"No. 60087\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 60447\". The London Gazette. 14 March 2013. p. 5101.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/60447/page/5101","url_text":"\"No. 60447\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 60799\". The London Gazette. 6 March 2014. p. 4635.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/60799/page/4635","url_text":"\"No. 60799\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 61177\". The London Gazette. 23 March 2015. p. 5242.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/61177/page/5242","url_text":"\"No. 61177\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 61759\". The London Gazette. 17 March 2016. p. 5942.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/61759/page/5942","url_text":"\"No. 61759\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 61868\". The London Gazette. 10 March 2017. p. 5262.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/61868/page/5262","url_text":"\"No. 61868\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 62229\". The London Gazette. 15 March 2018. p. 4814.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/62229/page/4814","url_text":"\"No. 62229\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 62582\". The London Gazette. 15 March 2019. p. 4643.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/62582/page/4643","url_text":"\"No. 62582\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 62943\". The London Gazette. 13 March 2020. p. 5161.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/62943/page/5161","url_text":"\"No. 62943\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 63644\". The London Gazette. 17 March 2022. p. 5082.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/63644/page/5082","url_text":"\"No. 63644\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 63990\". The London Gazette. 10 March 2023. p. 4634.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/63990/page/4634","url_text":"\"No. 63990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_sax
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Tenor saxophone
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["1 History","2 Description","3 Uses","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Type of saxophone
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Tenor saxophoneWoodwind instrumentClassification
Single-reedHornbostel–Sachs classification422.212-71(Single-reed aerophone with keys)Inventor(s)Adolphe SaxDeveloped1840sPlaying range
Tenor saxophone in B♭ sounds an octave and a major second lower than written. Most can reach high F♯ or higher, using altissimo fingerings.Related instruments
Sizes:SoprilloSopraninoSopranoAltoTenorBaritoneBassContrabassSubcontrabass
Orchestral saxophones: C sopranoMezzo-sopranoC melody
Specialty saxophones: AulochromeTubaxMusicians
See list of saxophonists
Tenor (right) and soprano saxophones, showing their comparative sizes
The tenor saxophone is a medium-sized member of the saxophone family, a group of instruments invented by Adolphe Sax in the 1840s. The tenor and the alto are the two most commonly used saxophones. The tenor is pitched in the key of B♭ (while the alto is pitched in the key of E♭), and written as a transposing instrument in the treble clef, sounding an octave and a major second lower than the written pitch. Modern tenor saxophones which have a high F♯ key have a range from A♭2 to E5 (concert) and are therefore pitched one octave below the soprano saxophone. People who play the tenor saxophone are known as "tenor saxophonists", "tenor sax players", or "saxophonists".
The tenor saxophone uses a larger mouthpiece, reed and ligature than the alto and soprano saxophones. Visually, it is easily distinguished by the curve in its neck, or its crook, near the mouthpiece. The alto saxophone lacks this and its neck goes straight to the mouthpiece. The tenor saxophone is most recognized for its ability to blend well with the soprano, alto, and baritone saxophones, with its "husky" yet "bright" tone.
The tenor sax has been an important solo instrument in jazz music. Famous and influential players include Coleman Hawkins, Lester Young, Ben Webster, Dexter Gordon, Wardell Gray, Stan Getz, Sonny Rollins, John Coltrane and Wayne Shorter. The work of younger players such as Michael Brecker and Chris Potter has been an important influence in more recent jazz.
History
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The tenor saxophone is one of a family of fourteen
instruments designed and constructed in 1846 by Adolphe Sax, a Belgian-born instrument maker, flautist and clarinetist. Based on an amalgam of ideas drawn from the clarinet, flute, oboe and ophicleide, the saxophone was intended to form a tonal link between the woodwinds and brass instruments found in military bands, an area that Sax considered sorely lacking. Sax's patent, granted on 28 June 1846, divided the family into two groups of seven instruments, each ranging from soprano down to contrabass. One family, pitched alternatively in B♭ and E♭, was designed specifically to integrate with the other instruments then common in military bands. The tenor saxophone, pitched in B♭, is the fourth member of this family.
Description
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The tenor saxophone, like all saxophones, consists of an approximately conical tube of thin brass, a type of metal. The wider end of the tube is flared slightly to form a bell, while the narrower end is connected to a single reed mouthpiece similar to that of the clarinet. At intervals down the bore is placed between 20 and 23 tone holes; these are covered by pads which can be pressed onto the holes to form an airtight seal. There are also two small speaker holes which, when opened, disrupt the lower harmonics of the instrument and cause it to overblow into an upper register. The pads are controlled by pressing several keys with the fingers of the left and right hands; the left thumb controls an octave key which opens one or other of the speaker holes. The original design of the tenor saxophone had a separate octave key for each speaker hole, in the manner of the bassoon; the mechanism by which the correct speaker hole is selected based on the fingering of the left hand (specifically the left ring finger) was developed soon after Sax's patent expired in 1866.
Although a handful of novelty tenors have been constructed 'straight', like the smaller members of the saxophone family, the unwieldy length of the straight configuration means that almost all tenor saxophones feature a 'U-bend' above the third-lowest tone hole which is characteristic of the saxophone family. The tenor saxophone is also curved at the top, above the highest tone hole but below the highest speaker hole. While the alto is usually bent only through 80–90° to make the mouthpiece fit more easily in the mouth, the tenor is usually bent a little more in this section, incorporating a slight S-bend.
The mouthpiece of the tenor saxophone is very similar to that of the clarinet: an approximately wedge-shaped tube, open along one face and covered in use by a thin strip of material prepared from the stem of the giant cane (Arundo donax) commonly known as a reed. The reed is shaved to come to an extremely thin point and is clamped over the mouthpiece by the use of a ligature. When air is blown through the mouthpiece, the reed vibrates and generates the acoustic resonances required to produce a sound from the instrument. The mouthpiece is the area of the saxophone with the greatest flexibility in shape and style, so the timbre of the instrument is primarily determined by the dimensions of its mouthpiece. The design of the mouthpiece and reed plays a big role in how a saxophone sounds. Classical mouthpieces generally help produce a warmer and rounder tone, while jazz mouthpieces generally help produce a brighter and edgier tone. Materials used in mouthpiece construction include plastic, ebonite and various metals, for example bronze, brass and stainless steel.
The mouthpiece of the tenor saxophone is proportionally larger than that of the alto, necessitating a similarly larger reed. The increased stiffness of the reed and the greater airflow required to establish resonance in the larger body means the tenor sax requires greater lung power but a looser embouchure than the higher-pitched members of the saxophone family. The tenor sax reed is similar in size to that used in the bass clarinet, and the two can be easily substituted.
Uses
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The tenor saxophone first gained popularity in one of its original intended roles: the military band. Soon after its invention, French and Belgian military bands began to take full advantage of the instrument that Sax had designed specifically for them. Modern military bands typically incorporate a quartet of saxophone players playing the E♭ baritone, tenor, E♭ alto and B♭ soprano. British military bands customarily make use only of the tenor and alto saxes, with two or more musicians on each instrument.
The tenor is used in classical music. It is a standard instrument in concert bands and saxophone quartets. It also has a body of solo repertoire. The tenor is sometimes used as a member of the orchestra in pieces such as Sergei Prokofiev's "Romeo and Juliet" and "Lieutenant Kijé Suite" and Maurice Ravel's "Boléro". Charles Ives employs a tenor in his Fourth Symphony. Vincent d'Indy wrote for a tenor in his opera Fervaal. Lukas Foss includes a tenor in his Symphony No. 2. Béla Bartók used the tenor and other saxes in his ballet The Wooden Prince. Igor Stravinsky has two tenors performing in his Ebony Concerto.
Much of the popularity of saxophones in the United States derives from the large number of military bands that were around at the time of the American Civil War. After the war, former military band instruments found their way into the hands of the general public, where they were often used to play gospel music and jazz. The work of the pioneering bandleader Patrick Gilmore (1829–1892) was highly influential; he was one of the first arrangers to pit brass instruments (trumpet, trombone and cornet) against reeds (clarinet and saxophone) in a manner that has now become the norm for big-band arrangements.
The tenor saxophone became best known to the general public through its frequent use in jazz music. It was the pioneering genius of Coleman Hawkins in the 1930s that lifted the tenor saxophone from its traditional role of adding weight to the ensemble and established it as a highly effective melody instrument in its own right. Many innovative jazz musicians from the 1930s onwards have been tenor saxophone players. The strong resonant sound of Hawkins and his followers was in contrast with the lighter approach of Lester Young and his school. During the bebop years, the most prominent tenor sounds in jazz were those of the Four Brothers in the Woody Herman orchestra, including Stan Getz who in the 1960s went on to great popular success playing the Brazilian bossa nova sound on tenor saxophone (not forgetting John Coltrane, Dexter Gordon and Sonny Rollins). In recent years, the tenor continues to be very popular with fans of smooth jazz music, being played by artists such as Kirk Whalum, Richard Elliot, Steve Cole and Jessy J. Saxophonists Ron Holloway and Karl Denson are two of the major proponents of the tenor on the jam band music scene.
Former president Bill Clinton has played the tenor saxophone for much of his life. He received a special-edition saxophone while in office.
As a result of its prominence in American jazz, the instrument has also featured prominently in other genres. The tenor is common in rhythm and blues music and has a part to play in rock and roll and more recent rock music as well as African American, Latin American, Afro-Caribbean, and African music.
See also
C-melody saxophone – a smaller tenor saxophone in the key of C
Soprano saxophone - pitched above the alto saxophone
Alto saxophone - pitched between the tenor and soprano saxophone
Baritone saxophone - pitched below the tenor saxophone
References
^ "JJA Jazz Awards 2014: 2013 JJA Jazz Awards Winners". JJA Jazz Awards 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
^ "The "Number One Bill Clinton" Tenor Saxophone - The Metropolitan Museum of Art". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
External links
Media related to Tenor saxophones at Wikimedia Commons
Tenor Saxophone Index
vteTypes of saxophones
†Soprillo
Sopranino saxophone
C soprano saxophone
†Aulochrome
Soprano saxophone
Mezzo-soprano saxophone
Alto saxophone
C melody saxophone
Tenor saxophone
Baritone saxophone
Bass saxophone
Contrabass saxophone
Subcontrabass saxophone
†Tubax
† not designed by Adolphe Sax
Authority control databases National
Germany
Other
MusicBrainz instrument
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The tenor and the alto are the two most commonly used saxophones. The tenor is pitched in the key of B♭ (while the alto is pitched in the key of E♭), and written as a transposing instrument in the treble clef, sounding an octave and a major second lower than the written pitch. Modern tenor saxophones which have a high F♯ key have a range from A♭2 to E5 (concert) and are therefore pitched one octave below the soprano saxophone. People who play the tenor saxophone are known as \"tenor saxophonists\", \"tenor sax players\", or \"saxophonists\".The tenor saxophone uses a larger mouthpiece, reed and ligature than the alto and soprano saxophones. Visually, it is easily distinguished by the curve in its neck, or its crook, near the mouthpiece. The alto saxophone lacks this and its neck goes straight to the mouthpiece. The tenor saxophone is most recognized for its ability to blend well with the soprano, alto, and baritone saxophones, with its \"husky\" yet \"bright\" tone.The tenor sax has been an important solo instrument in jazz music. Famous and influential players include Coleman Hawkins, Lester Young, Ben Webster, Dexter Gordon, Wardell Gray, Stan Getz, Sonny Rollins, John Coltrane and Wayne Shorter. The work of younger players such as Michael Brecker and Chris Potter has been an important influence in more recent jazz.[1]","title":"Tenor saxophone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(musical_instruments)"},{"link_name":"Adolphe Sax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Sax"},{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"flautist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flautist"},{"link_name":"clarinetist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinetist"},{"link_name":"clarinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet"},{"link_name":"flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"},{"link_name":"oboe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboe"},{"link_name":"ophicleide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophicleide"},{"link_name":"woodwinds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodwinds"},{"link_name":"brass instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument"},{"link_name":"military bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_band"}],"text":"The tenor saxophone is one of a family of fourteen\ninstruments designed and constructed in 1846 by Adolphe Sax, a Belgian-born instrument maker, flautist and clarinetist. Based on an amalgam of ideas drawn from the clarinet, flute, oboe and ophicleide, the saxophone was intended to form a tonal link between the woodwinds and brass instruments found in military bands, an area that Sax considered sorely lacking. Sax's patent, granted on 28 June 1846, divided the family into two groups of seven instruments, each ranging from soprano down to contrabass. One family, pitched alternatively in B♭ and E♭, was designed specifically to integrate with the other instruments then common in military bands. The tenor saxophone, pitched in B♭, is the fourth member of this family.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_(wind)"},{"link_name":"tone holes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_hole"},{"link_name":"harmonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic"},{"link_name":"overblow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overblowing"},{"link_name":"upper register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_register"},{"link_name":"octave key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_key"},{"link_name":"bassoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassoon"},{"link_name":"ring finger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_finger"},{"link_name":"alto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_saxophone"},{"link_name":"mouthpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)"},{"link_name":"Arundo donax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arundo_donax"},{"link_name":"reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"ligature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligature_(musical_instrument)"},{"link_name":"acoustic resonances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance"},{"link_name":"timbre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre"},{"link_name":"plastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic"},{"link_name":"ebonite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebonite"},{"link_name":"bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"},{"link_name":"brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass"},{"link_name":"stainless steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel"},{"link_name":"reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"embouchure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embouchure"},{"link_name":"bass clarinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_clarinet"}],"text":"The tenor saxophone, like all saxophones, consists of an approximately conical tube of thin brass, a type of metal. The wider end of the tube is flared slightly to form a bell, while the narrower end is connected to a single reed mouthpiece similar to that of the clarinet. At intervals down the bore is placed between 20 and 23 tone holes; these are covered by pads which can be pressed onto the holes to form an airtight seal. There are also two small speaker holes which, when opened, disrupt the lower harmonics of the instrument and cause it to overblow into an upper register. The pads are controlled by pressing several keys with the fingers of the left and right hands; the left thumb controls an octave key which opens one or other of the speaker holes. The original design of the tenor saxophone had a separate octave key for each speaker hole, in the manner of the bassoon; the mechanism by which the correct speaker hole is selected based on the fingering of the left hand (specifically the left ring finger) was developed soon after Sax's patent expired in 1866.Although a handful of novelty tenors have been constructed 'straight', like the smaller members of the saxophone family, the unwieldy length of the straight configuration means that almost all tenor saxophones feature a 'U-bend' above the third-lowest tone hole which is characteristic of the saxophone family. The tenor saxophone is also curved at the top, above the highest tone hole but below the highest speaker hole. While the alto is usually bent only through 80–90° to make the mouthpiece fit more easily in the mouth, the tenor is usually bent a little more in this section, incorporating a slight S-bend.The mouthpiece of the tenor saxophone is very similar to that of the clarinet: an approximately wedge-shaped tube, open along one face and covered in use by a thin strip of material prepared from the stem of the giant cane (Arundo donax) commonly known as a reed. The reed is shaved to come to an extremely thin point and is clamped over the mouthpiece by the use of a ligature. When air is blown through the mouthpiece, the reed vibrates and generates the acoustic resonances required to produce a sound from the instrument. The mouthpiece is the area of the saxophone with the greatest flexibility in shape and style, so the timbre of the instrument is primarily determined by the dimensions of its mouthpiece. The design of the mouthpiece and reed plays a big role in how a saxophone sounds. Classical mouthpieces generally help produce a warmer and rounder tone, while jazz mouthpieces generally help produce a brighter and edgier tone. Materials used in mouthpiece construction include plastic, ebonite and various metals, for example bronze, brass and stainless steel.The mouthpiece of the tenor saxophone is proportionally larger than that of the alto, necessitating a similarly larger reed. The increased stiffness of the reed and the greater airflow required to establish resonance in the larger body means the tenor sax requires greater lung power but a looser embouchure than the higher-pitched members of the saxophone family. The tenor sax reed is similar in size to that used in the bass clarinet, and the two can be easily substituted.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"military band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_band"},{"link_name":"E♭ baritone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritone_sax"},{"link_name":"E♭ alto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_sax"},{"link_name":"B♭ soprano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano_sax"},{"link_name":"classical music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music"},{"link_name":"concert bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_band"},{"link_name":"saxophone quartets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone_quartet"},{"link_name":"orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Sergei Prokofiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev"},{"link_name":"Romeo and Juliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_(Prokofiev)"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Kijé Suite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Kije_Suite"},{"link_name":"Maurice Ravel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Ravel"},{"link_name":"Boléro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C3%A9ro"},{"link_name":"Charles Ives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ives"},{"link_name":"Fourth Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Ives)"},{"link_name":"Vincent d'Indy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_d%27Indy"},{"link_name":"Fervaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fervaal"},{"link_name":"Lukas Foss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukas_Foss"},{"link_name":"Béla Bartók","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k"},{"link_name":"The Wooden Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wooden_Prince"},{"link_name":"Igor Stravinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky"},{"link_name":"Ebony Concerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebony_Concerto_(Stravinsky)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"gospel music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_music"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"Patrick Gilmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Gilmore"},{"link_name":"trumpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"trombone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombone"},{"link_name":"cornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornet"},{"link_name":"Coleman Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleman_Hawkins"},{"link_name":"Lester Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Young"},{"link_name":"Four Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Brothers_(jazz_standard)"},{"link_name":"Woody Herman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Herman"},{"link_name":"Stan Getz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Getz"},{"link_name":"bossa nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bossa_nova"},{"link_name":"John Coltrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Coltrane"},{"link_name":"Dexter Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Sonny Rollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Rollins"},{"link_name":"smooth jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_jazz"},{"link_name":"Kirk Whalum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Whalum"},{"link_name":"Richard Elliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Elliot"},{"link_name":"Steve Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Cole"},{"link_name":"Jessy J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessy_J"},{"link_name":"Ron Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Holloway"},{"link_name":"Karl Denson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Denson"},{"link_name":"jam band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam_band"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"rhythm and blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues"},{"link_name":"rock and roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"link_name":"rock music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_music"},{"link_name":"Latin American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_music"},{"link_name":"Afro-Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_diaspora"},{"link_name":"African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Africa"}],"text":"The tenor saxophone first gained popularity in one of its original intended roles: the military band. Soon after its invention, French and Belgian military bands began to take full advantage of the instrument that Sax had designed specifically for them. Modern military bands typically incorporate a quartet of saxophone players playing the E♭ baritone, tenor, E♭ alto and B♭ soprano. British military bands customarily make use only of the tenor and alto saxes, with two or more musicians on each instrument.The tenor is used in classical music. It is a standard instrument in concert bands and saxophone quartets. It also has a body of solo repertoire. The tenor is sometimes used as a member of the orchestra in pieces such as Sergei Prokofiev's \"Romeo and Juliet\" and \"Lieutenant Kijé Suite\" and Maurice Ravel's \"Boléro\". Charles Ives employs a tenor in his Fourth Symphony. Vincent d'Indy wrote for a tenor in his opera Fervaal. Lukas Foss includes a tenor in his Symphony No. 2. Béla Bartók used the tenor and other saxes in his ballet The Wooden Prince. Igor Stravinsky has two tenors performing in his Ebony Concerto.Much of the popularity of saxophones in the United States derives from the large number of military bands that were around at the time of the American Civil War. After the war, former military band instruments found their way into the hands of the general public, where they were often used to play gospel music and jazz. The work of the pioneering bandleader Patrick Gilmore (1829–1892) was highly influential; he was one of the first arrangers to pit brass instruments (trumpet, trombone and cornet) against reeds (clarinet and saxophone) in a manner that has now become the norm for big-band arrangements.The tenor saxophone became best known to the general public through its frequent use in jazz music. It was the pioneering genius of Coleman Hawkins in the 1930s that lifted the tenor saxophone from its traditional role of adding weight to the ensemble and established it as a highly effective melody instrument in its own right. Many innovative jazz musicians from the 1930s onwards have been tenor saxophone players. The strong resonant sound of Hawkins and his followers was in contrast with the lighter approach of Lester Young and his school. During the bebop years, the most prominent tenor sounds in jazz were those of the Four Brothers in the Woody Herman orchestra, including Stan Getz who in the 1960s went on to great popular success playing the Brazilian bossa nova sound on tenor saxophone (not forgetting John Coltrane, Dexter Gordon and Sonny Rollins). In recent years, the tenor continues to be very popular with fans of smooth jazz music, being played by artists such as Kirk Whalum, Richard Elliot, Steve Cole and Jessy J. Saxophonists Ron Holloway and Karl Denson are two of the major proponents of the tenor on the jam band music scene.Former president Bill Clinton has played the tenor saxophone for much of his life. He received a special-edition saxophone while in office.[2]As a result of its prominence in American jazz, the instrument has also featured prominently in other genres. The tenor is common in rhythm and blues music and has a part to play in rock and roll and more recent rock music as well as African American, Latin American, Afro-Caribbean, and African music.","title":"Uses"}]
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[{"image_text":"Tenor (right) and soprano saxophones, showing their comparative sizes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/TenorSopranoSax_%281%29.jpg/200px-TenorSopranoSax_%281%29.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"C-melody saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-melody_saxophone"},{"title":"Soprano saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano_saxophone"},{"title":"Alto saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_saxophone"},{"title":"Baritone saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritone_saxophone"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sykes_(chemist)
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Peter Sykes (chemist)
|
["1 References"]
|
British chemist
Peter Sykes, FRSC (19 February 1923 – 24 October 2003) was a British chemist and a former fellow and vice-master of Christ's College, Cambridge.
He is the author of the undergraduate-level organic chemistry textbook A Guidebook to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry. A textbook on mechanistic organic chemistry, it is used all over the world for different competitive examinations.
References
^ Archived 3 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Reporter 2/10/03: CHRIST'S COLLEGE". Admin.cam.ac.uk. 2 October 2003. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
^ "Pearson – Guidebook to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, 6/E – Peter Sykes". Pearsonhighered.com. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
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This article about a British chemist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_River_Sheet_Harbour
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West River Sheet Harbour
|
["1 Geography","2 History","3 References","3.1 Notes","3.2 Bibliography","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 44°55′27″N 62°32′35″W / 44.9241°N 62.5431°W / 44.9241; -62.5431River in Nova Scotia, CanadaWest River Sheet HarbourWest River at its discharge point in to the Northwest Arm of Sheet Harbour via the West River FallsLocationCountryCanadaProvinceNova ScotiaPhysical characteristicsSource • locationnorthwest of Beaver Dam, Nova Scotia
Mouth • locationSheet Harbour • coordinates44°55′27″N 62°32′35″W / 44.9241°N 62.5431°W / 44.9241; -62.5431 • elevationsea levelLengthMain: 30 km (19 mi)Killag: 27 km (17 mi)Little: 16.5 km (10.3 mi)
West River Sheet Harbour (locally known as West River) is a river on the Eastern Shore of Nova Scotia, Canada, in the Halifax Regional Municipality. Its headwaters are near the Musquodoboit Valley and the river flows southeast and empties in to the Northwest Arm of Sheet Harbour, Nova Scotia. The river has three main tributaries: West River Main, Killag River and Little River. The river was suffering from acidification, so a lime doser was installed and has been in use since September 2005. It stabilized the river's pH at 5.5, a healthy level for aquatic life.
Geography
The West River system, along with the East River watershed system, comprise a total area of 988 km2. The West River system has three main tributaries: West River, Killag River and Little River.
West River is the main tributary of the West River system. It is approximately 30 kilometres (19 mi) long and its headwaters are northwest of Beaver Dam. The river is prone to flash-flooding. There are two lake-like pools on the river. The first and more southerly one is Sheet Harbour Lake, which has an area of 1.2 km2 and is located near the West River Falls in Sheet Harbour. The other lake is Little Lake, which is more inland in the system and has an area of 0.5 km2. Killag River and Little River both discharge in to the Main West River. Killag River begins at West Lake and Little River flows from Lake Alma. West River then flows through Sheet Harbour Lake, then down the West River Falls and discharges in to the Northwest Arm of Sheet Harbour.
Killag River is a secondary tributary of the West River system. It is approximately 27 kilometres (17 mi) long. Its headwaters are at an altitude of 155 metres (509 ft). Most of the salmon in the river system breed on the Killag River. Killag River discharges in to West River. Little River is the other secondary tributary of the river system. Its headwaters are in Lake Alma, a shallow lake at an altitude of 93 metres (305 ft). Little River is approximately 16.5 kilometres (10.3 mi) long. Little River discharges in to West River.
History
In 1922, a ground-wood pulp mill, owned by the American Pulp and Wrapping Paper Co. of Albany, began operation on the West River Falls. They had purchased it from Rhodes and Currie, the previous owners who were a lumber company. It produced its first ground-wood pulp on October 5, 1925. It remained in operation until it was destroyed by Hurricane Beth in August 1971.
West River has been dosed with a lime doser since September 2005. Sheet Harbour was the first community in North America to equip a lime doser on one of its rivers. It was the result of the worsening salmon population in Atlantic Canada rivers, which is being caused be acid rain and low pH levels. It was successful in stabilizing the pH of the river at 5.5, which is a healthy level for salmon and other water life.
References
Notes
^ a b c "West River Sheet Harbour". Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
^ "T8.1 Freshwater Hydrology" (PDF). Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2003. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
^ "Killag River". Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
^ "Little River". Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
^ "West Lake". Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
^ "Lake Alma". Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
^ "Church Point". Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
^ a b c "Assessment of the 2009 West River, Sheet Harbour Atlantic salmon smolt migration" (PDF). Nova Scotia Salmon Association. June 2009. p. 5. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
^ a b c "Google Maps". Retrieved 30 November 2015.
^ Coady 1988, p. 54-55.
^ "Sheet Harbour" (PDF). Nova Scotia Government. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
^ Coady 1988, p. 64.
^ "Sheet Harbour Waterfront Site Plan: Final Report" (PDF). Ekistics Planning & Design. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
^ "Sheet Harbour". Sheet Harbour Chamber of Commerce & Civic Affairs. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
^ "West River Sheet Harbour Project – lime doser support" (PDF). The Atlantic Salmon Conservation Foundation. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
^ "Sheet Harbour". Sheet Harbour Chamber of Commerce & Civic Affairs. June 2009. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
Bibliography
Coady, Howard (1988). Sheet Harbour History. Lancelot Press Limited. ISBN 0-88999-381-5.
External links
Assessment of the 2009 West River, Sheet Harbour Atlantic salmon smolt migration
Sheet Harbour Chamber of Commerce Website
vteRivers of Nova Scotia by drainage systemAtlantic OceanBedford Basin
Little Sackville River
Sackville River
Eastern Shore
East River Sheet Harbour
Framboise River
Mira River
Musquodoboit River
St. Mary's River
West River Sheet Harbour
South Shore
LaHave River
Medway River
Mersey River
Petite Rivière
Shelburne River
Bay of FundyAnnapolis Basin
Annapolis River
Bear River
Cobequid Bay
Salmon River
Shubenacadie River
Stewiacke River
Cumberland BasinRiver Hebert Watershed
Halfway River
Maccan River
River Hebert
Others
Missaguash River
Gulf of MaineSt. Marys Bay
Sissiboo River
Others
Tusket River
Gulf of Saint LawrenceNorthumberland Strait
East River of Pictou
Middle River of Pictou
Pugwash River
River John
River Philip
Tidnish River
Wallace River
Others
Aspy River
Baddeck River
Chéticamp River
Margaree River
Sydney River
Minas BasinAvon River Watershed
Avon River
Halfway River
Kennetcook River
St. Croix River
Others
Canard River
Cornwallis River
Farrells River
Gaspereau River
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Shore_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Halifax Regional Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax_Regional_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Musquodoboit Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musquodoboit_Valley"},{"link_name":"Sheet Harbour, Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheet_Harbour,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"pH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH"}],"text":"River in Nova Scotia, CanadaWest River Sheet Harbour (locally known as West River) is a river on the Eastern Shore of Nova Scotia, Canada, in the Halifax Regional Municipality. Its headwaters are near the Musquodoboit Valley and the river flows southeast and empties in to the Northwest Arm of Sheet Harbour, Nova Scotia. The river has three main tributaries: West River Main, Killag River and Little River. The river was suffering from acidification, so a lime doser was installed and has been in use since September 2005. It stabilized the river's pH at 5.5, a healthy level for aquatic life.","title":"West River Sheet Harbour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_River_Sheet_Harbour"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Beaver Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Dam,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WestRiver-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WRSH-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WRSH-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WRSH-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps-9"}],"text":"The West River system, along with the East River watershed system, comprise a total area of 988 km2.[2] The West River system has three main tributaries: West River, Killag River and Little River.West River is the main tributary of the West River system. It is approximately 30 kilometres (19 mi) long and its headwaters are northwest of Beaver Dam.[1] The river is prone to flash-flooding. There are two lake-like pools on the river. The first and more southerly one is Sheet Harbour Lake, which has an area of 1.2 km2 and is located near the West River Falls in Sheet Harbour. The other lake is Little Lake, which is more inland in the system and has an area of 0.5 km2. Killag River and Little River both discharge in to the Main West River.[3][4] Killag River begins at West Lake and Little River flows from Lake Alma.[5][6] West River then flows through Sheet Harbour Lake,[7] then down the West River Falls and discharges in to the Northwest Arm of Sheet Harbour.[8][9]Killag River is a secondary tributary of the West River system. It is approximately 27 kilometres (17 mi) long. Its headwaters are at an altitude of 155 metres (509 ft). Most of the salmon in the river system breed on the Killag River. Killag River discharges in to West River.[8][9] Little River is the other secondary tributary of the river system. Its headwaters are in Lake Alma, a shallow lake at an altitude of 93 metres (305 ft). Little River is approximately 16.5 kilometres (10.3 mi) long. Little River discharges in to West River.[8][9]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoady198854-55-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SheetHbrPark-11"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Beth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Beth"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoady198864-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SheetHarbourWaterfront-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_salmon"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Canada"},{"link_name":"acid rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rain"},{"link_name":"pH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH"},{"link_name":"pH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SheetHarbourChamber-16"}],"text":"In 1922, a ground-wood pulp mill, owned by the American Pulp and Wrapping Paper Co. of Albany, began operation on the West River Falls. They had purchased it from Rhodes and Currie, the previous owners who were a lumber company. It produced its first ground-wood pulp on October 5, 1925.[10][11] It remained in operation until it was destroyed by Hurricane Beth in August 1971.[12][13]West River has been dosed with a lime doser since September 2005. Sheet Harbour was the first community in North America to equip a lime doser on one of its rivers.[14] It was the result of the worsening salmon population in Atlantic Canada rivers, which is being caused be acid rain and low pH levels. It was successful in stabilizing the pH of the river at 5.5,[15][16] which is a healthy level for salmon and other water life.","title":"History"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_A._E._Dummett
|
Michael Dummett
|
["1 Education and army service","2 Academic career","3 Philosophical work","4 Activism","5 Elections and voting","6 Card games and tarot","7 Roman Catholicism","8 Later years and family","9 Works","10 See also","11 References","12 Further reading","13 External links"]
|
British philosopher (1925–2011)
SirMichael DummettFBADummett in 2004BornMichael Anthony Eardley Dummett(1925-06-27)27 June 1925London, EnglandDied27 December 2011(2011-12-27) (aged 86)Oxford, EnglandBurial placeWolvercote Cemetery, OxfordEducationChrist Church, Oxford(1947–50; B.A., 1950)Spouse
Ann Dummett (m. 1951)Children7Awards
Lakatos Award (1994)
Rolf Schock Prize (1995)
EraContemporary philosophyRegionWestern philosophySchoolAnalytic philosophyInstitutionsAll Souls College, OxfordNew College, OxfordDoctoral studentsEva PicardiTimothy WilliamsonMain interests
Philosophy of mathematics
Philosophy of logic
Mathematical logic
Philosophy of language
Metaphysics
History of analytic philosophy
Voting theory
Theology
Notable ideas
Metaphysical debates are properly understood as debates about logical laws.
semantic anti-realist defence of mathematical intuitionism
Gödel–Dummett logic
Criticism of truth-value link realism and evidence-transcendent truth conditions
Logical harmony
Quota Borda system
Proportionality for solid coalitions
Dummett-Farquharson conjecture
Sir Michael Anthony Eardley Dummett FBA (/ˈdʌmɪt/; 27 June 1925 – 27 December 2011) was an English academic described as "among the most significant British philosophers of the last century and a leading campaigner for racial tolerance and equality." He was, until 1992, Wykeham Professor of Logic at the University of Oxford. He wrote on the history of analytic philosophy, notably as an interpreter of Frege, and made original contributions particularly in the philosophies of mathematics, logic, language and metaphysics.
He was known for his work on truth and meaning and their implications to debates between realism and anti-realism, a term he helped to popularize. In mathematical logic, he developed an intermediate logic, a logical system intermediate between classical logic and intuitionistic logic that had already been studied by Kurt Gödel: the Gödel–Dummett logic. In voting theory, he devised the Quota Borda system of proportional voting, based on the Borda count, and conjectured the Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem together with Robin Farquharson; he also devised the condition of proportionality for solid coalitions. Besides his main work in analytic philosophy and akin areas, he also wrote extensively on the history of card games, particularly on tarot card games.
He was married to the political activist Ann Dummett from 1951 until his death in 2011.
Education and army service
Born 27 June 1925 at his parents' house, 56, York Terrace, Marylebone, London, Dummett was the son of George Herbert Dummett (1880 – 12 November 1969), later of Shepherd's Cottage, Curridge, Berkshire, a silk merchant and rayon dealer, and Mabel Iris (1893–1980), daughter of the civil servant and conservationist Sir Sainthill Eardley-Wilmot (himself grandson of the politician Sir John Eardley-Wilmot, 1st Baronet). He studied at Sandroyd School in Wiltshire, at Winchester College as a scholar, and at Christ Church, Oxford, which awarded him a major scholarship in 1943. He was called up for military service that year and served until 1947, first as a private in the Royal Artillery, then in the Intelligence Corps in India and Malaya. In 1950 he graduated with a first in Politics, Philosophy and Economics from Oxford and was elected a Prize Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford.
Academic career
In 1979, Dummett became Wykeham Professor of Logic at Oxford, a post he held until retiring in 1992. During his term as Wykeham Professor, he held a Fellowship at New College, Oxford. He has also held teaching posts at Birmingham University, UC Berkeley, Stanford University, Princeton University, and Harvard University. He won the Rolf Schock prize in 1995, and was knighted in 1999. He was the 2010 winner of the Lauener Prize for an Outstanding Œuvre in Analytical Philosophy.
During his career at Oxford, Dummett supervised many philosophers who went on to distinguished careers, including Peter Carruthers, Adrian Moore, Ian Rumfitt, and Crispin Wright.
Philosophical work
Dummett's work on the German philosopher Frege has been acclaimed. His first book Frege: Philosophy of Language (1973), written over many years, is seen as a classic. It was instrumental in the rediscovery of Frege's work, and influenced a generation of British philosophers.
In his 1963 paper "Realism", he popularised a controversial approach to understanding the historical dispute between realist and other non-realist philosophy such as idealism, nominalism, irrealism. He classed all the latter as anti-realist and argued that the fundamental disagreement between realist and anti-realist was over the nature of truth.
For Dummett, realism is best understood as semantic realism, i.e. the view that every declarative sentence in one's language is bivalent (determinately true or false) and evidence-transcendent (independent of our means of coming to know which), while anti-realism rejects this view in favour of a concept of knowable (or assertible) truth. Historically, these debates had been understood as disagreements about whether a certain type of entity objectively exists or not. Thus we may speak of realism or anti-realism with respect to other minds, the past, the future, universals, mathematical entities (such as natural numbers), moral categories, the material world, or even thought. The novelty of Dummett's approach consisted in seeing these disputes as at base analogous to the dispute between intuitionism and Platonism in the philosophy of mathematics.
Dummett espoused semantic anti-realism, a position suggesting that truth cannot serve as the central notion in the theory of meaning and must be replaced by verifiability. Semantic anti-realism is sometimes related to semantic inferentialism.
Activism
Dummett was politically active, through his work as a campaigner against racism. He let his philosophical career stall in order to influence civil rights for minorities during what he saw as a crucial period of reform in the late 1960s. He also worked on the theory of voting, which led to his introduction of the Quota Borda system.
Dummett drew heavily on his work in this area in writing his book On Immigration and Refugees, an account of what justice demands of states in relationship to movement between states. Dummett, in that book, argues that the vast majority of opposition to immigration has been founded on racism, and says that this has especially been so in the UK. In the book, Dummett argued in favour of open borders and mass migration, except when states were "under special threat" and could therefore refuse entry.
He has written of his shock on finding anti-Semitic and "extreme right-wing" opinions in the diaries of Frege, to whose work he had devoted such a high proportion of his professional career.
In 1955–1956, while in Berkeley, California, Dummett and his wife joined the NAACP. In June 1956 he met Martin Luther King Jr. while visiting San Francisco, and heard from him of Alistair Cooke providing the British public with what King defined as "biased and hostile reports" of the Civil Rights Movement and specifically of the Montgomery bus boycott. Dummett travelled to Montgomery and wrote his own account. However, The Guardian refused to publish Dummett's article and his refutation of Cooke's version of the Montgomery events, even in a shortened account as a Letter to the Editor; the BBC, too, also refused to publish it.
Elections and voting
See also: Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem and Robin Farquharson
Dummett and Robin Farquharson published influential articles on the theory of voting, in particular conjecturing that deterministic voting rules with more than three issues faced endemic strategic voting. The Dummett–Farquharson conjecture was proved by Allan Gibbard, a philosopher and former student of Kenneth J. Arrow and John Rawls, and by the economist Mark A. Satterthwaite.
After the establishment of the Farquharson–Dummett conjecture by Gibbard and Satterthwaite, Dummett contributed three proofs of the Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem in a monograph on voting. He also wrote a shorter overview of the theory of voting, for the educated public.
Card games and tarot
Dummett was a scholar in the field of card-game history, with numerous books and articles to his credit. He was a founding member of the International Playing-Card Society, in whose journal The Playing-Card he regularly published opinions, research and reviews of current literature on the subject; he was also a founder of the Accademia del Tarocchino Bolognese in Bologna. His historical work on the use of the tarot pack in card games, The Game of Tarot: From Ferrara to Salt Lake City, attempted to establish that the invention of Tarot could be set in 15th-century Italy. He laid the foundation for most subsequent research on the game of tarot, including exhaustive accounts of the rules of all hitherto known forms of the game. Sylvia Mann goes as far as to say that The Game of Tarot "is the most important book on cards ever written."
Dummett's analysis of the historical evidence suggested that fortune-telling and occult interpretations were unknown before the 18th century. During most of their recorded history, he wrote, Tarot cards were used to play a popular trick-taking game which is still enjoyed in much of Europe. Dummett showed that the middle of the 18th century saw a great development in the game of Tarot, including a modernized deck with French suit-signs, and without the medieval allegories that interest occultists. This coincided with a growth in Tarot's popularity. "The hundred years between about 1730 and 1830 were the heyday of the game of Tarot; it was played not only in northern Italy, eastern France, Switzerland, Germany and Austro-Hungary, but also in Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden and even Russia. Not only was it, in these areas, a famous game with many devotees: it was also, during that period, more truly an international game than it had ever been before or than it has ever been since...."
In 1987, Dummett collaborated with Giordano Berti and Andrea Vitali on the project of a great Tarot exhibition at Castello Estense in Ferrara. On that occasion he wrote some texts for the catalogue of the exhibition.
Roman Catholicism
In 1944, Dummett was received into the Roman Catholic Church and remained a practising Catholic. Throughout his career, Dummett published articles on various issues then facing the Catholic Church, mainly in the English Dominican journal New Blackfriars. Dummett published an essay in the bulletin of the Adoremus Society on the subject of liturgy, and a philosophical essay defending the intelligibility of the Catholic Church's teaching on the Eucharist.
In October 1987, one of his contributions to New Blackfriars sparked controversy by seemingly attacking currents of Catholic theology that appeared to him to diverge from orthodox Catholicism and "imply that, from the very earliest times, the Catholic Church, claiming to have a mission from God to safeguard divinely revealed truth, has taught and insisted on the acceptance of falsehoods." Dummett argued that "the divergence which now obtains between what the Catholic Church purports to believe and what large or important sections of it in fact believe ought, in my view, to be tolerated no longer: not if there is to be a rationale for belonging to that Church; not if there is to be any hope of reunion with the other half of Christendom; not if the Catholic Church is not to be a laughing-stock in the eyes of the world." A debate on these remarks continued for months, with the theologian Nicholas Lash and the historian Eamon Duffy among the contributors.
Later years and family
Dummett retired in 1992 and was knighted in 1999 for "services to philosophy and to racial justice". He received the Lakatos Award in the philosophy of science in 1994 and the Rolf Schock Prize for logic and philosophy in 1995. He was elected Fellow of the British Academy in 1968, resigned in 1984, and was re-elected in 1995.
Dummett died on 27 December 2011 aged 86, leaving his wife Ann (married in 1951, died in 2012) and three sons and two daughters. A son and a daughter predeceased them. He is buried at Wolvercote Cemetery, Oxford.
Works
On analytical philosophy and logic:
Frege: Philosophy of Language (Harvard University Press, 1973/1981)
The Interpretation of Frege's Philosophy, Duckworth, 1981; Harvard University Press
Elements of Intuitionism (Oxford, 1977, 2000)
Truth and Other Enigmas (Harvard University Press, 1978)
Frege: Philosophy of Mathematics (Harvard University Press, 1991)
The Logical Basis of Metaphysics (Harvard University Press, 1991)
Origins of Analytical Philosophy (Harvard University Press, 1993)
The Seas of Language (Oxford, 1993)
Frege and Other Philosophers (Oxford, 1991)
Truth and the Past (Oxford, 2005)
Thought and Reality (Oxford, 2006)
The Nature and Future of Philosophy (Columbia, 2010)
On voting theory and election systems:
Voting Procedures (Oxford, 1984)
Principles of Electoral Reform (New York, 1997) ISBN 0-19-829246-5
Robin Farquharson and Michael Dummett (January 1961). "Stability in Voting". Econometrica. 29 (1): 33–43. doi:10.2307/1907685. JSTOR 1907685.
Dummett, Michael (2005). "The work and life of Robin Farquharson". Social Choice and Welfare. 25 (2): 475–83. doi:10.1007/s00355-005-0014-x. JSTOR 41106711. S2CID 27639067.
Rudolf Farra and Maurice Salles (October 2006). "An Interview with Michael Dummett: From analytical philosophy to voting analysis and beyond" (PDF). Social Choice and Welfare. 27 (2): 347–364. doi:10.1007/s00355-006-0128-9. S2CID 46164353.
On politics:
On Immigration and Refugees (London, 2001)
Tarot works:
The Game of Tarot: from Ferrara to Salt Lake City (Duckworth, 1980)
Twelve Tarot Games (Duckworth, 1980)
The Visconti-Sforza Tarot Cards (G. Braziller, 1986)
Il mondo e l'angelo: i tarocchi e la loro storia (Bibliopolis, 1993)
I tarocchi siciliani (La Zisa, 1995)
A Wicked Pack of Cards: The Origins of the Occult Tarot (with Ronald Decker and Thierry Depaulis, St. Martin's Press, 1996)
A History of the Occult Tarot, 1870-1970 (with Ronald Decker, Duckworth, 2002)
A History of Games Played with the Tarot Pack (with John McLeod, E. Mellen Press, 2004)
Notable articles and exhibition catalogues include "Tarot Triumphant: Tracing the Tarot" in FMR, (Franco Maria Ricci International), January/February 1985; Pattern Sheets published by the International Playing Card Society; with Giordano Berti and Andrea Vitali, the catalogue Tarocchi: Gioco e magia alla Corte degli Estensi (Bologna, Nuova Alfa Editorale, 1987).
On the written word:
Grammar and Style (Duckworth, 1993)
For more complete publication details see the "Bibliography of the Writings of Michael Dummett" in R. E. Auxier and L. E. Hahn (eds.) The Philosophy of Michael Dummett (2007).
See also
"Is Logic Empirical?", which discusses an article by Dummett on an argument of Hilary Putnam for the correctness of quantum logic
Truth-value link realism, which Dummett criticized in early works
References
^ a b c Dummett, Michael – Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
^ Brown, Stuart, ed. (2005). Dictionary of Twentieth-Century British Philosophers. Vol. 1. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 237.
^ "Obituary for Professor Sir Michael Dummett". Telegraph. London. 28 December 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
^ Isaacson, Daniel (2004). "Dummett, Sir Michael Anthony Eardley (1925–2011)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/104464. ISBN 978-0-19-861411-1. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 107th edition, vol. 1, ed. Charles Mosley, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 2003, pp. 1260-1
^ a b c Isaacson, Daniel; Rumfitt, Ian (21 November 2018). "Michael Anthony Eardley Dummett: 27 June 1925 – 27 December 2011" (PDF). Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the British Academy. XVII. UK: British Academy: 191–228.
^ Isaacson, Daniel "In Memoriam: Michael Dummett (1925–2011)". *Originally published at Faculty of Philosophy, University of Oxford News Archived 18 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine
^ Isaacson, Daniel (2004). "Dummett, Sir Michael Anthony Eardley (1925–2011), philosopher and campaigner against racial injustice". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/104464. ISBN 9780198614111. Retrieved 24 March 2021. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ "Rolf Schock Prize - Department of Philosophy". www.philosophy.su.se. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
^ Lauener Prize for an Outstanding Oeuvre in Analytical Philosophy.
^ Originally a lecture to the Philosophical Society at Oxford in 1963, first published in 1978 in his book Truth and Other Enigmas. See Truth and Other Enigmas, p. ix.
^ Tennant, Neil (2017), "Logicism and Neologicism", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2017 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 30 April 2021
^ Glanzberg, Michael (2021), "Truth", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2021 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 30 April 2021
^ Panu Raatikainen, "The Semantic Realism/Anti-Realism Dispute and Knowledge of Meanings", The Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication 5(1): 1–13. 2010.
^ R. Ramanujam and Sundar Sarukkai, eds, Logic and Its Applications, Springer, 2009, p. 260.
^ Michael Dummett, "Preface to the first edition", in Frege: Philosophy of Language, First Edition (Harper & Row, 1973)/Second Edition (Harvard University Press, 1981), p. xii.
^ Michael Dummett, "Montgomery (and A. Cooke)". With an Introduction by Robert Bernasconi. Critical Philosophy of Race, Volume 3, Issue 1, 2015, pp. 1–19.
^ Dummett, Michael (2005). "The work and life of Robin Farquharson". Social Choice and Welfare. 25 (2): 475–483. doi:10.1007/s00355-005-0014-x. S2CID 27639067.
^ Gibbard, Allan (1973). "Manipulation of Voting Schemes: A General Result". Econometrica. 41 (4): 587–601. doi:10.2307/1914083. JSTOR 1914083. S2CID 17069971.
^ Satterthwaite, Mark A. (1975). "Strategy-proofness and Arrow's Conditions: Existence and Correspondence Theorems for Voting Procedures and Social Welfare Functions". Journal of Economic Theory. 10 (2): 187–217. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.471.9842. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(75)90050-2.
^ Mann, Sylvia (2012). "Playing Cards". In Taylor, B. M. (ed.). Michael Dummett: Contributions to Philosophy. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 195. ISBN 978-94-009-3541-9.
^ Dummett, Michael (2004). A History of Games Played With the Tarot Pack: The Game of Triumphs, Vol. 1.
^ Dummett, Michael (1987). "Sulle origini dei Tarocchi popolari" and "Tarocchi popolari e Tarocchi fantastici", in Le carte di Corte. I Tarocchi. Gioco e magia alla Corte degli Estensi, Nuova Alfa editoriale, Bologna 1987, pp. 78–88.
^ Dummett, Michael (March 1997). "The Revision of the Roman Liturgy: A Review". Adoremus. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
^ Dummett M. (1987) "The Intelligibility of Eucharistic Doctrine", In: William J. Abraham and Steven W. Holzer, eds., The Rationality of Religious Belief: Essays in Honour of Basil Mitchell, Clarendon Press, 1987.
^ a b Dummett, Michael (1987). "A Remarkable Consensus". New Blackfriars. 68 (809): 430, 431. doi:10.1111/j.1741-2005.1987.tb01277.x. ISSN 0028-4289. JSTOR 43248116.
^ Lash, Nicholas (1987). "A Leaky Sort of Thing? The divisiveness of Michael Dummett". New Blackfriars. 68 (811): 552–557. doi:10.1111/j.1741-2005.1987.tb01294.x. ISSN 1741-2005. JSTOR 43248143.
^ Kerr, Fergus (2012). "Comment: Michael Dummett in memoriam". New Blackfriars. 93 (1045): 261–262. doi:10.1111/j.1741-2005.2012.01487.x. ISSN 0028-4289. JSTOR 43251621.
^ Sir Michael Dummett obituary in The Scotsman Online.
^ Burge, Tyler (July 1984). "Review: The Interpretation of Frege's Philosophy by Michael Dummett". The Philosophical Review. 93 (3): 454–458. doi:10.2307/2184550. JSTOR 2184550.
^ Eggenberger, Peter (September 1980). "Review: Elements of Intuitionism by Michael Dummett". The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science. 31 (3): 299–301. doi:10.1093/bjps/31.3.299. JSTOR 686924.
^ Schirn, Matthias (December 1981). "Review: Truth and Other Enigmas by Michael Dummett". The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science. 32 (4): 419–425. doi:10.1093/bjps/32.4.419. JSTOR 687314.
^ Shieh, Sanford (May 2008). "Review: Truth and the Past by Michael Dummett". History and Theory. 47 (2): 270–278. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2303.2008.00451.x. JSTOR 25478749.
Further reading
Johannes L Brandl and Peter Sullivan (eds.) New Essays on the Philosophy of Michael Dummett. Rodopi, 1999. ISBN 90-420-0466-5
Richard Kirkham. Theories of Truth. MIT Press, 1992. Chapter 8 is a discussion of Dummett's views on meaning.
Karen Green. Dummett: Philosophy of Language. Polity, 2001. ISBN 0-7456-2295-X
Richard G. Heck (ed.) Language, Thought, and Logic: Essays in Honour of Michael Dummett. Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-19-823920-3
Bernhard Weiss. Michael Dummett. Princeton University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-691-11330-0
Anat Matar. From Dummett's Philosophical Perspective, Walter de Gruyter, 1997. ISBN 3110149869
R. E. Auxier and L. E. Hahn (eds.) The Philosophy of Michael Dummett, The Library of Living Philosophers, vol XXXI Open Court, Chicago, 2007.
External links
Quotations related to Michael Dummett at Wikiquote
Michael Dummett at the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Biographical notes at Trionfi
Philosophy Bites interview with Dummett on Frege
"Remembering Michael Dummett", at The Stone, New York Times blogs, 4 January 2012
"Sir Michael Dummett obituary" by A. W. Moore, The Guardian, 28 December 2011
Dummett, Michael (1 January 1975), Rose, H. E.; Shepherdson, J. C. (eds.), "The Philosophical Basis of Intuitionistic Logic", Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics, Logic Colloquium '73, Elsevier, vol.80, pp.5–40, doi:10.1016/S0049-237X(08)71941-4
"Michael Anthony Eardley Dummett". Find a Grave.
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An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language (1668)
Alciphron (1732)
"On Denoting" (1905)
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921)
Language, Truth, and Logic (1936)
Two Dogmas of Empiricism (1951)
Philosophical Investigations (1953)
Of Grammatology (1967)
Naming and Necessity (1980)
Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language (1982)
Limited Inc (1988)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy"},{"link_name":"/ˈdʌmɪt/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people"},{"link_name":"academic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic"},{"link_name":"equality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_equality"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Wykeham Professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wykeham_Professor"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"analytic philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Frege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlob_Frege"},{"link_name":"the philosophies of mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics"},{"link_name":"logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_logic"},{"link_name":"language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_language"},{"link_name":"metaphysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics"},{"link_name":"realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_realism"},{"link_name":"anti-realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-realism"},{"link_name":"mathematical logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic"},{"link_name":"intermediate logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_logic"},{"link_name":"classical logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_logic"},{"link_name":"intuitionistic logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuitionistic_logic"},{"link_name":"Kurt Gödel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del"},{"link_name":"Gödel–Dummett logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6del%E2%80%93Dummett_logic"},{"link_name":"voting theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_theory"},{"link_name":"Quota Borda system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quota_Borda_system"},{"link_name":"Borda count","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borda_count"},{"link_name":"Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbard%E2%80%93Satterthwaite_theorem"},{"link_name":"Robin Farquharson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Farquharson"},{"link_name":"proportionality for solid coalitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_for_Solid_Coalitions"},{"link_name":"analytic philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_philosophy"},{"link_name":"card games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_game"},{"link_name":"tarot card games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarot_card_games"},{"link_name":"Ann Dummett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Dummett"}],"text":"Sir Michael Anthony Eardley Dummett FBA (/ˈdʌmɪt/; 27 June 1925 – 27 December 2011) was an English academic described as \"among the most significant British philosophers of the last century and a leading campaigner for racial tolerance and equality.\"[3] He was, until 1992, Wykeham Professor of Logic at the University of Oxford. He wrote on the history of analytic philosophy, notably as an interpreter of Frege, and made original contributions particularly in the philosophies of mathematics, logic, language and metaphysics.He was known for his work on truth and meaning and their implications to debates between realism and anti-realism, a term he helped to popularize. In mathematical logic, he developed an intermediate logic, a logical system intermediate between classical logic and intuitionistic logic that had already been studied by Kurt Gödel: the Gödel–Dummett logic. In voting theory, he devised the Quota Borda system of proportional voting, based on the Borda count, and conjectured the Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem together with Robin Farquharson; he also devised the condition of proportionality for solid coalitions. Besides his main work in analytic philosophy and akin areas, he also wrote extensively on the history of card games, particularly on tarot card games.He was married to the political activist Ann Dummett from 1951 until his death in 2011.","title":"Michael Dummett"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"York Terrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Terrace"},{"link_name":"Marylebone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone"},{"link_name":"Curridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curridge"},{"link_name":"rayon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayon"},{"link_name":"conservationist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_movement"},{"link_name":"Sainthill Eardley-Wilmot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainthill_Eardley-Wilmot"},{"link_name":"Sir John Eardley-Wilmot, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Eardley-Wilmot,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ba18-6"},{"link_name":"Sandroyd School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandroyd_School"},{"link_name":"Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"Winchester College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_College"},{"link_name":"Christ Church, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Royal Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"Intelligence Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Politics, Philosophy and Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics,_Philosophy_and_Economics"},{"link_name":"All Souls College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Souls_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Born 27 June 1925 at his parents' house, 56, York Terrace, Marylebone, London, Dummett was the son of George Herbert Dummett (1880 – 12 November 1969), later of Shepherd's Cottage, Curridge, Berkshire, a silk merchant and rayon dealer, and Mabel Iris (1893–1980), daughter of the civil servant and conservationist Sir Sainthill Eardley-Wilmot (himself grandson of the politician Sir John Eardley-Wilmot, 1st Baronet).[4][5][6] He studied at Sandroyd School in Wiltshire, at Winchester College as a scholar, and at Christ Church, Oxford, which awarded him a major scholarship in 1943. He was called up for military service that year and served until 1947, first as a private in the Royal Artillery, then in the Intelligence Corps in India and Malaya. In 1950 he graduated with a first in Politics, Philosophy and Economics from Oxford and was elected a Prize Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford.[7][8]","title":"Education and army service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wykeham Professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wykeham_Professor"},{"link_name":"New College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Birmingham University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_University"},{"link_name":"UC Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UC_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Rolf Schock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schock_Prize"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"knighted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Peter Carruthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Carruthers_(philosopher)"},{"link_name":"Adrian Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._W._Moore_(philosopher)"},{"link_name":"Ian Rumfitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Rumfitt"},{"link_name":"Crispin Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crispin_Wright"}],"text":"In 1979, Dummett became Wykeham Professor of Logic at Oxford, a post he held until retiring in 1992. During his term as Wykeham Professor, he held a Fellowship at New College, Oxford. He has also held teaching posts at Birmingham University, UC Berkeley, Stanford University, Princeton University, and Harvard University. He won the Rolf Schock prize in 1995,[9] and was knighted in 1999. He was the 2010 winner of the Lauener Prize for an Outstanding Œuvre in Analytical Philosophy.[10]During his career at Oxford, Dummett supervised many philosophers who went on to distinguished careers, including Peter Carruthers, Adrian Moore, Ian Rumfitt, and Crispin Wright.","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlob_Frege"},{"link_name":"Frege: Philosophy of Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frege:_Philosophy_of_Language"},{"link_name":"realist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_realism"},{"link_name":"idealism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealism"},{"link_name":"nominalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominalism"},{"link_name":"irrealism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrealism_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"anti-realist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-realism"},{"link_name":"bivalent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivalence"},{"link_name":"evidence-transcendent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence-transcendent"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IEP-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"natural numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_numbers"},{"link_name":"intuitionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuitionism_(philosophy_of_mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Platonism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonism"},{"link_name":"philosophy of mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics"},{"link_name":"verifiability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verificationism"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"semantic inferentialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_inferentialism"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Dummett's work on the German philosopher Frege has been acclaimed. His first book Frege: Philosophy of Language (1973), written over many years, is seen as a classic. It was instrumental in the rediscovery of Frege's work, and influenced a generation of British philosophers.In his 1963 paper \"Realism\", he popularised a controversial approach to understanding the historical dispute between realist and other non-realist philosophy such as idealism, nominalism, irrealism.[11] He classed all the latter as anti-realist and argued that the fundamental disagreement between realist and anti-realist was over the nature of truth.For Dummett, realism is best understood as semantic realism, i.e. the view that every declarative sentence in one's language is bivalent (determinately true or false) and evidence-transcendent (independent of our means of coming to know which),[12][1] while anti-realism rejects this view in favour of a concept of knowable (or assertible) truth.[13] Historically, these debates had been understood as disagreements about whether a certain type of entity objectively exists or not. Thus we may speak of realism or anti-realism with respect to other minds, the past, the future, universals, mathematical entities (such as natural numbers), moral categories, the material world, or even thought. The novelty of Dummett's approach consisted in seeing these disputes as at base analogous to the dispute between intuitionism and Platonism in the philosophy of mathematics.Dummett espoused semantic anti-realism, a position suggesting that truth cannot serve as the central notion in the theory of meaning and must be replaced by verifiability.[14] Semantic anti-realism is sometimes related to semantic inferentialism.[15]","title":"Philosophical work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights"},{"link_name":"theory of voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_choice_theory"},{"link_name":"Quota Borda system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quota_Borda_system"},{"link_name":"movement between states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration"},{"link_name":"opposition to immigration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration"},{"link_name":"anti-Semitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Semitic"},{"link_name":"Frege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frege"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Berkeley, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California"},{"link_name":"NAACP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"Alistair Cooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alistair_Cooke"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement"},{"link_name":"Montgomery bus boycott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Dummett was politically active, through his work as a campaigner against racism. He let his philosophical career stall in order to influence civil rights for minorities during what he saw as a crucial period of reform in the late 1960s. He also worked on the theory of voting, which led to his introduction of the Quota Borda system.Dummett drew heavily on his work in this area in writing his book On Immigration and Refugees, an account of what justice demands of states in relationship to movement between states. Dummett, in that book, argues that the vast majority of opposition to immigration has been founded on racism, and says that this has especially been so in the UK. In the book, Dummett argued in favour of open borders and mass migration, except when states were \"under special threat\" and could therefore refuse entry.He has written of his shock on finding anti-Semitic and \"extreme right-wing\" opinions in the diaries of Frege, to whose work he had devoted such a high proportion of his professional career.[16]In 1955–1956, while in Berkeley, California, Dummett and his wife joined the NAACP. In June 1956 he met Martin Luther King Jr. while visiting San Francisco, and heard from him of Alistair Cooke providing the British public with what King defined as \"biased and hostile reports\" of the Civil Rights Movement and specifically of the Montgomery bus boycott. Dummett travelled to Montgomery and wrote his own account. However, The Guardian refused to publish Dummett's article and his refutation of Cooke's version of the Montgomery events, even in a shortened account as a Letter to the Editor; the BBC, too, also refused to publish it.[17]","title":"Activism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbard%E2%80%93Satterthwaite_theorem"},{"link_name":"Robin Farquharson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Farquharson"},{"link_name":"Robin Farquharson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Farquharson"},{"link_name":"strategic voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_voting"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Allan Gibbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Gibbard"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Kenneth J. Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_J._Arrow"},{"link_name":"John Rawls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rawls"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbard%E2%80%93Satterthwaite_theorem"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"See also: Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem and Robin FarquharsonDummett and Robin Farquharson published influential articles on the theory of voting, in particular conjecturing that deterministic voting rules with more than three issues faced endemic strategic voting.[18] The Dummett–Farquharson conjecture was proved by Allan Gibbard,[19] a philosopher and former student of Kenneth J. Arrow and John Rawls, and by the economist Mark A. Satterthwaite.[20]After the establishment of the Farquharson–Dummett conjecture by Gibbard and Satterthwaite, Dummett contributed three proofs of the Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem in a monograph on voting. He also wrote a shorter overview of the theory of voting, for the educated public.[citation needed]","title":"Elections and voting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"card-game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_games"},{"link_name":"International Playing-Card Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Playing-Card_Society"},{"link_name":"The Playing-Card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Playing-Card"},{"link_name":"Accademia del Tarocchino Bolognese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Accademia_del_Tarocchino_Bolognese&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"card games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_games"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"tarot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarot_card_games"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"fortune-telling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune-telling"},{"link_name":"occult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occult"},{"link_name":"northern Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Italy"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Castello Estense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castello_Estense"},{"link_name":"Ferrara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Dummett was a scholar in the field of card-game history, with numerous books and articles to his credit. He was a founding member of the International Playing-Card Society, in whose journal The Playing-Card he regularly published opinions, research and reviews of current literature on the subject; he was also a founder of the Accademia del Tarocchino Bolognese in Bologna. His historical work on the use of the tarot pack in card games, The Game of Tarot: From Ferrara to Salt Lake City, attempted to establish that the invention of Tarot could be set in 15th-century Italy. He laid the foundation for most subsequent research on the game of tarot, including exhaustive accounts of the rules of all hitherto known forms of the game. Sylvia Mann goes as far as to say that The Game of Tarot \"is the most important book on cards ever written.\"[21]Dummett's analysis of the historical evidence suggested that fortune-telling and occult interpretations were unknown before the 18th century. During most of their recorded history, he wrote, Tarot cards were used to play a popular trick-taking game which is still enjoyed in much of Europe. Dummett showed that the middle of the 18th century saw a great development in the game of Tarot, including a modernized deck with French suit-signs, and without the medieval allegories that interest occultists. This coincided with a growth in Tarot's popularity. \"The hundred years between about 1730 and 1830 were the heyday of the game of Tarot; it was played not only in northern Italy, eastern France, Switzerland, Germany and Austro-Hungary, but also in Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden and even Russia. Not only was it, in these areas, a famous game with many devotees: it was also, during that period, more truly an international game than it had ever been before or than it has ever been since....\"[22]In 1987, Dummett collaborated with Giordano Berti and Andrea Vitali on the project of a great Tarot exhibition at Castello Estense in Ferrara. On that occasion he wrote some texts for the catalogue of the exhibition.[23]","title":"Card games and tarot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Dominican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"New Blackfriars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Blackfriars"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Eucharist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-26"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Lash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Lash"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Eamon Duffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eamon_Duffy"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"In 1944, Dummett was received into the Roman Catholic Church and remained a practising Catholic. Throughout his career, Dummett published articles on various issues then facing the Catholic Church, mainly in the English Dominican journal New Blackfriars. Dummett published an essay in the bulletin of the Adoremus Society on the subject of liturgy,[24] and a philosophical essay defending the intelligibility of the Catholic Church's teaching on the Eucharist.[25]In October 1987, one of his contributions to New Blackfriars sparked controversy by seemingly attacking currents of Catholic theology that appeared to him to diverge from orthodox Catholicism and \"imply that, from the very earliest times, the Catholic Church, claiming to have a mission from God to safeguard divinely revealed truth, has taught and insisted on the acceptance of falsehoods.\"[26] Dummett argued that \"the divergence which now obtains between what the Catholic Church purports to believe and what large or important sections of it in fact believe ought, in my view, to be tolerated no longer: not if there is to be a rationale for belonging to that Church; not if there is to be any hope of reunion with the other half of Christendom; not if the Catholic Church is not to be a laughing-stock in the eyes of the world.\"[26] A debate on these remarks continued for months, with the theologian Nicholas Lash[27] and the historian Eamon Duffy among the contributors.[28]","title":"Roman Catholicism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lakatos Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakatos_Award"},{"link_name":"philosophy of science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_science"},{"link_name":"Rolf Schock Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Schock_Prize"},{"link_name":"British Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ba18-6"},{"link_name":"Ann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Dummett"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Wolvercote Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolvercote_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ba18-6"}],"text":"Dummett retired in 1992 and was knighted in 1999 for \"services to philosophy and to racial justice\". He received the Lakatos Award in the philosophy of science in 1994 and the Rolf Schock Prize for logic and philosophy in 1995. He was elected Fellow of the British Academy in 1968, resigned in 1984, and was re-elected in 1995.[6]Dummett died on 27 December 2011 aged 86, leaving his wife Ann (married in 1951, died in 2012) and three sons and two daughters. A son and a daughter predeceased them.[29] He is buried at Wolvercote Cemetery, Oxford.[6]","title":"Later years and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frege: Philosophy of Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/fregephilosophyo0000dumm"},{"link_name":"Harvard University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press"},{"link_name":"The Interpretation of Frege's Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/interpretationof0000dumm"},{"link_name":"Duckworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Duckworth_and_Company"},{"link_name":"Harvard University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Elements of Intuitionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/elementsofintuit0000dumm"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Truth and Other Enigmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/trent_0116301453878"},{"link_name":"Harvard University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Frege: Philosophy of Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frege:_Philosophy_of_Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Harvard University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press"},{"link_name":"The Logical Basis of Metaphysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/logicalbasisofme0000dumm"},{"link_name":"Harvard University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Origins of Analytical Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674644731"},{"link_name":"Harvard University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press"},{"link_name":"The Seas of Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/seasoflanguage0000dumm"},{"link_name":"Frege and Other Philosophers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/fregeotherphilos0000dumm"},{"link_name":"Truth and the Past","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books/about/Truth_and_the_Past.html?id=klJIZ9OJZX4C"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"The Nature and Future of Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/naturefutureofph0000dumm"},{"link_name":"Voting Procedures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/votingprocedures0000dumm"},{"link_name":"Principles of Electoral Reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/principlesofelec0000dumm"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-829246-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-829246-5"},{"link_name":"Robin Farquharson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Farquharson"},{"link_name":"\"Stability in Voting\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1907685"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/1907685","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F1907685"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1907685","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1907685"},{"link_name":"\"The work and life of Robin Farquharson\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/41106711"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s00355-005-0014-x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00355-005-0014-x"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"41106711","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/41106711"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"27639067","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27639067"},{"link_name":"\"An Interview with Michael Dummett: From analytical philosophy to voting analysis and beyond\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//eprints.lse.ac.uk/552/1/VPP05_01.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s00355-006-0128-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00355-006-0128-9"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"46164353","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46164353"},{"link_name":"On Immigration and Refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/onimmigrationref0000dumm"},{"link_name":"John McLeod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McLeod_(card_game_researcher)"},{"link_name":"International Playing Card Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Playing_Card_Society"},{"link_name":"R. E. Auxier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_Auxier"},{"link_name":"The Philosophy of Michael Dummett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/philosophyofmich0000unse"}],"text":"On analytical philosophy and logic:\nFrege: Philosophy of Language (Harvard University Press, 1973/1981)\nThe Interpretation of Frege's Philosophy, Duckworth, 1981; Harvard University Press[30]\nElements of Intuitionism (Oxford, 1977, 2000)[31]\nTruth and Other Enigmas (Harvard University Press, 1978)[32]\nFrege: Philosophy of Mathematics (Harvard University Press, 1991)\nThe Logical Basis of Metaphysics (Harvard University Press, 1991)\nOrigins of Analytical Philosophy (Harvard University Press, 1993)\nThe Seas of Language (Oxford, 1993)\nFrege and Other Philosophers (Oxford, 1991)\nTruth and the Past (Oxford, 2005)[33]\nThought and Reality (Oxford, 2006)\nThe Nature and Future of Philosophy (Columbia, 2010)\nOn voting theory and election systems:\nVoting Procedures (Oxford, 1984)\nPrinciples of Electoral Reform (New York, 1997) ISBN 0-19-829246-5\nRobin Farquharson and Michael Dummett (January 1961). \"Stability in Voting\". Econometrica. 29 (1): 33–43. doi:10.2307/1907685. JSTOR 1907685.\nDummett, Michael (2005). \"The work and life of Robin Farquharson\". Social Choice and Welfare. 25 (2): 475–83. doi:10.1007/s00355-005-0014-x. JSTOR 41106711. S2CID 27639067.\nRudolf Farra and Maurice Salles (October 2006). \"An Interview with Michael Dummett: From analytical philosophy to voting analysis and beyond\" (PDF). Social Choice and Welfare. 27 (2): 347–364. doi:10.1007/s00355-006-0128-9. S2CID 46164353.\nOn politics:\nOn Immigration and Refugees (London, 2001)\nTarot works:\nThe Game of Tarot: from Ferrara to Salt Lake City (Duckworth, 1980)\nTwelve Tarot Games (Duckworth, 1980)\nThe Visconti-Sforza Tarot Cards (G. Braziller, 1986)\nIl mondo e l'angelo: i tarocchi e la loro storia (Bibliopolis, 1993)\nI tarocchi siciliani (La Zisa, 1995)\nA Wicked Pack of Cards: The Origins of the Occult Tarot (with Ronald Decker and Thierry Depaulis, St. Martin's Press, 1996)\nA History of the Occult Tarot, 1870-1970 (with Ronald Decker, Duckworth, 2002)\nA History of Games Played with the Tarot Pack (with John McLeod, E. Mellen Press, 2004)Notable articles and exhibition catalogues include \"Tarot Triumphant: Tracing the Tarot\" in FMR, (Franco Maria Ricci International), January/February 1985; Pattern Sheets published by the International Playing Card Society; with Giordano Berti and Andrea Vitali, the catalogue Tarocchi: Gioco e magia alla Corte degli Estensi (Bologna, Nuova Alfa Editorale, 1987).On the written word:\nGrammar and Style (Duckworth, 1993)For more complete publication details see the \"Bibliography of the Writings of Michael Dummett\" in R. E. Auxier and L. E. Hahn (eds.) The Philosophy of Michael Dummett (2007).","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-420-0466-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-420-0466-5"},{"link_name":"Richard Kirkham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kirkham"},{"link_name":"Karen Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Green_(philosopher)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7456-2295-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7456-2295-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-823920-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-823920-3"},{"link_name":"Michael Dummett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/michaeldummett0000weis"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-691-11330-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-11330-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3110149869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3110149869"},{"link_name":"R. E. Auxier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_Auxier"},{"link_name":"The Philosophy of Michael Dummett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/philosophyofmich0000unse"},{"link_name":"The Library of Living Philosophers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Library_of_Living_Philosophers"}],"text":"Johannes L Brandl and Peter Sullivan (eds.) New Essays on the Philosophy of Michael Dummett. Rodopi, 1999. ISBN 90-420-0466-5\nRichard Kirkham. Theories of Truth. MIT Press, 1992. Chapter 8 is a discussion of Dummett's views on meaning.\nKaren Green. Dummett: Philosophy of Language. Polity, 2001. ISBN 0-7456-2295-X\nRichard G. Heck (ed.) Language, Thought, and Logic: Essays in Honour of Michael Dummett. Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-19-823920-3\nBernhard Weiss. Michael Dummett. Princeton University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-691-11330-0\nAnat Matar. From Dummett's Philosophical Perspective, Walter de Gruyter, 1997. ISBN 3110149869\nR. E. Auxier and L. E. Hahn (eds.) The Philosophy of Michael Dummett, The Library of Living Philosophers, vol XXXI Open Court, Chicago, 2007.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Is Logic Empirical?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is_Logic_Empirical%3F"},{"title":"Hilary Putnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Putnam"},{"title":"quantum logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_logic"},{"title":"Truth-value link realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth-value_link_realism"}]
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[{"reference":"Robin Farquharson and Michael Dummett (January 1961). \"Stability in Voting\". Econometrica. 29 (1): 33–43. doi:10.2307/1907685. JSTOR 1907685.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Farquharson","url_text":"Robin Farquharson"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1907685","url_text":"\"Stability in Voting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1907685","url_text":"10.2307/1907685"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1907685","url_text":"1907685"}]},{"reference":"Dummett, Michael (2005). \"The work and life of Robin Farquharson\". Social Choice and Welfare. 25 (2): 475–83. doi:10.1007/s00355-005-0014-x. JSTOR 41106711. S2CID 27639067.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41106711","url_text":"\"The work and life of Robin Farquharson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00355-005-0014-x","url_text":"10.1007/s00355-005-0014-x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41106711","url_text":"41106711"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27639067","url_text":"27639067"}]},{"reference":"Rudolf Farra and Maurice Salles (October 2006). \"An Interview with Michael Dummett: From analytical philosophy to voting analysis and beyond\" (PDF). Social Choice and Welfare. 27 (2): 347–364. doi:10.1007/s00355-006-0128-9. S2CID 46164353.","urls":[{"url":"http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/552/1/VPP05_01.pdf","url_text":"\"An Interview with Michael Dummett: From analytical philosophy to voting analysis and beyond\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00355-006-0128-9","url_text":"10.1007/s00355-006-0128-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46164353","url_text":"46164353"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Stuart, ed. (2005). Dictionary of Twentieth-Century British Philosophers. Vol. 1. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 237.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing","url_text":"Bloomsbury Publishing"}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary for Professor Sir Michael Dummett\". Telegraph. London. 28 December 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/8981654/Professor-Sir-Michael-Dummett.html","url_text":"\"Obituary for Professor Sir Michael Dummett\""}]},{"reference":"Isaacson, Daniel (2004). \"Dummett, Sir Michael Anthony Eardley (1925–2011)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/104464. ISBN 978-0-19-861411-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-104464","url_text":"\"Dummett, Sir Michael Anthony Eardley (1925–2011)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F104464","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/104464"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861411-1","url_text":"978-0-19-861411-1"}]},{"reference":"Isaacson, Daniel; Rumfitt, Ian (21 November 2018). \"Michael Anthony Eardley Dummett: 27 June 1925 – 27 December 2011\" (PDF). Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the British Academy. XVII. UK: British Academy: 191–228.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/964/Memoirs_17-12_Dummett.pdf","url_text":"\"Michael Anthony Eardley Dummett: 27 June 1925 – 27 December 2011\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_British_Academy","url_text":"Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the British Academy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy","url_text":"British Academy"}]},{"reference":"Isaacson, Daniel (2004). \"Dummett, Sir Michael Anthony Eardley (1925–2011), philosopher and campaigner against racial injustice\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/104464. ISBN 9780198614111. Retrieved 24 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-104464","url_text":"\"Dummett, Sir Michael Anthony Eardley (1925–2011), philosopher and campaigner against racial injustice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F104464","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/104464"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198614111","url_text":"9780198614111"}]},{"reference":"\"Rolf Schock Prize - Department of Philosophy\". www.philosophy.su.se. Retrieved 30 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philosophy.su.se/english/research/2.26526","url_text":"\"Rolf Schock Prize - Department of Philosophy\""}]},{"reference":"Tennant, Neil (2017), \"Logicism and Neologicism\", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2017 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 30 April 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/logicism/","url_text":"\"Logicism and Neologicism\""}]},{"reference":"Glanzberg, Michael (2021), \"Truth\", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2021 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 30 April 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2021/entries/truth/","url_text":"\"Truth\""}]},{"reference":"Dummett, Michael (2005). \"The work and life of Robin Farquharson\". Social Choice and Welfare. 25 (2): 475–483. doi:10.1007/s00355-005-0014-x. S2CID 27639067.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Farquharson","url_text":"Robin Farquharson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00355-005-0014-x","url_text":"10.1007/s00355-005-0014-x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27639067","url_text":"27639067"}]},{"reference":"Gibbard, Allan (1973). \"Manipulation of Voting Schemes: A General Result\". Econometrica. 41 (4): 587–601. doi:10.2307/1914083. JSTOR 1914083. S2CID 17069971.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econometrica","url_text":"Econometrica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1914083","url_text":"10.2307/1914083"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1914083","url_text":"1914083"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17069971","url_text":"17069971"}]},{"reference":"Satterthwaite, Mark A. (1975). \"Strategy-proofness and Arrow's Conditions: Existence and Correspondence Theorems for Voting Procedures and Social Welfare Functions\". Journal of Economic Theory. 10 (2): 187–217. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.471.9842. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(75)90050-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Economic_Theory","url_text":"Journal of Economic Theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.471.9842","url_text":"10.1.1.471.9842"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-0531%2875%2990050-2","url_text":"10.1016/0022-0531(75)90050-2"}]},{"reference":"Mann, Sylvia (2012). \"Playing Cards\". In Taylor, B. M. (ed.). Michael Dummett: Contributions to Philosophy. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 195. ISBN 978-94-009-3541-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/michaeldummettco0000unse","url_text":"Michael Dummett: Contributions to Philosophy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-009-3541-9","url_text":"978-94-009-3541-9"}]},{"reference":"Dummett, Michael (2004). A History of Games Played With the Tarot Pack: The Game of Triumphs, Vol. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dummett, Michael (1987). \"Sulle origini dei Tarocchi popolari\" and \"Tarocchi popolari e Tarocchi fantastici\", in Le carte di Corte. I Tarocchi. Gioco e magia alla Corte degli Estensi, Nuova Alfa editoriale, Bologna 1987, pp. 78–88.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dummett, Michael (March 1997). \"The Revision of the Roman Liturgy: A Review\". Adoremus. Retrieved 29 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://adoremus.org/2007/12/the-revision-of-the-roman-liturgy-a-review/","url_text":"\"The Revision of the Roman Liturgy: A Review\""}]},{"reference":"Dummett, Michael (1987). \"A Remarkable Consensus\". New Blackfriars. 68 (809): 430, 431. doi:10.1111/j.1741-2005.1987.tb01277.x. ISSN 0028-4289. JSTOR 43248116.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43248116","url_text":"\"A Remarkable Consensus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-2005.1987.tb01277.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1741-2005.1987.tb01277.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4289","url_text":"0028-4289"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43248116","url_text":"43248116"}]},{"reference":"Lash, Nicholas (1987). \"A Leaky Sort of Thing? The divisiveness of Michael Dummett\". New Blackfriars. 68 (811): 552–557. doi:10.1111/j.1741-2005.1987.tb01294.x. ISSN 1741-2005. JSTOR 43248143.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1741-2005.1987.tb01294.x","url_text":"\"A Leaky Sort of Thing? The divisiveness of Michael Dummett\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-2005.1987.tb01294.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1741-2005.1987.tb01294.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1741-2005","url_text":"1741-2005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43248143","url_text":"43248143"}]},{"reference":"Kerr, Fergus (2012). \"Comment: Michael Dummett in memoriam\". New Blackfriars. 93 (1045): 261–262. doi:10.1111/j.1741-2005.2012.01487.x. ISSN 0028-4289. JSTOR 43251621.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43251621","url_text":"\"Comment: Michael Dummett in memoriam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-2005.2012.01487.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1741-2005.2012.01487.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4289","url_text":"0028-4289"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43251621","url_text":"43251621"}]},{"reference":"Burge, Tyler (July 1984). \"Review: The Interpretation of Frege's Philosophy by Michael Dummett\". The Philosophical Review. 93 (3): 454–458. doi:10.2307/2184550. 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JSTOR 687314.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbjps%2F32.4.419","url_text":"10.1093/bjps/32.4.419"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/687314","url_text":"687314"}]},{"reference":"Shieh, Sanford (May 2008). \"Review: Truth and the Past by Michael Dummett\". History and Theory. 47 (2): 270–278. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2303.2008.00451.x. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Friedheim
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Fairfield Enterprises
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["1 History","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"]
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British-based manufacturer of industrial belting
Fairfield EnterprisesIndustryDistributorFounded1884; 140 years ago (1884)HeadquartersRedditch, England, UKKey peopleJames Ramsey Venn(Chairman) (1999)Geoffrey Crossland Darricotte(Chief Executive) (1999)Revenue£ 57.8 million (1999)Operating income£ 2.9 million (1999)Number of employees353 (1999)
Former company logo of Oscar Friedheim Ltd.
German made card cutting and scoring machine for the production of visiting cards imported by Oscar Friedheim
Fairfiel Enterprises was a leading British-based machine distributor and supplier of tooling and support services to the printing and packaging industries. The company was taken over in 2000 by the Swiss company Bobst AG, a supplier of machinery and services to the packaging industry.
History
The business was founded in London in 1884 by the Jewish-German immigrant Oscar Friedheim (1858–1928), at first trading in the supply of cardboard and paper. Five years later the company turned to the import and distribution of machinery, starting with a German made card cutting and scoring machine for the production of visiting cards. From there on Oscar Friedheim focused on building up its connections with overseas machine manufacturers in the paper and packaging industry (e. g. Bobst, Faber & Schleicher, Muller Martini and after the Second World War Winkler + Dünnebier).
In 1913 the company was incorporated as a limited company with a nominal capital of £17,000. During The Blitz its head office in Water Lane was hit hard twice. Most of the machinery and the company records got destroyed. Therefor a new provisional office had to be set up at Mill Hill. 1948 Oscar Friedheim Ltd. bought the engineers and sundries business of John Haddon & Co, a London based printing and advertising company.
In 1970 Fairfield Enterprises Ltd. was created as a holding company of Oscar Friedheim Ltd. To extend its business into spare parts Fairfield bought 50% of Lasercomb Dies Ltd. (Redditch) in 1984 and purchased the remaining 50% in 1991.
In August 1997 Fairfield was listed on the London Stock Exchange at 80p per share to raise funds for acquisitions. In 1998 Fairfield bought Palatine Engraving (Leeds) and Kennedy Grinding (London). In 1999 the headquarters of Fairfield Enterprises was moved from London to Redditch.
In 2000 Bobst AG of Switzerland acquired Fairfield Enterprises, paying 200p per Share. Fairfield's activities concerning the distribution of Bobst machinery in the UK and Ireland were renamed Bobst UK Holdings Ltd. The remaining parts of Fairfield, Friedheim International and Lasercomb Group (including Palatine Engraving), were sold to their management in 2005 and 2006 respectively.
London portalEngland portalCompanies portal
References
^ The first office was in 7 Water Lane, Blackfriars. In 1940 the street was renamed Blackfriars Lane.
^ Oscar Friedheim was born 1858 in Tilsit (then in the German Empire), migrated to London in 1882 and died on 17 May 1928 at a sanatorium outside Berlin.
^ Roy Brewer: Friedheim - A Century of Service - 1884–1984, Oscar Friedheim Ltd, London 1984, pp. 3
^ Designed and manufactured by Louis Peltner of Berlin, the machine was imported into the United Kingdom by Oscar Friedheim Ltd. and sold under its own name. Among other things, it was capable of producing up to 100,000 visiting and business cards a day and could be operated by steam or treadle.
