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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimis	Sabaayad	["1 History","2 References","3 See also","4 External links"]	Meal in Somalia and Djibouti SabayadAlternative namesKimisTypeFlatbreadCourseBreakfast or dinnerPlace of originGreater SomaliaRegion or stateGreater Somalia, within the Horn of AfricaMain ingredientsFlour, Water and Salt Sabayad, also known as kimis, is a square/rectangular flatbread eaten in Greater Somalia. History A very commonly served bread in Somali cuisine, sabayad is usually eaten during breakfast or dinner. It is made from a dough of plain flour, water and salt. It is rolled into rough squares and then briefly fried in a pan. However, the sabayad is mainly prepared in the traditional Somali way. References See also Paratha Msemen External links Sabayaad - Flatbread This bread-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This breakfast-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Somalia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This African cuisine–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flatbread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatbread"},{"link_name":"Greater Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Somalia"}],"text":"Sabayad, also known as kimis, is a square/rectangular flatbread eaten in Greater Somalia.","title":"Sabaayad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Somali cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_cuisine"},{"link_name":"breakfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakfast"},{"link_name":"dinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinner"},{"link_name":"flour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour"},{"link_name":"water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water"},{"link_name":"salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt"},{"link_name":"pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frying_pan"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"text":"A very commonly served bread in Somali cuisine, sabayad is usually eaten during breakfast or dinner. It is made from a dough of plain flour, water and salt. It is rolled into rough squares and then briefly fried in a pan. However, the sabayad is mainly prepared in the traditional Somali way.[clarification needed]","title":"History"}]	[]	[{"title":"Paratha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratha"},{"title":"Msemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Msemen"},{"title":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabaayad&action=edit&section=4"},{"title":"Sabayaad - Flatbread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mysomalifood.com/sabayad-flatbread/"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emoji_u1f35e.svg"},{"title":"bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread"},{"title":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"title":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabaayad&action=edit"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bread-stub"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Bread-stub"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bread-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fried_eggs.jpg"},{"title":"breakfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakfast"},{"title":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"title":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabaayad&action=edit"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Breakfast-stub"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Breakfast-stub"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Breakfast-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Somalia.svg"},{"title":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"title":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"title":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabaayad&action=edit"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Somalia-stub"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Somalia-stub"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Somalia-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_stub_icon.svg"},{"title":"African cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Africa"},{"title":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"title":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabaayad&action=edit"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Africa-cuisine-stub"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Africa-cuisine-stub"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa-cuisine-stub"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.mysomalifood.com/sabayad-flatbread/","external_links_name":"Sabayaad - Flatbread"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabaayad&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabaayad&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabaayad&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabaayad&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_legislature_of_the_French_Fifth_Republic	1981 French legislative election	["1 Results","1.1 7th National Assembly by Parliamentary Group","2 References"]	1981 French legislative election ← 1978 14 June and 21 June 1981 1986 → All 491 seats to the French National Assembly 246 seats were needed for a majorityTurnout70.3% ( 12.5 pp) (1st round) 74.5% ( 4.2 pp) (2nd round) Majority party Minority party Leader Pierre Mauroy Jacques Chirac Party PS RPR Leader's seat Nord Corrèze Last election 103 seats 148 seats Seats won 269 85 Seat change 166 63 Popular vote 9,432,362 (1st round) 9,198,332 (2nd round) 5,231,269 (1st round) 4,174,302 (2nd round) Percentage 37.52% (1st round)49.25% (2nd round) 20.81% (1st round) 22.35% (2nd round) Third party Fourth party Leader Jean Lecanuet Georges Marchais Party UDF PCF Leader's seat Seine-Maritime (Senator) none Last election 121 seats 86 seats Seats won 62 44 Seat change 59 42 Popular vote 4,827,437 (1st round) 3,489,363 (2nd round) 4,065,540 (1st round) 1,303,587 (2nd round) Percentage 19.20% (1st round) 18.68% (2nd round) 16.17% (1st round) 6.98% (2nd round) Prime Minister before election Raymond Barre UDF Elected Prime Minister Pierre Mauroy PS Politics of France Constitutions Fifth Republic Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Executive President (list) Emmanuel Macron (LREM) Prime Minister (list) Gabriel Attal (LREM) Government Attal Legislature National Assembly: Membership President: Yaël Braun-Pivet Senate President: Gérard Larcher Congress of the French Parliament Judiciary Constitutional Council Council of State Court of Cassation Court of Audit Cour de Justice de la République Administrative divisions Regions Metropolitan regions Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Brittany Centre-Val de Loire Corsica Grand Est Hauts-de-France Île-de-France Normandy Nouvelle-Aquitaine Occitania Pays de la Loire Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Overseas regions French Guiana Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte Réunion Overseas country French Polynesia Departments Elections Referendums Presidential Legislative Senate Municipal Political parties Foreign relations Africa Americas Asia France and the United Nations Foreign alliances Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs Politics of the European Union Related topics Centirism Human rights Political scandals France portal Other countries vte Legislative elections were held in France on 14 and 21 June 1981, to elect the seventh National Assembly of the Fifth Republic. On 10 May 1981 François Mitterrand was elected President of France. He became the first Socialist to win this post under universal suffrage. It was also the first occasion of alternance (between the right and the left) in government during the Fifth Republic. The new head of state nominated Pierre Mauroy to lead a Socialist cabinet. He then dissolved the National Assembly so that he could rely on a parliamentary majority. The left had lost the 1978 legislative election and the full term of the National Assembly would have expired in 1983. Knocked out after its defeat in the recent presidential election, the right campaigned against the concentration of the powers and the possible nomination of Communist ministers. Yet, it suffered from the economic crisis, the will for change amongst the electorate, and the rivalry between the RPR leader Jacques Chirac and the previous UDF President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. The formation of the Union for a New Majority appeared as a false reconciliation and so, had not convinced voters. Furthermore, as the French Communist Party (PCF) had been declining, and was no longer the dominant party of the Left, it did not seem to be a real danger. The Communist leaders were very disappointed by the result of their candidate, Georges Marchais, in the presidential election, and very worried by the legislative elections. During the presidential campaign, the PCF had denounced the "turn towards the right" of the Socialist Party (PS), in vain. It understood that Mitterrand was ready to win his bet, expressed in the 1972 Congress of the Socialist International, to capture 3 of the 5 million PCF voters. Perceiving the great hope of the left-wing voters after Mitterrand's election, Marchais signed a "contract of government" with the First Secretary of the PS Lionel Jospin. The Socialists achieved the biggest electoral success of their history. This result marked the triumph of Mitterrand's strategy. Like the Gaullist UDR in 1968, the PS obtained an absolute parliamentary majority. The Communist decline noted at the presidential election was confirmed. The PCF obtained its poorest result since 1936 and lost the half of its MPs, most of them to the PS. However, four Communists became members of Pierre Mauroy's government. This was the first PCF governmental participation since 1947. The two right-wing parliamentary parties lost the half of their seats too. This result earned the nickname "the pink wave" from the press. Results Parties and coalitions 1st round 2nd round Total seats Votes % Votes % Socialist Party (Parti socialiste) including the Movement of Left Radicals (Mouvement des radicaux de gauche) PS 9,432,362 37.52 9,198,332 49.25 283 (14 MRG) French Communist Party (Parti communiste français) PCF 4,065,540 16.17 1,303,587 6.98 44 Miscellaneous Left DVG 183,010 0.73 97,066 0.52 6 Total "Presidential Majority" (Left) 13,680,912 54.42 10,598,985 56.75 333 Rally for the Republic (Rassemblement pour la République) RPR 5,231,269 20.81 4,174,302 22.35 85 Union for French Democracy ( union pour la démocratie française) UDF 4,827,437 19.20 3,489,363 18.68 62 Miscellaneous Right DVD 704,788 2.80 408,861 2.19 11 (5 CNIP) Total "Union for a New Majority" (Right) 10,763,494 42.81 8,072,526 43.23 158 Far-Left 334,674 1.33 3,517 0.02 - Ecologists ECO 271,688 1.08 - - - National Front (Front national) FN 90,422 0.36 - - - Total 25,141,190 100.00 18,675,028 100.00 491 Abstention: 29.65% (1st round); 25.54% (2nd round) Popular vote (first round) PS 37.52% RPR 20.81% UDF 19.20% PCF 16.17% DVD 2.80% EXG 1.33% ECO 1.08% Others 1.09% Popular vote (second round) PS 49.25% RPR 22.35% UDF 18.68% PCF 6.98% DVD 2.19% Others 0.54% Seats won PS 57.64% RPR 17.31% UDF 12.63% PCF 8.96% DVD 2.24% DVG 1.22% 7th National Assembly by Parliamentary Group Group Members Caucusing Total Socialist Group 265 20 285 RPR Group 79 9 88 UDF Group 51 11 62 Communist Group 43 1 44 Non-Inscrits 12 0 12 Total: 450 41 491 References ^ "France" (PDF). Inter-Parliamentary Union. vte Elections and referendums in FrancePresidential 1848 1965 1969 1974 1981 1988 1995 2002 2007 2012 2017 2022 2027 Parliamentary 1789 1791 1792 1795 1797 1798 1799 1815 (May) 1815 (Aug) 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1824 1827 1830 1831 1834 1837 1839 1842 1846 1848 1849 1852 1857 1863 1869 1871 1876 1877 1881 1885 1889 1893 1898 1902 1906 1910 1914 1919 1924 1928 1932 1936 1945 1946 (Jun) 1946 (Nov) 1951 1956 1958 1962 1967 1968 1973 1978 1981 1986 1988 1993 1997 2002 2007 2012 2017 2022 2024 Regional 1986 1992 1998 2004 2010 2015 2017 2021 2028 Cantonal thendepartemental 1790 1791 1792 1795 1797 1798 1799 1801 1803 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1833 1836 1839 1842 1845 1848 1852 1854 1855 1856 1858 1860 1861 1862 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1874 1877 1880 1883 1886 1889 1892 1895 1898 1901 1904 1907 1910 1913 1919 1922 1925 1928 1931 1934 1937 1945 1949 1951 1955 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1992 1994 1998 2001 2004 2008 2011 2015 2021 2028 Arrondissement 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1833 1836 1839 1842 1845 1848 1852 1854 1855 1856 1858 1860 1861 1862 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1874 1877 1878 1880 1883 1886 1889 1892 1895 1898 1901 1904 1907 1910 1913 1919 1922 1925 1928 1931 1934 1937 Municipal 1790 1790–91 1791 1792 1795 1797 1798 1799 1801 1813 1815 1831 1834 1837 1840 1843 1845 1846 1848 1852 1855 1860 1865 1870 1871 (Mar) 1871 (Jul) 1874 1878 1881 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1919 1925 1929 1935 1945 1947 1953 1959 1965 1971 1977 1983 1989 1995 2001 2008 2014 2020 2026 Consular 2014 2021 2026 European 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 2024 2029 Referendums 1793 1795 1800 1802 1804 1815 1851 1852 1870 1945 1946 (May) 1946 (Oct) 1958 1961 1962 (Apr) 1962 (Oct) 1969 1972 1988 1992 2000 2005 See also: Indirect presidential and Senate elections Elections in French Polynesia New Caledonia Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_National_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Fifth Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic"},{"link_name":"François Mitterrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand"},{"link_name":"President of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_France"},{"link_name":"Fifth Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic"},{"link_name":"Pierre Mauroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Mauroy"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_National_Assembly"},{"link_name":"1978 legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_French_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_French_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"RPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic"},{"link_name":"Jacques Chirac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac"},{"link_name":"UDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_for_French_Democracy"},{"link_name":"Valéry Giscard d'Estaing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing"},{"link_name":"French Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Georges Marchais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Marchais"},{"link_name":"Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)"},{"link_name":"Socialist International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_International"},{"link_name":"Lionel Jospin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Jospin"},{"link_name":"Gaullist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaullist"}],"text":"Legislative elections were held in France on 14 and 21 June 1981,[1] to elect the seventh National Assembly of the Fifth Republic.On 10 May 1981 François Mitterrand was elected President of France. He became the first Socialist to win this post under universal suffrage. It was also the first occasion of alternance (between the right and the left) in government during the Fifth Republic.The new head of state nominated Pierre Mauroy to lead a Socialist cabinet. He then dissolved the National Assembly so that he could rely on a parliamentary majority. The left had lost the 1978 legislative election and the full term of the National Assembly would have expired in 1983.Knocked out after its defeat in the recent presidential election, the right campaigned against the concentration of the powers and the possible nomination of Communist ministers. Yet, it suffered from the economic crisis, the will for change amongst the electorate, and the rivalry between the RPR leader Jacques Chirac and the previous UDF President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. The formation of the Union for a New Majority appeared as a false reconciliation and so, had not convinced voters. Furthermore, as the French Communist Party (PCF) had been declining, and was no longer the dominant party of the Left, it did not seem to be a real danger.The Communist leaders were very disappointed by the result of their candidate, Georges Marchais, in the presidential election, and very worried by the legislative elections. During the presidential campaign, the PCF had denounced the \"turn towards the right\" of the Socialist Party (PS), in vain. It understood that Mitterrand was ready to win his bet, expressed in the 1972 Congress of the Socialist International, to capture 3 of the 5 million PCF voters. Perceiving the great hope of the left-wing voters after Mitterrand's election, Marchais signed a \"contract of government\" with the First Secretary of the PS Lionel Jospin.The Socialists achieved the biggest electoral success of their history. This result marked the triumph of Mitterrand's strategy. Like the Gaullist UDR in 1968, the PS obtained an absolute parliamentary majority. The Communist decline noted at the presidential election was confirmed. The PCF obtained its poorest result since 1936 and lost the half of its MPs, most of them to the PS. However, four Communists became members of Pierre Mauroy's government. This was the first PCF governmental participation since 1947. The two right-wing parliamentary parties lost the half of their seats too. This result earned the nickname \"the pink wave\" from the press.","title":"1981 French legislative election"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Composition_initiale_de_la_VIIe_l%C3%A9gislature_(juillet_1981).svg"}],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"7th National Assembly by Parliamentary Group","title":"Results"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Composition_initiale_de_la_VIIe_l%C3%A9gislature_%28juillet_1981%29.svg/360px-Composition_initiale_de_la_VIIe_l%C3%A9gislature_%28juillet_1981%29.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"France\" (PDF). Inter-Parliamentary Union.