^ Joseph William Zaehnsdorf: ″The Art of Bookbinding″, George Bell and Sons, London 1890
^ Roy Brewer: Friedheim - A Century of Service - 1884–1984, Oscar Friedheim Ltd, London 1984, p. 15
^ Roy Brewer: Friedheim - A Century of Service - 1884–1984, Oscar Friedheim Ltd, London 1984, pp. 26
^ Roy Brewer: Friedheim - A Century of Service - 1884–1984, Oscar Friedheim Ltd, London 1984, p. 29
^ a b "Fairfield Enterprises Plc - Introduction to the Official List, 19 August 1997". Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
^ Amanda Hall: ″Fairfield inks in flotation date″, Sunday Telegraph 20.07.1997
^ "Set fair for Fairfield", The Daily Telegraph,3 October 1998
^ Fairfield Enterprises Plc Financial Report 1998, p. 11
^ Fairfield Enterprises Plc Financial Report 1999, pp. 1
^ "Milestones | BOBST". www.bobst.com. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
^ "Fairfield bows to bobst", 31 January 2000 on www.citywire.com
^ Friedheim - Timeline
^ "About". 27 September 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
Further reading
Roy Brewer: Friedheim - A Century of Service - 1884–1984, Oscar Friedheim Ltd, London 1984.
External links
Homepage of Friedheim International
Homepage of Lasercomb Group
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_Oscar_Friedheim.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Art_of_Bookbinding_p239_Oscar_Friedheim.png"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Bobst AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobst_(company)"}],"text":"Former company logo of Oscar Friedheim Ltd.German made card cutting and scoring machine for the production of visiting cards imported by Oscar FriedheimFairfiel Enterprises was a leading British-based machine distributor and supplier of tooling and support services to the printing and packaging industries. The company was taken over in 2000 by the Swiss company Bobst AG, a supplier of machinery and services to the packaging industry.","title":"Fairfield Enterprises"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Jewish-German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish-German"},{"link_name":"immigrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrant"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"cardboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardboard"},{"link_name":"paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"visiting cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visiting_card"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Faber & Schleicher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manroland"},{"link_name":"Muller Martini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muller_Martini"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Winkler + Dünnebier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winkler_%2B_D%C3%BCnnebier"},{"link_name":"incorporated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incorporation_(business)"},{"link_name":"limited company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_company"},{"link_name":"£","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%A3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The Blitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blitz"},{"link_name":"Mill Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_Hill"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"John Haddon & Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Haddon_%26_Co"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"holding company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding_company"},{"link_name":"spare parts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spare_part"},{"link_name":"Redditch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redditch"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-9"},{"link_name":"London Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_(British_pre-decimal_coin)"},{"link_name":"share","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Share_(finance)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster,_London_-_May_2007_icon.png"},{"link_name":"London portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:London"},{"link_name":"England portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:England"},{"link_name":"Companies portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies"}],"text":"The business was founded in London[1] in 1884 by the Jewish-German immigrant Oscar Friedheim (1858–1928),[2] at first trading in the supply of cardboard and paper. Five years later the company turned to the import and distribution of machinery,[3] starting with a German[4] made card cutting and scoring machine for the production of visiting cards.[5] From there on Oscar Friedheim focused on building up its connections with overseas machine manufacturers in the paper and packaging industry (e. g. Bobst, Faber & Schleicher, Muller Martini and after the Second World War Winkler + Dünnebier).In 1913 the company was incorporated as a limited company with a nominal capital of £17,000.[6] During The Blitz its head office in Water Lane was hit hard twice. Most of the machinery and the company records got destroyed. Therefor a new provisional office had to be set up at Mill Hill.[7] 1948 Oscar Friedheim Ltd. bought the engineers and sundries business of John Haddon & Co, a London based printing and advertising company.[8]In 1970 Fairfield Enterprises Ltd. was created as a holding company of Oscar Friedheim Ltd. To extend its business into spare parts Fairfield bought 50% of Lasercomb Dies Ltd. (Redditch) in 1984 and purchased the remaining 50% in 1991.[9]In August 1997 Fairfield was listed on the London Stock Exchange at 80p per share[9] to raise funds for acquisitions.[10] In 1998 Fairfield bought Palatine Engraving (Leeds)[11] and Kennedy Grinding (London).[12] In 1999 the headquarters of Fairfield Enterprises was moved from London to Redditch.[13]In 2000 Bobst AG of Switzerland acquired Fairfield Enterprises,[14] paying 200p per Share.[15] Fairfield's activities concerning the distribution of Bobst machinery in the UK and Ireland were renamed Bobst UK Holdings Ltd. The remaining parts of Fairfield, Friedheim International[16] and Lasercomb Group (including Palatine Engraving),[17] were sold to their management in 2005 and 2006 respectively.London portalEngland portalCompanies portal","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Roy Brewer: Friedheim - A Century of Service - 1884–1984, Oscar Friedheim Ltd, London 1984.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Former company logo of Oscar Friedheim Ltd.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Logo_Oscar_Friedheim.jpg/220px-Logo_Oscar_Friedheim.jpg"},{"image_text":"German made card cutting and scoring machine for the production of visiting cards imported by Oscar Friedheim","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Art_of_Bookbinding_p239_Oscar_Friedheim.png/220px-Art_of_Bookbinding_p239_Oscar_Friedheim.png"}]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USBC_Queens
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USBC Queens
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["1 USBC Queens history","2 USBC Queens champions","2.1 2024 Event","2.2 List of champions","3 References"]
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The USBC Queens is an annual ten-pin bowling event for amateur and professional female bowlers, sanctioned by the United States Bowling Congress. The event is one of four women's professional majors since the PWBA tour returned in 2015 and the female equivalent of the USBC Masters, now one of the four majors on the Professional Bowlers Association (PBA) Tour.
The format for the USBC Queens tournament is similar to the USBC Masters. All entrants bowl 15 games of qualifying over three days. The top 63 qualifiers plus the previous year's champion are then seeded for match play. Match play consists of three-game, total-pinfall matches in a double-elimination format. First-time losers during the match play rounds are not eliminated, but are instead placed into an elimination bracket, where they must survive all subsequent three-game matches to have a chance at making the championship finals. The last five remaining players with either one or zero match play losses are seeded for the televised finals, which is a single-game stepladder format.
USBC Queens history
The USBC Queens made its debut in 1961, as a companion to the Women's International Bowling Congress (WIBC) National Tournament. It was known as the WIBC Queens from 1961–2004, until the WIBC became a part of the United States Bowling Congress (USBC) on January 1, 2005. The tournament is part of the World Bowling Tour, annually attracting a field of hundreds of the top bowlers from around the world.
Ten bowlers have won at least two USBC Queens titles, with only two winning three times: Millie Ignizio (Martorella) (1967, 1970, 1971) and Wendy Macpherson (1988, 2000, 2003). Both bowlers are now in the USBC Hall of Fame.
USBC Queens champions
2024 Event
The 2024 USBC Queens tournament was held May 15–21 at Ashwaubenon Bowling Center in Green Bay, Wisconsin. The tournament had 184 total entries and a $318,000 prize fund, with a $60,000 top prize. A five-player stepladder format was used for the live televised finals on May 21. Jillian Martin won her second PWBA event and first major from the #3 seed position. She defeated two former USBC Queens champions, Lindsay Boomershine and Kelly Kulick, before defeating top seed Hope Gramly in the final match, 267-220. At age 19, Martin is the youngest-ever champion in this event. Participating as an amateur, she was not credited with a PWBA title.
Match #1Match #2Match #3Championship Match1Hope Gramly2202Kelly Kulick1833Jillian Martin2673Jillian Martin2063Jillian Martin2194Felicia Wong1545Lindsay Boomershine1865Lindsay Boomershine193
Final Standings:
1. Jillian Martin (Stow, Ohio) – $60,000
2. Hope Gramly (Aubrey, Texas) – $30,000
3. Kelly Kulick (Union Township, New Jersey) – $22,500
4. Lindsay Boomershine (Brigham City, Utah) – $17,500
5. Felicia Wong (Didsbury, Alberta, Canada) – $12,500
List of champions
2024: Jillian Martin
2023: Lindsay Boomershine
2022: Birgit Noreiks
2021: Julia Bond
2020: Not held due to COVID-19 pandemic
2019: Dasha Kovalova
2018: Shannon O'Keefe
2017: Diana Zavjalova
2016: Bernice Lim
2015: Liz Johnson
2014: Maria Jose Rodriguez
2013: Diana Zavjalova
2012: Diandra Asbaty
2011: Missy Parkin
2010: Kelly Kulick
2009: Liz Johnson
2008: Lynda Barnes
2007: Kelly Kulick
2006: Shannon Pluhowsky
2005: Tennelle Milligan
2004: Marianne DiRupo
2003: Wendy Macpherson
2002: Kim Terrell
2001: Carolyn Dorin-Ballard
2000: Wendy Macpherson
1999: Leanne Barrette
1998: Lynda Norry
1997: Sandra Jo Shiery-Odom
1996: Lisa Wagner
1995: Sandy Postma
1994: Anne Marie Duggan
1993: Jan Schmidt
1992: Cindy Coburn-Carroll
1991: Dede Davidson
1990: Patty Ann
1989: Carol Gianotti
1988: Wendy Macpherson (largest-ever women's-only sporting event in history, some 88,000 participants)
1987: Cathy Almeida
1986: Cora Fiebig
1985: Aleta Sill
1984: Kazue Inahashi
1983: Aleta Rzepecki
1982: Katsuko Sugimoto
1981: Katsuko Sugimoto
1980: Donna Adamek
1979: Donna Adamek
1978: Loa Boxberger
1977: Dana Stewart
1976: Pamela Buckner
1975: Cindy Powell
1974: Judy Soutar
1973: Dorothy Fothergill
1972: Dorothy Fothergill
1971: Mildred Martorella
1970: Mildred Martorella
1969: Ann Feigel
1968: Phyllis Massey
1967: Mildred Martorella
1966: Judy Lee
1965: Betty Kuczynski
1964: D.D. Jacobson
1963: Irene Monterosso
1962: Dorothy Wilkinson
1961: Janet Harman
References
^ a b Official Queens website
^ USBC Queens has rich history. Article at www.bowl.com, April 14, 2008
^ "2024 USBC QUEENS PRIZE FUND" (PDF). bowl.com. Retrieved May 22, 2024.
^ Grubaugh, Donovan (May 21, 2024). "Martin wins 2024 USBC Queens, becomes the youngest to win the event". pwba.com. Retrieved May 22, 2024.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USBC Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USBC_Masters"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oqw-1"}],"text":"The format for the USBC Queens tournament is similar to the USBC Masters. All entrants bowl 15 games of qualifying over three days. The top 63 qualifiers plus the previous year's champion are then seeded for match play. Match play consists of three-game, total-pinfall matches in a double-elimination format. First-time losers during the match play rounds are not eliminated, but are instead placed into an elimination bracket, where they must survive all subsequent three-game matches to have a chance at making the championship finals. The last five remaining players with either one or zero match play losses are seeded for the televised finals, which is a single-game stepladder format.[1]","title":"USBC Queens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Women's International Bowling Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_International_Bowling_Congress"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"United States Bowling Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Bowling_Congress"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oqw-1"},{"link_name":"Millie Ignizio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Millie_Ignizio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wendy Macpherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Macpherson"}],"text":"The USBC Queens made its debut in 1961, as a companion to the Women's International Bowling Congress (WIBC) National Tournament.[2] It was known as the WIBC Queens from 1961–2004, until the WIBC became a part of the United States Bowling Congress (USBC) on January 1, 2005. The tournament is part of the World Bowling Tour, annually attracting a field of hundreds of the top bowlers from around the world.[1]Ten bowlers have won at least two USBC Queens titles, with only two winning three times: Millie Ignizio (Martorella) (1967, 1970, 1971) and Wendy Macpherson (1988, 2000, 2003). Both bowlers are now in the USBC Hall of Fame.","title":"USBC Queens history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"USBC Queens champions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2024 USBC Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PWBA_Bowling_Tour:_2024_season"},{"link_name":"Green Bay, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kelly Kulick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Kulick"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kelly Kulick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Kulick"},{"link_name":"Stow, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stow,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Aubrey, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubrey,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Union Township, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Township,_Union_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Brigham City, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_City,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Didsbury, Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didsbury,_Alberta"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"}],"sub_title":"2024 Event","text":"The 2024 USBC Queens tournament was held May 15–21 at Ashwaubenon Bowling Center in Green Bay, Wisconsin. The tournament had 184 total entries and a $318,000 prize fund, with a $60,000 top prize.[3] A five-player stepladder format was used for the live televised finals on May 21. Jillian Martin won her second PWBA event and first major from the #3 seed position. She defeated two former USBC Queens champions, Lindsay Boomershine and Kelly Kulick, before defeating top seed Hope Gramly in the final match, 267-220. At age 19, Martin is the youngest-ever champion in this event. Participating as an amateur, she was not credited with a PWBA title.[4]Match #1Match #2Match #3Championship Match1Hope Gramly2202Kelly Kulick1833Jillian Martin2673Jillian Martin2063Jillian Martin2194Felicia Wong1545Lindsay Boomershine1865Lindsay Boomershine193Final Standings:\n1. Jillian Martin (Stow, Ohio) – $60,000\n2. Hope Gramly (Aubrey, Texas) – $30,000\n3. Kelly Kulick (Union Township, New Jersey) – $22,500\n4. Lindsay Boomershine (Brigham City, Utah) – $17,500\n5. Felicia Wong (Didsbury, Alberta, Canada) – $12,500","title":"USBC Queens champions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Dasha Kovalova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasha_Kovalova"},{"link_name":"Shannon O'Keefe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_O%27Keefe"},{"link_name":"Liz Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Johnson_(bowler)"},{"link_name":"Diandra Asbaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diandra_Asbaty"},{"link_name":"Missy Parkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Missy_Parkin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kelly Kulick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Kulick"},{"link_name":"Liz Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Johnson_(bowler)"},{"link_name":"Lynda Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynda_Barnes"},{"link_name":"Kelly Kulick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Kulick"},{"link_name":"Shannon Pluhowsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Pluhowsky"},{"link_name":"Tennelle Milligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tennelle_Milligan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marianne DiRupo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marianne_DiRupo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wendy Macpherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Macpherson"},{"link_name":"Kim Terrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Terrell_(bowler)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carolyn Dorin-Ballard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn_Dorin-Ballard"},{"link_name":"Wendy Macpherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Macpherson"},{"link_name":"Leanne Barrette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leanne_Barrette"},{"link_name":"Lynda Norry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynda_Barnes"},{"link_name":"Sandra Jo Shiery-Odom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Jo_Shiery-Odom&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lisa Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Sandy Postma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandy_Postma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anne Marie Duggan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne_Marie_Duggan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cindy Coburn-Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cindy_Coburn-Carroll&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dede Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dede_Davidson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Patty Ann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patty_Ann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carol Gianotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Gianotti"},{"link_name":"Wendy Macpherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Macpherson"},{"link_name":"Cathy Almeida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cathy_Almeida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cora Fiebig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cora_Fiebig&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aleta Sill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleta_Sill"},{"link_name":"Kazue Inahashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazue_Inahashi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aleta Rzepecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleta_Sill"},{"link_name":"Katsuko Sugimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katsuko_Sugimoto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Katsuko Sugimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katsuko_Sugimoto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Donna Adamek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Adamek"},{"link_name":"Donna Adamek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Adamek"},{"link_name":"Loa Boxberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loa_Boxberger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dana Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dana_Stewart&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pamela Buckner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pamela_Buckner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cindy Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cindy_Powell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Judy Soutar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judy_Soutar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Fothergill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Fothergill"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Fothergill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Fothergill"},{"link_name":"Mildred Martorella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mildred_Martorella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mildred Martorella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mildred_Martorella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ann Feigel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ann_Feigel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Phyllis Massey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phyllis_Massey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mildred Martorella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mildred_Martorella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Betty Kuczynski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Betty_Kuczynski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D.D. Jacobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D.D._Jacobson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Irene Monterosso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irene_Monterosso&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Janet Harman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janet_Harman&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"List of champions","text":"2024: Jillian Martin\n2023: Lindsay Boomershine\n2022: Birgit Noreiks\n2021: Julia Bond\n2020: Not held due to COVID-19 pandemic\n2019: Dasha Kovalova\n2018: Shannon O'Keefe\n2017: Diana Zavjalova\n2016: Bernice Lim\n2015: Liz Johnson\n2014: Maria Jose Rodriguez\n2013: Diana Zavjalova\n2012: Diandra Asbaty\n2011: Missy Parkin\n2010: Kelly Kulick\n2009: Liz Johnson\n2008: Lynda Barnes\n2007: Kelly Kulick\n2006: Shannon Pluhowsky\n2005: Tennelle Milligan\n2004: Marianne DiRupo\n2003: Wendy Macpherson\n2002: Kim Terrell\n2001: Carolyn Dorin-Ballard\n2000: Wendy Macpherson\n1999: Leanne Barrette\n1998: Lynda Norry\n1997: Sandra Jo Shiery-Odom\n1996: Lisa Wagner\n1995: Sandy Postma\n1994: Anne Marie Duggan\n1993: Jan Schmidt\n1992: Cindy Coburn-Carroll\n1991: Dede Davidson\n1990: Patty Ann\n1989: Carol Gianotti\n1988: Wendy Macpherson (largest-ever women's-only sporting event in history, some 88,000 participants)\n1987: Cathy Almeida\n1986: Cora Fiebig\n1985: Aleta Sill\n1984: Kazue Inahashi\n1983: Aleta Rzepecki\n1982: Katsuko Sugimoto\n1981: Katsuko Sugimoto\n1980: Donna Adamek\n1979: Donna Adamek\n1978: Loa Boxberger\n1977: Dana Stewart\n1976: Pamela Buckner\n1975: Cindy Powell\n1974: Judy Soutar\n1973: Dorothy Fothergill\n1972: Dorothy Fothergill\n1971: Mildred Martorella\n1970: Mildred Martorella\n1969: Ann Feigel\n1968: Phyllis Massey\n1967: Mildred Martorella\n1966: Judy Lee\n1965: Betty Kuczynski\n1964: D.D. Jacobson\n1963: Irene Monterosso\n1962: Dorothy Wilkinson\n1961: Janet Harman","title":"USBC Queens champions"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"2024 USBC QUEENS PRIZE FUND\" (PDF). bowl.com. Retrieved May 22, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://stage-site.bowl.com/getmedia/5f81962d-97f7-4913-860f-ad15502c4d90/PrizeFund.pdf","url_text":"\"2024 USBC QUEENS PRIZE FUND\""}]},{"reference":"Grubaugh, Donovan (May 21, 2024). \"Martin wins 2024 USBC Queens, becomes the youngest to win the event\". pwba.com. Retrieved May 22, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://pwba.com/news/martin-wins-2024-usbc-queens,-becomes-the-youngest-to-win-the-event","url_text":"\"Martin wins 2024 USBC Queens, becomes the youngest to win the event\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://bowl.com/queens/","external_links_name":"Official Queens website"},{"Link":"http://www.bowl.com/articleView.aspx?i=14240&f=1","external_links_name":"USBC Queens has rich history"},{"Link":"https://stage-site.bowl.com/getmedia/5f81962d-97f7-4913-860f-ad15502c4d90/PrizeFund.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2024 USBC QUEENS PRIZE FUND\""},{"Link":"https://pwba.com/news/martin-wins-2024-usbc-queens,-becomes-the-youngest-to-win-the-event","external_links_name":"\"Martin wins 2024 USBC Queens, becomes the youngest to win the event\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmo_Aardvark
|
Elmo Aardvark
|
["1 Origins","2 Proposed film","3 Web series","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Cartoon character
Fictional character
Elmo AardvarkFirst appearance"The Life and Times of Elmo Aardvark"Wild Cartoon Kingdom1993Created byWill RyanIn-universe informationSpeciesAardvark
Elmo Aardvark is a cartoon character, created by Will Ryan in the late 20th century and featured in print media, music albums, and web animation.
Elmo is an anthropomorphic aardvark usually drawn in the style of the golden age of American animation; his fictional backstory is that he was the first animated cartoon character ever created. The backstory, embellished by Ryan and others in various media during the 1990s, traces Elmo's history from beginnings in pre-film flip books through widespread stardom in the 1920s and 1930s, and recurring reappearances and reboots in ensuing decades.
While attempts in the mid-1990s to adapt Elmo's backstory as a feature-length mockumentary fell through, the character went on to star in the 2000 web series Elmo Aardvark: Outer Space Detective and has been featured in comics as well as in four music albums recorded by Ryan.
Origins
Will Ryan, a Hollywood voice actor, musician, and animation producer, created Elmo Aardvark as a pastiche of early cartoon characters. When film writer Chris Gore discovered Ryan's concept in 1993, he published a series of satirical articles in Wild Cartoon Kingdom magazine, describing Elmo as the first cartoon character in animation history.
According to the fictional account in Wild Cartoon Kingdom, Elmo was created by artist Terwilliger Ryan in 1889, in a series of popular flip books for a Cleveland, Ohio, newspaper. The Elmo character moved into animated cartoons before the First World War, and became a major star, despite various ownership disputes and technological difficulties. By the time sound film was developed in the late 1920s, the character had fallen in popularity, but a boost from fan Paul Whiteman brought Elmo back to prominence. Terwilliger Ryan and producer Gabriel Kintner launched Snappytoon Productions, beginning a 1930s golden era in which Elmo's adventures—singing, dancing, clowning, and playing his signature instrument, the ukulele—became a major icon of the Great Depression. The character went on to star in Elmo Aardvark's Clubhouse in the 1950s, a TV cartoon series in the 1960s, and the 1978 reboot Elmo and the Aardvarks; rights disputes then kept Elmo out of the spotlight for some years, but Wild Cartoon Kingdom claimed these had been finally resolved. The account concluded with glowing testimonials by various famous names in on the joke, including actors Michele Lee and Anita Page and animated filmmakers Linda Simensky and John Kricfalusi.
The Wild Cartoon Kingdom article series attracted attention from animation fans and industry professionals; according to Gore, many of them initially fell for the joke and believed Elmo Aardvark to be a historical cartoon character. In 1995, Ryan added to the legend of Elmo's historicity, releasing the album Elmo Aardvark: Classic Cartoon Soundtracks; the album brought further interest in the character, with the comedy broadcaster Dr. Demento featuring the album's tracks on his radio show. A sequel, Elmo Aardvark: Vintage Cartoon Soundtracks, followed in 2000.
Proposed film
Shortly after the release of the 1995 Elmo Aardvark album, Ryan was approached by Nickelodeon Movies about starring the Elmo character in a feature film. Ryan and writer Phil Lollar developed a film treatment for a mockumentary tracing Elmo's fictional history as a cartoon character, from pre-film origins to the present day some hundred years later. The mockumentary, potentially titled The Elmo Aardvark Story, would feature live-action interviews with figures who would add historical credibility, such as golden-age animator Ward Kimball; these would be interspersed with clips of the Elmo cartoons that had supposedly been produced through the ages, animated in period-appropriate styles. Designer Leslie Cabarga prepared promotional art, while Fayard Nicholas, Joanie Sommers, and "Weird Al" Yankovic were in talks to contribute to the soundtrack. However, negotiations with Nickelodeon administrators became slow-moving, and after a lengthy "development hell" period, the project fell through.
Web series
In 2000, at the height of a boom in web animation, Ryan created the web series Elmo Aardvark: Outer Space Detective. Produced by Ashley Postlewaite and directed by Darrell Van Citters, founders of the Renegade Animation studio, the series was written by Ryan and Lollar, and featured the voices of Ryan, Lollar, June Foray, Diane Michelle, Corey Burton, and Keith Scott. It was a co-production of Renegade Animation and Will Ryan Productions, syndicated by Mondo Media. To mark the series's release, Animation World Network added even further to the fictional historical legend of Elmo, running an April Fools' Day article that claimed Elmo had long been used as an internet icon, from the early days of ARPANET through ASCII art and experiments by animation innovator Mike Jittlov to the development of Flash animation.
The web series won an Annecy International Animation Film Festival award and an Annie Award for Best Animated Series in an Electronic Medium. Animation historian Harvey Deneroff, founder of the Society for Animation Studies, cited Elmo Aardvark: Outer Space Detective as "one of the best" products of the web animation boom. Ryan released two albums of music related to the series in 2002, and a feature film adaptation was announced as being in development in the early 2000s.
The character returned in 2019 for comic-book stories written by Ryan and Mike Kazaleh and drawn by Milton Knight in the limited-run series The Adventures of Biffle and Shooster.
References
^ a b c d e Gore, Chris (1999), The 50 Greatest Movies Never Made, New York: St. Martin's Griffin, pp. 74–78, ISBN 9780312200824
^ a b Frankel, Jonathan (1993), "The Life and Times of Elmo Aardvark", Wild Cartoon Kingdom, no. 2, pp. 64–67
^ Frankel, Jonathan (1994), "Elmo Aardvark: A Life on Film", Wild Cartoon Kingdom, no. 3, pp. 64–69
^ a b Frankel, Jonathan (1994), "Elmo Aardvark: Dancing Through the Depression", Wild Cartoon Kingdom, no. 4, pp. 64–67
^ a b c Will Ryan on Bandcamp, retrieved July 2, 2021
^ a b c d Beck, Jerry (2004), Animation Art: From Pencil to Pixel, the History of Cartoon, Anime and CGI, London: Flame Tree, pp. 376–377
^ a b DeMott, Rick (December 14, 2000), "Mondo Media To Syndicate Elmo Aardvark", Animation World Network, retrieved July 2, 2021
^ Shaughnessy, F. Rank (April 1, 2000), "A Brief History of Elmo Aardvark on the Web", Animation World Network, retrieved July 3, 2021
^ Milligan, Mercedes (October 31, 2017), "Brittney Jorgensen Upped at Expanding Renegade Animation", Animation Magazine, retrieved July 2, 2021
^ Beck, Jerry (June 10, 2019), "Plugs: Popeye Vol. 2, Comic Books, and Screenings!", Cartoon Research, retrieved July 4, 2021
External links
Snappytoons Amusement Company, official Elmo Aardvark website
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Will Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Ryan"},{"link_name":"web animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_animation"},{"link_name":"anthropomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphic"},{"link_name":"aardvark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardvark"},{"link_name":"golden age of American animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_age_of_American_animation"},{"link_name":"animated cartoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated_cartoon"},{"link_name":"flip books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip_books"},{"link_name":"mockumentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mockumentary"}],"text":"Fictional characterElmo Aardvark is a cartoon character, created by Will Ryan in the late 20th century and featured in print media, music albums, and web animation.Elmo is an anthropomorphic aardvark usually drawn in the style of the golden age of American animation; his fictional backstory is that he was the first animated cartoon character ever created. The backstory, embellished by Ryan and others in various media during the 1990s, traces Elmo's history from beginnings in pre-film flip books through widespread stardom in the 1920s and 1930s, and recurring reappearances and reboots in ensuing decades.While attempts in the mid-1990s to adapt Elmo's backstory as a feature-length mockumentary fell through, the character went on to star in the 2000 web series Elmo Aardvark: Outer Space Detective and has been featured in comics as well as in four music albums recorded by Ryan.","title":"Elmo Aardvark"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Will Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Ryan"},{"link_name":"pastiche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastiche"},{"link_name":"Chris Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Gore"},{"link_name":"Wild Cartoon Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Cartoon_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gore-1"},{"link_name":"flip books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip_book"},{"link_name":"Cleveland, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCK2-2"},{"link_name":"sound film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_film"},{"link_name":"Paul Whiteman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Whiteman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCK3-3"},{"link_name":"ukulele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukulele"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCK4-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCK2-2"},{"link_name":"Michele Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Lee"},{"link_name":"Anita Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Page"},{"link_name":"Linda Simensky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Simensky"},{"link_name":"John Kricfalusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kricfalusi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCK4-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gore-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bandcamp-5"},{"link_name":"Dr. Demento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Demento"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gore-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bandcamp-5"}],"text":"Will Ryan, a Hollywood voice actor, musician, and animation producer, created Elmo Aardvark as a pastiche of early cartoon characters. When film writer Chris Gore discovered Ryan's concept in 1993, he published a series of satirical articles in Wild Cartoon Kingdom magazine, describing Elmo as the first cartoon character in animation history.[1]According to the fictional account in Wild Cartoon Kingdom, Elmo was created by artist Terwilliger Ryan in 1889, in a series of popular flip books for a Cleveland, Ohio, newspaper. The Elmo character moved into animated cartoons before the First World War, and became a major star, despite various ownership disputes and technological difficulties.[2] By the time sound film was developed in the late 1920s, the character had fallen in popularity, but a boost from fan Paul Whiteman brought Elmo back to prominence.[3] Terwilliger Ryan and producer Gabriel Kintner launched Snappytoon Productions, beginning a 1930s golden era in which Elmo's adventures—singing, dancing, clowning, and playing his signature instrument, the ukulele—became a major icon of the Great Depression.[4] The character went on to star in Elmo Aardvark's Clubhouse in the 1950s, a TV cartoon series in the 1960s, and the 1978 reboot Elmo and the Aardvarks; rights disputes then kept Elmo out of the spotlight for some years, but Wild Cartoon Kingdom claimed these had been finally resolved.[2] The account concluded with glowing testimonials by various famous names in on the joke, including actors Michele Lee and Anita Page and animated filmmakers Linda Simensky and John Kricfalusi.[4]The Wild Cartoon Kingdom article series attracted attention from animation fans and industry professionals; according to Gore, many of them initially fell for the joke and believed Elmo Aardvark to be a historical cartoon character.[1] In 1995, Ryan added to the legend of Elmo's historicity, releasing the album Elmo Aardvark: Classic Cartoon Soundtracks;[5] the album brought further interest in the character, with the comedy broadcaster Dr. Demento featuring the album's tracks on his radio show.[1] A sequel, Elmo Aardvark: Vintage Cartoon Soundtracks, followed in 2000.[5]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nickelodeon Movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon_Movies"},{"link_name":"Phil Lollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Lollar"},{"link_name":"film treatment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_treatment"},{"link_name":"mockumentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mockumentary"},{"link_name":"Ward Kimball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_Kimball"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gore-1"},{"link_name":"Leslie Cabarga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Cabarga"},{"link_name":"Fayard Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayard_Nicholas"},{"link_name":"Joanie Sommers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanie_Sommers"},{"link_name":"\"Weird Al\" Yankovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic"},{"link_name":"development hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_hell"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gore-1"}],"text":"Shortly after the release of the 1995 Elmo Aardvark album, Ryan was approached by Nickelodeon Movies about starring the Elmo character in a feature film. Ryan and writer Phil Lollar developed a film treatment for a mockumentary tracing Elmo's fictional history as a cartoon character, from pre-film origins to the present day some hundred years later. The mockumentary, potentially titled The Elmo Aardvark Story, would feature live-action interviews with figures who would add historical credibility, such as golden-age animator Ward Kimball; these would be interspersed with clips of the Elmo cartoons that had supposedly been produced through the ages, animated in period-appropriate styles.[1] Designer Leslie Cabarga prepared promotional art, while Fayard Nicholas, Joanie Sommers, and \"Weird Al\" Yankovic were in talks to contribute to the soundtrack. However, negotiations with Nickelodeon administrators became slow-moving, and after a lengthy \"development hell\" period, the project fell through.[1]","title":"Proposed film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"web animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_animation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beck-6"},{"link_name":"Ashley Postlewaite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Postlewaite"},{"link_name":"Darrell Van Citters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell_Van_Citters"},{"link_name":"Renegade Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renegade_Animation"},{"link_name":"June Foray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Foray"},{"link_name":"Diane Michelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Michelle"},{"link_name":"Corey Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Burton"},{"link_name":"Keith Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Scott_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeMott-7"},{"link_name":"Mondo Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_Media"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeMott-7"},{"link_name":"Animation World Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation_World_Network"},{"link_name":"April Fools' Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day"},{"link_name":"ARPANET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET"},{"link_name":"ASCII art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII_art"},{"link_name":"Mike Jittlov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Jittlov"},{"link_name":"Flash animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_animation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shaughnessy-8"},{"link_name":"Annecy International Animation Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annecy_International_Animation_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beck-6"},{"link_name":"Annie Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Award"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milligan-9"},{"link_name":"Society for Animation Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Animation_Studies"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beck-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bandcamp-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beck-6"},{"link_name":"Mike Kazaleh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Kazaleh"},{"link_name":"Milton Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Knight"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beck2019-10"}],"text":"In 2000, at the height of a boom in web animation, Ryan created the web series Elmo Aardvark: Outer Space Detective.[6] Produced by Ashley Postlewaite and directed by Darrell Van Citters, founders of the Renegade Animation studio, the series was written by Ryan and Lollar, and featured the voices of Ryan, Lollar, June Foray, Diane Michelle, Corey Burton, and Keith Scott.[7] It was a co-production of Renegade Animation and Will Ryan Productions, syndicated by Mondo Media.[7] To mark the series's release, Animation World Network added even further to the fictional historical legend of Elmo, running an April Fools' Day article that claimed Elmo had long been used as an internet icon, from the early days of ARPANET through ASCII art and experiments by animation innovator Mike Jittlov to the development of Flash animation.[8]The web series won an Annecy International Animation Film Festival award[6] and an Annie Award for Best Animated Series in an Electronic Medium.[9] Animation historian Harvey Deneroff, founder of the Society for Animation Studies, cited Elmo Aardvark: Outer Space Detective as \"one of the best\" products of the web animation boom.[6] Ryan released two albums of music related to the series in 2002,[5] and a feature film adaptation was announced as being in development in the early 2000s.[6]The character returned in 2019 for comic-book stories written by Ryan and Mike Kazaleh and drawn by Milton Knight in the limited-run series The Adventures of Biffle and Shooster.[10]","title":"Web series"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Gore, Chris (1999), The 50 Greatest Movies Never Made, New York: St. Martin's Griffin, pp. 74–78, ISBN 9780312200824","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/50greatestmovies00gore/page/74","url_text":"The 50 Greatest Movies Never Made"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312200824","url_text":"9780312200824"}]},{"reference":"Frankel, Jonathan (1993), \"The Life and Times of Elmo Aardvark\", Wild Cartoon Kingdom, no. 2, pp. 64–67","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Cartoon_Kingdom","url_text":"Wild Cartoon Kingdom"}]},{"reference":"Frankel, Jonathan (1994), \"Elmo Aardvark: A Life on Film\", Wild Cartoon Kingdom, no. 3, pp. 64–69","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Cartoon_Kingdom","url_text":"Wild Cartoon Kingdom"}]},{"reference":"Frankel, Jonathan (1994), \"Elmo Aardvark: Dancing Through the Depression\", Wild Cartoon Kingdom, no. 4, pp. 64–67","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Cartoon_Kingdom","url_text":"Wild Cartoon Kingdom"}]},{"reference":"Beck, Jerry (2004), Animation Art: From Pencil to Pixel, the History of Cartoon, Anime and CGI, London: Flame Tree, pp. 376–377","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/animationartfrom0000unse/page/376","url_text":"Animation Art: From Pencil to Pixel, the History of Cartoon, Anime and CGI"}]},{"reference":"DeMott, Rick (December 14, 2000), \"Mondo Media To Syndicate Elmo Aardvark\", Animation World Network, retrieved July 2, 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://www.awn.com/news/mondo-media-syndicate-elmo-aardvark","url_text":"\"Mondo Media To Syndicate Elmo Aardvark\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation_World_Network","url_text":"Animation World Network"}]},{"reference":"Shaughnessy, F. Rank (April 1, 2000), \"A Brief History of Elmo Aardvark on the Web\", Animation World Network, retrieved July 3, 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://www.awn.com/animationworld/brief-history-elmo-aardvark-web","url_text":"\"A Brief History of Elmo Aardvark on the Web\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation_World_Network","url_text":"Animation World Network"}]},{"reference":"Milligan, Mercedes (October 31, 2017), \"Brittney Jorgensen Upped at Expanding Renegade Animation\", Animation Magazine, retrieved July 2, 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animationmagazine.net/people/brittney-jorgensen-upped-at-expanding-renegade-animation/","url_text":"\"Brittney Jorgensen Upped at Expanding Renegade Animation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation_Magazine","url_text":"Animation Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Beck, Jerry (June 10, 2019), \"Plugs: Popeye Vol. 2, Comic Books, and Screenings!\", Cartoon Research, retrieved July 4, 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/plugs-popeye-vol-2-comic-books-and-screenings/","url_text":"\"Plugs: Popeye Vol. 2, Comic Books, and Screenings!\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/50greatestmovies00gore/page/74","external_links_name":"The 50 Greatest Movies Never Made"},{"Link":"https://willryan.bandcamp.com/music","external_links_name":"Will Ryan"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/animationartfrom0000unse/page/376","external_links_name":"Animation Art: From Pencil to Pixel, the History of Cartoon, Anime and CGI"},{"Link":"https://www.awn.com/news/mondo-media-syndicate-elmo-aardvark","external_links_name":"\"Mondo Media To Syndicate Elmo Aardvark\""},{"Link":"https://www.awn.com/animationworld/brief-history-elmo-aardvark-web","external_links_name":"\"A Brief History of Elmo Aardvark on the Web\""},{"Link":"https://www.animationmagazine.net/people/brittney-jorgensen-upped-at-expanding-renegade-animation/","external_links_name":"\"Brittney Jorgensen Upped at Expanding Renegade Animation\""},{"Link":"https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/plugs-popeye-vol-2-comic-books-and-screenings/","external_links_name":"\"Plugs: Popeye Vol. 2, Comic Books, and Screenings!\""},{"Link":"http://www.elmoaardvark.com/menu_8.asp","external_links_name":"Snappytoons Amusement Company"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Hed%C3%A9n
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Lars Hedén
|
["1 References"]
|
Swedish footballer and manager
Lars HedénPersonal informationFull name
Lars Allan HedénDate of birth
(1934-09-04) 4 September 1934 (age 89)Place of birth
SwedenPosition(s)
MidfielderSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1950–1955
Vänersborgs IF
1955–1957
AIK
1957–1959
Vänersborgs IF
1960–1968
Norrby IF
1969
Vänersborgs IF
1970–1972
Norrby IF
Managerial career1970–1972
Norrby IF1973–1975
IF Elfsborg1976–1977
Norrby IF1978–1979
GAIS1980–1981
Grimsås IF1984
IF Elfsborg
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Lars Hedén (born 4 September 1934) is a Swedish former football player and manager.
References
Profile
vteIF Elfsborg – managers
Larsson (1916–25)
Börjesson (1926)
Larsson (1926–30)
Skolaut (1930)
Larsson & Claesson (1930–38)
Zachrisson (1938–46)
Mahon (1946–49)
Grahn (1949–52)
Jonasson (1952–54)
Vogel (1954–57)
Nygren (1957–58)
Zachrisson (1959–60)
Grahn (1961–62)
Neschy (1963)
Nygren (1963–67)
Karlsson (1968–69)
Nygren (1970–72)
Hedén (1973–75)
Lindblom (1976)
Lindroth (1976)
Svensson (1977–82)
Eriksson (1983)
Hedén (1984)
Målberg (1985–86)
Andersson (1987)
Ohlsson (1987)
Mak (1988–90)
Målberg (1990)
Lindbom (1991–92)
Sandberg (1993–94)
Linderoth (1995–97)
Björklund (1998–99)
Strömberg (1999–2001)
Grönhagen (2002–03)
Haglund (2004–11)
Lennartsson (2012–13)
Ingesson (2013–14)
Mian (2014)
Haglund (2015–17)
Miljanović & Mian (2017)
Thelin (2018–24)
vteGAIS – managers
Holmgren (1938–40)
Holmgren & Holmberg (1940–41)
Holmgren & Liljebjörn (1941–42)
Liljebjörn (1942–43)
Jernsten (1943–47)
Raynor & Jernsten (1947–48)
Jernsten (1948–49)
Wolf (1949–50)
Wolf & Ekstrand & Jacobsson (1950–51)
Ahlström (1951–52)
Jacobsson (1952–54)
Hallberg (1954–55)
Hallberg & Rosenqvist (1955–56)
Rosenqvist & Grahn (1956–57)
Grahn (1957–59)
Thorstensson (1960–61)
Takács (1962)
G. Gren (1963–64)
Hansson (1965–67)
G. Gren (1968–69)
Hansson (1970–72)
Varszegi (1973–75)
Varszegi & Jingård (1976)
Lindqvist (1977)
Hedén (1978–79)
Lilledal (1980)
Nilsson (1981)
Falk (1982–90)
Falk & Kristesen (1991)
Falk (1992)
Strömberg (1993–95)
Strömberg & Falk (1996)
H. Gren (1997–98)
Ottordal (1999–2000)
Ottordal & Kierdorf (2001)
Ottordal (2002)
Jacobsson (2003)
Nilsson (2004–07)
Pehrsson (2008)
Axén (2009–12)
Mak (2012)
Westman (2012)
Askebrand (2013–14)
Ljung (2014–15)
Westman (2015–17)
Ingelsten (2017)
Orovic (2017–19)
Ingelsten (2019)
Ingelsten & Erixon (2019)
Jacobsson (2020–21)
Holmberg (2022–)
This biographical article related to Swedish football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_people"}],"text":"Lars Hedén (born 4 September 1934) is a Swedish former football player and manager.","title":"Lars Hedén"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130418073605/http://www.aik.se/fotboll/aikindex.html?/fotboll/historik/500aikare/larshede.html","external_links_name":"Profile"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lars_Hed%C3%A9n&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Tai_Sin_District_Council
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Wong Tai Sin District Council
|
["1 History","2 Political control","3 Political makeup","4 District result maps","5 Members represented","6 Leadership","6.1 Chairs","6.2 Vice Chairs","7 Notes","8 References"]
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Coordinates: 22°20′04″N 114°11′17″E / 22.3344°N 114.1880°E / 22.3344; 114.1880Hong Kong district council
Wong Tai Sin District Council 黃大仙區議會TypeTypeHong Kong District Council of the Wong Tai Sin District HistoryFounded6 May 1981 (1981-05-06) (District Board)1 July 1997 (1997-07-01) (Provisional)1 January 2000 (2000-01-01) (District Council)LeadershipChairThomas Wu Kui-wah, Independent StructureSeats20 councillorsconsisting of4 elected members8 district committee members8 appointed membersDAB5 / 20FTU3 / 20FLU1 / 20Independent11 / 20ElectionsVoting systemFirst past the postLast election10 December 2023Meeting place6/F Lung Cheung Office Block, 138 Lung Cheung Road, Wong Tai Sin, KowloonWebsitewww.districtcouncils.gov.hk/wts/
The Wong Tai Sin District Council (Chinese: 黃大仙區議會) is one of 18 such district councils in Hong Kong, representing the Wong Tai Sin District. The Wong Tai Sin District Council currently consists of 20 members, two members were each elected from one of 2 constituencies, 8 district committee members, and 8 appointed members. The latest election was held on 10 December 2023.
History
The Wong Tai Sin District Council was established on 6 May 1981 under the name of the Wong Tai Sin District Board as the result of the colonial Governor Murray MacLehose's District Administration Scheme reform. The District Board was partly elected with the ex-officio Urban Council members, as well as members appointed by the Governor until 1994 when last Governor Chris Patten refrained from appointing any member.
The Wong Tai Sin District Board became Wong Tai Sin Provisional District Board after the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) was established in 1997 with the appointment system being reintroduced by Chief Executive Tung Chee-hwa. The Wong Tai Sin District Council was established on 1 January 2000 after the first District Council election in 1999. The council has become fully elected when the appointed seats were abolished in 2011 after the modified constitutional reform proposal was passed by the Legislative Council in 2010.
Due to the district's industrial character, the Wong Tai Sin District Council has been a stronghold for the pro-Beijing traditional leftists, returning one of its first directly elected Legislative Councillors Chan Yuen-han, who was member of the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions (FTU) and represented the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong (DAB). The pro-democrats also had their influence in the district, seeing Conrad Lam of the United Democrats of Hong Kong elected to the Legislative Council in 1985 and 1991.
The district also bred high-profile politicians such as Andrew To, the youngest member elected to the District Board 1991, member of the United Democrats and the Democratic Party, secretary-general of The Frontier and chairman of the League of Social Democrats (LSD) who held his seat until his defeat in the 2011 election with the LSD being wiped out in the district. Democratic Party chairman Wu Chi-wai was also a long-time Wong Tai Sin District Councillor, representing King Fu from 1999 to 2019.
The pro-democrats scored a historic landslide victory in the 2019 election amid the massive pro-democracy protests by taking all the seats in the council. The pro-Beijing councillors were completely wiped out as a result, with Democratic Party becoming the largest party.
Political control
Since 1982 political control of the council has been held by the following parties:
Camp in control
Largest party
Years
Composition
No Overall Control
Civic Association
1982–1985
Pro-government
Civic Association
1985–1988
Pro-government
Civic Association
1988–1991
Pro-government
LDF
1991–1994
Pro-Beijing
Democratic
1994–1997
Pro-Beijing
Democratic
1997–1999
Pro-Beijing
Democratic → DAB
2000–2003
Pro-Beijing
DAB
2004–2007
Pro-Beijing
DAB
2008–2011
Pro-Beijing
DAB
2012–2015
Pro-Beijing
DAB
2016–2019
Pro-democracy
Democratic → ADPL
2020–2023
Pro-Beijing
Independent
2024–2027
Political makeup
Elections are held every four years.
Political party
Council members
Currentmembers
1994
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
Independent
2
10
12
8
9
8
10
11 / 25
Democratic
5
7
4
3
3
3
6
6 / 25
ADPL
3
2
2
2
2
2
3
3 / 25
TWSCP
-
-
-
-
-
0
2
2 / 25
People Power
-
-
-
-
-
0
1
1 / 25
CHESSA
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1 / 25
District result maps
1994
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
Members represented
Capacity
Code
Constituency
Name
Political affiliation
Term
Notes
Elected
H01
Wong Tai Sin East
Mabel Tam Mei-po
FTU
1 January 2024
Incumbent
Kyle Yuet Ngai-keung
DAB
1 January 2024
Incumbent
H02
Wong Tai Sin West
Poon Cheuk-bun
DAB
1 January 2024
Incumbent
Leo Yeung Nok-hin
Independent
1 January 2024
Incumbent
District Committees
Yuen Kwok-keung
DAB
1 January 2024
Incumbent
Joe Lai Wing-ho
DAB
1 January 2024
Incumbent
Mok Kin-wing
FTU
1 January 2024
Incumbent
Leonard Chan Ying
Independent
1 January 2024
Incumbent
Fung Kin-lok
Independent
1 January 2024
Incumbent
Lui Kai-lin
Independent
1 January 2024
Incumbent
Lee Tung-kwong
Independent
1 January 2024
Incumbent
Andie Chan Wai-kwan
Independent
1 January 2024
Incumbent
Appointed
Leung Tang-fung
DAB
1 January 2024
Incumbent
Anthony Yau Yiu-shing
FTU
1 January 2024
Incumbent
Janus Lau Yuen-yee
FLU
1 January 2024
Incumbent
Dennis Li
Independent
1 January 2024
Incumbent
Deannie Yew Yat-wa
Independent
1 January 2024
Incumbent
Edmond Hung Chor-ying
Independent
1 January 2024
Incumbent
Tang Man-wai
Independent
1 January 2024
Incumbent
Godfrey Ngai Shi-shing
Independent
1 January 2024
Incumbent
Leadership
Chairs
Since 1985, the chairman is elected by all the members of the board:
Chairman
Years
Political Affiliation
I. R. Strachan
1981–1983
District Officer
Chuk Kin-fan
1983–1985
District Officer
Michael Cheng Tak-kin
1985–1988
Independent
Michael Lee Yuk-kwan
1988–1991
Independent
Chan Kam-man
1991–1999
LDF
Lam Man-fai
2000–2003
DAB
Wong Kam-chi
2004–2007
Independent
Li Tak-hong
2008–2019
DAB
Hui Kam-shing
2020–2021
ADPL
Thomas Wu Kui-fah
2024–present
District Officer
Vice Chairs
Vice Chairman
Years
Political Affiliation
Wong Kam-chi
2000–2003
Independent
Kan Chi-ho
2004–2007
DAB
Wong Kam-chi
2008–2011
Independent
Wong Kam-chiu
2012–2015
Independent
Joe Lai Wing-ho
2016–2019
DAB
Wong Yat-yuk
2020–2021
Independent
Notes
References
vteWong Tai Sin District Council elections
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
vteWong Tai Sin District Council (25)Democratic (6)
Chi Choi
Choi Wan South
Choi Wan West
Fung Wong
King Fu
Tsz Wan West
ADPL (3)
Choi Wan East
Chuk Yuen South
Tung Mei
TWSCP (2)
Ching Oi
Fung Tak
Civic (1)
Wang Tau Hom
People Power (1)
Tung Tau
Independent (12)
Choi Hung
Ching On
Chuk Yuen North
Lok Fu
Lung Ha
Lung Sheung
Lung Sing
Lung Tsui
San Po Kong
Tin Keung
Tsui Chuk & Pang Ching
Tsz Wan East
vteDistrict Councils of Hong Kong (by district)Hong Kong Island
Central and Western
Wan Chai
Eastern
Southern
Kowloon
Yau Tsim Mong
Sham Shui Po
Kowloon City
Wong Tai Sin
Kwun Tong
New Territories
Tsuen Wan
Tuen Mun
Yuen Long
North
Tai Po
Sai Kung
Sha Tin
Kwai Tsing
Islands
22°20′04″N 114°11′17″E / 22.3344°N 114.1880°E / 22.3344; 114.1880
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"district councils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_council_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Wong Tai Sin District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Tai_Sin_District"},{"link_name":"10 December 2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Hong_Kong_local_elections"}],"text":"Hong Kong district councilThe Wong Tai Sin District Council (Chinese: 黃大仙區議會) is one of 18 such district councils in Hong Kong, representing the Wong Tai Sin District. The Wong Tai Sin District Council currently consists of 20 members, two members were each elected from one of 2 constituencies, 8 district committee members, and 8 appointed members. The latest election was held on 10 December 2023.","title":"Wong Tai Sin District Council"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Murray MacLehose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_MacLehose"},{"link_name":"Urban Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Council"},{"link_name":"Chris Patten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Patten"},{"link_name":"Chief Executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Tung Chee-hwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tung_Chee-hwa"},{"link_name":"first District Council election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Hong_Kong_local_elections"},{"link_name":"modified constitutional reform proposal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform"},{"link_name":"Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Chan Yuen-han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chan_Yuen-han"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Trade_Unions"},{"link_name":"Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_for_the_Betterment_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Conrad Lam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Lam"},{"link_name":"United Democrats of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Democrats_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Andrew To","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_To"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"The Frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frontier_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"League of Social Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Social_Democrats"},{"link_name":"2011 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Hong_Kong_local_elections"},{"link_name":"Wu Chi-wai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Chi-wai"},{"link_name":"King Fu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Fu_(constituency)"},{"link_name":"2019 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Hong_Kong_local_elections"},{"link_name":"massive pro-democracy protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Hong_Kong_protests"}],"text":"The Wong Tai Sin District Council was established on 6 May 1981 under the name of the Wong Tai Sin District Board as the result of the colonial Governor Murray MacLehose's District Administration Scheme reform. The District Board was partly elected with the ex-officio Urban Council members, as well as members appointed by the Governor until 1994 when last Governor Chris Patten refrained from appointing any member.The Wong Tai Sin District Board became Wong Tai Sin Provisional District Board after the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) was established in 1997 with the appointment system being reintroduced by Chief Executive Tung Chee-hwa. The Wong Tai Sin District Council was established on 1 January 2000 after the first District Council election in 1999. The council has become fully elected when the appointed seats were abolished in 2011 after the modified constitutional reform proposal was passed by the Legislative Council in 2010.Due to the district's industrial character, the Wong Tai Sin District Council has been a stronghold for the pro-Beijing traditional leftists, returning one of its first directly elected Legislative Councillors Chan Yuen-han, who was member of the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions (FTU) and represented the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong (DAB). The pro-democrats also had their influence in the district, seeing Conrad Lam of the United Democrats of Hong Kong elected to the Legislative Council in 1985 and 1991.The district also bred high-profile politicians such as Andrew To, the youngest member elected to the District Board 1991, member of the United Democrats and the Democratic Party, secretary-general of The Frontier and chairman of the League of Social Democrats (LSD) who held his seat until his defeat in the 2011 election with the LSD being wiped out in the district. Democratic Party chairman Wu Chi-wai was also a long-time Wong Tai Sin District Councillor, representing King Fu from 1999 to 2019.The pro-democrats scored a historic landslide victory in the 2019 election amid the massive pro-democracy protests by taking all the seats in the council. The pro-Beijing councillors were completely wiped out as a result, with Democratic Party becoming the largest party.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Since 1982 political control of the council has been held by the following parties:","title":"Political control"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Councils_of_Hong_Kong#Elections"}],"text":"Elections are held every four years.","title":"Political makeup"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1994DBelectionmaph.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1999DCelectionmaph.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2003DCelectionmaph.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2007DCelectionmaph.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011DCelectionmaph.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wong_Tai_Sin_District_Council_2015.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wong_Tai_Sin_District_Council_(2019).svg"}],"text":"1994\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1999\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2003\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2007\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2011\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2015\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2019","title":"District result maps"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members represented"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Leadership"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Chairs","text":"Since 1985, the chairman is elected by all the members of the board:","title":"Leadership"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Vice Chairs","title":"Leadership"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafis_Ahmad
|
Nafis Ahmad
|
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Death","4 Works","5 References"]
|
Bangladeshi geographer and educationalist (1911-1982)
Nafis AhmadBorn1911United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, British IndiaDied31 May 1982 (1982-06-01) (aged 70)Dhaka, BangladeshNationalityBangladeshiEducationMaster's from Aligarh Muslim University (1935) PhD from London School of Economics (1953)Occupation(s)geographer, educationalist
Nafis Ahmad (1911-1982) was a Bangladeshi geographer and educationalist.
Early life
Ahmad was born in 1911 in British India. He finished his undergrad in 1934 and masters in 1935 from the Aligarh Muslim University. In 1953, he finished his PhD from the London School of Economics.
Career
In 1936, Ahmad joined Aligarh Muslim University as a lecturer of Geography. From 1940 to 1947, he served as the head of the Geography Department at the Islamia College, Calcutta. He published two books, Basis of Pakistan and Muslim Contribution to Geography, in 1947. In 1948, he was appointed the first head of the geography department of the Dhaka University. From 1964 to 1966, he was the Dean of the Faculty of Science at Dhaka University. He was the founding president of Bangladesh Geographical Society in 1955, then known as East Pakistan Geographical Society. He is a fellow at the American Geographical Society and the Royal Geographical Society.
Ahmad published Economic Geography of East Pakistan in 1958. The book was renamed to the Economic Geography of Bangladesh after the Independence of Bangladesh. It was expanded and republished in 1976. In 1961, the President of Pakistan awarded him the "Medal of Distinction". He retired from Dhaka University in 1971. He taught in a number of universities in Lahore and Karachi.
Death
Ahmad died on 31 May 1982 in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Works
The Basis of Pakistan (Calcutta, 1947).
Muslim Contribution to Geography (Lahore, 1947).
“Industrial Development in East Bengal (East Pakistan).” Economic Geography 26, no. 3 (1950): 183–95. https://doi.org/10.2307/141708.
“The Indo-Pakistan Boundary Disputes Tribunal, 1949-1950.” Geographical Review 43, no. 3 (1953): 329–37. https://doi.org/10.2307/211751.
“The Pattern of Rural Settlement in East Pakistan.” Geographical Review 46, no. 3 (1956): 388–98. https://doi.org/10.2307/211887.
“DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRY IN CHITTAGONG.” Ekistics 15, no. 90 (1963): 301–4. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43622743.
An Economic Geography of East Pakistan (Karachi, 1968).
Economic Resources of the Union of Burma (Massachusetts, 1971).
A New Economic Geography of Bangladesh (Delhi, 1976)
References
^ Kapur, Anu (2002). Indian Geography: Voice of Concern. Concept Publishing Company. p. 160. ISBN 978-81-7022-980-3.
^ a b c d Hadi, Mohammad Abdul. "Ahmad, Nafis". en.banglapedia.org. Banglapedia. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
^ Pakistan Affairs. Information Division, Embassy of Pakistan. 1951. p. 8.
^ Dacca, University of (1963). Report. p. 67.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Sweden
Netherlands
Other
IdRef
|
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[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_continental_philosophy_articles
|
Index of continental philosophy articles
|
[]
|
This is a list of articles in continental philosophy.
Abandonment (existentialism)
Abjection
Absurdism
Achieving Our Country
Albert Camus
Alberto Moreiras
Albrecht Wellmer
Alexandru Dragomir
Alfred Adler
Allan Bloom
Alterity
Always already
Anarchism and Friedrich Nietzsche
André Malet (philosopher)
Ángel Rama
Angst
Anguish
Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka
Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment?
Anti-Semite and Jew
Antonio Caso Andrade
Aous Shakra
Apperception
Arborescent
Atheist existentialism
Aufheben
Aurel Kolnai
Authenticity (philosophy)
Autonomism
Avital Ronell
Ayyavazhi phenomenology
Bad faith (existentialism)
Barbara Herrnstein Smith
Beatriz Sarlo
Being and Nothingness
Being and Time
Being in itself
Benedetto Croce
Beyond Good and Evil
Black existentialism
Boredom
Bracketing (phenomenology)
Cahiers pour l'Analyse
Carmen Laforet
Cartesian Meditations
Charles Sanders Peirce
Christian Discourses
Christian existentialism
Christopher Norris (critic)
Citationality
Claude Lefort
Claudio Canaparo
Colin Wilson
Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments
Consciousness
Constantin Noica
Continental philosophy
Contributions to Philosophy (From Enowning)
Cornelius Castoriadis
Course in General Linguistics
Critical discourse analysis
Critical historiography
Critical pedagogy
Critical theory
Criticism of postmodernism
Critique of Cynical Reason
Critique of Dialectical Reason
Critique of Pure Reason
Critiques of Slavoj Žižek
Cultural materialism (anthropology)
Cultural studies
Cyborg theory
Dasein
David Farrell Krell
Deconstruction
Delfim Santos
Dermot Moran
Discontinuity (Postmodernism)
Discourse ethics
Duality of structure
Ecce Homo (book)
Eco-criticism
Écriture féminine
Edifying Discourses in Diverse Spirits
Edith Wyschogrod
Edmund Husserl
Edward Said
Egoist anarchism
Either/Or
Epic and Novel
Epoché
Eranos
Ernst Cassirer
Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy
Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick
Exceptionalism
Exile and the Kingdom
Existential crisis
Existential humanism
Existential phenomenology
Existentiell
Face-to-face
Facticity
Fear and Trembling
Ferdinand de Saussure
For Self-Examination
Foucault–Habermas debate
Franz Rosenzweig
Frederick C. Beiser
Fredric Jameson
French structuralist feminism
Freudo-Marxism
Friedrich Nietzsche
Friedrich Nietzsche bibliography
Friedrich Pollock
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling
Gabriel Marcel
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak
Geist
Gender studies
Genealogy (philosophy)
Geocriticism
Geoffrey Bennington
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Giles Fraser
Giorgio Agamben
Guy Debord
Hans Lipps
Hans-Georg Gadamer
Hegelianism
Hélène Cixous
Helene von Druskowitz
Henri Bergson
Herbert Marcuse
Hermeneutics
Heteronormativity
Heterophenomenology
Historicity (philosophy)
History of Consciousness
Honorio Delgado
Human, All Too Human
Humanistic psychology
Husserliana
Hypermodernity
Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose
Igor Pribac
Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche
Influence and reception of Søren Kierkegaard
Instrumental rationality
International Journal of Žižek Studies
Intersubjectivity
Irrational Man: A Study in Existential Philosophy
Irrealism (the arts)
Jacques Derrida
Jacques Lacan
James E. Faulconer
James M. Edie
Jan Patočka
Jean Grenier
Jean-François Lyotard
Jean-Luc Nancy
Jean-Paul Sartre
Jeff Malpas
Jena romantics
Johann Gottlieb Fichte
John D. Caputo
Josefina Ayerza
Juan-David Nasio
Judge for Yourselves!
Judith Butler
Juha Varto
Julia Kristeva
Julie Rivkin
Jürgen Habermas
Karl Ameriks
Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel
Keiji Nishitani
L'existentialisme est un humanisme
Lacan at the Scene
Laura Kipnis
Leo Strauss
Léon Dumont
Les jeux sont faits
Les Temps modernes
Lewis White Beck
Lifeworld
List of critical theorists
List of postmodern critics
List of works in critical theory
Literary criticism
Literary theory
Lived body
Logocentrism
Logos: A Journal of Modern Society and Culture
Louis Althusser
Louis H. Mackey
Luce Irigaray
Ludwig Landgrebe
Man's Fate
Marek Siemek
Mark Sacks
Mark Wrathall
Marshall Berman
Martin Buber
Martin Heidegger
Mary Louise Pratt
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
Max Stirner
Max Horkheimer
Maxence Caron
Metaphor in philosophy
Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science
Metaphysics of Morals
Metaphysics of presence
Michael Vavrus
Michel Foucault bibliography
Michel Henry
Mikhail Ovsyannikov
Minima Moralia
Mirror stage
Modalities (sociology)
Modernism
Mythologies (book)
Nader El-Bizri
Nelly Richard
Néstor García Canclini
Nicola Abbagnano
Nietzsche and free will
Nietzsche and Philosophy
Nietzsche contra Wagner
Nietzsche's views on women
Nietzschean affirmation
Nouvelle theologie
Objet petit a
Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime
On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates
On the Genealogy of Morality
On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense
Ontic
Orientalism (book)
Orthotes
Outline of critical theory
Paul de Man
Paul R. Patton
Paul Rée
Per Martin-Löf
Phenomenological Sociology
Phenomenology (philosophy)
Phenomenology of essences
Phenomenology of Perception
Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe
Philippe Nys
Philosophical Fragments
Philosophical Inquiries into the Essence of Human Freedom
Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks
Philosophy of dialogue
Philosophy of Existence
Philosophy of Max Stirner
Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard
Philosophy of technology
Pirmin Stekeler-Weithofer
Post-left anarchy
Post-Marxism
Post-structuralism
Postcolonialism
Posthegemony
Postmodern Christianity
Postmodern philosophy
Postmodern psychology
Postmodern social construction of nature
Postmodernism
Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism
Practice in Christianity
Pragmatic maxim
Prefaces
Private sphere
Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics
Public sphere
Queer heterosexuality
Queer pedagogy
Queer theory
Ranjana Khanna
Reflective disclosure
Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner
Repetition (Kierkegaard)
Repressive hypothesis
Res Extensa
Ressentiment
Richard A. Macksey
Richard Schacht
Robert C. Solomon
Robert Rowland Smith
Roger Caillois
Romanticism
Rudolf Schottlaender
Rudolf Seydel
Russian formalism
Saint Genet
Sarah Coakley
Scheler's Stratification of Emotional Life
Schizoanalysis
Schopenhauer's criticism of the proofs of the parallel postulate
Search for a Method
Secondary antisemitism
Self-deception
Semeiotic
Siegfried Kracauer
Situationist International
Sketch for a Theory of the Emotions
Slavoj Žižek
Slavoj Žižek bibliography
Social alienation
Socialisme ou Barbarie
Søren Kierkegaard
Søren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche
Sous rature
Spomenka Hribar
Stages on Life's Way
Stephen Mulhall
Strategic essentialism
Structural Marxism
Sturm und Drang
Sublime (philosophy)
Telos (journal)
Teresa de Lauretis
The Absence of the Book
The Adulterous Woman
The Antichrist (book)
The Art of Being Right
The Birth of the Clinic
The Birth of Tragedy
The Blood of Others
The Book on Adler
The Case of Wagner
The Concept of Anxiety
The Crisis and a Crisis in the Life of an Actress
The False Subtlety of the Four Syllogistic Figures
The Gay Science
The Imaginary (Sartre)
The Metamorphosis
The Myth of Sisyphus
The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God
The Origin of the Work of Art
The Pigeon (novella)
The Plague
The Point of View of My Work as an Author
The Possessed (play)
The Postmodern Condition
The Question Concerning Technology
The Renegade (Camus short story)
The Royal Way
The Seminars of Jacques Lacan
The Sickness Unto Death
The Silent Men
The Society of the Spectacle
The Stranger (Camus novel)
The Sublime Object of Ideology
The Transcendence of the Ego
The Will to Power (manuscript)
Theatre of the Absurd
Theodor W. Adorno
Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces
Thus Spoke Zarathustra
Tim Dean
Time and Free Will
Tomonubu Imamichi
Trace (deconstruction)
Tui (intellectual)
Twilight of the Idols
Two Ages: A Literary Review
Universal Natural History and Theory of Heaven
Untimely Meditations (Nietzsche)
Vanja Sutlić
Waiting for Godot
Waking Life
Walter Benjamin
What Is Literature?
Wilhelm Dilthey
William McNeill (philosopher)
Wolfgang Fritz Haug
Works of Love
World disclosure
Writing Sampler
Zarathustra's roundelay
Zollikon Seminars
vteContinental philosophyPhilosophers
Adorno
Agamben
Althusser
Arendt
Aron
Bachelard
Badiou
Barthes
Bataille
Baudrillard
Bauman
Benjamin
de Beauvoir
Bergson
Blanchot
Bourdieu
Buber
Butler
Camus
Cassirer
Castoriadis
Cioran
Cixous
Croce
de Man
Debord
Deleuze
Derrida
Dilthey
Eco
Eagleton
Engels
Fanon
Fichte
Fisher
Foucault
Gadamer
Gentile
Guattari
Gramsci
Habermas
Hegel
Heidegger
Husserl
Ingarden
Irigaray
Jameson
Jaspers
Kierkegaard
Kojève
Koyré
Kołakowski
Kristeva
Lacan
Latour
Lefebvre
Lévi-Strauss
Levinas
Luhmann
Lukács
Lyotard
Marcel
Marcuse
Marx
Merleau-Ponty
Nancy
Negri
Nietzsche
Ortega y Gasset
Rancière
Ricœur
Said
Sartre
Schelling
Schmitt
Schopenhauer
Serres
Sloterdijk
Spengler
Stein
Strauss
Weber
Weil
Williams
Žižek
Theories
Absurdism
Critical theory
Deconstruction
Existentialism
Frankfurt School
German idealism
Hegelianism
Hermeneutics
Marxism
Western
Freudo-
Neo-Kantianism
Non-philosophy
Non-representational theory
Phenomenology
Postmodernism
Post-structuralism
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalytic theory
Romanticism
Speculative realism
Structuralism
Concepts
Alterity
Always already
Angst
Apollonian and Dionysian
Authenticity
Being in itself
Binary oppositions
Boredom
Class struggle
Critique
Immanent
Ideological
Postcritique
Dasein
Death of God
Death drive
Différance
Difference
Existence precedes essence
Existential crisis
Facticity
Gaze
Genealogy
Habitus
Hauntology
Historical materialism
Ideology
Interpellation (philosophy)
Intersubjectivity
Leap of faith
Master–slave dialectic
Master–slave morality
Oedipus complex
Ontic
Ontopoetics
Other
Power
Ressentiment
Self-deception
Totalitarianism
Trace
Transvaluation of values
Violence#Philosophical perspectives
Wertkritik
Will to power
Hermeneutics of suspicion
Discourse
Linguistic theory
Linguistic determinism
Semantics
Semiotics
Media studies
Film theory
Linguistic turn
Postcolonialism
Philosophy of language
Category
Index
vteIndices
General reference
Culture and the arts
Geography and places
Health and fitness
History and events
Law
Mathematics and logic
Natural and physical sciences
People and self
Philosophy and thinking
Religion and belief systems
Society and social sciences
Technology and applied sciences
|
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theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyborg_theory"},{"link_name":"Dasein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasein"},{"link_name":"David Farrell Krell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Farrell_Krell"},{"link_name":"Deconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deconstruction"},{"link_name":"Delfim Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delfim_Santos"},{"link_name":"Dermot Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermot_Moran"},{"link_name":"Discontinuity (Postmodernism)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discontinuity_(Postmodernism)"},{"link_name":"Discourse ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_ethics"},{"link_name":"Duality of structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duality_of_structure"},{"link_name":"Ecce Homo (book)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecce_Homo_(book)"},{"link_name":"Eco-criticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-criticism"},{"link_name":"Écriture 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Trembling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_and_Trembling"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand de Saussure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure"},{"link_name":"For Self-Examination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Self-Examination"},{"link_name":"Foucault–Habermas debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucault%E2%80%93Habermas_debate"},{"link_name":"Franz Rosenzweig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Rosenzweig"},{"link_name":"Frederick C. 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existentialism\nAufheben\nAurel Kolnai\nAuthenticity (philosophy)\nAutonomism\nAvital Ronell\nAyyavazhi phenomenology\nBad faith (existentialism)\nBarbara Herrnstein Smith\nBeatriz Sarlo\nBeing and Nothingness\nBeing and Time\nBeing in itself\nBenedetto Croce\nBeyond Good and Evil\nBlack existentialism\nBoredom\nBracketing (phenomenology)\nCahiers pour l'Analyse\nCarmen Laforet\nCartesian Meditations\nCharles Sanders Peirce\nChristian Discourses\nChristian existentialism\nChristopher Norris (critic)\nCitationality\nClaude Lefort\nClaudio Canaparo\nColin Wilson\nConcluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments\nConsciousness\nConstantin Noica\nContinental philosophy\nContributions to Philosophy (From Enowning)\nCornelius Castoriadis\nCourse in General Linguistics\nCritical discourse analysis\nCritical historiography\nCritical pedagogy\nCritical theory\nCriticism of postmodernism\nCritique of Cynical Reason\nCritique of Dialectical Reason\nCritique of Pure Reason\nCritiques of Slavoj Žižek\nCultural materialism (anthropology)\nCultural studies\nCyborg theory\nDasein\nDavid Farrell Krell\nDeconstruction\nDelfim Santos\nDermot Moran\nDiscontinuity (Postmodernism)\nDiscourse ethics\nDuality of structure\nEcce Homo (book)\nEco-criticism\nÉcriture féminine\nEdifying Discourses in Diverse Spirits\nEdith Wyschogrod\nEdmund Husserl\nEdward Said\nEgoist anarchism\nEither/Or\nEpic and Novel\nEpoché\nEranos\nErnst Cassirer\nEugen Rosenstock-Huessy\nEve Kosofsky Sedgwick\nExceptionalism\nExile and the Kingdom\nExistential crisis\nExistential humanism\nExistential phenomenology\nExistentiell\nFace-to-face\nFacticity\nFear and Trembling\nFerdinand de Saussure\nFor Self-Examination\nFoucault–Habermas debate\nFranz Rosenzweig\nFrederick C. Beiser\nFredric Jameson\nFrench structuralist feminism\nFreudo-Marxism\nFriedrich Nietzsche\nFriedrich Nietzsche bibliography\nFriedrich Pollock\nFriedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling\nGabriel Marcel\nGayatri Chakravorty Spivak\nGeist\nGender studies\nGenealogy (philosophy)\nGeocriticism\nGeoffrey Bennington\nGeorg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel\nGiles Fraser\nGiorgio Agamben\nGuy Debord\nHans Lipps\nHans-Georg Gadamer\nHegelianism\nHélène Cixous\nHelene von Druskowitz\nHenri Bergson\nHerbert Marcuse\nHermeneutics\nHeteronormativity\nHeterophenomenology\nHistoricity (philosophy)\nHistory of Consciousness\nHonorio Delgado\nHuman, All Too Human\nHumanistic psychology\nHusserliana\nHypermodernity\nIdea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose\nIgor Pribac\nInfluence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche\nInfluence and reception of Søren Kierkegaard\nInstrumental rationality\nInternational Journal of Žižek Studies\nIntersubjectivity\nIrrational Man: A Study in Existential Philosophy\nIrrealism (the arts)\nJacques Derrida\nJacques Lacan\nJames E. Faulconer\nJames M. Edie\nJan Patočka\nJean Grenier\nJean-François Lyotard\nJean-Luc Nancy\nJean-Paul Sartre\nJeff Malpas\nJena romantics\nJohann Gottlieb Fichte\nJohn D. Caputo\nJosefina Ayerza\nJuan-David Nasio\nJudge for Yourselves!\nJudith Butler\nJuha Varto\nJulia Kristeva\nJulie Rivkin\nJürgen Habermas\nKarl Ameriks\nKarl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel\nKeiji Nishitani\nL'existentialisme est un humanisme\nLacan at the Scene\nLaura Kipnis\nLeo Strauss\nLéon Dumont\nLes jeux sont faits\nLes Temps modernes\nLewis White Beck\nLifeworld\nList of critical theorists\nList of postmodern critics\nList of works in critical theory\nLiterary criticism\nLiterary theory\nLived body\nLogocentrism\nLogos: A Journal of Modern Society and Culture\nLouis Althusser\nLouis H. Mackey\nLuce Irigaray\nLudwig Landgrebe\nMan's Fate\nMarek Siemek\nMark Sacks\nMark Wrathall\nMarshall Berman\nMartin Buber\nMartin Heidegger\nMary Louise Pratt\nMaurice Merleau-Ponty\nMax Stirner\nMax Horkheimer\nMaxence Caron\nMetaphor in philosophy\nMetaphysical Foundations of Natural Science\nMetaphysics of Morals\nMetaphysics of presence\nMichael Vavrus\nMichel Foucault bibliography\nMichel Henry\nMikhail Ovsyannikov\nMinima Moralia\nMirror stage\nModalities (sociology)\nModernism\nMythologies (book)\nNader El-Bizri\nNelly Richard\nNéstor García Canclini\nNicola Abbagnano\nNietzsche and free will\nNietzsche and Philosophy\nNietzsche contra Wagner\nNietzsche's views on women\nNietzschean affirmation\nNouvelle theologie\nObjet petit a\nObservations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime\nOn the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates\nOn the Genealogy of Morality\nOn Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense\nOntic\nOrientalism (book)\nOrthotes\nOutline of critical theory\nPaul de Man\nPaul R. 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Macksey\nRichard Schacht\nRobert C. Solomon\nRobert Rowland Smith\nRoger Caillois\nRomanticism\nRudolf Schottlaender\nRudolf Seydel\nRussian formalism\nSaint Genet\nSarah Coakley\nScheler's Stratification of Emotional Life\nSchizoanalysis\nSchopenhauer's criticism of the proofs of the parallel postulate\nSearch for a Method\nSecondary antisemitism\nSelf-deception\nSemeiotic\nSiegfried Kracauer\nSituationist International\nSketch for a Theory of the Emotions\nSlavoj Žižek\nSlavoj Žižek bibliography\nSocial alienation\nSocialisme ou Barbarie\nSøren Kierkegaard\nSøren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche\nSous rature\nSpomenka Hribar\nStages on Life's Way\nStephen Mulhall\nStrategic essentialism\nStructural Marxism\nSturm und Drang\nSublime (philosophy)\nTelos (journal)\nTeresa de Lauretis\nThe Absence of the Book\nThe Adulterous Woman\nThe Antichrist (book)\nThe Art of Being Right\nThe Birth of the Clinic\nThe Birth of Tragedy\nThe Blood of Others\nThe Book on Adler\nThe Case of Wagner\nThe Concept of Anxiety\nThe Crisis and a Crisis in the Life of an Actress\nThe False Subtlety of the Four Syllogistic Figures\nThe Gay Science\nThe Imaginary (Sartre)\nThe Metamorphosis\nThe Myth of Sisyphus\nThe Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God\nThe Origin of the Work of Art\nThe Pigeon (novella)\nThe Plague\nThe Point of View of My Work as an Author\nThe Possessed (play)\nThe Postmodern Condition\nThe Question Concerning Technology\nThe Renegade (Camus short story)\nThe Royal Way\nThe Seminars of Jacques Lacan\nThe Sickness Unto Death\nThe Silent Men\nThe Society of the Spectacle\nThe Stranger (Camus novel)\nThe Sublime Object of Ideology\nThe Transcendence of the Ego\nThe Will to Power (manuscript)\nTheatre of the Absurd\nTheodor W. Adorno\nThoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces\nThus Spoke Zarathustra\nTim Dean\nTime and Free Will\nTomonubu Imamichi\nTrace (deconstruction)\nTui (intellectual)\nTwilight of the Idols\nTwo Ages: A Literary Review\nUniversal Natural History and Theory of Heaven\nUntimely Meditations (Nietzsche)\nVanja Sutlić\nWaiting for Godot\nWaking Life\nWalter Benjamin\nWhat Is Literature?\nWilhelm Dilthey\nWilliam McNeill (philosopher)\nWolfgang Fritz Haug\nWorks of Love\nWorld disclosure\nWriting Sampler\nZarathustra's roundelay\nZollikon SeminarsvteContinental philosophyPhilosophers\nAdorno\nAgamben\nAlthusser\nArendt\nAron\nBachelard\nBadiou\nBarthes\nBataille\nBaudrillard\nBauman\nBenjamin\nde Beauvoir\nBergson\nBlanchot\nBourdieu\nBuber\nButler\nCamus\nCassirer\nCastoriadis\nCioran\nCixous\nCroce\nde Man\nDebord\nDeleuze\nDerrida\nDilthey\nEco\nEagleton\nEngels\nFanon\nFichte\nFisher\nFoucault\nGadamer\nGentile\nGuattari\nGramsci\nHabermas\nHegel\nHeidegger\nHusserl\nIngarden\nIrigaray\nJameson\nJaspers\nKierkegaard\nKojève\nKoyré\nKołakowski\nKristeva\nLacan\nLatour\nLefebvre\nLévi-Strauss\nLevinas\nLuhmann\nLukács\nLyotard\nMarcel\nMarcuse\nMarx\nMerleau-Ponty\nNancy\nNegri\nNietzsche\nOrtega y Gasset\nRancière\nRicœur\nSaid\nSartre\nSchelling\nSchmitt\nSchopenhauer\nSerres\nSloterdijk\nSpengler\nStein\nStrauss\nWeber\nWeil\nWilliams\nŽižek\nTheories\nAbsurdism\nCritical theory\nDeconstruction\nExistentialism\nFrankfurt School\nGerman idealism\nHegelianism\nHermeneutics\nMarxism\nWestern\nFreudo-\nNeo-Kantianism\nNon-philosophy\nNon-representational theory\nPhenomenology\nPostmodernism\nPost-structuralism\nPsychoanalysis\nPsychoanalytic theory\nRomanticism\nSpeculative realism\nStructuralism\nConcepts\nAlterity\nAlways already\nAngst\nApollonian and Dionysian\nAuthenticity\nBeing in itself\nBinary oppositions\nBoredom\nClass struggle\nCritique\nImmanent\nIdeological\nPostcritique\nDasein\nDeath of God\nDeath drive\nDifférance\nDifference\nExistence precedes essence\nExistential crisis\nFacticity\nGaze\nGenealogy\nHabitus\nHauntology\nHistorical materialism\nIdeology\nInterpellation (philosophy)\nIntersubjectivity\nLeap of faith\nMaster–slave dialectic\nMaster–slave morality\nOedipus complex\nOntic\nOntopoetics\nOther\nPower\nRessentiment\nSelf-deception\nTotalitarianism\nTrace\nTransvaluation of values\nViolence#Philosophical perspectives\nWertkritik\nWill to power\nHermeneutics of suspicion\nDiscourse\nLinguistic theory\nLinguistic determinism\nSemantics\nSemiotics\nMedia studies\nFilm theory\nLinguistic turn\nPostcolonialism\nPhilosophy of language\n\nCategory\nIndexvteIndices\nGeneral reference\nCulture and the arts\nGeography and places\nHealth and fitness\nHistory and events\nLaw\nMathematics and logic\nNatural and physical sciences\nPeople and self\nPhilosophy and thinking\nReligion and belief systems\nSociety and social sciences\nTechnology and applied sciences","title":"Index of continental philosophy articles"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_skim
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Sea skimming
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["1 Method","2 Advantages","3 Disadvantages","4 Possible defenses","4.1 Gun-based CIWS","4.2 Missile-based CIWS","4.3 Chaff","4.4 ECM","5 Use in major wars","6 References"]
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Missile flight technique
See also: Nap-of-the-earth
A US Navy Blue Angels pilot demonstrates sea skimming technique in a "sneak pass". The image shows a condensation cloud from a high-speed shockwave. (2005)
Sea skimming is a technique many anti-ship missiles and some fighter or strike aircraft use to avoid radar, infrared detection, and to lower probability of being shot down during their approach to the target.
Method
Sea-skimming anti-ship missiles try to fly as low as is practically achievable, which is almost always below 50 meters (150 ft), and is often near 2 meters (6 ft). When under attack, a warship can detect sea-skimming missiles only after they appear over the horizon (about 28 to 46 km from the ship), allowing about 25 to 60 seconds of warning.
Advantages
By flying low to the sea, missiles decrease the range at which the target ships can detect them by a significant amount. Flying at a lower altitude increases the amount of time the missile is under the horizon from the perspective of the target ship, making it harder to detect due to radar clutter from the sea and similar effects. The real-life success of sea skimming depends on its exact implementation, the sophistication of the detection equipment, as well as the infrared and radar signature of the missile. Sea skimming can significantly reduce the available response time that a ship's missile defenses have to work within, making these missiles significantly harder to defend against. Sea skimming can also increase the range of a missile, by relying on ground effects.
Disadvantages
The use of sea skimming increases the risk of water impact by the missile before reaching the target due to weather conditions, rogue waves, software bugs and other factors. Sea skimming also hinders target acquisition, as many of the principles that hinder the target's detection of the missile also hinder the missile's detection of the target. Sea skimming involves a significant computational load, increasing the required processing power and cost.
Possible defenses
Several systems are capable of defeating sea skimming weapons.
Gun-based CIWS
Main article: Close-in weapon system
Missile-based CIWS
Further information: Close-in weapon system § Missile systems
Chaff
Main article: Chaff (countermeasure)
ECM
Main article: Electronic countermeasure
Use in major wars
French-made Exocet missiles were used by Argentina in the Falklands War (including the scuttling of HMS Sheffield) and by Iraq against the USS Stark in the Persian Gulf during the Iran–Iraq War. The Argentinian pilots of the Super Étendard planes that attacked HMS Sheffield were also skimming the sea at very low level. They increased their altitude only for a very short period to get final target information for the attack with their Agave radars. During the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine, two Ukrainian-made R-360 Neptune sea-skimming cruise missiles were claimed to have struck and sank the Russian cruiser Moskva.