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/FRANCE_1980_1981_E.PDF","url_text":"\"France\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/FRANCE_1980_1981_E.PDF","external_links_name":"\"France\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escaut_(d%C3%A9partement)	Escaut (department)	["1 Administration","1.1 Prefects","1.2 General Secretaries","1.3 Subprefects of Andenarde","1.4 Subprefects of Eccloo","1.5 Subprefects of Gand","1.6 Subprefects of Sas-de-Gand","1.7 Subprefects of Termonde","2 References"]	Department of EscautDépartement de l'Escaut (French)Departement Schelde (Dutch)1795–1814 FlagEscaut and other annexed departmentsStatusDepartment of the French First Republic and the French First EmpireChef-lieuGhent51°3′N 3°44′E / 51.050°N 3.733°E / 51.050; 3.733Official languagesFrenchCommon languagesDutchHistorical eraFrench Revolutionary Wars• Creation 1 October 1795• Treaty of Paris, disestablished 30 May 1814 Area18123,570 km2 (1,380 sq mi)Population• 1789 583,059• 1799 594,617• 1800 602,072• 1812 636,438 Preceded by Succeeded by County of Flanders Generality Lands East Flanders Today part of Belgium Netherlands Escaut (French: , Dutch: Schelde) was a department of the French First Republic and French First Empire in present-day Belgium and Netherlands. It was named after the river Scheldt (Escô, Schelde), which is called the Escaut in French. It was created on 1 October 1795, when the Austrian Netherlands and the Prince-Bishopric of Liège were officially annexed by the French Republic. Before annexation by France, its territory was part of the County of Flanders and the Dutch Republic (Staats-Vlaanderen). The Chef-lieu of the department was Ghent (Gand in French). The department was subdivided into the following four arrondissements and cantons (as of 1812): Gand: Cruyshouthem, Deysne, Evergem, Gand (4 cantons), Loochristi, Nazareth, Nevèle, Oosterzeele, Sommergem and Waerschoot. Termonde: Alost (2 cantons), Beveren, Hamme, Lockeren, Saint-Gillis, Saint-Nicolas, Tamise, Termonde, Wetteren and Zèle. Eccloo: Assenède, Axel, Capryck, Eccloo, L'Écluse, Hulst, Oostbourg and Yzendick. Andernarde: Andernarde (2 cantons), Grammont, Herzèle, Maria-Hoorebecke, Niderbrakel, Ninove, Renaix and Sotteghem. After Napoleon was defeated in 1814, the department became part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Its territory corresponded with the present Belgian province of East Flanders and the Dutch region of Zeelandic Flanders. Administration Prefects The Prefect was the highest state representative in the department. Term start Term end Office holder 2 March 1800 18 September 1808 Guillaume Charles Faipoult de Maisoncelles 18 September 1808 12 March 1813 Frédéric-Christophe d'Houdetot 12 March 1813 23 March 1813 Jean François Marie Delaître 23 March 1813 30 May 1814 Napoléon Jean-Évangéliste Desmousseaux de Givré General Secretaries The General Secretary was the deputy to the Prefect. Term start Term end Office holder 23 May 1800 1 January 1801 Étienne Lehodey de Saultchevreuil 3 January 1801 5 July 1803 Claude Joachim Gréban de Saint Germain ?? ?? 1805 30 May 1814 P. Tinel Subprefects of Andenarde Term start Term end Office holder 1 May 1800 15 January 1809 Constantin Beyens 15 January 1809 30 May 1814 Joseph Charles Emmanuel Van Ertborn Subprefects of Eccloo This subprefecture was created in 1803, replacing Sas-de-Gand. Term start Term end Office holder 24 September 1803 30 May 1814 André Etienne Bazenerye Subprefects of Gand Until 1811, the Prefect also held the office of Subprefect of Gand. Term start Term end Office holder 14 January 1811 30 May 1814 Pierre Louis Joseph Servais van Gobbelschroy Subprefects of Sas-de-Gand This subprefecture was replaced by Eccloo in 1803. Term start Term end Office holder 1 June 1800 15 September 1800 Aubert 15 September 1800 26 November 1802 Robert 26 November 1802 14 January 1803 François Pierre Eversdyck 14 January 1803 24 September 1803 André Etienne Bazenerye Subprefects of Termonde Term start Term end Office holder 1 May 1800 30 May 1814 Alexandre François Devos d’Ersele References ^ a b Almanach Impérial. Imprimerie de Sa Majesté. 1812. p. 400. ^ a b c d Mémoire statistique du département de l'Escaut. Imprimerie de Sa Majesté. 1804. ^ Duvergier, Jean-Baptiste (1835). Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, réglemens et avis du Conseil d'état, t. 8. p. 300. ^ Archives Nationales. "FAIPOULT DE MAISONCELLES, Guillaume Charles". francearchives.fr. Retrieved 22 June 2019. ^ Archives Nationales. "HOUDETOT, Frédéric Christophe d'". francearchives.fr. Retrieved 22 June 2019. ^ Archives Nationales. "DELAITRE, Jean François Marie". francearchives.fr. Retrieved 22 June 2019. ^ Archives Nationales. "DESMOUSSEAUX DE GIVRÉ, Napoléon Jean-Évangéliste Émilien". francearchives.fr. Retrieved 22 June 2019. ^ BNF. "Étienne Lehodey de Saultchevreuil (1754-1830)". data.bnf.fr. Retrieved 5 July 2019. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Tulard, Jean & Marie-José (2014). Napoléon et 40 millions de sujets: La centralisation et le premier empire. p. 295. ISBN 9791021001480. vte Annexed departments of the French First Republic (1792–1804) and of the French First Empire (1804–1814)Ionian Islands Corcyre Ithaque Mer-Égée Austrian Netherlands Deux-Nèthes Dyle Escaut Forêts Jemmape Lys Meuse-Inférieure Ourthe Sambre-et-Meuse Old Swiss Confederacy Léman Mont-Terrible Simplon Kingdom of Holland Bouches-de-la-Meuse Bouches-de-l'Escaut Bouches-de-l'Yssel Bouches-du-Rhin Ems-Occidental Frise Yssel-Supérieur Zuyderzée Holy Roman Empire Bouches-de-l'Elbe Bouches-du-Weser Ems-Oriental Ems-Supérieur Lippe Mont-Tonnerre Rhin-et-Moselle Roer Sarre Italian states Alpes-Maritimes Apennins Arno Doire Gênes Marengo Méditerranée Mont-Blanc Montenotte Ombrone Pô Rome Sésia Stura Tanaro Taro Trasimène Kingdom of Spain Bouches-de-l'Èbre Montserrat / Bouches-de-l'Èbre-Montserrat Sègre Ter / Sègre-Ter Austrian Empire Illyrian Provinces (autonomous departments) Authority control databases: National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ɛsko]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"French First Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_First_Republic"},{"link_name":"French First Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_First_Empire"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Scheldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheldt"},{"link_name":"Austrian Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Prince-Bishopric of Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"County of 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Kingdom of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"East Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Zeelandic Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeelandic_Flanders"}],"text":"Escaut (French: [ɛsko], Dutch: Schelde) was a department of the French First Republic and French First Empire in present-day Belgium and Netherlands. It was named after the river Scheldt (Escô, Schelde), which is called the Escaut in French. It was created on 1 October 1795, when the Austrian Netherlands and the Prince-Bishopric of Liège were officially annexed by the French Republic.[3] Before annexation by France, its territory was part of the County of Flanders and the Dutch Republic (Staats-Vlaanderen).The Chef-lieu of the department was Ghent (Gand in French). The department was subdivided into the following four arrondissements and cantons (as of 1812):[2]Gand: Cruyshouthem, Deysne, Evergem, Gand (4 cantons), Loochristi, Nazareth, Nevèle, Oosterzeele, Sommergem and Waerschoot.\nTermonde: Alost (2 cantons), Beveren, Hamme, Lockeren, Saint-Gillis, Saint-Nicolas, Tamise, Termonde, Wetteren and Zèle.\nEccloo: Assenède, Axel, Capryck, Eccloo, L'Écluse, Hulst, Oostbourg and Yzendick.\nAndernarde: Andernarde (2 cantons), Grammont, Herzèle, Maria-Hoorebecke, Niderbrakel, Ninove, Renaix and Sotteghem.After Napoleon was defeated in 1814, the department became part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Its territory corresponded with the present Belgian province of East Flanders and the Dutch region of Zeelandic Flanders.","title":"Escaut (department)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Prefects","text":"The Prefect was the highest state representative in the department.","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"General Secretaries","text":"The General Secretary was the deputy to the Prefect.","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Subprefects of Andenarde","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Subprefects of Eccloo","text":"This subprefecture was created in 1803, replacing Sas-de-Gand.","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Subprefects of Gand","text":"Until 1811, the Prefect also held the office of Subprefect of Gand.","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Subprefects of Sas-de-Gand","text":"This subprefecture was replaced by Eccloo in 1803.","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Subprefects of Termonde","title":"Administration"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Almanach Impérial. Imprimerie de Sa Majesté. 1812. p. 400.","urls":[{"url":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k204214z/f392.image","url_text":"Almanach Impérial"}]},{"reference":"Mémoire statistique du département de l'Escaut. Imprimerie de Sa Majesté. 1804.","urls":[{"url":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k849064/f44.item","url_text":"Mémoire statistique du département de l'Escaut"}]},{"reference":"Duvergier, Jean-Baptiste (1835). Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, réglemens et avis du Conseil d'état, t. 8. p. 300.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uEcUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA300","url_text":"Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, réglemens et avis du Conseil d'état, t. 8"}]},{"reference":"Archives Nationales. \"FAIPOULT DE MAISONCELLES, Guillaume Charles\". francearchives.fr. Retrieved 22 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://francearchives.fr/fr/facomponent/a99e750c79c1e30557a76c70874abc5bb7de6739","url_text":"\"FAIPOULT DE MAISONCELLES, Guillaume Charles\""}]},{"reference":"Archives Nationales. \"HOUDETOT, Frédéric Christophe d'\". francearchives.fr. Retrieved 22 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://francearchives.fr/fr/facomponent/48fa535757b84db1c7777bb505c54103fcdb35f8","url_text":"\"HOUDETOT, Frédéric Christophe d'\""}]},{"reference":"Archives Nationales. \"DELAITRE, Jean François Marie\". francearchives.fr. Retrieved 22 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://francearchives.fr/fr/facomponent/fb9a2c58d5048319ce694a62777197504db0040b","url_text":"\"DELAITRE, Jean François Marie\""}]},{"reference":"Archives Nationales. \"DESMOUSSEAUX DE GIVRÉ, Napoléon Jean-Évangéliste Émilien\". francearchives.fr. 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ISBN 9791021001480.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kp5SCwAAQBAJ&q=sous+pr%C3%A9fets+de+furnes+van+den+busche&pg=PA1833","url_text":"Napoléon et 40 millions de sujets: La centralisation et le premier empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9791021001480","url_text":"9791021001480"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Escaut_(department)&params=51_3_N_3_44_E_","external_links_name":"51°3′N 3°44′E / 51.050°N 3.733°E / 51.050; 3.733"},{"Link":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k204214z/f392.image","external_links_name":"Almanach Impérial"},{"Link":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k849064/f44.item","external_links_name":"Mémoire statistique du département de l'Escaut"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uEcUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA300","external_links_name":"Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, réglemens et avis du Conseil d'état, t. 8"},{"Link":"https://francearchives.fr/fr/facomponent/a99e750c79c1e30557a76c70874abc5bb7de6739","external_links_name":"\"FAIPOULT DE MAISONCELLES, Guillaume Charles\""},{"Link":"https://francearchives.fr/fr/facomponent/48fa535757b84db1c7777bb505c54103fcdb35f8","external_links_name":"\"HOUDETOT, Frédéric Christophe d'\""},{"Link":"https://francearchives.fr/fr/facomponent/fb9a2c58d5048319ce694a62777197504db0040b","external_links_name":"\"DELAITRE, Jean François Marie\""},{"Link":"https://francearchives.fr/fr/facomponent/4573ceb6a892af135a7b52245ce2d7198510a014","external_links_name":"\"DESMOUSSEAUX DE GIVRÉ, Napoléon Jean-Évangéliste Émilien\""},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/fr/12230750/etienne_lehodey_de_saultchevreuil/","external_links_name":"\"Étienne Lehodey de Saultchevreuil (1754-1830)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kp5SCwAAQBAJ&q=sous+pr%C3%A9fets+de+furnes+van+den+busche&pg=PA1833","external_links_name":"Napoléon et 40 millions de sujets: La centralisation et le premier empire"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/7593715-3","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massey_Sahib	Massey Sahib	["1 Synopsis","2 Cast","3 Crew","4 Production","4.1 Finance","4.2 Casting","4.3 Shooting","5 Reception","6 Awards","7 References","8 External links"]	1985 film by Pradip Krishen Massey SahibDirected byPradip KrishenWritten byPradip KrishenBased onMister Johnsonby Joyce CaryProduced byNFDCStarringRaghubir Yadav Barry John Arundhati Roy Virendra SaxenaCinematographyR. K. BoseMusic byVanraj BhatiaRelease date 1985 (1985) Running time124 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageHindi Massey Sahib is a 1985 Hindi drama film directed by Pradip Krishen, starring Raghubir Yadav in the title role. It was Krishen's first film, and was an adaptation of Joyce Cary's 1939 novel Mister Johnson. It won Yadav two international acting awards. The film also stars Arundhati Roy, who was yet to write her first novel and win the Man Booker Prize, along with Barry John and Virendra Saxena. Synopsis The film is set in 1929, in a small town in Central India. Francis Massey (Raghubir Yadav) is a clerk in the District Collector's office in the colonial administration of British India. He aspires to be like the colonial rulers, and thinks of himself as different from his Indian compatriots. He falls in love with a tribal girl Saila (Arundhati Roy), and browbeats her family into agreeing to their marriage. They have a church wedding, with Saila's brother Pasa (Virendra Saxena) as the bemused witness. In his wish to help the rulers – in particular, his immediate superior, District Collector Charles Adam (Barry John) – Massey adopts methods that are irregular. Adam's dream project of building a road through the forest is stuck for lack of funds. Massey manages to get it completed using a mixture of manipulation, persuasion and threats. To his surprise, he is accused of corruption by the very boss whom he had meant to help, and who had condoned his earlier transgressions. His wife too is forcefully taken back by her family. He turns for help to his friend Banaji (Madan Lal) to get his wife back. Banaji refuses to help him. In an act of frustrated rage, Massey kills Banaji. He is arrested for murder, and Adam advises him to plead guilty to accidental manslaughter. However, Massey refuses, secure in the belief that his Adam Sahib will help him out, leading to the tragic denouement. Cast Raghubir Yadav – Francis Massey Barry John – Charles Adam Arundhati Roy played Saila Madan Lal – Banaji Jacqueline Garewal – Ruby Adam Virendra Saxena – Pasa Crew Directed by – Pradip Krishen Written by – Pradip Krishen Music by – Vanraj Bhatia Cinematography – R. K. Bose Production Finance In 1980, Pradip Krishen won the first prize in a script-writing competition organised by the National Film Development Corporation (NFDC). This encouraged him to make the film, which would be produced by NFDC. The budget for the film which was approved by NFDC was Rs 9.2 lakh, which was meagre for a period film. Nevertheless, Krishen went ahead with the project. Casting Originally, Siddhartha Basu was supposed to play the lead, and a sample scene was shot with him. Then Basu went abroad and Krishen chose Raghubir Yadav, at that time an unknown young theatre actor. NFDC urged Krishen to get "known names" for the cast, but Krishen stuck to his choices, using theatre actors from Delhi, as well as debutante Arundhati Roy. The choice of Yadav for the lead turned to be doubly beneficial. Not only would Yadav's performance win him accolades, but his knowledge of Hindi and its dialects came in handy in evolving the dialogue for the film. Shooting The film was shot on location in and around Pachmarhi in Madhya Pradesh, during the winter of 1982–83. In an interview, Raghubir Yadav said that he was very nervous about facing the camera for the first time, but was reassured by Barry John, with whom had worked on the stage. He added, "Till we reached Pachmarhi for the shoot, I was not clear how I would play this complex character. One week before the shooting I saw an old man on the road in an outfit similar to what Massey was expected to wear. He seemed to belong to that era. I followed his mannerisms." Reception Although the film met with no commercial success, it did receive widespread critical acclaim. Apart from the two international awards won by Yadav, Krishen was honoured by the Indian Directors' Association with the Best Director Award. Subsequently, the film has achieved a kind of cult status. Looking back on it, one critic wrote:"Raghuvir Yadav set the screen afire with his persuasively intense performance as a clerk who is ambitious but not clever enough to manoeuvre exotic rules and regulations that land him into trouble." Among younger filmmakers, Dibakar Banerjee says he has been strongly influenced by the film. Awards Silver Peacock for Best Actor – Raghubir Yadav, 11th International Film Festival of India, 1987 Indian Directors' Association Award for Best Director, 1987 FIPRESCI Critic's Prize for Best Actor – Raghubir Yadav, Venice Film Festival, 1986 References ^ "Ciemas of India, Videos, Festival Participation & Awards, ..." Retrieved 19 February 2013. ^ a b Gupta, Trisha (1 February 2014). "Two Roads Diverged: Pradip Krishen's journey from film to forest". The Caravan. Retrieved 16 December 2017. ^ "My first break – Raghuvir Yadav". The Hindu. 16 October 2009. Archived from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2013. ^ a b Banerjee, Dibakar (7 June 2015). "What makes a cult film, anyway?". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 8 February 2018. ^ Dhawan, M. L. (23 June 2002). "ON THE SANDS OF TIME – 1986: The year of thought-provoking films". The Tribune. Retrieved 1 January 2018. ^ Singh, Harneet. "Dibakar Banerjee: I wish our cinema had more anger in it". The Indian Express. No. 3 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2018. External links Massey Sahib at IMDb "Massey Sahib (online)". Cinemas of India, NFDC. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Pradip Krishen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pradip_Krishen"},{"link_name":"Raghubir Yadav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghubir_Yadav"},{"link_name":"Joyce Cary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Cary"},{"link_name":"Mister Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_Johnson_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Arundhati Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arundhati_Roy"},{"link_name":"Man Booker Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_Booker_Prize"},{"link_name":"Barry John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_John_(theatre_director)"},{"link_name":"Virendra Saxena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virendra_Saxena"}],"text":"Massey Sahib is a 1985 Hindi drama film directed by Pradip Krishen, starring Raghubir Yadav in the title role. It was Krishen's first film, and was an adaptation of Joyce Cary's 1939 novel Mister Johnson. It won Yadav two international acting awards.