References
^ "MissileThreat :: Glossary for Cruise Missiles". Archived from the original on 2012-05-05. Retrieved 2012-05-18.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-08-20. Retrieved 2006-08-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Douglas R. Ousborne. "SHIP SELF-DEFENSE AGAINST AIR THREATS" (PDF). Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nap-of-the-earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nap-of-the-earth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_051009-N-7559C-001_The_Navy%27s_Flight_Demonstration_team,_the_Blue_Angels_lead_solo,_performs_the_sneak_pass.jpg"},{"link_name":"Blue Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Angels"},{"link_name":"anti-ship missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-ship_missile"},{"link_name":"radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar"},{"link_name":"infrared detection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_detector"}],"text":"See also: Nap-of-the-earthA US Navy Blue Angels pilot demonstrates sea skimming technique in a \"sneak pass\". The image shows a condensation cloud from a high-speed shockwave. (2005)Sea skimming is a technique many anti-ship missiles and some fighter or strike aircraft use to avoid radar, infrared detection, and to lower probability of being shot down during their approach to the target.","title":"Sea skimming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(length)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Sea-skimming anti-ship missiles try to fly as low as is practically achievable, which is almost always below 50 meters (150 ft), and is often near 2 meters (6 ft). When under attack, a warship can detect sea-skimming missiles only after they appear over the horizon (about 28 to 46 km from the ship), allowing about 25 to 60 seconds of warning.[1][2]","title":"Method"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radar clutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar#Clutter"},{"link_name":"radar signature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_cross-section"},{"link_name":"missile defenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_defense"},{"link_name":"ground effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_effect_in_aircraft"}],"text":"By flying low to the sea, missiles decrease the range at which the target ships can detect them by a significant amount. Flying at a lower altitude increases the amount of time the missile is under the horizon from the perspective of the target ship, making it harder to detect due to radar clutter from the sea and similar effects. The real-life success of sea skimming depends on its exact implementation, the sophistication of the detection equipment, as well as the infrared and radar signature of the missile. Sea skimming can significantly reduce the available response time that a ship's missile defenses have to work within, making these missiles significantly harder to defend against. Sea skimming can also increase the range of a missile, by relying on ground effects.","title":"Advantages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rogue waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue_wave"},{"link_name":"software bugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_bug"},{"link_name":"target acquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_acquisition"}],"text":"The use of sea skimming increases the risk of water impact by the missile before reaching the target due to weather conditions, rogue waves, software bugs and other factors. Sea skimming also hinders target acquisition, as many of the principles that hinder the target's detection of the missile also hinder the missile's detection of the target. Sea skimming involves a significant computational load, increasing the required processing power and cost.","title":"Disadvantages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Several systems are capable of defeating sea skimming weapons.[3]","title":"Possible defenses"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gun-based CIWS","title":"Possible defenses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Close-in weapon system § Missile systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-in_weapon_system#Missile_systems"}],"sub_title":"Missile-based CIWS","text":"Further information: Close-in weapon system § Missile systems","title":"Possible defenses"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Chaff","title":"Possible defenses"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"ECM","title":"Possible defenses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Exocet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exocet"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Falklands War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War"},{"link_name":"HMS Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Sheffield_(D80)"},{"link_name":"USS Stark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Stark"},{"link_name":"Iran–Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"Super Étendard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault-Breguet_Super_%C3%89tendard"},{"link_name":"HMS Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Sheffield_(D80)"},{"link_name":"2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"R-360 Neptune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-360_Neptune"},{"link_name":"Russian cruiser Moskva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Moskva"}],"text":"French-made Exocet missiles were used by Argentina in the Falklands War (including the scuttling of HMS Sheffield) and by Iraq against the USS Stark in the Persian Gulf during the Iran–Iraq War. The Argentinian pilots of the Super Étendard planes that attacked HMS Sheffield were also skimming the sea at very low level. They increased their altitude only for a very short period to get final target information for the attack with their Agave radars. During the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine, two Ukrainian-made R-360 Neptune sea-skimming cruise missiles were claimed to have struck and sank the Russian cruiser Moskva.","title":"Use in major wars"}]
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[{"image_text":"A US Navy Blue Angels pilot demonstrates sea skimming technique in a \"sneak pass\". The image shows a condensation cloud from a high-speed shockwave. (2005)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/US_Navy_051009-N-7559C-001_The_Navy%27s_Flight_Demonstration_team%2C_the_Blue_Angels_lead_solo%2C_performs_the_sneak_pass.jpg/220px-US_Navy_051009-N-7559C-001_The_Navy%27s_Flight_Demonstration_team%2C_the_Blue_Angels_lead_solo%2C_performs_the_sneak_pass.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"MissileThreat :: Glossary for Cruise Missiles\". Archived from the original on 2012-05-05. Retrieved 2012-05-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120505050941/http://www.missilethreat.com/cruise/pageID.1736/default.asp","url_text":"\"MissileThreat :: Glossary for Cruise Missiles\""},{"url":"http://www.missilethreat.com/cruise/pageID.1736/default.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-08-20. Retrieved 2006-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060820230233/http://ausairpower.net/ascms.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.ausairpower.net/ascms.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Douglas R. Ousborne. \"SHIP SELF-DEFENSE AGAINST AIR THREATS\" (PDF). Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Retrieved 19 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jhuapl.edu/Content/techdigest/pdf/V14-N02/14-02-Ousborne.pdf","url_text":"\"SHIP SELF-DEFENSE AGAINST AIR THREATS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Applied_Physics_Laboratory","url_text":"Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120505050941/http://www.missilethreat.com/cruise/pageID.1736/default.asp","external_links_name":"\"MissileThreat :: Glossary for Cruise Missiles\""},{"Link":"http://www.missilethreat.com/cruise/pageID.1736/default.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060820230233/http://ausairpower.net/ascms.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.ausairpower.net/ascms.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.jhuapl.edu/Content/techdigest/pdf/V14-N02/14-02-Ousborne.pdf","external_links_name":"\"SHIP SELF-DEFENSE AGAINST AIR THREATS\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/54th_Regiment_of_Foot_(disambiguation)
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54th Regiment of Foot (disambiguation)
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["1 See also"]
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54th Regiment of Foot was the designation of the 43rd (Monmouthshire) Regiment of Foot prior to 1751.
54th Regiment of Foot may also refer to:
43rd (Monmouthshire) Regiment of Foot, aka 54th Regiment of Foot, numbered as the 54th Foot in 1747 and renumbered as the 43rd in 1751
52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot, aka 54th Regiment of Foot, raised in 1755 and renumbered as the 52nd in 1756
See also
54th Infantry (disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about military units and formations which are associated with the same title. If an internal link referred you to this page, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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[{"title":"54th Infantry (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/54th_Infantry_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"military units and formations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_unit"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/54th_Regiment_of_Foot_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Infantry_Division_Nato.svg"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/54th_Regiment_of_Foot_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triviella_neglecta
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Triviella neglecta
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["1 References"]
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Species of gastropod
Triviella neglecta
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
Subclass:
Caenogastropoda
Order:
Littorinimorpha
Family:
Triviidae
Genus:
Triviella
Species:
T. neglecta
Binomial name
Triviella neglectaSchilder, 1930
Synonyms
Trivia neglecta (Schilder, 1930)
Triviella neglecta is a species of gastropods belonging to the family Triviidae.
The species is found in Southern Africa and inhabits marine environments.
References
^ a b "Triviella neglecta F.A.Schilder, 1930". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
^ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Triviella neglecta F. A. Schilder, 1930". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
Taxon identifiersTriviella neglecta
Wikidata: Q14507830
CoL: 595ZX
GBIF: 6492232
iNaturalist: 694402
IRMNG: 11868385
OBIS: 555509
Open Tree of Life: 2893688
WoRMS: 555509
This article needs additional or more specific categories. Please help out by adding categories to it so that it can be listed with similar articles. (February 2022)
This Triviidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gastropods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropods"},{"link_name":"Triviidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triviidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBIF-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBIF-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WORMS-2"}],"text":"Triviella neglecta is a species of gastropods belonging to the family Triviidae.[1]The species is found in Southern Africa and inhabits marine environments.[1][2]","title":"Triviella neglecta"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Triviella neglecta F.A.Schilder, 1930\". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 20 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gbif.org/species/6492232","url_text":"\"Triviella neglecta F.A.Schilder, 1930\""}]},{"reference":"\"WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Triviella neglecta F. A. Schilder, 1930\". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 20 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=555509","url_text":"\"WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Triviella neglecta F. A. Schilder, 1930\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/6492232","external_links_name":"\"Triviella neglecta F.A.Schilder, 1930\""},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=555509","external_links_name":"\"WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Triviella neglecta F. A. Schilder, 1930\""},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/595ZX","external_links_name":"595ZX"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/6492232","external_links_name":"6492232"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/694402","external_links_name":"694402"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11868385","external_links_name":"11868385"},{"Link":"https://obis.org/taxon/555509","external_links_name":"555509"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=2893688","external_links_name":"2893688"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=555509","external_links_name":"555509"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triviella_neglecta&action=edit","external_links_name":"help out"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triviella_neglecta&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dal_Segno
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Dal segno
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["1 Encoding","2 See also","3 References"]
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Musical term meaning "from the sign"
This article is about the musical term. For the Loona yyxy song, see Beauty & the Beat (EP). For the National Health album, see D.S. Al Coda.
Segno
A contrived example showing DS al FINE. Playⓘ Use of Dal Segno eliminates the need to write out extra measures, often many more than in this example. The notes are to be played in this order: G A B B C' A B B C' C. The MIDI file plays in the order: G A B B C A B C' C.
A similar example showing DS al CODA. Playⓘ The notes are to be played in this order: G A B B C' A B C
In music notation, dal segno (UK: /dæl ˈsɛnjoʊ/, US: /dɑːl ˈseɪnjoʊ/, Italian: ), often abbreviated as D.S., is used as a navigation marker. Defined as "from the sign" in Italian, D.S. appears in sheet music and instructs a musician to repeat a passage starting from the sign shown at right, sometimes called the segno in English.
Two common variants:
D.S. al coda instructs the musician to go back to the sign, and when Al coda or To coda is reached jump to the coda symbol.
D.S. al fine instructs the musician to go back to the sign, and end the piece at the measure marked fine.
The Italian term 'dal segno' literally means 'from the sign.' In most music you will see either D.S. al Fine (which means 'go back to the 𝄋 sign and play the music again until you come to the bar marked Fine, then stop') or D.S. al Coda (which means 'go back to the 𝄋 sign and play the music again until you come to the bar marked To Coda, then jump to the coda'). ...You may also see simply...D.S. in the final bar of a score, which means to repeat from...the 𝄋 sign...then stop at the end. In music, these instructions always appear at the end of the bar from which you have to jump back (either to the 𝄋 sign or to the start of the piece).
Al segno indicates that the player should go to the sign. Da capo al segno (D.C. al Segno), "From the beginning to the sign (𝄋)."
In operas of the 18th century, dal segno arias were a common alternative to da capo arias which began with an opening ritornello, which was then omitted in the repeat (the sign being placed after the ritornello).
Encoding
The segno sign is encoded in the Musical Symbols block of Unicode as U+1D10B 𝄋 MUSICAL SYMBOL SEGNO.
See also
Coda
Da capo
Fermata
Repeat sign
References
^ Percy Scholes (1970) The Oxford Companion to Music, 10th edition, Oxford University Press, p. 273.
^ Spreadbury, Daniel; Eastwood, Michael; Finn, Ben; and Finn, Jonathan (March 2008). "Sibelius 5 Reference", p.269. Edition 5.2.
^ Stainer, John and Barrett, William Alexander (1898). Stainer and Barrett's Dictionary of Musical Terms, p.133. Novello. .
^ PDF of Musical Symbols block from the unicode consortium
vteMusical notationStaff
8va
15ma
Abbreviation
Bar
Clef
Da capo
Dal segno
Key signature
Ledger line
Mode
Ossia
Scale
Rehearsal letter
Repeat sign
Tempo
Time signature
Transposition
Transposing instrument
Musical notes
Accidental
(flat
natural
sharp)
Cue note
Dotted note
Grace note
Note value
beam
Notehead
stem
Pitch
Rest
Tacet
Tuplet
Tremolo
Interval
Helmholtz pitch notation
Letter notation
Scientific pitch notation
Articulation
Accent
Caesura
Damping
Dynamics
Fermata
Fingering
Legato
Marcato
Ornament
Appoggiatura
Glissando
Grace note
Mordent
Slide
Trill
Portato
Slur
Staccato
Tenuto
Tie
Tonguing
Sheet music
History of music publishing
Music engraving
Music publisher
Scorewriter
Other systems
Braille music
Chord chart
Chord diagram
Eye music
Figured bass
Graphic notation
Lead sheet
Nashville Number System
Numbered musical notation
Klavarskribo
Tablature
Parsons
Percussion notation
Simplified
Ancient Greek
Chinese
Ekphonetic
Gamelan
Kunkunshi
Neume
Swaralipi
Shakuhachi
Znamenny
Related
Mensural notation
Music stand
Perfect pitch
Sight-reading
Transcription
List of musical symbols
Category:Musical notation
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beauty & the Beat (EP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_%26_the_Beat_(EP)"},{"link_name":"National Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health"},{"link_name":"D.S. Al Coda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.S._Al_Coda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SegnoTeken.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dal_Segno_al_fine_example.png"},{"link_name":"Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/38/Dal_Segno_al_fine_example_short.mid/Dal_Segno_al_fine_example_short.mid.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dal_Segno_al_fine_example_short.mid"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dal_Segno_al_coda_example_short.png"},{"link_name":"Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Dal_Segno_al_coda_example_short.mid/Dal_Segno_al_coda_example_short.mid.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dal_Segno_al_coda_example_short.mid"},{"link_name":"music notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_notation"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English"},{"link_name":"/dæl ˈsɛnjoʊ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English"},{"link_name":"/dɑːl ˈseɪnjoʊ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[dal ˈseɲɲo]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"sheet music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheet_music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"coda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coda_(music)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"arias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aria"},{"link_name":"da capo arias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_capo_aria"},{"link_name":"ritornello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritornello"}],"text":"This article is about the musical term. For the Loona yyxy song, see Beauty & the Beat (EP). For the National Health album, see D.S. Al Coda.SegnoA contrived example showing DS al FINE. Playⓘ Use of Dal Segno eliminates the need to write out extra measures, often many more than in this example. The notes are to be played in this order: G A B B C' A B B C' C. The MIDI file plays in the order: G A B B C A B C' C.A similar example showing DS al CODA. Playⓘ The notes are to be played in this order: G A B B C' A B CIn music notation, dal segno (UK: /dæl ˈsɛnjoʊ/, US: /dɑːl ˈseɪnjoʊ/, Italian: [dal ˈseɲɲo]), often abbreviated as D.S., is used as a navigation marker. Defined as \"from the sign\" in Italian, D.S. appears in sheet music and instructs a musician to repeat a passage starting from the sign shown at right, sometimes called the segno in English.[1]Two common variants:D.S. al coda instructs the musician to go back to the sign, and when Al coda or To coda is reached jump to the coda symbol.\nD.S. al fine instructs the musician to go back to the sign, and end the piece at the measure marked fine.The Italian term 'dal segno' literally means 'from the sign.' In most music you will see either D.S. al Fine (which means 'go back to the 𝄋 sign and play the music again until you come to the bar marked Fine, then stop') or D.S. al Coda (which means 'go back to the 𝄋 sign and play the music again until you come to the bar marked To Coda, then jump to the coda'). ...You may also see simply...D.S. in the final bar of a score, which means to repeat from...the 𝄋 sign...then stop at the end. In music, these instructions always appear at the end of the bar from which you have to jump back (either to the 𝄋 sign or to the start of the piece).[2]Al segno indicates that the player should go to the sign. Da capo al segno (D.C. al Segno), \"From the beginning to the sign (𝄋).\"[3]In operas of the 18th century, dal segno arias were a common alternative to da capo arias which began with an opening ritornello, which was then omitted in the repeat (the sign being placed after the ritornello).","title":"Dal segno"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Musical Symbols block of Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_Symbols_(Unicode_block)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The segno sign is encoded in the Musical Symbols block of Unicode as U+1D10B 𝄋 MUSICAL SYMBOL SEGNO.[4]","title":"Encoding"}]
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[{"image_text":"Segno","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SegnoTeken.svg/75px-SegnoTeken.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A contrived example showing DS al FINE. Playⓘ Use of Dal Segno eliminates the need to write out extra measures, often many more than in this example. The notes are to be played in this order: G A B B C' A B B C' C. The MIDI file plays in the order: G A B B C A B C' C.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Dal_Segno_al_fine_example.png/220px-Dal_Segno_al_fine_example.png"},{"image_text":"A similar example showing DS al CODA. Playⓘ The notes are to be played in this order: G A B B C' A B C","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Dal_Segno_al_coda_example_short.png/220px-Dal_Segno_al_coda_example_short.png"}]
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[{"title":"Coda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coda_(music)"},{"title":"Da capo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_capo"},{"title":"Fermata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermata"},{"title":"Repeat sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeat_sign"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K2H0AAAAMAAJ&dq=%22da+capo%22+stainer&pg=PA133","external_links_name":"Stainer and Barrett's Dictionary of Musical Terms"},{"Link":"http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1D100.pdf","external_links_name":"PDF of Musical Symbols block from the unicode consortium"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatko_Zahovic
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Zlatko Zahovič
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["1 Club career","1.1 Partizan","1.2 Portugal","1.3 Olympiacos","1.4 Valencia","1.5 Benfica","2 International career","3 Administrative career","4 Personal life","5 Career statistics","5.1 Club","5.2 International","6 Honours","7 References","8 External links"]
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Slovenian footballer
Zlatko ZahovičPersonal informationDate of birth
(1971-02-01) 1 February 1971 (age 53)Place of birth
Maribor, SR Slovenia, YugoslaviaHeight
1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)Position(s)
Attacking midfielderYouth career1979–1981
Maribor1981–1989
Kovinar MariborSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1989–1993
Partizan
37
(5)1990–1991
→ Proleter Zrenjanin (loan)
25
(0)1993–1996
Vitória Guimarães
79
(13)1996–1999
Porto
87
(27)1999–2000
Olympiacos
14
(7)2000–2001
Valencia
20
(3)2001–2005
Benfica
80
(14)2008–2009
Limbuš-Pekre
11
(12)Total
353
(81)International career
Yugoslavia U21
1992–2004
Slovenia
80
(35)2003
Slovenia B
2
(1)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Zlatko Zahovič (Slovene pronunciation: ⓘ; born 1 February 1971) is a Slovenian former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder.
After making a name for himself in Portugal, most notably with Porto and Benfica where he amassed Primeira Liga totals of 246 matches and 54 goals over one full decade, he went on to have brief stints in Spain and Greece. He was known for dribbling and goal-scoring ability alike. Although primarily a midfielder, he scored 11 goals in 32 Champions League appearances and 35 in 80 for the Slovenian national team.
The all-time record holder in goals for Slovenia, Zahovič was an essential member of the squad as they qualified for the first time ever to a European Championship and a World Cup, in the early 2000s.
Club career
Partizan
Zahovič was born in Maribor, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. In 1989, the 18-year-old NK Kovinar Maribor player was noticed by FK Partizan's Milko Ǵurovski, at the time doing his mandatory military service in the town, who recommended the youngster to the club.
With the Belgrade team, he was relatively used over the course of three seasons – he also played one year on loan for FK Proleter Zrenjanin – contributing 15 games and three goals as they won the 1992–93 national championship.
Portugal
In the summer of 1993, aged 22, Zahovič moved to Portugal and joined Vitória de Guimarães. On matchday 32 of the 1995–96 campaign, he scored the winning goal in a 3–2 away win over FC Porto. This performance convinced the former to sign him that summer, after an acrimonious transfer saga; he led his side to two UEFA Cup qualifications during his three-year spell.
Zahovič was equally important while at Porto, forming a formidable attacking partnership with Capucho, Ljubinko Drulović and Mário Jardel and winning three consecutive league titles whilst rarely missing a match. In his last year he netted a career-best goals, and 22 across all competitions. He added seven during the 1998–99 UEFA Champions League, thus finishing third in the competition's scoring charts behind FC Dynamo Kyiv's Andriy Shevchenko and Dwight Yorke of Manchester United, who both scored eight – the northerners, however, did not make it past the group stage.
Olympiacos
In 1999, Zahovič signed for Olympiacos F.C. for a transfer fee of €13.5 million, at the time the highest sum ever paid for a Slovenian footballer. However, his season in Greece was marred by fines and suspension. Zahovič first fell out with the club's head coach, Dušan Bajević, for returning late from a holiday.
"He was a great player. In Portugal, he achieved something that is almost impossible, being loved by both the fans of Benfica and Porto."
José Mourinho in 2014.
In November 1999, as Olympiacos failed to progress out of the UEFA Champions League group stage, head coach Bajević was sacked and replaced with Alberto Bigon. Zahovič's relationship with the incoming head coach was similarly fraught, as the player questioned the coach's tactics.
Years later, Zahovič claimed in interviews that the real reason for his contentious season at Olympiacos was the club's continual refusal to properly set up his legal and administrative status in Greece as a professional athlete. He further accused the club of using the administrative matters as leverage when trying to avoid honouring his contract terms pertaining to income tax on his salary.
Valencia
After only one season, Zahovič moved to Spain's Valencia CF for a fee of £5.5 million. His new team reached the final of the 2000–01 Champions League, lost after a penalty shootout against FC Bayern Munich where he had his attempt saved by Oliver Kahn.
Again Zahovič clashed with his manager, Héctor Cúper, claiming he was not being given enough opportunities. Additionally, in October 2000, he was not picked up for a game at his former club for fear of reprisals from its supporters.
Benfica
In June 2001, Zahovič returned to Portugal and joined S.L. Benfica, as Carlos Marchena moved to Valencia. He was an important first-team member in his first three seasons, but lost his importance when manager Giovanni Trapattoni arrived at the Estádio da Luz, a situation which was aggravated in January 2005 with the purchase of Nuno Assis. This in part resulted in a mutual termination of his contract, five months before it was due to expire.
International career
Zahovič's first match for Slovenia was on 7 November 1992, a friendly match with Cyprus. The national team qualified for UEFA Euro 2000 in Belgium and the Netherlands, with Zahovič scoring nine goals in 15 games. In the finals he continued to excel, netting three of the side's four goals in an eventual group stage exit where his performances earned him comparisons to David Beckham.
Slovenia also managed to qualify for the 2002 FIFA World Cup in South Korea and Japan, another first. However, after being replaced by manager Srečko Katanec in the 63rd minute of the first group fixture against Spain (1–3 loss), Zahovič insulted the coach, who immediately sent him home following the match.
Zahovič retired from the national team in December 2003, but reversed his decision two months later. He made his last appearance for the national team on 28 April 2004 against Switzerland, totaling 80 caps and 35 goals (at the time both records), which made him the most successful Slovenian footballer since the country's independence in 1991 and the inception of its football association into FIFA the following year; his international appearances total was surpassed by Boštjan Cesar on 15 November 2014.
Administrative career
Immediately after his retirement from professional football, in June 2005 at the age of 34, according to an interview with Pozareport.si, Zahovič was offered a head coach position of the Benfica juniors, but opted for a return to his homeland where, in 2007, he became the director of football at NK Maribor. He remained in that position until March 2020. Under his guidance, the club won eight Slovenian PrvaLiga titles, reached the UEFA Champions League group stages twice (2014–15 and 2017–18) and the knockout phase of the UEFA Europa League in 2013–14.
Personal life
Zahovič's son, Luka, is also a footballer. A striker, he too represented Slovenia at international level. When Luka scored a late equaliser in a Champions League group stage match between Maribor and Sporting CP, on 17 September 2014, the two became only the second father and son pair – first among Europeans – to have both scored in the competition since 1992 when the competition was established in its current format.
In his young years, Zahovič played chess and practised ski jumping.
Career statistics
Club
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
Club
Season
League
National cup
Continental
Other
Total
Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Proleter Zrenjanin (loan)
1990–91
Yugoslav First League
25
0
—
—
25
0
Partizan
1991–92
Yugoslav First League
22
2
4
1
1
0
—
27
3
1992–93
First League of FR Yugoslavia
15
3
4
1
—
—
19
4
Total
37
5
8
2
1
0
—
46
7
Vitória Guimarães
1993–94
Primeira Divisão
27
1
2
1
—
—
29
2
1994–95
23
4
1
0
—
—
24
4
1995–96
29
8
2
0
2
0
—
33
8
Total
79
13
5
1
2
0
—
86
14
Porto
1996–97
Primeira Divisão
27
7
4
1
7
1
1
0
39
9
1997–98
29
6
5
5
5
0
1
0
40
11
1998–99
31
14
0
0
6
7
2
1
39
22
Total
87
27
9
6
18
8
4
1
118
42
Olympiacos
1999–2000
Alpha Ethniki
14
7
4
0
6
2
—
24
9
Valencia
2000–01
La Liga
20
3
1
2
10
1
—
31
6
Benfica
2001–02
Primeira Liga
21
6
2
1
—
—
23
7
2002–03
28
6
1
0
—
—
29
6
2003–04
21
2
2
0
8
1
—
31
3
2004–05
10
0
1
0
6
4
1
0
18
4
Total
80
14
6
1
14
5
1
0
101
20
Limbuš-Pekre
2008–09
1. MNZ Maribor
8
6
—
—
—
8
6
2009–10
3
6
—
—
—
3
6
Total
11
12
—
—
—
11
12
Career total
353
81
33
12
51
16
5
1
442
110
International
Appearances and goals by national team and year
National team
Year
Apps
Goals
Slovenia
1992
1
0
1993
1
0
1994
5
1
1995
6
3
1996
6
1
1997
3
1
1998
9
6
1999
11
8
2000
10
6
2001
8
4
2002
8
2
2003
9
2
2004
3
1
Total
80
35
Scores and results list Slovenia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Zahovič goal.
List of international goals scored by Zlatko Zahovič
No.
Date
Venue
Opponent
Score
Result
Competition
1
16 November 1994
Ljudski vrt, Maribor, Slovenia
Lithuania
1–0
1–2
UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying
2
29 March 1995
Ljudski vrt, Maribor, Slovenia
Estonia
1–0
3–0
UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying
3
11 June 1995
Kadriorg Stadium, Tallinn, Estonia
Estonia
3–1
3–1
UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying
4
11 October 1995
Bežigrad Stadium, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Ukraine
2–2
3–2
UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying
5
10 November 1996
Bežigrad Stadium, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
1–2
1–2
1998 FIFA World Cup qualification
6
11 October 1997
Bežigrad Stadium, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Croatia
1–3
1–3
1998 FIFA World Cup qualification
7
5 February 1998
Tsirio Stadium, Limassol, Cyprus
Iceland
1–0
3–2
Cyprus International Football Tournament
8
2–1
9
6 February 1998
Tsirio Stadium, Limassol, Cyprus
Slovakia
1–0
1–1
Cyprus International Football Tournament
10
6 September 1998
Olympic Stadium, Athens, Greece
Greece
1–0
2–2
UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying
11
2–2
12
10 October 1998
Bežigrad Stadium, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Norway
1–0
1–2
UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying
13
8 February 1999
Sultan Qaboos Sports Complex, Muscat, Oman
Oman
5–0
7–0
Oman International Tournament
14
28 April 1999
Ljubljana Sports Park, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Finland
1–1
1–1
Friendly
15
5 June 1999
Daugava Stadium, Riga, Latvia
Latvia
1–1
2–1
UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying
16
2–1
17
9 June 1999
Qemal Stafa Stadium, Tirana, Albania
Albania
1–0
1–0
UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying
18
18 August 1999
Bežigrad Stadium, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Albania
1–0
2–0
UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying
19
4 September 1999
Bežigrad Stadium, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Georgia
2–1
2–1
UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying
20
13 November 1999
Bežigrad Stadium, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Ukraine
1–1
2–1
UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying
21
23 February 2000
Sultan Qaboos Sports Complex, Muscat, Oman
Oman
2–0
4–0
Oman International Tournament
22
3 June 2000
Bežigrad Stadium, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Saudi Arabia
1–0
2–0
Friendly
23
13 June 2000
Stade du Pays de Charleroi, Charleroi, Belgium
Yugoslavia
1–0
3–3
UEFA Euro 2000
24
3–0
25
18 June 2000
Amsterdam Arena, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Spain
1–1
1–2
UEFA Euro 2000
26
7 October 2000
Stade Josy Barthel, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
Luxembourg
1–0
2–1
2002 FIFA World Cup qualification
27
28 March 2001
Bežigrad Stadium, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Yugoslavia
1–1
1–1
2002 FIFA World Cup qualification
28
2 June 2001
Bežigrad Stadium, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Luxembourg
2–0
2–0
2002 FIFA World Cup qualification
29
2–0
30
15 August 2001
Bežigrad Stadium, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Romania
2–2
2–2
Friendly
31
12 February 2002
Hong Kong Stadium, Hong Kong
Honduras
1–1
1–5
2002 Lunar New Year Cup
32
17 May 2002
Bežigrad Stadium, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Ghana
1–0
2–0
Friendly
33
2 April 2003
Bežigrad Stadium, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Cyprus
3–1
4–1
UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying
34
30 April 2003
Ta' Qali National Stadium, Attard, Malta
Malta
1–0
3–1
UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying
35
28 April 2004
Stade de Genève, Lancy, Switzerland
Switzerland
1–0
1–2
Friendly
Honours
Partizan
First League of FR Yugoslavia: 1992–93
Yugoslav Cup: 1991–92
Porto
Primeira Divisão: 1996–97, 1997–98, 1998–99
Taça de Portugal: 1997–98
Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 1996, 1998, 1999
Olympiacos
Alpha Ethniki: 1999–2000
Valencia
UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2000–01
Benfica
Primeira Liga: 2004–05
Taça de Portugal: 2003–04
Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira runner-up: 2004
Limbuš-Pekre
1. MNZ Maribor: 2009–10
References
^ a b c "Zlatko Zahovic". Eurosport. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
^ Plestenjak, Rok (14 October 2017). "Oče NK Maribor se je odločil, da ne bo več molčal" (in Slovenian). Siol. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
^ "Tezenčan – Glasilo Mestne četrti Tezno, maj 2015" (in Slovenian). Maribor.si. May 2015. pp. 15–16. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
^ Pogačar, Robert (11 September 2014). "Kje je kariero končal Zlatko Zahović?" . Ekipa (in Slovenian). Retrieved 25 June 2020.
^ "Zlatko Zahovič – B reprezentanca" (in Slovenian). Football Association of Slovenia. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
^ a b c Figueiredo, João Tiago (9 March 2017). "«Como explico a um português que amo FC Porto e Benfica?»" (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
^ "Zlatko Zahovic". BBC Sport. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
^ a b Plestenjak, Rok (18 September 2014). "Zlatko in Luka Zahović kot edina Evropejca" (in Slovenian). Siol. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
^ a b c Weir, Christopher (28 April 2020). "The staggering talent and mad tantrums of Zlatko Zahovič". These Football Times. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
^ "Cristiano Ronaldo superou dois dos três desafios contra o Borussia Dortmund" (in Portuguese). Be Soccer. 7 December 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
^ Viškovič, Rok (1 February 2011). "Zlatko Zahovič: ikona slovenske nogometne samostojnosti" (in Slovenian). Siol. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
^ a b "I'm no troublemaker, says Zahovic". BBC Sport. 1 June 2000. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
^ Stanić, Mario (2023). "(Ne)uspjeh prvaka s Mariom Stanićem #17: Zlatko Zahovič". Retrieved 8 January 2024 – via YouTube.
^ "Valencia snap up Zahovic". BBC Sport. 20 July 2000. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
^ a b "Bayern crowned European champions". BBC Sport. 23 May 2001. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
^ Ros, Cayetano (29 May 2002). "Los coletazos de Zahovic" . El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 February 2015.
^ Ros, Cayetano (24 October 2000). "Zahovic no viaja por temor a los hinchas" . El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 February 2015.
^ "Benfica acerta com Valência troca de Marchena por Zahovic" . Record (in Portuguese). 20 June 2001. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
^ "Trapattoni deixa Zahovic de fora" . Correio da Manhã (in Portuguese). 3 November 2004. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
^ "Um confronto de "ioiós"" . Record (in Portuguese). 28 February 2005. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
^ "Benfica let Zahovic leave club". ESPN Soccernet. 11 January 2005. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
^ "Benfica bid farewell to Zahovic". UEFA. 11 January 2005. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
^ Wilson, Paul (25 June 2000). "Zlatko Zahovic – find of the tournament". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
^ "Slovenia send Zahovic home". BBC Sport. 6 June 2002. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
^ Tallentire, Mark (7 June 2002). "Unruly Zahovic is sent home". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
^ "Zahovic bows out for Slovenia". UEFA. 6 December 2003. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
^ "Zahovic calls time on Slovenia". ESPN Soccernet. 6 December 2003. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
^ "Zahovic returns to Slovenia fold". UEFA. 6 February 2004. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
^ a b Mamrud, Roberto. "Zlatko Zahovic – Goals in International Matches". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
^ Požar, Bojan (11 September 2014). "Požareport 11.09.2014 – gost Zlatko Zahovič" (in Slovenian). Požareport. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
^ Šinkovc, Rok (19 August 2013). "Zahovič working miracles with Maribor". UEFA. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
^ "Maribor ne bo več, kar je bil: odhaja še Zahović" (in Slovenian). Siol. 12 March 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
^ Viškovič, Rok (28 June 2020). "Zapuščina Zlatka Zahovića, ki vas utegne presenetiti" (in Slovenian). Siol. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
^ "Luka Zahovič pozabil na očeta" . Slovenske novice (in Slovenian). 3 May 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
^ Lesički, Alen (19 August 2012). "ZLATKO vs ZDRAVKO Slovenski Mamić daje igračima 2.5 milijuna eura ako izbace Dinamo" . Jutarnji list (in Slovenian). Retrieved 8 July 2015.
^ "Zlatko Zahovič » Club matches". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
^ "Zlatko Zahovic". Footballdatabase. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
^ "Zahovic (Zlatko Zahovic)". ForaDeJogo. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
^ a b "Zlatko Zahovič". European Football. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
External links
Zlatko Zahovič at WorldFootball.net
Zlatko Zahovič at National-Football-Teams.com
Zlatko Zahovič at kicker (in German)
Zlatko Zahovič at FBref.com
Zlatko Zahovič at EU-Football.info
Zlatko Zahovič at ForaDeJogo (archived)
vteSlovenia squad – UEFA Euro 2000
1 Simeunovič
2 Bulajič
3 Milinovič
4 Milanič (c)
5 Galič
6 Knavs
7 Novak
8 Čeh
9 Udovič
10 Zahovič
11 Pavlin
12 Dabanovič
13 Rudonja
14 Gajser
15 Istenič
16 Žlogar
17 Šiljak
18 Ačimovič
19 Karič
20 Osterc
21 Pavlović
22 Nemec
Coach: Katanec
vteSlovenia squad – 2002 FIFA World Cup
1 Simeunovič
2 Sankovič
3 Milinovič
4 Vugdalić
5 Galič
6 Knavs
7 Novak
8 A. Čeh (c)
9 Osterc
10 Zahovič
11 Pavlin
12 Dabanovič
13 Rudonja
14 Gajser
15 Tavčar
16 Tiganj
17 Pavlović
18 Ačimovič
19 Karič
20 N. Čeh
21 Cimirotič
22 Nemec
23 Bulajič
Coach: Katanec
Authority control databases
VIAF
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈzlaːtkɔ ˈzaːxɔʋitʃ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovene"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/Sl-Zlatko_Zahovi%C4%8D.oga/Sl-Zlatko_Zahovi%C4%8D.oga.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sl-Zlatko_Zahovi%C4%8D.oga"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"attacking midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder#Attacking_midfielder"},{"link_name":"Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Porto"},{"link_name":"Benfica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.L._Benfica"},{"link_name":"Primeira Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_Liga"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Love-6"},{"link_name":"dribbling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dribbling_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siol-8"},{"link_name":"Slovenian national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"European Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_European_Championship"},{"link_name":"World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup"}],"text":"Zlatko Zahovič (Slovene pronunciation: [ˈzlaːtkɔ ˈzaːxɔʋitʃ] ⓘ; born 1 February 1971) is a Slovenian former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder.After making a name for himself in Portugal, most notably with Porto and Benfica where he amassed Primeira Liga totals of 246 matches and 54 goals over one full decade,[6] he went on to have brief stints in Spain and Greece. He was known for dribbling and goal-scoring ability alike.[7] Although primarily a midfielder, he scored 11 goals in 32 Champions League appearances[8] and 35 in 80 for the Slovenian national team.The all-time record holder in goals for Slovenia, Zahovič was an essential member of the squad as they qualified for the first time ever to a European Championship and a World Cup, in the early 2000s.","title":"Zlatko Zahovič"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maribor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maribor"},{"link_name":"Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"NK Kovinar Maribor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Kovinar_Maribor"},{"link_name":"FK Partizan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Partizan"},{"link_name":"Milko Ǵurovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milko_%C7%B4urovski"},{"link_name":"military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"FK Proleter Zrenjanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Proleter_Zrenjanin"},{"link_name":"1992–93 national championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_First_League_of_FR_Yugoslavia"}],"sub_title":"Partizan","text":"Zahovič was born in Maribor, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. In 1989, the 18-year-old NK Kovinar Maribor player was noticed by FK Partizan's Milko Ǵurovski, at the time doing his mandatory military service in the town, who recommended the youngster to the club.With the Belgrade team, he was relatively used over the course of three seasons – he also played one year on loan for FK Proleter Zrenjanin – contributing 15 games and three goals as they won the 1992–93 national championship.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vitória de Guimarães","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria_S.C."},{"link_name":"1995–96 campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_Primeira_Divis%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"FC Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Porto"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFT-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFT-9"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"Capucho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capucho_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Ljubinko Drulović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubinko_Drulovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Mário Jardel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Jardel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFT-9"},{"link_name":"his last year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_Primeira_Liga"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Love-6"},{"link_name":"1998–99 UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"the competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"FC Dynamo Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Dynamo_Kyiv"},{"link_name":"Andriy Shevchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andriy_Shevchenko"},{"link_name":"Dwight Yorke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Yorke"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"northerners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Portugal","text":"In the summer of 1993, aged 22, Zahovič moved to Portugal and joined Vitória de Guimarães. On matchday 32 of the 1995–96 campaign, he scored the winning goal in a 3–2 away win over FC Porto.[9] This performance convinced the former to sign him that summer, after an acrimonious transfer saga;[9] he led his side to two UEFA Cup qualifications during his three-year spell.Zahovič was equally important while at Porto, forming a formidable attacking partnership with Capucho, Ljubinko Drulović and Mário Jardel and winning three consecutive league titles whilst rarely missing a match.[9] In his last year he netted a career-best goals, and 22 across all competitions.[6] He added seven during the 1998–99 UEFA Champions League, thus finishing third in the competition's scoring charts behind FC Dynamo Kyiv's Andriy Shevchenko and Dwight Yorke of Manchester United, who both scored eight – the northerners, however, did not make it past the group stage.[10]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olympiacos F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiacos_F.C."},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Dušan Bajević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Bajevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc2000-12"},{"link_name":"Benfica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.L._Benfica"},{"link_name":"Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Porto"},{"link_name":"José Mourinho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mourinho"},{"link_name":"group stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_UEFA_Champions_League_first_group_stage#Group_E"},{"link_name":"Alberto Bigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Bigon"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc2000-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stanic-zahovic-13"}],"sub_title":"Olympiacos","text":"In 1999, Zahovič signed for Olympiacos F.C. for a transfer fee of €13.5 million, at the time the highest sum ever paid for a Slovenian footballer.[11] However, his season in Greece was marred by fines and suspension. Zahovič first fell out with the club's head coach, Dušan Bajević, for returning late from a holiday.[12]\"He was a great player. In Portugal, he achieved something that is almost impossible, being loved by both the fans of Benfica and Porto.\"\n\n\nJosé Mourinho in 2014.In November 1999, as Olympiacos failed to progress out of the UEFA Champions League group stage, head coach Bajević was sacked and replaced with Alberto Bigon. Zahovič's relationship with the incoming head coach was similarly fraught, as the player questioned the coach's tactics.[12]Years later, Zahovič claimed in interviews that the real reason for his contentious season at Olympiacos was the club's continual refusal to properly set up his legal and administrative status in Greece as a professional athlete. He further accused the club of using the administrative matters as leverage when trying to avoid honouring his contract terms pertaining to income tax on his salary.[13]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"one season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Alpha_Ethniki"},{"link_name":"Valencia CF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_CF"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"reached the final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_UEFA_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"2000–01 Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"penalty shootout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"FC Bayern Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich"},{"link_name":"Oliver Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Kahn"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CL-15"},{"link_name":"Héctor Cúper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_C%C3%BAper"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Valencia","text":"After only one season, Zahovič moved to Spain's Valencia CF for a fee of £5.5 million.[14] His new team reached the final of the 2000–01 Champions League, lost after a penalty shootout against FC Bayern Munich where he had his attempt saved by Oliver Kahn.[15]Again Zahovič clashed with his manager, Héctor Cúper, claiming he was not being given enough opportunities.[16] Additionally, in October 2000, he was not picked up for a game at his former club for fear of reprisals from its supporters.[17]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"S.L. Benfica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.L._Benfica"},{"link_name":"Carlos Marchena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Marchena"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Trapattoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Trapattoni"},{"link_name":"Estádio da Luz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_da_Luz"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Nuno Assis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuno_Assis"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Benfica","text":"In June 2001, Zahovič returned to Portugal and joined S.L. Benfica, as Carlos Marchena moved to Valencia.[18] He was an important first-team member in his first three seasons, but lost his importance when manager Giovanni Trapattoni arrived at the Estádio da Luz,[19] a situation which was aggravated in January 2005 with the purchase of Nuno Assis.[20] This in part resulted in a mutual termination of his contract, five months before it was due to expire.[21][22]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"friendly match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_game"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"qualified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2000_qualifying"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2000"},{"link_name":"David Beckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beckham"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"qualify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_(UEFA)"},{"link_name":"2002 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Srečko Katanec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sre%C4%8Dko_Katanec"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_men%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSSSF-29"},{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA"},{"link_name":"Boštjan Cesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%A1tjan_Cesar"}],"text":"Zahovič's first match for Slovenia was on 7 November 1992, a friendly match with Cyprus. The national team qualified for UEFA Euro 2000 in Belgium and the Netherlands, with Zahovič scoring nine goals in 15 games. In the finals he continued to excel, netting three of the side's four goals in an eventual group stage exit where his performances earned him comparisons to David Beckham.[23]Slovenia also managed to qualify for the 2002 FIFA World Cup in South Korea and Japan, another first. However, after being replaced by manager Srečko Katanec in the 63rd minute of the first group fixture against Spain (1–3 loss), Zahovič insulted the coach, who immediately sent him home following the match.[24][25]Zahovič retired from the national team in December 2003,[26][27] but reversed his decision two months later.[28] He made his last appearance for the national team on 28 April 2004 against Switzerland, totaling 80 caps and 35 goals (at the time both records),[29] which made him the most successful Slovenian footballer since the country's independence in 1991 and the inception of its football association into FIFA the following year; his international appearances total was surpassed by Boštjan Cesar on 15 November 2014.","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pozareport.si","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozareport.si"},{"link_name":"Benfica juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.L._Benfica_Juniors"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"director of football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_football"},{"link_name":"NK Maribor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Maribor"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Slovenian PrvaLiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_PrvaLiga"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"2017–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Immediately after his retirement from professional football, in June 2005 at the age of 34, according to an interview with Pozareport.si, Zahovič was offered a head coach position of the Benfica juniors,[30] but opted for a return to his homeland where, in 2007, he became the director of football at NK Maribor.[31] He remained in that position until March 2020.[32] Under his guidance, the club won eight Slovenian PrvaLiga titles, reached the UEFA Champions League group stages twice (2014–15 and 2017–18) and the knockout phase of the UEFA Europa League in 2013–14.[33]","title":"Administrative career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luka_Zahovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)#Striker"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Champions League group stage match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Sporting CP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_CP"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siol-8"},{"link_name":"chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess"},{"link_name":"ski jumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Zahovič's son, Luka, is also a footballer. A striker, he too represented Slovenia at international level.[34] When Luka scored a late equaliser in a Champions League group stage match between Maribor and Sporting CP, on 17 September 2014, the two became only the second father and son pair – first among Europeans – to have both scored in the competition since 1992 when the competition was established in its current format.[8]In his young years, Zahovič played chess and practised ski jumping.[35]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Club","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International","text":"Scores and results list Slovenia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Zahovič goal.","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First League of FR Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_League_of_FR_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"1992–93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_First_League_of_FR_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Cup"},{"link_name":"1991–92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_Yugoslav_Cup"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Love-6"},{"link_name":"Primeira Divisão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_Divis%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"1996–97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Primeira_Divis%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"1997–98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Primeira_Divis%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"1998–99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_Primeira_Divis%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Taça de Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%A7a_de_Portugal"},{"link_name":"1997–98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Ta%C3%A7a_de_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superta%C3%A7a_C%C3%A2ndido_de_Oliveira"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Superta%C3%A7a_C%C3%A2ndido_de_Oliveira"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Superta%C3%A7a_C%C3%A2ndido_de_Oliveira"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Superta%C3%A7a_C%C3%A2ndido_de_Oliveira"},{"link_name":"Alpha Ethniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Ethniki"},{"link_name":"1999–2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Alpha_Ethniki"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"2000–01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CL-15"},{"link_name":"Primeira Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_Liga"},{"link_name":"2004–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Primeira_Liga"},{"link_name":"2003–04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Ta%C3%A7a_de_Portugal"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Superta%C3%A7a_C%C3%A2ndido_de_Oliveira"},{"link_name":"1. MNZ Maribor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MNZ_Maribor"}],"text":"PartizanFirst League of FR Yugoslavia: 1992–93\nYugoslav Cup: 1991–92Porto[6]Primeira Divisão: 1996–97, 1997–98, 1998–99\nTaça de Portugal: 1997–98\nSupertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 1996, 1998, 1999OlympiacosAlpha Ethniki: 1999–2000ValenciaUEFA Champions League runner-up: 2000–01[15]BenficaPrimeira Liga: 2004–05\nTaça de Portugal: 2003–04\nSupertaça Cândido de Oliveira runner-up: 2004Limbuš-Pekre1. MNZ Maribor: 2009–10","title":"Honours"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Zlatko Zahovic\". Eurosport. Retrieved 12 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurosport.com/football/zlatko-zahovic_prs194/person.shtml","url_text":"\"Zlatko Zahovic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurosport","url_text":"Eurosport"}]},{"reference":"Plestenjak, Rok (14 October 2017). \"Oče NK Maribor se je odločil, da ne bo več molčal\" [The father of NK Maribor decided to speak out] (in Slovenian). Siol. Retrieved 14 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://siol.net/sportal/nogomet/sobotni-intervju-zlatko-zahovic-451257","url_text":"\"Oče NK Maribor se je odločil, da ne bo več molčal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siol","url_text":"Siol"}]},{"reference":"\"Tezenčan – Glasilo Mestne četrti Tezno, maj 2015\" [Tezenčan – News bulletin from the Tezno city district, May 2015] (in Slovenian). Maribor.si. May 2015. pp. 15–16. Retrieved 22 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maribor.si/dokument.aspx?id=27333","url_text":"\"Tezenčan – Glasilo Mestne četrti Tezno, maj 2015\""}]},{"reference":"Pogačar, Robert (11 September 2014). \"Kje je kariero končal Zlatko Zahović?\" [Where did Zlatko Zahović end his career?]. Ekipa (in Slovenian). Retrieved 25 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ekipa.svet24.si/clanek/magazin/sportni-anali/5411e60511dd1/tehtnica-najvecja-premija","url_text":"\"Kje je kariero končal Zlatko Zahović?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekipa_(Slovenia)","url_text":"Ekipa"}]},{"reference":"\"Zlatko Zahovič – B reprezentanca\" [Zlatko Zahovič – B appearances] (in Slovenian). Football Association of Slovenia. Retrieved 6 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzs.si/reprezentanca/default.asp?id_igralca=110&id_selekcije=17&id_menu=8","url_text":"\"Zlatko Zahovič – B reprezentanca\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Association_of_Slovenia","url_text":"Football Association of Slovenia"}]},{"reference":"Figueiredo, João Tiago (9 March 2017). \"«Como explico a um português que amo FC Porto e Benfica?»\" [\"How do I explain to a Portuguese that I love FC Porto and Benfica?\"] (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. Retrieved 14 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/destino-90s/destinos/como-explico-a-um-portugues-que-amo-fc-porto-e-benfica","url_text":"\"«Como explico a um português que amo FC Porto e Benfica?»\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zlatko Zahovic\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 15 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/euro2000/teams/slovenia/squad/746407.stm","url_text":"\"Zlatko Zahovic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"Plestenjak, Rok (18 September 2014). \"Zlatko in Luka Zahović kot edina Evropejca\" [Zlatko and Luka Zahović as the only Europeans] (in Slovenian). Siol. Retrieved 19 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.siol.net/sportal/nogomet/liga_prvakov/novice/2014/09/druzinski_presezek_zahovicev_v_ligi_prvakov.aspx","url_text":"\"Zlatko in Luka Zahović kot edina Evropejca\""}]},{"reference":"Weir, Christopher (28 April 2020). \"The staggering talent and mad tantrums of Zlatko Zahovič\". These Football Times. Retrieved 29 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://thesefootballtimes.co/2020/04/28/the-staggering-talent-and-mad-tantrums-of-zlatko-zahovic/","url_text":"\"The staggering talent and mad tantrums of Zlatko Zahovič\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cristiano Ronaldo superou dois dos três desafios contra o Borussia Dortmund\" [Cristiano Ronaldo overcame two of the three challenges against Borussia Dortmund] (in Portuguese). Be Soccer. 7 December 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://pt.besoccer.com/noticia/cristiano-ronaldo-superou-dois-dos-tres-desafios-contra-o-borussia-dortmund-342844","url_text":"\"Cristiano Ronaldo superou dois dos três desafios contra o Borussia Dortmund\""}]},{"reference":"Viškovič, Rok (1 February 2011). \"Zlatko Zahovič: ikona slovenske nogometne samostojnosti\" (in Slovenian). Siol. Retrieved 7 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://siol.net/sportal/nogomet/zlatko-zahovic-ikona-slovenske-nogometne-samostojnosti-340191","url_text":"\"Zlatko Zahovič: ikona slovenske nogometne samostojnosti\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siol","url_text":"Siol"}]},{"reference":"\"I'm no troublemaker, says Zahovic\". BBC Sport. 1 June 2000. Retrieved 20 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/euro2000/teams/slovenia/771286.stm","url_text":"\"I'm no troublemaker, says Zahovic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"Stanić, Mario (2023). \"(Ne)uspjeh prvaka s Mariom Stanićem #17: Zlatko Zahovič\". Retrieved 8 January 2024 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8rakj1nNwoM&t=1455s","url_text":"\"(Ne)uspjeh prvaka s Mariom Stanićem #17: Zlatko Zahovič\""}]},{"reference":"\"Valencia snap up Zahovic\". BBC Sport. 20 July 2000. Retrieved 20 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/843493.stm","url_text":"\"Valencia snap up Zahovic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bayern crowned European champions\". BBC Sport. 23 May 2001. Retrieved 6 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/champions_league/1346307.stm","url_text":"\"Bayern crowned European champions\""}]},{"reference":"Ros, Cayetano (29 May 2002). \"Los coletazos de Zahovic\" [Zahovic's lashes]. El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://elpais.com/diario/2002/05/29/deportes/1022623233_850215.html","url_text":"\"Los coletazos de Zahovic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs","url_text":"El País"}]},{"reference":"Ros, Cayetano (24 October 2000). \"Zahovic no viaja por temor a los hinchas\" [Zahovic does not travel for fear of supporters]. El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://elpais.com/diario/2000/10/24/deportes/972338408_850215.html","url_text":"\"Zahovic no viaja por temor a los hinchas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Benfica acerta com Valência troca de Marchena por Zahovic\" [Benfica arrange Marchena/Zahovic swap with Valencia]. Record (in Portuguese). 20 June 2001. Retrieved 14 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/liga-nos/benfica/detalhe/benfica-acerta-com-valencia-troca-de-marchena-por-zahovic.html","url_text":"\"Benfica acerta com Valência troca de Marchena por Zahovic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_(Portuguese_newspaper)","url_text":"Record"}]},{"reference":"\"Trapattoni deixa Zahovic de fora\" [Trapattoni leaves Zahovic out]. Correio da Manhã (in Portuguese). 3 November 2004. Retrieved 14 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cmjornal.pt/desporto/detalhe/trapattoni-deixa-zahovic-de-fora","url_text":"\"Trapattoni deixa Zahovic de fora\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correio_da_Manh%C3%A3_(Portugal)","url_text":"Correio da Manhã"}]},{"reference":"\"Um confronto de \"ioiós\"\" [A clash of \"yo-yos\"]. Record (in Portuguese). 28 February 2005. Retrieved 14 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/liga-nos/benfica/detalhe/um-confronto-de-ioios.html","url_text":"\"Um confronto de \"ioiós\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Benfica let Zahovic leave club\". ESPN Soccernet. 11 January 2005. Retrieved 20 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espnfc.com/news/story?id=321627","url_text":"\"Benfica let Zahovic leave club\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN_FC","url_text":"ESPN Soccernet"}]},{"reference":"\"Benfica bid farewell to Zahovic\". UEFA. 11 January 2005. Retrieved 20 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid=272621.html","url_text":"\"Benfica bid farewell to Zahovic\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Paul (25 June 2000). \"Zlatko Zahovic – find of the tournament\". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2000/jun/25/euro2000.sport12","url_text":"\"Zlatko Zahovic – find of the tournament\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Slovenia send Zahovic home\". BBC Sport. 6 June 2002. Retrieved 20 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/worldcup2002/hi/team_pages/slovenia/newsid_2028000/2028718.stm","url_text":"\"Slovenia send Zahovic home\""}]},{"reference":"Tallentire, Mark (7 June 2002). \"Unruly Zahovic is sent home\". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2002/jun/07/worldcupfootball2002.sport13","url_text":"\"Unruly Zahovic is sent home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zahovic bows out for Slovenia\". UEFA. 6 December 2003. Retrieved 12 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/news/newsid=131793.html","url_text":"\"Zahovic bows out for Slovenia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zahovic calls time on Slovenia\". ESPN Soccernet. 6 December 2003. Retrieved 20 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espnfc.com/news/story?id=285331","url_text":"\"Zahovic calls time on Slovenia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zahovic returns to Slovenia fold\". UEFA. 6 February 2004. Retrieved 12 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/news/newsid=143089.html","url_text":"\"Zahovic returns to Slovenia fold\""}]},{"reference":"Mamrud, Roberto. \"Zlatko Zahovic – Goals in International Matches\". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/zahovic-intlg.html","url_text":"\"Zlatko Zahovic – Goals in International Matches\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110208223524/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/zahovic-intlg.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Požar, Bojan (11 September 2014). \"Požareport 11.09.2014 – gost Zlatko Zahovič\" [Pozareport 11.09.2014 – guest Zlatko Zahović] (in Slovenian). Požareport. Retrieved 18 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ElIXLz3UKY4","url_text":"\"Požareport 11.09.2014 – gost Zlatko Zahovič\""}]},{"reference":"Šinkovc, Rok (19 August 2013). \"Zahovič working miracles with Maribor\". UEFA. Retrieved 20 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=2014/matches/round=2000478/match=2011741/prematch/preview/","url_text":"\"Zahovič working miracles with Maribor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maribor ne bo več, kar je bil: odhaja še Zahović\" [Maribor will no longer be what it used to be: Zahović also leaving] (in Slovenian). Siol. 12 March 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://siol.net/sportal/prva-liga/marbor-ne-b-vec-kar-je-bil-odhaja-se-zahovic-520634","url_text":"\"Maribor ne bo več, kar je bil: odhaja še Zahović\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siol","url_text":"Siol"}]},{"reference":"Viškovič, Rok (28 June 2020). \"Zapuščina Zlatka Zahovića, ki vas utegne presenetiti\" [The legacy of Zlatko Zahović, one that may surprise you] (in Slovenian). Siol. Retrieved 16 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://siol.net/sportal/prva-liga/zapuscina-zlatka-zahovica-ki-vas-utegne-presenetiti-528750","url_text":"\"Zapuščina Zlatka Zahovića, ki vas utegne presenetiti\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siol","url_text":"Siol"}]},{"reference":"\"Luka Zahovič pozabil na očeta\" [Luka Zahovič's forgotten father]. Slovenske novice (in Slovenian). 3 May 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slovenskenovice.si/sport/luka-zahovic-pozabil-na-oceta","url_text":"\"Luka Zahovič pozabil na očeta\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenske_novice","url_text":"Slovenske novice"}]},{"reference":"Lesički, Alen (19 August 2012). \"ZLATKO vs ZDRAVKO Slovenski Mamić daje igračima 2.5 milijuna eura ako izbace Dinamo\" [ZLATKO vs ZDRAVKO Slovenia's Mamić gives players 2.5 million euros if they oust Dinamo]. Jutarnji list (in Slovenian). Retrieved 8 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jutarnji.hr/zlatko-vs-zdravko--slovenski-mamic--alergican-je-na-sve-sto-nije-iz-maribora/1048404/","url_text":"\"ZLATKO vs ZDRAVKO Slovenski Mamić daje igračima 2.5 milijuna eura ako izbace Dinamo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutarnji_list","url_text":"Jutarnji list"}]},{"reference":"\"Zlatko Zahovič » Club matches\". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 25 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/zlatko-zahovic/2/","url_text":"\"Zlatko Zahovič » Club matches\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zlatko Zahovic\". Footballdatabase. Retrieved 18 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.footballdatabase.eu/football.joueurs.zlatko.zahovic.405.en.html","url_text":"\"Zlatko Zahovic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zahovic (Zlatko Zahovic)\". ForaDeJogo. Retrieved 25 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foradejogo.net/player.php?player=197102010001","url_text":"\"Zahovic (Zlatko Zahovic)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zlatko Zahovič\". European Football. Retrieved 18 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=23265","url_text":"\"Zlatko Zahovič\""}]}]
|
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očeta\""},{"Link":"http://www.jutarnji.hr/zlatko-vs-zdravko--slovenski-mamic--alergican-je-na-sve-sto-nije-iz-maribora/1048404/","external_links_name":"\"ZLATKO vs ZDRAVKO Slovenski Mamić daje igračima 2.5 milijuna eura ako izbace Dinamo\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/zlatko-zahovic/2/","external_links_name":"\"Zlatko Zahovič » Club matches\""},{"Link":"http://www.footballdatabase.eu/football.joueurs.zlatko.zahovic.405.en.html","external_links_name":"\"Zlatko Zahovic\""},{"Link":"https://www.foradejogo.net/player.php?player=197102010001","external_links_name":"\"Zahovic (Zlatko Zahovic)\""},{"Link":"http://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=23265","external_links_name":"\"Zlatko Zahovič\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/zlatko-zahovic/","external_links_name":"Zlatko Zahovič"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207186#P2020"},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/6050.html","external_links_name":"Zlatko 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet_Rescue_Saga
|
King (company)
|
["1 History","1.1 Founding","1.2 Transition to social gaming","1.3 Initial public offering","1.4 Acquisition by Activision Blizzard","2 Revenue model","3 Games","4 Controversies","4.1 Trademark dispute","4.2 Cloning dispute","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Video game developer
King.com LimitedTrade nameKingCompany typeSubsidiaryIndustryVideo gamesFoundedAugust 2003; 20 years ago (2003-08) in Stockholm, SwedenFoundersRiccardo ZacconiToby RowlandMel MorrisThomas HartwigSebastian KnutssonLars MarkgrenPatrik StymneHeadquartersStockholm, SwedenLondon, EnglandNumber of locations12 studios (2022)Area servedWorldwideKey peopleTjodolf Sommestad (president)Sebastian Knutsson (CCO)Steven Collins (CTO)ProductsCandy Crush SagaNumber of employees2,000 (2017)ParentActivision Blizzard (2016–present)Websiteking.com
King, also known as King Digital Entertainment, is a Swedish video game developer and publisher that specialises in social games. Headquartered in Stockholm and London, and incorporated as King.com Limited in St. Julian's, Malta, King rose to prominence after releasing the cross-platform title Candy Crush Saga in 2012. It is considered as one of the most financially successful games utilising the freemium model. King was acquired by Activision Blizzard in February 2016 for US$5.9 billion, and operates as its own entity within that company. King is led by Riccardo Zacconi, who has served in the role of chief executive officer since co-founding the company in 2003. Gerhard Florin took over Melvyn Morris's role as chairman in November 2014. As of 2017, King employs 2,000 people.
In October 2023, Microsoft acquired parent company Activision Blizzard, maintaining that the company will continue to operate as a separate business. While part of the larger Microsoft Gaming division, King retains its function as the publisher of games developed by themselves.
History
Founding
Prior to founding King, Riccardo Zacconi and Toby Rowland, the latter of whom is the only son of British businessman Tiny Rowland, had worked together on uDate.com, a dating website created by Melvyn Morris which, by 2003, was the second-largest such site in the world. Morris opted to sell the site to the leading dating website Match.com (a subsidiary of IAC) for $150 million in 2003. Zacconi and Rowland joined with Thomas Hartwig, Sebastian Knutsson, Lars Markgren and Patrik Stymne, all of whom had worked previously with Zacconi at the failed dot-com web portal Spray, to create a new company with angel investment provided by Morris, who became the company's chairman. The company was initially based out of Stockholm, Sweden, and started with the development of browser-based video games. The site, Midasplayer.com, was then launched in August of that year.
Initially, Midasplayer.com was not profitable, and nearly went bankrupt until a cash infusion from Morris on Christmas Eve of 2003 helped to finance the company. By 2005, the company had been able to turn a profit. During this year, the company raised $43 million by selling a large stake to Apax Partners and Index Ventures. This investment was the last one that the company received before its initial public offering in 2014. Midasplayer.com was rebranded King.com in November 2005. King.com continued to develop games for its web portal, which it would also share to other web portals like Yahoo! Overall, King had developed about 200 games for their portal. By 2009, the company was making about $60 million annually. Rowland departed the company in 2008 to found Mangahigh, a web portal aimed for educational math games, and sold his stake back to the company for $3 million in 2011. Angel investor and former board member Klaus Hommels sold his similar stake at the same time.
Transition to social gaming
Around 2009, social network games on Facebook began to gain popularity, led primarily through games developed by Zynga. King.com saw a significant drop in players on their portal games as a result, and started to develop their own Facebook-based games using the games already developed on the King.com portal, with their first such game released in 2010. King.com used their web portal as a testing ground for new game ideas and determine which ones to bring to Facebook, as well as determining how to implement various microtransactions for tournament-style play into the Facebook games. Their first cross-platform web portal/Facebook game, Miner Speed, which allowed sharing of player information between platforms, was released in 2011, and was a simple match-3 tile game inspired by Bejeweled.
Following this model, in October 2011, the company released Bubble Witch Saga to both platforms. Bubble Witch Saga introduced the nature of a "saga" game: instead of playing the same gameboard for as long as the player could continue to match matches, the game offered individual levels that would challenge the player to complete certain goals in a limited number of turns. These saga elements allowed for the basics of social gameplay, but did not require the time investment that then-popular titles like Zynga's Farmville required; players could play just for a few minutes each day through the saga model. The formula proved extremely successful, and January 2012, Bubble Witch Saga had over 10 million players and was one of the most-played Facebook games. By April 2012, King.com had the second largest player count, around 30 million unique users, second only to Zynga on the Facebook platform. Facebook's director of games partnerships Sean Ryan described King.com's growth on the platform as "They were not a flash in the pan – they've been around seven years. But they came out of no where in an area that was unexpected." King.com next released Candy Crush Saga in April 2012, based on the popularity of its Candy Crush web-portal game and following the saga model from Bubble Witch Saga. The game attracted more than 4 million players within a few weeks.
The popularity of Bubble Witch Saga and Candy Crush Saga led King.com to start a new strategy into developing for the growing mobile game market, in a manner that would allow players to synchronise with the Facebook platform. Zacconi said that "As consumers and the industry focus more on games for mobile devices, launching a truly cross-platform Facebook game has been a top priority for King.com." A mobile version for iOS device of Bubble Witch Saga was released in July 2012, while the iOS mobile version of Candy Crush Saga was released in October 2012. Both games saw boosts in the number of unique players with the mobile introduction; King.com saw that previously-declining player counts for Bubble Witch Saga become steady with the mobile version's release, while Candy Crush Saga saw more than 5.2 million unique players on Facebook in November 2012 and which were continuing to climb. Additionally, in-game advertising, which factored into about 15% of King.com's revenues, had increased ten-fold from 2011 into 2012. Users jumped to 408 million by the end of 2013. Revenues for King.com increased from a little over $62 million in 2011 to $1.88 billion in 2013.
In March 2013, on the ten-year anniversary of its founding, the company announced it was dropping the ".com" part of its branding and would continue on as just "King".
Initial public offering
In mid-2013, King.com had considered filing an initial public offering (IPO) in the United States. Zacconi had said that "The IPO is an option...We are building the company and part of that is investigating options." The company applied for IPO in September 2013. Its filing was made using allowances in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act to keep details of the IPO secret until it was to be offered. The IPO was backed by Bank of America, Merrill Lynch, Credit Suisse Group AG and JPMorgan Chase & Co. The IPO gained great interest, as it followed Zynga's $1 billion IPO in 2011 and Twitter's IPO earlier in the month.
King completed its IPO on 26 March 2014. Priced at $22.50 a share, the middle of its projected price range, the IPO valued the company at US$7.08 billion. About $500 million was raised through the sale of 22.2 million shares. Of that, 15.3 million shares came from the company and the rest from Apax and other stakeholders. It was the largest ever IPO for a mobile/social gaming company in the US, eclipsing Zynga's 2011 offering. To celebrate the debut, Candy Crush mascots took to the New York Stock Exchange. Morris was the company's largest shareholder with approximately 35.6 million shares valued at $821 million. The company began trading under the "KING" symbol on the New York Stock Exchange.
Shares of King fell 15.6% on the first day of trading, closing at $19. By June, the company's valuation had dropped by $2 billion, though otherwise was still profitable. Zacconi noted that their strategy from this point was not to find another "mega-hit" like Candy Crush Saga, but to "build a portfolio of games", carrying King's game design approach to other genres. Revenue following the IPO were over $2.6 billion in 2014, with Candy Crush Saga generating nearly half of that amount.
King acquired Seattle-based mobile studio Z2Live in February 2015.
Acquisition by Activision Blizzard
In November 2015, Activision Blizzard announced its plans to acquire King for $5.9 billion. Upon announcement of the news, USA Today reported that the deal "gives Activision immediate access to the growing mobile gaming audience, the fastest-rising sector in video games". On 23 February 2016, Activision Blizzard closed its acquisition of King for a deal of $5.9 billion. Activision Blizzard as a result operates the world's largest game network, reaching around 500 million users in 196 countries. About the King acquisition, the CEO of Activision Blizzard explained that "we see great opportunities to create new ways for audiences to experience their favorite franchises, from Candy Crush to World of Warcraft to Call of Duty and more, across mobile devices, consoles and personal computers."
In January 2019, Humam Sakhnini was installed as president of King, reporting directly to Zacconi. As part of a large workforce reduction announced in February 2019 across the whole of Activision Blizzard, King's Z2Live studio in Seattle was shuttered. Zacconi stepped down as CEO on 1 July 2019, remaining as chairman until August 2020, when he left the company entirely. Tjodolf Sommestad, the former chief development officer, replaced Sakhnini in February 2022.
King's games portal site King.com had been rebranded to Royalgames.com, through which they offered paid-entry tournaments for a chance at cash prizes up until 2019, after which this feature was disabled for new accounts. During the first half of 2021, King had been forced to hold back on payout withdrawals by users over an investigation launched by PayPal over these withdrawals, eventually unfreezing accounts by June 2021 once the investigation was complete. King announced in October 2021 that the portal would be shuttered in December 2021 in a phased removal of the available games. Players that still had funds available on the site would be able to continue to withdraw these funds for some indefinite time after games from the site had been removed.
In June 2022, King acquired the Swedish AI company Peltarion.
Revenue model
King's games, prior to June 2013, made revenue for the company through a combination of in-game advertising and microtransactions. These microtransactions allow for players to use funds to purchase in-game booster items that could be used to help clear certain levels, additional lives, and immediate access to new levels instead of having to wait for a few days.
In June 2013, the company opted to remove all in-game advertising from their games, relying solely on microtransactions. The company stated that due to their "focus around delivering an uninterrupted entertainment experience for our network of loyal players across web, tablet and mobile has unfortunately led to the difficult decision of removing advertising as a core element of King's overall strategy". Advertising revenue had only made up 10% of the company's earnings in 2012, and only 1% within 2013; the company in its IPO files stated they do not anticipate any further earnings from advertising revenue. While King relies heavily on in-game purchases, it is estimated that only single-digit percentages of all players of their games have spent money on their titles. In Q4 2014, King had 356 million monthly unique users, with 8.3 million of them spending money. The 2.3% that pay spent an average of $23.42 a month within the games. King stated that their model is aimed to continue to draw existing and new players to all of their games: "If the cost to acquire players is greater than the revenue we generate over time from those players and if we cannot successfully migrate our current players to new games and new platforms as we have historically done so, our business and operating results will be harmed".
Games
King games offer asynchronous play, enabling users to connect to their Facebook account whilst playing on their smartphone or tablet device. This means that the user's progress is updated across all platforms, allowing the player to switch from smartphone, to tablet, to Facebook without losing their progress in the game.
Bubble Witch Saga was King's first mobile game, released in July 2012 after its launch on Facebook in September 2011. Papa Pear Saga was released in March 2013 on Facebook, it is a Peggle variation.
Around 2012, Pyramid Solitaire Saga was soft launched on Facebook. It was released on mobile in May 2014. In late 2012 Pet Rescue Saga was launched on Facebook, then on iOS and Android In June 2013, Candy Crush Soda Saga was soft launched on Facebook and mobile and Bubble Witch 2 Saga was widely released for Android and iOS devices. In November 2014, Candy Crush Soda Saga was widely released on Android and iOS. Alpha Betty Saga launched on Facebook in April 2015. This game is a variation of Bookworm.
In 2013, King acquired the Defold game engine, developed by Ragnar Svensson and Christian Murray in 2007 as a lightweight 2D game engine. The two had offered the engine to King as well as their services as contractors to support it, and later bought the engine, using it first for the game Blossom Blast Saga. In March 2016, King released the Defold engine as a free development tool for any user, and by May 2020, it ceded control of the engine to the Defold Foundation, which made the engine open source with plans to continue to support it with additional investment from King.
King announced in April 2017 that they will be developing a mobile Call of Duty game, a property owned by Activision; the game would be one of the first ones outside of the casual mobile space for the company.
King's most popular game is Candy Crush Saga, a tile-matching game which was launched on King's website in March 2011. It launched on Facebook in April 2012 and quickly gained popularity. Following its success on Facebook, King launched Candy Crush Saga on mobile (iOS and Android) in November 2012. The game was downloaded over 10 million times in its first month. In January 2013, it became the number one most played game on Facebook. It had over 45 million monthly users in March 2013. By January 2014, it had over 150 million monthly users.
While King continues to release other titles, the company's principle focus as of November 2017 are on its four most popular series: Candy Crush Saga, Bubble Witch Saga, Pet Rescue Saga, and Farm Heroes Saga.
Year
Title
Status
Description
2010
Miner Speed
Discontinued
A match-3 swapping tile game with similarities to Bejeweled, and was based on King's flash game of the same name. It was also the first of King's games to be released on mobile devices when it was released on Android. The game was discontinued on September 10, 2013.
2011
Bubble Saga
Discontinued
Similar to Bubble Shooter, players aim coloured bubbles at a field, clearing bubbles whenever they make three or more interconnecting matches. It is based on King's Flash game Love Me Love Me Not (itself renamed in 2011), The game was discontinued on September 10, 2013.
Puzzle Saga
Discontinued
Similar to Puzzle Quest, players match tiles in order to defeat enemies. It is based on King's Flash game Puzzle Mana. The game was discontinued on September 10, 2013.
Mahjong Saga
Discontinued
A simple Mahjong game. It never left the beta stage on Facebook and was discontinued at an early date. It was based on King's flash game Midas Mahjong.
Bubble Witch Saga
Discontinued
Similar to Puzzle Bobble, players aim coloured bubbles at a field, clearing bubbles whenever they make three or more interconnecting matches. It is based on King's flash game Bubble Witch. The game was closed on October 2, 2020, following the retirement of Flash.
2012
Hoop de Loop Saga
Discontinued
Similar to Zuma, players aim coloured balls at the field, clearing balls whenever they make three or more interconnecting matches. It was based on King's flash game Hoop de Hoop. The game was discontinued on September 10, 2013.
Candy Crush Saga
Available
A match-3 swapping tile game but includes special candy tiles that can be created from matches, and unique goals. It is based on King's flash game Candy Crush.
Pyramid Solitaire Saga
Available
Based on the solitaire card game Pyramid, players attempt to clear a board of cards by selecting cards that have are the next highest or lowest value of the card they just selected or dealt themselves. It is based on King's flash game Pyramid Quest and other similar titles on their website.
Pet Rescue Saga
Available
Based on SameGame where the player selects matching adjacent boxes of the same colour to clear the game board, freeing animals atop the boxes once they reach the bottom. It is based on King's flash game Pet Rescue.
2013
Papa Pear Saga
Discontinued
A variation of Peggle where the player shoots projectiles onto a game board to clear various pegs and land the projectiles into scoring containers at the bottom of the game board. It is based on King's flash game Papa Pear. The game closed on January 14, 2022.
Farm Heroes Saga
Available
A match-3 swapping tile game to collect various crops to meet each puzzle's quote. This is the first of the "Saga" based games by King to not be based on an existing flash game by the company.
Pepper Panic Saga
Discontinued
A match-3 swapping tile game to collect hot peppers, where matches are based on both colour and size, and a successful match leaves behind a pepper of a larger size. It was based on King's flash game Pepper Panic.
2014
Bubble Witch 2 Saga
Available
A sequel to Bubble Witch Saga, following primarily the same gameplay mechanics but adding new level types.
Diamond Digger Saga
Discontinued
Another variation of SameGame, but where matching groups of same-coloured tiles clears out dirt and rock to create a route for water to flow between the level's entrance and exit. It was based on King's flash game Diamond Digger.
Candy Crush Soda Saga
Available
Expanding on Candy Crush Saga by adding additional candy tile types, soda-filling levels that causes candy tiles to float instead of sink, and other puzzle objectives.
2015
AlphaBetty Saga
Discontinued
A tile-matching game following the concept of Boggle and Bookworm where the player attempts to make words from adjacent letter tiles. It was based on King's flash game Alphabetty.
Scrubby Dubby Saga
Discontinued
A tile-matching game similar to Chuzzle where instead of swapping titles, the player slides a row or column to make matches.
Paradise Bay
Discontinued
A village simulation game in the nature of Farmville, developed by Z2, a studio acquired by King. This game was permanently discontinued on 17 May 2019.
Blossom Blast Saga
Available
A variant of Talismania, flowers of various colours are placed on a hex grid, and the player traces a line of similar-coloured flowers to match them up and make them bloom. Fully bloomed flowers then expand and "pop", clearing the flowers around them.
2016
Candy Crush Jelly Saga
Available
Expanding on Candy Crush Saga and Candy Crush Soda Saga, with many levels requiring players to spread jelly across the game board, and adding boss battles with a computer opponent.
Farm Heroes Super Saga
Available
Expanding on Farm Heroes Saga, players must help the squirrel to get the nuts by moving the squares on the board however each move you take the wind blows in that direction moving the couloirs on the board.
Shuffle Cats
Discontinued
A game like rummy where the object is to meld a number of cards before the opponent does.
2017
Bubble Witch 3 Saga
Available
A sequel in the Bubble Witch Saga series.
Legend of Solgard
Discontinued
Developed by Snowprint Studios and originally published by King, but now by Snowprint Studios, a role-playing game with match-3 gameplay mechanics.
2018
Diamond Diaries Saga
Available
A match-3 linking game title.
Candy Crush Friends Saga
Available
A sequel in the Candy Crush Saga series.
2019
Pet Rescue Puzzle Saga
Discontinued
A sequel in the Pet Rescue Saga series.
2020
Knighthood - Epic RPG Knights
Discontinued
A free-to-play, turn-based strategy RPG, now published by Midoki Roleplaying Games.
2021
Crash Bandicoot: On the Run!
Discontinued
An auto-runner game based on Activision's Crash Bandicoot series.
2022
Rebel Riders
Available
Controversies
Trademark dispute
In January 2014, King attracted controversy after attempting to trademark the words "Candy" and "Saga" in game titles. This directly impacted Stoic's trademark request for The Banner Saga, to which King filed an opposition, calling the name "deceptively similar" to King games. Stoic said that the dispute hindered work on a planned sequel to their game. On 17 April 2014, it was reported that King has settled its disputes with Stoic Studio and Runsome Apps.
Cloning dispute
Also in January 2014, game developer Matthew Cox accused King of ripping off his game Scamperghost, saying King's Pac-Avoid was a clone of it. According to Cox, he was in talks with King about licensing Scamperghost, but when the deal fell through the company released the game Pac-Avoid. Cox said Epicshadows, the developer of Pac-Avoid, told him that King had approached them to "clone the game very quickly". King removed the game from its website, but denied the cloning allegation, stating that they were removing the game "for the avoidance of doubt".
References
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^ Phillips, Tom (7 June 2021). "Candy Crush maker King investigated by PayPal over Royal Games site". Eurogamer. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
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^ "Mobile Game Developer King Acquires Artificial Intelligence Company Peltarion" (Press release). 13 June 2022.
^ Shaul, Brandy (11 June 2013). "King.com Dumps Advertising on its Games". Adweek. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
^ a b Peterson, Tim (18 February 2014). "How Advertising Drove King.com's $500 Million IPO". Advertising Age. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
^ Dredge, Stuart (24 September 2012). "King.com hails mainstream potential of mobile gaming". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
^ "King.com bringing Facebook-synchronised version of Bubble Witch Saga to iOS | Bubble Witch Saga news | iPhone". Pocket Gamer. 4 July 2012. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ "King.com is going mobile with Bubble Witch Saga". USA Today. 26 July 2012. Archived from the original on 30 July 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
^ "Bubble Witch Saga is going mobile". Gamezebo. 27 June 2012. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
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^ "Play cards the Egyptian way with Pyramid Solitaire Saga". insidesocialgames.com. Archived from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
^ "King Soft Launches 'Candy Crush Soda Saga', the Sequel to the Mega-Popular 'Candy Crush Saga'". Touch Arcade. 10 June 2014. Archived from the original on 14 June 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
^ Dredge, Stuart (4 June 2014). "Will Candy Crush fans find a new fix with Bubble Witch Saga 2?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2016 – via www.theguardian.com.
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^ "King.com releases new Candy Crush Saga highlights". Insidesocialgames.com. 29 January 2013. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ Yeung, Ken (17 January 2013). "King.com's Candy Crush Saga Ousts Farmville 2 As Top Facebook Game". Thenextweb.com. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
^ Noah Long. "King's Candy Crush Saga Is Now The Number One Facebook Game". Archived from the original on 13 June 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ "So What is King's Contribution to the Games Industry, Anyway?". USgamer.net. 24 January 2014. Archived from the original on 20 January 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
^ Kamen, Matt (14 November 2017). "Five years on, how does Candy Crush keep on crushing it?". Wired UK. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
^ https://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/kingcom-launches-miner-speed-for-android-announces-new-facebook-game-mahjong-saga-145004385.html
^ "King closing Hoop de Loop Saga, 3 other Facebook games". 12 August 2013.
^ "King closing Hoop de Loop Saga, 3 other Facebook games". 12 August 2013.
^ "King closing Hoop de Loop Saga, 3 other Facebook games". 12 August 2013.
^ "Official Announcement regarding Bubble Witch Saga's Development". 2 September 2020.
^ "King closing Hoop de Loop Saga, 3 other Facebook games". 12 August 2013.