[1] The film also stars Arundhati Roy, who was yet to write her first novel and win the Man Booker Prize, along with Barry John and Virendra Saxena.","title":"Massey Sahib"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_India"},{"link_name":"Raghubir Yadav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghubir_Yadav"},{"link_name":"District Collector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Collector"},{"link_name":"British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India"},{"link_name":"Arundhati Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arundhati_Roy"},{"link_name":"Virendra Saxena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virendra_Saxena"},{"link_name":"Barry John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_John_(theatre_director)"}],"text":"The film is set in 1929, in a small town in Central India. Francis Massey (Raghubir Yadav) is a clerk in the District Collector's office in the colonial administration of British India. He aspires to be like the colonial rulers, and thinks of himself as different from his Indian compatriots. He falls in love with a tribal girl Saila (Arundhati Roy), and browbeats her family into agreeing to their marriage. They have a church wedding, with Saila's brother Pasa (Virendra Saxena) as the bemused witness. In his wish to help the rulers – in particular, his immediate superior, District Collector Charles Adam (Barry John) – Massey adopts methods that are irregular. Adam's dream project of building a road through the forest is stuck for lack of funds. Massey manages to get it completed using a mixture of manipulation, persuasion and threats. To his surprise, he is accused of corruption by the very boss whom he had meant to help, and who had condoned his earlier transgressions. His wife too is forcefully taken back by her family. He turns for help to his friend Banaji (Madan Lal) to get his wife back. Banaji refuses to help him. In an act of frustrated rage, Massey kills Banaji. He is arrested for murder, and Adam advises him to plead guilty to accidental manslaughter. However, Massey refuses, secure in the belief that his Adam Sahib will help him out, leading to the tragic denouement.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raghubir Yadav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghubir_Yadav"},{"link_name":"Barry John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_John_(theatre_director)"},{"link_name":"Arundhati Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arundhati_Roy"},{"link_name":"Virendra Saxena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virendra_Saxena"}],"text":"Raghubir Yadav – Francis Massey\nBarry John – Charles Adam\nArundhati Roy played Saila\nMadan Lal – Banaji\nJacqueline Garewal – Ruby Adam\nVirendra Saxena – Pasa","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pradip Krishen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pradip_Krishen"},{"link_name":"Pradip Krishen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pradip_Krishen"},{"link_name":"Vanraj Bhatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanraj_Bhatia"}],"text":"Directed by – Pradip Krishen\nWritten by – Pradip Krishen\nMusic by – Vanraj Bhatia\nCinematography – R. K. Bose","title":"Crew"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pradip Krishen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pradip_Krishen"},{"link_name":"National Film Development Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Development_Corporation_of_India"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caravan-2"}],"sub_title":"Finance","text":"In 1980, Pradip Krishen won the first prize in a script-writing competition organised by the National Film Development Corporation (NFDC). This encouraged him to make the film, which would be produced by NFDC. The budget for the film which was approved by NFDC was Rs 9.2 lakh, which was meagre for a period film.[2] Nevertheless, Krishen went ahead with the project.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Siddhartha Basu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Basu"},{"link_name":"Raghubir Yadav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghubir_Yadav"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Arundhati Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arundhati_Roy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caravan-2"}],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"Originally, Siddhartha Basu was supposed to play the lead, and a sample scene was shot with him. Then Basu went abroad and Krishen chose Raghubir Yadav, at that time an unknown young theatre actor. NFDC urged Krishen to get \"known names\" for the cast, but Krishen stuck to his choices, using theatre actors from Delhi, as well as debutante Arundhati Roy.[2] The choice of Yadav for the lead turned to be doubly beneficial. Not only would Yadav's performance win him accolades, but his knowledge of Hindi and its dialects came in handy in evolving the dialogue for the film.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pachmarhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachmarhi"},{"link_name":"Madhya Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hindu-3"}],"sub_title":"Shooting","text":"The film was shot on location in and around Pachmarhi in Madhya Pradesh, during the winter of 1982–83. In an interview, Raghubir Yadav said that he was very nervous about facing the camera for the first time, but was reassured by Barry John, with whom had worked on the stage. He added, \"Till we reached Pachmarhi for the shoot, I was not clear how I would play this complex character. One week before the shooting I saw an old man on the road in an outfit similar to what Massey was expected to wear. He seemed to belong to that era. I followed his mannerisms.\"[3]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dibakarHT-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tribune2002-5"},{"link_name":"Dibakar Banerjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibakar_Banerjee"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dibakarHT-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indianexpress2013-6"}],"text":"Although the film met with no commercial success, it did receive widespread critical acclaim. Apart from the two international awards won by Yadav, Krishen was honoured by the Indian Directors' Association with the Best Director Award. Subsequently, the film has achieved a kind of cult status.[4] Looking back on it, one critic wrote:\"Raghuvir Yadav set the screen afire with his persuasively intense performance as a clerk who is ambitious but not clever enough to manoeuvre exotic rules and regulations that land him into trouble.\"[5]Among younger filmmakers, Dibakar Banerjee says he has been strongly influenced by the film.[4][6]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"11th International Film Festival of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_International_Film_Festival_of_India"},{"link_name":"FIPRESCI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIPRESCI"},{"link_name":"Venice Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival"}],"text":"Silver Peacock for Best Actor – Raghubir Yadav, 11th International Film Festival of India, 1987\nIndian Directors' Association Award for Best Director, 1987\nFIPRESCI Critic's Prize for Best Actor – Raghubir Yadav, Venice Film Festival, 1986","title":"Awards"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Ciemas of India, Videos, Festival Participation & Awards, ...\" Retrieved 19 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nfdcindia.com/cinemasofindia/home-video-04.htm","url_text":"\"Ciemas of India, Videos, Festival Participation & Awards, ...\""}]},{"reference":"Gupta, Trisha (1 February 2014). \"Two Roads Diverged: Pradip Krishen's journey from film to forest\". The Caravan. Retrieved 16 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reportage/two-roads-diverged/4","url_text":"\"Two Roads Diverged: Pradip Krishen's journey from film to forest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Caravan","url_text":"The Caravan"}]},{"reference":"\"My first break – Raghuvir Yadav\". The Hindu. 16 October 2009. Archived from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130318065828/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/10/16/stories/2009101650030100.htm","url_text":"\"My first break – Raghuvir Yadav\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/10/16/stories/2009101650030100.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Banerjee, Dibakar (7 June 2015). \"What makes a cult film, anyway?\". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 8 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/what-makes-a-cult-film-anyway/story-KMNoSSX9e2QtTxNcs7MXJO.html","url_text":"\"What makes a cult film, anyway?\""}]},{"reference":"Dhawan, M. L. (23 June 2002). \"ON THE SANDS OF TIME – 1986: The year of thought-provoking films\". The Tribune. Retrieved 1 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020623/spectrum/main3.htm","url_text":"\"ON THE SANDS OF TIME – 1986: The year of thought-provoking films\""}]},{"reference":"Singh, Harneet. \"Dibakar Banerjee: I wish our cinema had more anger in it\". The Indian Express. No. 3 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/dibakar-banerjee-i-wish-our-cinema-had-more-anger-in-it/1110945/","url_text":"\"Dibakar Banerjee: I wish our cinema had more anger in it\""}]},{"reference":"\"Massey Sahib (online)\". Cinemas of India, NFDC. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140109045518/http://www.cinemasofindia.com/movie/view/1049_Massey-Sahib","url_text":"\"Massey Sahib (online)\""},{"url":"http://www.cinemasofindia.com/movie/view/1049_Massey-Sahib","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.nfdcindia.com/cinemasofindia/home-video-04.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ciemas of India, Videos, Festival Participation & Awards, ...\""},{"Link":"http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reportage/two-roads-diverged/4","external_links_name":"\"Two Roads Diverged: Pradip Krishen's journey from film to forest\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130318065828/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/10/16/stories/2009101650030100.htm","external_links_name":"\"My first break – Raghuvir Yadav\""},{"Link":"http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/10/16/stories/2009101650030100.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/what-makes-a-cult-film-anyway/story-KMNoSSX9e2QtTxNcs7MXJO.html","external_links_name":"\"What makes a cult film, anyway?\""},{"Link":"http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020623/spectrum/main3.htm","external_links_name":"\"ON THE SANDS OF TIME – 1986: The year of thought-provoking films\""},{"Link":"http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/dibakar-banerjee-i-wish-our-cinema-had-more-anger-in-it/1110945/","external_links_name":"\"Dibakar Banerjee: I wish our cinema had more anger in it\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0234211/","external_links_name":"Massey Sahib"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140109045518/http://www.cinemasofindia.com/movie/view/1049_Massey-Sahib","external_links_name":"\"Massey Sahib (online)\""},{"Link":"http://www.cinemasofindia.com/movie/view/1049_Massey-Sahib","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_house_(pub)	Pub	["1 History","1.1 Origins","1.2 Inns","1.3 Advent of the modern pub","1.4 Tied house system","1.5 Decline in Britain","2 Licensing laws","2.1 Lock-in","3 Smoking bans","4 Architecture","4.1 Saloon or lounge","4.2 Public bar","4.3 Snug","4.4 Counter","4.5 Beer engine","5 Companies","5.1 Brewery tap","6 Types","6.1 Gastropub","6.2 Country pub","6.3 Roadhouse","6.4 Theme pub","6.5 Micropubs","6.6 Other","7 Pub signs","8 Names","9 Entertainment","10 Food","11 Listed","12 Records","12.1 Highest and remotest","12.2 Smallest","12.3 Largest","12.4 Oldest","12.5 Longest and shortest name","13 Statistics","14 Cultural associations","14.1 London","14.2 Oxford and Cambridge","15 Outside Great Britain","16 In fiction","17 See also","18 References","19 Bibliography","20 Further reading","21 External links"]	For other uses, see Pub (disambiguation). "Public house" redirects here. Not to be confused with Public housing. "Ye olde pub" redirects here. For the plane flown by Charles Brown in WWII, see Charlie Brown and Franz Stigler incident. Establishment that serves alcoholic drinks A thatched country pub, the Williams Arms, near Braunton, Devon, England A city pub, the World's End, Camden Town, London The Ale-House Door (painting of c. 1790 by Henry Singleton) A pub (short for public house) is a drinking establishment licensed to serve alcoholic drinks for consumption on the premises. The term first appeared in the late 17th century, to differentiate private houses from those open to the public as alehouses, taverns and inns. Today, there is no strict definition, but CAMRA states a pub has four characteristics: is open to the public without membership or residency serves draught beer or cider without requiring food be consumed has at least one indoor area not laid out for meals allows drinks to be bought at a bar (i.e., not only table service) The history of pubs can be traced to taverns in Roman Britain, and through Anglo-Saxon alehouses, but it was not until the early 19th century that pubs, as they are today, first began to appear. The model also became popular in countries and regions of British influence, where pubs are often still considered to be an important aspect of their culture. In many places, especially in villages, pubs are the focal point of local communities. In his 17th-century diary, Samuel Pepys described the pub as "the heart of England". Although the drinks traditionally served include draught beer and cider, most also sell wine, spirits, tea, coffee, and soft drinks. Many pubs offer meals and snacks, and so-called gastro-pubs serve food in a manner akin to a restaurant. A licence is required to operate a pub and the licensee is known as the landlord or landlady, or the publican. Often colloquially referred to as their "local" by regular customers, pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to home or work, good food, social atmosphere, the presence of friends and acquaintances, and the availability of pub games such as darts, pool, or snooker. Pubs often screen sporting events, such as rugby, cricket and football. The pub quiz was established in the UK in the 1970s. History Origins 1899 map showing number of public houses in a district of central London Ale was a native British drink before the arrival of the Roman Empire in the first century, but it was with the construction of the Roman road network that the first pubs, called tabernae, began to appear. The word survives in Modern English as "tavern". After the departure of Roman authority in the fifth century and the fall of the Romano-British kingdoms, the Anglo-Saxons established alehouses that may have grown out of domestic dwellings, first attested in the 10th century. These alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for folk to socially congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities. The Wantage law code of Æthelred the Unready prescribes fines for breaching the peace at meetings held in alehouses. Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in St Albans, Hertfordshire, which once held the Guinness World Record for the oldest pub in England A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel. The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders. A survey in 1577 of drinking establishment in England and Wales for taxation purposes recorded 14,202 alehouses, 1,631 inns, and 329 taverns, representing one pub for every 187 people. Inns Main article: Inn Peasants before an Inn by Dutch artist Jan Steen c. 1653 Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago. Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places. In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, that now distinguishes inns from taverns, alehouses and pubs. The latter tend to provide alcohol (and, in the UK, soft drinks and often food), but less commonly accommodation. Inns tend to be older and grander establishments: historically they provided not only food and lodging, but also stabling and fodder for the traveller's horse(s) and on some roads fresh horses for the mail coach. Famous London inns include the George, Southwark and the Tabard. There is, however, no longer a formal distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. Many pubs use "Inn" in their name, either because they are long established former coaching inns, or to summon up a particular kind of image, or in many cases simply as a pun on the word "in", as in the Welcome Inn, the name of many pubs in Scotland. The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments. Hotels, lodges, and motels focus more on lodging customers than on other services but usually provide meals. Pubs are primarily alcohol-serving establishments. Restaurants and taverns serve food and drink. In North America, the lodging aspect of the word "inn" lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers. The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do business, but became institutions of the legal profession in England and Wales. Advent of the modern pub Goldfinger Tavern, Highworth, an example of a mid-20th-century pub Pubs as we know them today first appeared in the 19th century. Before this time alehouses were largely indistinguishable from private houses and the poor standard of rural roads meant that, away from the larger towns, the only beer available was often brewed by the publican himself. With the arrival of the Industrial Revolution, many areas of the United Kingdom were transformed by a surge in industrial activity and rapid population growth. There was huge demand for beer and for venues where the public could engage in social interaction, but there was also intense competition for customers. Gin houses and palaces became increasingly popular, while the Beerhouse Act of 1830 caused a proliferation of beerhouses. By the mid-19th century, pubs were widely purpose-built so their owners could incorporate architectural features that distinguished them from private houses to make them stand out from the competition. Many existing public houses were also redeveloped at this time, borrowing features from other building types and gradually developing the characteristics that make pubs instantly recognisable today. In particular, and contrary to the intentions of the Beerhouse Act, many drew inspiration from the gin houses and palaces. Bar counters had been an early adoption, but ornate mirrors, etched glass, polished brass fittings and lavishly tiled surfaces were all features that had first made their appearance in gin houses. Innovations such as the introduction of hand pumps (or beer engines) allowed a greater number of people to be served in less time, while technological advances in the brewing industry and improved transportation links made it possible for breweries to deliver their