^ Cook, John (6 August 2015). "Z2 launches first title under King Digital, a new simulation game dubbed Paradise Bay". GeekWire. Archived from the original on 26 December 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
^ Kamen, Matt (6 January 2016). "Candy Crush Jelly Saga coming to Android, iOS, and Windows Store". Wired UK. Archived from the original on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
^ Carter, Chris (15 August 2018). "The creators of Candy Crush's next project: Legend of Solgard, a Ragnarok themed RPG". Destructoid. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
^ Crecente, Brian (11 October 2018). "'Candy Crush Friends Saga': Biggest Game From King in Four Years". Forbes. Archived from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
^ Takahashi, Dean (13 March 2019). "King launches Pet Rescue Puzzle Saga for iOS and Android". Venture Beat. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
^ Cryer, Hirun (9 July 2020). "After Many Leaks, Crash Bandicoot: On the Run is Revealed for Mobile". USGamer. Archived from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
^ a b Geigner, Timothy (24 January 2014). "King Cries Trademark Over The Banner Saga". Archived from the original on 26 January 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
^ Lien, Tracey (22 January 2014). "Stoic: Candy Crush creator is hindering Banner Saga sequel". Archived from the original on 24 January 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
^ Lien, Tracey (17 April 2014). "Candy Crush maker King settles trademark disputes with The Banner Saga developer". Polygon. Vox Media. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
^ Lien, Tracey (23 January 2014). "Indie developer accuses King of double standard, alleges game was cloned". Archived from the original on 24 January 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
^ Geigner, Timothy (24 January 2014). "King denies cloning games, takes down Pac-Avoid". Archived from the original on 27 January 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
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Headquartered in Stockholm and London,[1] and incorporated as King.com Limited in St. Julian's, Malta,[2] King rose to prominence after releasing the cross-platform title Candy Crush Saga in 2012. It is considered as one of the most financially successful games utilising the freemium model. King was acquired by Activision Blizzard in February 2016 for US$5.9 billion, and operates as its own entity within that company. King is led by Riccardo Zacconi, who has served in the role of chief executive officer since co-founding the company in 2003.[3] Gerhard Florin took over Melvyn Morris's role as chairman in November 2014. As of 2017, King employs 2,000 people.[4]In October 2023, Microsoft acquired parent company Activision Blizzard, maintaining that the company will continue to operate as a separate business. While part of the larger Microsoft Gaming division, King retains its function as the publisher of games developed by themselves.","title":"King (company)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Riccardo Zacconi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Zacconi"},{"link_name":"Tiny Rowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny_Rowland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian_who-5"},{"link_name":"Match.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match.com"},{"link_name":"IAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAC_(company)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian_who-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sour-6"},{"link_name":"failed dot-com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubble"},{"link_name":"angel 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of whom is the only son of British businessman Tiny Rowland, had worked together on uDate.com, a dating website created by Melvyn Morris which, by 2003, was the second-largest such site in the world.[5] Morris opted to sell the site to the leading dating website Match.com (a subsidiary of IAC) for $150 million in 2003.[5][6] Zacconi and Rowland joined with Thomas Hartwig, Sebastian Knutsson, Lars Markgren and Patrik Stymne, all of whom had worked previously with Zacconi at the failed dot-com web portal Spray, to create a new company with angel investment provided by Morris, who became the company's chairman.[5] The company was initially based out of Stockholm, Sweden, and started with the development of browser-based video games.[7][8] The site, Midasplayer.com, was then launched in August of that year.[9]Initially, Midasplayer.com was not profitable, and nearly went bankrupt until a cash infusion from Morris on Christmas Eve of 2003 helped to finance the company.[3] By 2005, the company had been able to turn a profit.[3] During this year, the company raised $43 million by selling a large stake to Apax Partners and Index Ventures.[8] This investment was the last one that the company received before its initial public offering in 2014.[10] Midasplayer.com was rebranded King.com in November 2005.[9] King.com continued to develop games for its web portal, which it would also share to other web portals like Yahoo![11] Overall, King had developed about 200 games for their portal.[4] By 2009, the company was making about $60 million annually.[12] Rowland departed the company in 2008 to found Mangahigh, a web portal aimed for educational math games,[13] and sold his stake back to the company for $3 million in 2011.[6] Angel investor and former board member Klaus Hommels sold his similar stake at the same time.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"social network games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_game"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"Zynga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zynga"},{"link_name":"microtransactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtransaction"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Bejeweled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejeweled_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Farmville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FarmVille"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blush-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes_2012-11"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Candy Crush Saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy_Crush_Saga"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"mobile game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_game"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bws_mobile-21"},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bws_mobile-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blush-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blush-8"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Transition to social gaming","text":"Around 2009, social network games on Facebook began to gain popularity, led primarily through games developed by Zynga. King.com saw a significant drop in players on their portal games as a result, and started to develop their own Facebook-based games using the games already developed on the King.com portal, with their first such game released in 2010. King.com used their web portal as a testing ground for new game ideas and determine which ones to bring to Facebook, as well as determining how to implement various microtransactions for tournament-style play into the Facebook games.[14] Their first cross-platform web portal/Facebook game, Miner Speed, which allowed sharing of player information between platforms, was released in 2011, and was a simple match-3 tile game inspired by Bejeweled.[15]Following this model, in October 2011, the company released Bubble Witch Saga to both platforms. Bubble Witch Saga introduced the nature of a \"saga\" game: instead of playing the same gameboard for as long as the player could continue to match matches, the game offered individual levels that would challenge the player to complete certain goals in a limited number of turns. These saga elements allowed for the basics of social gameplay, but did not require the time investment that then-popular titles like Zynga's Farmville required; players could play just for a few minutes each day through the saga model.[16] The formula proved extremely successful, and January 2012, Bubble Witch Saga had over 10 million players and was one of the most-played Facebook games.[17] By April 2012, King.com had the second largest player count, around 30 million unique users,[8] second only to Zynga on the Facebook platform.[11] Facebook's director of games partnerships Sean Ryan described King.com's growth on the platform as \"They were not a flash in the pan – they've been around seven years. But they came out of no where in an area that was unexpected.\"[18] King.com next released Candy Crush Saga in April 2012, based on the popularity of its Candy Crush web-portal game and following the saga model from Bubble Witch Saga.[19] The game attracted more than 4 million players within a few weeks.[20]The popularity of Bubble Witch Saga and Candy Crush Saga led King.com to start a new strategy into developing for the growing mobile game market, in a manner that would allow players to synchronise with the Facebook platform. Zacconi said that \"As consumers and the industry focus more on games for mobile devices, launching a truly cross-platform Facebook game has been a top priority for King.com.\"[21] A mobile version for iOS device of Bubble Witch Saga was released in July 2012,[21] while the iOS mobile version of Candy Crush Saga was released in October 2012.[22] Both games saw boosts in the number of unique players with the mobile introduction; King.com saw that previously-declining player counts for Bubble Witch Saga become steady with the mobile version's release, while Candy Crush Saga saw more than 5.2 million unique players on Facebook in November 2012 and which were continuing to climb. Additionally, in-game advertising, which factored into about 15% of King.com's revenues, had increased ten-fold from 2011 into 2012.[23] Users jumped to 408 million by the end of 2013.[8] Revenues for King.com increased from a little over $62 million in 2011 to $1.88 billion in 2013.[8]In March 2013, on the ten-year anniversary of its founding, the company announced it was dropping the \".com\" part of its branding and would continue on as just \"King\".[24]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"initial public offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumpstart_Our_Business_Startups_Act"},{"link_name":"Bank of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_America"},{"link_name":"Merrill Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrill_Lynch"},{"link_name":"Credit Suisse Group AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_Suisse_Group_AG"},{"link_name":"JPMorgan Chase & Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase_%26_Co"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ipo_reuters-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-valued-3"},{"link_name":"New York Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sour-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian_who-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sour-6"},{"link_name":"New York Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-valued-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sour-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian_2014-12"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-26"},{"link_name":"Z2Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z2Live"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Initial public offering","text":"In mid-2013, King.com had considered filing an initial public offering (IPO) in the United States. Zacconi had said that \"The IPO is an option...We are building the company and part of that is investigating options.\"[25] The company applied for IPO in September 2013. Its filing was made using allowances in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act to keep details of the IPO secret until it was to be offered. The IPO was backed by Bank of America, Merrill Lynch, Credit Suisse Group AG and JPMorgan Chase & Co. The IPO gained great interest, as it followed Zynga's $1 billion IPO in 2011 and Twitter's IPO earlier in the month.[10]King completed its IPO on 26 March 2014. Priced at $22.50 a share, the middle of its projected price range, the IPO valued the company at US$7.08 billion. About $500 million was raised through the sale of 22.2 million shares. Of that, 15.3 million shares came from the company and the rest from Apax and other stakeholders. It was the largest ever IPO for a mobile/social gaming company in the US, eclipsing Zynga's 2011 offering.[3] To celebrate the debut, Candy Crush mascots took to the New York Stock Exchange.[6] Morris was the company's largest shareholder with approximately 35.6 million shares valued at $821 million.[5][6] The company began trading under the \"KING\" symbol on the New York Stock Exchange.[3]Shares of King fell 15.6% on the first day of trading, closing at $19.[6] By June, the company's valuation had dropped by $2 billion, though otherwise was still profitable. Zacconi noted that their strategy from this point was not to find another \"mega-hit\" like Candy Crush Saga, but to \"build a portfolio of games\", carrying King's game design approach to other genres.[12] Revenue following the IPO were over $2.6 billion in 2014, with Candy Crush Saga generating nearly half of that amount.[26]King acquired Seattle-based mobile studio Z2Live in February 2015.[27]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USA Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"},{"link_name":"mobile gaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_gaming"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usa_today-7"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-q10investordetail-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-q10investordetail-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Candy Crush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy_Crush"},{"link_name":"World of Warcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_of_Warcraft"},{"link_name":"Call of Duty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Duty"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-q10investordetail-29"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_(corporate_title)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gibiz_stepdown-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gibiz_stepdown-31"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"PayPal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Peltarion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peltarion"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Acquisition by Activision Blizzard","text":"In November 2015, Activision Blizzard announced its plans to acquire King for $5.9 billion. Upon announcement of the news, USA Today reported that the deal \"gives Activision immediate access to the growing mobile gaming audience, the fastest-rising sector in video games\".[7] On 23 February 2016, Activision Blizzard closed its acquisition of King for a deal of $5.9 billion.[28] Activision Blizzard as a result operates the world's largest game network,[29] reaching around 500 million users[29] in 196 countries.[30] About the King acquisition, the CEO of Activision Blizzard explained that \"we see great opportunities to create new ways for audiences to experience their favorite franchises, from Candy Crush to World of Warcraft to Call of Duty and more, across mobile devices, consoles and personal computers.\"[29]In January 2019, Humam Sakhnini was installed as president of King, reporting directly to Zacconi.[31] As part of a large workforce reduction announced in February 2019 across the whole of Activision Blizzard, King's Z2Live studio in Seattle was shuttered.[32] Zacconi stepped down as CEO on 1 July 2019, remaining as chairman until August 2020, when he left the company entirely.[31][33] Tjodolf Sommestad, the former chief development officer, replaced Sakhnini in February 2022.[34]King's games portal site King.com had been rebranded to Royalgames.com, through which they offered paid-entry tournaments for a chance at cash prizes up until 2019, after which this feature was disabled for new accounts. During the first half of 2021, King had been forced to hold back on payout withdrawals by users over an investigation launched by PayPal over these withdrawals, eventually unfreezing accounts by June 2021 once the investigation was complete.[35] King announced in October 2021 that the portal would be shuttered in December 2021 in a phased removal of the available games. Players that still had funds available on the site would be able to continue to withdraw these funds for some indefinite time after games from the site had been removed.[36]In June 2022, King acquired the Swedish AI company Peltarion.[37]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"microtransactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtransaction"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adage_ipo-39"},{"link_name":"money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemium"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-26"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adage_ipo-39"}],"text":"King's games, prior to June 2013, made revenue for the company through a combination of in-game advertising and microtransactions. These microtransactions allow for players to use funds to purchase in-game booster items that could be used to help clear certain levels, additional lives, and immediate access to new levels instead of having to wait for a few days.In June 2013, the company opted to remove all in-game advertising from their games, relying solely on microtransactions. The company stated that due to their \"focus around delivering an uninterrupted entertainment experience for our network of loyal players across web, tablet and mobile has unfortunately led to the difficult decision of removing advertising as a core element of King's overall strategy\".[38] Advertising revenue had only made up 10% of the company's earnings in 2012, and only 1% within 2013; the company in its IPO files stated they do not anticipate any further earnings from advertising revenue.[39] While King relies heavily on in-game purchases, it is estimated that only single-digit percentages of all players of their games have spent money on their titles. In Q4 2014, King had 356 million monthly unique users, with 8.3 million of them spending money. The 2.3% that pay spent an average of $23.42 a month within the games.[26] King stated that their model is aimed to continue to draw existing and new players to all of their games: \"If the cost to acquire players is greater than the revenue we generate over time from those players and if we cannot successfully migrate our current players to new games and new platforms as we have historically done so, our business and operating results will be harmed\".[39]","title":"Revenue model"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Peggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggle"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Bookworm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookworm_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Defold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defold"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"open source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Call of Duty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Duty"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Candy Crush Saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy_Crush_Saga"},{"link_name":"tile-matching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tile-matching_video_game"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"King games offer asynchronous play, enabling users to connect to their Facebook account whilst playing on their smartphone or tablet device. This means that the user's progress is updated across all platforms, allowing the player to switch from smartphone, to tablet, to Facebook without losing their progress in the game.[40][41]Bubble Witch Saga was King's first mobile game, released in July 2012 after its launch on Facebook in September 2011.[42][43] Papa Pear Saga was released in March 2013 on Facebook, it is a Peggle variation.[44]Around 2012, Pyramid Solitaire Saga was soft launched on Facebook. It was released on mobile in May 2014.[45] In late 2012 Pet Rescue Saga was launched on Facebook, then on iOS and Android In June 2013, Candy Crush Soda Saga was soft launched on Facebook and mobile[46] and Bubble Witch 2 Saga was widely released for Android and iOS devices.[47] In November 2014, Candy Crush Soda Saga was widely released on Android and iOS.[48] Alpha Betty Saga launched on Facebook in April 2015. This game is a variation of Bookworm.In 2013, King acquired the Defold game engine, developed by Ragnar Svensson and Christian Murray in 2007 as a lightweight 2D game engine. The two had offered the engine to King as well as their services as contractors to support it, and later bought the engine, using it first for the game Blossom Blast Saga.[49] In March 2016, King released the Defold engine as a free development tool for any user,[50] and by May 2020, it ceded control of the engine to the Defold Foundation, which made the engine open source with plans to continue to support it with additional investment from King.[51]King announced in April 2017 that they will be developing a mobile Call of Duty game, a property owned by Activision; the game would be one of the first ones outside of the casual mobile space for the company.[52]King's most popular game is Candy Crush Saga, a tile-matching game which was launched on King's website in March 2011. It launched on Facebook in April 2012 and quickly gained popularity. Following its success on Facebook, King launched Candy Crush Saga on mobile (iOS and Android) in November 2012. The game was downloaded over 10 million times in its first month.[53] In January 2013, it became the number one most played game on Facebook.[54][55] It had over 45 million monthly users in March 2013. By January 2014, it had over 150 million monthly users.[56]While King continues to release other titles, the company's principle focus as of November 2017 are on its four most popular series: Candy Crush Saga, Bubble Witch Saga, Pet Rescue Saga, and Farm Heroes Saga.[57]","title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Techdirt-70"},{"link_name":"The Banner Saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Banner_Saga"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Techdirt-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"sub_title":"Trademark dispute","text":"In January 2014, King attracted controversy after attempting to trademark the words \"Candy\" and \"Saga\" in game titles.[70] This directly impacted Stoic's trademark request for The Banner Saga, to which King filed an opposition, calling the name \"deceptively similar\" to King games.[70] Stoic said that the dispute hindered work on a planned sequel to their game.[71] On 17 April 2014, it was reported that King has settled its disputes with Stoic Studio and Runsome Apps.[72]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"sub_title":"Cloning dispute","text":"Also in January 2014, game developer Matthew Cox accused King of ripping off his game Scamperghost, saying King's Pac-Avoid was a clone of it. According to Cox, he was in talks with King about licensing Scamperghost, but when the deal fell through the company released the game Pac-Avoid. Cox said Epicshadows, the developer of Pac-Avoid, told him that King had approached them to \"clone the game very quickly\".[73] King removed the game from its website, but denied the cloning allegation, stating that they were removing the game \"for the avoidance of doubt\".[74]","title":"Controversies"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Celebrating 20 Years of Gaming Excellence: King's Milestone Journey\". www.businesswire.com. 27 September 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20230927734494/en/Celebrating-20-Years-of-Gaming-Excellence-Kings-Milestone-Journey","url_text":"\"Celebrating 20 Years of Gaming Excellence: King's Milestone Journey\""}]},{"reference":"\"King.com\". www.king.com. Retrieved 4 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.king.com/termsAndConditions","url_text":"\"King.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Candy Crush maker King Digital valued at more than $7 bln in IPO\". Reuters. 25 March 2014. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/kingdigital-ipo-idUSL4N0MM4PD20140325","url_text":"\"Candy Crush maker King Digital valued at more than $7 bln in IPO\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140326075453/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/25/kingdigital-ipo-idUSL4N0MM4PD20140325","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Takahashi, Dean (17 November 2017). \"Candy Crush Saga: 2.73 billion downloads in five years and still counting\". Venture Beat. Archived from the original on 18 November 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2017/11/17/candy-crush-saga-2-73-billion-downloads-in-five-years-and-still-counting/","url_text":"\"Candy Crush Saga: 2.73 billion downloads in five years and still counting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_Beat","url_text":"Venture Beat"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171118224614/https://venturebeat.com/2017/11/17/candy-crush-saga-2-73-billion-downloads-in-five-years-and-still-counting/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Garside, Juliette (25 March 2014). \"Who are the Candy Crush millionaires?\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/mar/25/candy-crush-king-flotation-king-entertainment-shareholder-windfalls","url_text":"\"Who are the Candy Crush millionaires?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161221101930/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/mar/25/candy-crush-king-flotation-king-entertainment-shareholder-windfalls","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ryan Mac (26 March 2014). \"Sour Candy: Weak King.Com IPO Robs Chairman And CEO Of Billionaire Status\". Forbes. Archived from the original on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/ryanmac/2014/03/26/sour-candy-king-com-ipo-costs-chairman-and-ceo-hundreds-of-millions/","url_text":"\"Sour Candy: Weak King.Com IPO Robs Chairman And CEO Of Billionaire Status\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140327233901/http://www.forbes.com/sites/ryanmac/2014/03/26/sour-candy-king-com-ipo-costs-chairman-and-ceo-hundreds-of-millions/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Molina, Brett (3 November 2015). \"Activision Blizzard scoops up 'Candy Crush' maker for $5.9B\". USA Today. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/11/02/activision-blizzard-scoops-up-candy-crush-maker/75075430/","url_text":"\"Activision Blizzard scoops up 'Candy Crush' maker for $5.9B\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160324001317/http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/11/02/activision-blizzard-scoops-up-candy-crush-maker/75075430/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ryan Mac (18 March 2014). \"Candy Blush: King.com Cofounder And Investor Gave Up Billions With Early Share Sale\". Forbes. Archived from the original on 23 March 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/ryanmac/2014/03/18/candy-blush-gaming-company-cofounder-and-investor-gave-up-billions-with-early-share-sale/","url_text":"\"Candy Blush: King.com Cofounder And Investor Gave Up Billions With Early Share Sale\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140323104051/http://www.forbes.com/sites/ryanmac/2014/03/18/candy-blush-gaming-company-cofounder-and-investor-gave-up-billions-with-early-share-sale/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dredge, Stuart (25 January 2014). \"Candy Crush Saga maker King's parent company reveals 2012 financial results\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 August 2019. 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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetCracker
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Netcracker Technology
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["1 History","1.1 Acquisitions","2 Products and services","3 References"]
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Netcracker TechnologyIndustryInformation TechnologyFounded1993; 31 years ago (1993)HeadquartersWaltham, Massachusetts, United StatesKey peopleAndrew Feinberg (Chairman & CEO)ProductsSoftwareServicesConsulting, Outsourcing, Managed Services, Solution Delivery, Operations and MaintenanceWebsitewww.Netcracker.com
Netcracker Technology Corp., a wholly owned subsidiary of NEC Corporation, is a provider of business support system (BSS), operations support systems (OSS) and software-defined networking (SDN) and network functions virtualization (NFV) solutions. The company also offers professional services (including planning and consulting, operations and maintenance, and support), as well as managed services.
Headquartered in Waltham, Massachusetts, Netcracker maintains operations and development facilities across the globe.
History
Netcracker Technology was founded in 1993. In 2008, after 15 years of independent growth, the company was acquired by NEC Corporation. Netcracker then became a wholly owned subsidiary of NEC.
In 2010, Netcracker initiated a large-scale expansion whereby NEC consolidated its Telecom Operations and Management Solutions (TOMS) software and services business under Netcracker.
In February 2015, NEC and Netcracker launched a joint business brand.
Acquisitions
2011 – Subex's activation business.
2012 – Convergys Corporation's Information Management (IM) business was acquired. The acquisition was completed in May and following the acquisition, the unit was integrated into Netcracker.
2016 – CoralTree Systems.
Products and services
Netcracker's products focus on Business Support Systems (BSS), Operations Support Systems (OSS) and Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) technologies for Communications Service Providers worldwide.
The Netcracker 12 suite was launched in May 2017. The suite covers seven product domains, including Digital Customer Enablement; Digital Business Enablement; Digital Operations Enablement; Digital & Cloud Infrastructure; Cloud Platform; Advanced Analytics; and Business, Operations & Infrastructure Agility Layers offerings.
The portfolio also covers five services domains, including Business & Operational Consulting; End-to-End Turnkey Delivery; Agile Development & DevOps; Cloud Enablements; and Support & Maintenance, Managed Services & End-to-End Outsourcing services.
Its offerings operate within the realms of operations support systems, business support systems, customer experience management, DevOps, microservices, billing and revenue management, AI, the Internet of Things, big data analytics, software-defined networking, network functions virtualization, and more. The Netcracker 12 suite is specifically designed to help service providers evolve into digital service providers via successful digital transformation.
Netcracker also offers a full suite of Managed Services and Professional Services. The company's Managed Services include Hosted, Client-Hosted, and Build-Operate-Transfer delivery models. Professional Services include System Integration, Consulting, Solution Delivery, Outsourcing, and Operations and Maintenance.
Netcracker's suite includes orchestration capabilities, an SDN Controller, and a range of virtual network functions (VNFs), such as virtualized customer premises equipment (vCPE), virtualized evolved packet core (vEPC), and other value-added VNFs and management offerings.
References
^ "Official Netcracker Website".
^ "NEC Acquires Netcracker Technology | Mergr". mergr.com. Retrieved 2022-03-21.
^ "Netcracker Technology". Cleverism.com.
^ "Frost & Sullivan recognizes Netcracker with 2021 Global OSS/BSS Technology Innovation Awardfor Enabling Communication Service Providers with Its Cloud-Native, Full-Stack BSS/OSS Solution". Frost & Sullivan. 2021-12-08. Retrieved 2022-03-21.
^ Netcracker CEO Outlines a Profitable Future for Mobile Operators Archived 2017-02-02 at the Wayback Machine. Mobile Europe. February/March 2011, Issue No. 214.
^ NEC and Netcracker Launch New Business Brand and Optimize NEC’s Network Expertise and Netcracker’s IT Leadership. NEC Press Releases. February 24, 2015.
^ Netcracker Announces Agreement to Acquire Subex's Activation Business. Business Wire. September 19, 2011.
^ NEC Announces Agreement to Acquire Convergys' Global Information Management (IM) Business, a Leader in Business Support Systems (BSS). NEC Press Releases. March 22, 2012.
^ "Netcracker Acquires CoralTree Systems | Business Wire". www.businesswire.com. Retrieved 2016-08-11.
vteNECDivisions andsubsidiariesCurrent
NEC Corporation of America
NEC Laboratories America
NEC Software Solutions
UK
NEC Solution Innovators
NEC Unified Solutions
Avaloq
Netcracker Technology
Avaloq
KMD
Defunct
NEC BIGLOBE
Electronic Arrays
Packard Bell NEC
Reveal Computer Products
Zenith Data Systems
Joint ventures andshareholdingsCurrent
Alaxala Networks (40%)
Anritsu (7%)
Japan Aviation Electronics (25%)
NEC BIGLOBE
Renesas Electronics (34%)
Sharp NEC Display Solutions (34%)
Defunct
NEC Mobile Communications
NEC Philips Unified Systems1
Sony NEC Optiarc2
Products, servicesand standards
Microprocessors
78K
μCOM series
µPD7220
µPD7720
R4200
V20
V25
V60
V850
Mobile phones
e616
N343i
Personal computers
Supercomputers
Video game consoles
People
Walter Tenney Carleton
Kunihiko Iwadare
Tadahiro Sekimoto
Places
NEC Supertower
Other
NEC Blue Rockets
NEC Cup (China)
NEC Cup (Japan)
NEC Green Rockets
NEC Karuizawa 72
NEC Red Rockets
NEC Shun-Ei
Sumitomo Group
1Now wholly owned
2Sold
Category
Commons
Computers
Video game consoles
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The company also offers professional services (including planning and consulting, operations and maintenance, and support), as well as managed services.Headquartered in Waltham, Massachusetts, Netcracker maintains operations and development facilities across the globe.[citation needed]","title":"Netcracker Technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NEC Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Netcracker Technology was founded in 1993. In 2008, after 15 years of independent growth, the company was acquired by NEC Corporation.[2] Netcracker then became a wholly owned subsidiary of NEC.[3][4]In 2010, Netcracker initiated a large-scale expansion whereby NEC consolidated its Telecom Operations and Management Solutions (TOMS) software and services business under Netcracker.[5]In February 2015, NEC and Netcracker launched [6] a joint business brand.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Acquisitions","text":"2011 – Subex's activation business.[7]2012 – Convergys Corporation's Information Management (IM) business was acquired.[8] The acquisition was completed in May and following the acquisition, the unit was integrated into Netcracker.2016 – CoralTree Systems.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Business Support Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Support_Systems"},{"link_name":"Operations Support Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_Support_Systems"},{"link_name":"Software-Defined Networking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software-defined_networking"},{"link_name":"Network Functions Virtualization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Functions_Virtualization"},{"link_name":"Communications Service Providers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_service_provider"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Agile Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agile_software_development"},{"link_name":"DevOps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DevOps"},{"link_name":"Cloud Enablements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing"},{"link_name":"Managed Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managed_services"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"operations support systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_support_system"},{"link_name":"business support systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_support_system"},{"link_name":"customer experience management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_experience_management"},{"link_name":"DevOps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DevOps"},{"link_name":"microservices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microservices"},{"link_name":"revenue management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue_management"},{"link_name":"AI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI"},{"link_name":"Internet of Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_Things"},{"link_name":"big data analytics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data_analytics"},{"link_name":"software-defined networking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software-defined_networking"},{"link_name":"network functions virtualization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_functions_virtualization"},{"link_name":"digital transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_transformation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Managed Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managed_services"},{"link_name":"Professional Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_services"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Netcracker's products focus on Business Support Systems (BSS), Operations Support Systems (OSS) and Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) technologies for Communications Service Providers worldwide. [citation needed]The Netcracker 12 suite was launched in May 2017. The suite covers seven product domains, including Digital Customer Enablement; Digital Business Enablement; Digital Operations Enablement; Digital & Cloud Infrastructure; Cloud Platform; Advanced Analytics; and Business, Operations & Infrastructure Agility Layers offerings.[citation needed]The portfolio also covers five services domains, including Business & Operational Consulting; End-to-End Turnkey Delivery; Agile Development & DevOps; Cloud Enablements; and Support & Maintenance, Managed Services & End-to-End Outsourcing services.[citation needed]Its offerings operate within the realms of operations support systems, business support systems, customer experience management, DevOps, microservices, billing and revenue management, AI, the Internet of Things, big data analytics, software-defined networking, network functions virtualization, and more. The Netcracker 12 suite is specifically designed to help service providers evolve into digital service providers via successful digital transformation.[citation needed]Netcracker also offers a full suite of Managed Services and Professional Services. The company's Managed Services include Hosted, Client-Hosted, and Build-Operate-Transfer delivery models. Professional Services include System Integration, Consulting, Solution Delivery, Outsourcing, and Operations and Maintenance.[citation needed]Netcracker's suite includes orchestration capabilities, an SDN Controller, and a range of virtual network functions (VNFs), such as virtualized customer premises equipment (vCPE), virtualized evolved packet core (vEPC), and other value-added VNFs and management offerings.[citation needed]","title":"Products and services"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Official Netcracker Website\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.netcracker.com/","url_text":"\"Official Netcracker Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"NEC Acquires Netcracker Technology | Mergr\". mergr.com. Retrieved 2022-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://mergr.com/nec-acquires-netcracker-technology","url_text":"\"NEC Acquires Netcracker Technology | Mergr\""}]},{"reference":"\"Netcracker Technology\". Cleverism.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cleverism.com/company/netcracker-technology/","url_text":"\"Netcracker Technology\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frost & Sullivan recognizes Netcracker with 2021 Global OSS/BSS Technology Innovation Awardfor Enabling Communication Service Providers with Its Cloud-Native, Full-Stack BSS/OSS Solution\". Frost & Sullivan. 2021-12-08. Retrieved 2022-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.frost.com/news/frost-sullivan-recognizes-netcracker-with-2021-global-oss-bss-technology-innovation-award/","url_text":"\"Frost & Sullivan recognizes Netcracker with 2021 Global OSS/BSS Technology Innovation Awardfor Enabling Communication Service Providers with Its Cloud-Native, Full-Stack BSS/OSS Solution\""}]},{"reference":"\"Netcracker Acquires CoralTree Systems | Business Wire\". www.businesswire.com. Retrieved 2016-08-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160712006099/en/Netcracker-Acquires-CoralTree-Systems","url_text":"\"Netcracker Acquires CoralTree Systems | Business Wire\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Choice_Collection
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Sony Pictures Home Entertainment
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["1 Background","2 History","2.1 Early history","2.2 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer","2.3 Recent history","3 Sub-labels","3.1 International sub-labels","4 References","5 External links"]
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Home video distribution division of Sony Pictures
Sony Pictures Home Entertainment Inc.Logo used since 2004Formerly
Columbia Pictures Home Entertainment (1978–1982)
RCA/Columbia Pictures International Video (1981–1991)
RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video (1982–1991)
Columbia TriStar Home Video (1991–2001)
Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment (2001–2004)
Company typeDivisionIndustryHome entertainmentFoundedJune 1978; 46 years ago (1978-06), in Burbank, California, United StatesHeadquarters10202 West Washington Boulevard, Culver City, California, United StatesArea servedWorldwideKey peopleKeith LeGoy (president)ProductsDVD, Blu-ray, EST, VODServicesPhysical and digital distributionParentSony Pictures EntertainmentSubsidiariesSony Pictures Kids ZoneKartoon Studios (equity stake)Big Picture Productions (Iberia)WebsiteSPHE website
Sony Pictures Home Entertainment Inc. (abbreviated as SPHE) is the home entertainment distribution division of Sony Pictures Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony.
Background
SPHE is responsible for the distribution of the Sony Pictures library for home entertainment, mainly releases from the Sony Pictures Motion Picture Group (Columbia Pictures, TriStar Pictures, Sony Pictures Classics, and Screen Gems) as well as releases from Sony Pictures Worldwide Acquisitions (Triumph Films, Destination Films, Stage 6 Films and Affirm Films) and Crunchyroll, LLC after the latter company's deal with Universal Pictures Home Entertainment as Funimation expired. SPHE also releases and distributes products from Lionsgate Home Entertainment (since 2021), The Walt Disney Company (since 2024), The Criterion Collection and Content Partners LLC (which includes titles from FilmDistrict (now absorbed into Focus Features), Morgan Creek Entertainment, Franchise Pictures and Revolution Studios). Since June 20, 2007, SPHE has handled distribution of children's content formerly handled by Sony BMG's Sony Wonder label.
In Canada, Columbia TriStar Home Video helped distribute tapes from Astral Video in the 1990s. It also has an Australian deal with Hoyts.
History
Early history
Sony Pictures Home Entertainment was established in June 1978 as Columbia Pictures Home Entertainment, and released 20 titles in November 1979. Its first 20 titles were licensed and distributed by Time-Life Video, a unit of Time-Life Films, but the relationship didn't last long, and Columbia formed its own distribution arm.
In March 1981, Columbia Pictures established a joint venture with RCA, RCA/Columbia Pictures International Video, to distribute tapes in overseas markets. The partnership expanded to North America as RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video the following year; this was in part to give RCA's CED videodisc format a steady stream of titles. The venture distributed NBC titles, as it was a subsidiary of RCA at the time. When Tri-Star Pictures was formed in 1984, R/CPHV became one of the three primary distributors of Tri-Star product for home video (the other two being CBS/Fox Video and Thorn-EMI/HBO Video {later renamed to HBO/Cannon Video and then simply HBO Video}, as CBS and HBO originally held stakes in Tri-Star), and fully assumed distribution of TriStar titles in the early 1990s. In Australia, they signed a deal to distribute releases from Hoyts Distribution and formed a longstanding relationship in August 1983.
They also distributed titles from various other film companies unrelated to Columbia, including most of New Line Cinema's theatrical releases (though not all, as Media Home Entertainment and Family Home Entertainment distributed several New Line films during the Columbia deal). New Line formed their own video label in 1990 (the result of acquiring Nelson Entertainment, which had previously been Embassy Home Entertainment, itself a former Columbia subsidiary), but continued to go through RCA/Columbia Pictures (as well as SVS-Triumph and then Columbia TriStar Home Video) for distribution until 1994, when Turner Broadcasting acquired New Line and Turner Home Entertainment assumed distribution functions. Other companies distributed by RCA/Columbia included Weintraub Entertainment and 21st Century Distribution.
In 1987, once pre-existing distribution deals had expired, Tri-Star Pictures announced that it would be launching a home video unit, Tri-Star Video, with Saul Melnick, a former MGM/UA Home Video employee, as its president. In 1988, after Coke sold its entertainment business, Tri-Star Video was merged into RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video. In late 1989, it was rumored that Trans World Entertainment would eventually sign a deal with RCA/Columbia to distribute its titles. This rumor bore fruit by that December when a deal with TWE -- which had by this point become a part of Epic Productions, which struck a separate distribution deal with RCA/Columbia not long before -- was officially announced.
In March 1990, NBC filed a lawsuit against Columbia and its then-new parent company Sony under the perception that the latter two parties were violating their joint pact. Columbia purchased the foreign video rights to Orion Pictures titles a month earlier. NBC alleged that they were unaware of this transaction and had become convinced that Columbia was forming their own video unit in strict defiance of the joint venture, which was set to expire in 1992. Sony/Columbia denied NBC's claims. As the lawsuit continued into 1991, General Electric, the parent of NBC and RCA, announced that it was divesting its interest in RCA/Columbia. The deal closed in August of that year and the litigation officially ended with Sony renaming the company as Columbia TriStar Home Video. In 1998, it signed a deal with The Jim Henson Company to launch its own video label, Jim Henson Home Entertainment, with CTHV distributing; at the time, Columbia and Henson were also allied theatrically for the Jim Henson Pictures venture.
On February 28, 1999, CTHV and Universal Studios Home Video signed a multi-year deal to allow CTHV to distribute Universal's products on DVD outside North America.
It was named Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment from April 2001 until a name change to Sony Pictures Home Entertainment in November 2004.
SPHE had a three-year deal with Starz's Anchor Bay Entertainment for worldwide DVD releases, with the exceptions of North America, Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
In 2005, when Sony and four partners acquired Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) from Kirk Kerkorian, SPHE held the domestic home entertainment rights to MGM's 4,000 film and 10,400 television episode library, though the releases used the MGM DVD label. However, thanks to a cooling DVD market, sales did not meet projections; this was one of several factors that led to MGM splitting off from Sony Pictures control. On May 31, 2006, MGM ended its distribution deal with SPHE and transferred most of its output to 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. The MGM fiasco directly led to long time SPHE president Ben Feingold's departure in the fall of 2006, and was replaced by, ironically, MGM Home Entertainment executive Dave Bishop, who brought along numerous MGM employees to replace Sony staffers.
In February 2011, Sony was in negotiations with MGM for a co-financing deal that would've included full distribution rights to the MGM Home Entertainment library; this deal, however, ultimately did not include home media rights to MGM's catalog (which instead remained with Fox), though Sony would distribute some of the films they co-financed on video as part of the deal.
Recent history
On February 21, 2010, The Weinstein Company (TWC) struck a home video distribution deal with SPHE through Sony Pictures Worldwide Acquisitions. On August 31, 2010, SPHE partnered with RLJ Entertainment in a multi-year agreement, marketing and distributing DVDs and Blu-rays by RLJ. RLJ retained their own sales and marketing.
In September 2011, the Australian division of SPHE announced they would merge their video operations with the local operations of Universal Pictures International Entertainment to form a joint-venture called Universal Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.
On April 23, 2012, Mill Creek announced that they had signed a home video distribution deal with SPHE, acquiring the rights to distribute 250 films from the Sony Pictures catalog on DVD and Blu-ray. On August 27, 2013, Mill Creek Entertainment signed a deal with SPHE to distribute 665 SPE films and 54 television series on DVD.
Anime News Network reported in February 2013 that Sony Pictures Home Entertainment's Australian joint venture with Universal Pictures Home Entertainment licensed anime television series from NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan for distribution in Australia, with its initial titles, A Certain Magical Index, Shakugan no Shana and Armitage III, scheduled for release on April 24, 2013. From 2017 to 2018, Funimation began directly distributing a select number of its anime titles in Australia and New Zealand through Sony Pictures Home Entertainment's Australian joint venture with Universal Pictures Home Entertainment. In September 2018, Funimation transferred distribution to Madman Entertainment, with Madman handling distribution and classification within the region.
On December 18, 2013, SPHE president David Bishop, who had served since 2006, announced he would leave when his contract expired in March 2014. It was announced that Man Jit Singh would replace Bishop.
On July 22, 2015, SPHE and Transmission Films reached a multi-year distribution pact to release Transmission's library in Australia (through Universal Sony Pictures Home Entertainment Australia Pty Limited) and in New Zealand. On November 20, 2015, SPHE announced that it would release Ultra HD Blu-ray releases.
On March 15, 2016, SPHE partnered with eOne to distribute films by Momentum Pictures across the globe except for Canada on physical and digital home entertainment platforms. In January 2017, SPHE expanded its distribution deal with Genius Brands to include all properties and acquired an equity stake in the company.
On February 6, 2018, Man Jit Singh stepped down as president of SPHE and was replaced by Keith LeGoy.
In February 2021, Sony announced it would distribute releases by Lionsgate Home Entertainment in North America beginning in July 2021, when Lionsgate's distribution deal with 20th Century Home Entertainment (owned by The Walt Disney Company) expires.
In February 2024, it was reported that SPHE had reached an agreement to distribute physical releases by Disney in North America, succeeding Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment (who has begun to discontinue physical distribution entirely).
Sub-labels
During this time, the company also has and had some sub-labels, including:
Magic Window – Children's titles (including He-Man and the Masters of the Universe and The Real Ghostbusters, as well as classic Columbia/UPA cartoons).
SVS-Triumph – Some low-profile Columbia, TriStar, New Line, CineTel Films and Epic Productions releases, and releases from Triumph Films (it was founded in 1979 as Sony Video Services, then Sony Video Software, and renamed after the formation of Sony Pictures Entertainment, to be used briefly in-between the ending of the RCA joint venture and the formation of Columbia-TriStar).
Musicvision – A short-lived music video division of RCA/Columbia Pictures HV in the mid-1980s, primarily releasing artists linked to RCA Records.
Columbia Classics – A label releasing classic films on DVD by Columbia Pictures; it was previously used for VHS and LaserDisc releases as well.
Screen Classics by Request -- A service available on the web, where classic films are pressed and ordered directly from Sony, similar to Warner Bros.' "Warner Archive" brand.
Superbit
International sub-labels
RCA/Columbia Pictures International Video – Used for videos distributed outside the US and Canada. Orion Pictures films were distributed globally via this label.
20/20 Vision – A British rental home video label that released films by TriStar Pictures, Goldcrest Films International, New Line Cinema, Triumph Films and Columbia Pictures.
Cinema Club - British joint-venture with Video Collection International for budget-priced movies mainly from CTHV's catalog that VCI would distribute. The venture was later sold entirely to VCI, who used it as their low-price budget label for mainstream releases.
First Independent Films – a British film distributor and home video company formed by HTV after acquiring Vestron Video International's UK operations in May 1990. First Independent was sold to Sony in 1997 and was entirely folded into Columbia TriStar Home Video by 1999. However, Columbia TriStar continued to use the First Independent Films label for some years afterwards.
First Release Home Entertainment – A mixture of B-movies, Magic Window, music videos, TriStar, top TV shows, re-releases, Thames Video and some mainstream Hoyts/Columbia/Cannon/Triumph/other film releases in Australia and The Netherlands.
Gaumont-Columbia-RCA Video – A joint-venture with Gaumont that released Gaumont, Columbia, TriStar, and Triumph products on VHS. They were formed in 1982, renamed as Gaumont/RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video in 1986, and under its final name in 1992.
RCA/Columbia Pictures/Hoyts Video Pty. Ltd. – An Australian joint-venture with Hoyts Distribution that was formed in August 1983. The company released products from Hoyts, Cannon Films, Columbia Pictures, TriStar and Triumph Films in the market.
Video Box Office – a mixture of B-movies, HBO and some mainstream releases in Australia.
VideoServis – A Russian home video label with Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment that released films by Columbia Pictures, Monumental Pictures, TriStar and Screen Gems, created in 1994.
During the time that Consolidated Press Holdings, and later Publishing and Broadcasting Limited and West Australian Newspapers owned Hoyts, they re-established the Hoyts Distribution arm of the company. SPHE Australia releases Hoyts titles, including the recent box-office hit, Twilight. They also released the handful of films from the Nine Network's film arm, Nine Films and Television.
SPHE also handles the Australian DVD distribution of Lionsgate titles (via Hoyts), after that company was unsuccessful in purchasing Magna Pacific, and the subsequent collapse of the successful bidder, Destra Entertainment.
References
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^ "Sony and Funimation: What does that mean for you?". August 2017.
^ DeMott, Rick (June 21, 2007). "Sony Home Ent. Takes Over Sony Wonder". Animation World Network. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
^ Archived August 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
^ Brown, Les (June 13, 1979). "Videotapes for Homes". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
^ McCullaugh, Jim (July 10, 1982). "See RCA Label Boost In Vid Deal" (PDF). World Radio History. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
^ ""RCA, Col Pix Form Joint Video Board."" (PDF). World Radio History. October 30, 1982. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
^ "Columbia Pictures, RCA in Venture". The New York Times. June 29, 1982. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
^ a b "RCA/Col/Hoyts Hot with 'Gandhi', 'Tootsie;' Dealer Discount Helps". Variety. May 2, 1984. p. 84.
^ "Orion, TriStar enter home video arena" (PDF). Billboard. February 28, 1987. Retrieved September 8, 2021.
^ "RCA/Columbia Is a Home for Tri-Star" (PDF). Billboard. February 20, 1988. Retrieved September 8, 2021.
^ Sweeting, Paul (December 16, 1989). "Paramount, RCA/Columbia Indie Deals" (PDF). Billboard. p. 1. Retrieved October 22, 2021.
^ Sweeting, Paul (December 16, 1989). "Paramount, RCA/Columbia Indie Deals" (PDF). Billboard. p. 80. Retrieved October 22, 2021.
^ McCullaugh, Jim (December 23, 1989). "Vid Consolidation Cont'd: RCA/Col Gets TWE Titles" (PDF). World Radio History. Retrieved July 26, 2023.
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^ Fabrikant, Geraldine (May 30, 1991). "THE MEDIA BUSINESS – G.E. Sells Its 50% Stake In Video Unit". The New York Times. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
^ "Entertainment". Los Angeles Times. August 24, 1991. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
^ Sandler, Adam (May 18, 1998). "Col TriStar, Henson ink vid pact". Variety. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
^ "Universal and Columbia TriStar Join for International DVD Distribution". February 28, 1999.
^ "Sony Pictures Renames Columbia TriStar". Billboard. November 19, 2004. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
^ Kay, Jeremy (April 3, 2008). "Sony to distribute Anchor Bay's library on DVD around the world". ScreenDaily. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
^ Eller, Claudia (May 31, 2006). "MGM Drops Sony as DVD, TV Distributor". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 6, 2024.
^ Eller, Claudia (October 20, 2006). "MGM Deal a Bold Miscalculation for Sony". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 6, 2024.
^ "Sony Home Video Chief Feingold Exits; MGM Vet Steps In". High-Def Digest. September 14, 2006. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
^ Fritz, Ben (February 8, 2011). "Sony finalizing distribution and co-financing deal with MGM, including next two 'Bond' films". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 16, 2011.
^ Finke, Mike Fleming Jr,Nikki; Jr, Mike Fleming; Finke, Nikki (April 13, 2011). "TOLDJA! MGM Makes Distribution Deal With Sony Pictures That Includes James Bond". Deadline. Retrieved March 6, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Chitwood, Adam (April 13, 2011). "Sony Pictures Reaches Agreement with MGM to Co-Finance and Distribute BOND 23 and 24". Collider. Retrieved March 6, 2024.
^ Fleming, Mike (February 21, 2010). "Weinstein Company Seals Sony DVD Deal". Deadline. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
^ "BusinessWire" Image Entertainment Partners with Sony Pictures Home Entertainment Archived April 20, 2016, at the Wayback Machine businesswire.com, Retrieved on January 9, 2013
^ "Universal, Sony Merge Australian Home Entertainment Operations". The Hollywood Reporter. September 6, 2011.
^ "Mill Creek Entertainment: News – Mill Creek Entertainment Signs Home Video Distribution Deal With Sony Pictures Home Entertainment". Millcreekent.com. April 23, 2012. Archived from the original on August 16, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
^ "Site News DVD news: Mill Creek Licenses 52 TV Shows from Sony for Low-Cost DVD Release". TV Shows On DVD. August 27, 2013. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
^ "Universal Sony Home Pictures to Release Anime in Australia – News". Anime News Network. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
^ Slykura (December 14, 2018). "Some insights". Madboards. Archived from the original on February 12, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
^ Slykura (January 7, 2019). "In short, we have a new distribution agreement with Funimation which means that we are their local distributors NOT licensee, but distributor for their products". Madboards. Archived from the original on February 12, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
^ Patten, Dominic (December 18, 2013). "Sony Pictures Home Ent. Boss David Bishop Departing". Deadline. Archived from the original on March 21, 2014. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
^ Patten, Dominic (January 6, 2014). "Sony Pictures Names Man Jit Singh CEO Home Entertainment". Deadline. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
^ "CULVER CITY, CA (July 22, 2015) – TRANSMISSION FILMS AND SONY PICTURES HOME ENTERTAINMENT PARTNER IN MULTI-YEAR DISTRIBUTION DEAL | Press Release". Sony Pictures. July 22, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
^ Arnold, Thomas K. (November 10, 2015). "Sony Pictures Becomes Second Studio to Announce Ultra HD Films on Disc". Variety. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
^ SONY PICTURES HOME ENTERTAINMENT TO DISTRIBUTE ENTERTAINMENT ONE’S MOMENTUM PICTURES Archived October 2, 2016, at the Wayback Machine entertainmentone.com, Retrieved on June 22, 2017
^ McNary, Dave (January 18, 2017). "Sony Takes Stake in Genius Brands International". Variety. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ Sony Pictures Shakes Up TV, Home Entertainment for Digital Age Anousha Sakoui bloomberg.com February 6, 2018, Retrieved on February 28, 2018
^ "Lionsgate Teams with Sony in New Multi-Year Home Entertainment Pact". February 26, 2021.
^ Rubin, Rebecca (February 20, 2024). "Disney Strikes Deal for Sony to Take Over Its DVD, Blu-ray Disc Business". Variety. Retrieved February 20, 2024.
^ "EXCLUSIVE: Disney & Sony Ink Deal for Sony to Take Over Disney's Physical Media Production, Disney Movie Club to Shut Down as a Result". The Digital Bits. February 20, 2024. Retrieved February 20, 2024.
^ "Animated 'Ghostbusters' Get Early HV Peekaboo". Variety. September 10, 1986. p. 90.
^ Hoos, Willem (September 23, 1987). "Warner HV (Netherlands) Pacts With BBC, Sony Labels For Benelux". Variety. p. 116.
^ "SVS 'Triumphs' With New Trade Name For Theatrical Release Co" (PDF). World Radio History. August 3, 1991. Retrieved July 26, 2023.
^ "RCA/Col Dropping Music Vid Staff". Variety. October 29, 1986. p. 48.
^ Barr, Jason (September 13, 2010). "Sony Unveils "Screen Classics by Request"". Collider. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
^ "VCI plc :: Cinema Club". August 3, 2001. Archived from the original on August 3, 2001.
^ Archived August 11, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"home entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_video"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Sony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony"}],"text":"Home video distribution division of Sony PicturesSony Pictures Home Entertainment Inc. (abbreviated as SPHE) is the home entertainment distribution division of Sony Pictures Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony.","title":"Sony Pictures Home Entertainment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sony Pictures Motion Picture Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Motion_Picture_Group"},{"link_name":"Columbia Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Pictures"},{"link_name":"TriStar Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TriStar_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Classics"},{"link_name":"Screen Gems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Gems"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures Worldwide Acquisitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Worldwide_Acquisitions"},{"link_name":"Triumph Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_Films"},{"link_name":"Destination Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destination_Films"},{"link_name":"Stage 6 Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_6_Films"},{"link_name":"Affirm Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirm_Films"},{"link_name":"Crunchyroll, LLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunchyroll_LLC"},{"link_name":"Universal Pictures Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Funimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funimation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lionsgate Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionsgate#Home_entertainment"},{"link_name":"The Walt Disney Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company"},{"link_name":"The Criterion Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Criterion_Collection"},{"link_name":"FilmDistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FilmDistrict"},{"link_name":"Focus Features","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_Features"},{"link_name":"Morgan Creek Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Creek_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Franchise Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franchise_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Revolution Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_Studios"},{"link_name":"Sony BMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_BMG"},{"link_name":"Sony Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Kids_Zone"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Animation_World_Network-3"},{"link_name":"Astral Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astral_Media"},{"link_name":"Hoyts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoyts"}],"text":"SPHE is responsible for the distribution of the Sony Pictures library for home entertainment, mainly releases from the Sony Pictures Motion Picture Group (Columbia Pictures, TriStar Pictures, Sony Pictures Classics, and Screen Gems) as well as releases from Sony Pictures Worldwide Acquisitions (Triumph Films, Destination Films, Stage 6 Films and Affirm Films) and Crunchyroll, LLC after the latter company's deal with Universal Pictures Home Entertainment as Funimation expired.[1][2] SPHE also releases and distributes products from Lionsgate Home Entertainment (since 2021), The Walt Disney Company (since 2024), The Criterion Collection and Content Partners LLC (which includes titles from FilmDistrict (now absorbed into Focus Features), Morgan Creek Entertainment, Franchise Pictures and Revolution Studios). Since June 20, 2007, SPHE has handled distribution of children's content formerly handled by Sony BMG's Sony Wonder label.[3]In Canada, Columbia TriStar Home Video helped distribute tapes from Astral Video in the 1990s. It also has an Australian deal with Hoyts.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Time-Life Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Life_Television"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"RCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA"},{"link_name":"CED videodisc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CED_Videodisc"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Tri-Star Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-Star_Pictures"},{"link_name":"CBS/Fox Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS/Fox_Video"},{"link_name":"Thorn-EMI/HBO Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO_Video"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Hoyts Distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoyts_Distribution"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"New Line Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Line_Cinema"},{"link_name":"Media Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Family Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"their own video label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Line_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Nelson Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Embassy Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Turner Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"Turner Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Weintraub Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weintraub_Entertainment_Group"},{"link_name":"21st Century Distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Century_Distribution_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Tri-Star Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TriStar_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Tri-Star Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TriStar_Pictures"},{"link_name":"MGM/UA Home Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Trans World Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_World_Entertainment_(film_company)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Epic Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Productions"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Sony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony"},{"link_name":"Orion Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"General Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_York_Times_1991-5-30-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"The Jim Henson Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jim_Henson_Company"},{"link_name":"Jim Henson Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jim_Henson_Company"},{"link_name":"Jim Henson Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Henson_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Universal Studios Home Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Studios_Home_Video"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Starz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starz"},{"link_name":"Anchor Bay Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor_Bay_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Early history","text":"Sony Pictures Home Entertainment was established in June 1978 as Columbia Pictures Home Entertainment, and released 20 titles in November 1979.[4] Its first 20 titles were licensed and distributed by Time-Life Video, a unit of Time-Life Films, but the relationship didn't last long, and Columbia formed its own distribution arm.[5]In March 1981, Columbia Pictures established a joint venture with RCA, RCA/Columbia Pictures International Video, to distribute tapes in overseas markets. The partnership expanded to North America as RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video the following year; this was in part to give RCA's CED videodisc format a steady stream of titles.[6][7][8] The venture distributed NBC titles, as it was a subsidiary of RCA at the time. When Tri-Star Pictures was formed in 1984, R/CPHV became one of the three primary distributors of Tri-Star product for home video (the other two being CBS/Fox Video and Thorn-EMI/HBO Video {later renamed to HBO/Cannon Video and then simply HBO Video}, as CBS and HBO originally held stakes in Tri-Star), and fully assumed distribution of TriStar titles in the early 1990s. In Australia, they signed a deal to distribute releases from Hoyts Distribution and formed a longstanding relationship in August 1983.[9]They also distributed titles from various other film companies unrelated to Columbia, including most of New Line Cinema's theatrical releases (though not all, as Media Home Entertainment and Family Home Entertainment distributed several New Line films during the Columbia deal). New Line formed their own video label in 1990 (the result of acquiring Nelson Entertainment, which had previously been Embassy Home Entertainment, itself a former Columbia subsidiary), but continued to go through RCA/Columbia Pictures (as well as SVS-Triumph and then Columbia TriStar Home Video) for distribution until 1994, when Turner Broadcasting acquired New Line and Turner Home Entertainment assumed distribution functions. Other companies distributed by RCA/Columbia included Weintraub Entertainment and 21st Century Distribution.In 1987, once pre-existing distribution deals had expired, Tri-Star Pictures announced that it would be launching a home video unit, Tri-Star Video, with Saul Melnick, a former MGM/UA Home Video employee, as its president.[10] In 1988, after Coke sold its entertainment business, Tri-Star Video was merged into RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video.[11] In late 1989, it was rumored that Trans World Entertainment would eventually sign a deal with RCA/Columbia to distribute its titles.[12][13] This rumor bore fruit by that December when a deal with TWE -- which had by this point become a part of Epic Productions, which struck a separate distribution deal with RCA/Columbia not long before -- was officially announced.[14]In March 1990, NBC filed a lawsuit against Columbia and its then-new parent company Sony under the perception that the latter two parties were violating their joint pact. Columbia purchased the foreign video rights to Orion Pictures titles a month earlier. NBC alleged that they were unaware of this transaction and had become convinced that Columbia was forming their own video unit in strict defiance of the joint venture, which was set to expire in 1992. Sony/Columbia denied NBC's claims.[15] As the lawsuit continued into 1991, General Electric, the parent of NBC and RCA, announced that it was divesting its interest in RCA/Columbia.[16] The deal closed in August of that year and the litigation officially ended with Sony renaming the company as Columbia TriStar Home Video.[17] In 1998, it signed a deal with The Jim Henson Company to launch its own video label, Jim Henson Home Entertainment, with CTHV distributing; at the time, Columbia and Henson were also allied theatrically for the Jim Henson Pictures venture.[18]On February 28, 1999, CTHV and Universal Studios Home Video signed a multi-year deal to allow CTHV to distribute Universal's products on DVD outside North America.[19]It was named Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment from April 2001 until a name change to Sony Pictures Home Entertainment in November 2004.[20]SPHE had a three-year deal with Starz's Anchor Bay Entertainment for worldwide DVD releases, with the exceptions of North America, Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom.[21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"link_name":"Kirk Kerkorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Kerkorian"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"MGM Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-High_Def_Digest-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer","text":"In 2005, when Sony and four partners acquired Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) from Kirk Kerkorian, SPHE held the domestic home entertainment rights to MGM's 4,000 film and 10,400 television episode library, though the releases used the MGM DVD label. However, thanks to a cooling DVD market, sales did not meet projections; this was one of several factors that led to MGM splitting off from Sony Pictures control. On May 31, 2006, MGM ended its distribution deal with SPHE and transferred most of its output to 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.[22][23] The MGM fiasco directly led to long time SPHE president Ben Feingold's departure in the fall of 2006, and was replaced by, ironically, MGM Home Entertainment executive Dave Bishop, who brought along numerous MGM employees to replace Sony staffers.[24]In February 2011, Sony was in negotiations with MGM for a co-financing deal that would've included full distribution rights to the MGM Home Entertainment library; this deal, however, ultimately did not include home media rights to MGM's catalog (which instead remained with Fox), though Sony would distribute some of the films they co-financed on video as part of the deal.[25][26][27]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Weinstein Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weinstein_Company"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures Worldwide Acquisitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Worldwide_Acquisitions"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deadline_2010-2-21-28"},{"link_name":"RLJ Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RLJ_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Universal Pictures International Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Universal Pictures Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBCUniversal_Entertainment_Japan"},{"link_name":"A Certain Magical Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Certain_Magical_Index"},{"link_name":"Shakugan no Shana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakugan_no_Shana"},{"link_name":"Armitage III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armitage_III"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Funimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funimation"},{"link_name":"Madman Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madman_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sony_Pictures_Entertainment-38"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"eOne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_One"},{"link_name":"Momentum Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Entertainment_One_News_&_Events-40"},{"link_name":"Genius Brands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_Brands"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bloomberg-42"},{"link_name":"Lionsgate Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionsgate_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"20th Century Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"The Walt Disney Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Recent history","text":"On February 21, 2010, The Weinstein Company (TWC) struck a home video distribution deal with SPHE through Sony Pictures Worldwide Acquisitions.[28] On August 31, 2010, SPHE partnered with RLJ Entertainment in a multi-year agreement, marketing and distributing DVDs and Blu-rays by RLJ. RLJ retained their own sales and marketing.[29]In September 2011, the Australian division of SPHE announced they would merge their video operations with the local operations of Universal Pictures International Entertainment to form a joint-venture called Universal Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. [30]On April 23, 2012, Mill Creek announced that they had signed a home video distribution deal with SPHE, acquiring the rights to distribute 250 films from the Sony Pictures catalog on DVD and Blu-ray.[31] On August 27, 2013, Mill Creek Entertainment signed a deal with SPHE to distribute 665 SPE films and 54 television series on DVD.[32]Anime News Network reported in February 2013 that Sony Pictures Home Entertainment's Australian joint venture with Universal Pictures Home Entertainment licensed anime television series from NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan for distribution in Australia, with its initial titles, A Certain Magical Index, Shakugan no Shana and Armitage III, scheduled for release on April 24, 2013.[33] From 2017 to 2018, Funimation began directly distributing a select number of its anime titles in Australia and New Zealand through Sony Pictures Home Entertainment's Australian joint venture with Universal Pictures Home Entertainment. In September 2018, Funimation transferred distribution to Madman Entertainment, with Madman handling distribution and classification within the region.[34][35]On December 18, 2013, SPHE president David Bishop, who had served since 2006, announced he would leave when his contract expired in March 2014.[36] It was announced that Man Jit Singh would replace Bishop.[37]On July 22, 2015, SPHE and Transmission Films reached a multi-year distribution pact to release Transmission's library in Australia (through Universal Sony Pictures Home Entertainment Australia Pty Limited) and in New Zealand.[38] On November 20, 2015, SPHE announced that it would release Ultra HD Blu-ray releases.[39]On March 15, 2016, SPHE partnered with eOne to distribute films by Momentum Pictures across the globe except for Canada on physical and digital home entertainment platforms.[40] In January 2017, SPHE expanded its distribution deal with Genius Brands to include all properties and acquired an equity stake in the company.[41]On February 6, 2018, Man Jit Singh stepped down as president of SPHE and was replaced by Keith LeGoy.[42]In February 2021, Sony announced it would distribute releases by Lionsgate Home Entertainment in North America beginning in July 2021, when Lionsgate's distribution deal with 20th Century Home Entertainment (owned by The Walt Disney Company) expires.[43]In February 2024, it was reported that SPHE had reached an agreement to distribute physical releases by Disney in North America, succeeding Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment (who has begun to discontinue physical distribution entirely).[44][45]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"He-Man and the Masters of the Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He-Man_and_the_Masters_of_the_Universe"},{"link_name":"The Real Ghostbusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Ghostbusters"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Triumph Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_Films"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"RCA Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Warner Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Archive_Collection"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Superbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superbit"}],"text":"During this time, the company also has and had some sub-labels, including:Magic Window – Children's titles (including He-Man and the Masters of the Universe and The Real Ghostbusters,[46] as well as classic Columbia/UPA cartoons).\nSVS-Triumph – Some low-profile Columbia, TriStar, New Line, CineTel Films and Epic Productions releases, and releases from Triumph Films (it was founded in 1979 as Sony Video Services, then Sony Video Software,[47] and renamed after the formation of Sony Pictures Entertainment, to be used briefly in-between the ending of the RCA joint venture and the formation of Columbia-TriStar[48]).\nMusicvision – A short-lived music video division of RCA/Columbia Pictures HV in the mid-1980s, primarily releasing artists linked to RCA Records.[49]\nColumbia Classics – A label releasing classic films on DVD by Columbia Pictures; it was previously used for VHS and LaserDisc releases as well.\nScreen Classics by Request -- A service available on the web, where classic films are pressed and ordered directly from Sony, similar to Warner Bros.' \"Warner Archive\" brand.[50]\nSuperbit","title":"Sub-labels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Video Collection International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Collection_International"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"First Independent Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Independent_Films"},{"link_name":"HTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_Wales_%26_West"},{"link_name":"Vestron Video International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestron_Video"},{"link_name":"Thames Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Television"},{"link_name":"Gaumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaumont_Film_Company"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"Cannon Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cannon_Group,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Consolidated Press Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Packer"},{"link_name":"Publishing and Broadcasting Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishing_and_Broadcasting_Limited"},{"link_name":"West Australian Newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_West_Australian"},{"link_name":"Twilight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twilight_(2008_film)"},{"link_name":"Nine Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Network"},{"link_name":"Nine Films and Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Films_and_Television"},{"link_name":"Lionsgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionsgate"},{"link_name":"Magna Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Pacific"}],"sub_title":"International sub-labels","text":"RCA/Columbia Pictures International Video – Used for videos distributed outside the US and Canada. Orion Pictures films were distributed globally via this label.\n20/20 Vision – A British rental home video label that released films by TriStar Pictures, Goldcrest Films International, New Line Cinema, Triumph Films and Columbia Pictures.\nCinema Club - British joint-venture with Video Collection International for budget-priced movies mainly from CTHV's catalog that VCI would distribute.[51] The venture was later sold entirely to VCI, who used it as their low-price budget label for mainstream releases.\nFirst Independent Films – a British film distributor and home video company formed by HTV after acquiring Vestron Video International's UK operations in May 1990. First Independent was sold to Sony in 1997 and was entirely folded into Columbia TriStar Home Video by 1999. However, Columbia TriStar continued to use the First Independent Films label for some years afterwards.\nFirst Release Home Entertainment – A mixture of B-movies, Magic Window, music videos, TriStar, top TV shows, re-releases, Thames Video and some mainstream Hoyts/Columbia/Cannon/Triumph/other film releases in Australia and The Netherlands.\nGaumont-Columbia-RCA Video – A joint-venture with Gaumont that released Gaumont, Columbia, TriStar, and Triumph products on VHS. They were formed in 1982, renamed as Gaumont/RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video in 1986, and under its final name in 1992.\nRCA/Columbia Pictures/Hoyts Video Pty. Ltd. – An Australian joint-venture with Hoyts Distribution that was formed in August 1983.[9] The company released products from Hoyts, Cannon Films, Columbia Pictures, TriStar and Triumph Films in the market.\nVideo Box Office – a mixture of B-movies, HBO and some mainstream releases in Australia.\nVideoServis – A Russian home video label with Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment that released films by Columbia Pictures, Monumental Pictures, TriStar and Screen Gems, created in 1994.[52]During the time that Consolidated Press Holdings, and later Publishing and Broadcasting Limited and West Australian Newspapers owned Hoyts, they re-established the Hoyts Distribution arm of the company. SPHE Australia releases Hoyts titles, including the recent box-office hit, Twilight. They also released the handful of films from the Nine Network's film arm, Nine Films and Television.SPHE also handles the Australian DVD distribution of Lionsgate titles (via Hoyts), after that company was unsuccessful in purchasing Magna Pacific, and the subsequent collapse of the successful bidder, Destra Entertainment.","title":"Sub-labels"}]
|
[]
| null |
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Sells Its 50% Stake In Video Unit\""},{"Link":"https://articles.latimes.com/1991-08-24/business/fi-974_1_sony-pictures-entertainment","external_links_name":"\"Entertainment\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035","external_links_name":"0458-3035"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/1998/biz/news/col-tristar-henson-ink-vid-pact-1117470921/","external_links_name":"\"Col TriStar, Henson ink vid pact\""},{"Link":"https://www.soundandvision.com/content/universal-and-columbia-tristar-join-international-dvd-distribution","external_links_name":"\"Universal and Columbia TriStar Join for International DVD Distribution\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/1424674/sony-pictures-renames-columbia-tristar","external_links_name":"\"Sony Pictures Renames Columbia TriStar\""},{"Link":"http://www.screendaily.com/sony-to-distribute-anchor-bays-library-on-dvd-around-the-world/4038077.article","external_links_name":"\"Sony to distribute Anchor Bay's library on DVD around the world\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-may-31-fi-mgm31-story.html","external_links_name":"\"MGM Drops Sony as DVD, TV Distributor\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-oct-20-fi-mgm20-story.html","external_links_name":"\"MGM Deal a Bold Miscalculation for Sony\""},{"Link":"https://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Sony/Industry_Forecasts/sony-home-video-chief-feingold-exits-mgm-vet-steps-in/236","external_links_name":"\"Sony Home Video Chief Feingold Exits; MGM Vet Steps In\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110216082751/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/sns-lat-entertainment-sony-finalizing-distribution-and-cofinancing-deal-with-mgm-including-next-two-bond-films-20110208,0,4049023.story","external_links_name":"\"Sony finalizing distribution and co-financing deal with MGM, including next two 'Bond' films\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/sns-lat-entertainment-sony-finalizing-distribution-and-cofinancing-deal-with-mgm-including-next-two-bond-films-20110208,0,4049023.story","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2011/04/toldja-mgm-makes-distribution-deal-with-sony-pictures-that-includes-james-bond-122524/","external_links_name":"\"TOLDJA! MGM Makes Distribution Deal With Sony Pictures That Includes James Bond\""},{"Link":"https://collider.com/mgm-sony-james-bond/","external_links_name":"\"Sony Pictures Reaches Agreement with MGM to Co-Finance and Distribute BOND 23 and 24\""},{"Link":"https://www.deadline.com/2010/02/weinsteins-seal-sony-worldwide-dvd-deal/","external_links_name":"\"Weinstein Company Seals Sony DVD Deal\""},{"Link":"http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100831007013/en/Image-Entertainment-Partners-Sony-Pictures-Home-Entertainment","external_links_name":"Image Entertainment Partners with Sony Pictures Home Entertainment"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160420113459/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100831007013/en/Image-Entertainment-Partners-Sony-Pictures-Home-Entertainment","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/universal-sony-merge-australian-home-231535/","external_links_name":"\"Universal, Sony Merge Australian Home Entertainment Operations\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150816015457/http://www.millcreekent.com/news/SonyPicturesDealAnnouncement/","external_links_name":"\"Mill Creek Entertainment: News – Mill Creek Entertainment Signs Home Video Distribution Deal With Sony Pictures Home Entertainment\""},{"Link":"http://www.millcreekent.com/news/SonyPicturesDealAnnouncement/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006134321/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Site-News-Mill-Creek-Sony-License-Deal/18902","external_links_name":"\"Site News DVD news: Mill Creek Licenses 52 TV Shows from Sony for Low-Cost DVD Release\""},{"Link":"http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Site-News-Mill-Creek-Sony-License-Deal/18902","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-02-18/universal-sony-home-pictures-to-release-anime-in-australia","external_links_name":"\"Universal Sony Home Pictures to Release Anime in Australia – News\""},{"Link":"http://madboards.madman.com.au/viewtopic.php?p=899872#899872","external_links_name":"\"Some insights\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011431/http://madboards.madman.com.au/viewtopic.php?p=899872#899872","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://madboards.madman.com.au/viewtopic.php?p=899898#899898","external_links_name":"\"In short, we have a new distribution agreement with Funimation which means that we are their local distributors NOT licensee, but distributor for their products\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011429/http://madboards.madman.com.au/viewtopic.php?p=899898#899898","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2013/12/sony-pictures-home-entertainment-david-bishop-departing-654340/","external_links_name":"\"Sony Pictures Home Ent. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Ethridge
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Chris Ethridge
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["1 Career","2 Discography","3 References","4 External links"]
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Not to be confused with Chris Etheridge.
Chris EthridgeBirth nameJohn Christopher EthridgeBorn(1947-02-10)February 10, 1947Meridian, Mississippi, United StatesDiedApril 23, 2012(2012-04-23) (aged 65)Meridian, Mississippi, United StatesGenresCountry rockOccupation(s)Musician, songwriterInstrument(s)Bass guitar, pianoYears active1964–2012Formerly ofInternational Submarine Band, The Flying Burrito BrothersMusical artist
John Christopher Ethridge (February 10, 1947 – April 23, 2012) was an American country rock bass guitarist. He was a member of the International Submarine Band (ISB) and The Flying Burrito Brothers, and co-wrote several songs with Gram Parsons. Ethridge worked with Nancy Sinatra, Judy Collins, Leon Russell, Delaney Bramlett, Johnny Winter, Randy Newman, Graham Nash, Ry Cooder, Linda Ronstadt, The Byrds, Jackson Browne, and Willie Nelson.
Career
Ethridge was born in Meridian, Mississippi, United States. He began playing in local bands in the South before moving to California aged 17, having been spotted in Biloxi. He played with Joel Scott Hill before joining Gram Parsons in ISB; in 1971, Hill and Ethridge would record a trio album (L.A. Getaway) with drummer John Barbata, best known for his work with The Turtles and Jefferson Starship. He played with Parsons after the end of ISB, and again after Parsons left The Byrds, before cofounding the Burrito Brothers with him. He played bass and piano on The Gilded Palace of Sin, but left before Burrito Deluxe due to creative differences. When Parsons left the Burritos, Ethridge briefly played with him again, touring with Byron Berline, Emmylou Harris, Clarence White, Gene Parsons, Sneaky Pete Kleinow, and Roland White in 1973. After Parsons' death, Ethridge played in 1974 with the Docker Hill Boys, an informal group which included Gene Parsons and Joel Scott Hill. These three refounded the Burritos in 1975 with Sneaky Pete and Gib Guilbeau, recording Flying Again.
Ethridge left the Burritos again in February 1976, returning to session work. He had been a session musician throughout his career, recording with many leading country-tinged acts, including Nancy Sinatra, Judy Collins, Johnny Winter, Ry Cooder, Leon Russell, Randy Newman, Linda Ronstadt, The Byrds and Jackson Browne. He also toured with Willie Nelson's band for almost eight years, and later played with the Kudzu Kings.
Ethridge died on April 23, 2012, at age 65 at a hospital in Meridian, Mississippi of complications from pancreatic cancer.
Discography
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2008)
On the following albums, Ethridge played bass unless stated otherwise:
Year
Album
Act
Notes
1968
Safe at Home
International Submarine Band
1969
The Gilded Palace of Sin
The Flying Burrito Brothers
co-wrote "Hot Burrito No. 1 (I'm Your Toy)" and "Hot Burrito No. 2" with Gram Parsons
1969
John Braden
John Braden
bass on "What a Friend We Have in Jesus", "Carriage House Song", and "Ribbons of Friendship"
1970
Greatest Hits
Phil Ochs
1970
Washington County
Arlo Guthrie
1970
Alone Together
Dave Mason
1970
Ry Cooder
Ry Cooder
1970
The Candlestickmaker
Ron Elliott
bass on "Molly in the Middle", "Lazy Day", "All Time Green" and "To the City, To the Sea"
1971
L.A. Getaway
Joel Scott Hill, Chris Ethridge, John Barbata
1971
Just as I Am
Bill Withers
1971
Songs for Beginners
Graham Nash
1971
Home Grown
Johnny Rivers
1971
White Light
Gene Clark
1971
Rita Coolidge
Rita Coolidge
1972
Full Circle
The Doors
bass on "Get Up and Dance"
1972
Sail Away
Randy Newman
1972
Into the Purple Valley
Ry Cooder
1972
Graham Nash David Crosby
Graham Nash & David Crosby
1973
Baron Von Tollbooth and the Chrome Nun
Paul Kantner/Grace Slick / David Freiberg
1973
GP
Gram Parsons
did not play; co-wrote "She" with Parsons
1973
Maria Muldaur
Maria Muldaur
played bass on 'Long Hard Climb', 'I Never Did Write You A Love Song', 'My Tennessee Mountain Home' and The Work Song'
1973
Don't Cry Now
Linda Ronstadt
1974
Heart Like A Wheel
Linda Ronstadt
played bass on 'Faithless Love'
1974
Paradise and Lunch
Ry Cooder
1975
Flying Again
The Flying Burrito Brothers
1976
Chicken Skin Music
Ry Cooder
1977
Simple Dreams
Linda Ronstadt
background vocals
1977
Class Reunion
Delaney Bramlett
bass
1978
Stardust
Willie Nelson
1979
Sings Kristofferson
Willie Nelson
bass guitar
1979
Pretty Paper
Willie Nelson
1980
Honeysuckle Rose OST
Willie Nelson
also had a small role in the film
1991
From Another Time
The Flying Burrito Brothers
recorded live in 1975
1994
A John Prine Christmas
John Prine
1996
Eye of a Hurricane
The Flying Burrito Brothers
bass; vocals on one track
2002
Red Album: Live Studio Party in Hollywood
The Flying Burrito Brothers
recorded live in 1976
2002
Cherry Smiles: The Rare Singles
Nancy Sinatra
a collection of Sinatra's rare singles and B-sides from 1970 to 1980
2007
Junkyard Junky
Dan Penn
References
^ "Chris Ethridge, founding member of Flying Burrito Brothers, dies". Latimesblogs.latimes.com. 23 April 2012. Retrieved 2014-07-17.
^ a b c d Doc Rock. "2012 January To June". The Dead Rock Stars Club. Retrieved 2014-07-17.
^ a b c d e f g h
Aubrunner, Thomas. "Gib Guilbeau solo and with bands, part 5". Archived from the original on 2007-12-07. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
^
Zimmerman, Keith (2004). Sing My Way Home: Voices of the New American Roots Rock. Backbeat Books. p. 4. ISBN 0-87930-790-0.
^
"Parsons and Hillman, Part Three". I Witness. 2007-07-01. Retrieved 2007-12-04. I was playing with this group in Biloxi, and I met this cat, and he brought me out. I played session stuff with different people then for about a year and a half. Then I joined the Burritos.
^ a b
Palczynski, Bruno. "Country Gazette (Part 3): 1973 - 1975". Archived from the original on 2011-10-02. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
^ "Linden, Texas: Richard Bowden". Linden, Texas. Archived from the original on 2008-10-06. Retrieved 2007-12-04. In the summer of 1974 Sneaky Pete Kleinow, Gib Guilbeau came together with Gene Parsons, Joel Scott Hill and Chris Ethridge from the DOCKER HILL BOYS to reform the FLYING BURRITOBROTHERS.
^
Palczynski, Bruno. "FLYING AGAIN - THE COLUMBIA PERIOD: September 1974 - February 1976". Archived from the original on 2007-11-27. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
^ "Mississippi writers and musicians". Archived from the original on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
^ "Flying Burrito Brothers bassist Chris Ethridge dies". The Line Of Best Fit. April 23, 2012. Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-23.
External links
Chris Ethridge at IMDb
Chris Ethridge credits at MSN Music
vteThe Flying Burrito Brothers
Chris Hillman
Sneaky Pete Kleinow
Gram Parsons
Chris Ethridge
Michael Clarke
Bernie Leadon
Rick Roberts
Al Perkins
Byron Berline
Floyd "Gib" Guilbeau
Gene Parsons
Bobby Cochran
Skip Battin
Mickey McGee
John Beland
Brian Cadd
Flying Burrito Brothersstudio albums
The Gilded Palace of Sin (1969)
Burrito Deluxe (1970)
The Flying Burrito Bros (1971)
Flying Again (1975)
Airborne (1976)
Eye of a Hurricane (1994)
California Jukebox (1997)
Sons of the Golden West (1999)
Burrito Brothersstudio albums
Hearts on the Line (1981)
Sunset Sundown (1982)
Burrito Deluxestudio albums
Georgia Peach (2002)
The Whole Enchilada (2004)
Disciples of the Truth (2007)
Compilation albums
Close Up the Honky Tonks (1974)
Sleepless Nights (1976)
Hot Burritos! The Flying Burrito Brothers Anthology 1969–1972 (2000)
Live albums
Last of the Red Hot Burritos (1972)
Sin City (1976)
Live from Tokyo (1979)
Cabin Fever (1985)
Live from Europe (1986)
Gram Parsons Archives Vol.1: Live at the Avalon Ballroom 1969 (2007)
Singles
"Almost Saturday Night"
Related
The Byrds
The Desert Rose Band
The Scottsville Squirrel Barkers
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Netherlands
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Etheridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Etheridge"},{"link_name":"country rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_rock"},{"link_name":"bass guitarist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"International Submarine Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Submarine_Band"},{"link_name":"The Flying Burrito Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flying_Burrito_Brothers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gg5-3"},{"link_name":"Gram Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_Parsons"},{"link_name":"Nancy Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"Judy Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Collins"},{"link_name":"Leon Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Russell"},{"link_name":"Delaney Bramlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaney_Bramlett"},{"link_name":"Johnny Winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Winter"},{"link_name":"Randy Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Newman"},{"link_name":"Graham Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Nash"},{"link_name":"Ry Cooder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry_Cooder"},{"link_name":"Linda Ronstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt"},{"link_name":"The Byrds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Byrds"},{"link_name":"Jackson Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Browne"},{"link_name":"Willie Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Nelson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dead-2"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Chris Etheridge.Musical artistJohn Christopher Ethridge (February 10, 1947 – April 23, 2012) was an American country rock bass guitarist. He was a member of the International Submarine Band (ISB) and The Flying Burrito Brothers,[3] and co-wrote several songs with Gram Parsons. Ethridge worked with Nancy Sinatra, Judy Collins, Leon Russell, Delaney Bramlett, Johnny Winter, Randy Newman, Graham Nash, Ry Cooder, Linda Ronstadt, The Byrds, Jackson Browne, and Willie Nelson.[2]","title":"Chris Ethridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meridian, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gg5-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gg5-3"},{"link_name":"Biloxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biloxi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"L.A. Getaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L.A._Getaway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Barbata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barbata"},{"link_name":"The Turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Turtles"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Starship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Starship"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gg5-3"},{"link_name":"The Byrds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Byrds"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gg5-3"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"The Gilded Palace of Sin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gilded_Palace_of_Sin"},{"link_name":"Burrito Deluxe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrito_Deluxe"},{"link_name":"Byron Berline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_Berline"},{"link_name":"Emmylou Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmylou_Harris"},{"link_name":"Clarence White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_White"},{"link_name":"Gene Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Parsons"},{"link_name":"Sneaky Pete Kleinow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneaky_Pete_Kleinow"},{"link_name":"Roland White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_White"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bruno3-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gg5-3"},{"link_name":"Gib Guilbeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gib_Guilbeau"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gg5-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bruno3-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Flying Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Again"},{"link_name":"session work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_musician"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Nancy Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"Judy Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Collins"},{"link_name":"Johnny Winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Winter"},{"link_name":"Ry Cooder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry_Cooder"},{"link_name":"Leon Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Russell"},{"link_name":"Randy Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Newman"},{"link_name":"Linda Ronstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt"},{"link_name":"The Byrds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Byrds"},{"link_name":"Jackson Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Browne"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gg5-3"},{"link_name":"Willie Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Nelson"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Kudzu Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudzu_Kings"},{"link_name":"pancreatic cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dead-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bestfit-10"}],"text":"Ethridge was born in Meridian, Mississippi, United States.[3][4] He began playing in local bands in the South before moving to California aged 17,[3] having been spotted in Biloxi.[5] He played with Joel Scott Hill before joining Gram Parsons in ISB; in 1971, Hill and Ethridge would record a trio album (L.A. Getaway) with drummer John Barbata, best known for his work with The Turtles and Jefferson Starship.[3] He played with Parsons after the end of ISB, and again after Parsons left The Byrds, before cofounding the Burrito Brothers with him.[3] He played bass and piano on The Gilded Palace of Sin, but left before Burrito Deluxe due to creative differences. When Parsons left the Burritos, Ethridge briefly played with him again, touring with Byron Berline, Emmylou Harris, Clarence White, Gene Parsons, Sneaky Pete Kleinow, and Roland White in 1973.[6] After Parsons' death, Ethridge played in 1974 with the Docker Hill Boys,[3] an informal group which included Gene Parsons and Joel Scott Hill. These three refounded the Burritos in 1975 with Sneaky Pete and Gib Guilbeau,[3][6][7] recording Flying Again.Ethridge left the Burritos again in February 1976, returning to session work.[8] He had been a session musician throughout his career, recording with many leading country-tinged acts, including Nancy Sinatra, Judy Collins, Johnny Winter, Ry Cooder, Leon Russell, Randy Newman, Linda Ronstadt, The Byrds and Jackson Browne.[3] He also toured with Willie Nelson's band for almost eight years,[9] and later played with the Kudzu Kings.Ethridge died on April 23, 2012, at age 65 at a hospital in Meridian, Mississippi of complications from pancreatic cancer.[2][10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"On the following albums, Ethridge played bass unless stated otherwise:","title":"Discography"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan%27s_71st_House_of_Representatives_district
|
Michigan's 71st House of Representatives district
|
["1 List of representatives","2 Recent Elections","2.1 2020","2.2 2018","2.3 2016","2.4 2014","2.5 2012","2.6 2010","2.7 2008","3 Historical district boundaries","4 References"]
|
American legislative district
Michigan's 71st StateHouse of RepresentativesdistrictRepresentative
Brian BeGoleR–Antrim Township
Demographics82.1% White7.0% Black5.4% Hispanic2.1% Asian0.7% OtherPopulation (2010)94,228
Michigan's 71st House of Representatives district (also referred to as Michigan's 71st House district) is a legislative district within the Michigan House of Representatives located in parts of Genesee, Saginaw and Shiawassee counties. The district was created in 1965, when the Michigan House of Representatives district naming scheme changed from a county-based system to a numerical one.
List of representatives
Representative
Party
Dates
Residence
Notes
Bruce L. Monks
Democratic
1965–1966
Mount Clemens
Allen F. Rush
Republican
1967–1968
Lake Orion
Thomas Guastello
Democratic
1969–1974
Sterling Heights
Lived in Utica until around 1971.
Sal Rocca
Republican
1975–1980
Sterling Heights
Doug Cruce
Republican
1981–1982
Troy
Sal Rocca
Republican
1983–1992
Sterling Heights
Frank M. Fitzgerald
Republican
1993–1998
Grand Ledge
Susan L. Tabor
Republican
1999–2004
Delta Township
Lived in Lansing from 2001 to 2002.
Rick Jones
Republican
2005–2010
Grand Ledge
Deb Shaughnessy
Republican
2011–2012
Charlotte
Theresa Abed
Democratic
2013–2014
Charlotte
Tom Barrett
Republican
2015–2018
Potterville
Angela Witwer
Democratic
2019–2022
Lansing
Brian BeGole
Republican
2023–present
Antrim Township
Recent Elections
2020
2020 Michigan House of Representatives election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Angela Witwer (incumbent)
28,200
51.22
Republican
Gina Johnsen
26,049
47.31
Green
Dalton R. McCuiston
807
1.47
Total votes
55,056
100.0
2018
2018 Michigan House of Representatives election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Angela Witwer
21,990
50.80
Republican
Christine E. Barnes
21,299
49.20
Total votes
43,289
100
Democratic gain from Republican
2016
2016 Michigan House of Representatives election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Tom Barrett
26,315
54.04%
Democratic
Theresa Abed
20,926
42.98%
Libertarian
Marc Lord
1,450
2.98%
Total votes
48,691
100.00%
Republican hold
2014
2014 Michigan House of Representatives election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Tom Barrett
17,715
50.44
Democratic
Theresa Abed
17,405
49.56
Total votes
35,120
100.0
Republican gain from Democratic
2012
2012 Michigan House of Representatives election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Theresa Abed
24,822
53.43
Republican
Deb Shaughnessy
21,637
46.57
Total votes
46,459
100.0
Democratic gain from Republican
2010
2010 Michigan House of Representatives election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Deb Shaughnessy
24,674
59.19
Democratic
Theresa Abed
17,014
40.81
Total votes
41,688
100.0
Republican hold
2008
2008 Michigan House of Representatives election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Rick Jones
29,169
58.07
Democratic
Mark Eagle
21,063
41.93
Total votes
50,232
100.0
Republican hold
Historical district boundaries
Map
Description
Apportionment Plan
Notes
Macomb County (part)
Armada Township
Bruce Township
Clinton Township (part)
Macomb Township
Ray Township
Shelby Township
Sterling Township
Utica
Washington Township
1964 Apportionment Plan
Macomb County (part)
Utica
Sterling Heights (part)
Warren (part)
Oakland County (part)
Troy (part)
1972 Apportionment Plan
Macomb County (part)
Sterling Heights (part)
1982 Apportionment Plan
Eaton County (part)
Bellevue Township
Benton Township
Brookfield Township
Carmel Township
Charlotte
Chester Township
Delta Charter Township
Eaton Rapids Township
Eaton Township
Grand Ledge
Kalamo Township
Lansing (part)
Olivet
Oneida Charter Township
Potterville
Roxand Township
Sunfield Township
Vermontville Township
Walton Township
Windsor Charter Township
1992 Apportionment Plan
Eaton County (part)
Bellevue Township
Benton Township
Carmel Township
Charlotte
Chester Township
Delta Charter Township
Eaton Rapids Township
Eaton Township
Grand Ledge (part)
Kalamo Township
Lansing (part)
Olivet
Oneida Charter Township
Potterville
Roxand Township
Sunfield Township
Vermontville Township
Walton Township
Windsor Charter Township
2001 Apportionment Plan
Eaton County (part)
Bellevue Township
Benton Township
Carmel Township
Charlotte
Chester Township
Delta Charter Township
Eaton Rapids Township
Eaton Township (part)
Grand Ledge (part)
Kalamo Township
Lansing (part)
Olivet
Oneida Charter Township
Potterville
Roxand Township
Sunfield Township
Vermontville Township
Walton Township
Windsor Charter Township
2011 Apportionment Plan
References
^ "Population of State House District 71, Michigan". Statistical Atlas. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
^ "Hickory_House". Michigan. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
^ "Speakers Pro Tempore of the House of Representatives, 1835–2015" (PDF). Michigan Legislature. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
^ "Legislator Details - Bruce L. Monks". Library of Michigan. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
^ "Legislator Details - Allen F. Rush". Library of Michigan. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
^ "Legislator Details - Thomas Guastello". Library of Michigan. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
^ "Legislator Details - Doug Cruce". Library of Michigan. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
^ "Legislator Details - Sal Rocca". Library of Michigan. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
^ "Legislator Details - Frank M. Fitzgerald". Library of Michigan. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
^ "Legislator Details - Susan L. Tabor". Library of Michigan. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
^ "Legislator Details - Rick Jones". Library of Michigan. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
^ "Legislator Details - Deb Shaughnessy". Library of Michigan. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
^ "Legislator Details - Theresa Abed". Library of Michigan. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
^ "Legislator Details - Tom Barrett". Library of Michigan. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
^ "Legislator Details - Angela Witwer". Library of Michigan. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
^ "Legislator Details - Brian BeGole". Library of Michigan. Retrieved January 1, 2023.