products far away from where they were produced. Tied house system See also: Pub chain and Tied house The latter half of the 19th century saw increased competition within the brewing industry and, in an attempt to secure markets for their own products, breweries began rapidly buying local pubs and directly employing publicans to run them. Although some tied houses had existed in larger British towns since the 17th century, this represented a fundamental shift in the way that many pubs were operated and the period is now widely regarded as the birth of the tied house system. Decreasing numbers of free houses and difficulties in obtaining new licences meant a continual expansion of their tied estates was the only feasible way for breweries to generate new trade. By the end of the century more than 90 per cent of public houses in England were owned by breweries and the only practical way brewers could now grow their tied estates was to turn on each other. Buy-outs and amalgamations became commonplace and by the end of the 1980s there were only six large brewers left in the UK, collectively known as the Big Six; Allied, Bass, Courage, Grand Metropolitan, Scottish & Newcastle and Whitbread. In an attempt to increase the number of free houses, by forcing the big breweries to sell their tied houses, the Government introduced the Beer Orders in 1989. The result, however, was that the Big Six melted away into other sectors; selling their brewing assets and spinning off their tied houses, largely into the hands of branded pub chains, called pubcos. As these were not brewers, they were not governed by the Beer Orders and tens of thousands of pubs remain tied, much in the same way that they had been previously. In reality, government interference did very little to improve Britain's tied house system and all its large breweries are now in the hands of foreign or multi-national companies. Decline in Britain The Red Lion, a pub in Nottingham, being demolished in 2008 The number of pubs in the UK has declined year on year, at least since 1982. Various reasons are put forward for this, such as the failure of some establishments to keep up with customer requirements. Others claim the smoking ban of 2007, intense competition from gastro-pubs, the availability of cheap alcohol in supermarkets or the general economic climate are either to blame, or are factors in the decline. Changes in demographics may be an additional factor. In 2015 the rate of pub closures came under the scrutiny of Parliament in the UK, with a promise of legislation to improve relations between owners and tenants. The Lost Pubs Project listed 42,519 closed English pubs on 6 August 2023, with photographs of over 29,000. In the fifteen years to 2017 a quarter of London's pubs had closed. The closures have been ascribed to factors such as changing tastes and a rise in the cost of beer due to applied taxes. Some London boroughs where there has been an increase in British Muslim population have seen a high amount of closures. The industry suffered a major decline from 2020, due to reduced trade during the Covid pandemic, followed by the wave of inflation that increased costs. By June 2022, pub numbers in England and Wales had fallen to a record low of 39,970, a loss of 7,000 in 10 years. Pubs also found it difficult to hire enough staff, with 142,000 jobs unfilled in the accommodation and food services sector by 2023. Figures published in 2023 showed that the rate of pub loss, equivalent to two closures a day, was increasing and that 39,404 pubs in England and Wales remained open at the end of June. Licensing laws The interior of a typical British pub There was regulation of public drinking spaces in England from at least the 15th century. In 1496, under, Henry VII, an act was passed, "against vagabonds and beggers" (11 Hen. VII c2), that included a clause empowering two justices of the peace, "to rejecte and put awey comen ale-selling in tounes and places where they shall think convenyent, and to take suertie of the keepers of ale-houses in their gode behavyng by the discrecion of the seid justices, and in the same to be avysed and aggreed at the tyme of their sessions." The Beerhouse Act of 1830 is widely considered to be a milestone in the history of public houses. Gin was popularised in England in the late 17th century, largely because it provided an alternative to French brandy at a time of political and religious conflict between Britain and France. Because of its cheapness, gin became popular with the poor, eventually leading to a period of drunkenness and lawlessness, known as the Gin Craze. In the early 19th century, encouraged by a reduction of duties, gin consumption again began to rise and gin houses and gin palaces (an evolution of gin shops) began to spread from London to most towns and cities in Britain. Alarmed at the prospect of a return to the Gin Craze, the government attempted to counter the threat, and encourage the consumption of a more wholesome beverage, by introducing the Beerhouse Act of 1830. The Act introduced a new lower, and largely deregulated, tier of premises called "the beerhouse". A Victorian beerhouse, now a public house, in Rotherhithe, Greater London Under the act any householder, upon payment of two guineas (roughly equal in value to £237 today), was permitted to brew and sell beer or cider in their own home. Beerhouses were not allowed to open on Sundays, or sell spirits and fortified wines; and any beerhouse discovered to be breaking these rules was closed down and the owner heavily fined. Within eight years 46,000 new beerhouses opened and, because operating costs were so low, huge profits were often made. The combination of increasing competition and high profits eventually led to what has been described as a golden age of pub building when many landlords extended or redeveloped their properties, adopting many features modern pubs still have. Authorities attempted to check the growth from 1869 on by introducing magisterial control and new licensing laws. These aimed to make it harder to obtain a licence, and control drunkenness, prostitution, and other undesirable conduct on licensed premises. In the United Kingdom, restrictions were tightened considerably following the advent of the First World War. The Defence of the Realm Act, along with introducing rationing and censorship of the press, restricted pubs' opening hours to 12 noon–2:30 pm and 6:30 pm–9:30 pm. Opening for the full licensed hours was compulsory, and closing time was equally firmly enforced by the police. There was also a special case established under the State Management Scheme where the brewery and licensed premises were bought and run by the state, most notably in Carlisle. Lock-in A "lock-in" is when a pub owner allows patrons to continue drinking in the pub after the legal closing time, on the theory that once the doors are locked, it becomes a private party rather than a pub. Patrons may put money behind the bar before official closing time, and redeem their drinks during the lock-in so no drinks are technically sold after closing time. The origin of the British lock-in was a reaction to 1915 changes in the licensing laws in England and Wales, which curtailed opening hours to stop factory workers from turning up drunk and harming the war effort. From then until the start of the 21st century, UK licensing laws changed very little, retaining these comparatively early closing times. The tradition of the lock-in therefore remained. Since the implementation of the Licensing Act 2003, premises in England and Wales may apply to extend their opening hours beyond 11 pm, allowing round-the-clock drinking and removing much of the need for lock-ins. Since the smoking ban, some establishments operated a lock-in during which the remaining patrons could smoke without repercussions but, unlike drinking lock-ins, allowing smoking in a pub was still a prosecutable offence. Smoking bans Concerns about the effects of cigarette smoke inhalation first surfaced in the 1950s and ultimately led many countries to ban or restrict smoking in specific settings, such as pubs and restaurants. Early in 2004, Ireland became the first country in the world to ban smoking in all enclosed public areas. Scotland was the first UK nation to introduce a ban on indoor smoking in March 2006, followed by the rest of the UK in 2007. Australia introduced a similar ban in 2006 and now has some of the world's toughest anti-smoking laws, with some territories having also banned smoking in outside public areas. Some publicans raised concerns, prior to the implementation of restrictions, that a smoking ban would have a negative impact on sales. The impact of the ban was mixed with some pubs suffering declining sales, and others seeing an increase, particularly in food sales. Architecture Saloon or lounge The Eagle, City Road, Islington, London, displaying the nursery rhyme line about the pub's predecessor The Clock, Birmingham – an example of a mock Tudor pub, now demolished to make way for the expansion of Birmingham Airport See also: Book cafe, Piano bar, and Oyster saloon By the end of the 18th century, a new room in the pub was established: the saloon. Beer establishments had always provided entertainment of some sort—singing, gaming or sport. Balls Pond Road in Islington was named after an establishment run by a Mr. Ball that had a duck pond at the rear, where drinkers could, for a fee, go out and take a potshot at the ducks. More common, however, was a card room or a billiards room. The saloon was a room where, for an admission fee or a higher price of drinks, singing, dancing, drama, or comedy was performed and