^ "2020 Michigan Election Results". Michigan Secretary of State. August 24, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
^ "2018 Michigan Election Results". Lansing, U.S.A.: Department of State, Michigan. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
^ "2016 Michigan Election Results". Lansing, U.S.A.: Department of State, Michigan. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
^ "2014 Michigan Election Results". Lansing, U.S.A.: Department of State, Michigan. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
^ "2012 Michigan Election Results". Lansing, U.S.A.: Department of State, Michigan. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
^ "2010 Michigan Election Results". Lansing, U.S.A.: Department of State, Michigan. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
^ "2008 Michigan Election Results". Lansing, U.S.A.: Department of State, Michigan. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
^ "Michigan Manual 1965/1966". Michigan Legislature. 1965. p. 389. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
^ "Michigan Manual 1975/1976". Michigan Legislature. 1975. p. 470. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
^ "REPRESENTATIVE DISTRICTS" (PDF). Michigan Legislature. 1989. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
^ "REPRESENTATIVE DISTRICTS" (PDF). Michigan Legislature. 1995. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
^ "REPRESENTATIVE DISTRICTS" (PDF). Michigan Legislature. 2001. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
^ "MICHIGAN STATE HOUSE DISTRICT 71" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 15, 2022. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
vteSeats in the Michigan LegislatureSenate
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House of Representatives
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vteMembers of the Michigan House of Representatives102nd Legislature (2023–2025)
Speaker of the House
Joe Tate (D)
Speaker pro tempore
Laurie Pohutsky (D)
Majority Floor Leader
Abraham Aiyash (D)
Minority Leader
Matt Hall (R)
▌Tyrone Carter (D)
▌Tullio Liberati (D)
▌Alabas Farhat (D)
▌Karen Whitsett (D)
▌Natalie Price (D)
▌Regina Weiss (D)
▌Helena Scott (D)
▌Mike McFall (D)
▌Abraham Aiyash (D)
▌Joe Tate (D)
▌Veronica Paiz (D)
▌Kimberly Edwards (D)
▌Mai Xiong (D)
▌Donavan McKinney (D)
▌Erin Byrnes (D)
▌Stephanie Young (D)
▌Laurie Pohutsky (D)
▌Jason Hoskins (D)
▌Samantha Steckloff (D)
▌Noah Arbit (D)
▌Kelly Breen (D)
▌Matt Koleszar (D)
▌Jason Morgan (D)
▌Ranjeev Puri (D)
▌Peter Herzberg (D)
▌Dylan Wegela (D)
▌Jaime Churches (D)
▌Jamie Thompson (R)
▌James DeSana (R)
▌William Bruck (R)
▌Reggie Miller (D)
▌Jimmie Wilson Jr. (D)
▌Felicia Brabec (D)
▌Dale Zorn (R)
▌Andrew Fink (R)
▌Steve Carra (R)
▌Brad Paquette (R)
▌Joey Andrews (D)
▌Pauline Wendzel (R)
▌Christine Morse (D)
▌Julie Rogers (D)
▌Matt Hall (R)
▌Rachelle Smit (R)
▌Jim Haadsma (D)
▌Sarah Lightner (R)
▌Kathy Schmaltz (R)
▌Carrie Rheingans (D)
▌Jennifer Conlin (D)
▌Ann Bollin (R)
▌Bob Bezotte (R)
▌Matt Maddock (R)
▌Mike Harris (R)
▌Brenda Carter (D)
▌Donni Steele (R)
▌Mark Tisdel (R)
▌Sharon MacDonell (D)
▌Thomas Kuhn (R)
▌Nate Shannon (D)
▌Doug Wozniak (R)
▌Joseph Aragona (R)
▌Denise Mentzer (D)
▌Alicia St. Germaine (R)
▌Jay DeBoyer (R)
▌Andrew Beeler (R)
▌Jaime Greene (R)
▌Josh Schriver (R)
▌Phil Green (R)
▌David Martin (R)
▌Jasper Martus (D)
▌Cynthia Neeley (D)
▌Brian BeGole (R)
▌Mike Mueller (R)
▌Julie Brixie (D)
▌Kara Hope (D)
▌Penelope Tsernoglou (D)
▌Angela Witwer (D)
▌Emily Dievendorf (D)
▌Gina Johnsen (R)
▌Angela Rigas (R)
▌Phil Skaggs (D)
▌Rachel Hood (D)
▌Kristian Grant (D)
▌John Wesley Fitzgerald (D)
▌Carol Glanville (D)
▌Bradley Slagh (R)
▌Nancy De Boer (R)
▌Will Snyder (D)
▌Greg VanWoerkom (R)
▌Luke Meerman (R)
▌Bryan Posthumus (R)
▌Pat Outman (R)
▌Jerry Neyer (R)
▌Graham Filler (R)
▌Amos O'Neal (D)
▌Bill G. Schuette (R)
▌Timothy Beson (R)
▌Matthew Bierlein (R)
▌Gregory Alexander (R)
▌Mike Hoadley (R)
▌Tom Kunse (R)
▌Joseph Fox (R)
▌Curt VanderWall (R)
▌Betsy Coffia (D)
▌John Roth (R)
▌Ken Borton (R)
▌Cam Cavitt (R)
▌Neil Friske (R)
▌David Prestin (R)
▌Jenn Hill (D)
▌Gregory Markkanen (R)
▌Democratic (56)
▌Republican (54)
Michigan Legislature
Michigan House of Representatives
Michigan Senate
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michigan House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Genesee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesee_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Saginaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saginaw_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Shiawassee counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiawassee_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Michigan House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Michigan's 71st House of Representatives district (also referred to as Michigan's 71st House district) is a legislative district within the Michigan House of Representatives located in parts of Genesee, Saginaw and Shiawassee counties.[2] The district was created in 1965, when the Michigan House of Representatives district naming scheme changed from a county-based system to a numerical one.[3]","title":"Michigan's 71st House of Representatives district"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of representatives"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Recent Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2020","title":"Recent Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2018","title":"Recent Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2016","title":"Recent Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2014","title":"Recent Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2012","title":"Recent Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2010","title":"Recent Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2008","title":"Recent Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Historical district boundaries"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Population of State House District 71, Michigan\". Statistical Atlas. Retrieved June 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://statisticalatlas.com/state-lower-legislative-district/Michigan/State-House-District-71/Population","url_text":"\"Population of State House District 71, Michigan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hickory_House\". Michigan. Retrieved September 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.michigan.gov/dataset/Hickory_House/femj-ipc4","url_text":"\"Hickory_House\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan","url_text":"Michigan"}]},{"reference":"\"Speakers Pro Tempore of the House of Representatives, 1835–2015\" (PDF). Michigan Legislature. Retrieved June 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(gvf0oh4uofei14qtifssh0vh))/documents/2015-2016/michiganmanual/2015-MM-P0261-p0262.pdf","url_text":"\"Speakers Pro Tempore of the House of Representatives, 1835–2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Legislator Details - Bruce L. Monks\". Library of Michigan. Retrieved July 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mdoe.state.mi.us/legislators/Legislator/LegislatorDetail/4213","url_text":"\"Legislator Details - Bruce L. Monks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Michigan","url_text":"Library of Michigan"}]},{"reference":"\"Legislator Details - Allen F. Rush\". Library of Michigan. Retrieved July 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mdoe.state.mi.us/legislators/Legislator/LegislatorDetail/644","url_text":"\"Legislator Details - Allen F. Rush\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Michigan","url_text":"Library of Michigan"}]},{"reference":"\"Legislator Details - Thomas Guastello\". Library of Michigan. Retrieved July 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mdoe.state.mi.us/legislators/Legislator/LegislatorDetail/4460","url_text":"\"Legislator Details - Thomas Guastello\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Michigan","url_text":"Library of Michigan"}]},{"reference":"\"Legislator Details - Doug Cruce\". Library of Michigan. Retrieved July 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mdoe.state.mi.us/legislators/Legislator/LegislatorDetail/4656","url_text":"\"Legislator Details - Doug Cruce\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Michigan","url_text":"Library of Michigan"}]},{"reference":"\"Legislator Details - Sal Rocca\". Library of Michigan. Retrieved July 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mdoe.state.mi.us/legislators/Legislator/LegislatorDetail/2211","url_text":"\"Legislator Details - Sal Rocca\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Michigan","url_text":"Library of Michigan"}]},{"reference":"\"Legislator Details - Frank M. Fitzgerald\". Library of Michigan. Retrieved July 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mdoe.state.mi.us/legislators/Legislator/LegislatorDetail/665","url_text":"\"Legislator Details - Frank M. Fitzgerald\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Michigan","url_text":"Library of Michigan"}]},{"reference":"\"Legislator Details - Susan L. Tabor\". Library of Michigan. Retrieved July 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mdoe.state.mi.us/legislators/Legislator/LegislatorDetail/2359","url_text":"\"Legislator Details - Susan L. Tabor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Michigan","url_text":"Library of Michigan"}]},{"reference":"\"Legislator Details - Rick Jones\". Library of Michigan. Retrieved July 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mdoe.state.mi.us/legislators/Legislator/LegislatorDetail/5177","url_text":"\"Legislator Details - Rick Jones\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Michigan","url_text":"Library of Michigan"}]},{"reference":"\"Legislator Details - Deb Shaughnessy\". Library of Michigan. Retrieved July 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mdoe.state.mi.us/legislators/Legislator/LegislatorDetail/3259","url_text":"\"Legislator Details - Deb Shaughnessy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Michigan","url_text":"Library of Michigan"}]},{"reference":"\"Legislator Details - Theresa Abed\". Library of Michigan. Retrieved July 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mdoe.state.mi.us/legislators/Legislator/LegislatorDetail/2936","url_text":"\"Legislator Details - Theresa Abed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Michigan","url_text":"Library of Michigan"}]},{"reference":"\"Legislator Details - Tom Barrett\". Library of Michigan. Retrieved July 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mdoe.state.mi.us/legislators/Legislator/LegislatorDetail/5420","url_text":"\"Legislator Details - Tom Barrett\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Michigan","url_text":"Library of Michigan"}]},{"reference":"\"Legislator Details - Angela Witwer\". Library of Michigan. Retrieved July 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mdoe.state.mi.us/legislators/Legislator/LegislatorDetail/5528","url_text":"\"Legislator Details - Angela Witwer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Michigan","url_text":"Library of Michigan"}]},{"reference":"\"Legislator Details - Brian BeGole\". Library of Michigan. Retrieved January 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://mdoe.state.mi.us/legislators/Legislator/LegislatorDetail/5639","url_text":"\"Legislator Details - Brian BeGole\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Michigan","url_text":"Library of Michigan"}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Michigan Election Results\". Michigan Secretary of State. August 24, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://mielections.us/election/results/2020GEN_CENR.html","url_text":"\"2020 Michigan Election Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Secretary_of_State","url_text":"Michigan Secretary of State"}]},{"reference":"\"2018 Michigan Election Results\". Lansing, U.S.A.: Department of State, Michigan. Retrieved June 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mielections.us/election/results/2018GEN_CENR.html","url_text":"\"2018 Michigan Election Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"2016 Michigan Election Results\". Lansing, U.S.A.: Department of State, Michigan. Retrieved June 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mielections.us/election/results/2016GEN_CENR.html","url_text":"\"2016 Michigan Election Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"2014 Michigan Election Results\". Lansing, U.S.A.: Department of State, Michigan. Retrieved June 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mielections.us/election/results/2014GEN_CENR.html","url_text":"\"2014 Michigan Election Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"2012 Michigan Election Results\". Lansing, U.S.A.: Department of State, Michigan. Retrieved June 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mielections.us/election/results/2012GEN_CENR.html","url_text":"\"2012 Michigan Election Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Michigan Election Results\". Lansing, U.S.A.: Department of State, Michigan. Retrieved June 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mielections.us/election/results/2010GEN_CENR.html","url_text":"\"2010 Michigan Election Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"2008 Michigan Election Results\". Lansing, U.S.A.: Department of State, Michigan. Retrieved June 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mielections.us/election/results/2008GEN_CENR.html","url_text":"\"2008 Michigan Election Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michigan Manual 1965/1966\". Michigan Legislature. 1965. p. 389. Retrieved September 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015071179256","url_text":"\"Michigan Manual 1965/1966\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Legislature","url_text":"Michigan Legislature"}]},{"reference":"\"Michigan Manual 1975/1976\". Michigan Legislature. 1975. p. 470. Retrieved September 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015071179306","url_text":"\"Michigan Manual 1975/1976\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Legislature","url_text":"Michigan Legislature"}]},{"reference":"\"REPRESENTATIVE DISTRICTS\" (PDF). Michigan Legislature. 1989. Retrieved September 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(u4ifdywmcyzh4c0r40ye5yak))/documents/1989-1990/michiganmanual/1989-MM-P0296-P0325.pdf","url_text":"\"REPRESENTATIVE DISTRICTS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Legislature","url_text":"Michigan Legislature"}]},{"reference":"\"REPRESENTATIVE DISTRICTS\" (PDF). Michigan Legislature. 1995. Retrieved September 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(z2hc01dhxe00jejkw53plcvs))/documents/1995-1996/michiganmanual/1995-MM-P0307-P0321.pdf","url_text":"\"REPRESENTATIVE DISTRICTS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Legislature","url_text":"Michigan Legislature"}]},{"reference":"\"REPRESENTATIVE DISTRICTS\" (PDF). Michigan Legislature. 2001. Retrieved September 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(z2hc01dhxe00jejkw53plcvs))/documents/2001-2002/michiganmanual/2001-mm-p0323-p032S.pdf","url_text":"\"REPRESENTATIVE DISTRICTS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Legislature","url_text":"Michigan Legislature"}]},{"reference":"\"MICHIGAN STATE HOUSE DISTRICT 71\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 15, 2022. Retrieved September 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220415211746/https://www.house.mi.gov/media/District%20Maps/071.pdf","url_text":"\"MICHIGAN STATE HOUSE DISTRICT 71\""},{"url":"https://www.house.mi.gov/media/District%20Maps/071.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Twiselton_Elliston
|
Henry Twiselton Elliston
|
["1 Life","2 References"]
|
English musical composer and inventor
Henry Twiselton EllistonBornc. 1801Died19 April 1864Leamington,NationalityEnglishOccupation(s)Composer, Organist, Librarian
Henry Twiselton Elliston (c. 1801 – 1864), was an English musical composer and inventor.
Life
Elliston was born in or about 1801, the second son of Robert William Elliston and the nephew of Mary Ann Rundall. He resided during most of his life at Leamington, where his father had formerly leased the theatre. Having decided on adopting music as his profession, he received a careful training, and became a sound theoretical musician, and an able performer on the organ and several other instruments. On his father presenting an organ to the parish church of Leamington, Elliston was elected organist, and held the post till his death. In the subsequent enlargement of the organ he exhibited considerable mechanical ingenuity, and invented a transposing piano on a new and simple plan. He was an early member of the choral society of Leamington, and whilst he was associated with it the society produced the Messiah and other great works during a three days' musical festival. Elliston himself built the music hall in Bath Street, with his brother William, who emigrated to Australia, he established the County Library. During the time that he and his brother were in partnership they gave concerts on an extensive scale. Subsequently, Elliston was lessee of the royal assembly rooms. Beyond some admired church services he composed little. In September 1863 he was appointed librarian of the free public library at Leamington. He died at Leamington on 19 April 1864, aged 63, and was buried in the cemetery.
References
^ Christopher Murray, 'Elliston, Robert William (1774–1831)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 6 Dec 2014
^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Elliston, Henry Twiselton". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Elliston, Henry Twiselton". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
People
Deutsche Biographie
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"c.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa"}],"text":"Henry Twiselton Elliston (c. 1801 – 1864), was an English musical composer and inventor.","title":"Henry Twiselton Elliston"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert William Elliston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_William_Elliston"},{"link_name":"Mary Ann Rundall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Ann_Rundall"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Leamington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Leamington_Spa"},{"link_name":"theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_(structure)"},{"link_name":"theoretical musician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_theory"},{"link_name":"organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(music)"},{"link_name":"parish church of Leamington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Church,_Leamington_Spa"},{"link_name":"transposing piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposing_piano"},{"link_name":"Messiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)"},{"link_name":"music hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_hall"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Elliston was born in or about 1801, the second son of Robert William Elliston and the nephew of Mary Ann Rundall.[1] He resided during most of his life at Leamington, where his father had formerly leased the theatre. Having decided on adopting music as his profession, he received a careful training, and became a sound theoretical musician, and an able performer on the organ and several other instruments. On his father presenting an organ to the parish church of Leamington, Elliston was elected organist, and held the post till his death. In the subsequent enlargement of the organ he exhibited considerable mechanical ingenuity, and invented a transposing piano on a new and simple plan. He was an early member of the choral society of Leamington, and whilst he was associated with it the society produced the Messiah and other great works during a three days' musical festival. Elliston himself built the music hall in Bath Street, with his brother William, who emigrated to Australia, he established the County Library. During the time that he and his brother were in partnership they gave concerts on an extensive scale. Subsequently, Elliston was lessee of the royal assembly rooms. Beyond some admired church services he composed little. In September 1863 he was appointed librarian of the free public library at Leamington. He died at Leamington on 19 April 1864, aged 63, and was buried in the cemetery.[2]","title":"Life"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Elliston, Henry Twiselton\". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Elliston,_Henry_Twiselton","url_text":"Elliston, Henry Twiselton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire-United_States_relations
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Ottoman Empire–United States relations
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["1 History of relations","1.1 American tribute to the Ottoman Empire","1.2 US Barbary Wars","1.3 Armenian issues","1.4 Moro rebellion in the Philippines","1.5 Young Turk Revolution","1.6 World War I and the Armenian genocide","2 Diplomatic missions","2.1 Ottoman ministers and ambassadors to the U.S.","2.2 American ministers and ambassadors to the Ottoman Empire","3 See also","3.1 Notes","4 Further reading"]
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Bilateral relationsOttoman–American relations
Ottoman Empire
United States
Diplomatic missionEmbassy of the Ottoman Empire, Washington D.C.Embassy of the United States, Istanbul
The relations between the Ottoman Empire and the United States have a long history having its roots even before the American independence since there was a actually a running trade between these two regions. After the American independence in 1776, the first relations between these two countries started through the contact between the American merchants, statesmen and lastly the Navy and North African countries (under the rule of the Ottomans at that time) and with the Ottoman Empire after 1780.
History of relations
American tribute to the Ottoman Empire
On September 5, 1795, Joseph Donaldson, Junior, appointed by then 1st Minister of US to Portugal David Humphreys, signed the Treaty of Algiers with Hassan Bashaw, Dey
of Algiers. According to this treaty, the USA would pay 642,000 gold one-time and 12,000 Ottoman gold ($21,600 dollars) per year in exchange for the extradition of prisoners in Algeria and the lack of touching any ship carrying the US banner both in the Atlantic Ocean and in the Mediterranean. It is the only U.S. document in its history to acknowledge the payment of taxes to a foreign state, as well as the only treaty in a foreign language in more than two centuries of history. The USA remained loyal to this 22-article treaty until 1818.
However, the first contact between the United States and the Ottoman central government took place when Captain William Bainbridge of the USS George Washington of the American Navy had to sail to Istanbul in 1800 upon being compelled by the Dey of Algiers to deliver the Dey's gifts and envoy to the Ottoman Sultan and Bainbridge arrive in Istanbul on November 9, 1800, marking the first direct encounter of the United States and Ottoman government.
US Barbary Wars
In the early 19th century, the US fought the Barbary Wars against the Barbary states, which were under Ottoman suzerainty.
In 1825, during the Greek War of Independence and Greek civil wars of 1823-1825, the U.S. Navy conducted anti-piracy operations in the Aegean Sea. Greece and the Aegean were controlled by the Ottomans until Greece achieved independence in 1829. The first draft of the Monroe Doctrine, written in 1823, included a passage praising the Greek revolutionaries, though the passage was ultimately removed.
In 1831 the U.S. sent its first formally approved envoy to the Ottoman Empire, David Porter. The empire and the U.S. at that point had their representatives at the "Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary" level. Sinan Kuneralp, author of "Ottoman Diplomatic and Consular Personnel in the United States of America, 1867–1917," wrote that the empire initially apparently lacked "any sensible justification" to open a mission stateside due to the relative distance between the countries. Wasti wrote that "there was no real rush on the Ottoman side to send diplomatic envoys to Washington, DC".
The first official Ottoman government visit to the U.S., lasting for six months in 1850, was that of Emin Bey, who toured shipyards there. Two Ottoman officials, one being Edouard Blak Bey, who sensed the rise of the United States, unsuccessfully advocated for installing a mission in the U.S. during the early 1850s. The first Ottoman honorary consulate in the U.S. opened in May 1858.
In 1866 Ottoman foreign minister Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha declined to start a legation to the U.S. that year, after reviewing a proposal by Ambassador to France of the Ottoman Empire Safvet Pasha. However the ministry changed its mind after the leaders there perceived the reports of the Cretan revolt (1866–1869) from the US consul W.J. Stillman and other American reports to be misleading and decided they needed to present a counter-view. The empire sent its first permanent envoy to the U.S. in 1867, creating the Ottoman Legation in Washington, DC. Since the empire itself began establishing its diplomatic missions in the 1830s and due to the about three decade gap between the respective legations being established, Kuneralp wrote that the Ottomans created their U.S. mission "comparatively late".
Blak was the first envoy to Washington. Kuneralp wrote that the Washington posting was not considered important to the Ottoman government, which is why some officials refused the posting and those considered promising were turned away from it. He cited the cases of then-minister to Florence Rüstem Bey and Osman Nizami Pasha, who declined in 1867 and 1912, respectively. Nine envoys headed the legation beginning in 1877 and prior to full embassy status, and there were a total of 13 envoys/ambassadors in the position.
Mustafa Shekib Bey, in 1904, recommended that the Ottomans appoint Levantine Armand Guys as the first commercial attaché, arguing that commercial relations had increased.
In 1906 the U.S. upgraded its representation in Constantinople to the embassy level.
The most important aspect of American diplomacy in the late 19th century, down to 1914, involved protection of the hundreds of American Protestant missionaries to the Ottoman Empire.
Armenian issues
Abdul Hamid II disliked it when the Americans pleaded for help for Armenians. As a result, he terminated the credentials of envoy Mustafa Shekib, and chose not to upgrade the mission to embassy status. Shekib therefore was unable to present his credentials to the President. Shekib slept in the daytime, and so his staff dealt with U.S. officials. Kuneralp stated that therefore "Things were eased out".
Moro rebellion in the Philippines
In 1899, John Hay, the American Secretary of State, asked the Jewish American ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, Oscar Straus to request Sultan Abdul Hamid II to write a letter to the Moro Sulu Muslims of the Sulu Sultanate in the Philippines telling them to submit to American suzerainty and American military rule (see Philippine–American War). The Sultan obliged and wrote the letter, which was sent to Sulu via Mecca; two Sulu chiefs delivered it to Sulu and it was successful since the "Sulu Mohammedans... refused to join the insurrectionists and had placed themselves under the control of our army, thereby recognizing American sovereignty."
Abdul Hamid used his position as caliph to order the Sulu Sultan not to resist and not fight the invading Americans. President McKinley did not mention the Ottoman role in the pacification of the Sulu Moros in his address to the first session of the 56th Congress in December 1899 since the agreement with the Sultan of Sulu was not submitted to the Senate until December 18. Despite Sulu's "pan-Islamic" ideology, he readily acceded to Straus' request to avoid hostilities between the West and Muslims. The Sulu sultan was persuaded by the Ottoman Sultan.
John P. Finley wrote that, "After due consideration of these facts, the Sultan, as Caliph caused a message to be sent to the Mohammedans of the Philippine Islands forbidding them to enter into any hostilities against the Americans, inasmuch as no interference with their religion would be allowed under American rule. As the Moros have never asked more than that, it is not surprising, that they refused all overtures made, by Aguinaldo's agents, at the time of the Filipino insurrection. President McKinley sent a personal letter of thanks to Mr. Straus for the excellent work he had done, and said, its accomplishment had saved the United States at least twenty thousand troops in the field. If the reader will pause to consider what this means in men and also the millions in money, he will appreciate this wonderful piece of diplomacy, in averting a holy war." The Muslim peoples obeyed the order.
In 1904, the Moro Rebellion then broke out between the Americans and Moro Muslims.
Young Turk Revolution
The Young Turk Revolution removed Abdul Hamid II from power in 1908, and officials more favorable to the U.S. replaced him. The Ottoman Legation in Washington was designated as an embassy in 1909, and given the second class ranking; the Ottoman Empire at the time ranked its embassies by importance.
During the Presidency of William Howard Taft, an American strategy was to become involved in business transactions rather than military confrontations, a policy known as Dollar Diplomacy. It failed with respect to the Ottoman Empire because of opposition from US ambassador Oscar Straus and to Turkish vacillation under pressure from the entrenched European powers who did not wish to see American competition. American trade remained a minor factor.
World War I and the Armenian genocide
Henry Morgenthau, Sr. was the U.S. Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire during World War I until 1916. Morgenthau criticized the ruling Three Pashas for the Armenian genocide and sought to get help for the Armenians. Jesse B. Jackson, consul in Aleppo, also assisted Armenians.
Morgenthau's replacement Abram Isaac Elkus, served in 1916–1917.
The Ottomans severed diplomatic relations with the United States on April 20, 1917, after the United States had declared war against Germany on April 4, 1917. The United States never declared war on the Ottoman Empire.
On January 28, 1919, Mark Lambert Bristol began serving as the High Commissioner for Turkey. He served in this role through the end of the Ottoman Empire and the beginning of the Republic of Turkey, the Ottoman Empire's successor state. Thomas A. Bryson of West Georgia College wrote that in 1919 "the United States enjoyed a benevolent reputation in Turkey" due to missionary work done by Americans and because the United States did not declare war on the empire. He also stated that Bristol had "built up a large deposit of Turkish good will for the United States".
Bristol's role ended in 1927, when normal diplomatic relations were established with Turkey.
Diplomatic missions
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2019)
See also: List of diplomatic missions of the Ottoman Empire
U.S. diplomatic missions in the empire included:
Constantinople (Istanbul) – Legation/Embassy
It was located in Pera, now known as Beyoğlu.
Aleppo
Consul: Jesse B. Jackson
Beirut
Brusa (Bursa)
Harput/Kharpert (now in Elazığ)
Started from January 1, 1901 with Dr. Thomas H. Norton as the consul; he had no previous experience in international relations, as the U.S. was just recently establishing its diplomatic network. The consulate was established to assist missionaries. The Ottoman Ministry of Internal Security gave him a teskireh travel permit, but the Ottoman Ministry of Foreign Affairs initially refused to recognize the consulate. The building had three stories, a wall, and a garden with mulberry trees. Leslie A. Davis became consul of Harpoot in 1914; Davis stated that this mission was "one of the most remote and inaccessible in the world". Davis observed the Armenian genocide. Davis hid about 80 Armenians in the consulate grounds. His term ended with the cessation of Ottoman-U.S. relations in 1917.
Jerusalem
Mersina (Mersin)
Samsun
Smyrna (now İzmir)
Ottoman diplomatic missions to the U.S. included:
Washington, DC (Embassy) – Classified as a "second class embassy".
New York City (Consulate-General)
Established after the 1880s to monitor anti-Ottoman activity. New York City, previously served by an honorary consulate, had received increased immigration from the empire. Ottoman envoy Alexandros Mavrogenis had advocated for a full consulate-general and afterwards, on the grounds of New York having more diplomatic importance to the empire than Washington, DC, asked the Ottoman government for a vice consul in New York. The consuls in New York began to squabble for power with the Washington consuls. Kuneralp wrote that the conflict between New York City consul general Refet Bey and his respective Washington envoy, Yusuf Ziya Pasha, "took almost epical dimensions."
Boston (Consulate-General)
Established in 1910 so the Ottomans could surveil Armenians in the U.S.
Honorary Ottoman consulates in the U.S.:
Baltimore
William Grange served as honorary consul, selected by Blak.
Boston (later replaced with a consulate-general)
Joseph Yazidiji, an Ottoman citizen, was an honorary consul.
Chicago
New Orleans
J. O. Nixon was honorary consul, selected by Blak.
New York City (later replaced with a consulate-general)
Philadelphia
San Francisco
Washington DC/Baltimore (later replaced with a legation/embassy)
George Porter became the honorary consul for Washington, DC and Baltimore in May 1858.
Ottoman ministers and ambassadors to the U.S.
Edouard Blak Bey - 1867-
Gregory Aristarchis Bey
Hüseyin Tevfik Pasha
Alexandros Mavrogenis Bey
Mustafa Tahsin Bey – Died of tuberculosis shortly after he began his position
Ali Ferruh Bey
Mustafa Shekib Bey
Mohammed Ali Bey al-Abed a.k.a. Mehmed Ali Bey
Hüseyin Kazım Bey - Appointed as the first ambassador
Yusuf Ziya Pasha
Ahmet Rüstem Bey a.k.a. Alfred de Bilinsky – The final Ottoman Ambassador to the U.S.
The Ottoman government chose to continue the mission with a charge, Hüseyin Avni Bey, after World War I began, and this appointment ended with the cutoff of diplomatic relations on April 20, 1917.
Kuneralp stated that these officials were "interesting figures" but that there was not "a Wellington Koo" among them and "they did not shine in their diplomatic careers", as the Ottoman government did not view this post to be important. He also stated that Madame Bey, wife of first secretary Sıtkı Bey, due to her participation in American social life, was actually the most well-known person in the Ottoman diplomatic community within the US.
American ministers and ambassadors to the Ottoman Empire
See also: List of ambassadors of the United States to Turkey
Chargé d'Affaires:
George W. Erving (pre-1831)
David Porter (September 13, 1831 – May 23, 1840)
Minister Resident:
David Porter (May 23, 1840 – March 3, 1843)
Dabney Smith Carr (February 29, 1844 – October 20, 1849)
George Perkins Marsh (March 11, 1850 – December 19, 1853)
Carroll Spence (February 9, 1854 – December 12, 1857)
James Williams (May 27, 1858 – May 25, 1861)
Edward Joy Morris (October 22, 1861 – October 25, 1870)
Wayne MacVeagh (October 25, 1870 – June 10, 1871)
George H. Boker (March 25, 1872 – May 1, 1875)
Horace Maynard (June 12, 1875 – July 15, 1880)
James Longstreet (December 14, 1880 – April 29, 1881)
Lewis Wallace (September 6, 1881 – September 4, 1882)
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary:
Lewis Wallace (September 4, 1882 – May 15, 1885)
Samuel S. Cox (August 25, 1885 – September 14, 1886)
Oscar S. Straus (July 1, 1887 – June 16, 1889)
Solomon Hirsch (December 28, 1889 – June 16, 1892)
David P. Thompson (January 11, 1893 – May 1, 1893)
Alexander W. Terrell (July 7, 1893 – June 15, 1897)
James Burrill Angell (September 3, 1897 – August 13, 1898)
Oscar S. Straus (October 15, 1898 – December 20, 1899)
John G. A. Leishman (March 29, 1901 – October 5, 1906)
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary:
John G. A. Leishman (October 5, 1906 – June 10, 1909)
Oscar S. Straus (October 4, 1909 – September 3, 1910)
William Woodville Rockhill (August 28, 1911 – November 20, 1913)
Henry Morgenthau, Sr. (December 11, 1913 – February 1, 1916)
Abram I. Elkus (October 2, 1916 – April 20, 1917)
High Commissioner for Turkey:
Mark Lambert Bristol (January 28, 1919 - end of empire)
See also
Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire
Foreign relations of the United States
Books about the relations:
America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915
Relations between the United States and countries once a part of the empire.
Albania–United States relations
Bulgaria–United States relations
Egypt–United States relations
Greece–United States relations
Iraq–United States relations
Israel–United States relations
Jordan–United States relations
Lebanon–United States relations
Libya–United States relations
North Macedonia–United States relations
Palestine–United States relations
Saudi Arabia–United States relations (for the Hejaz region)
Syria–United States relations
Turkey–United States relations
Yemen–United States relations
Notes
^ Erhan, Çağrı (2015). Türk-Amerikan İlişkilerinin Tarihsel Kökenleri (in Turkish) (2nd ed.). Ankara: İmge Kitabevi. pp. 41–42.
^ Lippe, John M. Vander (1997). ""The Terrible Turk": The Formulation and Perpetuation of a Stereotype in American Foreign Policy". American Foreign Policy. 17: 39–57 – via Cambridge.
^ Andrew C. A. Jampoler, Embassy to the Eastern Courts: America's Secret First Pivot Toward Asia, 1832–37 (Annapolis: Naval Institute, 2015. xvi, 236 pp.
^ Ross, Frank E. The Mission of Joseph Donaldson, Jr., to Algiers, 1795-97 The Journal of Modern History. Volume 7, Number 4, pp. 422ff December 22, 1935.
^ Hunter Miller, ed. (1931), Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America.
^ Robert J. Allison, The Crescent Obscured: The United States and the Muslim World, 1776-1815, Oxford University Press: New York
^ Jay Sexton (2011). The Monroe Doctrine: Empire and Nation in Nineteenth-Century America. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 59–60. ISBN 9781429929288.
^ a b c d Sinan Kuneralp, "Ottoman Diplomatic and Consular Personnel in the United States of America, 1867–1917." (2001) p. 100 online.
^ a b c d e Syed Tanvir Wasti (2012). "Ahmed Rüstem Bey and the End of an Era". Middle Eastern Studies. 48 (5): 781–796. doi:10.1080/00263206.2012.703616. S2CID 144132608. - Published online August 14, 2012 - Cited: p. 781.
^ Kuneralp, p. 100-101.
^ Kuneralp, p. 105-106.
^ a b c d e f Kuneralp, p. 101. "During the half-century that followed Blacque's appointment till 191712 heads of missions succeeded one another in Washington."
^ Turkish Yearbook of International Relations. Ankara Üniversitesi Diş Munasebetler Enstitüsü, 2000. (head book says 2000/2 Special Issue of Turkish-American Relations. Issue 31, Page 13. p. 13. "Over the 35 years that the dispute lasted (1877-1912), some nine envoys succeeded one another at the head of the Washington mission which was raised to Embassy level in 1912,"
^ Kuneralp, p. 105.
^ Edward Mead Earle, "American Missions in the Near East." Foreign Affairs 7.3 (1929): 398-417. online
^ Roger R. Trask, The United States Response to Turkish Nationalism and Reform, 1914-1939 (1971) pp 3-15.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Kuneralp, Sinan (2011). "Ottoman Diplomatic and Consular Personnel in the United States of America, 1867–1917". In Esenbel, Selcuk; Criss, Bilge Nur; Greenwood, Tony (eds.). American Turkish Encounters: Politics and Culture, 1830-1989. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-4438-3260-1.
^ Kemal H. Karpat (2001). The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State. Oxford University Press. pp. 235–. ISBN 978-0-19-513618-0.
^ Moshe Yegar (1 January 2002). Between Integration and Secession: The Muslim Communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand, and Western Burma/Myanmar. Lexington Books. pp. 397–. ISBN 978-0-7391-0356-2.
^ Political Science Quarterly. Academy of Political Science. 1904. pp. 22–.
^ Mustafa Akyol (18 July 2011). Islam without Extremes: A Muslim Case for Liberty. W. W. Norton. pp. 159–. ISBN 978-0-393-07086-6.
^ J. Robert Moskin (19 November 2013). American Statecraft: The Story of the U.S. Foreign Service. St. Martin's Press. pp. 204–. ISBN 978-1-250-03745-9.
^ George Hubbard Blakeslee; Granville Stanley Hall; Harry Elmer Barnes (1915). The Journal of International Relations. Clark University. pp. 358–.
^ The Journal of Race Development. Clark University. 1915. pp. 358–.
^ Idris Bal (2004). Turkish Foreign Policy in Post Cold War Era. Universal-Publishers. pp. 405–. ISBN 978-1-58112-423-1.
^ Idris Bal (2004). Turkish Foreign Policy in Post Cold War Era. Universal-Publishers. pp. 406–. ISBN 978-1-58112-423-1.
^ a b İhsanoğlu, Ekmeleddin. History of the Ottoman State, society & civilisation: Vol. 1. IRCICA, Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture, 2001. ISBN 9290630531, 9789290630531. p. 343. "Changes which were initiated in 1886 divided Ottoman embassies into four categories." - View #2: "second class embassies in Washington and Montenegro"
^ Naomi W. Cohen, "Ambassador Straus in Turkey, 1909-1910: A Note on Dollar Diplomacy." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 45.4 (1959) online
^ "AFFIRMATION OF THE UNITED STATES RECORD ON THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE RESOLUTION". Govinfo.gov. Retrieved 2023-11-18.
^ a b Spencer Tucker, ed. Encyclopedia of World War I (2005) p 1080
^ a b Bryson, Thomas (September 1974). "Admiral Mark L. Bristol, an Open-Door Diplomat in Turkey". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 5 (4): 450–467. - Cited: p. 452.
^ a b "Mark L. Bristol papers". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2023-11-18.
^ Bryson, Thomas (September 1974). "Admiral Mark L. Bristol, an Open-Door Diplomat in Turkey". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 5 (4): 450–467. - Cited: p. 454.
^ Bryson, Thomas (September 1974). "Admiral Mark L. Bristol, an Open-Door Diplomat in Turkey". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 5 (4): 450–467. - Cited: p. 451.
^ "Unstated". Servet-i Fünun (1423): cover. 1919-08-21. - caption is in French
^ a b c d e f g Hurewitz, J. C. (editor). "Ottoman-American Severance of Relations." The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics: A Documentary Record - British-French Supremacy, 1914-1945. Yale University Press, 1979. ISBN 0300022034, 9780300022032. p. 99.
^ a b Armenian Perspectives: 10th Anniversary Conference of the Association Internationale Des Études Arméniennes, School of Oriental and African Studies, London. Psychology Press, 1997. ISBN 0700706100, 9780700706105. p. 293.
^ Armenian Perspectives: 10th Anniversary Conference of the Association Internationale Des Études Arméniennes, School of Oriental and African Studies, London. Psychology Press, 1997. ISBN 0700706100, 9780700706105. p. 2937.
^ a b White, Edward (2017-02-03). "The Great Crime". The Paris Review. Retrieved 2020-04-09.
^ Merrill D. Peterson. "Starving Armenians": America and the Armenian Genocide, 1915-1930 and After. p. 35.
^ a b c d e f g h i Kuneralp, p. 106.
^ a b Kuneralp, p. 107.
^ a b Kuneralp, p. 103.
^ "Ottoman Empire during World War I", Wikipedia, 2020-09-13, retrieved 2020-10-13
^ "President Benjamin Harrison Names Solomon Hirsch Minister to Turkey". Shapell Manuscript Collection. Shapell Manuscript Foundation.
Further reading
Cohen, Naomi W. "Ambassador Straus in Turkey, 1909-1910: A Note on Dollar Diplomacy." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 45.4 (1959) online
DeNovo, John A. American Interests and Policies in the Middle East, 1900-1939 (1963), pp. 3–26.
Field, James A. America and the Mediterranean World, 1776-1882 (Princeton, 1969)
Fisher, Sydney N. "Two Centuries of American Interest in Turkey," in David H. Pinkney and Theodore Ropp, eds., A Festschrift for Frederick B. Artz (Duke UP, 1964), pp. 113–138. online free to borrow
Gordon, Leland James. American Relations with Turkey, 1830-1930: An Economic Interpretation (Philadelphia, 1932)
Kuneralp, Sinan. "Ottoman Diplomatic and Consular Personnel in the United States of America, 1867–1917." In: Criss, Nur Bilge, Selçuk Esenbel, Tony Greenwood, and Louis Mazzari (editors). American Turkish Encounters: Politics and Culture, 1830–1989 (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2011). ISBN 144383260X, 9781443832601. pp. 100-108.
Trask, Roger R. The United States Response to Turkish Nationalism and Reform, 1914-1939 (1971) pp 3–36 on Ottoman years. online
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Category:Turkey–United States relations
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"North African countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_Coast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"how?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The relations between the Ottoman Empire and the United States have a long history having its roots even before the American independence since there was a actually a running trade between these two regions.[1] After the American independence in 1776, the first relations between these two countries started through the contact between the American merchants, statesmen and lastly the Navy and North African countries (under the rule of the Ottomans at that time)[2] and with the Ottoman Empire after 1780.[how?][3]","title":"Ottoman Empire–United States relations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History of relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ross-4"},{"link_name":"1st Minister of US to Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Portugal"},{"link_name":"David Humphreys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Humphreys_(soldier)"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_and_Friendship_between_the_United_States_and_the_Regency_of_Algiers"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foo-bar-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robert-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.levantineheritage.com/pdf/Levant-Trade-Review-and-Turkish-American-commercial-relations.pdf"}],"sub_title":"American tribute to the Ottoman Empire","text":"On September 5, 1795,[4] Joseph Donaldson, Junior, appointed by then 1st Minister of US to Portugal David Humphreys, signed the Treaty of Algiers with Hassan Bashaw, Dey \nof Algiers.[5] According to this treaty, the USA would pay 642,000 gold one-time and 12,000 Ottoman gold ($21,600 dollars) per year in exchange for the extradition of prisoners in Algeria and the lack of touching any ship carrying the US banner both in the Atlantic Ocean and in the Mediterranean. It is the only U.S. document in its history to acknowledge the payment of taxes to a foreign state, as well as the only treaty in a foreign language in more than two centuries of history. The USA remained loyal to this 22-article treaty until 1818.[6]However, the first contact between the United States and the Ottoman central government took place when Captain William Bainbridge of the USS George Washington of the American Navy had to sail to Istanbul in 1800 upon being compelled by the Dey of Algiers to deliver the Dey's gifts and envoy to the Ottoman Sultan and Bainbridge arrive in Istanbul on November 9, 1800, marking the first direct encounter of the United States and Ottoman government.[1]","title":"History of relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barbary Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_Wars"},{"link_name":"Greek War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Greek civil wars of 1823-1825","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_civil_wars_of_1823-1825"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy"},{"link_name":"conducted anti-piracy operations in the Aegean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"controlled by the Ottomans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Greece"},{"link_name":"Monroe Doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"David Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Porter_(naval_officer)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp100-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wastip781-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp100-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wastip781-9"},{"link_name":"Emin Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emin_Bey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp100101-10"},{"link_name":"Edouard Blak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edouard_Blak"},{"link_name":"Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bey"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp100-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp105106-11"},{"link_name":"Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_Emin_%C3%82li_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Safvet Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safvet_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cretan revolt (1866–1869)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_revolt_(1866%E2%80%931869)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp100-8"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"Rüstem Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCstem_Bey"},{"link_name":"Osman Nizami Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osman_Nizami_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp101-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp101-12"},{"link_name":"Mustafa Shekib Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Shekib_Bey"},{"link_name":"Levantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantine_people_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wastip781-9"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"US Barbary Wars","text":"In the early 19th century, the US fought the Barbary Wars against the Barbary states, which were under Ottoman suzerainty.In 1825, during the Greek War of Independence and Greek civil wars of 1823-1825, the U.S. Navy conducted anti-piracy operations in the Aegean Sea. Greece and the Aegean were controlled by the Ottomans until Greece achieved independence in 1829. The first draft of the Monroe Doctrine, written in 1823, included a passage praising the Greek revolutionaries, though the passage was ultimately removed.[7]In 1831 the U.S. sent its first formally approved envoy to the Ottoman Empire, David Porter.[8] The empire and the U.S. at that point had their representatives at the \"Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary\" level.[9] Sinan Kuneralp, author of \"Ottoman Diplomatic and Consular Personnel in the United States of America, 1867–1917,\" wrote that the empire initially apparently lacked \"any sensible justification\" to open a mission stateside due to the relative distance between the countries.[8] Wasti wrote that \"there was no real rush on the Ottoman side to send diplomatic envoys to Washington, DC\".[9]The first official Ottoman government visit to the U.S., lasting for six months in 1850, was that of Emin Bey, who toured shipyards there.[10] Two Ottoman officials, one being Edouard Blak Bey, who sensed the rise of the United States, unsuccessfully advocated for installing a mission in the U.S. during the early 1850s.[8] The first Ottoman honorary consulate in the U.S. opened in May 1858.[11]In 1866 Ottoman foreign minister Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha declined to start a legation to the U.S. that year, after reviewing a proposal by Ambassador to France of the Ottoman Empire Safvet Pasha. However the ministry changed its mind after the leaders there perceived the reports of the Cretan revolt (1866–1869) from the US consul W.J. Stillman and other American reports to be misleading and decided they needed to present a counter-view. The empire sent its first permanent envoy to the U.S. in 1867, creating the Ottoman Legation in Washington, DC. Since the empire itself began establishing its diplomatic missions in the 1830s and due to the about three decade gap between the respective legations being established, Kuneralp wrote that the Ottomans created their U.S. mission \"comparatively late\".[8]Blak was the first envoy to Washington. Kuneralp wrote that the Washington posting was not considered important to the Ottoman government, which is why some officials refused the posting and those considered promising were turned away from it. He cited the cases of then-minister to Florence Rüstem Bey and Osman Nizami Pasha, who declined in 1867 and 1912, respectively.[12] Nine envoys headed the legation beginning in 1877 and prior to full embassy status,[13] and there were a total of 13 envoys/ambassadors in the position.[12]Mustafa Shekib Bey, in 1904, recommended that the Ottomans appoint Levantine Armand Guys as the first commercial attaché, arguing that commercial relations had increased.[14]In 1906 the U.S. upgraded its representation in Constantinople to the embassy level.[9]The most important aspect of American diplomacy in the late 19th century, down to 1914, involved protection of the hundreds of American Protestant missionaries to the Ottoman Empire.[15][16]","title":"History of relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abdul Hamid II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp102-17"}],"sub_title":"Armenian issues","text":"Abdul Hamid II disliked it when the Americans pleaded for help for Armenians. As a result, he terminated the credentials of envoy Mustafa Shekib, and chose not to upgrade the mission to embassy status. Shekib therefore was unable to present his credentials to the President. Shekib slept in the daytime, and so his staff dealt with U.S. officials. Kuneralp stated that therefore \"Things were eased out\".[17]","title":"History of relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Hay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hay"},{"link_name":"Jewish American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_American"},{"link_name":"Oscar Straus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Straus_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Abdul Hamid II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II"},{"link_name":"Moro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_people"},{"link_name":"Sulu Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tausug_people"},{"link_name":"Sulu Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulu_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Philippine–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Karpat2001-18"},{"link_name":"caliph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caliph"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yegar2002-19"},{"link_name":"McKinley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McKinley"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Akyol2011-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moskin2013-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BlakesleeHall1915-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bal2004-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bal2004_2-26"},{"link_name":"Moro Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Moro Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_people"}],"sub_title":"Moro rebellion in the Philippines","text":"In 1899, John Hay, the American Secretary of State, asked the Jewish American ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, Oscar Straus to request Sultan Abdul Hamid II to write a letter to the Moro Sulu Muslims of the Sulu Sultanate in the Philippines telling them to submit to American suzerainty and American military rule (see Philippine–American War). The Sultan obliged and wrote the letter, which was sent to Sulu via Mecca; two Sulu chiefs delivered it to Sulu and it was successful since the \"Sulu Mohammedans... refused to join the insurrectionists and had placed themselves under the control of our army, thereby recognizing American sovereignty.\"[18]Abdul Hamid used his position as caliph to order the Sulu Sultan not to resist and not fight the invading Americans.[19] President McKinley did not mention the Ottoman role in the pacification of the Sulu Moros in his address to the first session of the 56th Congress in December 1899 since the agreement with the Sultan of Sulu was not submitted to the Senate until December 18.[20] Despite Sulu's \"pan-Islamic\" ideology, he readily acceded to Straus' request to avoid hostilities between the West and Muslims.[21] The Sulu sultan was persuaded by the Ottoman Sultan.[22]John P. Finley wrote that,\"After due consideration of these facts, the Sultan, as Caliph caused a message to be sent to the Mohammedans of the Philippine Islands forbidding them to enter into any hostilities against the Americans, inasmuch as no interference with their religion would be allowed under American rule. As the Moros have never asked more than that, it is not surprising, that they refused all overtures made, by Aguinaldo's agents, at the time of the Filipino insurrection. President McKinley sent a personal letter of thanks to Mr. Straus for the excellent work he had done, and said, its accomplishment had saved the United States at least twenty thousand troops in the field. If the reader will pause to consider what this means in men and also the millions in money, he will appreciate this wonderful piece of diplomacy, in averting a holy war.\"[23][24][25]The Muslim peoples obeyed the order.[26]In 1904, the Moro Rebellion then broke out between the Americans and Moro Muslims.","title":"History of relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Young Turk Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp102-17"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wastip781-9"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ihsanoglup343-27"},{"link_name":"Presidency of William Howard Taft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft"},{"link_name":"Dollar Diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_Diplomacy"},{"link_name":"Oscar Straus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Straus_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Young Turk Revolution","text":"The Young Turk Revolution removed Abdul Hamid II from power in 1908, and officials more favorable to the U.S. replaced him.[17] The Ottoman Legation in Washington was designated as an embassy in 1909,[9] and given the second class ranking; the Ottoman Empire at the time ranked its embassies by importance.[27]During the Presidency of William Howard Taft, an American strategy was to become involved in business transactions rather than military confrontations, a policy known as Dollar Diplomacy. It failed with respect to the Ottoman Empire because of opposition from US ambassador Oscar Straus and to Turkish vacillation under pressure from the entrenched European powers who did not wish to see American competition. American trade remained a minor factor.[28]","title":"History of relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Morgenthau, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau,_Sr."},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Three Pashas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Pashas"},{"link_name":"Armenian genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_genocide"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Jesse B. Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_B._Jackson"},{"link_name":"Abram Isaac Elkus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abram_Isaac_Elkus"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tucker1080-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brysonp452-31"},{"link_name":"Mark Lambert Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lambert_Bristol"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LOCBristol-32"},{"link_name":"West Georgia College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Georgia_College"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LOCBristol-32"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tucker1080-30"}],"sub_title":"World War I and the Armenian genocide","text":"Henry Morgenthau, Sr. was the U.S. Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire during World War I until 1916. Morgenthau criticized the ruling Three Pashas for the Armenian genocide and sought to get help for the Armenians.[29] Jesse B. Jackson, consul in Aleppo, also assisted Armenians.Morgenthau's replacement Abram Isaac Elkus, served in 1916–1917.The Ottomans severed diplomatic relations with the United States on April 20, 1917, after the United States had declared war against Germany on April 4, 1917. The United States never declared war on the Ottoman Empire.[30]On January 28, 1919,[31] Mark Lambert Bristol began serving as the High Commissioner for Turkey. He served in this role through the end of the Ottoman Empire and the beginning of the Republic of Turkey, the Ottoman Empire's successor state.[32] Thomas A. Bryson of West Georgia College wrote that in 1919 \"the United States enjoyed a benevolent reputation in Turkey\" due to missionary work done by Americans and because the United States did not declare war on the empire.[33] He also stated that Bristol had \"built up a large deposit of Turkish good will for the United States\".[34]Bristol's role ended in 1927,[32] when normal diplomatic relations were established with Turkey.[30]","title":"History of relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of diplomatic missions of the Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Beyoğlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyo%C4%9Flu"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hurewitzp99-36"},{"link_name":"Jesse B. Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_B._Jackson"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hurewitzp99-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hurewitzp99-36"},{"link_name":"Bursa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa"},{"link_name":"Harput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harput"},{"link_name":"Elazığ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Armpersp293-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Armpersp297-38"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Ministry of Internal Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Internal_Security_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"teskireh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teskireh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Ministry of Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Armpersp293-37"},{"link_name":"Leslie A. Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Davis_(diplomat)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WhiteCrime-39"},{"link_name":"Armenian genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_genocide"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dpete-40"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WhiteCrime-39"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hurewitzp99-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hurewitzp99-36"},{"link_name":"Mersin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersin"},{"link_name":"Samsun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hurewitzp99-36"},{"link_name":"Smyrna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrna"},{"link_name":"İzmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0zmir"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hurewitzp99-36"},{"link_name":"Washington, DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_DC"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ihsanoglup343-27"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Alexandros Mavrogenis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandros_Mavrogenis"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp106-41"},{"link_name":"Refet Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Refet_Bey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yusuf Ziya Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Ziya_Pasha"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp107-42"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Armenians in the U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Americans"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp107-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp106-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp106-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp106-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp106-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp106-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp106-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp106-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp106-41"}],"text":"See also: List of diplomatic missions of the Ottoman EmpireU.S. diplomatic missions in the empire included:Constantinople (Istanbul) – Legation/Embassy\nIt was located in Pera, now known as Beyoğlu.[35]\nAleppo[36]\nConsul: Jesse B. Jackson\nBeirut[36]\nBrusa[36] (Bursa)\nHarput/Kharpert (now in Elazığ)\nStarted from January 1, 1901 with Dr. Thomas H. Norton as the consul;[37] he had no previous experience in international relations, as the U.S. was just recently establishing its diplomatic network.[38] The consulate was established to assist missionaries. The Ottoman Ministry of Internal Security gave him a teskireh travel permit, but the Ottoman Ministry of Foreign Affairs initially refused to recognize the consulate.[37] The building had three stories, a wall, and a garden with mulberry trees. Leslie A. Davis became consul of Harpoot in 1914; Davis stated that this mission was \"one of the most remote and inaccessible in the world\".[39] Davis observed the Armenian genocide.[40] Davis hid about 80 Armenians in the consulate grounds. His term ended with the cessation of Ottoman-U.S. relations in 1917.[39]\nJerusalem[36]\nMersina[36] (Mersin)\nSamsun[36]\nSmyrna (now İzmir)[36]Ottoman diplomatic missions to the U.S. included:Washington, DC (Embassy) – Classified as a \"second class embassy\".[27]\nNew York City (Consulate-General)\nEstablished after the 1880s to monitor anti-Ottoman activity. New York City, previously served by an honorary consulate, had received increased immigration from the empire. Ottoman envoy Alexandros Mavrogenis had advocated for a full consulate-general and afterwards, on the grounds of New York having more diplomatic importance to the empire than Washington, DC, asked the Ottoman government for a vice consul in New York. The consuls in New York began to squabble for power with the Washington consuls.[41] Kuneralp wrote that the conflict between New York City consul general Refet Bey and his respective Washington envoy, Yusuf Ziya Pasha, \"took almost epical dimensions.\"[42]\nBoston (Consulate-General)\nEstablished in 1910 so the Ottomans could surveil Armenians in the U.S.[42]Honorary Ottoman consulates in the U.S.:Baltimore\nWilliam Grange served as honorary consul, selected by Blak.[41]\nBoston (later replaced with a consulate-general)\nJoseph Yazidiji, an Ottoman citizen, was an honorary consul.[41]\nChicago[41]\nNew Orleans\nJ. O. Nixon was honorary consul, selected by Blak.[41]\nNew York City[41] (later replaced with a consulate-general)\nPhiladelphia[41]\nSan Francisco[41]\nWashington DC/Baltimore (later replaced with a legation/embassy)\nGeorge Porter became the honorary consul for Washington, DC and Baltimore in May 1858.[41]","title":"Diplomatic missions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edouard Blak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edouard_Blak"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp101-12"},{"link_name":"Gregory Aristarchis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Aristarchis"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp101-12"},{"link_name":"Hüseyin Tevfik Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Tevfik_Pasha"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp101-12"},{"link_name":"Alexandros Mavrogenis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandros_Mavrogenis"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp102-17"},{"link_name":"Mustafa Tahsin Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Tahsin_Bey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp102-17"},{"link_name":"Ali Ferruh Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Ferruh_Bey"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp102-17"},{"link_name":"Mustafa Shekib Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Shekib_Bey"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp102-17"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Ali Bey al-Abed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Ali_Bey_al-Abed"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp102-17"},{"link_name":"Hüseyin Kazım Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%BCseyin_Kaz%C4%B1m_Bey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp102-17"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wastip781-9"},{"link_name":"Yusuf Ziya Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Ziya_Pasha"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp102-17"},{"link_name":"Ahmet Rüstem Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmet_R%C3%BCstem_Bey"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp102-17"},{"link_name":"Hüseyin Avni Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Avni_Bey"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp103-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Wellington Koo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Koo"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp101-12"},{"link_name":"Madame Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Bey"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuneralpp103-43"}],"sub_title":"Ottoman ministers and ambassadors to the U.S.","text":"Edouard Blak Bey - 1867-[12]\nGregory Aristarchis Bey [12]\nHüseyin Tevfik Pasha[12]\nAlexandros Mavrogenis Bey[17]\nMustafa Tahsin Bey – Died of tuberculosis shortly after he began his position[17]\nAli Ferruh Bey[17]\nMustafa Shekib Bey[17]\nMohammed Ali Bey al-Abed a.k.a. Mehmed Ali Bey[17]\nHüseyin Kazım Bey[17] - Appointed as the first ambassador[9]\nYusuf Ziya Pasha[17]\nAhmet Rüstem Bey a.k.a. Alfred de Bilinsky – The final Ottoman Ambassador to the U.S.[17]The Ottoman government chose to continue the mission with a charge, Hüseyin Avni Bey, after World War I began, and this appointment ended with the cutoff of diplomatic relations on April 20, 1917.[43][44]Kuneralp stated that these officials were \"interesting figures\" but that there was not \"a Wellington Koo\" among them and \"they did not shine in their diplomatic careers\", as the Ottoman government did not view this post to be important.[12] He also stated that Madame Bey, wife of first secretary Sıtkı Bey, due to her participation in American social life, was actually the most well-known person in the Ottoman diplomatic community within the US.[43]","title":"Diplomatic missions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of ambassadors of the United States to Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Turkey"},{"link_name":"George W. Erving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Erving"},{"link_name":"David Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Porter_(naval_officer)"},{"link_name":"David Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Porter_(naval_officer)"},{"link_name":"Dabney Smith Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabney_S._Carr"},{"link_name":"George Perkins Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Perkins_Marsh"},{"link_name":"Carroll Spence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carroll_Spence&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"James Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Williams_(ambassador)"},{"link_name":"Edward Joy Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Joy_Morris"},{"link_name":"Wayne MacVeagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_MacVeagh"},{"link_name":"George H. Boker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._Boker"},{"link_name":"Horace Maynard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Maynard"},{"link_name":"James Longstreet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet"},{"link_name":"Lewis Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Lewis Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Samuel S. Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_S._Cox"},{"link_name":"Oscar S. Straus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_S._Straus"},{"link_name":"Solomon Hirsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Hirsch"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"David P. Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_P._Thompson"},{"link_name":"Alexander W. Terrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_W._Terrell"},{"link_name":"James Burrill Angell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Burrill_Angell"},{"link_name":"Oscar S. Straus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_S._Straus"},{"link_name":"John G. A. Leishman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_G._A._Leishman"},{"link_name":"John G. A. Leishman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_G._A._Leishman"},{"link_name":"Oscar S. Straus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_S._Straus"},{"link_name":"William Woodville Rockhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Woodville_Rockhill"},{"link_name":"Henry Morgenthau, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau,_Sr."},{"link_name":"Abram I. Elkus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abram_I._Elkus"},{"link_name":"Mark Lambert Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lambert_Bristol"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brysonp452-31"}],"sub_title":"American ministers and ambassadors to the Ottoman Empire","text":"See also: List of ambassadors of the United States to TurkeyChargé d'Affaires:George W. Erving (pre-1831)\nDavid Porter (September 13, 1831 – May 23, 1840)Minister Resident:David Porter (May 23, 1840 – March 3, 1843)\nDabney Smith Carr (February 29, 1844 – October 20, 1849)\nGeorge Perkins Marsh (March 11, 1850 – December 19, 1853)\nCarroll Spence (February 9, 1854 – December 12, 1857)\nJames Williams (May 27, 1858 – May 25, 1861)\nEdward Joy Morris (October 22, 1861 – October 25, 1870)\nWayne MacVeagh (October 25, 1870 – June 10, 1871)\nGeorge H. Boker (March 25, 1872 – May 1, 1875)\nHorace Maynard (June 12, 1875 – July 15, 1880)\nJames Longstreet (December 14, 1880 – April 29, 1881)\nLewis Wallace (September 6, 1881 – September 4, 1882)Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary:Lewis Wallace (September 4, 1882 – May 15, 1885)\nSamuel S. Cox (August 25, 1885 – September 14, 1886)\nOscar S. Straus (July 1, 1887 – June 16, 1889)\nSolomon Hirsch (December 28, 1889 – June 16, 1892)[45]\nDavid P. Thompson (January 11, 1893 – May 1, 1893)\nAlexander W. Terrell (July 7, 1893 – June 15, 1897)\nJames Burrill Angell (September 3, 1897 – August 13, 1898)\nOscar S. Straus (October 15, 1898 – December 20, 1899)\nJohn G. A. Leishman (March 29, 1901 – October 5, 1906)Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary:John G. A. Leishman (October 5, 1906 – June 10, 1909)\nOscar S. Straus (October 4, 1909 – September 3, 1910)\nWilliam Woodville Rockhill (August 28, 1911 – November 20, 1913)\nHenry Morgenthau, Sr. (December 11, 1913 – February 1, 1916)\nAbram I. Elkus (October 2, 1916 – April 20, 1917)High Commissioner for Turkey:Mark Lambert Bristol (January 28, 1919 - end of empire)[31]","title":"Diplomatic missions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1888714"},{"link_name":"online free to borrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/festschriftforfr0000pink"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"144383260X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/144383260X"},{"link_name":"100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=FBcrBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA100"},{"link_name":"108","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=FBcrBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA108"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.ctttt9v7.4?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=%22American+Missions+in+the+Near+East%22&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3D%2522American%2BMissions%2Bin%2Bthe%2BNear%2BEast%2522%26amp%3Bacc%3Don%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff%26amp%3Bgroup%3Dnone&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_expensive%2Fcontrol&refreqid=search%3A07be0fc62096cc0e9a1dc2e953af6253&seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ottoman_Empire_topics"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ottoman_Empire_topics"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman_Empire_topics"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Osman's Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman%27s_Dream"},{"link_name":"Rise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ghaza thesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaza_thesis"},{"link_name":"Interregnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Interregnum"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Classical Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Women"},{"link_name":"Transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Decline 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Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American-Turkish_Council"},{"link_name":"Congressional Caucus on Turkey and Turkish Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Caucus_on_Turkey_and_Turkish_Americans"},{"link_name":"Federation of Turkish American Associations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Turkish_American_Associations"},{"link_name":"Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Political,_Economic_and_Social_Research"},{"link_name":"Turkish American Cultural Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_American_Cultural_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Turkish Coalition of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Coalition_of_America"},{"link_name":"Turkish Women's League of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Women%27s_League_of_America"},{"link_name":"U.S.-Turkey Business Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.-Turkey_Business_Council"},{"link_name":"American Turkish Friendship Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Turkish_Friendship_Association"},{"link_name":"Assembly of Turkish American Associations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_of_Turkish_American_Associations"},{"link_name":"Hollings Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollings_Center"},{"link_name":"Robert College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_College"},{"link_name":"Christopher Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Robert"},{"link_name":"Billy Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Hayes_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Midnight Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Express_(book)"},{"link_name":"Category:Turkey–United States relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Turkey%E2%80%93United_States_relations"}],"text":"Cohen, Naomi W. \"Ambassador Straus in Turkey, 1909-1910: A Note on Dollar Diplomacy.\" Mississippi Valley Historical Review 45.4 (1959) online\nDeNovo, John A. American Interests and Policies in the Middle East, 1900-1939 (1963), pp. 3–26.\nField, James A. America and the Mediterranean World, 1776-1882 (Princeton, 1969)\nFisher, Sydney N. \"Two Centuries of American Interest in Turkey,\" in David H. Pinkney and Theodore Ropp, eds., A Festschrift for Frederick B. Artz (Duke UP, 1964), pp. 113–138. online free to borrow\nGordon, Leland James. American Relations with Turkey, 1830-1930: An Economic Interpretation (Philadelphia, 1932)\nKuneralp, Sinan. \"Ottoman Diplomatic and Consular Personnel in the United States of America, 1867–1917.\" In: Criss, Nur Bilge, Selçuk Esenbel, Tony Greenwood, and Louis Mazzari (editors). American Turkish Encounters: Politics and Culture, 1830–1989 (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2011). ISBN 144383260X, 9781443832601. pp. 100-108.\nTrask, Roger R. The United States Response to Turkish Nationalism and Reform, 1914-1939 (1971) pp 3–36 on Ottoman years. onlinevteOttoman EmpireHistory\nOsman's Dream\nRise\nGhaza thesis\nInterregnum\nConstantinople\nClassical Age\nSultanate of Women\nTransformation\nDecline thesis\nKöprülü\nStagnation and reform\nTulip\nDecline and modernization\nTanzimat\n1st Constitutional\nDissolution\n2nd Constitutional\nPartition\nAbolition\nPersecution of Ottoman Muslims\nPolitics\nForeign relations\nForeign Affairs Ministry\nSafavid\nUnited States\nTreaties\nLaw\nConstitution\nArmenian Constitution\nElectoral\nFamily law\nDüstur\nCivil codes\nMecelle\nHalakha\nTranslation Office\nGovernmentHouse of Osman\nOttoman dynasty\nList of Ottoman sultans\nRoman succession claim\nOttoman Caliphate\nCustodian of the Two Holy Mosques\nImperial Harem\nValide sultan\nHaseki sultan\nKadınefendi\nHanımefendi\nList of Ottoman sultans' mothers\nList of Ottoman sultans' consorts\nKizlar Agha\nInner Palace Service\nKapi Agha\nPalace Schools\nCentral (Porte)Imperial Council (classic period) \nGrand Vizier\nViziers\nKazaskers\nDefterdars/Ministers of Finance\nNişancı\nReis ül-Küttab\nDragoman of the Porte\nOuter Palace Service\nImperial Government(reform and constitutional period) \nAssembly\nSenate\nChamber of Deputies\nMillets\nIslam\nShaykh al-Islām\nChristianity\nRūm\nUllah\nBulgarian\nArmenian\nJudaism\nHakham Bashi\nProvincial\nEyalets\nBeylerbeys\nVilayets\nSanjaks\nSanjakbeys\nMutasarrifates\nKazas/Kadiluks\nVassal and tributary states\nMilitaryArmy\nClassic period army: Janissaries\nAgha of the Janissaries\nSix Divisions of Cavalry\nTimariots\nReform period: Nizam-i Djedid\nSekban-i Djedid\nMansure Army\nHamidieh\nModernized army\nNavy\nKapudan Pasha\nList\nDragoman of the Fleet\nImperial Arsenal\nAdmirals\nNaval battles\nShips\nOther\nAviation\nConscription\nWeapons\nEconomy\nBy era\nEnlargement\nReformation\nAgriculture\nCentral bank\nCurrency\nAkçe\nPara\nSultani\nKuruş\nLira\nScience and technology\nTaxation\nTransport\nSociety\nSocial structure\nDevshirme\nOttomanism\nOttoman court\nLanguages\nOttoman Turkish\nSlavery\nCulture\nArchitecture\nMosques\nArt\nMiniature\nMusic\nShadow play\nClothing\nCuisine\nLiterature\nProse\nPoetry\nEducation\nSchools\nMedia\nDemographics\nArmenians\nGreeks\nJews\nWomen\nReligion\nIslam\nChristianity\nJudaism\nSymbols\nAnthem\nCoat of arms\nFlag\nTughra\nStar and crescent\n\nOutline\nBibliography\nCategoryvte Foreign relations of TurkeyBilateral relationsAfricaCentral\nAngola\nCameroon\nCentral African Republic\nChad\nDemocratic Republic of the Congo\nRepublic of the Congo\nEquatorial Guinea\nGabon\nEast\nBurundi\nDjibouti\nEritrea\nEthiopia\nKenya\nMadagascar\nMalawi\nMauritius\nMozambique\nRwanda\nSeychelles\nSomalia\nSouth Sudan\nSudan\nTanzania\nUganda\nZambia\nZimbabwe\nNorth\nAlgeria\nEgypt\nLibya\nMorocco\nTunisia\nSouthern\nNamibia\nSouth Africa\nWest\nBenin\nBurkina Faso\nCape Verde\nCôte d'Ivoire\nThe Gambia\nGhana\nGuinea\nGuinea-Bissau\nLiberia\nMali\nMauritania\nNiger\nNigeria\nSenegal\nSierra Leone\nTogo\nAmericasCaribbean\nBahamas\nCuba\nDominican Republic\nHaiti\nSt. Vincent and the Grenadines\nTrinidad and Tobago\nCentral\nCosta Rica\nGuatemala\nNicaragua\nPanama\nNorthern\nCanada\nMexico\nUnited States\nSouth\nArgentina\nBolivia\nBrazil\nChile\nColombia\nEcuador\nParaguay\nPeru\nSuriname\nUruguay\nVenezuela\nAsiaCentral\nAfghanistan\nKazakhstan\nKyrgyzstan\nTajikistan\nTurkmenistan\nUzbekistan\nEast\nChina\nJapan\nMongolia\nNorth Korea\nSouth Korea\nTaiwan\nSouth\nBangladesh\nIndia\nMaldives\nNepal\nPakistan\nSri Lanka\nSoutheast\nBrunei\nCambodia\nEast Timor\nIndonesia\nLaos\nMyanmar\nMalaysia\nPhilippines\nSingapore\nThailand\nVietnam\nWestern\nArmenia\nAzerbaijan\nBahrain\nGeorgia\nAbkhazia\nIran\nIraq\nKurdistan Region\nIsrael\nJordan\nKuwait\nLebanon\nOman\nPalestine\nQatar\nSaudi Arabia\nSyria\nUnited Arab Emirates\nYemen\nEuropeCentral\nCzech Republic\nHungary\nPoland\nSlovakia\nEastern\nBelarus\nBulgaria\nMoldova\nRomania\nRussia\nUkraine\nNorthern\nDenmark\nEstonia\nFinland\nIceland\nIreland\nLatvia\nLithuania\nNorway\nSweden\nUnited Kingdom\nSouthern\nAlbania\nBosnia and Herzegovina\nCroatia\nGreece\nItaly\nKosovo\nMalta\nMontenegro\nNorth Macedonia\nNorthern Cyprus\nPortugal\nSan Marino\nSerbia\nSlovenia\nSpain\nVatican City\nWestern\nAustria\nBelgium\nFrance\nGermany\nLuxembourg\nMonaco\nNetherlands\nSwitzerland\nOceaniaAustralasia\nAustralia\nNew Zealand\nMelanesia\nSolomon Islands\nPolynesia\nSamoa\nTonga\nFormer states\nSoviet Union\nYugoslavia\nMultilateral relationsCurrent\nInternational organizations\nArab League\nEuropean Union\nAccession negotiations\nNATO\nOrganization of Turkic States\nUnited Nations\nHistorical\nCentral Treaty Organization\nFirst Balkan Pact\nSecond Balkan Pact\nDiplomacyPeace Agreements and Treaties\nTreaty of Ankara\nBorder with Iraq\nTreaty of Constantinople\nBorder with Bulgaria\nGreece\nTreaty of Kars\nBorder with Armenia\nAzerbaijan\nGeorgia\nTreaty of Lausanne\nBorder with Syria\nTreaty of Zuhab\nBorder with Iran\nMontreux Convention\nTurkish Straits\nECHR\nEuropean Court of Human Rights\nInternational infrastructure\nOil\nBaku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline\nKirkuk–Ceyhan pipeline\nWater\nNorthern Cyprus pipeline\nNatural gas\nBlue Stream\nTabriz–Ankara pipeline\nTrans-Anatolian pipeline\nTurkStream\nRail transport\nGreece–Turkey\nAzerbaijan–Georgia–Turkey\nMissions\nDiplomatic missions of Turkey / in Turkey\nMinistry of Foreign Affairs\nMinister\nDiplomatic corpsvte Foreign relations of the United StatesBilateral relationsAfricaCentral\nAngola\nCameroon\nCentral African Republic\nChad\nDemocratic Republic of the Congo\nRepublic of the Congo\nEquatorial Guinea\nGabon\nSão Tomé and Príncipe\nEast\nBurundi\nComoros\nDjibouti\nEritrea\nEthiopia\nKenya\nMadagascar\nMalawi\nMauritius\nMozambique\nRwanda\nSeychelles\nSomalia\nSomaliland\nSouth Sudan\nTanzania\nUganda\nZambia\nZimbabwe\nNorth\nAlgeria\nEgypt\nLibya\nMorocco\nSahrawi Arab Democratic Republic\nSudan\nTunisia\nSouthern\nBotswana\nEswatini\nLesotho\nNamibia\nSouth Africa\nWest\nBenin\nBurkina Faso\nCape Verde\nCôte d'Ivoire\nThe Gambia\nGhana\nGuinea\nGuinea-Bissau\nLiberia\nMali\nMauritania\nNiger\nNigeria\nSenegal\nSierra Leone\nTogo\nAmericasCaribbean\nAntigua and Barbuda\nBahamas\nBarbados\nCuba\nDominica\nDominican Republic\nGrenada\nHaiti\nJamaica\nSt. Kitts and Nevis\nSt. Lucia\nSt. Vincent and the Grenadines\nTrinidad and Tobago\nCentral\nBelize\nCosta Rica\nEl Salvador\nGuatemala\nHonduras\nMexico\nNicaragua\nPanama\nNorthern\nCanada\ntrade\nSouth\nArgentina\nBolivia\nBrazil\nChile\nColombia\nEcuador\nGuyana\nParaguay\nPeru\nSuriname\nUruguay\nVenezuela\nAsiaCentral\nKazakhstan\nKyrgyzstan\nTajikistan\nTurkmenistan\nUzbekistan\nEast\nChina\nHong Kong\nMacau\nJapan\nMongolia\nNorth Korea\nSouth Korea\nTaiwan\nSouth\nAfghanistan\nBangladesh\nBhutan\nIndia\nMaldives\nNepal\nPakistan\nmilitary\nSri Lanka\nSoutheast\nBrunei\nCambodia\nEast Timor\nIndonesia\nLaos\nMalaysia\nMyanmar\nPhilippines\nSingapore\nThailand\nVietnam\nWestern\nArmenia\nAzerbaijan\nBahrain\nGeorgia\nIran\nIraq\nIsrael\nmilitary\nJordan\nKuwait\nLebanon\nOman\nPalestine\nQatar\nSaudi Arabia\nSyria\nTurkey\nUnited Arab Emirates\nYemen\nEuropeEastern\nBelarus\nBulgaria\nCzech Republic\nHungary\nMoldova\nTransnistria\nPoland\nRomania\nRussia\nSlovakia\nUkraine\nNorthern\nDenmark\nEstonia\nFinland\nIceland\nIreland\nLatvia\nLithuania\nNorway\nSweden\nUnited Kingdom\nSpecial Relationship\nBermuda\nCayman Islands\nSouthern\nAlbania\nAndorra\nBosnia and Herzegovina\nCroatia\nCyprus\nNorthern Cyprus\nGreece\nHoly See\nItaly\nKosovo\nMalta\nMontenegro\nNorth Macedonia\nPortugal\nSan Marino\nSerbia\nSlovenia\nSpain\nWestern\nAustria\nBelgium\nFrance\nGermany\nLiechtenstein\nLuxembourg\nMonaco\nNetherlands\nSwitzerland\nOceaniaAustralasia\nAustralia\nNew Zealand\nMelanesia\nFiji\nPapua New Guinea\nSolomon Islands\nVanuatu\nMicronesia\nKiribati\nMarshall Islands\nMicronesia\nNauru\nPalau\nPolynesia\nCook Islands\nSamoa\nTonga\nTuvalu\nFormer states\nArtsakh\nGrand Duchy of Baden\nKingdom of Bavaria\nDuchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg\nFederal Republic of Central America\nGreater Republic of Central America\nCongo Free State\nCzechoslovakia\nEast Germany\nRepublic of Genoa\nGerman Empire\nKingdom of Hanover\nHanseatic Republics\nHawaiian Kingdom\nGrand Duchy of Hesse\nMecklenburg-Schwerin\nMecklenburg-Strelitz\nDuchy of Nassau\nNorth German Confederation\nGrand Duchy of Oldenburg\nOrange Free State\nOttoman Empire\nPapal States\nDuchy of Parma\nPrussia\nRussian Empire\nRyukyu Kingdom\nKingdom of Sardinia\nPrincipality of Schaumburg-Lippe\nSoviet Union\nRepublic of Texas\nGrand Duchy of Tuscany\nKingdom of the Two Sicilies\nKingdom of Württemberg\nYugoslavia\nMultilateral relations\nAfrica\nArab League\nAsia\nEast Asia\nEuropean Union\nLatin America\nMiddle East\nUnited Nations\nC5+1\nMajor non-NATO ally\nThird Border Initiative\nInternational organizations\nDoctrines, policies, conceptsPresidentialdoctrines\nProclamation of Neutrality\nMonroe\nRoosevelt Corollary\nGood Neighbor policy\nTruman\nEisenhower\nKennedy\nJohnson\nNixon\nCarter\nReagan\nClinton\nBush\nObama\nOther doctrines\nLodge Corollary\nStimson\nKirkpatrick\nWeinberger\nPowell\nRumsfeld\nWolfowitz\nPolicies andconcepts\nBlowback\nChina policy\nContainment\nDomino theory\nForeign aid\nMiddle East policy\nNon-interventionism\nProgressive realism\nRollback\nSpecial Relationshipvte Turkey–United States relations Diplomatic posts\nEmbassy of Turkey, Washington D.C.\nAmbassadors of Turkey to the United States\nAmbassadors of the United States to Turkey\nConsulate General of the United States, Istanbul\nPermanent Mission of Turkey to the United Nations\nTurkish House\nBureau of European and Eurasian Affairs\nDiplomacy\nChester concession\nSecond Cairo Conference\nTruman Doctrine\nZurich Protocols\nIncidents\nGourgen Yanikian\nAssassination of Orhan Gündüz\nTCG Muavenet (DM 357)\nHood event\n2008 United States consulate in Istanbul attack\n2013 United States embassy bombing in Ankara\nAndrew Brunson\nClashes at the Turkish Ambassador's Residence in Washington, D.C.\nAssassination of Jamal Khashoggi\n2023 Turkish drone shootdown\nFBI investigation into Eric Adams' 2021 mayoral campaign\nTurkish Guantanamo Bay detainees\nUnited States recognition of the Armenian genocide\nMilitary relations\nCIA activities in Turkey\nCounter-Guerrilla\nNomad Shadow\nTask Force Viking\nDenizköy VLF transmitter\nIncirlik Air Base\nIzmir Air Station\nKisecik Radar Station\nKürecik Radar Station\nPirinçlik Air Base\nOffice of Defense Cooperation Turkey\nRelated\nOttoman Empire–United States relations\n2010 FIBA World Championship final\nTurkish lobby in the United States\nAmerican Hellenic Institute\nAmerican Turkish Society\nAmerican-Turkish Council\nCongressional Caucus on Turkey and Turkish Americans\nFederation of Turkish American Associations\nFoundation for Political, Economic and Social Research\nTurkish American Cultural Alliance\nTurkish Coalition of America\nTurkish Women's League of America\nU.S.-Turkey Business Council\nAmerican Turkish Friendship Association\nAssembly of Turkish American Associations\nHollings Center\nRobert College\nChristopher Robert\nBilly Hayes\nMidnight Express\n Category:Turkey–United States relations","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"title":"Foreign relations of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_and_the_Armenian_Genocide_of_1915"},{"title":"Albania–United States relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93United_States_relations"},{"title":"Bulgaria–United States relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93United_States_relations"},{"title":"Egypt–United States relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93United_States_relations"},{"title":"Greece–United States relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93United_States_relations"},{"title":"Iraq–United States relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93United_States_relations"},{"title":"Israel–United States relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations"},{"title":"Jordan–United States relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93United_States_relations"},{"title":"Lebanon–United States relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93United_States_relations"},{"title":"Libya–United States relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93United_States_relations"},{"title":"North Macedonia–United States relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia%E2%80%93United_States_relations"},{"title":"Palestine–United States relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93United_States_relations"},{"title":"Saudi Arabia–United States relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations"},{"title":"Syria–United States relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93United_States_relations"},{"title":"Turkey–United States relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93United_States_relations"},{"title":"Yemen–United States relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen%E2%80%93United_States_relations"}]
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[{"reference":"Erhan, Çağrı (2015). Türk-Amerikan İlişkilerinin Tarihsel Kökenleri (in Turkish) (2nd ed.). Ankara: İmge Kitabevi. pp. 41–42.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lippe, John M. Vander (1997). \"\"The Terrible Turk\": The Formulation and Perpetuation of a Stereotype in American Foreign Policy\". American Foreign Policy. 17: 39–57 – via Cambridge.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jay Sexton (2011). The Monroe Doctrine: Empire and Nation in Nineteenth-Century America. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 59–60. ISBN 9781429929288.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=u4GVKXN8SWYC&pg=PA59","url_text":"The Monroe Doctrine: Empire and Nation in Nineteenth-Century America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781429929288","url_text":"9781429929288"}]},{"reference":"Syed Tanvir Wasti (2012). \"Ahmed Rüstem Bey and the End of an Era\". Middle Eastern Studies. 48 (5): 781–796. doi:10.1080/00263206.2012.703616. S2CID 144132608.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Studies","url_text":"Middle Eastern Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2012.703616","url_text":"10.1080/00263206.2012.703616"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144132608","url_text":"144132608"}]},{"reference":"Kuneralp, Sinan (2011). \"Ottoman Diplomatic and Consular Personnel in the United States of America, 1867–1917\". In Esenbel, Selcuk; Criss, Bilge Nur; Greenwood, Tony (eds.). American Turkish Encounters: Politics and Culture, 1830-1989. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-4438-3260-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FBcrBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102","url_text":"\"Ottoman Diplomatic and Consular Personnel in the United States of America, 1867–1917\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-3260-1","url_text":"978-1-4438-3260-1"}]},{"reference":"Kemal H. Karpat (2001). The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State. Oxford University Press. pp. 235–. ISBN 978-0-19-513618-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PvVlS3ljx20C&q=Pleased+sultan+Philippines+khalif+Sulu+chiefs+understanding&pg=PA235","url_text":"The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513618-0","url_text":"978-0-19-513618-0"}]},{"reference":"Moshe Yegar (1 January 2002). Between Integration and Secession: The Muslim Communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand, and Western Burma/Myanmar. Lexington Books. pp. 397–. ISBN 978-0-7391-0356-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=S5q7qxi5LBgC&q=Straus+Sulu+Ottoman&pg=PA397","url_text":"Between Integration and Secession: The Muslim Communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand, and Western Burma/Myanmar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0356-2","url_text":"978-0-7391-0356-2"}]},{"reference":"Political Science Quarterly. Academy of Political Science. 1904. pp. 22–.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zOLE6zY-AewC&q=Straus+Sulu+Ottoman&pg=PA22","url_text":"Political Science Quarterly"}]},{"reference":"Mustafa Akyol (18 July 2011). Islam without Extremes: A Muslim Case for Liberty. W. W. Norton. pp. 159–. ISBN 978-0-393-07086-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2mRXt7NtFhEC&q=Straus+Sulu+Ottoman&pg=PA159","url_text":"Islam without Extremes: A Muslim Case for Liberty"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07086-6","url_text":"978-0-393-07086-6"}]},{"reference":"J. Robert Moskin (19 November 2013). American Statecraft: The Story of the U.S. Foreign Service. St. Martin's Press. pp. 204–. ISBN 978-1-250-03745-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pc5FAQAAQBAJ&q=Straus+Sulu+Ottoman&pg=PA204","url_text":"American Statecraft: The Story of the U.S. Foreign Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-03745-9","url_text":"978-1-250-03745-9"}]},{"reference":"George Hubbard Blakeslee; Granville Stanley Hall; Harry Elmer Barnes (1915). The Journal of International Relations. Clark University. pp. 358–.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hwdPWJMbZCQC&q=Straus+Sulu+Ottoman&pg=PA358","url_text":"The Journal of International Relations"}]},{"reference":"The Journal of Race Development. Clark University. 1915. pp. 358–.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=e9vfAAAAMAAJ&q=Straus+Sulu+Ottoman&pg=PA358","url_text":"The Journal of Race Development"}]},{"reference":"Idris Bal (2004). Turkish Foreign Policy in Post Cold War Era. Universal-Publishers. pp. 405–. ISBN 978-1-58112-423-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vDzjkrTDKjYC&pg=PA405","url_text":"Turkish Foreign Policy in Post Cold War Era"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58112-423-1","url_text":"978-1-58112-423-1"}]},{"reference":"Idris Bal (2004). Turkish Foreign Policy in Post Cold War Era. Universal-Publishers. pp. 406–. ISBN 978-1-58112-423-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vDzjkrTDKjYC&q=Abdulhamid+issued+decree+people+territory+support+America+Muslim+accepted&pg=PA406","url_text":"Turkish Foreign Policy in Post Cold War Era"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58112-423-1","url_text":"978-1-58112-423-1"}]},{"reference":"\"AFFIRMATION OF THE UNITED STATES RECORD ON THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE RESOLUTION\". Govinfo.gov. Retrieved 2023-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-111hrpt622/html/CRPT-111hrpt622.htm","url_text":"\"AFFIRMATION OF THE UNITED STATES RECORD ON THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE RESOLUTION\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govinfo.gov","url_text":"Govinfo.gov"}]},{"reference":"Bryson, Thomas (September 1974). \"Admiral Mark L. Bristol, an Open-Door Diplomat in Turkey\". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 5 (4): 450–467.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/162089","url_text":"\"Admiral Mark L. Bristol, an Open-Door Diplomat in Turkey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Middle_East_Studies","url_text":"International Journal of Middle East Studies"}]},{"reference":"\"Mark L. Bristol papers\". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2023-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/item/mm79013854","url_text":"\"Mark L. Bristol papers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress","url_text":"Library of Congress"}]},{"reference":"Bryson, Thomas (September 1974). \"Admiral Mark L. Bristol, an Open-Door Diplomat in Turkey\". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 5 (4): 450–467.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/162089","url_text":"\"Admiral Mark L. Bristol, an Open-Door Diplomat in Turkey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Middle_East_Studies","url_text":"International Journal of Middle East Studies"}]},{"reference":"Bryson, Thomas (September 1974). \"Admiral Mark L. Bristol, an Open-Door Diplomat in Turkey\". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 5 (4): 450–467.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/162089","url_text":"\"Admiral Mark L. Bristol, an Open-Door Diplomat in Turkey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Middle_East_Studies","url_text":"International Journal of Middle East Studies"}]},{"reference":"\"Unstated\". Servet-i Fünun (1423): cover. 1919-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servet-i_F%C3%BCnun","url_text":"Servet-i Fünun"},{"url":"https://archives.saltresearch.org/bitstream/123456789/129259/37/PFSIF9190821A277%20(1919-08-21).jpg","url_text":"cover"}]},{"reference":"White, Edward (2017-02-03). \"The Great Crime\". The Paris Review. Retrieved 2020-04-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2017/02/03/the-great-crime/","url_text":"\"The Great Crime\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Paris_Review","url_text":"The Paris Review"}]},{"reference":"Merrill D. Peterson. \"Starving Armenians\": America and the Armenian Genocide, 1915-1930 and After. p. 35.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ottoman Empire during World War I\", Wikipedia, 2020-09-13, retrieved 2020-10-13","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire_during_World_War_I&oldid=978200736","url_text":"\"Ottoman Empire during World War I\""}]},{"reference":"\"President Benjamin Harrison Names Solomon Hirsch Minister to Turkey\". Shapell Manuscript Collection. Shapell Manuscript Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?president-benjamin-harrison-appoints-third-jewish-minister-to-turkey-1889","url_text":"\"President Benjamin Harrison Names Solomon Hirsch Minister to Turkey\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliodor_P%C3%ADka
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Heliodor Píka
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["1 Early life","2 Service in the Czechoslovak Army","3 Charges of high treason","4 Aftermath","5 Honours","6 Notes","7 References"]
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Heliodor PíkaBorn(1897-07-03)3 July 1897Štítina, Austrian Silesia, Austria-HungaryDied21 June 1949(1949-06-21) (aged 51)Plzeň, CzechoslovakiaAllegianceCzechoslovakiaService/branchCzechoslovak LegionsFrench ArmyCzechoslovak ArmyYears of service≈34RankGeneral (promoted posthumously)Commands heldChief of mission to the USSRDeputy chief of the general staff of the Czechoslovak Army: 93 AwardsMilan Rastislav Stefanik Order, 3rd classOrder of the White Double Cross, 1st Class
General Heliodor Píka (3 July 1897 – 21 June 1949) was a Czechoslovak army officer who was the first Victim of judicial murder of the Czechoslovak Communist show trials.
Early life
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Píka as a young legionnaire.
Heliodor Píka was born in a village of Štítina in Austrian Silesia, near Opava, then Austria-Hungary. During World War I, Píka served as a Czechoslovak legionnaire in the Russian theatres. He was captured at Berestechko on 5 October 1916, during the Russian campaign but by 1917 he had returned to duty as a member of the French Army and would later serve with the Czechoslovak Legions in France. By 1920, when the Legion was disbanded, Píka had risen to the rank of lieutenant.
After the war, Píka studied at a French military academy, graduating in 1920.
Service in the Czechoslovak Army
In the 1930s, Píka acted as a military attaché to Romania and Turkey. In 1938, in a bid to prevent the occupying German forces from using Czechoslovak Army matériel, he disposed of it by selling arms to the militant Haganah organization in Palestine.: 57–58 (Selling arms to non-state actors was forbidden by international conventions but the Czechoslovak foreign affairs department granted its approval.: 58 ) He would later travel to the Balkans, from where he arranged defections of Czechoslovaks and Hungarians from German-occupied territory.
Brigadier General Heliodor Píka holds the battle flag of the Czechoslovak 2nd Airborne Brigade.
In 1941, during World War II, Píka was appointed chief of the Czechoslovak Military Mission to the Soviet Union (in Moscow).: 93 Loyal to the London-based government of exiled Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš, Píka supported their democratic policies despite Soviet opposition.: 93 Píka was under constant pressure from the Soviets to betray Beneš, but despite attempts at blackmail, Píka remained loyal throughout his tenure, which lasted until 1945.: 93
Following the war, Beneš promoted Píka to deputy chief of the general staff of the Czechoslovak Army,: 93 where he was responsible for the arms industry. He held this position until late February 1948, when he was dismissed from the Army on the orders of Rudolf Slánský, with the assistance of Army Security Intelligence Office (known as (Czech: Obranné zpravodajství), (OBZ) its Czech abbreviation) chief Bedřich Reicin (the former head of Czechoslovak military intelligence,: 58 who held a grudge against Píka from the time in which they served together in the USSR).: 94 : 28, 44
Charges of high treason
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In early May 1948 (after the Communist coup of February 1948), Heliodor Píka was arrested without a warrant and accused of espionage and high treason.: 93 : 28 The Czechoslovak authorities forged a memorandum that purported to link General Píka to British military intelligence.: 94 (Historian Edward Crankshaw noted that the document, written in broken English, was "the most appalling and most unimaginably inefficient bit of forgery ever come across".: 96 ) Despite the inadequacy of the memorandum, Píka was held through 1948 and interrogated by NKVD-trained officers of the OBZ.: 94
Reicin appointed Karel Vaš as chief investigator in the Píka case.: 94 Reicin would later, in a departure from standard practice, name Vaš the second prosecutor at Píka's trial.: 94 According to Reicin's secretary, Vaš told Reicin: "ust tell me how much you need for Píka, fifteen years or the gallows, and the indictment can be manufactured accordingly....": 96
From 26 to 29 January 1949, Píka was tried in secret before the Military Senate of the State Court in Prague. (This court was specially created as an instrument of political repression in mid-1948.: 28 ) Charged with high treason, damaging the interests of the Czechoslovak Republic and the Soviet Union, and undermining the ability of the state to defend itself, Píka was not allowed to present a defence, and no witnesses were called. Píka was sentenced to death.: 93 He unsuccessfully appealed to the Supreme Court.: 28 Píka and his lawyer asked President Klement Gottwald (leader of the communist government) for clemency but this effort was unsuccessful.: 28
Heliodor Píka was hanged in the yard of Bory Prison (Czech: Věznice Bory) in Plzeň around 06:00 on the morning of 21 June 1949.: 28–29 In a farewell letter to his family, written the night before his execution, he wrote: "I am sure that this is not a judicial error but a political murder". Offered the chance to express his last wishes as he stood at the gallows, he said: "my ultimate desire is that the nation remain united, and that everyone, without regard for their differences, work toward the unity of our people".: 29 He was the first of more than 200 Czechoslovaks tried and executed for political reasons by the communist government of Czechoslovakia. His body was never found.
Aftermath
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The day after Píka's conviction, Reicin, writing under a pseudonym in the Czechoslovak Army's newspaper, published a series of articles casting a politico-ideological slant upon the Píka affair.: 28 Reicin's articles were soon republished in a widely circulated pamphlet entitled "A Path That Leads to the Depths of Treason".: 45
During the Prague Spring of 1968, Píka's case was reopened at the request of Milan Píka (son of Heliodor) and the elder Píka's lawyer, and a military tribunal declared Heliodor Píka innocent of all charges.: 94 Milan Píka passed away in March 2019. He had become a general in both the Czech and Slovak armies – the only person in history ever to do so.
In 2001, Karel Vaš was indicted by the Czech police's State Office of Investigation on charges of having knowingly used false evidence, falsifying a confession, exceeding his powers and using psychological violence during the Píka affair. These counts would carry a maximum sentence of 15 years in prison.
In June 2001, after a trial before the Senate of the Prague City Court, the eighty-five-year-old Vaš was found guilty of introducing false documents and statements, and sentenced to seven years' imprisonment.: 93 Both Vaš and his attorney maintained Vaš's innocence, and promised to appeal.: 93
Honours
The Czechoslovak government conferred the Milan Rastislav Stefanik Order, 3rd class upon Píka in 1991.
On 1 September 2004, Píka was awarded the highest Slovak decoration, the Order of the White Double Cross, 1st Class. (Píka was the first, and as of 2010, the only recipient of the military version of this award.)
Píka earned several French medals for his military service as a Legionnaire in France during the First World War. He was also the recipient of many Soviet, American and British military decorations. A street in Prague 6 (Dejvice) was renamed in his honor in 1990 (Generála Píky).
In 1992, Píka was posthumously promoted to the rank of general. Following the conviction of Vaš, on 21 June 2001 a ceremony was held at Czech Army headquarters in Prague to confer full military honours upon Píka.
Notes
^ The entire memorandum was reproduced by Milan Hauner in Crime and Punishment in Prague: The Strange Case of Karel Vaš and Gen. Heliodor Píka.: 95
References
^ a b c "Armádní generál in memoriam Heliodor PÍKA", National Archives website (in Czech), Prague, Czech Republic: Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic, 2000, archived from the original on October 4, 2011, retrieved May 25, 2010, V kvìtnu 1948 zatèen , 28. 1. 1949 ve vykonstruovaném procesu odsouzen Státním soudem v Praze k trestu smrti. 13. 12. 1968 Vyšším vojenským soudem Pøíbram zproštìn pùvodní obžaloby. 1991 vyznamenán Øádem M. R. Štefánika a povýšen do hodnosti armádního generála in memoriam.
^ a b c d e "Detail legionáře", Military Central Archives website (in Czech), Prague, Czech Republic: Vojenský ústřední archiv, archived from the original on July 18, 2011, retrieved May 25, 2010
^ a b c d e f g h Pitkin, James (June 27, 2001), "For General Pika, justice comes far too late", The Prague Post Online, Prague, Czech Republic: Prague Post, spol. s r.o., ISSN 1210-3934, OCLC 320470118, archived from the original on July 9, 2001, retrieved May 25, 2010, Following the Vas trial, Pika finally received full military honors in a ceremony outside Army headquarters in Prague 6 on June 21.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Hauner, Milan (Winter 2001–2002), "Crime and Punishment in Prague: The Strange Case of Karel Vaš and Gen. Heliodor Píka" (PDF), World Policy Journal, 18 (4), Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.: MIT Press and World Policy Institute: 93–96, doi:10.1215/07402775-2002-1010, ISSN 1936-0924, OCLC 38482151, archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2011, retrieved May 25, 2010, He was a professional officer loyal to former President Edvard Beneš and his London-based government in exile, who served between 1941 and 1945 as the head of the Czechoslovak Military Mission in Moscow. It was a most difficult job, since the officer had to serve several masters. He accomplished the task with considerable success and managed to resist constant Soviet harassment and frequent attempts at blackmail to force him to be disloyal to the Benes government.
^ a b c d e "Executed General Heliodor Pika receives highest Slovak honour", CTK National News Wire, Prague, Czech Republic: Czechoslovak News Agency, September 1, 2004, OCLC 54828415, Pika was officially rehabilitated in 1968, and in 1992 was elevated in memoriam to the rank of army general. The bearer of many of the highest Czechoslovak, Soviet, American, British and other military orders in his lifetime, he received the Order of M. R. Stefanik, third class in 1991, and the Tomas G. Masaryk medal in 2000.
^ a b c "Order of the White Double Cross, 1st Class", Website of the Office of the President of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava, Slovakia, 2005, archived from the original on October 29, 2005, retrieved May 25, 2010
^ McEnchroe, Tom (June 21, 2019), "Heliodor Píka – General who became Communist regime's first judicial murder victim", radio.cz
^ a b c d e f Krosnar, Katka; Binyon, Michael (February 10, 2001), "Czech show trial judge accused of murder 50 years on", The Times, London, UK: News International, ISSN 0140-0460, OCLC 614882534, During the 1930s he was military attache in Romania. After Hitler's annexation of Czechoslovak territory in 1938 he fought to prevent the Nazi leader from seizing army weapons by selling them abroad. In exile in the Balkans, he was ordered by Benes in London to organise defections of Czechs as well as Slovaks and Hungarians from their occupied territories.
^ a b c d Kahan, Vilém (1990), "Vilém Kahan par lui-même (extraits des entretiens de 1984)", in Kahan, Vilém; Bartosek, Karel; Baumbruck, Gabriela; Bousoglou, Amber; Laignel-Lavastine, Alexandra; Laloë, Laurence; Palec, Ivo; Poulain, Odile (eds.), Bibliography of the Communist International (1919-1979) (in French), vol. 1, Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Publishers, pp. 55–68, ISBN 978-90-04-09320-1, retrieved May 25, 2010, En 1947, Le général H. Pika était l'adjoint du chef de l'Etat-Major tchécoslovaques, responsable de l'industrie d'armement. C'est lui, ce patriote, non-communiste, qui semble être au départ de la vente d'armes pour la Haganach. Il a été contacté par deux commerçants juifs qu'il avait connus avant la guerre en Roumanie, où il représentait la République tchécoslovaque en tant qu'attaché militaire.
^ a b c d e f g h i Bartošek, Karel (January 1984), "Les procès politiques en tchécoslovaquie 1948-1954", in Kriegel, Annie; Courtois, Stéphane (eds.), Communisme: Revue d'études pluridisciplinaires (in French), vol. 4 (1st ed.), Paris, France: Presses Universitaires de France/Editions l'Age d'Homme, pp. 27–48, ISBN 978-2-13-038147-1, retrieved May 25, 2010, H. Pika déclare: « Mon ultime désir est que la nation reste unie et que chacun, sans différence, travail à l'unité de notre peuple».
^ a b c "Memorial ceremony held for early victim of communist repression", CTK National News Wire, Prague, Czech Republic: Czechoslovak News Agency, June 24, 1994, OCLC 54828415, A closed trial took place in front of the military senate of the state court in Prague ... General Pika was charged with high treason, damaging the interests of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic and the Soviet Union and of undermining the ability of the state to defend itself. No witnesses were called and no defence was allowed. President Klement Gottwald turned down a request for mercy.
^ a b "Former Czech prosecutor gets seven years for political murder", AFP news wire, Prague, Czech Republic: Agence France Presse, June 15, 2001, A former communist prosecutor was handed a seven-year sentence here Friday for his part in the political murder of reformist Czech General Heliodor Pika in June 1949.
^ a b c Falvey, Christian (June 19, 2009), "Remembering General Heliodor Píka, first victim of the communist show trials", Radio Prague website, Prague, Czech Republic: Český rozhlas, OCLC 44376580, archived from the original on August 25, 2009, retrieved May 25, 2010, In the early morning of June 21, 1949, General Heliodor Píka, a hero of World Wars I and II, became the first Czechoslovak to be executed by the new communist regime.
^ "In memoriam: Gen. Milan Píka, son of war hero and first victim of judicial murder in Communist Czechoslovakia". March 21, 2019.
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Military Senate of the State Court in Prague.[11] (This court was specially created as an instrument of political repression in mid-1948.[10]: 28 ) Charged with high treason, damaging the interests of the Czechoslovak Republic and the Soviet Union, and undermining the ability of the state to defend itself, Píka was not allowed to present a defence, and no witnesses were called.[11] Píka was sentenced to death.[4]: 93 He unsuccessfully appealed to the Supreme Court.[10]: 28 Píka and his lawyer asked President Klement Gottwald (leader of the communist government) for clemency but this effort was unsuccessful.[10]: 28 [11]Heliodor Píka was hanged in the yard of Bory Prison (Czech: Věznice Bory) in Plzeň around 06:00 on the morning of 21 June 1949.[1][10]: 28–29 In a farewell letter to his family, written the night before his execution, he wrote: \"I am sure that this is not a judicial error but a political murder\".[12] Offered the chance to express his last wishes as he stood at the gallows, he said: \"my ultimate desire is that the nation remain united, and that everyone, without regard for their differences, work toward the unity of our people\".[10]: 29 He was the first of more than 200 Czechoslovaks tried and executed for political reasons by the communist government of Czechoslovakia.[13] His body was never found.[13]","title":"Charges of high treason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barto%C5%A1ek1-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barto%C5%A1ek1-10"},{"link_name":"Prague Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_Spring"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hauner1-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RadioPrague1-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times1-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times1-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hauner1-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP1-13"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hauner1-4"}],"text":"The day after Píka's conviction, Reicin, writing under a pseudonym in the Czechoslovak Army's newspaper, published a series of articles casting a politico-ideological slant upon the Píka affair.[10]: 28 Reicin's articles were soon republished in a widely circulated pamphlet entitled \"A Path That Leads to the Depths of Treason\".[10]: 45During the Prague Spring of 1968, Píka's case was reopened at the request of Milan Píka (son of Heliodor) and the elder Píka's lawyer, and a military tribunal declared Heliodor Píka innocent of all charges.[4]: 94 [13] Milan Píka passed away in March 2019. He had become a general in both the Czech and Slovak armies – the only person in history ever to do so.[14]In 2001, Karel Vaš was indicted by the Czech police's State Office of Investigation on charges of having knowingly used false evidence, falsifying a confession, exceeding his powers and using psychological violence during the Píka affair.[8] These counts would carry a maximum sentence of 15 years in prison.[8]In June 2001, after a trial before the Senate of the Prague City Court, the eighty-five-year-old Vaš was found guilty of introducing false documents and statements, and sentenced to seven years' imprisonment.[4]: 93 [12] Both Vaš and his attorney maintained Vaš's innocence, and promised to appeal.[4]: 93","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milan Rastislav Stefanik Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Rastislav_Stefanik_Order"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTK1-5"},{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Order of the White Double Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_and_decorations_of_Slovakia#Order_of_the_White_Double_Cross"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTK1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SlovakPresident1-6"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heliodor_P%C3%ADka&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SlovakPresident1-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times1-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTK1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTK1-5"},{"link_name":"Czech Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Army"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PraguePost1-3"}],"text":"The Czechoslovak government conferred the Milan Rastislav Stefanik Order, 3rd class upon Píka in 1991.[5]On 1 September 2004, Píka was awarded the highest Slovak decoration, the Order of the White Double Cross, 1st Class.[5][6] (Píka was the first, and as of 2010[update], the only recipient of the military version of this award.[6])Píka earned several French medals for his military service as a Legionnaire in France during the First World War.[8] He was also the recipient of many Soviet, American and British military decorations.[5] A street in Prague 6 (Dejvice) was renamed in his honor in 1990 (Generála Píky).In 1992, Píka was posthumously promoted to the rank of general.[5] Following the conviction of Vaš, on 21 June 2001 a ceremony was held at Czech Army headquarters in Prague to confer full military honours upon Píka.[3]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hauner1-4"}],"text":"^ The entire memorandum was reproduced by Milan Hauner in Crime and Punishment in Prague: The Strange Case of Karel Vaš and Gen. Heliodor Píka.[4]: 95","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Píka as a young legionnaire.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Heliodor_P%C3%ADka.jpg/150px-Heliodor_P%C3%ADka.jpg"},{"image_text":"Brigadier General Heliodor Píka holds the battle flag of the Czechoslovak 2nd Airborne Brigade.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Karel_Hl%C3%A1sn%C3%BD%2C_1944%2C_SSSR.jpg/220px-Karel_Hl%C3%A1sn%C3%BD%2C_1944%2C_SSSR.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Armádní generál in memoriam Heliodor PÍKA\", National Archives website (in Czech), Prague, Czech Republic: Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic, 2000, archived from the original on October 4, 2011, retrieved May 25, 2010, V kvìtnu 1948 zatèen , 28. 1. 1949 ve vykonstruovaném procesu odsouzen Státním soudem v Praze k trestu smrti. 13. 12. 1968 Vyšším vojenským soudem Pøíbram zproštìn pùvodní obžaloby. 1991 vyznamenán Øádem M. R. Štefánika a povýšen do hodnosti armádního generála in memoriam.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111004232447/http://www.nacr.cz/sua/vystavy/horakova/pika.html","url_text":"\"Armádní generál in memoriam Heliodor PÍKA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_(Czech_Republic)","url_text":"National Archives website"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_of_the_Czech_Republic","url_text":"Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic"},{"url":"http://www.nacr.cz/sua/vystavy/horakova/pika.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Detail legionáře\", Military Central Archives website (in Czech), Prague, Czech Republic: Vojenský ústřední archiv, archived from the original on July 18, 2011, retrieved May 25, 2010","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718191810/http://www.vuapraha.cz/Pages/DatabazeLegionaru/DetailLegionare.aspx?soldierId=84278","url_text":"\"Detail legionáře\""},{"url":"http://www.vuapraha.cz/Pages/DatabazeLegionaru/DetailLegionare.aspx?soldierId=84278","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pitkin, James (June 27, 2001), \"For General Pika, justice comes far too late\", The Prague Post Online, Prague, Czech Republic: Prague Post, spol. s r.o., ISSN 1210-3934, OCLC 320470118, archived from the original on July 9, 2001, retrieved May 25, 2010, Following the Vas trial, Pika finally received full military honors in a ceremony outside Army headquarters in Prague 6 on June 21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010709082508/http://www.praguepost.cz/news062701e.html","url_text":"\"For General Pika, justice comes far too late\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1210-3934","url_text":"1210-3934"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/320470118","url_text":"320470118"},{"url":"http://www.praguepost.cz/news062701e.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hauner, Milan (Winter 2001–2002), \"Crime and Punishment in Prague: The Strange Case of Karel Vaš and Gen. Heliodor Píka\" (PDF), World Policy Journal, 18 (4), Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.: MIT Press and World Policy Institute: 93–96, doi:10.1215/07402775-2002-1010, ISSN 1936-0924, OCLC 38482151, archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2011, retrieved May 25, 2010, He was a professional officer loyal to former President Edvard Beneš and his London-based government in exile, who served between 1941 and 1945 as the head of the Czechoslovak Military Mission in Moscow. It was a most difficult job, since the officer had to serve several masters. He accomplished the task with considerable success and managed to resist constant Soviet harassment and frequent attempts at blackmail to force him to be disloyal to the Benes government.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110720012035/http://www.worldpolicy.newschool.edu/journal/articles/wpj01-4/Hauner.pdf","url_text":"\"Crime and Punishment in Prague: The Strange Case of Karel Vaš and Gen. Heliodor Píka\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Policy_Journal","url_text":"World Policy Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts","url_text":"Cambridge, Massachusetts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press","url_text":"MIT Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1215%2F07402775-2002-1010","url_text":"10.1215/07402775-2002-1010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1936-0924","url_text":"1936-0924"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38482151","url_text":"38482151"},{"url":"http://www.worldpolicy.newschool.edu/journal/articles/wpj01-4/Hauner.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Executed General Heliodor Pika receives highest Slovak honour\", CTK National News Wire, Prague, Czech Republic: Czechoslovak News Agency, September 1, 2004, OCLC 54828415, Pika was officially rehabilitated in 1968, and in 1992 was elevated in memoriam to the rank of army general. The bearer of many of the highest Czechoslovak, Soviet, American, British and other military orders in his lifetime, he received the Order of M. R. Stefanik, third class in 1991, and the Tomas G. Masaryk medal in 2000.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54828415","url_text":"54828415"}]},{"reference":"\"Order of the White Double Cross, 1st Class\", Website of the Office of the President of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava, Slovakia, 2005, archived from the original on October 29, 2005, retrieved May 25, 2010","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051029073400/http://www.prezident.sk/?order-of-the-white-double-cross-1st-class","url_text":"\"Order of the White Double Cross, 1st Class\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Slovak_Republic","url_text":"President of the Slovak Republic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava","url_text":"Bratislava"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia","url_text":"Slovakia"},{"url":"http://www.prezident.sk/?order-of-the-white-double-cross-1st-class","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McEnchroe, Tom (June 21, 2019), \"Heliodor Píka – General who became Communist regime's first judicial murder victim\", radio.cz","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radio.cz/en/section/czech-history/heliodor-pika-general-who-became-communist-regimes-first-judicial-murder-victim","url_text":"\"Heliodor Píka – General who became Communist regime's first judicial murder victim\""}]},{"reference":"Krosnar, Katka; Binyon, Michael (February 10, 2001), \"Czech show trial judge accused of murder 50 years on\", The Times, London, UK: News International, ISSN 0140-0460, OCLC 614882534, During the 1930s he was military attache in Romania. After Hitler's annexation of Czechoslovak territory in 1938 he fought to prevent the Nazi leader from seizing army weapons by selling them abroad. In exile in the Balkans, he was ordered by Benes in London to organise defections of Czechs as well as Slovaks and Hungarians from their occupied territories.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_International","url_text":"News International"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","url_text":"0140-0460"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/614882534","url_text":"614882534"}]},{"reference":"Kahan, Vilém (1990), \"Vilém Kahan par lui-même (extraits des entretiens de 1984)\", in Kahan, Vilém; Bartosek, Karel; Baumbruck, Gabriela; Bousoglou, Amber; Laignel-Lavastine, Alexandra; Laloë, Laurence; Palec, Ivo; Poulain, Odile (eds.), Bibliography of the Communist International (1919-1979) (in French), vol. 1, Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Publishers, pp. 55–68, ISBN 978-90-04-09320-1, retrieved May 25, 2010, En 1947, Le général H. Pika était l'adjoint du chef de l'Etat-Major tchécoslovaques, responsable de l'industrie d'armement. C'est lui, ce patriote, non-communiste, qui semble être au départ de la vente d'armes pour la Haganach. Il a été contacté par deux commerçants juifs qu'il avait connus avant la guerre en Roumanie, où il représentait la République tchécoslovaque en tant qu'attaché militaire.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rF3oCWHiM3QC&pg=PA55","url_text":"\"Vilém Kahan par lui-même (extraits des entretiens de 1984)\""},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rF3oCWHiM3QC","url_text":"Bibliography of the Communist International (1919-1979)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers","url_text":"Brill Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09320-1","url_text":"978-90-04-09320-1"}]},{"reference":"Bartošek, Karel [in French] (January 1984), \"Les procès politiques en tchécoslovaquie 1948-1954\", in Kriegel, Annie; Courtois, Stéphane (eds.), Communisme: Revue d'études pluridisciplinaires (in French), vol. 4 (1st ed.), Paris, France: Presses Universitaires de France/Editions l'Age d'Homme, pp. 27–48, ISBN 978-2-13-038147-1, retrieved May 25, 2010, H. Pika déclare: « Mon ultime désir est que la nation reste unie et que chacun, sans différence, travail à l'unité de notre peuple».","urls":[{"url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_Barto%C5%A1ek","url_text":"Bartošek, Karel"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wTOWdW4KB-YC&pg=PA27","url_text":"\"Les procès politiques en tchécoslovaquie 1948-1954\""},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wTOWdW4KB-YC","url_text":"Communisme: Revue d'études pluridisciplinaires"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-038147-1","url_text":"978-2-13-038147-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Memorial ceremony held for early victim of communist repression\", CTK National News Wire, Prague, Czech Republic: Czechoslovak News Agency, June 24, 1994, OCLC 54828415, A closed trial took place in front of the military senate of the state court in Prague [on 26-29 January 1949] ... General Pika was charged with high treason, damaging the interests of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic and the Soviet Union and of undermining the ability of the state to defend itself. No witnesses were called and no defence was allowed. President Klement Gottwald turned down a request for mercy.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54828415","url_text":"54828415"}]},{"reference":"\"Former Czech prosecutor gets seven years for political murder\", AFP news wire, Prague, Czech Republic: Agence France Presse, June 15, 2001, A former communist prosecutor was handed a seven-year sentence here Friday for his part in the political murder of reformist Czech General Heliodor Pika in June 1949.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France_Presse","url_text":"Agence France Presse"}]},{"reference":"Falvey, Christian (June 19, 2009), \"Remembering General Heliodor Píka, first victim of the communist show trials\", Radio Prague website, Prague, Czech Republic: Český rozhlas, OCLC 44376580, archived from the original on August 25, 2009, retrieved May 25, 2010, In the early morning of June 21, 1949, General Heliodor Píka, a hero of World Wars I and II, became the first Czechoslovak to be executed by the new communist regime.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radio.cz/en/article/117484","url_text":"\"Remembering General Heliodor Píka, first victim of the communist show trials\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Prague","url_text":"Radio Prague"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Radio","url_text":"Český rozhlas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44376580","url_text":"44376580"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090825172524/http://www.radio.cz/en/article/117484","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"\"In memoriam: Gen. Milan Píka, son of war hero and first victim of judicial murder in Communist Czechoslovakia\". March 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radio.cz/en/section/curraffrs/in-memoriam-gen-milan-pika-son-of-war-hero-and-first-victim-of-judicial-murder-in-communist-czechoslovakia","url_text":"\"In memoriam: Gen. Milan Píka, son of war hero and first victim of judicial murder in Communist Czechoslovakia\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neichen
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Neichen
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["1 Geography","2 History","3 Politics","3.1 Municipal council","3.2 Mayor","3.3 Coat of arms","4 Culture and sightseeing","4.1 Buildings","4.2 Natural monuments","5 Economy and infrastructure","6 References","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 50°15′41″N 6°52′14″E / 50.26142°N 6.87054°E / 50.26142; 6.87054Municipality in Rhineland-Palatinate, GermanyNeichen Municipality
Coat of armsLocation of Neichen within Vulkaneifel district
Neichen Show map of GermanyNeichen Show map of Rhineland-PalatinateCoordinates: 50°15′41″N 6°52′14″E / 50.26142°N 6.87054°E / 50.26142; 6.87054CountryGermanyStateRhineland-PalatinateDistrictVulkaneifel Municipal assoc.KelbergGovernment • Mayor (2019–24) Peter AnnenArea • Total2.95 km2 (1.14 sq mi)Elevation480 m (1,570 ft)Population (2022-12-31) • Total132 • Density45/km2 (120/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal codes54552Dialling codes02692Vehicle registrationDAUWebsitewww.neichen-eifel.de
Neichen is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Vulkaneifel district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Kelberg, whose seat is in the like-named municipality.
Geography
The municipality lies in the Vulkaneifel, a part of the Eifel known for its volcanic history, geographical and geological features, and even ongoing activity today, including gases that sometimes well up from the earth.
Roughly 150 people live in Neichen.
History
The name “Neichen” derives from a 14th-century description of the place as the hof von den Eichen (“Estate of the Oaks”), from which arose the shorter form Neichen through faulty separation of the last two words.
Until 1970, the municipality belonged to the Verbandsgemeinde of Daun, when it, along with Beinhausen, Boxberg, Brück, Hörschhausen and Katzwinkel, was annexed to the Verbandsgemeinde of Kelberg.
Politics
Municipal council
The council is made up of 6 council members, who were elected by majority vote at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman.
Mayor
Neichen's mayor is Peter Annen.
Coat of arms
The German blazon reads: In Gold ein grüner Schrägrechtsbalken, belegt mit goldenem Eichenblatt und gold-silbernen Früchten, begleitet oben und unten von je einem grünen Eichenblatt mit grün-silbernen Früchten.
The municipality's arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: Or a bend vert charged with an oakleaf of the field fructed of two argent and between two oakleaves bendwise of the second likewise fructed.
The oakleaves are canting for the municipality's name which, as mentioned above, derives from the German word Eichen (“oaks”) prefixed with a faultily separated dative plural definite article ending.
Culture and sightseeing
In the village centre stands the small Catholic chapel from 1827 which is consecrated to Saint Brigid, patron saint not only of Ireland but also of, among other things, cattle. This once led to a yearly custom in which farmers would fetch water consecrated to Saint Brigid – Brigittenwasser – in little bottles from the church and take it home to put in sick livestock's fodder as needed. This was supposed to help the animals. This custom, however, is no longer practised.
Neichen, chapel
Buildings
Catholic branch church, Kapellenstraße, triaxial aisleless church from 1826 (or 1827 according to the above source).
Hauptstraße 10 – timber-frame house of a corner estate, mid 19th century.
Hauptstraße/corner of Im Backesgarten – wayside cross, beam cross from 1687.
Saint Hubert’s Catholic Parish Church (Pfarrkirche St. Hubertus), Hauptstraße, so-called Hilgerath Church (Kirche Hilgerath), mediaeval west tower, aisleless church 1803, expanded in 1950; grave crosses in the outer wall, 17th and 18th centuries.
Wayside chapel, south of Saint Hubert's Catholic Parish Church, Gothic Revival brick building from 1907, Gothic Revival altar.
Natural monuments
The Drees, a mineral spring, gushes forth from the ground at the village's outskirts. The water is sour and contains iron and carbonic acid. The spring is a product of the now mostly extinct volcanic activity that gives the Vulkaneifel its name. The springwater is definitely an acquired taste, but its fanciers swear by their daily glass of Drees even today.
Economy and infrastructure
Since there is only one business in the village, a honey wholesaler's, most people work in the bigger places in the surrounding area, like Daun or Mayen.
References
^ a b Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Vulkaneifel, Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 10 August 2021.
^ "Bevölkerungsstand 2022, Kreise, Gemeinden, Verbandsgemeinden" (PDF) (in German). Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz. 2023.
^ Lamprecht: Deutsches Wirtschaftsleben im Mittelalter
^ Neichen’s history
^ Description and explanation of Neichen’s arms
^ Neichen’s history
^ Directory of Cultural Monuments in Vulkaneifel district
^ Neichen’s history
External links
Neichen in the collective municipality’s Web pages (in German)
vteTowns and municipalities in Vulkaneifel
Arbach
Basberg
Beinhausen
Bereborn
Berenbach
Berlingen
Berndorf
Betteldorf
Birgel
Birresborn
Bleckhausen
Bodenbach
Bongard
Borler
Boxberg
Brockscheid
Brücktal
Darscheid
Daun
Demerath
Densborn
Deudesfeld
Dockweiler
Dohm-Lammersdorf
Drees
Dreis-Brück
Duppach
Ellscheid
Esch
Feusdorf
Gefell
Gelenberg
Gerolstein
Gillenfeld
Gönnersdorf
Gunderath
Hallschlag
Hillesheim
Hinterweiler
Höchstberg
Hohenfels-Essingen
Horperath
Hörscheid
Hörschhausen
Immerath
Jünkerath
Kalenborn-Scheuern
Kaperich
Katzwinkel
Kelberg
Kerpen
Kerschenbach
Kirchweiler
Kirsbach
Kolverath
Kopp
Kötterichen
Kradenbach
Lirstal
Lissendorf
Mannebach
Mehren
Meisburg
Mosbruch
Mückeln
Mürlenbach
Neichen
Nerdlen
Neroth
Niederstadtfeld
Nitz
Nohn
Oberbettingen
Oberehe-Stroheich
Oberelz
Oberstadtfeld
Ormont
Pelm
Reimerath
Retterath
Reuth
Rockeskyll
Salm
Sarmersbach
Sassen
Saxler
Schalkenmehren
Scheid
Schönbach
Schüller
Schutz
Stadtkyll
Steffeln
Steineberg
Steiningen
Strohn
Strotzbüsch
Üdersdorf
Udler
Uersfeld
Ueß
Utzerath
Üxheim
Wallenborn
Walsdorf
Weidenbach
Welcherath
Wiesbaum
Winkel
Coat of arms
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Atwood-Ferguson
|
Miguel Atwood-Ferguson
|
["1 Personal life","2 Career","3 Discography","3.1 Albums","3.2 Appearances","4 References","5 External links"]
|
American musician
Miguel Atwood-FergusonAtwood-Ferguson (right) performing with the Miguel Atwood-Ferguson Ensemble in Los Angeles in 2014Background informationBirth nameMiguel Atwood-FergusonBornTopanga, CaliforniaGenresHip hopclassicaljazzOccupation(s)Musiciansession musicianmulti-instrumentalistcomposerorchestral conductorInstrument(s)ViolaviolinLabelsBrainfeederWebsitemiguelatwoodferguson.comMusical artist
Miguel Atwood-Ferguson is a Los Angeles–based multi-instrumentalist, session musician, arranger, composer, music director, producer, DJ, orchestral conductor and educator. He has contributed to over 500 recordings and scored for television and film with various musicians.
Personal life
Miguel Atwood-Ferguson grew up in Topanga, California, an arts district in Western Los Angeles. His parents instilled in him an appreciation of cultures from around the world and an ethic of dedicated study. His father is a multi-instrumentalist, backing people such as Etta James, Screamin' Jay Hawkins, Ry Cooder, and Johnny Otis. His mother was an educator with a passion for empowering those around her.
Together his parents created a childhood environment rich in diverse sounds. As an infant when left alone in his crib, his parents put on repeat tapes with music by Beethoven, Chopin, Mozart, Bach and Brahms. At age four, Atwood-Ferguson's parents enrolled him in weekly violin lessons after he expressed interest in playing the violin upon seeing other children playing the instrument at the music institute where his brother was studying piano.
Following this early exposure, he enrolled in weekly violin, chamber music, and music theory lessons, and joined the Orchestra da' Camera at the Colburn School from ages 8 to 15. During this time he began composing for symphonic orchestra, with his first original symphonic composition, at age ten, played by the Pacific Palisades Symphony.
At age twelve he switched to viola and continued focusing on classical music while an interest in the music of Motown, Jimi Hendrix, and the Beatles also continued to develop. In high school he developed interests in jazz and hip-hop which have carried over into a lifelong passion and career.
Miguel Atwood-Ferguson attended University of Southern California in Los Angeles, graduating with a bachelor's degree in classical viola.
Atwood-Ferguson practices Nichiren Buddhism with the Soka Gakkai International.
Career
Atwood-Ferguson has contributed to over 500 recordings and scored for television and film with musicians such as Ray Charles, Flying Lotus, Dr. Dre, Mary J. Blige, Bilal, Seu Jorge, and Thundercat.
In 2011, with a full orchestra he reimagined some of J Dilla's music on an album titles Suite for Ma Dukes.
He played at Melbourne Jazz Festival in 2013.
Discography
Albums
Suite for Ma Dukes (Mochilla, 2011)
Chicago Waves (International Anthem, 2020) – with Carlos Gabriel Niño
Chicago Waves Remixes (International Anthem, 2020) – Four remixes made with music originally composed and recorded by Niño and Atwood-Ferguson for Chicago Waves
Les Jardins Mystiques, Vol. 1 (Brainfeeder, 2023)
Appearances
Wu Hen (Black Focus, 2020) by Kamaal Williams – contributed string arrangements
Fragments (Ninja Tune, 2022) by Bonobo – guest artist
References
^ a b c Ratliff, Ben (July 11, 2011). "Improvisation in Harlem, Corner of Hip-Hop and Jazz". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
^ a b c Sandler, Eric. "Miguel Atwood-Ferguson: Assembling the Ensemble". Revive Music. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
^ a b c d e "J Dilla: the Mozart of hip-hop". The Guardian. January 27, 2011. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
^ Closs, Wyatt (August 5, 2011). "Miguel Atwood-Ferguson: A Different Grand Performance". Huffington Post. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
^ Johnson, Catalina Maria (July 11, 2019). "Miguel Atwood-Ferguson translates the works of hip-hop prodigy J Dilla into orchestral majesty". Chicago Reader. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
^ James, David (June 7, 2013). "Melbourne jazz festival 2013: reviews and weekend highlights". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
^ "Miguel Atwood-Ferguson and Carlos Niño: Chicago Waves review: John Lewis's contemporary album of the month". The Guardian. July 10, 2020. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
^ "Miguel Atwood-Ferguson Announces Debut Solo Album Les Jardins Mystiques Vol. 1". Pitchfork. September 13, 2023. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
^ Hutchinson, Kate (July 26, 2020). "Kamaal Williams: Wu Hen review – genre-bending prodigy strikes again". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
^ Kalia, Ammar (July 24, 2020). "Kamaal Williams: Wu Hen review – jazz-soul revivalist's fitful return". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
External links
Miguel Atwood-Ferguson website
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
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His parents instilled in him an appreciation of cultures from around the world and an ethic of dedicated study. His father is a multi-instrumentalist, backing people such as Etta James, Screamin' Jay Hawkins, Ry Cooder, and Johnny Otis. His mother was an educator with a passion for empowering those around her.[2]Together his parents created a childhood environment rich in diverse sounds. As an infant when left alone in his crib, his parents put on repeat tapes with music by Beethoven, Chopin, Mozart,[3] Bach and Brahms. At age four,[3] Atwood-Ferguson's parents enrolled him in weekly violin lessons after he expressed interest in playing the violin upon seeing other children playing the instrument at the music institute where his brother was studying piano.Following this early exposure, he enrolled in weekly violin, chamber music, and music theory lessons, and joined the Orchestra da' Camera at the Colburn School from ages 8 to 15. 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Blige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_J._Blige"},{"link_name":"Bilal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilal_(American_singer)"},{"link_name":"Seu Jorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seu_Jorge"},{"link_name":"Thundercat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thundercat_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Closs-4"},{"link_name":"J Dilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_Dilla"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-ratliff-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theguardian-fitzpatrick-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Jazz Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Jazz_Festival"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Atwood-Ferguson has contributed to over 500 recordings and scored for television and film with musicians such as Ray Charles, Flying Lotus, Dr. Dre, Mary J. Blige, Bilal, Seu Jorge, and Thundercat.[4]In 2011, with a full orchestra he reimagined some of J Dilla's music on an album titles Suite for Ma Dukes.[1][3][5]He played at Melbourne Jazz Festival in 2013.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theguardian-fitzpatrick-3"},{"link_name":"International Anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Anthem_Recording_Company"},{"link_name":"Carlos Gabriel Niño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Gabriel_Ni%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Les Jardins Mystiques, Vol. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Jardins_Mystiques,_Vol._1"},{"link_name":"Brainfeeder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainfeeder"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"Suite for Ma Dukes (Mochilla, 2011)[3]\nChicago Waves (International Anthem, 2020) – with Carlos Gabriel Niño[7]\nChicago Waves Remixes (International Anthem, 2020) – Four remixes made with music originally composed and recorded by Niño and Atwood-Ferguson for Chicago Waves\nLes Jardins Mystiques, Vol. 1 (Brainfeeder, 2023)[8]","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wu Hen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Hen"},{"link_name":"Kamaal Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamaal_Williams"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Fragments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragments_(Bonobo_album)"},{"link_name":"Bonobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo_(musician)"}],"sub_title":"Appearances","text":"Wu Hen (Black Focus, 2020) by Kamaal Williams – contributed string arrangements[9][10]\nFragments (Ninja Tune, 2022) by Bonobo – guest artist","title":"Discography"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitebsk_Ghetto
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Vitebsk Ghetto
|
["1 See also","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 55°06′50″N 30°06′54″E / 55.1140°N 30.1150°E / 55.1140; 30.1150Ghetto in Nazi-occupied Belarus
Present-day memorial on the site of the ghetto
Vitebsk Ghetto or Witebsk Ghetto was a short-lived ghetto in the town of Vitebsk in modern-day Belarus. It was created soon after the German invasion of the Soviet Union; immediately after the Nazis took control of the town on 11 July 1941.
Approximately 16,000 Jews lived in the ghetto. In October, the Nazi administrators declared that the poor conditions in the ghetto created a health hazard for local inhabitants and that an epidemic had started in the ghetto; in fact, this declaration was a pretext to move and massacre the Jews. Less than three months later, on 8 October 1941, the Nazis started a massacre of the Vitebsk Jews, which ended on 11 October with the deaths of most of the ghetto's inhabitants (sources vary as to the exact number). Many bodies were disposed in the nearby Vitba river.
See also
The Holocaust in Belarus
References
^ Alexander Kott, Elisheva Kott A Wedding in Darkness: One Life in the Twilight of Russian Jewish History 2003 p.122 "Grune and her two remaining children were interned in the Vitebsk ghetto together with 16,000 other Jews. The ghetto was established in the area of the Vitebsk railway station and surrounded by wire fences. "
^ Peter Longerich Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews 2010 p.223 "Thus, to name only the most significant places, the Vitebsk ghetto was cleared between 8 and 10 October and 4090 Jews were shot (according to reports by Einsatzkommando 9)" - but another source puts this 4,090 at December 1941
Further reading
Koerber, Jeffrey (2020). Borderland Generation: Soviet and Polish Jews under Hitler. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-5465-0.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ghetto Viciebsk.
October 8: Vitebsk Ghetto liquidated; more than 16,000 Jews killed, via Yad Vashem
VITEBSK AND THE HOLOCAUST
Vitsyebsk, Belarus at JewishGen
55°06′50″N 30°06′54″E / 55.1140°N 30.1150°E / 55.1140; 30.1150
This article about Belarusian history is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This World War II article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"title":"The Holocaust in Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipson
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Lipson
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["1 See also"]
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Coordinates: 50°22′36″N 4°7′36″W / 50.37667°N 4.12667°W / 50.37667; -4.12667Suburb of Plymouth, Devon
For other uses, see Lipson (disambiguation).
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Human settlement in EnglandLipsonTerraces in Lipson ValeLipsonLocation within the United KingdomCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited Kingdom
List of places
UK
England
50°22′36″N 4°7′36″W / 50.37667°N 4.12667°W / 50.37667; -4.12667
Lipson is a ward in the city of Plymouth, England. It is an area with mixed terraced housing, some subdivided into bedsits and flats and a public open-space called 'Freedom Fields', a Civil War battle site where the townsfolk of nearby Plymouth resisted substantial Cavalier raiding parties and enabled the town to sustain the royalist siege. Freedom Fields existed before the Civil War and acquired its name after the defeat there of a French invasion force two hundred years earlier. The park was the inspiration behind the title of local folk singer-songwriter Seth Lakeman's third album and currently has a small cafe, numerous benches and flower-beds.
Formerly the site of Plymouth's biggest hospital (Freedom Fields Hospital), the borough prison, and fire and ambulance stations, it now retains only the (rebuilt) fire station.
Much of the housing stock consists of Victorian and Edwardian terraces with a few larger detached and semi-detached housing around the Queen's Gate/ Queen's Road area. Due in part to its proximity to the city's university and the size of some of the older properties, some of the housing towards Greenbank has been subdivided into homes of multiple occupancy and flats. Social housing can be found to the north-east along Lipstone Crescent.
Because of its hilly position, much of the area offers panoramic views in most directions, not least south across Plymouth Sound. Plymouth's main retail shopping centre, Plymouth University, and Plymouth Railway Station are all within reasonable walking distance. Shopping in Lipson is limited to a handful of takeaways and small grocery shops. Currently, as of 2021, there is a small Tesco outlet near Lipson Vale.
Lipson has a few schools, including Lipson Co-operative Academy.
Public transport is provided by Plymouth Citybus in the form of three bus routes. 8/9 and 20/21 via Lipson Vale and 23/24 via the Queens Road Triangle and the Mount Gould estate and hospital.
See also
List of wards in Plymouth
This Devon location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_anarchy
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Green anarchism
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["1 History","1.1 Background","1.2 Roots","1.3 Development","1.4 From theory to practice","1.5 Contemporary theoretical developments","2 Branches","2.1 Social ecology","2.2 Deep ecology","2.3 Anarcho-primitivism","2.4 Green syndicalism","3 Theory","3.1 Critique of civilisation","3.2 Decentralisation","3.3 Deindustrialisation","4 See also","5 References","6 Bibliography","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
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Branch of anarchism focused on the environment
"Green anarchy" redirects here. For the magazine, see Green Anarchist.
Part of a series onGreen anarchism
Schools of thought
Anarcho-primitivism
Deep ecology
Green syndicalism
Social ecology
Total liberation
Theory and practice
Animal rights
Anti-authoritarianism
Anti-capitalism
Anti-consumerism
Bioregionalism
Decentralization
Degrowth
Deindustrialization
Direct action
Ecocentrism
Environmental protection
Municipalism
Naturalism
Neo-Luddism
Neo-Malthusianism
Primitive communism
Radical environmentalism
Return to nature
Rewilding
Simple living
Unity in diversity
People
Abbey
Bari
Best
Biehl
Bookchin
Camenisch
Carter
Glendinning
Jensen
Kropotkin
Morris
Næss
Perlman
Reclus
Sale
Semprún
Snyder
Thoreau
Zerzan
Books and publications
Walden, or life in the woods (1854)
Fields, Factories, and Workshops (1899)
Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (1902)
Post-Scarcity Anarchism (1971)
The Ecology of Freedom (1982)
Green Anarchist (1984)
Future Primitive and Other Essays (1994)
Related topics
Anarchism
Anti-capitalism
Anti-consumerism
Eco-socialism
Green politics
Libertarian socialism
Naturism
Anarchism portal
Environment portal
Politics portalvte
Green anarchism, also known as ecological anarchism or eco-anarchism, is an anarchist school of thought that focuses on ecology and environmental issues. It is an anti-capitalist and anti-authoritarian form of radical environmentalism, which emphasises social organization, freedom and self-fulfillment.
Ecological approaches to anarchism were first formulated during the 19th century, as the rise of capitalism and colonialism caused environmental degradation. Drawing from the ecology of Charles Darwin, the anarchist Mikhail Bakunin elaborated a naturalist philosophy that rejected the dualistic separation of humanity from nature. This was developed into an ecological philosophy by Peter Kropotkin and Éliseé Reclus, who advocated for the decentralisation and degrowth of industry as a means to advance both social justice and environmental protection.
Green anarchism was first developed into a distinct political theory by sections of the New Left, as a revival in anarchism coincided with the emergence of an environmental movement. From the 1970s onwards, three main tendencies of green anarchism were established: Murray Bookchin elaborated the theory of social ecology, which argues that environmental issues stem directly from social issues; Arne Næss defined the theory of deep ecology, which advocates for biocentrism; and John Zerzan developed the theory of anarcho-primitivism, which calls for the abolition of technology and civilization. In the 21st century, these tendencies were joined by total liberation, which centres animal rights, and green syndicalism, which calls for the workers themselves to manage deindustrialisation.
At its core, green anarchism concerns itself with the identification and abolition of social hierarchies that cause environmental degradation. Opposed to the extractivism and productivism of industrial capitalism, it advocates for the degrowth and deindustrialisation of the economy. It also pushes for greater localisation and decentralisation, proposing forms of municipalism, bioregionalism or a "return to nature" as possible alternatives to the state.
History
Background
Before the Industrial Revolution, the only occurrences of ecological crisis were small-scale, localised to areas affected by natural disasters, overproduction or war. But as the enclosure of common land increasingly forced dispossessed workers into factories, more wide-reaching ecological damage began to be noticed by radicals of the period.
During the late 19th century, as capitalism and colonialism were reaching their height, political philosophers first began to develop critiques of industrialised society, which had caused a rise in pollution and environmental degradation. In response, these early environmentalists developed a concern for nature and wildlife conservation, soil erosion, deforestation, and natural resource management. Early political approaches to environmentalism were supplemented by the literary naturalism of writers such as Henry David Thoreau, John Muir and Ernest Thompson Seton, whose best-selling works helped to alter the popular perception of nature by rejecting the dualistic "man against nature" conflict. In particular, Thoreau's advocacy of anti-consumerism and vegetarianism, as well as his love for the wilderness, has been a direct inspiration for many eco-anarchists.
Ecology in its modern form was developed by Charles Darwin, whose work on evolutionary biology provided a scientific rejection of Christian and Cartesian anthropocentrism, instead emphasising the role of probability and individual agency in the process of evolution. Around the same time, anarchism emerged as a political philosophy that rejected all forms of hierarchy, authority and oppression, and instead advocated for decentralisation and voluntary association. The framework for an ecological anarchism was thus set in place, as a means to reject anthropocentric hierarchies that positioned humans in a dominating position over nature.
Roots
The ecological roots of anarchism go back to the classical anarchists, such as Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Mikhail Bakunin, who both conceived of human nature as the basis for anarchism. Drawing from Charles Darwin's work, Bakunin considered people to be an intrinsic part of their environment. Bakunin rejected Cartesian dualism, denying its anthropocentric and mechanistic separation of humanity from nature. However, he also saw humans as uniquely capable of self-determination and called for humanity to achieve a mastery of its own natural environment as a means to achieve freedom. Bakunin's naturalism was developed into an ecological philosophy by the geographers Peter Kropotkin and Éliseé Reclus, who conceived the relationship between human society and nature as a dialectic. Their environmental ethics, which combined social justice with environmental protection, anticipated the green anarchist philosophies of social ecology and bioregionalism.
Peter Kropotkin, an early environmentalist figure and a predecessor of the green anarchist tendency
Like Bakunin before him, Kropotkin extolled the domestication of nature by humans, but also framed humanity as an intrinsic part of its natural environment and placed great value in the natural world. Kropotkin was among the first environmentalist thinkers to note the connections between industrialisation, environmental degradation and workers' alienation. In contrast to Marxists, who called for an increase in industrialisation, Kropotkin argued for the localisation of the economy, which he felt would increase people's connection with the land and halt environmental damage. In Fields, Factories and Workshops, Kropotkin advocated for the satisfaction of human needs through horticulture, and the decentralisation and degrowth of industry. He also criticised the division of labour, both between mental and manual labourers, and between the rural peasantry and urban proletariat. In Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, he elaborated on the natural basis for communism, depicting the formation of social organisation among animals through the practice of mutual aid.
Reclus himself argued that environmental degradation caused by industrialisation, exemplified to him by mass deforestation in the Pacific Northwest, was characteristic of the "barbarity" of modern civilisation, which he felt subordinated both workers and the environment to the goal of capital accumulation. Reclus was also one of the earliest figures to develop the idea of "total liberation", directly comparing the exploitation of labour with cruelty to animals and thus advocating for both human and animal rights.
Kropotkin and Reclus' synthesis of environmental and social justice formed the foundation for eco-socialism, chiefly associated with libertarian socialists who advocated for a "return to nature", such as Robert Blatchford, William Morris and Henry Salt. Ecological aspects of anarchism were also emphasised by Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman, who, drawing from the work of Henry David Thoreau, conceived of anarchism as a means to promote unity between humans and the natural world. These early ecological developments in anarchism lay the foundations for the elaboration of green anarchism in the 1960s, when it was first taken up by figures within the New Left.
Development
Green anarchism first emerged after the dawn of the Atomic Age, as increasingly centralized governments brought with them a new host of environmental and social issues. During the 1960s, the rise of the environmental movement coincided with a concurrent revival of interest in anarchism, leading to anarchists having a considerable influence on the development of radical environmentalist thought. Principles and practices that already formed the core of anarchist philosophy, from direct action to community organizing, thus became foundational to radical environmentalism. As the threats presented by environmental degradation, industrial agriculture and pollution became more urgent, the first green anarchists turned to decentralisation and diversity as solutions for socio-ecological systems.
Murray Bookchin, a founding figure of green anarchism and the chief proponent of social ecology
Green anarchism as a tendency was first developed by the American social anarchist Murray Bookchin. Bookchin had already began addressing the problem of environmental degradation as far back as the 1950s. In 1962, he published the first major modern work of environmentalism, Our Synthetic Environment, which warned of the ecological dangers of pesticide application. Over the subsequent decades, Bookchin developed the first theory of green anarchism, social ecology, which presented social hierarchy as the root of ecological problems.
In 1973, Norwegian philosopher Arne Næss developed another green anarchist tendency, known as deep ecology, which rejected of anthropocentrism in favour of biocentrism. In 1985, this philosophy was developed into a political programme by the American academics Bill Devall and George Sessions, while Australian philosopher Warwick Fox proposed the formation of bioregions as a green anarchist alternative to the nation state.
Following on from deep ecology, the next major development in green anarchist philosophy was the articulation of anarcho-primitivism, which was critical of agriculture, technology and civilisation. First developed in the pages of the American anarchist magazine Fifth Estate during the mid-1980s, anarcho-primitivist theory was developed by Fredy Perlman, David Watson, and particularly John Zerzan. It was later taken up by the American periodical Green Anarchy and British periodical Green Anarchist, and partly inspired groups such as the Animal Liberation Front (ALF), Earth Liberation Front (ELF) and Individualists Tending to the Wild (ITS).
From theory to practice
Political demonstration by the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) in Israel
By the 1970s, radical environmentalist groups had begun to carry out direct action against nuclear power infrastructure, with mobilisations of the anti-nuclear movement in France, Germany and the United States providing a direct continuity between contemporary environmentalism and the New Left of the 1960s. In the 1980s, green anarchist groups such as Earth First! started taking direct action against deforestation, roadworks and industrial agriculture. They called their sabotage actions "monkey-wrenching", after Edward Abbey's 1984 novel The Monkey Wrench Gang. During the 1990s, the road protest movements in the United Kingdom and Israel were also driven by eco-anarchists, while eco-anarchist action networks such as the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) and Earth Liberation Front (ELF) first rose to prominence. Eco-anarchist actions have included violent attacks, such as those carried out by cells of the Informal Anarchist Federation (IAF) and Individualists Tending to the Wild (ITS) against nuclear scientists and nanotechnology researchers respectively.
Political demonstration by the anti-globalisation movement (AGM) in Poland
As environmental degradation was accelerated by the rise of economic globalisation and neoliberalism, green anarchists broadened their scope of action from a specific environmentalist focus into one that agitated for global justice. Green anarchists were instrumental in the establishment of the anti-globalisation movement (AGM), as well as its transformation into the subsequent global justice movement (GJM). The AGM gained support in both the Global North and Global South, with the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) becoming a key organisation within the movement. It also gained a wide range of support from different sectors of society, not only including activists from left-wing politics or the environmental and peace movements, but also people from trade unions, church groups and the agricultural sector. Trade unionists were the most prominent presence at the 1999 Seattle WTO protests, even outnumbering the environmentalists and anarchists. Drawing from its anarchist roots, the AGM adopted a decentralised and non-hierarchical model of horizontal organisation, embracing new "anarchical" technologies such as the internet as a means to network and communicate. Through the environmental and anti-globalisation movements, contemporary anarchism was ultimately able to achieve a "quasi-renaissance" in anarchist ideas, tendencies and modes of organisation.
Contemporary theoretical developments
Writers such as Murray Bookchin and Alan Carter have claimed contemporary anarchism to be the only political movement capable of addressing climate change. In his 1996 book Ecology and Anarchism, British anthropologist Brian Morris argued that anarchism is intrinsically environmentalist, as it shared the ecologist principles of decentralisation, non-hierarchical social organisation and interdependence.
By the 21st century, green anarchists had begun to move beyond the previous century's divisions into social ecologist and anarcho-primitivst camps, establishing a new body of theory that rejected the dualisms of humanity against nature and civilisation against wilderness. Drawing on the biocentric philosophy of deep ecology, in 2006, Mark Somma called for a "revolutionary environmentalism" capable of overthrowing capitalism, reducing consumption and organising the conservation of biodiversity. Somma championed a form of solidarity between humanity and the non-human natural world, in a call that was taken up in 2009 by Steven Best, who called for eco-anarchists to commit themselves to "total liberation" and extend solidarity to animals. To Best, morality ought to be extended to animals due to their sentience and capacity to feel pain; he has called for the abolition of the hierarchy between humans and animals, although he implicitly excludes non-sentient plants from this moral consideration.
Drawing from eco-feminism, Patrice Jones called for human solidarity with both plants and animals, neither of which she considered to be lesser than humans, even describing them as "natural anarchists" that do not recognise or obey any government's laws.
In 2012, Jeff Shantz developed a theory of "green syndicalism", which seeks to use of syndicalist models of workplace organisation to link the labour movement with the environmental movement.
Branches
Social ecology
The green anarchist theory of social ecology is based on an analysis of the relationship between society and nature. Social ecology considers human society to be both the cause of and solution to environmental degradation, envisioning the creation of a rational and ecological society through a process of sociocultural evolution. Social ecologist Murray Bookchin saw society itself as a natural product of evolution, which intrinsically tended toward ever-increasing complexity and diversity. While he saw human society as having the potential to become "nature rendered self-conscious", in The Ecology of Freedom, Bookchin elaborated that the emergence of hierarchy had given way to a disfigured form of society that was both ecologically and socially destructive.
According to social ecology, the oppression of humans by humans directly preceded the exploitation of the environment by hierarchical society, which itself caused a vicious circle of increasing socio-ecological devastation. Considering social hierarchy to go against the natural evolutionary tendencies towards complexity and diversity, social ecology concludes that oppressive hierarchies have to be abolished in order to resolve the ecological crisis. Bookchin thus proposed a decentralised system of direct democracy, centred locally in the municipality, where people themselves could participate in decision making. He envisioned a self-organized system of popular assemblies to replace the state and re-educate individuals into socially and ecologically-minded citizens.
Deep ecology
The theory of deep ecology rejects anthropocentrism in favour of biocentrism, which recognizes the intrinsic value of all life, regardless of its utility to humankind. Unlike social ecologists, theorists of deep ecology considered human society to be incapable of reversing environmental degradation and, as a result, proposed a drastic reduction in world population. The solutions to human overpopulation proposed by deep ecologists included bioregionalism, which advocated the replacement of the nation state with bioregions, as well as a widespread return to a hunter-gatherer lifestyle. Some deep ecologists, including members of Earth First!, have even welcomed the mass death caused by disease and famine as a form of population control.
Anarcho-primitivism
The theory of anarcho-primitivism aims its critique at the emergence of technology, agriculture and civilisation, which it considers to have been the source of all social problems. According to American primitivist theorist John Zerzan, it was the division of labour in agricultural societies that had first given way to the social inequality and alienation which became characteristic of modernity. As such, Zerzan proposed the abolition of technology and science, in order for society to be broken down and humans to return to a hunter-gather lifestyle. Libertarian socialists such as Noam Chomsky and Michael Albert have been critical of anarcho-primitivism, with the former arguing that it would inevitably result in genocide.
Green syndicalism
Green syndicalism, as developed by Graham Purchase and Judi Bari, advocates for the unification of the labour movement with environmental movement and for trade unions such as the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) to adopt ecological concerns into their platforms. Seeing workers' self-management as a means to address environmental degradation, green syndicalism pushes for workers to agitate their colleagues, sabotage environmentally destructive practices in their workplaces, and form workers' councils. Green syndicalist Jeff Shantz proposed that a free association of producers would be best positioned to dismantle the industrial economy, through the decentralisation and localisation of production. In contrast to Marxism and anarcho-syndicalism, green syndicalism opposes mass production and rejects the idea that the industrial economy has a "liberatory potential"; but it also rejects the radical environmentalist calls for a "complete, immediate break with industrialism".
Theory
Although a diverse body of thought, eco-anarchist theory has a fundamental basis unified by certain shared principles. Eco-anarchism considers there to be a direct connection between the problems of environmental degradation and hierarchy, and maintains an anti-capitalist critique of productivism and industrialism. Emphasising decentralisation and community ownership, it also advocates for the degrowth of the economy and the re-centring of social relations around local communities and bioregions.
Critique of civilisation
Green anarchism traces the roots of all forms of oppression to the widespread transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary lifestyles. According to green anarchism, the foundation of civilisation was defined by the extraction and importation of natural resources, which led to the formation of hierarchy through capital accumulation and the division of labour. Green anarchists are therefore critical of civilisation and its manifestations in globalized capitalism, which they consider to be causing a societal and ecological collapse that necessitates a "return to nature". Green anarchists uphold direct action as a form of resistance against civilisation, which they wish to replace with a way of simple living in harmony with nature. This may involve cultivating self-sustainability, practising survivalism or rewilding.
Decentralisation
Eco-anarchism considers the rise of states to be the primary cause of environmental degradation, as states promote greater industrial extraction and production as means to remain competitive with other state powers, even at the expense of the environment. Drawing from the ecological principle of "unity in diversity", eco-anarchism also recognises humans as an intrinsic part of the ecosystem that they live in and how their culture, history and language is shaped by their local environments. Eco-anarchists therefore argue for the abolition of states and their replacement with stateless societies, upholding various forms of localism and bioregionalism.
Deindustrialisation
Ecological anarchism considers the exploitation of labour under capitalism within a broader ecological context, holding that environmental degradation is intrinsically linked with societal oppression. As such, green anarchism is opposed to industrialism, due to both its social and ecological affects.
See also
Anarchism portalPolitics portal
Animal rights and punk subculture
Chellis Glendinning
Earth Liberation Front
Earth First!
Green Scare
Eco-socialism
Intentional community
Left-libertarianism
Operation Backfire (FBI)
Permaculture
References
^ a b c Price 2019, p. 281.
^ Aaltola 2010, p. 161.
^ a b Parson 2018, p. 220.
^ a b Morris 2017, p. 371.
^ Hall 2011, p. 379; Morris 2017, p. 373.
^ Morris 2017, p. 373.
^ a b c Hall 2011, p. 379.
^ Morris 2017, pp. 373–374.
^ Hall 2011, pp. 375–378.
^ Hall 2011, p. 375.
^ Morris 2017, p. 370.
^ Hall 2011, p. 378; Morris 2017, p. 370.
^ Morris 2017, pp. 370–371.
^ a b c Hall 2011, p. 378.
^ Ward 2004, p. 90.
^ a b c Parson 2018, pp. 222–223.
^ Parson 2018, pp. 220–221.
^ Morris 2017, pp. 372–373.
^ Morris 2017, p. 374; Parson 2018, pp. 220–223.
^ Price 2019, pp. 281–282.
^ Carter 2002, p. 13; Curran 2004, p. 40.
^ Curran 2004, pp. 40–41.
^ Price 2019, p. 282.
^ Curran 2004, p. 41; Gordon 2009, p. 1; Price 2019, p. 282; Ward 2004, p. 93.
^ Price 2019, p. 282; Ward 2004, p. 93.
^ a b c Parson 2018, p. 221.
^ Parson 2018, p. 221; Price 2019, p. 282.
^ Curran 2004, p. 41; Gordon 2009, p. 1; Parson 2018, p. 221; Price 2019, p. 282.
^ a b Price 2019, p. 287.
^ a b Price 2019, pp. 287–288.
^ a b Parson 2018, pp. 223–224; Price 2019, p. 289.
^ Gordon 2009, pp. 1–2; Parson 2018, pp. 223–224; Price 2019, p. 289.
^ a b Gordon 2009, pp. 1–2.
^ Gordon 2009, pp. 1–2; Price 2019, p. 289.
^ a b Parson 2018, pp. 223–224.
^ a b c Gordon 2009, p. 1.
^ Gordon 2009, p. 1; Marshall 2008, p. 689; Price 2019, p. 288.
^ a b Price 2019, p. 288.
^ Phillips, Leigh (28 May 2012). "Anarchists attack science". Nature. 485 (7400): 561. Bibcode:2012Natur.485..561P. doi:10.1038/485561a. PMID 22660296.
^ Curran 2004, p. 44.
^ Curran 2004, pp. 44–45.
^ Curran 2004, pp. 45–46.
^ Curran 2004, p. 46.
^ Curran 2004, pp. 46–47.
^ Curran 2004, pp. 49–50.
^ Ward 2004, p. 98.
^ Hall 2011, p. 383.
^ Hall 2011, pp. 383–384.
^ Hall 2011, p. 384.
^ Hall 2011, pp. 384–385.
^ Hall 2011, pp. 385–386.
^ Gordon 2009, p. 1; Hall 2011, pp. 379–380; Price 2019, p. 282.
^ Price 2019, pp. 282–283.
^ Gordon 2009, p. 1; Price 2019, pp. 283–284.
^ Price 2019, pp. 283–284.
^ Price 2019, p. 284.
^ Gordon 2009, pp. 1–2; Price 2019, p. 284.
^ Hall 2011, p. 380; Parson 2018, p. 221; Price 2019, pp. 284–285; Radcliffe 2016, p. 194.
^ Price 2019, p. 285.
^ Parson 2018, p. 221; Price 2019, p. 285.
^ Price 2019, pp. 285–286.
^ Price 2019, p. 286.
^ Price 2019, pp. 288–289.
^ Price 2019, p. 289.
^ a b c Marshall 2008, p. 689.
^ Marshall 2008, p. 689; Parson 2018, p. 221.
^ Parson 2018, p. 223.
^ Gordon 2009, p. 1; Parson 2018, p. 222.
^ Gordon 2009, p. 1; Parson 2018, pp. 222–223.
^ Marshall 2008, p. 688; Parson 2018, p. 224.
^ Parson 2018, pp. 224–225.
^ Marshall 2008, pp. 688–689.
^ a b Carter 2002, p. 14.
^ Gordon 2009, p. 1; Marshall 2008, p. 689.
^ Parson 2018, p. 222.
Bibliography
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Carter, Alan (1999). A Radical Green Political Theory. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-20309-0. LCCN 98-41317.
Carter, Alan B. (2002). "Anarchism/eco-anarchism". In Barry, John; Frankland, E. Gene (eds.). International Encyclopedia of Environmental Politics. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203996188. ISBN 9780415202855. LCCN 2001019754.
Curran, Giorel (2004). "Anarchism, environmentalism, and anti–globalisation". Interdisciplinary Environmental Review. 6 (2): 37–50. doi:10.1504/IER.2004.053924. ISSN 2042-6992.
Dunlap, Alexander (2021). "Toward an Anarchist Decolonization: A Few Notes". Capitalism Nature Socialism. 32 (4): 62–72. doi:10.1080/10455752.2021.1879186. S2CID 234082682.
Edwards-Schuth, Brandon; Lupinacci, John (2023). "Anarchism, EcoJustice, and Earth Democracy". In Lupinacci, John; Happel-Parkins, Alison; Turner, Rita (eds.). Ecocritical Perspectives in Teacher Education. Brill Publishers. pp. 138–157. doi:10.1163/9789004532793_008. ISBN 9789004532793. LCCN 2022046926.
Gordon, Uri (2009). "Eco-Anarchism". In Ness, Immanuel (ed.). The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest. pp. 1–2. doi:10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp0491. ISBN 9781405198073.
Hailwood, Simon (2003). "Eco-Anarchism and Liberal Reformism". Ecotheology: Journal of Religion, Nature & the Environment. 8 (2): 224–241. doi:10.1558/ecotheology.v8i2.224. ISSN 1363-7320.
Hall, Matthew (2011). "Beyond the human: extending ecological anarchism". Environmental Politics. 20 (3): 374–390. Bibcode:2011EnvPo..20..374H. doi:10.1080/09644016.2011.573360. ISSN 1743-8934. S2CID 143845424.
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Marshall, Peter H. (2008) . Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. London: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-00-686245-1. OCLC 218212571.
Mellos, Koula (1988). "Theory of Eco-anarchism: Bookchin's Critique of Authority". Perspectives on Ecology: A Critical Essay. Macmillan Press. pp. 77–107. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-19598-5_5. ISBN 978-1-349-19600-5.
Morris, Brian (2017). "Anarchism and Environmental Philosophy". In Jun, Nathan (ed.). Brill's Companion to Anarchism and Philosophy. Leiden: Brill. pp. 369–400. doi:10.1163/9789004356894_015. ISBN 978-90-04-35689-4.
Parson, Sean (2018). "Ecocentrism". In Franks, Benjamin; Jun, Nathan; Williams, Leonard (eds.). Anarchism: A Conceptual Approach. Routledge. pp. 219–233. ISBN 978-1-138-92565-6. LCCN 2017044519.
Parsons, Jonathan (2018). "Anarchism and Unconventional Oil" (PDF). In Bellamy, Brent Ryan; Diamanti, Jeff (eds.). Materialism and the Critique of Energy. Chicago: MCM Publishing. pp. 547–579. LCCN 2018949294. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2021.
Price, Andy (2019). "Green Anarchism". In Adams, Matthew S.; Levy, Carl (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 281–291. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_16. ISBN 978-3-319-75620-2. S2CID 242090793.
Radcliffe, James (2016) . "Eco-anarchism, the New Left and Romanticism". In Rignall, John; Klaus, H. Gustav (eds.). Ecology and the Literature of the British Left: The Red and the Green. Routledge. pp. 193–206. doi:10.4324/9781315578675-15. ISBN 9781409418221. LCCN 2012003109.
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Ward, Colin (2004). "Green aspirations and anarchist futures". Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 90–98. ISBN 978-0-19-280477-8.
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Williams, Dana M. (2009). "Red vs. green: regional variation of anarchist ideology in the United States". Journal of Political Ideologies. 14 (2): 189–210. doi:10.1080/13569310902925816. S2CID 33888366.
Further reading
Abbey, Edward (1974). The Monkey Wrench Gang. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0397010842.
Biehl, Janet (1998). The Politics of Social Ecology. Montreal: Black Rose Books. ISBN 978-1-55164-415-8. LCCN 97-074155.
Bookchin, Murray (1974) . Our Synthetic Environment (Revised ed.). New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-090363-5.
Bookchin, Murray (1986) . Post-Scarcity Anarchism (2nd ed.). Montréal: Black Rose Books. ISBN 0-920057-41-1. OCLC 977237290.
Bookchin, Murray (1980). Toward an Ecological Society. Montréal: Black Rose Books. ISBN 0-919618-99-5. OCLC 7753479.
Bookchin, Murray (1991) . The Ecology of Freedom (Revised ed.). Montreal: Black Rose Books. ISBN 0-921689-72-1. LCCN 81-21745.
Bookchin, Murray (1987). The Rise of Urbanization and the Decline of Citizenship. Sierra Club Books. ISBN 0-87156-706-7. LCCN 86-22083.
Bookchin, Murray (2007). Social Ecology and Communalism. AK Press. ISBN 978-1-904859-49-9. LCCN 2006933557.
Devall, Bill; Sessions, George (1985). Deep Ecology: Living as if Nature Mattered. Layton, Utah: Gibson Smith. ISBN 0-87905-158-2. LCCN 84-14044.
Kropotkin, Peter (1974) . Fields, Factories, and Workshops. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 0-06-136161-5. LCCN 74-9072.
Kropotkin, Peter (1902). Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution. McClure, Phillips & Co. LCCN 03000886.
Perlman, Fredy (1983). Against His-Story, Against Leviathan!. Detroit: Black & Red. OCLC 12933940.
Purchase, Graham (1997) . Anarchism and Ecology. Montreal: Black Rose Books. ISBN 9781551640266. OCLC 35938985.
Reclus, Élisée (1896). "The Progress of Mankind". The Contemporary Review. 70 (December): 761–683. ISSN 0010-7565.
Reclus, Élisée (2013). Clark, John; Martin, Camille (eds.). Anarchy, Geography, Modernity: Selected Writings of Elisée Reclus. PM Press. ISBN 978-1-60486-429-8. LCCN 2013911520.
Shantz, Jeff (2012). Green Syndicalism: An Alternative Red/Green Vision. Syracuse University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1j1nv1v. ISBN 978-0-8156-3307-5. JSTOR j.ctt1j1nv1v. LCCN 2012019259.
Snyder, Gary (1969). Earth House Hold. New Directions Publishing. LCCN 68-28281.
Snyder, Gary (1974). Turtle Island. New Directions Publishing. ISBN 0-8112-0545-2.
Snyder, Gary (1990). The Practice of the Wild. North Point Press. LCCN 90-7590.
Tobias, Michael, ed. (1984). Deep Ecology. San Diego: Avant Books. ISBN 0-932238-13-0.
Watson, David (1998). Against the Megamachine: Essays on Empire and its Enemies. Brooklyn: Autonomedia. ISBN 1-57027-063-5. OCLC 59376926.
Witoszek, Nina; Brennan, Andrew, eds. (1999). Philosophical Dialogues: Arne Næss and the Progress of Philosophy. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8476-8929-8. LCCN 98-24368.
Zerzan, John; Carnes, Alice, eds. (1991). Questioning Technology. New Society Publishers. ISBN 0-86571-205-0.
Zerzan, John (1994). Future Primitive and Other Essays. Autonomedia. ISBN 1-57027-000-7.
Zerzan, John (1999) . Elements of Refusal (Revised ed.). Columbia Alternative Library Press. ISBN 1-890532-01-0.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Green anarchism.
The Institute for Social Ecology.
Articles tagged with "green" and "ecology" at The Anarchist Library.
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Water conflict
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Green Anarchist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Anarchist"},{"link_name":"anarchist school of thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchist_school_of_thought"},{"link_name":"ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology"},{"link_name":"environmental issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019281-1"},{"link_name":"anti-capitalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-capitalism"},{"link_name":"anti-authoritarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism"},{"link_name":"radical environmentalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_environmentalism"},{"link_name":"social organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_organization"},{"link_name":"freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom"},{"link_name":"self-fulfillment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-fulfillment"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAaltola2010161-2"},{"link_name":"capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism"},{"link_name":"colonialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism"},{"link_name":"environmental degradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_degradation"},{"link_name":"ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology"},{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Bakunin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin"},{"link_name":"naturalist philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"humanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human"},{"link_name":"nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature"},{"link_name":"ecological philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_ecology"},{"link_name":"Peter Kropotkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin"},{"link_name":"Éliseé Reclus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lise%C3%A9_Reclus"},{"link_name":"decentralisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralisation"},{"link_name":"degrowth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrowth"},{"link_name":"social justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_justice"},{"link_name":"environmental protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_protection"},{"link_name":"New Left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Left"},{"link_name":"environmental movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_movement"},{"link_name":"Murray Bookchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Bookchin"},{"link_name":"social ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)"},{"link_name":"environmental issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues"},{"link_name":"social issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_issues"},{"link_name":"Arne Næss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arne_N%C3%A6ss"},{"link_name":"deep ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_ecology"},{"link_name":"biocentrism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocentrism_(ethics)"},{"link_name":"John Zerzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Zerzan"},{"link_name":"anarcho-primitivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism"},{"link_name":"technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology"},{"link_name":"civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization"},{"link_name":"total liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_liberation"},{"link_name":"animal rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_rights"},{"link_name":"green syndicalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_syndicalism"},{"link_name":"deindustrialisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindustrialisation"},{"link_name":"hierarchies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy"},{"link_name":"extractivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extractivism"},{"link_name":"productivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivism"},{"link_name":"localisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localism_(politics)"},{"link_name":"municipalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalism"},{"link_name":"bioregionalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioregionalism"},{"link_name":"return to nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_to_nature"},{"link_name":"alternatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateless_society"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)"}],"text":"\"Green anarchy\" redirects here. For the magazine, see Green Anarchist.Green anarchism, also known as ecological anarchism or eco-anarchism, is an anarchist school of thought that focuses on ecology and environmental issues.[1] It is an anti-capitalist and anti-authoritarian form of radical environmentalism, which emphasises social organization, freedom and self-fulfillment.[2]Ecological approaches to anarchism were first formulated during the 19th century, as the rise of capitalism and colonialism caused environmental degradation. Drawing from the ecology of Charles Darwin, the anarchist Mikhail Bakunin elaborated a naturalist philosophy that rejected the dualistic separation of humanity from nature. This was developed into an ecological philosophy by Peter Kropotkin and Éliseé Reclus, who advocated for the decentralisation and degrowth of industry as a means to advance both social justice and environmental protection.Green anarchism was first developed into a distinct political theory by sections of the New Left, as a revival in anarchism coincided with the emergence of an environmental movement. From the 1970s onwards, three main tendencies of green anarchism were established: Murray Bookchin elaborated the theory of social ecology, which argues that environmental issues stem directly from social issues; Arne Næss defined the theory of deep ecology, which advocates for biocentrism; and John Zerzan developed the theory of anarcho-primitivism, which calls for the abolition of technology and civilization. In the 21st century, these tendencies were joined by total liberation, which centres animal rights, and green syndicalism, which calls for the workers themselves to manage deindustrialisation.At its core, green anarchism concerns itself with the identification and abolition of social hierarchies that cause environmental degradation. Opposed to the extractivism and productivism of industrial capitalism, it advocates for the degrowth and deindustrialisation of the economy. It also pushes for greater localisation and decentralisation, proposing forms of municipalism, bioregionalism or a \"return to nature\" as possible alternatives to the state.","title":"Green anarchism"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"ecological crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_crisis"},{"link_name":"natural disasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_disaster"},{"link_name":"overproduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overproduction"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War"},{"link_name":"enclosure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclosure"},{"link_name":"common land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_land"},{"link_name":"radicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_radicalism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018220-3"},{"link_name":"capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism"},{"link_name":"colonialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism"},{"link_name":"industrialised society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialisation"},{"link_name":"pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution"},{"link_name":"environmental degradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_degradation"},{"link_name":"nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_conservation"},{"link_name":"wildlife conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation"},{"link_name":"soil erosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_erosion"},{"link_name":"deforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation"},{"link_name":"natural resource management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource_management"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2017371-4"},{"link_name":"literary naturalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_(literature)"},{"link_name":"Henry David Thoreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau"},{"link_name":"John Muir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Muir"},{"link_name":"Ernest Thompson Seton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Thompson_Seton"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011379Morris2017373-5"},{"link_name":"man against nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_(narrative)#Man_against_nature"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2017373-6"},{"link_name":"anti-consumerism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-consumerism"},{"link_name":"vegetarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism"},{"link_name":"wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011379-7"},{"link_name":"Ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology"},{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"evolutionary biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_biology"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Cartesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesianism"},{"link_name":"anthropocentrism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropocentrism"},{"link_name":"probability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability"},{"link_name":"individual agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2017373%E2%80%93374-8"},{"link_name":"anarchism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism"},{"link_name":"hierarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy"},{"link_name":"authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authority"},{"link_name":"oppression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppression"},{"link_name":"decentralisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralisation"},{"link_name":"voluntary association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_association"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011375%E2%80%93378-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011375-10"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"Before the Industrial Revolution, the only occurrences of ecological crisis were small-scale, localised to areas affected by natural disasters, overproduction or war. But as the enclosure of common land increasingly forced dispossessed workers into factories, more wide-reaching ecological damage began to be noticed by radicals of the period.[3]During the late 19th century, as capitalism and colonialism were reaching their height, political philosophers first began to develop critiques of industrialised society, which had caused a rise in pollution and environmental degradation. In response, these early environmentalists developed a concern for nature and wildlife conservation, soil erosion, deforestation, and natural resource management.[4] Early political approaches to environmentalism were supplemented by the literary naturalism of writers such as Henry David Thoreau, John Muir and Ernest Thompson Seton,[5] whose best-selling works helped to alter the popular perception of nature by rejecting the dualistic \"man against nature\" conflict.[6] In particular, Thoreau's advocacy of anti-consumerism and vegetarianism, as well as his love for the wilderness, has been a direct inspiration for many eco-anarchists.[7]Ecology in its modern form was developed by Charles Darwin, whose work on evolutionary biology provided a scientific rejection of Christian and Cartesian anthropocentrism, instead emphasising the role of probability and individual agency in the process of evolution.[8] Around the same time, anarchism emerged as a political philosophy that rejected all forms of hierarchy, authority and oppression, and instead advocated for decentralisation and voluntary association.[9] The framework for an ecological anarchism was thus set in place, as a means to reject anthropocentric hierarchies that positioned humans in a dominating position over nature.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pierre-Joseph Proudhon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Bakunin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin"},{"link_name":"human nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_nature"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019281-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2017370-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011378Morris2017370-12"},{"link_name":"Cartesian dualism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_dualism"},{"link_name":"anthropocentric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropocentrism"},{"link_name":"mechanistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"humanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human"},{"link_name":"nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2017370%E2%80%93371-13"},{"link_name":"freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011378-14"},{"link_name":"naturalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"ecological philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_ecology"},{"link_name":"Peter Kropotkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin"},{"link_name":"Éliseé Reclus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lise%C3%A9_Reclus"},{"link_name":"dialectic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectic"},{"link_name":"environmental ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_ethics"},{"link_name":"social justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_justice"},{"link_name":"environmental protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_protection"},{"link_name":"social ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)"},{"link_name":"bioregionalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioregionalism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2017371-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Kropotkin_circa_1900.jpg"},{"link_name":"Peter Kropotkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin"},{"link_name":"domestication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011378-14"},{"link_name":"workers' alienation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation"},{"link_name":"Marxists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism"},{"link_name":"localisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localism_(politics)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018220-3"},{"link_name":"Fields, Factories and Workshops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields,_Factories_and_Workshops"},{"link_name":"horticulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture"},{"link_name":"decentralisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralization"},{"link_name":"degrowth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrowth"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard200490-15"},{"link_name":"division of labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_labour"},{"link_name":"mental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-collar_worker"},{"link_name":"manual labourers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_labour"},{"link_name":"rural peasantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants"},{"link_name":"urban proletariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariat"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018222%E2%80%93223-16"},{"link_name":"Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_Aid:_A_Factor_of_Evolution"},{"link_name":"communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019281-1"},{"link_name":"social organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_organization"},{"link_name":"animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals"},{"link_name":"mutual aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011378-14"},{"link_name":"deforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation"},{"link_name":"Pacific Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest"},{"link_name":"civilisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilisation"},{"link_name":"capital accumulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_accumulation"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018222%E2%80%93223-16"},{"link_name":"total liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_liberation"},{"link_name":"exploitation of labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour"},{"link_name":"cruelty to animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals"},{"link_name":"human","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights"},{"link_name":"animal rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_rights"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018220%E2%80%93221-17"},{"link_name":"eco-socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-socialism"},{"link_name":"libertarian socialists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_socialism"},{"link_name":"return to nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_to_nature"},{"link_name":"Robert Blatchford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Blatchford"},{"link_name":"William Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morris"},{"link_name":"Henry Salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Stephens_Salt"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2017372%E2%80%93373-18"},{"link_name":"Emma Goldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Goldman"},{"link_name":"Alexander Berkman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Berkman"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011379-7"},{"link_name":"New Left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Left"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2017374Parson2018220%E2%80%93223-19"}],"sub_title":"Roots","text":"The ecological roots of anarchism go back to the classical anarchists, such as Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Mikhail Bakunin, who both conceived of human nature as the basis for anarchism.[1] Drawing from Charles Darwin's work,[11] Bakunin considered people to be an intrinsic part of their environment.[12] Bakunin rejected Cartesian dualism, denying its anthropocentric and mechanistic separation of humanity from nature.[13] However, he also saw humans as uniquely capable of self-determination and called for humanity to achieve a mastery of its own natural environment as a means to achieve freedom.[14] Bakunin's naturalism was developed into an ecological philosophy by the geographers Peter Kropotkin and Éliseé Reclus, who conceived the relationship between human society and nature as a dialectic. Their environmental ethics, which combined social justice with environmental protection, anticipated the green anarchist philosophies of social ecology and bioregionalism.[4]Peter Kropotkin, an early environmentalist figure and a predecessor of the green anarchist tendencyLike Bakunin before him, Kropotkin extolled the domestication of nature by humans, but also framed humanity as an intrinsic part of its natural environment and placed great value in the natural world.[14] Kropotkin was among the first environmentalist thinkers to note the connections between industrialisation, environmental degradation and workers' alienation. In contrast to Marxists, who called for an increase in industrialisation, Kropotkin argued for the localisation of the economy, which he felt would increase people's connection with the land and halt environmental damage.[3] In Fields, Factories and Workshops, Kropotkin advocated for the satisfaction of human needs through horticulture, and the decentralisation and degrowth of industry.[15] He also criticised the division of labour, both between mental and manual labourers, and between the rural peasantry and urban proletariat.[16] In Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, he elaborated on the natural basis for communism,[1] depicting the formation of social organisation among animals through the practice of mutual aid.[14]Reclus himself argued that environmental degradation caused by industrialisation, exemplified to him by mass deforestation in the Pacific Northwest, was characteristic of the \"barbarity\" of modern civilisation, which he felt subordinated both workers and the environment to the goal of capital accumulation.[16] Reclus was also one of the earliest figures to develop the idea of \"total liberation\", directly comparing the exploitation of labour with cruelty to animals and thus advocating for both human and animal rights.[17]Kropotkin and Reclus' synthesis of environmental and social justice formed the foundation for eco-socialism, chiefly associated with libertarian socialists who advocated for a \"return to nature\", such as Robert Blatchford, William Morris and Henry Salt.[18] Ecological aspects of anarchism were also emphasised by Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman, who, drawing from the work of Henry David Thoreau, conceived of anarchism as a means to promote unity between humans and the natural world.[7] These early ecological developments in anarchism lay the foundations for the elaboration of green anarchism in the 1960s, when it was first taken up by figures within the New Left.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atomic Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_Age"},{"link_name":"centralized governments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralized_government"},{"link_name":"environmental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues"},{"link_name":"social issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_issue"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019281%E2%80%93282-20"},{"link_name":"environmental movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_movement"},{"link_name":"radical environmentalist thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_environmentalism"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter200213Curran200440-21"},{"link_name":"direct action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_action"},{"link_name":"community organizing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_organizing"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran200440%E2%80%9341-22"},{"link_name":"environmental degradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_degradation"},{"link_name":"industrial agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_agriculture"},{"link_name":"pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution"},{"link_name":"decentralisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralisation"},{"link_name":"diversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity"},{"link_name":"socio-ecological systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socio-ecological_system"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019282-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Murray_Bookchin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Murray Bookchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Bookchin"},{"link_name":"social ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)"},{"link_name":"Murray Bookchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Bookchin"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran200441Gordon20091Price2019282Ward200493-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019282Ward200493-25"},{"link_name":"environmentalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism"},{"link_name":"Our Synthetic Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Synthetic_Environment"},{"link_name":"pesticide application","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_application"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018221-26"},{"link_name":"social ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018221Price2019282-27"},{"link_name":"hierarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran200441Gordon20091Parson2018221Price2019282-28"},{"link_name":"Arne Næss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arne_N%C3%A6ss"},{"link_name":"deep ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_ecology"},{"link_name":"anthropocentrism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropocentrism"},{"link_name":"biocentrism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocentrism_(ethics)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019287-29"},{"link_name":"Bill Devall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_Devall&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"George Sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Sessions&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Warwick Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Fox"},{"link_name":"bioregions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioregion"},{"link_name":"nation state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_state"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019287%E2%80%93288-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018223%E2%80%93224Price2019289-31"},{"link_name":"anarcho-primitivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism"},{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology"},{"link_name":"civilisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilisation"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091%E2%80%932Parson2018223%E2%80%93224Price2019289-32"},{"link_name":"Fifth Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Estate_(periodical)"},{"link_name":"Fredy Perlman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredy_Perlman"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091%E2%80%932-33"},{"link_name":"John Zerzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Zerzan"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091%E2%80%932Price2019289-34"},{"link_name":"Green Anarchist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Anarchist"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091%E2%80%932-33"},{"link_name":"Animal Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Liberation_Front"},{"link_name":"Earth Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Liberation_Front"},{"link_name":"Individualists Tending to the Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualists_Tending_to_the_Wild"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018223%E2%80%93224-35"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"Green anarchism first emerged after the dawn of the Atomic Age, as increasingly centralized governments brought with them a new host of environmental and social issues.[20] During the 1960s, the rise of the environmental movement coincided with a concurrent revival of interest in anarchism, leading to anarchists having a considerable influence on the development of radical environmentalist thought.[21] Principles and practices that already formed the core of anarchist philosophy, from direct action to community organizing, thus became foundational to radical environmentalism.[22] As the threats presented by environmental degradation, industrial agriculture and pollution became more urgent, the first green anarchists turned to decentralisation and diversity as solutions for socio-ecological systems.[23]Murray Bookchin, a founding figure of green anarchism and the chief proponent of social ecologyGreen anarchism as a tendency was first developed by the American social anarchist Murray Bookchin.[24] Bookchin had already began addressing the problem of environmental degradation as far back as the 1950s.[25] In 1962, he published the first major modern work of environmentalism, Our Synthetic Environment, which warned of the ecological dangers of pesticide application.[26] Over the subsequent decades, Bookchin developed the first theory of green anarchism, social ecology,[27] which presented social hierarchy as the root of ecological problems.[28]In 1973, Norwegian philosopher Arne Næss developed another green anarchist tendency, known as deep ecology, which rejected of anthropocentrism in favour of biocentrism.[29] In 1985, this philosophy was developed into a political programme by the American academics Bill Devall and George Sessions, while Australian philosopher Warwick Fox proposed the formation of bioregions as a green anarchist alternative to the nation state.[30]Following on from deep ecology,[31] the next major development in green anarchist philosophy was the articulation of anarcho-primitivism, which was critical of agriculture, technology and civilisation.[32] First developed in the pages of the American anarchist magazine Fifth Estate during the mid-1980s, anarcho-primitivist theory was developed by Fredy Perlman, David Watson,[33] and particularly John Zerzan.[34] It was later taken up by the American periodical Green Anarchy and British periodical Green Anarchist,[33] and partly inspired groups such as the Animal Liberation Front (ALF), Earth Liberation Front (ELF) and Individualists Tending to the Wild (ITS).[35]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alf_israel_47.jpg"},{"link_name":"Political demonstration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_demonstration"},{"link_name":"Animal Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Liberation_Front"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"direct action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_action"},{"link_name":"nuclear power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power"},{"link_name":"anti-nuclear movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091-36"},{"link_name":"Earth First!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_First!"},{"link_name":"deforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation"},{"link_name":"roadworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadworks"},{"link_name":"industrial agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_agriculture"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091Marshall2008689Price2019288-37"},{"link_name":"Edward Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Abbey"},{"link_name":"The Monkey Wrench Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monkey_Wrench_Gang"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019288-38"},{"link_name":"road protest movements in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_protest_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Animal Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Liberation_Front"},{"link_name":"Earth Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Liberation_Front"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091-36"},{"link_name":"Informal Anarchist Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_Anarchist_Federation"},{"link_name":"Individualists Tending to the Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualists_Tending_to_the_Wild"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nature2012-39"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Demonstration_2004_AB.jpg"},{"link_name":"anti-globalisation movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"economic globalisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_globalization"},{"link_name":"neoliberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoliberalism"},{"link_name":"global justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_justice"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran200444-40"},{"link_name":"anti-globalisation movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement"},{"link_name":"global justice movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_justice_movement"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran200444%E2%80%9345-41"},{"link_name":"Global North and Global South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South"},{"link_name":"Zapatista Army of National Liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran200445%E2%80%9346-42"},{"link_name":"activists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activist"},{"link_name":"left-wing politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"trade unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"1999 Seattle WTO protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran200446-43"},{"link_name":"horizontal organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_organization"},{"link_name":"internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran200446%E2%80%9347-44"},{"link_name":"contemporary anarchism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_anarchism"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran200449%E2%80%9350-45"}],"sub_title":"From theory to practice","text":"Political demonstration by the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) in IsraelBy the 1970s, radical environmentalist groups had begun to carry out direct action against nuclear power infrastructure, with mobilisations of the anti-nuclear movement in France, Germany and the United States providing a direct continuity between contemporary environmentalism and the New Left of the 1960s.[36] In the 1980s, green anarchist groups such as Earth First! started taking direct action against deforestation, roadworks and industrial agriculture.[37] They called their sabotage actions \"monkey-wrenching\", after Edward Abbey's 1984 novel The Monkey Wrench Gang.[38] During the 1990s, the road protest movements in the United Kingdom and Israel were also driven by eco-anarchists, while eco-anarchist action networks such as the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) and Earth Liberation Front (ELF) first rose to prominence.[36] Eco-anarchist actions have included violent attacks, such as those carried out by cells of the Informal Anarchist Federation (IAF) and Individualists Tending to the Wild (ITS) against nuclear scientists and nanotechnology researchers respectively.[39]Political demonstration by the anti-globalisation movement (AGM) in PolandAs environmental degradation was accelerated by the rise of economic globalisation and neoliberalism, green anarchists broadened their scope of action from a specific environmentalist focus into one that agitated for global justice.[40] Green anarchists were instrumental in the establishment of the anti-globalisation movement (AGM), as well as its transformation into the subsequent global justice movement (GJM).[41] The AGM gained support in both the Global North and Global South, with the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) becoming a key organisation within the movement.[42] It also gained a wide range of support from different sectors of society, not only including activists from left-wing politics or the environmental and peace movements, but also people from trade unions, church groups and the agricultural sector. Trade unionists were the most prominent presence at the 1999 Seattle WTO protests, even outnumbering the environmentalists and anarchists.[43] Drawing from its anarchist roots, the AGM adopted a decentralised and non-hierarchical model of horizontal organisation, embracing new \"anarchical\" technologies such as the internet as a means to network and communicate.[44] Through the environmental and anti-globalisation movements, contemporary anarchism was ultimately able to achieve a \"quasi-renaissance\" in anarchist ideas, tendencies and modes of organisation.[45]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alan Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Carter_(philosopher)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard200498-46"},{"link_name":"Brian Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Morris_(anthropologist)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011379-7"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011383-47"},{"link_name":"Mark Somma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Somma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism"},{"link_name":"conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_conservation"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011383%E2%80%93384-48"},{"link_name":"solidarity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity"},{"link_name":"Steven Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Best"},{"link_name":"total liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_liberation"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011384-49"},{"link_name":"morality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morality"},{"link_name":"sentience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentience"},{"link_name":"pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011384%E2%80%93385-50"},{"link_name":"eco-feminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-feminism"},{"link_name":"Patrice Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Jones&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011385%E2%80%93386-51"},{"link_name":"Jeff Shantz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeff_Shantz_(syndicalist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"green syndicalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_syndicalism"},{"link_name":"syndicalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicalism"},{"link_name":"labour movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_movement"},{"link_name":"environmental movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_movement"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018221-26"}],"sub_title":"Contemporary theoretical developments","text":"Writers such as Murray Bookchin and Alan Carter have claimed contemporary anarchism to be the only political movement capable of addressing climate change.[46] In his 1996 book Ecology and Anarchism, British anthropologist Brian Morris argued that anarchism is intrinsically environmentalist, as it shared the ecologist principles of decentralisation, non-hierarchical social organisation and interdependence.[7]By the 21st century, green anarchists had begun to move beyond the previous century's divisions into social ecologist and anarcho-primitivst camps, establishing a new body of theory that rejected the dualisms of humanity against nature and civilisation against wilderness.[47] Drawing on the biocentric philosophy of deep ecology, in 2006, Mark Somma called for a \"revolutionary environmentalism\" capable of overthrowing capitalism, reducing consumption and organising the conservation of biodiversity.[48] Somma championed a form of solidarity between humanity and the non-human natural world, in a call that was taken up in 2009 by Steven Best, who called for eco-anarchists to commit themselves to \"total liberation\" and extend solidarity to animals.[49] To Best, morality ought to be extended to animals due to their sentience and capacity to feel pain; he has called for the abolition of the hierarchy between humans and animals, although he implicitly excludes non-sentient plants from this moral consideration.[50]\nDrawing from eco-feminism, Patrice Jones called for human solidarity with both plants and animals, neither of which she considered to be lesser than humans, even describing them as \"natural anarchists\" that do not recognise or obey any government's laws.[51]In 2012, Jeff Shantz developed a theory of \"green syndicalism\", which seeks to use of syndicalist models of workplace organisation to link the labour movement with the environmental movement.[26]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Branches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"social ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)"},{"link_name":"society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society"},{"link_name":"nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091Hall2011379%E2%80%93380Price2019282-52"},{"link_name":"rational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism"},{"link_name":"ecological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology"},{"link_name":"sociocultural evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019282%E2%80%93283-53"},{"link_name":"Murray Bookchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Bookchin"},{"link_name":"evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091Price2019283%E2%80%93284-54"},{"link_name":"complexity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexity"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019283%E2%80%93284-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019284-56"},{"link_name":"The Ecology of Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ecology_of_Freedom"},{"link_name":"hierarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091%E2%80%932Price2019284-57"},{"link_name":"vicious circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicious_circle"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011380Parson2018221Price2019284%E2%80%93285Radcliffe2016194-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019285-59"},{"link_name":"ecological crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_crisis"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018221Price2019285-60"},{"link_name":"direct democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_democracy"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality"},{"link_name":"participate in decision making","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_participation_(decision_making)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019285%E2%80%93286-61"},{"link_name":"self-organized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-organization"},{"link_name":"popular assemblies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_assembly"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019286-62"}],"sub_title":"Social ecology","text":"The green anarchist theory of social ecology is based on an analysis of the relationship between society and nature.[52] Social ecology considers human society to be both the cause of and solution to environmental degradation, envisioning the creation of a rational and ecological society through a process of sociocultural evolution.[53] Social ecologist Murray Bookchin saw society itself as a natural product of evolution,[54] which intrinsically tended toward ever-increasing complexity and diversity.[55] While he saw human society as having the potential to become \"nature rendered self-conscious\",[56] in The Ecology of Freedom, Bookchin elaborated that the emergence of hierarchy had given way to a disfigured form of society that was both ecologically and socially destructive.[57]According to social ecology, the oppression of humans by humans directly preceded the exploitation of the environment by hierarchical society, which itself caused a vicious circle of increasing socio-ecological devastation.[58] Considering social hierarchy to go against the natural evolutionary tendencies towards complexity and diversity,[59] social ecology concludes that oppressive hierarchies have to be abolished in order to resolve the ecological crisis.[60] Bookchin thus proposed a decentralised system of direct democracy, centred locally in the municipality, where people themselves could participate in decision making.[61] He envisioned a self-organized system of popular assemblies to replace the state and re-educate individuals into socially and ecologically-minded citizens.[62]","title":"Branches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"deep ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_ecology"},{"link_name":"anthropocentrism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropocentrism"},{"link_name":"biocentrism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocentrism_(ethics)"},{"link_name":"intrinsic value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019287-29"},{"link_name":"world population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019287%E2%80%93288-30"},{"link_name":"human overpopulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_overpopulation"},{"link_name":"bioregionalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioregionalism"},{"link_name":"nation state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_state"},{"link_name":"bioregions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioregion"},{"link_name":"hunter-gatherer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherer"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019288-38"},{"link_name":"Earth First!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_First!"},{"link_name":"disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease"},{"link_name":"famine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine"},{"link_name":"population control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_planning"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019288%E2%80%93289-63"}],"sub_title":"Deep ecology","text":"The theory of deep ecology rejects anthropocentrism in favour of biocentrism, which recognizes the intrinsic value of all life, regardless of its utility to humankind.[29] Unlike social ecologists, theorists of deep ecology considered human society to be incapable of reversing environmental degradation and, as a result, proposed a drastic reduction in world population.[30] The solutions to human overpopulation proposed by deep ecologists included bioregionalism, which advocated the replacement of the nation state with bioregions, as well as a widespread return to a hunter-gatherer lifestyle.[38] Some deep ecologists, including members of Earth First!, have even welcomed the mass death caused by disease and famine as a form of population control.[63]","title":"Branches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anarcho-primitivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism"},{"link_name":"technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology"},{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"civilisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilisation"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018223%E2%80%93224Price2019289-31"},{"link_name":"John Zerzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Zerzan"},{"link_name":"division of labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_labour"},{"link_name":"social inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_inequality"},{"link_name":"alienation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_alienation"},{"link_name":"modernity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernity"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019289-64"},{"link_name":"Libertarian socialists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_socialism"},{"link_name":"Noam Chomsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky"},{"link_name":"Michael Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Albert"},{"link_name":"genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018223%E2%80%93224-35"}],"sub_title":"Anarcho-primitivism","text":"The theory of anarcho-primitivism aims its critique at the emergence of technology, agriculture and civilisation, which it considers to have been the source of all social problems.[31] According to American primitivist theorist John Zerzan, it was the division of labour in agricultural societies that had first given way to the social inequality and alienation which became characteristic of modernity. As such, Zerzan proposed the abolition of technology and science, in order for society to be broken down and humans to return to a hunter-gather lifestyle.[64] Libertarian socialists such as Noam Chomsky and Michael Albert have been critical of anarcho-primitivism, with the former arguing that it would inevitably result in genocide.[35]","title":"Branches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Graham Purchase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Graham_Purchase&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Judi Bari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judi_Bari"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008689-65"},{"link_name":"labour movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_movement"},{"link_name":"environmental movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_movement"},{"link_name":"trade unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"Industrial Workers of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008689Parson2018221-66"},{"link_name":"workers' self-management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_self-management"},{"link_name":"sabotage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage"},{"link_name":"workers' councils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_councils"},{"link_name":"Jeff Shantz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeff_Shantz_(syndicalist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"free association of producers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_association_of_producers"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018221-26"},{"link_name":"Marxism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism"},{"link_name":"anarcho-syndicalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism"},{"link_name":"mass production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_production"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018223-67"}],"sub_title":"Green syndicalism","text":"Green syndicalism, as developed by Graham Purchase and Judi Bari,[65] advocates for the unification of the labour movement with environmental movement and for trade unions such as the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) to adopt ecological concerns into their platforms.[66] Seeing workers' self-management as a means to address environmental degradation, green syndicalism pushes for workers to agitate their colleagues, sabotage environmentally destructive practices in their workplaces, and form workers' councils. Green syndicalist Jeff Shantz proposed that a free association of producers would be best positioned to dismantle the industrial economy, through the decentralisation and localisation of production.[26] In contrast to Marxism and anarcho-syndicalism, green syndicalism opposes mass production and rejects the idea that the industrial economy has a \"liberatory potential\"; but it also rejects the radical environmentalist calls for a \"complete, immediate break with industrialism\".[67]","title":"Branches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091Parson2018222-68"},{"link_name":"environmental degradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_degradation"},{"link_name":"hierarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy"},{"link_name":"anti-capitalist critique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-capitalism"},{"link_name":"productivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivism"},{"link_name":"industrialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialisation"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091Parson2018222%E2%80%93223-69"},{"link_name":"decentralisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralisation"},{"link_name":"community ownership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_ownership"},{"link_name":"degrowth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrowth"},{"link_name":"local communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_community"},{"link_name":"bioregions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioregions"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091-36"}],"text":"Although a diverse body of thought, eco-anarchist theory has a fundamental basis unified by certain shared principles.[68] Eco-anarchism considers there to be a direct connection between the problems of environmental degradation and hierarchy, and maintains an anti-capitalist critique of productivism and industrialism.[69] Emphasising decentralisation and community ownership, it also advocates for the degrowth of the economy and the re-centring of social relations around local communities and bioregions.[36]","title":"Theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hunting and gathering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherer"},{"link_name":"sedentary lifestyles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedentary_lifestyle"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008688Parson2018224-70"},{"link_name":"civilisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilisation"},{"link_name":"extraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extractivism"},{"link_name":"importation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Import"},{"link_name":"natural resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource"},{"link_name":"hierarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy"},{"link_name":"capital accumulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_accumulation"},{"link_name":"division of labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_labour"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018224%E2%80%93225-71"},{"link_name":"civilisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilisation"},{"link_name":"societal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societal_collapse"},{"link_name":"ecological collapse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_collapse"},{"link_name":"return to nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_to_nature"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008689-65"},{"link_name":"direct action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_action"},{"link_name":"simple living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_living"},{"link_name":"nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature"},{"link_name":"self-sustainability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-sustainability"},{"link_name":"survivalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivalism"},{"link_name":"rewilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewilding"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008688%E2%80%93689-72"}],"sub_title":"Critique of civilisation","text":"Green anarchism traces the roots of all forms of oppression to the widespread transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary lifestyles.[70] According to green anarchism, the foundation of civilisation was defined by the extraction and importation of natural resources, which led to the formation of hierarchy through capital accumulation and the division of labour.[71] Green anarchists are therefore critical of civilisation and its manifestations in globalized capitalism, which they consider to be causing a societal and ecological collapse that necessitates a \"return to nature\".[65] Green anarchists uphold direct action as a form of resistance against civilisation, which they wish to replace with a way of simple living in harmony with nature. This may involve cultivating self-sustainability, practising survivalism or rewilding.[72]","title":"Theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter200214-73"},{"link_name":"unity in diversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_in_diversity"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008689-65"},{"link_name":"stateless societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateless_society"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter200214-73"},{"link_name":"localism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localism_(politics)"},{"link_name":"bioregionalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioregionalism"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091Marshall2008689-74"}],"sub_title":"Decentralisation","text":"Eco-anarchism considers the rise of states to be the primary cause of environmental degradation, as states promote greater industrial extraction and production as means to remain competitive with other state powers, even at the expense of the environment.[73] Drawing from the ecological principle of \"unity in diversity\", eco-anarchism also recognises humans as an intrinsic part of the ecosystem that they live in and how their culture, history and language is shaped by their local environments.[65] Eco-anarchists therefore argue for the abolition of states and their replacement with stateless societies,[73] upholding various forms of localism and bioregionalism.[74]","title":"Theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"exploitation of labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour"},{"link_name":"capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism"},{"link_name":"environmental degradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_degradation"},{"link_name":"oppression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppression"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018222-75"},{"link_name":"industrialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialisation"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018222%E2%80%93223-16"}],"sub_title":"Deindustrialisation","text":"Ecological anarchism considers the exploitation of labour under capitalism within a broader ecological context, holding that environmental degradation is intrinsically linked with societal oppression.[75] As such, green anarchism is opposed to industrialism, due to both its social and ecological affects.[16]","title":"Theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palgrave 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Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Communications"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2020NatCo..11.3107W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCo..11.3107W"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-16941-y"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7305220","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7305220"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"32561753","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32561753"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/13569310902925816","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F13569310902925816"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"33888366","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33888366"}],"text":"Aaltola, Elisa (2010). \"Green Anarchy: Deep Ecology and Primitivism\". In Franks, Benjamin; Wilson, Matthew (eds.). Anarchism and Moral Philosophy. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 161–185. doi:10.1057/9780230289680_9. ISBN 978-0-230-28968-0.\nCarter, Alan (1999). A Radical Green Political Theory. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-20309-0. LCCN 98-41317.\nCarter, Alan B. (2002). \"Anarchism/eco-anarchism\". In Barry, John; Frankland, E. Gene (eds.). International Encyclopedia of Environmental Politics. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203996188. ISBN 9780415202855. LCCN 2001019754.\nCurran, Giorel (2004). \"Anarchism, environmentalism, and anti–globalisation\". Interdisciplinary Environmental Review. 6 (2): 37–50. doi:10.1504/IER.2004.053924. ISSN 2042-6992.\nDunlap, Alexander (2021). \"Toward an Anarchist Decolonization: A Few Notes\". Capitalism Nature Socialism. 32 (4): 62–72. doi:10.1080/10455752.2021.1879186. S2CID 234082682.\nEdwards-Schuth, Brandon; Lupinacci, John (2023). \"Anarchism, EcoJustice, and Earth Democracy\". In Lupinacci, John; Happel-Parkins, Alison; Turner, Rita (eds.). Ecocritical Perspectives in Teacher Education. Brill Publishers. pp. 138–157. doi:10.1163/9789004532793_008. ISBN 9789004532793. LCCN 2022046926.\nGordon, Uri (2009). \"Eco-Anarchism\". In Ness, Immanuel (ed.). The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest. pp. 1–2. doi:10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp0491. ISBN 9781405198073.\nHailwood, Simon (2003). \"Eco-Anarchism and Liberal Reformism\". Ecotheology: Journal of Religion, Nature & the Environment. 8 (2): 224–241. doi:10.1558/ecotheology.v8i2.224. ISSN 1363-7320.\nHall, Matthew (2011). \"Beyond the human: extending ecological anarchism\". Environmental Politics. 20 (3): 374–390. Bibcode:2011EnvPo..20..374H. doi:10.1080/09644016.2011.573360. ISSN 1743-8934. S2CID 143845424.\nHolohan, Kevin J. (2022). \"Navigating Extinction: Zen Buddhism and Eco-Anarchism\". Religions. 13 (60): 60. doi:10.3390/rel13010060. ISSN 2077-1444.\nMarshall, Peter H. (2008) [1992]. Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. London: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-00-686245-1. OCLC 218212571.\nMellos, Koula (1988). \"Theory of Eco-anarchism: Bookchin's Critique of Authority\". Perspectives on Ecology: A Critical Essay. Macmillan Press. pp. 77–107. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-19598-5_5. ISBN 978-1-349-19600-5.\nMorris, Brian (2017). \"Anarchism and Environmental Philosophy\". In Jun, Nathan (ed.). Brill's Companion to Anarchism and Philosophy. Leiden: Brill. pp. 369–400. doi:10.1163/9789004356894_015. ISBN 978-90-04-35689-4.\nParson, Sean (2018). \"Ecocentrism\". In Franks, Benjamin; Jun, Nathan; Williams, Leonard (eds.). Anarchism: A Conceptual Approach. Routledge. pp. 219–233. ISBN 978-1-138-92565-6. LCCN 2017044519.\nParsons, Jonathan (2018). \"Anarchism and Unconventional Oil\" (PDF). In Bellamy, Brent Ryan; Diamanti, Jeff (eds.). Materialism and the Critique of Energy. Chicago: MCM Publishing. pp. 547–579. LCCN 2018949294. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2021.\nPrice, Andy (2019). \"Green Anarchism\". In Adams, Matthew S.; Levy, Carl (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 281–291. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_16. ISBN 978-3-319-75620-2. S2CID 242090793.\nRadcliffe, James (2016) [2012]. \"Eco-anarchism, the New Left and Romanticism\". In Rignall, John; Klaus, H. Gustav (eds.). Ecology and the Literature of the British Left: The Red and the Green. Routledge. pp. 193–206. doi:10.4324/9781315578675-15. ISBN 9781409418221. LCCN 2012003109.\nShahar, Dan C. (2020). \"Anarchism for an Ecological Crisis?\". In Chartier, Gary; Van Schoelandt, Chad (eds.). The Routledge Handbook of Anarchy and Anarchist Thought. New York: Routledge. pp. 381–392. doi:10.4324/9781315185255-27. ISBN 9781315185255. S2CID 228898569.\nSmessaert, Jacob; Feola, Giuseppe (2023). \"Beyond Statism and Deliberation: Questioning Ecological Democracy through Eco-Anarchism and Cosmopolitics\". Environmental Values. 32 (6): 765–793. doi:10.3197/096327123X16759401706533. ISSN 1752-7015. S2CID 257854522.\nTaylor, Bron (2013). \"Threat Assessments and Radical Environmentalism\". Terrorism and Political Violence. 15 (4): 173–182. doi:10.1080/09546550390449962. ISSN 1556-1836. S2CID 143100557.\nVerstraeten, Guido J. M.; Verstraeten, Willem W. (2014). \"Eco-refuges as Anarchist's Promised Land or the End of Dialectical Anarchism\". Asian Journal of Humanities and Social Studies. 2 (6): 781–788. ISSN 2321-2799.\nWard, Colin (2004). \"Green aspirations and anarchist futures\". Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 90–98. ISBN 978-0-19-280477-8.\nWiedmann, Thomas; Lenzen, Manfred; Keyßer, Lorenz T.; Steinberger, Julia K. (2020). \"Scientists' warning on affluence\". Nature Communications. 11 (3107): 3107. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.3107W. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y. PMC 7305220. PMID 32561753.\nWilliams, Dana M. (2009). \"Red vs. green: regional variation of anarchist ideology in the United States\". Journal of Political Ideologies. 14 (2): 189–210. doi:10.1080/13569310902925816. S2CID 33888366.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abbey, Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Abbey"},{"link_name":"The Monkey Wrench Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monkey_Wrench_Gang"},{"link_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lippincott_Williams_%26_Wilkins"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0397010842","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0397010842"},{"link_name":"Biehl, Janet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Biehl"},{"link_name":"The Politics of Social 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Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Point_Press"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-7590","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/90-7590"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-932238-13-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-932238-13-0"},{"link_name":"Against the Megamachine: Essays on Empire and its Enemies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/againstmegamachi0000wats/"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Autonomedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomedia"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-57027-063-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57027-063-5"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"59376926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/59376926"},{"link_name":"Philosophical Dialogues: Arne Næss and the Progress of Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/philosophicaldia0000unse/"},{"link_name":"Rowman & Littlefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8476-8929-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8476-8929-8"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"98-24368","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/98-24368"},{"link_name":"Zerzan, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Zerzan"},{"link_name":"Questioning Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/questioningtechnologyacriticalanthology"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-86571-205-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86571-205-0"},{"link_name":"Future Primitive and Other Essays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Primitive_and_Other_Essays"},{"link_name":"Autonomedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomedia"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-57027-000-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57027-000-7"},{"link_name":"Elements of Refusal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ElementsofRefusal/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-890532-01-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-890532-01-0"}],"text":"Abbey, Edward (1974). The Monkey Wrench Gang. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0397010842.\nBiehl, Janet (1998). The Politics of Social Ecology. Montreal: Black Rose Books. ISBN 978-1-55164-415-8. LCCN 97-074155.\nBookchin, Murray (1974) [1962]. Our Synthetic Environment (Revised ed.). New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-090363-5.\nBookchin, Murray (1986) [1971]. Post-Scarcity Anarchism (2nd ed.). Montréal: Black Rose Books. ISBN 0-920057-41-1. OCLC 977237290.\nBookchin, Murray (1980). Toward an Ecological Society. Montréal: Black Rose Books. ISBN 0-919618-99-5. OCLC 7753479.\nBookchin, Murray (1991) [1982]. The Ecology of Freedom (Revised ed.). Montreal: Black Rose Books. ISBN 0-921689-72-1. LCCN 81-21745.\nBookchin, Murray (1987). The Rise of Urbanization and the Decline of Citizenship. Sierra Club Books. ISBN 0-87156-706-7. LCCN 86-22083.\nBookchin, Murray (2007). Social Ecology and Communalism. AK Press. ISBN 978-1-904859-49-9. LCCN 2006933557.\nDevall, Bill; Sessions, George (1985). Deep Ecology: Living as if Nature Mattered. Layton, Utah: Gibson Smith. ISBN 0-87905-158-2. LCCN 84-14044.\nKropotkin, Peter (1974) [1899]. Fields, Factories, and Workshops. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 0-06-136161-5. LCCN 74-9072.\nKropotkin, Peter (1902). Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution. McClure, Phillips & Co. LCCN 03000886.\nPerlman, Fredy (1983). Against His-Story, Against Leviathan!. Detroit: Black & Red. OCLC 12933940.\nPurchase, Graham (1997) [1993]. Anarchism and Ecology. Montreal: Black Rose Books. ISBN 9781551640266. OCLC 35938985.\nReclus, Élisée (1896). \"The Progress of Mankind\". The Contemporary Review. 70 (December): 761–683. ISSN 0010-7565.\nReclus, Élisée (2013). Clark, John; Martin, Camille (eds.). Anarchy, Geography, Modernity: Selected Writings of Elisée Reclus. PM Press. ISBN 978-1-60486-429-8. LCCN 2013911520.\nShantz, Jeff (2012). Green Syndicalism: An Alternative Red/Green Vision. Syracuse University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1j1nv1v. ISBN 978-0-8156-3307-5. JSTOR j.ctt1j1nv1v. LCCN 2012019259.\nSnyder, Gary (1969). Earth House Hold. New Directions Publishing. LCCN 68-28281.\nSnyder, Gary (1974). Turtle Island. New Directions Publishing. ISBN 0-8112-0545-2.\nSnyder, Gary (1990). The Practice of the Wild. North Point Press. LCCN 90-7590.\nTobias, Michael, ed. (1984). Deep Ecology. San Diego: Avant Books. ISBN 0-932238-13-0.\nWatson, David (1998). Against the Megamachine: Essays on Empire and its Enemies. Brooklyn: Autonomedia. ISBN 1-57027-063-5. OCLC 59376926.\nWitoszek, Nina; Brennan, Andrew, eds. (1999). Philosophical Dialogues: Arne Næss and the Progress of Philosophy. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8476-8929-8. LCCN 98-24368.\nZerzan, John; Carnes, Alice, eds. (1991). Questioning Technology. New Society Publishers. ISBN 0-86571-205-0.\nZerzan, John (1994). Future Primitive and Other Essays. Autonomedia. ISBN 1-57027-000-7.\nZerzan, John (1999) [1988]. Elements of Refusal (Revised ed.). Columbia Alternative Library Press. ISBN 1-890532-01-0.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Peter Kropotkin, an early environmentalist figure and a predecessor of the green anarchist tendency","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Peter_Kropotkin_circa_1900.jpg/220px-Peter_Kropotkin_circa_1900.jpg"},{"image_text":"Murray Bookchin, a founding figure of green anarchism and the chief proponent of social ecology","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Murray_Bookchin.jpg/220px-Murray_Bookchin.jpg"},{"image_text":"Political demonstration by the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) in Israel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Alf_israel_47.jpg/220px-Alf_israel_47.jpg"},{"image_text":"Political demonstration by the anti-globalisation movement (AGM) in Poland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Demonstration_2004_AB.jpg/220px-Demonstration_2004_AB.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Anarchism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Anarchism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg"},{"title":"Politics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"},{"title":"Animal rights and punk subculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_rights_and_punk_subculture"},{"title":"Chellis Glendinning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chellis_Glendinning"},{"title":"Earth Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Liberation_Front"},{"title":"Earth First!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_First!"},{"title":"Green Scare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Scare"},{"title":"Eco-socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-socialism"},{"title":"Intentional community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_community"},{"title":"Left-libertarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-libertarianism"},{"title":"Operation Backfire (FBI)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Backfire_(FBI)"},{"title":"Permaculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permaculture"}]
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[{"reference":"Phillips, Leigh (28 May 2012). \"Anarchists attack science\". Nature. 485 (7400): 561. Bibcode:2012Natur.485..561P. doi:10.1038/485561a. PMID 22660296.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F485561a","url_text":"\"Anarchists attack science\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Natur.485..561P","url_text":"2012Natur.485..561P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F485561a","url_text":"10.1038/485561a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22660296","url_text":"22660296"}]},{"reference":"Aaltola, Elisa (2010). \"Green Anarchy: Deep Ecology and Primitivism\". In Franks, Benjamin; Wilson, Matthew (eds.). Anarchism and Moral Philosophy. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 161–185. doi:10.1057/9780230289680_9. ISBN 978-0-230-28968-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan","url_text":"Palgrave Macmillan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230289680_9","url_text":"10.1057/9780230289680_9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-28968-0","url_text":"978-0-230-28968-0"}]},{"reference":"Carter, Alan (1999). A Radical Green Political Theory. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-20309-0. LCCN 98-41317.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Carter_(philosopher)","url_text":"Carter, Alan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London","url_text":"London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-20309-0","url_text":"0-415-20309-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/98-41317","url_text":"98-41317"}]},{"reference":"Carter, Alan B. (2002). \"Anarchism/eco-anarchism\". In Barry, John; Frankland, E. Gene (eds.). International Encyclopedia of Environmental Politics. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203996188. ISBN 9780415202855. LCCN 2001019754.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203996188","url_text":"10.4324/9780203996188"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415202855","url_text":"9780415202855"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2001019754","url_text":"2001019754"}]},{"reference":"Curran, Giorel (2004). \"Anarchism, environmentalism, and anti–globalisation\". Interdisciplinary Environmental Review. 6 (2): 37–50. doi:10.1504/IER.2004.053924. ISSN 2042-6992.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1504%2FIER.2004.053924","url_text":"10.1504/IER.2004.053924"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2042-6992","url_text":"2042-6992"}]},{"reference":"Dunlap, Alexander (2021). \"Toward an Anarchist Decolonization: A Few Notes\". Capitalism Nature Socialism. 32 (4): 62–72. doi:10.1080/10455752.2021.1879186. S2CID 234082682.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10455752.2021.1879186","url_text":"10.1080/10455752.2021.1879186"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234082682","url_text":"234082682"}]},{"reference":"Edwards-Schuth, Brandon; Lupinacci, John (2023). \"Anarchism, EcoJustice, and Earth Democracy\". In Lupinacci, John; Happel-Parkins, Alison; Turner, Rita (eds.). Ecocritical Perspectives in Teacher Education. Brill Publishers. pp. 138–157. doi:10.1163/9789004532793_008. ISBN 9789004532793. LCCN 2022046926.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMudEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Ecocritical Perspectives in Teacher Education"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers","url_text":"Brill Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004532793_008","url_text":"10.1163/9789004532793_008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004532793","url_text":"9789004532793"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2022046926","url_text":"2022046926"}]},{"reference":"Gordon, Uri (2009). \"Eco-Anarchism\". In Ness, Immanuel (ed.). The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest. pp. 1–2. doi:10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp0491. ISBN 9781405198073.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781405198073.wbierp0491","url_text":"10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp0491"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405198073","url_text":"9781405198073"}]},{"reference":"Hailwood, Simon (2003). \"Eco-Anarchism and Liberal Reformism\". Ecotheology: Journal of Religion, Nature & the Environment. 8 (2): 224–241. doi:10.1558/ecotheology.v8i2.224. ISSN 1363-7320.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_for_the_Study_of_Religion,_Nature_and_Culture","url_text":"Ecotheology: Journal of Religion, Nature & the Environment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fecotheology.v8i2.224","url_text":"10.1558/ecotheology.v8i2.224"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1363-7320","url_text":"1363-7320"}]},{"reference":"Hall, Matthew (2011). \"Beyond the human: extending ecological anarchism\". Environmental Politics. 20 (3): 374–390. Bibcode:2011EnvPo..20..374H. doi:10.1080/09644016.2011.573360. ISSN 1743-8934. S2CID 143845424.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Politics_(journal)","url_text":"Environmental Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011EnvPo..20..374H","url_text":"2011EnvPo..20..374H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09644016.2011.573360","url_text":"10.1080/09644016.2011.573360"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1743-8934","url_text":"1743-8934"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143845424","url_text":"143845424"}]},{"reference":"Holohan, Kevin J. (2022). \"Navigating Extinction: Zen Buddhism and Eco-Anarchism\". Religions. 13 (60): 60. doi:10.3390/rel13010060. ISSN 2077-1444.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel13010060","url_text":"\"Navigating Extinction: Zen Buddhism and Eco-Anarchism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel13010060","url_text":"10.3390/rel13010060"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2077-1444","url_text":"2077-1444"}]},{"reference":"Marshall, Peter H. (2008) [1992]. Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. London: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-00-686245-1. OCLC 218212571.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Marshall_(author)","url_text":"Marshall, Peter H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demanding_the_Impossible","url_text":"Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London","url_text":"London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_Perennial","url_text":"Harper Perennial"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-686245-1","url_text":"978-0-00-686245-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/218212571","url_text":"218212571"}]},{"reference":"Mellos, Koula (1988). \"Theory of Eco-anarchism: Bookchin's Critique of Authority\". Perspectives on Ecology: A Critical Essay. Macmillan Press. pp. 77–107. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-19598-5_5. ISBN 978-1-349-19600-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Press","url_text":"Macmillan Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-19598-5_5","url_text":"10.1007/978-1-349-19598-5_5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-19600-5","url_text":"978-1-349-19600-5"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Brian (2017). \"Anarchism and Environmental Philosophy\". In Jun, Nathan (ed.). Brill's Companion to Anarchism and Philosophy. Leiden: Brill. pp. 369–400. doi:10.1163/9789004356894_015. ISBN 978-90-04-35689-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Morris_(anthropologist)","url_text":"Morris, Brian"},{"url":"https://brill.com/view/title/35861","url_text":"Brill's Companion to Anarchism and Philosophy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden","url_text":"Leiden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers","url_text":"Brill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004356894_015","url_text":"10.1163/9789004356894_015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35689-4","url_text":"978-90-04-35689-4"}]},{"reference":"Parson, Sean (2018). \"Ecocentrism\". In Franks, Benjamin; Jun, Nathan; Williams, Leonard (eds.). Anarchism: A Conceptual Approach. Routledge. pp. 219–233. ISBN 978-1-138-92565-6. LCCN 2017044519.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-92565-6","url_text":"978-1-138-92565-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2017044519","url_text":"2017044519"}]},{"reference":"Parsons, Jonathan (2018). \"Anarchism and Unconventional Oil\" (PDF). In Bellamy, Brent Ryan; Diamanti, Jeff (eds.). Materialism and the Critique of Energy. Chicago: MCM Publishing. pp. 547–579. LCCN 2018949294. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://jonparsons.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Parsons_Anarchism-Oil.pdf","url_text":"\"Anarchism and Unconventional Oil\""},{"url":"https://www.mcmprime.com/books/marxism-and-energy","url_text":"Materialism and the Critique of Energy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago","url_text":"Chicago"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2018949294","url_text":"2018949294"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210225215809/http://jonparsons.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Parsons_Anarchism-Oil.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Price, Andy (2019). \"Green Anarchism\". In Adams, Matthew S.; Levy, Carl (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 281–291. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_16. ISBN 978-3-319-75620-2. S2CID 242090793.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9783319756196","url_text":"\"Green Anarchism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham,_Switzerland","url_text":"Cham, Switzerland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan","url_text":"Palgrave Macmillan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-75620-2_16","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-75620-2","url_text":"978-3-319-75620-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242090793","url_text":"242090793"}]},{"reference":"Radcliffe, James (2016) [2012]. \"Eco-anarchism, the New Left and Romanticism\". In Rignall, John; Klaus, H. Gustav (eds.). Ecology and the Literature of the British Left: The Red and the Green. Routledge. pp. 193–206. doi:10.4324/9781315578675-15. ISBN 9781409418221. LCCN 2012003109.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315578675-15","url_text":"10.4324/9781315578675-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409418221","url_text":"9781409418221"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2012003109","url_text":"2012003109"}]},{"reference":"Shahar, Dan C. (2020). \"Anarchism for an Ecological Crisis?\". In Chartier, Gary; Van Schoelandt, Chad (eds.). The Routledge Handbook of Anarchy and Anarchist Thought. New York: Routledge. pp. 381–392. doi:10.4324/9781315185255-27. ISBN 9781315185255. S2CID 228898569.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315185255-27","url_text":"10.4324/9781315185255-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315185255","url_text":"9781315185255"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228898569","url_text":"228898569"}]},{"reference":"Smessaert, Jacob; Feola, Giuseppe (2023). \"Beyond Statism and Deliberation: Questioning Ecological Democracy through Eco-Anarchism and Cosmopolitics\". Environmental Values. 32 (6): 765–793. doi:10.3197/096327123X16759401706533. ISSN 1752-7015. S2CID 257854522.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3197%2F096327123X16759401706533","url_text":"\"Beyond Statism and Deliberation: Questioning Ecological Democracy through Eco-Anarchism and Cosmopolitics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Values","url_text":"Environmental Values"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3197%2F096327123X16759401706533","url_text":"10.3197/096327123X16759401706533"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1752-7015","url_text":"1752-7015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257854522","url_text":"257854522"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Bron (2013). \"Threat Assessments and Radical Environmentalism\". Terrorism and Political Violence. 15 (4): 173–182. doi:10.1080/09546550390449962. ISSN 1556-1836. S2CID 143100557.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09546550390449962","url_text":"10.1080/09546550390449962"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1556-1836","url_text":"1556-1836"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143100557","url_text":"143100557"}]},{"reference":"Verstraeten, Guido J. M.; Verstraeten, Willem W. (2014). \"Eco-refuges as Anarchist's Promised Land or the End of Dialectical Anarchism\". Asian Journal of Humanities and Social Studies. 2 (6): 781–788. ISSN 2321-2799.","urls":[{"url":"https://philpapers.org/rec/VEREAA-2","url_text":"\"Eco-refuges as Anarchist's Promised Land or the End of Dialectical Anarchism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2321-2799","url_text":"2321-2799"}]},{"reference":"Ward, Colin (2004). \"Green aspirations and anarchist futures\". Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 90–98. ISBN 978-0-19-280477-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/anarchismverysho00ward_0","url_text":"Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280477-8","url_text":"978-0-19-280477-8"}]},{"reference":"Wiedmann, Thomas; Lenzen, Manfred; Keyßer, Lorenz T.; Steinberger, Julia K. (2020). \"Scientists' warning on affluence\". Nature Communications. 11 (3107): 3107. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.3107W. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y. PMC 7305220. PMID 32561753.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Steinberger","url_text":"Steinberger, Julia K."},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7305220","url_text":"\"Scientists' warning on affluence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Communications","url_text":"Nature Communications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCo..11.3107W","url_text":"2020NatCo..11.3107W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-16941-y","url_text":"10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7305220","url_text":"7305220"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32561753","url_text":"32561753"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Dana M. (2009). \"Red vs. green: regional variation of anarchist ideology in the United States\". Journal of Political Ideologies. 14 (2): 189–210. doi:10.1080/13569310902925816. S2CID 33888366.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13569310902925816","url_text":"10.1080/13569310902925816"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33888366","url_text":"33888366"}]},{"reference":"Abbey, Edward (1974). The Monkey Wrench Gang. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out-ranger_of_Windsor_Forest
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Out-Ranger of Windsor Forest
|
["1 Salary and perquisites","2 List of Out-Rangers","3 References"]
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Official post associated with the royal forest of Windsor
The Out-Ranger of Windsor Forest was an official post associated with the royal forest of Windsor.
The nominal duties of the out-ranger were to preserve any deer which escaped the bounds of Windsor Forest. (Under forest law, the Sovereign owned all the deer within a royal forest, even though they might not be crown property.) In practice, the office was a sinecure.
The first known appointment to the position was that of Denzil Onslow in 1686 or 1694. He was deprived of his office in 1711 when the Junto Whigs were crushed. In 1715, the office was granted to Denzil's great-nephew Hon. Thomas Onslow. While it provided an emolument for him, the principal purpose of the appointment was to force Thomas to vacate his seat as Member of Parliament for Guildford, under the terms of the Place Act 1707. By removing him from the House of Commons, he could now stand in the by-election for Surrey, which had been vacated when his father Richard was made a Teller of the Exchequer. (Richard was about to be made a peer, hence his failure to stand in the by-election himself.) Two years later, when Thomas succeeded to his father's barony, Denzil Onslow again received the office for the same reason, vacating his seat at Guildford to successfully contest Surrey. This presaged the use of other offices of profit under the Crown as a means of resignation from the British House of Commons, which became formalised in the offices of Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds and Steward of Northstead.
Denzil held the office until his death in 1721. Brigadier Richard Munden was appointed in 1722, but died in September 1725. He left his financial affairs considerably entangled, and the underkeepers who performed the duties of the office had to petition for the arrears of their salaries. He was succeeded by John King, 2nd Baron King, who had a grant of the office for life in 1726; his brother Peter King, 3rd Baron King succeeded him in 1740, but the office was again granted to an Onslow in 1754.
George Onslow was the second cousin once removed of Thomas, who had held the office until 1717. He held the office until the beginning of 1763, when Fox purged the government of Newcastle's supporters. It went to Lord Charles Spencer, who lost it on the fall of the Bute Ministry and was replaced by Benjamin Bathurst. Bathurst, in turn, was displaced by the Rockingham administration. The office now passed to Col. George Onslow, first cousin to the previous George, who received a grant of it for life for supporting the ministry. Upon his death, it was given to Viscount Cranley, the son of the first George Onslow, who held it until its abolition in the early 19th century.
Salary and perquisites
The office was originally unsalaried, but after its revival in 1715, it paid £600 per year, of which about £200 had to be dispersed to pay under-keepers. Another source gives the salary as £500 per year, increased to £900 around 1776. It had grown to £1,200 per year when the office was abolished.
A small lodge named Fan Grove on the edge of Windsor Forest was formerly the property of the out-ranger. It was used as a residence by Admiral Sir Richard Onslow, 1st Baronet, younger brother of Col. George Onslow.
List of Out-Rangers
Denzil Onslow 1686 or 12 April 1694 – 1711
unknown 1711 – 1715
Thomas Onslow 21 November 1715 – 1717
Denzil Onslow 18 December 1717 – 27 June 1721
Brig. Richard Munden 1722 – 19 September 1725
John King, 2nd Baron King 1 July 1726 – 10 February 1740
Peter King, 3rd Baron King 18 April 1740 – 22 March 1754
George Onslow 13 April 1754 – 1763
Lord Charles Spencer 29 January 1763 – April 1763
Benjamin Bathurst 7 May 1763 – July 1765
Col. George Onslow 1765–1792
Thomas Onslow, 2nd Earl of Onslow 1792–1827
References
^ a b c Calendar of State Papers Domestic
^ Hayton, David; Cruickshanks, Eveline; Handley, Stuart (2002). The House of Commons 1690–1715 v. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–21. ISBN 978-0-521-77221-1. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
^ Porritt, Edward; Porritt, Evelyn G. (1903). The Unreformed House of Commons v. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 243. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
^ Chafetz, Josh (November 2008). "Leaving the House: The Constitutional Status of Resignation from the House of Representatives". Duke Law Journal. 58 (2): 191–192.
^ Calendar of Treasury Papers
^ a b Onslow MSS, pp. 520–521
^ Barker, G. F. R (2004). "Onslow, George (1731–1792)". In rev. Ian K. R. Archer (ed.). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 27 November 2007.
^ a b Hansard, 30 March 1830
^ "Sporting Intelligence". Sporting Magazine: 169. December 1792. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
^ Brayley, Edward Wedlake; Britton, John; Mantell, Gideon Algernon; Allom, Thomas (1850). A Topographical History of Surrey. G. Willis. pp. 224. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
^ "No. 6490". The London Gazette. 28 June 1726. p. 1.
^ "No. 7902". The London Gazette. 15 April 1740. p. 1.
^ "No. 9362". The London Gazette. 9 April 1754. p. 2.
^ "No. 10282". The London Gazette. 25 January 1763. p. 1.
^ "No. 10310". The London Gazette. 3 May 1763. p. 3.
^ "No. 13488". The London Gazette. 25 December 1792. p. 975.
^ R. G. Thorne, ONSLOW, Hon. Thomas (1754-1827), of Harley Street, Mdx. and West Clandon, Surr. in The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1790-1820 (1986).
|
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In practice, the office was a sinecure.The first known appointment to the position was that of Denzil Onslow in 1686[2] or 1694.[1] He was deprived of his office in 1711 when the Junto Whigs were crushed. In 1715, the office was granted to Denzil's great-nephew Hon. Thomas Onslow. While it provided an emolument for him, the principal purpose of the appointment was to force Thomas to vacate his seat as Member of Parliament for Guildford, under the terms of the Place Act 1707. By removing him from the House of Commons, he could now stand in the by-election for Surrey, which had been vacated when his father Richard was made a Teller of the Exchequer. (Richard was about to be made a peer, hence his failure to stand in the by-election himself.) Two years later, when Thomas succeeded to his father's barony, Denzil Onslow again received the office for the same reason, vacating his seat at Guildford to successfully contest Surrey.[3][4] This presaged the use of other offices of profit under the Crown as a means of resignation from the British House of Commons, which became formalised in the offices of Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds and Steward of Northstead.Denzil held the office until his death in 1721. Brigadier Richard Munden was appointed in 1722, but died in September 1725. He left his financial affairs considerably entangled, and the underkeepers who performed the duties of the office had to petition for the arrears of their salaries.[5] He was succeeded by John King, 2nd Baron King, who had a grant of the office for life in 1726; his brother Peter King, 3rd Baron King succeeded him in 1740, but the office was again granted to an Onslow in 1754.George Onslow was the second cousin once removed of Thomas, who had held the office until 1717. He held the office until the beginning of 1763, when Fox purged the government of Newcastle's supporters.[6] It went to Lord Charles Spencer, who lost it on the fall of the Bute Ministry and was replaced by Benjamin Bathurst. Bathurst, in turn, was displaced by the Rockingham administration. The office now passed to Col. George Onslow, first cousin to the previous George, who received a grant of it for life for supporting the ministry.[7] Upon his death, it was given to Viscount Cranley, the son of the first George Onslow, who held it until its abolition in the early 19th century.[8]","title":"Out-Ranger of Windsor Forest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onslowms-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hansard-8"},{"link_name":"Sir Richard Onslow, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Richard_Onslow,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The office was originally unsalaried, but after its revival in 1715, it paid £600 per year,[6] of which about £200 had to be dispersed to pay under-keepers. Another source gives the salary as £500 per year, increased to £900 around 1776.[9] It had grown to £1,200 per year when the office was abolished.[8]A small lodge named Fan Grove on the edge of Windsor Forest was formerly the property of the out-ranger. It was used as a residence by Admiral Sir Richard Onslow, 1st Baronet, younger brother of Col. George Onslow.[10]","title":"Salary and perquisites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denzil Onslow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denzil_Onslow_(of_Pyrford)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cspd-1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Onslow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Onslow,_2nd_Baron_Onslow"},{"link_name":"Denzil Onslow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denzil_Onslow_(of_Pyrford)"},{"link_name":"Richard Munden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Munden_(died_1725)"},{"link_name":"John King, 2nd Baron King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_King,_2nd_Baron_King"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Peter King, 3rd Baron King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_King,_3rd_Baron_King&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"George Onslow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Onslow,_1st_Earl_of_Onslow"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Lord Charles Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Charles_Spencer"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Bathurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Bathurst_(1711%E2%80%931767)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"George Onslow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Onslow_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Onslow, 2nd Earl of Onslow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Onslow,_2nd_Earl_of_Onslow"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Denzil Onslow 1686 or 12 April 1694 – 1711[1]\nunknown 1711 – 1715\nThomas Onslow 21 November 1715 – 1717\nDenzil Onslow 18 December 1717 – 27 June 1721\nBrig. Richard Munden 1722 – 19 September 1725\nJohn King, 2nd Baron King 1 July 1726 – 10 February 1740[11]\nPeter King, 3rd Baron King 18 April 1740 – 22 March 1754[12]\nGeorge Onslow 13 April 1754 – 1763[13]\nLord Charles Spencer 29 January 1763 – April 1763[14]\nBenjamin Bathurst 7 May 1763 – July 1765[15]\nCol. George Onslow 1765–1792\nThomas Onslow, 2nd Earl of Onslow 1792[16]–1827[17]","title":"List of Out-Rangers"}]
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[{"reference":"Hayton, David; Cruickshanks, Eveline; Handley, Stuart (2002). The House of Commons 1690–1715 v. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–21. ISBN 978-0-521-77221-1. Retrieved 16 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eveline_Cruickshanks","url_text":"Cruickshanks, Eveline"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KI8sK5qHYz8C&pg=PA19","url_text":"The House of Commons 1690–1715 v. 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77221-1","url_text":"978-0-521-77221-1"}]},{"reference":"Porritt, Edward; Porritt, Evelyn G. (1903). The Unreformed House of Commons v. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 243. Retrieved 16 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/unreformedhouse00porrgoog","url_text":"The Unreformed House of Commons v. 1"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/unreformedhouse00porrgoog/page/n266","url_text":"243"}]},{"reference":"Chafetz, Josh (November 2008). \"Leaving the House: The Constitutional Status of Resignation from the House of Representatives\". Duke Law Journal. 58 (2): 191–192.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Barker, G. F. R (2004). \"Onslow, George (1731–1792)\". In rev. Ian K. R. Archer (ed.). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 27 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/20789","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"\"Sporting Intelligence\". Sporting Magazine: 169. December 1792. Retrieved 16 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Vr0CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA169","url_text":"\"Sporting Intelligence\""}]},{"reference":"Brayley, Edward Wedlake; Britton, John; Mantell, Gideon Algernon; Allom, Thomas (1850). A Topographical History of Surrey. G. Willis. pp. 224. Retrieved 16 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Wedlake_Brayley","url_text":"Brayley, Edward Wedlake"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Britton_(antiquary)","url_text":"Britton, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_Mantell","url_text":"Mantell, Gideon Algernon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Allom","url_text":"Allom, Thomas"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/atopographicalh00mantgoog","url_text":"A Topographical History of Surrey"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/atopographicalh00mantgoog/page/n245","url_text":"224"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 6490\". The London Gazette. 28 June 1726. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/6490/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 6490\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 7902\". The London Gazette. 15 April 1740. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/7902/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 7902\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 9362\". The London Gazette. 9 April 1754. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/9362/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 9362\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 10282\". The London Gazette. 25 January 1763. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/10282/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 10282\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 10310\". The London Gazette. 3 May 1763. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/10310/page/3","url_text":"\"No. 10310\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 13488\". The London Gazette. 25 December 1792. p. 975.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/13488/page/975","url_text":"\"No. 13488\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cI1nAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA96","external_links_name":"Calendar of State Papers Domestic"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KI8sK5qHYz8C&pg=PA19","external_links_name":"The House of Commons 1690–1715 v. 1"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/unreformedhouse00porrgoog","external_links_name":"The Unreformed House of Commons v. 1"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/unreformedhouse00porrgoog/page/n266","external_links_name":"243"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=85110","external_links_name":"Calendar of Treasury Papers"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NwwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA521","external_links_name":"Onslow MSS, pp. 520–521"},{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/20789","external_links_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V8ETAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA5-PA1090","external_links_name":"Hansard, 30 March 1830"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Vr0CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA169","external_links_name":"\"Sporting Intelligence\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/atopographicalh00mantgoog","external_links_name":"A Topographical History of Surrey"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/atopographicalh00mantgoog/page/n245","external_links_name":"224"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/6490/page/1","external_links_name":"\"No. 6490\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/7902/page/1","external_links_name":"\"No. 7902\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/9362/page/2","external_links_name":"\"No. 9362\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/10282/page/1","external_links_name":"\"No. 10282\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/10310/page/3","external_links_name":"\"No. 10310\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/13488/page/975","external_links_name":"\"No. 13488\""},{"Link":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/onslow-hon-thomas-1754-1827","external_links_name":"ONSLOW, Hon. Thomas (1754-1827), of Harley Street, Mdx. and West Clandon, Surr."}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Graff
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Ludwig von Graff
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["1 Selected writings","2 References","3 External links"]
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Austrian zoologist
Ludwig von GraffLudwig von GraffBornLudwig Bartholomäus Graff(1851-01-02)January 2, 1851Pancsova, Austrian EmpireDiedFebruary 6, 1924(1924-02-06) (aged 73)Graz, AustriaScientific careerFieldsZoology, HelminthologyInstitutionsUniversity of GrazAuthor abbrev. (zoology)Graff; von Graff
Ludwig Graff de Pancsova (2 January 1851 – 6 February 1924), known as Ludwig von Graff, was an Austrian zoologist born in Pancsova.
In 1871, he received his medical degree in Vienna, afterwards studying zoology at the University of Graz. In 1872, he was an assistant at the zoological institute in Strasbourg, where he worked closely with Eduard Oscar Schmidt (1823–1886). In 1873, he relocated to Munich as an assistant to Karl Theodor Ernst von Siebold (1804–1885), gaining his habilitation during the following year. In 1876, he became a professor at the Academy of Forestry in Aschaffenburg, and from 1884 was a professor of zoology at the University of Graz. Here, he expanded the institute of zoology and its library. In 1896-97, he was rector of the university.
Graff was a leading expert on Turbellaria (flatworms), especially remembered for research of its morphology and biological systematics. He gathered material for his studies on numerous expeditions, which included journeys to Ceylon and Java (1893–94), the Arctic Ocean (1902), and North America (1907).
With Victor von Ebner (1842–1925) and others, he founded the Gesellschaft für Morphologie und Physiologie (1907). He was also a co-founder of the Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft. The 1910 International Congress of Zoologists at Graz elected him an honorary president
Selected writings
Monographie der Turbellarien (Wien 1882, 1889); (Monograph of Turbellaria)
Die Turbellarien als Parasiten und Wirte (Graz 1903); (Turbellaria as parasites and hosts)
Das Schmarotzertum im Tierreich und seine Bedeutung für die Artbildung (Graz 1907); (Parasitism in animals and its importance for speciation).
References
Deutsche Biographie (translated biography)
External links
Works by or about Ludwig von Graff at Internet Archive
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Czech Republic
Australia
Greece
Netherlands
Academics
CiNii
Leopoldina
Artists
Scientific illustrators
People
Deutsche Biographie
Trove
Other
IdRef
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhamrai_Thana
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Dhamrai Upazila
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["1 Geography","2 History","3 Demographics","4 Administration","5 Economy and development","5.1 NGOs working in Dhamrai","6 Culture","6.1 Dhamrai Ratha Yatra","6.2 Handmade crafts","7 Education","7.1 High schools","7.2 Colleges","8 Notable people","9 Gallery","10 See also","11 References"]
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Coordinates: 23°54.5′N 90°13′E / 23.9083°N 90.217°E / 23.9083; 90.217This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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Upazila in Dhaka, BangladeshDhamrai
ধামরাইUpazilaOld buildings in DhamraiCoordinates: 23°54.5′N 90°13′E / 23.9083°N 90.217°E / 23.9083; 90.217Country BangladeshDivisionDhakaDistrictDhakaArea • Total307.41 km2 (118.69 sq mi)Population (2011) • Total412,418 • Density1,300/km2 (3,500/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+6 (BST)WebsiteDhamrai Upazila
Dhamrai (Bengali: ধামরাই) is an upazila of Dhaka district in Dhaka division, Bangladesh. It is the largest upazila in the district by land area.
Geography
Dhamrai upazila is located about 40 kilometers northwest of the capital city of Dhaka. It is bounded by the upazilas of Mirzapur and Kaliakair on the north, Singair on the south, Savar in the east, and Manikganj Sadar, Saturia and Nagarpur on the west.Dhamrai Night Panorama
The total area of the upazila is 307.41 km2. Dhamrai upazila is composed of the alluvium soil of the Bongshi and Dhaleshwari rivers. Other rivers are Kolmai and Gazikhali.
History
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There are two theories on the naming of Dhamrai. The first is that during the time of Ashoka, there was a Buddhist called Dharmarajika and that the area was named after him. The discovery of a Buddhist stupa in Savar, about 10 miles from Dhamrai, lends credence to this opinion. Another theory is that in the early fourteenth century, five companions of the Sufi saint Shah Jalal (Tirmidhi Al-Husayni, Haji, Ghazi, Zam Bahadur, and Shah Makhdum) came and settled in the sparsely populated and heavily forested area. Food supplies ultimately ran short and one day they found a stray cow wandering about which they slaughtered the cattle to eat and satisfy their hunger. After a few days, they were approached by Dhama Gope and his wife Rai Goalini who claimed that the cow was theirs and demanded compensation for it. The Sufis learnt that the couple was childless. It is said that with their blessings a child was born to the couple and also they said that they would name the place so that their names would forever be remembered. Thus the name Dhamrai (Dham+Rai) came about.
Dhamrai was once under the Thana (now Upazila) of Savar. Dhamrai became a Thana itself in 1914 during the British rule; the same year Dhamrai Hardinge High School was established. In 1947 it was put under the district of Dhaka. On December 15, 1984, Dhamrai was upgraded into a full-fledged Upazila.
Demographics
Religions in Dhamrai upazila (2011)
Religion
Percent
Islam
89.42%
Hinduism
10.52%
Other or not stated
0.06%
According to the 2011 Bangladesh census, Dhamrai had 94,776 households and a population of 412,418. 81,402 (19.74%) were under 10 years of age. It had a literacy rate (age 7 and over) of 50.8%, compared to the national average of 51.8%, and a sex ratio of 992 females per 1000 males. 60,802 (14.74%) lived in urban areas.
As of the 1991 Bangladesh census, Dhamrai had a population of 312,777. Males constituted 50.37% of the population, and females constituted 49.63%. The population of citizens 18 years and older was 163,449. Dhamrai had an average literacy rate of 29.5% (7+ years), lower than the national average of 32.4%.
Administration
The upazila consists of one municipality (pourasabha) called Dhamrai pourasabha, 16 union parishads, and 398 villages.
The union parishads are: Amta, Baisakanda, Balia, Bhararia, Chauhat, Dhamrai, Gangutia, Jadabpur, Kulla, Kushura, Nannar, Rowail, Sanora, Sombhog, Suapur, and Sutipara. They are collectively subdivided into 290 mauzas and 398 villages.
Dhamrai pourasabha is subdivided into 9 wards and 44 mahallas.
Economy and development
The total cultivable land is 23,470 hectares. Of the total cultivable land (in hectares):
Guti-Urea plant at SOJAG, Shailan, Dhamrai
Guti urea demonstration plot in Dhamrai
Paddy Thrasher at work
1 crop: 2,050
2 crop: 14,580
3 crop: 6,740
More than 3 crops: 100
Intensity of cultivation: 220.83%
Farmers by land occupancy:
Landless (less than 0.02 hectares): 11,755
Marginal (0.02 - 0.20 hectares): 10,670
Middle (1.01 - 3.0 hectares): 5,675
Big (more than 3.0 hectares): 535
Food production:
Total demand (metric tons): 65,209
Actual production (metric tons): 75,023
Total surplus (metric tons): 9,814
NGOs working in Dhamrai
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SOJAG: Works throughout Dhamrai and adjoining upazilas of Mirzapur, Shaturia, Kaliakoir, and Singair. The headquarters is at village Shailan under Shombhag Union.
Grameen Choa: Located at Dhantara Bazar, Dhamrai
SDI: Located at Dhamrai Bazar, Dhamrai
ASA: Located at, Dhamrai, Shimulia, Dhantara, Kalampur, Kushura, Kawalipara, Bathuli, Suapur.
JCF: Located at, Dhamrai, Shimulia, Dhantara, Kalampur, Kushura, Kawalipara, Bathuli, Suapur.
Culture
Dhamrai Ratha Yatra
Main article: Dhamrai Rathayatra
The annual Jagannath roth jatra (Ratha Yatra) chariot festival is a significant Hindu festival that draws a large number of participants. Dhamrai is particularly renowned for hosting this event. The event typically commences around the 10th day of the Bengali calendar month of Ashar, followed by the ulto roth (return of the chariot) occurring approximately one week later. To mark this occasion, Dhamrai holds a month-long roth mela (Bengali: রথ মেলা). This festival commemorates the annual journey of the Hindu deities Jagannath, Balarama, and their sister Subhadra to their aunt's temple.
During the festival, devotees assist in pulling the chariot of the deities using ropes, considering it a sacred act, despite the potential risks associated with navigating the large crowds. The processions accompanying the chariots feature devotional songs performed on drums, tambourines, trumpets, and other musical instruments. Along the route, children gather to join in the chorus. The Roth cart itself stands at approximately 45 feet (14 m) tall and is pulled by the assembled pilgrims.
Handmade crafts
The primary hub for metal crafts in Bangladesh is in Dhamrai. For many generations, this place has produced handmade metal ware for markets throughout Bangladesh, using the lost wax casting (cire perdue) method and hollow casting method. These methods are used to make items ranging from ornate Hindu and Buddhist statues to simple household objects such as pitchers (kolshi as is locally called) and also items include quality statues, decanters, bowls, spoons, and plates. Over the past fifty years, many of the families in Bangladesh who have been involved in the metal casting trade have taken on other work. With stiff competition from inexpensive machine-made aluminium and plastic products coming in from India and other countries in the region, the market for hand-cast items has gradually dwindled away. As a result, the tradition of making handmade cast metal objects is in jeopardy. For example, there are only five people left in Bangladesh who are capable of making masterpiece-quality Hindu and Buddhist images using the lost wax method. The trade is at risk of disappearance due to the dwindling number of craftsmen.
Additionally, Dhamrai is home to several families engaged in the declining practice of earthenware crafting.
Education
There are 139 government primary schools, 16 high schools, 25 junior high schools, 109 schools run by NGOs, 11 madrasahs, 6 colleges, and 1 agriculture college in Dhamrai upazila.
Dhamrai Hardinge High School
Afazuddin High School, Sharifbagh, Dhamrai
Dhamrai Central Eidgah
High schools
Dhamrai Hardinge High School & College, established in 1914 after the British Viceroy Lord Hardinge
Kushura Abbas Ali High School, established in 1941
Abdus Subhan Model High School
Haralal High School, Amta established in 1887
Hamida-Afaz Girls High School, Kushura
Ruail High School, established in 1857, as one of the oldest schools not only in Dhamrai but in India and Bangladesh. It is one of the four schools established in British India as early as 1857, the year of the Sepoy Mutiny
Elokeshi High School, Jalshin, established in 1924
Jadavpur B M High School, established in 1929
Berosh Shibnath Shastri Institution, established in 1936
Suapur Nannar High School, established in 1939
Bhalum Ataur Rahman Khan High School, established in 1957
Balia Wadudur Rahman High School, established in 1957
Dhamrai Girls' High School, established in 1959
Beliswar Mohini Mohon High School, established in 1967
Nikla Z. Haque High School, established in 1970
Bannol Lakkhu Haji High School, established in 1969
Jalsha High School, established in 1972
Shailan Surma High School, established in 1973
Afazuddin High School, established in 1988
Shailan Surma High School
Rajapur Kahela Baharam Mollik High School, established in 1985
Dhalkunda High School, established in 1973
Colleges
Dhamrai Govt. University College, the highest educational institute of the locality.
Dhamrai Hardinge High School and College
Nobojug University College, established in 1972 in Kushura
Abul Bashar Krishi College, established in 2003 in Mongolbari, Dhamrai
Bhalum Ataur Rahman School Degree College, established in 1987, Bhalum, Kalampur
Afaz Uddin School & College, established in 1988 in Sharifbag, Dhamrai
Rajapur Begum Anowara Girls' College, established in Rajapur, Dhamrai
Monmon School & College
Notable people
Ataur Rahman Khan, eminent politician and former prime minister of Bangladesh
Azizur Rahman Mallick, former finance minister, education secretary, and ambassador
ASM Tofazzal Hossain (Challenger), former actor
Nurul Alam, educationist and vice chancellor of Jahangirnagar University
Ziaur Rahman Khan, former politician and lawyer
Akhtar Hossain Bhuiya, bureaucrat
Monira Mithu, actress
Benzir Ahmed, politician and businessman
M. A. Maleque, politician
Gallery
Metal work by Dhamrai Artisan
Dhamrai Roth at Night
Old style building in Dhamrai
Dhamrai Police Station
85-yr old mosque at Shailan
Majestic old building in Dhamrai
Borat Nogor at dusk
South end of Dhamrai Township
Madhob Mondir, Jatrabari, Dhamrai
See also
Brassware industry in Bangladesh
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dhamrai Upazila.
^ a b c "Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011 Zila Report – Dhaka" (PDF). bbs.gov.bd. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. p. 26.
^ a b Uddin, Md Ilias (2012). "Dhamrai Upazila". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
^ a b Booklet published by Dhamrai Upazila Krishibid Association; published June 2012; Edited by Dulal Chandra Sarkar and Mohammad Shahadat Hossain
^ "Community Tables: Dhaka district" (PDF). bbs.gov.bd. 2011.
^ a b "Population Census Wing, BBS". Archived from the original on 27 March 2005. Retrieved 10 November 2006.
^ "District Statistics 2011: Dhaka" (PDF). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
^ ইশতিয়াক, আহমাদ (2022-07-01). "আজো প্রবাহমান ঐতিহাসিক ধামরাই রথ" . The Daily Star Bangla (in Bengali). Retrieved 2024-03-04.
^ Tithi, Tahmina Khan (17 January 2010). "The process of manufacturing metal crafts". Campus - The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 11 December 2015.
^ Chaity, Afrose Jahan (9 October 2013). "Metal craft display upholds rich heritage of Bangladesh". Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
^ Charanji, Kavita (8 October 2004). "Preserving a 200-year-old family tradition". Star Weekend Magazine. No. 16. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
^ "Major shift in Dhamrai's heritage bronze and brass industries". The Business Standard. 2021-08-19. Retrieved 2024-03-04.
^ "হারিয়ে যাচ্ছে সাভার-ধামরাইয়ের ঐতিহ্যবাহী মৃৎশিল্প" . Bangla Tribune (in Bengali). 20 June 2016. Retrieved 2024-03-04.
^ "Khan, Ataur Rahman". Banglapedia. Retrieved 2024-03-04.
^ "Dr. AR Mallick: More than just an individual!". The Daily Post. 5 February 2023. Retrieved 2024-03-04.
^ "Prof Nurul Alam made new JU VC". Dhaka Tribune. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
^ "Barrister Ziaur Rahman Khan laid to rest". The Daily Star. 2021-04-27. Retrieved 2024-03-04.
^ "JS committee on Home Ministry gets new chair". Business Insider Bangladesh. Retrieved 2024-03-04.
^ "Dhaka-20: Five from AL, three from BNP to contest polls". Dhaka Tribune. 19 November 2023.
vteDhaka DistrictUpazila/Thana:
Dhamrai
Dohar
Keraniganj
Nawabganj
Savar
vte Upazilas of the Dhaka DivisionHeadquarters: DhakaDhaka District
Dhamrai
Dohar
Keraniganj
Nawabganj
Savar
Faridpur District
Alfadanga
Bhanga
Boalmari
Charbhadrasan
Faridpur Sadar
Madhukhali
Nagarkanda
Sadarpur
Gazipur District
Gazipur
Kaliakair
Kaliganj
Kapasia
Sreepur
Gopalganj District
Gopalganj
Kashiani
Kotalipara
Muksudpur
Tungipara
Kishoreganj District
Austagram
Bajitpur
Bhairab
Hossainpur
Itna
Karimganj
Katiadi
Kishoreganj
Kuliarchar
Mithamain
Nikli
Pakundia
Tarail
Madaripur District
Kalkini
Madaripur
Rajoir
Shibchar
Manikganj District
Daulatpur
Ghior
Harirampur
Manikganj
Saturia
Shivalaya
Singair
Munshiganj District
Gazaria
Lohaganj
Munshiganj
Sirajdikhan
Sreenagar
Tongibari
Narayanganj District
Araihazar
Sonargaon
Bandar
Narayanganj
Rupganj
Narsingdi District
Belabo
Monohardi
Narsingdi
Palash
Raipura
Shibpur
Rajbari District
Baliakandi
Goalandaghat
Kalukhali
Pangsha
Rajbari
Shariatpur District
Bhedarganj
Damudya
Gosairhat
Naria
Shariatpur
Zajira
Shakhipur
Tangail District
Basail
Bhuapur
Delduar
Ghatail
Gopalpur
Kalihati
Madhupur
Dhanbari
Mirzapur
Nagarpur
Sakhipur
Tangail
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"upazila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upazila"},{"link_name":"Dhaka district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka_District"},{"link_name":"Dhaka division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka_Division"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-1"}],"text":"Upazila in Dhaka, BangladeshDhamrai (Bengali: ধামরাই) is an upazila of Dhaka district in Dhaka division, Bangladesh. It is the largest upazila in the district by land area.[1]","title":"Dhamrai Upazila"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mirzapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirzapur_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Kaliakair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliakair_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Singair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singair_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Savar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savar_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Manikganj Sadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manikganj_Sadar_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Saturia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturia_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Nagarpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagarpur_Upazila"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Banglapedia-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dhamrai_Night_Panorama.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bongshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangshi_River"},{"link_name":"Dhaleshwari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaleshwari_River"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Dhamrai upazila is located about 40 kilometers northwest of the capital city of Dhaka. It is bounded by the upazilas of Mirzapur and Kaliakair on the north, Singair on the south, Savar in the east, and Manikganj Sadar, Saturia and Nagarpur on the west.[2]Dhamrai Night PanoramaThe total area of the upazila is 307.41 km2. Dhamrai upazila is composed of the alluvium soil of the Bongshi and Dhaleshwari rivers. Other rivers are Kolmai and Gazikhali.[citation needed]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka"},{"link_name":"stupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa"},{"link_name":"Savar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savar"},{"link_name":"Shah Jalal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jalal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"}],"text":"There are two theories on the naming of Dhamrai. The first is that during the time of Ashoka, there was a Buddhist called Dharmarajika and that the area was named after him. The discovery of a Buddhist stupa in Savar, about 10 miles from Dhamrai, lends credence to this opinion. Another theory is that in the early fourteenth century, five companions of the Sufi saint Shah Jalal (Tirmidhi Al-Husayni, Haji, Ghazi, Zam Bahadur, and Shah Makhdum) came and settled in the sparsely populated and heavily forested area. Food supplies ultimately ran short and one day they found a stray cow wandering about which they slaughtered the cattle to eat and satisfy their hunger. After a few days, they were approached by Dhama Gope and his wife Rai Goalini who claimed that the cow was theirs and demanded compensation for it. The Sufis learnt that the couple was childless. It is said that with their blessings a child was born to the couple and also they said that they would name the place so that their names would forever be remembered. Thus the name Dhamrai (Dham+Rai) came about.[3][verification needed]Dhamrai was once under the Thana (now Upazila) of Savar. Dhamrai became a Thana itself in 1914 during the British rule; the same year Dhamrai Hardinge High School was established. In 1947 it was put under the district of Dhaka. On December 15, 1984, Dhamrai was upgraded into a full-fledged Upazila.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-1"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"2011 Bangladesh census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Bangladesh_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-community-4"},{"link_name":"1991 Bangladesh census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Bangladesh_census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-5"}],"text":"Religions in Dhamrai upazila (2011)[1]\n\nReligion\n\nPercent\n\n\nIslam\n \n89.42%\n\n\nHinduism\n \n10.52%\n\n\nOther or not stated\n \n0.06%According to the 2011 Bangladesh census, Dhamrai had 94,776 households and a population of 412,418. 81,402 (19.74%) were under 10 years of age. It had a literacy rate (age 7 and over) of 50.8%, compared to the national average of 51.8%, and a sex ratio of 992 females per 1000 males. 60,802 (14.74%) lived in urban areas.[1][4]As of the 1991 Bangladesh census, Dhamrai had a population of 312,777.[5] Males constituted 50.37% of the population, and females constituted 49.63%. The population of citizens 18 years and older was 163,449. Dhamrai had an average literacy rate of 29.5% (7+ years), lower than the national average of 32.4%.[5]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pourasabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipal_corporations_in_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"union parishads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_councils_of_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Banglapedia-2"},{"link_name":"mahallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalla"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-district-stats-6"}],"text":"The upazila consists of one municipality (pourasabha) called Dhamrai pourasabha, 16 union parishads, and 398 villages.[2]The union parishads are: Amta, Baisakanda, Balia, Bhararia, Chauhat, Dhamrai, Gangutia, Jadabpur, Kulla, Kushura, Nannar, Rowail, Sanora, Sombhog, Suapur, and Sutipara. They are collectively subdivided into 290 mauzas and 398 villages.Dhamrai pourasabha is subdivided into 9 wards and 44 mahallas.[6]","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hectares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guti-Urea.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guti_Urea-Demo_plot.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paddy_Thrasher_being_used_in_Dhamrai.jpg"}],"text":"The total cultivable land is 23,470 hectares.[3][verification needed] Of the total cultivable land (in hectares):Guti-Urea plant at SOJAG, Shailan, DhamraiGuti urea demonstration plot in DhamraiPaddy Thrasher at work1 crop: 2,050\n2 crop: 14,580\n3 crop: 6,740\nMore than 3 crops: 100\nIntensity of cultivation: 220.83%Farmers by land occupancy:Landless (less than 0.02 hectares): 11,755\nMarginal (0.02 - 0.20 hectares): 10,670\nMiddle (1.01 - 3.0 hectares): 5,675\nBig (more than 3.0 hectares): 535Food production:Total demand (metric tons): 65,209\nActual production (metric tons): 75,023\nTotal surplus (metric tons): 9,814","title":"Economy and development"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"NGOs working in Dhamrai","text":"SOJAG: Works throughout Dhamrai and adjoining upazilas of Mirzapur, Shaturia, Kaliakoir, and Singair. The headquarters is at village Shailan under Shombhag Union.\nGrameen Choa: Located at Dhantara Bazar, Dhamrai\nSDI: Located at Dhamrai Bazar, Dhamrai\nASA: Located at, Dhamrai, Shimulia, Dhantara, Kalampur, Kushura, Kawalipara, Bathuli, Suapur.\nJCF: Located at, Dhamrai, Shimulia, Dhantara, Kalampur, Kushura, Kawalipara, Bathuli, Suapur.","title":"Economy and development"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ratha Yatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratha_Yatra"},{"link_name":"Bengali calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_calendars"},{"link_name":"Ashar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asharh"},{"link_name":"Jagannath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagannath"},{"link_name":"Balarama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balarama"},{"link_name":"Subhadra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhadra"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Dhamrai Ratha Yatra","text":"The annual Jagannath roth jatra (Ratha Yatra) chariot festival is a significant Hindu festival that draws a large number of participants. Dhamrai is particularly renowned for hosting this event. The event typically commences around the 10th day of the Bengali calendar month of Ashar, followed by the ulto roth (return of the chariot) occurring approximately one week later. To mark this occasion, Dhamrai holds a month-long roth mela (Bengali: রথ মেলা). This festival commemorates the annual journey of the Hindu deities Jagannath, Balarama, and their sister Subhadra to their aunt's temple.[7]During the festival, devotees assist in pulling the chariot of the deities using ropes, considering it a sacred act, despite the potential risks associated with navigating the large crowds. The processions accompanying the chariots feature devotional songs performed on drums, tambourines, trumpets, and other musical instruments. Along the route, children gather to join in the chorus. The Roth cart itself stands at approximately 45 feet (14 m) tall and is pulled by the assembled pilgrims.[citation needed]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lost wax casting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_wax_casting"},{"link_name":"hollow casting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollow_casting"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Handmade crafts","text":"The primary hub for metal crafts in Bangladesh is in Dhamrai. For many generations, this place has produced handmade metal ware for markets throughout Bangladesh, using the lost wax casting (cire perdue) method and hollow casting method.[8] These methods are used to make items ranging from ornate Hindu and Buddhist statues to simple household objects such as pitchers (kolshi as is locally called) and also items include quality statues, decanters, bowls, spoons, and plates. Over the past fifty years, many of the families in Bangladesh who have been involved in the metal casting trade have taken on other work. With stiff competition from inexpensive machine-made aluminium and plastic products coming in from India and other countries in the region, the market for hand-cast items has gradually dwindled away. As a result, the tradition of making handmade cast metal objects is in jeopardy. For example, there are only five people left in Bangladesh who are capable of making masterpiece-quality Hindu and Buddhist images using the lost wax method. The trade is at risk of disappearance due to the dwindling number of craftsmen.[9][10][11]Additionally, Dhamrai is home to several families engaged in the declining practice of earthenware crafting.[12]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dhamrai_Hardinge_High_School.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Afazuddin_High_School.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dhamrai_Central_Eidgah.JPG"}],"text":"There are 139 government primary schools, 16 high schools, 25 junior high schools, 109 schools run by NGOs, 11 madrasahs, 6 colleges, and 1 agriculture college in Dhamrai upazila.[citation needed]Dhamrai Hardinge High SchoolAfazuddin High School, Sharifbagh, DhamraiDhamrai Central Eidgah","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dhamrai Hardinge High School & College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhamrai_Hardinge_High_School_and_College"},{"link_name":"Lord Hardinge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hardinge,_1st_Baron_Hardinge_of_Penshurst"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"High schools","text":"Dhamrai Hardinge High School & College, established in 1914 after the British Viceroy Lord Hardinge[citation needed]\nKushura Abbas Ali High School, established in 1941[citation needed]\nAbdus Subhan Model High School\nHaralal High School, Amta established in 1887[citation needed]\nHamida-Afaz Girls High School, Kushura\nRuail High School, established in 1857, as one of the oldest schools not only in Dhamrai but in India and Bangladesh. It is one of the four schools established in British India as early as 1857, the year of the Sepoy Mutiny[citation needed]\nElokeshi High School, Jalshin, established in 1924[citation needed]\nJadavpur B M High School, established in 1929[citation needed]\nBerosh Shibnath Shastri Institution, established in 1936[citation needed]\nSuapur Nannar High School, established in 1939[citation needed]\nBhalum Ataur Rahman Khan High School, established in 1957[citation needed]\nBalia Wadudur Rahman High School, established in 1957[citation needed]\nDhamrai Girls' High School, established in 1959[citation needed]\nBeliswar Mohini Mohon High School, established in 1967[citation needed]\nNikla Z. Haque High School, established in 1970[citation needed]\nBannol Lakkhu Haji High School, established in 1969[citation needed]\nJalsha High School, established in 1972[citation needed]\nShailan Surma High School, established in 1973[citation needed]\nAfazuddin High School, established in 1988[citation needed]\nShailan Surma High School\nRajapur Kahela Baharam Mollik High School, established in 1985[citation needed]\nDhalkunda High School, established in 1973[citation needed]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Colleges","text":"Dhamrai Govt. University College, the highest educational institute of the locality.\nDhamrai Hardinge High School and College\nNobojug University College, established in 1972 in Kushura\nAbul Bashar Krishi College, established in 2003 in Mongolbari, Dhamrai\nBhalum Ataur Rahman School Degree College, established in 1987, Bhalum, Kalampur\nAfaz Uddin School & College, established in 1988 in Sharifbag, Dhamrai\nRajapur Begum Anowara Girls' College, established in Rajapur, Dhamrai\nMonmon School & College","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ataur Rahman Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataur_Rahman_Khan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Azizur Rahman Mallick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azizur_Rahman_Mallick"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"ASM Tofazzal Hossain (Challenger)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenger_(actor)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Nurul Alam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Md._Nurul_Alam"},{"link_name":"Jahangirnagar University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahangirnagar_University"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ziaur Rahman Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziaur_Rahman_Khan"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Monira Mithu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monira_Mithu"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Benzir Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzir_Ahmed"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"M. A. Maleque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._A._Maleque"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Ataur Rahman Khan, eminent politician and former prime minister of Bangladesh[13]\nAzizur Rahman Mallick, former finance minister, education secretary, and ambassador[14]\nASM Tofazzal Hossain (Challenger), former actor[citation needed]\nNurul Alam, educationist and vice chancellor of Jahangirnagar University[15]\nZiaur Rahman Khan, former politician and lawyer[16]\nAkhtar Hossain Bhuiya, bureaucrat[citation needed]\nMonira Mithu, actress[citation needed]\nBenzir Ahmed, politician and businessman[17]\nM. A. Maleque, politician[18]","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dhamrai_Metal_Work.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dhamrai_Roth_at_Night.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_style_building_in_Dhamrai.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dhamrai_Police_Station.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shailan_Mosque.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dhamrai_Builiding.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Borat_Nogor.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Southend_of_Dhamrai.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Madhob_Mondir,_Jatrabari,_Dhamrai.jpg"}],"text":"Metal work by Dhamrai Artisan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDhamrai Roth at Night\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOld style building in Dhamrai\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDhamrai Police Station\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t85-yr old mosque at Shailan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMajestic old building in Dhamrai\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBorat Nogor at dusk\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSouth end of Dhamrai Township\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMadhob Mondir, Jatrabari, Dhamrai","title":"Gallery"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Dhamrai Night Panorama","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Dhamrai_Night_Panorama.jpg/220px-Dhamrai_Night_Panorama.jpg"},{"image_text":"Guti-Urea plant at SOJAG, Shailan, Dhamrai","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Guti-Urea.jpg/220px-Guti-Urea.jpg"},{"image_text":"Guti urea demonstration plot in Dhamrai","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Guti_Urea-Demo_plot.jpg/220px-Guti_Urea-Demo_plot.jpg"},{"image_text":"Paddy Thrasher at work","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Paddy_Thrasher_being_used_in_Dhamrai.jpg/220px-Paddy_Thrasher_being_used_in_Dhamrai.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dhamrai Hardinge High School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Dhamrai_Hardinge_High_School.JPG/220px-Dhamrai_Hardinge_High_School.JPG"},{"image_text":"Afazuddin High School, Sharifbagh, Dhamrai","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Afazuddin_High_School.jpg/220px-Afazuddin_High_School.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dhamrai Central Eidgah","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dhamrai_Central_Eidgah.JPG/220px-Dhamrai_Central_Eidgah.JPG"}]
|
[{"title":"Brassware industry in Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassware_Industry_in_Bangladesh"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011 Zila Report – Dhaka\" (PDF). bbs.gov.bd. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. p. 26.","urls":[{"url":"http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/Zila_Dhaka.pdf","url_text":"\"Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011 Zila Report – Dhaka\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics"}]},{"reference":"Uddin, Md Ilias (2012). \"Dhamrai Upazila\". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dhamrai_Upazila","url_text":"\"Dhamrai Upazila\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirajul_Islam","url_text":"Islam, Sirajul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh","url_text":"Asiatic Society of Bangladesh"}]},{"reference":"\"Community Tables: Dhaka district\" (PDF). bbs.gov.bd. 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCen2011/Com_Dhaka.pdf","url_text":"\"Community Tables: Dhaka district\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population Census Wing, BBS\". Archived from the original on 27 March 2005. Retrieved 10 November 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050327072826/http://www.bangladeshgov.org/mop/ndb/arpc91_v1/tables04.htm","url_text":"\"Population Census Wing, BBS\""},{"url":"http://www.bangladeshgov.org/mop/ndb/arpc91_v1/tables04.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"District Statistics 2011: Dhaka\" (PDF). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150424233706/http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/District%20Statistics/Dhaka.pdf","url_text":"\"District Statistics 2011: Dhaka\""},{"url":"http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/District%20Statistics/Dhaka.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"ইশতিয়াক, আহমাদ (2022-07-01). \"আজো প্রবাহমান ঐতিহাসিক ধামরাই রথ\" [Historical Dhamrai rath prevails even today]. The Daily Star Bangla (in Bengali). Retrieved 2024-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://bangla.thedailystar.net/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5-366296","url_text":"\"আজো প্রবাহমান ঐতিহাসিক ধামরাই রথ\""}]},{"reference":"Tithi, Tahmina Khan (17 January 2010). \"The process of manufacturing metal crafts\". Campus - The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 11 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151211051118/http://archive.thedailystar.net/campus/2010/01/03/feature_metal.htm","url_text":"\"The process of manufacturing metal crafts\""},{"url":"http://archive.thedailystar.net/campus/2010/01/03/feature_metal.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chaity, Afrose Jahan (9 October 2013). \"Metal craft display upholds rich heritage of Bangladesh\". Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved 4 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/bangladesh-others/40424/metal-craft-display-upholds-rich-heritage-of","url_text":"\"Metal craft display upholds rich heritage of Bangladesh\""}]},{"reference":"Charanji, Kavita (8 October 2004). \"Preserving a 200-year-old family tradition\". Star Weekend Magazine. No. 16. Retrieved 4 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2004/10/02/tradition","url_text":"\"Preserving a 200-year-old family tradition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Major shift in Dhamrai's heritage bronze and brass industries\". The Business Standard. 2021-08-19. Retrieved 2024-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tbsnews.net/economy/major-shift-dhamrais-heritage-bronze-and-brass-industries-290269","url_text":"\"Major shift in Dhamrai's heritage bronze and brass industries\""}]},{"reference":"\"হারিয়ে যাচ্ছে সাভার-ধামরাইয়ের ঐতিহ্যবাহী মৃৎশিল্প\" [The vanishing traditional pottery of Savar and Dhamrai]. Bangla Tribune (in Bengali). 20 June 2016. Retrieved 2024-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.banglatribune.com/country/dhaka/115591/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA","url_text":"\"হারিয়ে যাচ্ছে সাভার-ধামরাইয়ের ঐতিহ্যবাহী মৃৎশিল্প\""}]},{"reference":"\"Khan, Ataur Rahman\". Banglapedia. Retrieved 2024-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Khan,_Ataur_Rahman","url_text":"\"Khan, Ataur Rahman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. AR Mallick: More than just an individual!\". The Daily Post. 5 February 2023. Retrieved 2024-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailypost.net/national/dr.-ar-mallick-more-than-just-an-individual/1970","url_text":"\"Dr. AR Mallick: More than just an individual!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prof Nurul Alam made new JU VC\". Dhaka Tribune. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/education/294020/prof-nurul-alam-made-new-ju-vc","url_text":"\"Prof Nurul Alam made new JU VC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Barrister Ziaur Rahman Khan laid to rest\". The Daily Star. 2021-04-27. Retrieved 2024-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailystar.net/city/news/barrister-ziaur-rahman-khan-laid-rest-2084501","url_text":"\"Barrister Ziaur Rahman Khan laid to rest\""}]},{"reference":"\"JS committee on Home Ministry gets new chair\". Business Insider Bangladesh. Retrieved 2024-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businessinsiderbd.com/bangladesh/news/27525/js-committee-on-home-ministry-gets-new-chair","url_text":"\"JS committee on Home Ministry gets new chair\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dhaka-20: Five from AL, three from BNP to contest polls\". Dhaka Tribune. 19 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/election/331565/dhaka-20-five-from-al-three-from-bnp-to-contest","url_text":"\"Dhaka-20: Five from AL, three from BNP to contest polls\""}]}]
|
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90.217"},{"Link":"http://dhamrai.dhaka.gov.bd/","external_links_name":"Dhamrai Upazila"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhamrai_Upazila&action=edit","external_links_name":"You can help"},{"Link":"http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/Zila_Dhaka.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011 Zila Report – Dhaka\""},{"Link":"http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dhamrai_Upazila","external_links_name":"\"Dhamrai Upazila\""},{"Link":"http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCen2011/Com_Dhaka.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Community Tables: Dhaka district\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050327072826/http://www.bangladeshgov.org/mop/ndb/arpc91_v1/tables04.htm","external_links_name":"\"Population Census Wing, BBS\""},{"Link":"http://www.bangladeshgov.org/mop/ndb/arpc91_v1/tables04.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150424233706/http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/District%20Statistics/Dhaka.pdf","external_links_name":"\"District Statistics 2011: Dhaka\""},{"Link":"http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/District%20Statistics/Dhaka.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://bangla.thedailystar.net/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5-366296","external_links_name":"\"আজো প্রবাহমান ঐতিহাসিক ধামরাই রথ\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151211051118/http://archive.thedailystar.net/campus/2010/01/03/feature_metal.htm","external_links_name":"\"The process of manufacturing metal crafts\""},{"Link":"http://archive.thedailystar.net/campus/2010/01/03/feature_metal.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/bangladesh-others/40424/metal-craft-display-upholds-rich-heritage-of","external_links_name":"\"Metal craft display upholds rich heritage of Bangladesh\""},{"Link":"https://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2004/10/02/tradition","external_links_name":"\"Preserving a 200-year-old family tradition\""},{"Link":"https://www.tbsnews.net/economy/major-shift-dhamrais-heritage-bronze-and-brass-industries-290269","external_links_name":"\"Major shift in Dhamrai's heritage bronze and brass industries\""},{"Link":"https://www.banglatribune.com/country/dhaka/115591/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA","external_links_name":"\"হারিয়ে যাচ্ছে সাভার-ধামরাইয়ের ঐতিহ্যবাহী মৃৎশিল্প\""},{"Link":"https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Khan,_Ataur_Rahman","external_links_name":"\"Khan, Ataur Rahman\""},{"Link":"https://www.dailypost.net/national/dr.-ar-mallick-more-than-just-an-individual/1970","external_links_name":"\"Dr. AR Mallick: More than just an individual!\""},{"Link":"https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/education/294020/prof-nurul-alam-made-new-ju-vc","external_links_name":"\"Prof Nurul Alam made new JU VC\""},{"Link":"https://www.thedailystar.net/city/news/barrister-ziaur-rahman-khan-laid-rest-2084501","external_links_name":"\"Barrister Ziaur Rahman Khan laid to rest\""},{"Link":"https://www.businessinsiderbd.com/bangladesh/news/27525/js-committee-on-home-ministry-gets-new-chair","external_links_name":"\"JS committee on Home Ministry gets new chair\""},{"Link":"https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/election/331565/dhaka-20-five-from-al-three-from-bnp-to-contest","external_links_name":"\"Dhaka-20: Five from AL, three from BNP to contest polls\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Radar_Volume_2
|
Under the Radar Volume 2
|
["1 Track listing","2 References"]
|
2017 compilation album by Robbie WilliamsUnder the Radar Volume 2Compilation album by Robbie WilliamsReleased30 November 2017 (2017-11-30)Recorded2004–2017Length55:44LabelFarrell MusicProducerStuart PricePiers BaronTimothy MetcalfeFlynn FrancisJohnny McDaidEllis TaylorPhillip SteinkeSteve RobsonKarl BrazilBen CastleFil EislerSteve PowerRichard ScottRobbie Williams chronology
The Heavy Entertainment Show(2016)
Under the Radar Volume 2(2017)
Under the Radar Volume 3(2019)
Singles from Under the Radar Volume 2
"Eyes on the Highway"Released: 9 August 2017
"Go Mental"Released: 29 September 2017
"Run It Wild"Released: 3 November 2017
"Andy Warhol"Released: 22 February 2018
"My Fuck You to You"Released: 16 April 2018
Under the Radar Volume 2 is a compilation album by English singer Robbie Williams, comprising demos, B-sides and rarities. It was released exclusively through Williams' website on 30 November 2017.
On 11 July 2017, Williams had announced that the follow-up to his 2014 album, Under the Radar Volume 2, would be released in November of that year and was available to pre-order from his official website.
Track listing
Under the Radar Volume 2 track listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Satellites"Robbie WilliamsStuart PricePrice4:062."9 to 5"Dolly PartonPiers BaronTimothy Metcalfe3:403."Ms Pepper"WilliamsMetcalfeFlynn FrancisFrancisMetcalfe4:024."Bambi"WilliamsMetcalfePiers BaronBaronMetcalfe3:215."Eyes on the Highway"WilliamsMetcalfeBaronBaronMetcalfe4:226."Speaking Tongues"WilliamsJohnny McDaidEllis TaylorMcDaidTaylor3:377."Go Mental" (featuring Big Narstie and Atlantic Horns)WilliamsPriceTyrone LindoFelix BuxtonMark BrownBenjamin EdwardsMichael KearseyPrice3:288."Run It Wild"WilliamsMetcalfeFlynn FrancisPhillip SteinkeFrancisMetcalfeSteinke3:429."Numb"WilliamsSteve RobsonEd DrewettRobson4:0210."Andy Warhol"WilliamsKarl BrazilBen CastleBrazilCastle3:5911."My Fuck You to You"WilliamsFil EislerFil Eisler3:4212."Weakness"WilliamsGary BarlowSteve Power4:1513."Booty Call"WilliamsRichard ScottKelvin AndrewsScott RalphDanny SpencerScott2:5614."On the Fence"WilliamsScottAndrewsRalphScott3:0615."International Entertainment"WilliamsMetcalfeBaronBaronMetcalfe3:21Total length:55:44
References
^ "Eyes on the Highway - Single by Robbie Williams". iTunes. 9 August 2017.
^ "Go Mental (Feat. Big Narstie & Atlantic Horns) - Single by Robbie Williams on Apple Music". iTunes. Archived from the original on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
^ "Run It Wild - Single by Robbie Williams". iTunes. 3 November 2017.
^ "Robbie Williams' arse is out again for his new album". Digital Spy. 11 July 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
^ "Robbie Williams". Robbiewilliams.com. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
^ Robbie Williams has a new album coming out and he’s climbed a tree naked to promote it, NME
vteRobbie Williams
Discography
Videography
Songs
Awards and nominations
Studio albums
Life thru a Lens
I've Been Expecting You
Sing When You're Winning
Swing When You're Winning
Escapology
Intensive Care
Rudebox
Reality Killed the Video Star
Take the Crown
Swings Both Ways
The Heavy Entertainment Show
The Christmas Present
Compilation albums
The Ego Has Landed
Greatest Hits
The Best So Far
Songbook
In and Out of Consciousness: Greatest Hits 1990–2010
Under the Radar Volume 1
Under the Radar Volume 2
XXV
Live albums
Live at Knebworth
Robbie Williams: Live at the O2
Video compilations
Live at the Albert
The Robbie Williams Show
What We Did Last Summer
And Through It All: Robbie Williams Live 1997–2006
Concert tours
Ego Has Landed Tour
1999 Tour
Close Encounters Tour
Take the Crown Stadium Tour
Swings Both Ways Live
Let Me Entertain You Tour
The Heavy Entertainment Show Tour
Musical theatre
The Boy in the Dress
Related articles
Take That
We Sing Robbie Williams
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
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[]
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zacherlhaus
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Zacherlhaus
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["1 Gallery","2 References","3 External links"]
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Coordinates: 48°12′36″N 16°22′18″E / 48.21000°N 16.37167°E / 48.21000; 16.37167The Zacherlhaus in the centre of Vienna
The Zacherlhaus is a residential and business building designed by Jože Plečnik and built between 1903 and 1905 in the 1st district of Vienna, the central district of Innere Stadt (at Brandstätte 6 / Wildpretmarkt 2–4 / Bauernmarkt 2).
The construction was commissioned by Johann Evangelist Zacherl, son of the industrial magnate Johann Zacherl, who built the Zacherlfabrik. It was one of the first modern buildings erected at the Wildpretmarkt in Vienna's city centre. The façade is made of polished grey granite plates; the artistically executed cornice is also noteworthy. The figure of Archangel Michael on the façade is the work of Ferdinand Andri, while the atlantes were designed by Franz Metzner. The oval-shaped stairwell features a lamp that resembles an insect; this is a reference to insecticide, the production of which had made the Zacherl family rich.
In 1949, it was necessary to restore the Zacherlhaus after it had been damaged during World War II.
Today, the Zacherlhaus is a listed building. It is one of the most important examples of the work of the Otto Wagner-school. It belongs to Johann Zacherl's descendants and is used as office space.
Gallery
eaves with atlantes
facade
stairwell
stairwell
Ferdinand Andri: sculpture Archangel Michael on the facade
References
Felix Czeike: Historisches Lexikon Wien. Band 5. Kremayr & Scheriau, Wien 1995, ISBN 3-218-00546-9, p. 684. (in German)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zacherl-Haus.
nextroom Architektur datenbank - Zacherl-Haus (in German)
ORF Wien - Zacherlhaus als erstes modernes Haus (in German)
48°12′36″N 16°22′18″E / 48.21000°N 16.37167°E / 48.21000; 16.37167
Authority control databases International
FAST
National
Germany
Israel
United States
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[{"image_text":"The Zacherlhaus in the centre of Vienna","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Wildpretmarkt_2-4_Ansicht_2.jpg/220px-Wildpretmarkt_2-4_Ansicht_2.jpg"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysgol_Gymraeg_Dewi_Sant,_Llanelli
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Ysgol Gymraeg Dewi Sant, Llanelli
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["1 References"]
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Welsh-medium school in Llanelli, Wales
Ysgol Gymraeg Dewi Sant, (St David's Primary School) Llanelli, Wales, was the first Welsh medium school to be run by a local authority. It was opened by Miss Olwen Williams on Saint David's Day (1 March) 1947. The school was run in the Zion chapel school room. In 2017 a plaque was unveiled by the children of the school to honour that they were the first Welsh school ever to be opened. A step up for the Welsh language which was spoken by, and still is spoken by over half Llanelli's population. The plaque is on the wall of Zion chapel school room, which is opposite Theatr Y Ffwrnes in Llanelli Town centre.
References
^ "Welsh school celebrates 70 years". BBC News. 1 March 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Llanelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanelli"},{"link_name":"Welsh medium school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_medium_education"},{"link_name":"Saint David's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_David%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-1"}],"text":"Ysgol Gymraeg Dewi Sant, (St David's Primary School) Llanelli, Wales, was the first Welsh medium school to be run by a local authority. It was opened by Miss Olwen Williams on Saint David's Day (1 March) 1947. The school was run in the Zion chapel school room. In 2017 a plaque was unveiled by the children of the school to honour that they were the first Welsh school ever to be opened. A step up for the Welsh language which was spoken by, and still is spoken by over half Llanelli's population. The plaque is on the wall of Zion chapel school room, which is opposite Theatr Y Ffwrnes in Llanelli Town centre.[1]","title":"Ysgol Gymraeg Dewi Sant, Llanelli"}]
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[]
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|
[{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-39130333","external_links_name":"\"Welsh school celebrates 70 years\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/542150688316912660000","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2017124714","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Taylor_House_(Catasauqua,_Pennsylvania)
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George Taylor House (Catasauqua, Pennsylvania)
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["1 House's first owners","1.1 George Taylor, 1768–1776","1.2 John Benezet, 1776–1782","1.3 David Deshler, 1782–1796","2 1800's and 1900's","3 National Historic Landmark","4 References","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 40°38′52″N 75°27′59″W / 40.64778°N 75.46639°W / 40.64778; -75.46639Historic house in Pennsylvania, United States
United States historic placeGeorge Taylor HouseU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. National Historic Landmark
George Taylor home in Catasauqua, Pennsylvania, August 2008Show map of PennsylvaniaShow map of the United StatesLocationLehigh & Poplar Sts., Catasauqua, PennsylvaniaCoordinates40°38′52″N 75°27′59″W / 40.64778°N 75.46639°W / 40.64778; -75.46639Built1768; 256 years ago (1768)Architectural styleGeorgianNRHP reference No.71000709Significant datesAdded to NRHPJuly 17, 1971Designated NHLJuly 17, 1971
The George Taylor House, also known as George Taylor Mansion, was the home of Founding Father George Taylor, a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, in Catasauqua, Pennsylvania in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania. The home was built by Taylor in 1768 and designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1971.
The Borough of Catasauqua purchased the house from the Lehigh County Historical Society in 2009 and today sponsors events and offers tours of the property at the borough's southwestern corner near the historic Lehigh River Canal.
House's first owners
The George Taylor House's first three owners were men of substantial means, who played notable roles locally and nationally in events leading up to the nation's founding.
George Taylor, 1768–1776
Main article: George Taylor (Pennsylvania politician)
George Taylor was born in Northern Ireland in 1716 and immigrated to the American colonies in 1736. Starting as an Indentured laborer, he built a successful career as an ironmaster in Pennsylvania, first at Warwick Furnace and Coventry Forge in Chester County and later at Durham Furnace in Bucks County.
In 1767, Taylor purchased a 331-acre (1.34 km2) estate in Biery's Port (now part of Catasauqua) for £700. On this expansive property overlooking the Lehigh River, he built what was then one of the finest homes in the region, the house now named for him. Shortly after the Taylors moved in, his wife Ann died. Taylor continued to live here for the next six years, but in 1774, he returned to Durham to operate the ironworks under a new lease. Until that time, production at Durham Furnace had focused on domestic products, primarily plates for stoves and fireplaces but also cast iron pots and pans. With the start of the Revolutionary War in 1775, the mill became a major supplier of cannon shot to the Continental Army and Navy.
Taylor first entered the public arena in the late 1750s as a justice of the peace, a judicial post that was important in colonial times, when travel to the county courthouse was difficult. He was subsequently elected to the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly, representing Northampton County from 1764 to 1769. In 1775, he was re-elected to the Assembly and on July 20, 1776, was appointed to the Continental Congress. Two weeks later, on August 2, he signed the Declaration of Independence, along with most of the congressional delegates.
Four months before joining the Congress, Taylor sold his Biery's Port property to John Benezet of Philadelphia. The next year, in March 1777, Taylor was named to Pennsylvania's new Supreme Executive Council, a 12-member body that acted in the capacity of governor. In ill health, he resigned from the council after just a few months, ending his public career. Taylor remained active in iron making over the next three years, but retired to Easton in 1780. Less than a year later, on February 23, 1781, he died at the age of 65.
John Benezet, 1776–1782
John Benezet was a native of Philadelphia and the son of Daniel Benezet, a prominent Philadelphia merchant. Benezet briefly attended the College of Philadelphia in 1757 and was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1768. In 1775, he married Hanna Bingham, and with that, his father gave him £3,000 plus £6,000 in stock to set up an import business. On March 27, 1776, Benezet purchased George Taylor's estate for £1,800.
Benezet, like Taylor, became active in political affairs, but only briefly. In early 1775, he served as one of the secretaries who recorded proceedings at the Pennsylvania Provincial Congress, a meeting Taylor also attended. In August of that year, he was named to Philadelphia's Committee of Correspondence.
Two years later, in 1777, the Continental Congress appointed Benezet as Commissioner of Claims in the Treasury Office. However, he resigned in 1778 and returned to his business interests. Benezet died in the winter of 1780–81, when his ship, the Shillelagh, was lost at sea during a voyage to France.
David Deshler, 1782–1796
In 1782, Benezet's widow sold the Biery's Port estate to David Deshler for the same amount her husband had paid six years before. Born in Switzerland in 1734, Deshler came to the American colonies as an infant. His father Adam Deshler was one of the earliest residents of the northern section of present-day Lehigh County. The owner of a significant amount of property, he personally built Fort Deshler in Whitehall Township in 1760 to protect local settlers against Indian attack.
When David Deshler purchased Taylor's former house, he was living in Northampton Town (now Allentown) in what was then part of Northampton County. Deshler built Northampton Town's first house in 1762, the year of the town's founding. Initially, he operated a store and tavern here, but later started a saw mill and grist mill, Northampton Town's first industries. By the mid-1770s, he was one of the region's wealthiest men.
In 1774, Deshler was appointed to the county's Committee of Observation, and in 1776, he was elected to the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly, where he served with George Taylor. During the Revolutionary War, Deshler's properties in Northampton Town were used to produce munitions and manufacture, repair and store materials for the Continental Army. In 1777, the Assembly appointed him one of four "sub-lieutenants" in charge of the county's military preparations. Deshler, who held the rank of colonel in the militia, was named a Commissioner of Purchases in February 1778, Assistant Forage Master in April 1780 and Assistant Commissary of Purchases in July 1780.
The war ended in 1783, and the next year Deshler was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly as a representative of Northampton County. In 1787, he served as a delegate to the state convention that ratified the federal Constitution. After completing his final term in the Assembly in 1788, he retired from public service. Deshler lived out his days at Biery's Port, where he died at the age of 62 on December 24, 1796.
1800's and 1900's
1919 photograph of the George Taylor House in Catasauqua, Pennsylvania
During the 1800s, George Taylor's former house passed through various hands and was eventually acquired by Wahneta Silk Company, which built a mill in front of the house around 1890. Meanwhile, the property was left to deteriorate for many years.
In 1945, the Lehigh County Historical Society rescued the house, raising funds from its members for the acquisition and repairs. Since then, the historical society has completed extensive restoration work.
National Historic Landmark
Plaque recognizing the George Taylor House's designation as a National Historic Landmark in July 1971.
On July 17, 1971, the George Taylor House was registered as a National Historic Landmark. After a fire destroyed the former silk mill (then a furniture factory) in 1982, the society purchased the property and extended the front lawn to provide a park-like setting for the historic site.
In 2008, the society proposed selling the house to the Borough of Catasauqua for $250,000, stating "We believe that they can do much more with the site than we can. We believe the highest and best use of the property is with the good people of Catasauqua because it can be used for so many community type events."
On May 5, 2013, as part of the Lehigh County Bicentennial celebration, a monument, designed by Jirair Youssefian of Vitetta Architects|Vitetta Architects & Engineers, was unveiled during a ceremony held on the front lawn of the house. The monument will serve as the base for a future statue of George Taylor, which is currently in the planning stages.
References
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
^ a b c d "George Taylor House". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2008.
^ "George Taylor House - Got George?". Borough of Catasauqua. Archived from the original on October 23, 2014.
^ Clark, Adam (February 5, 2012). "Catasauqua's revolutionary connection". The Morning Call.
^ a b "Biographical Directory of the United States Congress". Retrieved August 30, 2008.
^ a b c
Ely, Warren S. (1926). "George Taylor, Signer of the Declaration of Independence" (PDF). A Collection of Papers Read Before the Bucks County Historical Society. Meadville, Pennsylvania: Bucks County Historical Society. V: 100–112. Retrieved August 30, 2008.
^ a b c d e Wilcox, William J. (1946). "The George Taylor House at Catasauqua: A Brief History and Statement Concerning a Noteworthy Acquisition". 1946 Proceedings. Allentown, Pennsylvania: Lehigh County Historical Society: 47–51.
^ The Committee on Historical Research, Pennsylvania Society of the Colonial Dames of America (1914). Forges and Furnaces in the Province of Pennsylvania. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: New Era Printing Company. pp. 43–57.
^ "Signers of the Declaration: Biographical Sketches". Washington, DC: National Park Service. Retrieved August 30, 2008.
^ Fackenthal, Benjamin Franklin (1926). "The Homes of George Taylor". A Collection of Papers Read Before the Bucks County Historical Society. Meadville, Pennsylvania: Bucks County Historical Society. V: 112–133. Retrieved January 8, 2022.
^ a b Bell, Jr., Whitfield J. (1999). Patriot-Improvers: Biographical Sketches of Members of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 2, 1768. Philadelphia: American Philosophical society. ISBN 9780871692276. Retrieved August 30, 2008.
^ Pennsylvania Archives: Proceedings of the Convention for the Province of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: William and Thomas Bradford. 1775. Retrieved September 14, 2014.
^ Hayden, Rev. Horace Edwin (1903). "The Reminiscences of David Hayfield Conyngham, 1750–1834 of the Revolutionary House of Conyngham and Nesbitt". Proceedings and Collections of the Wyoming Historical and Geological Society for the Years 1902–1903. Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania: E.B. Yordy Co. Retrieved August 30, 2008.
^ a b c Roberts, Charles R. (1908). "Revolutionary Patriots of Allentown and Vicinity". 1908 Proceedings. Allentown, Pennsylvania: Lehigh County Historical Society: 200–201.
^ a b Kohl, Helen Wittman; Kohl, John Young (1946). "Colonel David Deshler Allentown's First Citizen". 1946 Proceedings. Allentown, Pennsylvania: Lehigh County Historical Society: 9–46.
^ Fox, Martha Capwell (2002). Catasauqua and North Catasauqua. Mount Pleasant, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 9780738511030. Retrieved August 31, 2008.
^ a b "Biery's Port: George Taylor Home". Historic Catasauqua Preservation Association website. Retrieved January 8, 2022.
^ Jackson, Kurt Beldon (March 26, 2008). "Is timing right for Catasauqua to buy historic landmark? ** Borough may give George Taylor House its "best use,' but recession may hurt chances". The Morning Call. pp. B.4. ProQuest 393299868.
^ Cmil, Paul (May 16, 2013). "Monument is unveiled at historic house". www.thelehighvalleypress.com. Retrieved February 18, 2016.
External links
George Taylor House website
Delaware & Lehigh National Heritage Corridor: George Taylor House
Historic Catasauqua Preservation Association
List of National Historic Landmarks by State
vteUS National Register of Historic Places in PennsylvaniaTopics
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Founding Father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"George Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Taylor_(Pennsylvania_politician)"},{"link_name":"United States Declaration of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Catasauqua, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catasauqua,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Lehigh Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_Valley"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhlsum-2"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhlsum-2"},{"link_name":"Lehigh River Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_Canal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BoroughCatasauqua-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Historic house in Pennsylvania, United StatesUnited States historic placeThe George Taylor House, also known as George Taylor Mansion, was the home of Founding Father George Taylor, a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, in Catasauqua, Pennsylvania in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania.[2] The home was built by Taylor in 1768 and designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1971.[2]The Borough of Catasauqua purchased the house from the Lehigh County Historical Society in 2009 and today sponsors events and offers tours of the property at the borough's southwestern corner near the historic Lehigh River Canal.[3][4]","title":"George Taylor House (Catasauqua, Pennsylvania)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The George Taylor House's first three owners were men of substantial means, who played notable roles locally and nationally in events leading up to the nation's founding.","title":"House's first owners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"American colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Congress-5"},{"link_name":"Indentured laborer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_laborer"},{"link_name":"ironmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironmaster"},{"link_name":"Chester County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Bucks County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ely-6"},{"link_name":"Biery's Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biery%27s_Port_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Catasauqua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catasauqua,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Lehigh River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_River"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilcox-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilcox-7"},{"link_name":"Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"ironworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironworks"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ely-6"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Continental Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army"},{"link_name":"Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Navy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forges-8"},{"link_name":"justice of the peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace"},{"link_name":"colonial times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Provincial_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Northampton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Congress-5"},{"link_name":"Continental Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Congress"},{"link_name":"Declaration of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Signers-9"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fackenthal-10"},{"link_name":"Supreme Executive Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Executive_Council_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Easton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easton,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ely-6"}],"sub_title":"George Taylor, 1768–1776","text":"George Taylor was born in Northern Ireland in 1716 and immigrated to the American colonies in 1736.[5] Starting as an Indentured laborer, he built a successful career as an ironmaster in Pennsylvania, first at Warwick Furnace and Coventry Forge in Chester County and later at Durham Furnace in Bucks County.[6]In 1767, Taylor purchased a 331-acre (1.34 km2) estate in Biery's Port (now part of Catasauqua) for £700. On this expansive property overlooking the Lehigh River, he built what was then one of the finest homes in the region, the house now named for him.[7] Shortly after the Taylors moved in, his wife Ann died.[7] Taylor continued to live here for the next six years, but in 1774, he returned to Durham to operate the ironworks under a new lease.[6] Until that time, production at Durham Furnace had focused on domestic products, primarily plates for stoves and fireplaces but also cast iron pots and pans. With the start of the Revolutionary War in 1775, the mill became a major supplier of cannon shot to the Continental Army and Navy.[8]Taylor first entered the public arena in the late 1750s as a justice of the peace, a judicial post that was important in colonial times, when travel to the county courthouse was difficult. He was subsequently elected to the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly, representing Northampton County from 1764 to 1769.[5] In 1775, he was re-elected to the Assembly and on July 20, 1776, was appointed to the Continental Congress. Two weeks later, on August 2, he signed the Declaration of Independence, along with most of the congressional delegates.[9]Four months before joining the Congress, Taylor sold his Biery's Port property to John Benezet of Philadelphia.[10] The next year, in March 1777, Taylor was named to Pennsylvania's new Supreme Executive Council, a 12-member body that acted in the capacity of governor. In ill health, he resigned from the council after just a few months, ending his public career. Taylor remained active in iron making over the next three years, but retired to Easton in 1780. Less than a year later, on February 23, 1781, he died at the age of 65.[6]","title":"House's first owners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Patriot-11"},{"link_name":"College of Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilcox-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Convention-12"},{"link_name":"Committee of Correspondence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Correspondence"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hayden-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Patriot-11"}],"sub_title":"John Benezet, 1776–1782","text":"John Benezet was a native of Philadelphia and the son of Daniel Benezet, a prominent Philadelphia merchant.[11] Benezet briefly attended the College of Philadelphia in 1757 and was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1768. In 1775, he married Hanna Bingham, and with that, his father gave him £3,000 plus £6,000 in stock to set up an import business. On March 27, 1776, Benezet purchased George Taylor's estate for £1,800.[7]Benezet, like Taylor, became active in political affairs, but only briefly. In early 1775, he served as one of the secretaries who recorded proceedings at the Pennsylvania Provincial Congress, a meeting Taylor also attended.[12] In August of that year, he was named to Philadelphia's Committee of Correspondence.Two years later, in 1777, the Continental Congress appointed Benezet as Commissioner of Claims in the Treasury Office. However, he resigned in 1778 and returned to his business interests.[13] Benezet died in the winter of 1780–81, when his ship, the Shillelagh, was lost at sea during a voyage to France.[11]","title":"House's first owners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilcox-7"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Lehigh County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Fort Deshler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Deshler"},{"link_name":"Whitehall Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehall_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roberts-14"},{"link_name":"Allentown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kohl-15"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Provincial_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roberts-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kohl-15"},{"link_name":"federal Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Constitution"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roberts-14"}],"sub_title":"David Deshler, 1782–1796","text":"In 1782, Benezet's widow sold the Biery's Port estate to David Deshler for the same amount her husband had paid six years before.[7] Born in Switzerland in 1734, Deshler came to the American colonies as an infant. His father Adam Deshler was one of the earliest residents of the northern section of present-day Lehigh County. The owner of a significant amount of property, he personally built Fort Deshler in Whitehall Township in 1760 to protect local settlers against Indian attack.[14]When David Deshler purchased Taylor's former house, he was living in Northampton Town (now Allentown) in what was then part of Northampton County. Deshler built Northampton Town's first house in 1762, the year of the town's founding. Initially, he operated a store and tavern here, but later started a saw mill and grist mill, Northampton Town's first industries. By the mid-1770s, he was one of the region's wealthiest men.[15]In 1774, Deshler was appointed to the county's Committee of Observation, and in 1776, he was elected to the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly, where he served with George Taylor. During the Revolutionary War, Deshler's properties in Northampton Town were used to produce munitions and manufacture, repair and store materials for the Continental Army.[14] In 1777, the Assembly appointed him one of four \"sub-lieutenants\" in charge of the county's military preparations. Deshler, who held the rank of colonel in the militia, was named a Commissioner of Purchases in February 1778, Assistant Forage Master in April 1780 and Assistant Commissary of Purchases in July 1780.[15]The war ended in 1783, and the next year Deshler was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly as a representative of Northampton County. In 1787, he served as a delegate to the state convention that ratified the federal Constitution. After completing his final term in the Assembly in 1788, he retired from public service. Deshler lived out his days at Biery's Port, where he died at the age of 62 on December 24, 1796.[14]","title":"House's first owners"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Taylor_House_Catasauqua_Late_1910s.png"},{"link_name":"Catasauqua, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catasauqua,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-16"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilcox-7"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catasauqua-17"}],"text":"1919 photograph of the George Taylor House in Catasauqua, PennsylvaniaDuring the 1800s, George Taylor's former house passed through various hands and was eventually acquired by Wahneta Silk Company, which built a mill in front of the house around 1890.[16] Meanwhile, the property was left to deteriorate for many years.In 1945, the Lehigh County Historical Society rescued the house, raising funds from its members for the acquisition and repairs.[7] Since then, the historical society has completed extensive restoration work.[17]","title":"1800's and 1900's"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Taylor_House_Plaque.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhlsum-2"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catasauqua-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sale-18"},{"link_name":"Lehigh County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Plaque recognizing the George Taylor House's designation as a National Historic Landmark in July 1971.On July 17, 1971, the George Taylor House was registered as a National Historic Landmark.[2] After a fire destroyed the former silk mill (then a furniture factory) in 1982, the society purchased the property and extended the front lawn to provide a park-like setting for the historic site.[17]In 2008, the society proposed selling the house to the Borough of Catasauqua for $250,000, stating \"We believe that they can do much more with the site than we can. We believe the highest and best use of the property is with the good people of Catasauqua because it can be used for so many community type events.\"[18]On May 5, 2013, as part of the Lehigh County Bicentennial celebration, a monument, designed by Jirair Youssefian of Vitetta Architects|Vitetta Architects & Engineers, was unveiled during a ceremony held on the front lawn of the house. The monument will serve as the base for a future statue of George Taylor, which is currently in the planning stages.[19]","title":"National Historic Landmark"}]
|
[{"image_text":"1919 photograph of the George Taylor House in Catasauqua, Pennsylvania","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/George_Taylor_House_Catasauqua_Late_1910s.png/260px-George_Taylor_House_Catasauqua_Late_1910s.png"},{"image_text":"Plaque recognizing the George Taylor House's designation as a National Historic Landmark in July 1971.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/George_Taylor_House_Plaque.jpg/260px-George_Taylor_House_Plaque.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"George Taylor House\". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606110452/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1136&ResourceType=Building","url_text":"\"George Taylor House\""},{"url":"http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1136&ResourceType=Building","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"George Taylor House - Got George?\". Borough of Catasauqua. Archived from the original on October 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141023151256/http://www.catasauquaborough.govoffice.com/index.asp?SEC=601A5ED2-8913-456E-8698-42934A66256A&Type=B_BASIC","url_text":"\"George Taylor House - Got George?\""},{"url":"http://www.catasauquaborough.govoffice.com/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC=601A5ED2-8913-456E-8698-42934A66256A","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Clark, Adam (February 5, 2012). \"Catasauqua's revolutionary connection\". The Morning Call.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.mcall.com/2012-02-25/news/mc-lehigh-county-bicentennial-taylor-house-20120225_1_catasauqua-revolutionary-leanings-iron-master/2","url_text":"\"Catasauqua's revolutionary connection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Morning_Call","url_text":"The Morning Call"}]},{"reference":"\"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress\". Retrieved August 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=T000076","url_text":"\"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress\""}]},{"reference":"Ely, Warren S. (1926). \"George Taylor, Signer of the Declaration of Independence\" (PDF). A Collection of Papers Read Before the Bucks County Historical Society. Meadville, Pennsylvania: Bucks County Historical Society. V: 100–112. Retrieved August 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://haygenealogy.com/hay/sources/gibson/HistoryofBucks-1926.pdf","url_text":"\"George Taylor, Signer of the Declaration of Independence\""}]},{"reference":"Wilcox, William J. (1946). \"The George Taylor House at Catasauqua: A Brief History and Statement Concerning a Noteworthy Acquisition\". 1946 Proceedings. Allentown, Pennsylvania: Lehigh County Historical Society: 47–51.","urls":[]},{"reference":"The Committee on Historical Research, Pennsylvania Society of the Colonial Dames of America (1914). Forges and Furnaces in the Province of Pennsylvania. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: New Era Printing Company. pp. 43–57.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Signers of the Declaration: Biographical Sketches\". Washington, DC: National Park Service. Retrieved August 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/declaration/bio.htm","url_text":"\"Signers of the Declaration: Biographical Sketches\""}]},{"reference":"Fackenthal, Benjamin Franklin (1926). \"The Homes of George Taylor\". A Collection of Papers Read Before the Bucks County Historical Society. Meadville, Pennsylvania: Bucks County Historical Society. V: 112–133. Retrieved January 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/homesofgeorgetay01fack/page/10/mode/2up","url_text":"\"The Homes of George Taylor\""}]},{"reference":"Bell, Jr., Whitfield J. (1999). Patriot-Improvers: Biographical Sketches of Members of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 2, 1768. Philadelphia: American Philosophical society. ISBN 9780871692276. Retrieved August 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UzoLAAAAIAAJ&q=john-benezet+philadelphia&pg=PA245","url_text":"Patriot-Improvers: Biographical Sketches of Members of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 2, 1768"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871692276","url_text":"9780871692276"}]},{"reference":"Pennsylvania Archives: Proceedings of the Convention for the Province of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: William and Thomas Bradford. 1775. Retrieved September 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=LIs1AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&authuser=0&hl=en","url_text":"Pennsylvania Archives: Proceedings of the Convention for the Province of Pennsylvania"}]},{"reference":"Hayden, Rev. Horace Edwin (1903). \"The Reminiscences of David Hayfield Conyngham, 1750–1834 of the Revolutionary House of Conyngham and Nesbitt\". Proceedings and Collections of the Wyoming Historical and Geological Society for the Years 1902–1903. Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania: E.B. Yordy Co. Retrieved August 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eDAVp7nOFQwC&q=john-benezet+merchant+philadelphia+1775&pg=PA211","url_text":"\"The Reminiscences of David Hayfield Conyngham, 1750–1834 of the Revolutionary House of Conyngham and Nesbitt\""}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Charles R. (1908). \"Revolutionary Patriots of Allentown and Vicinity\". 1908 Proceedings. Allentown, Pennsylvania: Lehigh County Historical Society: 200–201.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kohl, Helen Wittman; Kohl, John Young (1946). \"Colonel David Deshler Allentown's First Citizen\". 1946 Proceedings. Allentown, Pennsylvania: Lehigh County Historical Society: 9–46.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fox, Martha Capwell (2002). Catasauqua and North Catasauqua. Mount Pleasant, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 9780738511030. Retrieved August 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PhqckVeEBjoC&q=lehigh-county+silk+catasauqua&pg=PA18","url_text":"Catasauqua and North Catasauqua"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738511030","url_text":"9780738511030"}]},{"reference":"\"Biery's Port: George Taylor Home\". Historic Catasauqua Preservation Association website. Retrieved January 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://historiccatasauquahcpa.org/historic-district-bierys-port/","url_text":"\"Biery's Port: George Taylor Home\""}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Kurt Beldon (March 26, 2008). \"Is timing right for Catasauqua to buy historic landmark? ** Borough may give George Taylor House its \"best use,' but recession may hurt chances\". The Morning Call. pp. B.4. ProQuest 393299868.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Morning_Call","url_text":"The Morning Call"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/393299868","url_text":"393299868"}]},{"reference":"Cmil, Paul (May 16, 2013). \"Monument is unveiled at historic house\". www.thelehighvalleypress.com. Retrieved February 18, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://catasauqua.thelehighvalleypress.com/2013/05/16/monument-unveiled-historic-house","url_text":"\"Monument is unveiled at historic house\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_speech_on_the_assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King,_Jr.
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Robert F. Kennedy's speech on the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
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["1 Earlier that day","2 Summary of Indianapolis speech","3 Aftermath","4 Legacy","5 Film","6 Notes","7 References","8 Works cited","9 External links"]
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Coordinates: 39°47′27″N 86°8′47″W / 39.79083°N 86.14639°W / 39.79083; -86.146391968 speech by U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy
For RFK's prepared, formal response to the assassination, see On the Mindless Menace of Violence.
Robert F. Kennedy giving his speech
Audio of the speech
Problems playing this file? See media help.
On April 4, 1968, United States Senator Robert F. Kennedy of New York delivered an improvised speech several hours after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Kennedy, who was campaigning to earn the Democratic Party's presidential nomination, made his remarks while in Indianapolis, Indiana, after speaking at two Indiana universities earlier in the day. Before boarding a plane to attend campaign rallies in Indianapolis, he learned that King had been shot in Memphis, Tennessee. Upon arrival, Kennedy was informed that King had died. His own brother, John Fitzgerald Kennedy had been assassinated on November 22, 1963. Robert F. Kennedy would be also assassinated two months after this speech, while campaigning for presidential nomination at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, California.
Despite fears of riots and concerns for his safety, Kennedy went ahead with plans to attend a rally at 17th and Broadway in the heart of Indianapolis's African-American ghetto. That evening he addressed the crowd, many of whom had not heard about King's assassination. Instead of the rousing campaign speech they expected, Kennedy offered brief, impassioned remarks for peace that are considered to be one of the great public addresses of the modern era.
Earlier that day
During his speeches at the University of Notre Dame in South Bend and at Ball State University in Muncie, Indiana, Kennedy focused on domestic issues, the Vietnam War, and racism. At Notre Dame's Stepan Center, a crowd of approximately 5,000 heard Kennedy speak on poverty in America and the need for better-paying jobs. When asked about draft laws, Kennedy called them "unjust and inequitable" and argued to end college deferments on the basis that they discriminated against those who could not afford a college education. His speech at Ball State was well received by more than 9,000 students, faculty, and community members. One African-American student raised a question to Kennedy that seems almost a premonition of the speech to come later that night after the horrific events of the day. The student asked, "Your speech implies that you are placing a great deal of faith in white America. Is that faith justified?" Kennedy answered "Yes" and added that "faith in black America is justified, too" although he said there "are extremists on both sides." Before boarding a plane to fly to Indianapolis, Kennedy learned that Martin Luther King Jr. had been shot. On the plane, Kennedy told a reporter "You know, it grieves me. . . that I just told that kid this and then walk out and find that some white man has just shot their spiritual leader." Kennedy did not learn that King was dead until his plane landed in Indianapolis. According to reporter John J. Lindsay, Kennedy "seemed to shrink back as though struck physically" and put his hands to his face, saying "Oh, God. When is this violence going to stop?"
In Indianapolis the news of King's death caused concern among representatives from Kennedy's campaign and city officials, who feared for his safety and the possibility of a riot. After talking with reporters at the Indianapolis airport, Kennedy canceled a stop at his campaign headquarters and continued on to the rally site, where a crowd had gathered to hear him speak. Both Frank Mankiewicz, Kennedy's press secretary, and speechwriter Adam Walinsky drafted notes immediately before the rally for Kennedy's use, but Kennedy refused Walinsky's notes, instead using some that he had likely written on the ride over; Mankiewicz arrived after Kennedy had already begun to speak. The Indianapolis chief of police warned Kennedy that the police could not provide adequate protection for the senator if the crowd were to riot, but Kennedy decided to go speak to the crowd regardless. Standing on a podium mounted on a flatbed truck, Kennedy spoke for just four minutes and fifty-seven seconds.
Summary of Indianapolis speech
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Speech on the Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
Kennedy began his speech by announcing that King had been killed. He was the first to publicly inform the audience of King's assassination, causing members of the audience to scream and wail in disbelief. Several of Kennedy's aides were worried that the delivery of this information would result in a riot. Once the audience quieted down, Kennedy spoke of the threat of disillusion and divisiveness at King's death and reminded the audience of King's efforts to "replace that violence, that stain of bloodshed that has spread across our land, with an effort to understand with compassion and love." Kennedy acknowledged that many in the audience would be filled with anger, especially since the assassin was believed to be a white man. He empathized with the audience by referring to the assassination of his brother, United States President John F. Kennedy, by a white man. The remarks surprised Kennedy aides, who had never heard him speak of his brother's death in public. Quoting the ancient Greek playwright Aeschylus, with whom he had become acquainted through his brother's widow, Jacqueline Kennedy, Kennedy said, "Even in our sleep, pain which cannot forget falls drop by drop upon the heart until, in our own despair, against our will, comes wisdom through the awful grace of God."
Kennedy then delivered one of his best-remembered remarks: "What we need in the United States is not division; what we need in the United States is not hatred; what we need in the United States is not violence or lawlessness, but is love and wisdom, and compassion toward one another, and a feeling of justice towards those who still suffer within our country, whether they be white or whether they be black." To conclude, Kennedy reiterated his belief that the country needed and wanted unity between blacks and whites and encouraged the country to "dedicate ourselves to what the Greeks wrote so many years ago: to tame the savageness of man and to make gentle the life of this world." He finished by asking the audience members to pray "for our country and for our people." Rather than exploding in anger at the tragic news of King's death, the crowd exploded in applause and enthusiasm for a second time, before dispersing quietly.
Aftermath
RFK's memorial in Arlington National Cemetery incorporates parts of the speech
Despite the fact the crowd which Kennedy spoke to in Indianapolis was only estimated to be 2,500 people, the speech was credited with boosting his image in the state of Indiana. Indianapolis remained calm that night, which is believed to have been in part because of the speech. In stark contrast to Indianapolis, riots erupted in more than one hundred U.S. cities including Chicago, New York City, Boston, Detroit, Oakland, Pittsburgh, and Baltimore, killing 35 and injuring more than 2,500. Across the country, approximately 70,000 army and National Guard troops were called out to restore order. William Crawford, a member of the Black Radical Action Project who had stood about 20 feet from Kennedy, credited Kennedy's speech for not resulting in riots. Crawford claimed to the Indianapolis Star in 2015 "Look at all those other cities" and "I believe it would have gone that way (in Indianapolis) had not Bobby Kennedy given those remarks."
The following day, Kennedy gave a prepared, formal response, "On the Mindless Menace of Violence", in Cleveland, Ohio. It addressed themes that he had alluded to in the Indianapolis speech.
Robert F. Kennedy himself was assassinated two months later on June 5, 1968.
Legacy
The speech itself has been listed as one of the greatest in American history, ranked 17th by communications scholars in a survey of 20th century American speeches. Former U.S. Congressman and media host Joe Scarborough said that it was Kennedy's greatest speech and was what prompted Scarborough to enter public service. Journalist Joe Klein has called it "politics in its grandest form and highest purpose" and said that it "marked the end of an era" before American political life was taken over by consultants and pollsters. It is also recounted in the prologue of his book, Politics Lost.
The Landmark for Peace Memorial, installed in 1995 in the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Park near the site where the speech took place in Indianapolis, includes sculptures of King and Kennedy.
In 2018, the audio of the speech was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
Film
A Ripple of Hope, a documentary on the speech and the events surrounding it, was produced by Covenant Productions at Anderson University and released in 2008. It includes interviews with associates of Kennedy and members of the audience.
The speech was performed verbatim by Linus Roache in the 2002 film RFK.
Notes
^ Preparing his notes without reference books, recalling the quote from memory, Kennedy slightly misquoted a passage from Edith Hamilton's translation of Aeschylus's Agamemnon. Professor Christopher S. Morrissey wrote that it is unknown "whether he misquoted deliberately, fortuitously, or infelicitously".
References
^ Klein, Joe. (2006). Politics Lost: How American Democracy Was Trivialized By People Who Think You're Stupid. New York, Doubleday. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-385-51027-1.
^ Boomhower, Ray E. (2008). Robert F. Kennedy and the 1968 Indiana Primary. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. 2, 6. ISBN 978-0-253-35089-3.
^ Boomhower, p. 3.
^ a b c Boomhower, p. 64.
^ Boomower, p. 4.
^ a b John Straw, "RFK in Middletown," 2005.
^ Boomhower, p. 58.
^ a b Schlesinger Jr., Arthur M. (1978). Robert Kennedy and His Times. Vol. 2 (book club ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 913.
^ Klein, Politics Lost, pp. 3, 4.
^ a b c "RFK: Bending History". Scarborough Country. 2005-11-18. Archived from the original on 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
^ Klein, Politics Lost, pp. 1, 4.
^ a b Murphy 2009, p. 406.
^ Klein, Politics Lost, p. 5.
^ a b Klein, Joe. "Pssst! Who's behind the decline of politics? Consultants., Time, 2006-04-09. Retrieved 2007-11-17.
^ a b c d e Kennedy, Robert F. "Remarks on the Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr." (speech, Indianapolis, IN, 1968-04-04), American Rhetoric Online Speech Bank. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
^ a b Klein, Politics Lost, p. 6.
^ McConnell, Justine; Hall, Edith, eds. (2 June 2016). Ancient Greek Myth in World Fiction since 1989. Bloomsbury Studies in Classical Reception. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 249. ISBN 9781472579409.
^ Ramm, Benjamin (5 April 2018). "What King, Kennedy and Obama's Great Speeches Have in Common ?". Yerepouni Daily News. ProQuest 2021624332.
^ a b Boomhower, p. 68.
^ a b c Higgins, Will (April 2, 2015). "April 4, 1968: How RFK saved Indianapolis". The Indianapolis Star. Retrieved August 30, 2020.
^ Statement of Mayor Bart Peterson 2006-04-04 press release
^ Thomas, Evan (2000). Robert Kennedy: His Life. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 368. ISBN 0-684-83480-4.
^ "Top 100 American Speeches of the 20th Century". Retrieved 2009-08-30.
^ Klein, Politics Lost, prologue.
^ Boomhower, p. 2.
^ Andrews, Travis M. (March 20, 2019). "Jay-Z, a speech by Sen. Robert F. Kennedy and 'Schoolhouse Rock!' among recordings deemed classics by Library of Congress". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
^ "Ripple of Hope". Anderson University. Archived from the original on August 27, 2008. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
Works cited
Murphy, John M. (June 5, 2009). ""A time of shame and sorrow": Robert F. Kennedy and the American jeremiad". Quarterly Journal of Speech. 76 (4): 401–414. doi:10.1080/00335639009383933.
External links
Text, Audio, Video Excerpt of Speech
vteRobert F. KennedyNovember 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968
64th United States Attorney General, 1961–1964
United States senator from New York, 1965–1968
Life
1948 Palestine visit
Senate Committee investigation of Labor and Management
Cuban Missile Crisis
ExComm
Civil rights
Freedom Riders
Voter Education Project
Baldwin–Kennedy meeting
1964 Democratic National Convention
Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation
Mississippi Delta tour
Kennedy Compound
Hickory Hill home
Electoral
1964 U.S. Senate election
1968 presidential campaign
primaries
Boiler Room Girls
Speeches
Law Day Address (1961)
Day of Affirmation Address (1966)
Conflict in Vietnam and at Home (1968)
University of Kansas (1968)
Ball State (1968)
On the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. (1968)
"On the Mindless Menace of Violence" (1968)
Books
The Enemy Within (1960)
The Pursuit of Justice (1964)
To Seek a Newer World (1967)
Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis (1969)
Assassination
Sirhan Sirhan
Ambassador Hotel
Conspiracy theories
Gravesite
Legacy andmemorials
Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building
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Human Rights Award
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Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium
Brooklyn Memorial
Landmark for Peace Memorial
Kennedy–King College
Robert F. Kennedy Community Schools
Robert F. Kennedy Bridge
Popularculture
Robert F. Kennedy in media
Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment (1963 documentary)
Robert Kennedy Remembered (1968 documentary)
"Abraham, Martin and John" (1968 song)
The Missiles of October (1974 docudrama)
Kennedy (1983 miniseries)
Blood Feud (1983 film)
Prince Jack (1985 film)
Robert Kennedy and His Times (1985 miniseries)
Hoover vs. The Kennedys (1987 miniseries)
Thirteen Days (2000 film)
RFK (2002 film)
Bobby (2006 film)
RFK Must Die (2007 documentary)
The Kennedys (2011 miniseries)
Ethel (2012 documentary)
Killing Kennedy (2013 film)
Jackie (2016 film)
Bobby Kennedy for President (2018 miniseries)
Family,family tree
Ethel Skakel (wife)
Kathleen Kennedy (daughter)
Joseph Patrick Kennedy (son)
Robert F. Kennedy Jr. (son)
Michael LeMoyne Kennedy (son)
Kerry Kennedy (daughter)
Christopher G. Kennedy (son)
Max Kennedy (son)
Douglas Harriman Kennedy (son)
Rory Kennedy (daughter)
Maeve Kennedy McKean (granddaughter)
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presidency)
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Category
39°47′27″N 86°8′47″W / 39.79083°N 86.14639°W / 39.79083; -86.14639
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KennedyFor RFK's prepared, formal response to the assassination, see On the Mindless Menace of Violence.Robert F. Kennedy giving his speechAudio of the speech\n\n\nProblems playing this file? See media help.On April 4, 1968, United States Senator Robert F. Kennedy of New York delivered an improvised speech several hours after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Kennedy, who was campaigning to earn the Democratic Party's presidential nomination, made his remarks while in Indianapolis, Indiana, after speaking at two Indiana universities earlier in the day.[1][2] Before boarding a plane to attend campaign rallies in Indianapolis, he learned that King had been shot in Memphis, Tennessee. Upon arrival, Kennedy was informed that King had died.[3] His own brother, John Fitzgerald Kennedy had been assassinated on November 22, 1963. Robert F. Kennedy would be also assassinated two months after this speech, while campaigning for presidential nomination at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, California.Despite fears of riots and concerns for his safety, Kennedy went ahead with plans to attend a rally at 17th and Broadway in the heart of Indianapolis's African-American ghetto.[4] That evening he addressed the crowd, many of whom had not heard about King's assassination. Instead of the rousing campaign speech they expected, Kennedy offered brief, impassioned remarks for peace that are considered to be one of the great public addresses of the modern era.[5]","title":"Robert F. 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When asked about draft laws, Kennedy called them \"unjust and inequitable\" and argued to end college deferments on the basis that they discriminated against those who could not afford a college education.[7] His speech at Ball State was well received by more than 9,000 students, faculty, and community members. One African-American student raised a question to Kennedy that seems almost a premonition of the speech to come later that night after the horrific events of the day. The student asked, \"Your speech implies that you are placing a great deal of faith in white America. Is that faith justified?\" Kennedy answered \"Yes\" and added that \"faith in black America is justified, too\" although he said there \"are extremists on both sides.\"[6] Before boarding a plane to fly to Indianapolis, Kennedy learned that Martin Luther King Jr. had been shot. 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When is this violence going to stop?\"[8]In Indianapolis the news of King's death caused concern among representatives from Kennedy's campaign and city officials, who feared for his safety and the possibility of a riot.[4] After talking with reporters at the Indianapolis airport, Kennedy canceled a stop at his campaign headquarters and continued on to the rally site, where a crowd had gathered to hear him speak.[4] Both Frank Mankiewicz, Kennedy's press secretary, and speechwriter Adam Walinsky drafted notes immediately before the rally for Kennedy's use, but Kennedy refused Walinsky's notes, instead using some that he had likely written on the ride over; Mankiewicz arrived after Kennedy had already begun to speak.[9] The Indianapolis chief of police warned Kennedy that the police could not provide adequate protection for the senator if the crowd were to riot,[10] but Kennedy decided to go speak to the crowd regardless. Standing on a podium mounted on a flatbed truck, Kennedy spoke for just four minutes and fifty-seven seconds.[11]","title":"Earlier that day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"Speech on the Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Speech_on_the_Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King,_Jr."},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy2009406-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klein-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-speech-15"},{"link_name":"assassination of his brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"United States President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"white man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klein6-16"},{"link_name":"Aeschylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschylus"},{"link_name":"[Note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klein6-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-speech-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-speech-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-speech-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-speech-15"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boom68-20"}],"text":"Wikisource has original text related to this article:\nSpeech on the Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.Kennedy began his speech by announcing that King had been killed.[12] He was the first to publicly inform the audience of King's assassination, causing members of the audience to scream and wail in disbelief.[13] Several of Kennedy's aides were worried that the delivery of this information would result in a riot.[14] Once the audience quieted down, Kennedy spoke of the threat of disillusion and divisiveness at King's death and reminded the audience of King's efforts to \"replace that violence, that stain of bloodshed that has spread across our land, with an effort to understand with compassion and love.\"[15] Kennedy acknowledged that many in the audience would be filled with anger, especially since the assassin was believed to be a white man. He empathized with the audience by referring to the assassination of his brother, United States President John F. Kennedy, by a white man. The remarks surprised Kennedy aides, who had never heard him speak of his brother's death in public.[16] Quoting the ancient Greek playwright Aeschylus,[Note 1] with whom he had become acquainted through his brother's widow, Jacqueline Kennedy,[16] Kennedy said, \"Even in our sleep, pain which cannot forget falls drop by drop upon the heart until, in our own despair, against our will, comes wisdom through the awful grace of God.\"[15]Kennedy then delivered one of his best-remembered remarks: \"What we need in the United States is not division; what we need in the United States is not hatred; what we need in the United States is not violence or lawlessness, but is love and wisdom, and compassion toward one another, and a feeling of justice towards those who still suffer within our country, whether they be white or whether they be black.\"[15] To conclude, Kennedy reiterated his belief that the country needed and wanted unity between blacks and whites and encouraged the country to \"dedicate ourselves to what the Greeks wrote so many years ago: to tame the savageness of man and to make gentle the life of this world.\"[15] He finished by asking the audience members to pray \"for our country and for our people.\"[15] Rather than exploding in anger at the tragic news of King's death, the crowd exploded in applause and enthusiasm for a second time, before dispersing quietly.[19]","title":"Summary of Indianapolis speech"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Kennedy_Memorial.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arlington National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mlkboost-21"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scarborough-10"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_assassination_riots"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boom68-20"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mlkboost-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mlkboost-21"},{"link_name":"On the Mindless Menace of Violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Mindless_Menace_of_Violence"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy2009406-12"},{"link_name":"was assassinated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy"}],"text":"RFK's memorial in Arlington National Cemetery incorporates parts of the speechDespite the fact the crowd which Kennedy spoke to in Indianapolis was only estimated to be 2,500 people, the speech was credited with boosting his image in the state of Indiana.[20] Indianapolis remained calm that night, which is believed to have been in part because of the speech.[10][21] In stark contrast to Indianapolis, riots erupted in more than one hundred U.S. cities including Chicago, New York City, Boston, Detroit, Oakland, Pittsburgh, and Baltimore, killing 35 and injuring more than 2,500. Across the country, approximately 70,000 army and National Guard troops were called out to restore order.[19][22] William Crawford, a member of the Black Radical Action Project who had stood about 20 feet from Kennedy, credited Kennedy's speech for not resulting in riots.[20] Crawford claimed to the Indianapolis Star in 2015 \"Look at all those other cities\" and \"I believe it would have gone that way (in Indianapolis) had not Bobby Kennedy given those remarks.\"[20]The following day, Kennedy gave a prepared, formal response, \"On the Mindless Menace of Violence\", in Cleveland, Ohio. It addressed themes that he had alluded to in the Indianapolis speech.[12]Robert F. Kennedy himself was assassinated two months later on June 5, 1968.","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_history"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Joe Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Scarborough"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scarborough-10"},{"link_name":"Joe Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Klein"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klein-14"},{"link_name":"Politics Lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_Lost"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Landmark for Peace Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmark_for_Peace_Memorial"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"National Recording Registry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Recording_Registry"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"The speech itself has been listed as one of the greatest in American history, ranked 17th by communications scholars in a survey of 20th century American speeches.[23] Former U.S. Congressman and media host Joe Scarborough said that it was Kennedy's greatest speech and was what prompted Scarborough to enter public service.[10] Journalist Joe Klein has called it \"politics in its grandest form and highest purpose\" and said that it \"marked the end of an era\" before American political life was taken over by consultants and pollsters.[14] It is also recounted in the prologue of his book, Politics Lost.[24]The Landmark for Peace Memorial, installed in 1995 in the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Park near the site where the speech took place in Indianapolis, includes sculptures of King and Kennedy.[25]In 2018, the audio of the speech was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry for being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\".[26]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anderson University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_University_(Indiana)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rippleofhopemovie-28"},{"link_name":"Linus Roache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Roache"},{"link_name":"RFK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFK_(film)"}],"text":"A Ripple of Hope, a documentary on the speech and the events surrounding it, was produced by Covenant Productions at Anderson University and released in 2008.[27] It includes interviews with associates of Kennedy and members of the audience.The speech was performed verbatim by Linus Roache in the 2002 film RFK.","title":"Film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Edith Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Agamemnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oresteia#Agamemnon"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"^ Preparing his notes without reference books, recalling the quote from memory, Kennedy slightly misquoted a passage from Edith Hamilton's translation of Aeschylus's Agamemnon.[17] Professor Christopher S. Morrissey wrote that it is unknown \"whether he misquoted deliberately, fortuitously, or infelicitously\".[18]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/00335639009383933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F00335639009383933"}],"text":"Murphy, John M. (June 5, 2009). \"\"A time of shame and sorrow\": Robert F. Kennedy and the American jeremiad\". Quarterly Journal of Speech. 76 (4): 401–414. doi:10.1080/00335639009383933.","title":"Works cited"}]
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[{"image_text":"Robert F. Kennedy giving his speech","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/RFK_speech_on_MLK.png/220px-RFK_speech_on_MLK.png"},{"image_text":"RFK's memorial in Arlington National Cemetery incorporates parts of the speech","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Robert_Kennedy_Memorial.jpg/660px-Robert_Kennedy_Memorial.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Robert_F_Kennedy_crop.jpg/90px-Robert_F_Kennedy_crop.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Boomhower, Ray E. (2008). Robert F. Kennedy and the 1968 Indiana Primary. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. 2, 6. ISBN 978-0-253-35089-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35089-3","url_text":"978-0-253-35089-3"}]},{"reference":"Schlesinger Jr., Arthur M. (1978). Robert Kennedy and His Times. Vol. 2 (book club ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 913.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"RFK: Bending History\". Scarborough Country. 2005-11-18. Archived from the original on 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2009-08-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071025062559/http://www.joescarborough.com/view.asp?ID=31","url_text":"\"RFK: Bending History\""},{"url":"http://www.joescarborough.com/view.asp?ID=31","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McConnell, Justine; Hall, Edith, eds. (2 June 2016). Ancient Greek Myth in World Fiction since 1989. Bloomsbury Studies in Classical Reception. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 249. ISBN 9781472579409.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Hall","url_text":"Hall, Edith"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dnGQCwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Ancient Greek Myth in World Fiction since 1989"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472579409","url_text":"9781472579409"}]},{"reference":"Ramm, Benjamin (5 April 2018). \"What King, Kennedy and Obama's Great Speeches Have in Common ?\". Yerepouni Daily News. ProQuest 2021624332.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/2021624332","url_text":"2021624332"}]},{"reference":"Higgins, Will (April 2, 2015). \"April 4, 1968: How RFK saved Indianapolis\". The Indianapolis Star. Retrieved August 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indystar.com/story/life/2015/04/02/april-rfk-saved-indianapolis/70817218/","url_text":"\"April 4, 1968: How RFK saved Indianapolis\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Evan (2000). Robert Kennedy: His Life. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 368. ISBN 0-684-83480-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/robertkennedyhis00thom_0/page/368","url_text":"Robert Kennedy: His Life"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/robertkennedyhis00thom_0/page/368","url_text":"368"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-83480-4","url_text":"0-684-83480-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 American Speeches of the 20th Century\". Retrieved 2009-08-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/007256296x/77464/top100_only.html","url_text":"\"Top 100 American Speeches of the 20th Century\""}]},{"reference":"Andrews, Travis M. (March 20, 2019). \"Jay-Z, a speech by Sen. Robert F. Kennedy and 'Schoolhouse Rock!' among recordings deemed classics by Library of Congress\". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/jay-z-a-speech-by-sen-robert-f-kennedy-and-schoolhouse-rock-among-recordings-deemed-classics-by-library-of-congress/2019/03/19/f7eb08ea-4a58-11e9-9663-00ac73f49662_story.html?","url_text":"\"Jay-Z, a speech by Sen. Robert F. Kennedy and 'Schoolhouse Rock!' among recordings deemed classics by Library of Congress\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ripple of Hope\". Anderson University. Archived from the original on August 27, 2008. Retrieved August 13, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080827122352/http://www.rippleofhopemovie.com/","url_text":"\"Ripple of Hope\""},{"url":"http://www.rippleofhopemovie.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Murphy, John M. (June 5, 2009). \"\"A time of shame and sorrow\": Robert F. Kennedy and the American jeremiad\". Quarterly Journal of Speech. 76 (4): 401–414. doi:10.1080/00335639009383933.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00335639009383933","url_text":"10.1080/00335639009383933"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylhurst,_Oregon
|
Marylhurst, Oregon
|
["1 References"]
|
Coordinates: 45°24′04″N 122°39′04″W / 45.40111°N 122.65111°W / 45.40111; -122.65111Neighborhood in Lake Oswego, Oregon
Place in Oregon, United StatesMarylhurst, OregonSign at entrance to communityMarylhurst, OregonLocation within the state of OregonShow map of OregonMarylhurst, OregonMarylhurst, Oregon (the United States)Show map of the United StatesCoordinates: 45°24′04″N 122°39′04″W / 45.40111°N 122.65111°W / 45.40111; -122.65111CountryUnited StatesStateOregonCountyClackamasElevation151 ft (46 m)Time zoneUTC-8 (Pacific (PST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-7 (PDT)GNIS feature ID1158626
Marylhurst, Oregon is the location of a U.S. Post Office, ZIP Code 97036, in southern Lake Oswego, Oregon on the campus of Marylhurst University (closed in 2018).
Marylhurst, more commonly accepted, is the name of a neighborhood within the city of West Linn, Oregon southwest to the campus and is also the name of a residential development across from the campus, which officially is part of the Glenmorrie neighborhood of Lake Oswego, Oregon. It is located approximately eight miles south of Portland on Oregon Route 43 near the Willamette River.
References
^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Marylhurst, Oregon
^ MARYLHURST — Post Office™
^ City of West Linn Neighborhood Map
^ City of Lake Oswego Neighborhood Map
vteMunicipalities and communities of Clackamas County, Oregon, United StatesCounty seat: Oregon CityCities
Barlow
Canby
Estacada
Gladstone
Happy Valley
Johnson City
Lake Oswego‡
Milwaukie‡
Molalla
Oregon City
Portland‡
Rivergrove‡
Sandy
Tualatin‡
West Linn
Wilsonville‡
Clackamas County mapHamlets
Beavercreek
Molalla Prairie
Mount Hood Villages
Mulino
Stafford
CDPs
Boring
Damascus
Government Camp
Jennings Lodge
Oak Grove
Oatfield
Rhododendron
Othercommunities
Barton
Brightwood
Bull Run
Carus
Carver
Cazadero
Cherryville
Clackamas
Colton
Cottrell
Eagle Creek
Faubion
Jean
Kelso
Ladd Hill
Lakewood
Liberal
Logan
Lone Elder
Macksburg
Marmot
Marquam
Marylhurst
Milwaukie Heights
Mountain Air Park
Needy
New Era
Redland
Ripplebrook
Riverside
Shadowood
Springwater
Sunnyside
Welches
Wemme
Wildwood
Yoder
Zigzag
Indian reservation
Warm Springs Indian Reservation‡
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Oregon portal
United States portal
This Clackamas County, Oregon state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Post Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office"},{"link_name":"ZIP Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIP_Code"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lake Oswego, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Oswego,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Marylhurst University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylhurst_University"},{"link_name":"West Linn, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Linn,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Lake Oswego, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Oswego,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Oregon Route 43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Route_43"},{"link_name":"Willamette River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_River"}],"text":"Neighborhood in Lake Oswego, OregonPlace in Oregon, United StatesMarylhurst, Oregon is the location of a U.S. Post Office, ZIP Code 97036,[2] in southern Lake Oswego, Oregon on the campus of Marylhurst University (closed in 2018).Marylhurst, more commonly accepted, is the name of a neighborhood within the city of West Linn, Oregon southwest to the campus[3] and is also the name of a residential development across from the campus, which officially is part of the Glenmorrie neighborhood of Lake Oswego, Oregon.[4] It is located approximately eight miles south of Portland on Oregon Route 43 near the Willamette River.","title":"Marylhurst, Oregon"}]
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[{"image_text":"Clackamas County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Map_of_Oregon_highlighting_Clackamas_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Oregon_highlighting_Clackamas_County.svg.png"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Marylhurst,_Oregon¶ms=45_24_04_N_122_39_04_W_type:city_region:US-OR","external_links_name":"45°24′04″N 122°39′04″W / 45.40111°N 122.65111°W / 45.40111; -122.65111"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Marylhurst,_Oregon¶ms=45_24_04_N_122_39_04_W_type:city_region:US-OR","external_links_name":"45°24′04″N 122°39′04″W / 45.40111°N 122.65111°W / 45.40111; -122.65111"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1158626","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Marylhurst, Oregon"},{"Link":"https://tools.usps.com/find-location.htm?location=1372056","external_links_name":"MARYLHURST — Post Office™"},{"Link":"http://westlinnoregon.gov/files/gis/neighborhood/a_neighbor_web_2009.pdf","external_links_name":"City of West Linn Neighborhood Map"},{"Link":"http://www.ci.oswego.or.us/engineer/maps/NA_AP/LONeighborhoodAssociationsWebMap.pdf","external_links_name":"City of Lake Oswego Neighborhood Map"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marylhurst,_Oregon&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George,_Minnesota
|
St. George, Minnesota
|
["1 References"]
|
Coordinates: 44°23′22″N 94°31′57″W / 44.38944°N 94.53250°W / 44.38944; -94.53250
Unincorporated community in Minnesota, United StatesSt. GeorgeUnincorporated communitySt. GeorgeLocation of the community of St. Georgewithin West Newton Township, Nicollet CountyShow map of MinnesotaSt. GeorgeSt. George (the United States)Show map of the United StatesCoordinates: 44°23′22″N 94°31′57″W / 44.38944°N 94.53250°W / 44.38944; -94.53250CountryUnited StatesStateMinnesotaCountyNicolletTownshipWest Newton TownshipElevation984 ft (300 m)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code56073Area code507GNIS feature ID654924
St. George is an unincorporated community in West Newton Township, Nicollet County, Minnesota, United States, near New Ulm. The community is located near the junction of Nicollet County Roads 5 and 16.
A post office called Saint George was established in 1894, and remained in operation until 1904.
References
^ "St. George, Minnesota". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
^ "Nicollet County". Jim Forte Postal History. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Nicollet County, Minnesota, United StatesCounty seat: St. PeterCities
Courtland
Lafayette
Mankato‡
Nicollet
North Mankato‡
St. Peter
Map of Minnesota highlighting Nicollet CountyTownships
Belgrade
Bernadotte
Brighton
Courtland
Granby
Lafayette
Lake Prairie
New Sweden
Nicollet
Oshawa
Ridgely
Traverse
West Newton
Unincorporatedcommunities
Bernadotte
Klossner
New Sweden
Norseland
North Star
Oshawa
St. George
Traverse
Ghost town
West Newton
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Minnesota portal
United States portal
This article about a location in Nicollet County, Minnesota is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"West Newton Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Newton_Township,_Nicollet_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Nicollet County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicollet_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"New Ulm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Ulm,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in Minnesota, United StatesSt. George is an unincorporated community in West Newton Township, Nicollet County, Minnesota, United States, near New Ulm. The community is located near the junction of Nicollet County Roads 5 and 16.A post office called Saint George was established in 1894, and remained in operation until 1904.[2]","title":"St. George, Minnesota"}]
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[{"image_text":"Map of Minnesota highlighting Nicollet County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Nicollet_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Nicollet_County.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"St. George, Minnesota\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/654924","url_text":"\"St. George, Minnesota\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Nicollet County\". Jim Forte Postal History. Retrieved July 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=MN&county=Nicollet","url_text":"\"Nicollet County\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St._George,_Minnesota¶ms=44_23_22_N_94_31_57_W_region:US-MN_type:city","external_links_name":"44°23′22″N 94°31′57″W / 44.38944°N 94.53250°W / 44.38944; -94.53250"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St._George,_Minnesota¶ms=44_23_22_N_94_31_57_W_region:US-MN_type:city","external_links_name":"44°23′22″N 94°31′57″W / 44.38944°N 94.53250°W / 44.38944; -94.53250"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/654924","external_links_name":"\"St. George, Minnesota\""},{"Link":"http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=MN&county=Nicollet","external_links_name":"\"Nicollet County\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._George,_Minnesota&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonneville,_Namur
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Bonneville, Namur
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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Place in Wallonia, BelgiumBonneville
Bounveye (Walloon)BonnevilleBonnevilleShow map of BelgiumBonnevilleShow map of EuropeCoordinates: 50°28′12″N 05°01′12″E / 50.47000°N 5.02000°E / 50.47000; 5.02000Country BelgiumRegion WalloniaProvince NamurMunicipality Andenne
Bonneville (Walloon: Bounveye) is a village of Wallonia and a district of the municipality of Andenne, located in the province of Namur, Belgium.
The village church, dedicated to Saint Fermin, is a Romanesque building from the 11th century. Bonneville Castle is located in the village.
References
^ Menne, Gilbert, ed. (2014). Le grand guide de Wallonie et de Bruxelles. Brussels: Racine. p. 38. ISBN 978 94 014 1418 0.
External links
Media related to Bonneville (Belgium) at Wikimedia Commons
This Namur Province location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walloon_language"},{"link_name":"Wallonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonia"},{"link_name":"Andenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andenne"},{"link_name":"province of Namur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namur_Province"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Fermin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermin"},{"link_name":"Romanesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecture"},{"link_name":"Bonneville Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonneville_Castle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grguide-1"}],"text":"Bonneville (Walloon: Bounveye) is a village of Wallonia and a district of the municipality of Andenne, located in the province of Namur, Belgium.The village church, dedicated to Saint Fermin, is a Romanesque building from the 11th century. Bonneville Castle is located in the village.[1]","title":"Bonneville, Namur"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Menne, Gilbert, ed. (2014). Le grand guide de Wallonie et de Bruxelles. Brussels: Racine. p. 38. ISBN 978 94 014 1418 0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978_94_014_1418_0","url_text":"978 94 014 1418 0"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bonneville,_Namur¶ms=50_28_12_N_05_01_12_E_type:city_region:BE-WAL","external_links_name":"50°28′12″N 05°01′12″E / 50.47000°N 5.02000°E / 50.47000; 5.02000"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bonneville,_Namur&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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