drinks would be served at the table. From this came the popular music hall form of entertainment—a show consisting of a variety of acts. A most famous London saloon was the Grecian Saloon in the Eagle, City Road, referenced by name in the 18th-century nursery rhyme: "Up and down the City Road / In and out the Eagle / That's the way the money goes / Pop goes the weasel." This meant that the customer had spent all his money at the Eagle, and needed to pawn his "weasel" to get some more. The meaning of the "weasel" is unclear but the two most likely definitions are: a flat iron used for finishing clothing; or rhyming slang for a coat (weasel and stoat). A few pubs have stage performances such as serious drama, stand-up comedy, musical bands, cabaret or striptease; however, juke boxes, karaoke and other forms of pre-recorded music have otherwise replaced the musical tradition of a piano or guitar and singing. Public bar The public bar, or tap room, was where the working class were expected to congregate and drink. It had unfurnished floorboards, sometimes covered with sawdust to absorb the spitting and spillages (known as "spit and sawdust"), bare bench seats and stools. Drinks were generally lower-quality beers and liquors. Public bars were seen as exclusive areas for only men; strictly enforced social etiquettes barred women from entering public bars (some pubs did not lift this rule until the 1980s). In the Manchester area, the public bar was known as the "vault", other rooms being the lounge and snug as usual elsewhere. The vault was a men-only bar, meant for working men in their dirty working clothes. This style was in marked contrast to the adjacent saloon or lounge bar which, by the early 20th century, was where male or accompanied female middle-class drinkers would drink. It had carpeted floors, upholstered seats, and a wider selection of better quality drinks that cost a penny or two more than those served in the public bar. By the mid-20th century, the standard of the public bar had generally improved. Many were built between the world wars as part of the "improved" pub movement and as "roadhouse" inns—with large car parks to attract passing trade. Pub patrons only had to choose between economy and exclusivity (or youth and age: a jukebox or dartboard). By the 1970s, divisions between saloons and public bars were being phased out, usually by the removal of the dividing wall or partition. While the names of saloon and public bar may still be seen on the doors of pubs, the prices (and often the standard of furnishings and decoration) are the same throughout the premises. Most present day pubs now comprise one large room, although with the advent of gastropubs, some establishments have returned to maintaining distinct rooms or areas. Snug The "snug" was a small private room or area, typically with access to the bar and a frosted glass window above head height. Customers in the snug paid a higher price for beer and nobody could look in and see the drinkers. Not only did wealthy visitors use these rooms, but also patrons who preferred not to be seen in the public bar. Ladies often enjoyed a private drink in the snug in a time when many frowned on women visiting a pub. The local police officer might nip in for a quiet pint, the parish priest for his evening whisky, or lovers for a rendezvous. Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA) have surveyed the 50,000 pubs in Britain and they believe that there are very few pubs that still have classic snugs. These are on a historic interiors list in order that they can be preserved. Counter The pub took the concept of the bar counter to serve the beer from gin palaces in the 18th century. Until that time beer establishments used to bring the beer out to the table or benches, as remains the practice in (for example) beer gardens and some other drinking establishments in Germany. A bar might be provided for the manager or publican to do paperwork while keeping an eye on his or her customers, and the term "bar" applied to the publican's office where one was built, but beer would be tapped directly from a cask or barrel sat on a table, or kept in a separate taproom and brought out in jugs. When purpose built Victorian pubs were built after the Beerhouse Act 1830, the main room was the public room with a large serving bar copied from the gin houses, the idea being to serve the maximum number of people in the shortest possible time. The other, more private, rooms had no serving bar—they had the beer brought to them from the public bar. A number of pubs in the Midlands or the North still retain this set up, though now customers fetches the beer themselves from the taproom or public bar. One of these is the Vine, known locally as the Bull and Bladder, in Brierley Hill near Birmingham, another the Cock at Broom, Bedfordshire a series of small rooms served drinks and food by waiting staff. By the early 1970s there was a tendency to change to one large drinking room as breweries were eager to invest in interior design and theming. Isambard Kingdom Brunel, the British engineer and railway builder, introduced the idea of a circular bar into the Swindon station pub in order that customers were served quickly and did not delay his trains. These island bars became popular as they also allowed staff to serve customers in several different rooms surrounding the bar. Beer engine Main article: Beer engine A "beer engine" is a device for pumping beer, originally manually operated and typically used to dispense beer from a cask or container in a pub's basement or cellar. The first beer pump known in England is believed to have been invented by John Lofting (born Netherlands 1659-d. Great Marlow Buckinghamshire 1742) an inventor, manufacturer and merchant of London. The London Gazette of 17 March 1691 published a patent in favour of John Lofting for a fire engine, but remarked upon and recommended another invention of his, for a beer pump: "Whereas their Majesties have been Graciously Pleased to grant Letters patent to John Lofting of London Merchant for a New Invented Engine for Extinguishing Fires which said Engine have found every great encouragement. The said Patentee hath also projected a Very Useful Engine for starting of beer and other liquors which will deliver from 20 to 30 barrels an hour which are completely fixed with Brass Joints and Screws at Reasonable Rates. Any Person that hath occasion for the said Engines may apply themselves to the Patentee at his house near St Thomas Apostle London or to Mr. Nicholas Wall at the Workshoppe near Saddlers Wells at Islington or to Mr. William Tillcar, Turner, his agent at his house in Woodtree next door to the Sun Tavern London." "Their Majesties" referred to were William III of England and Mary II of England, who had recently arrived from the Netherlands and had been appointed joint monarchs. A further engine was invented in the late 18th century by the locksmith and hydraulic engineer Joseph Bramah (1748–1814). Strictly the term refers to the pump itself, which is normally manually operated, though electrically powered and gas powered pumps are occasionally used. When manually powered, the term "handpump" is often used to refer to both the pump and the associated handle. Companies This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Main articles: Tied house and Pub chain In the 18th century, after the development of the large London Porter breweries, a trend grew for pubs to become tied houses that only sold beer from a single brewery. (A pub not 'tied' in this way was called a free house.) The usual arrangement for a tied house was that the brewery owned the pub but rented it out to a private individual (landlord) who ran it as a separate business (even though contracted to buy the beer from the brewery). Another common arrangement was (and is) for the landlord to own the premises (whether freehold or leasehold) independently of the brewer, but then to take a mortgage loan from a brewery, either to finance the purchase of the pub initially, or to refurbish it, and be required as a term of the loan to observe the solus tie. In the late 20th century, breweries increasingly ran their pubs directly, using managers rather than tenants. Most such breweries, such as the regional brewery Shepherd Neame in Kent and Young's and Fuller's in London, control hundreds of pubs in a particular region of the UK, while a few, such as Greene King, are spread nationally. The landlord of a tied pub may be an employee of the brewery—in which case, they are a manager of a managed house—or a self-employed tenant under a lease agreement with a brewery that obligates (trade tie) them to purchase only that brewery's beer. The beer selection is mainly limited to beers brewed by that particular company. The Beer Orders, passed in 1989, were aimed at getting tied houses to offer at least one alternative beer, known as a guest beer, from another brewery. This law has now been repealed but while in force it dramatically altered the industry. Some pubs still offer a regularly changing selection of guest beers. Organisations such as Wetherspoons, Punch Taverns and O'Neill's were formed in the UK in the wake of the Beer Orders. A PubCo is a company involved in the retailing but not the manufacture of beverages, while a Pub chain may be run either by a PubCo or by a brewery. In 2016, a number of the largest PubCo's were regulated, and tied tenants in England and Wales got new statutory rights to go free of tie or to have disputes heard by the Pubs Code Adjudicator. Pubs within a chain usually have items in common—such as fittings, promotions, ambience, and food and drink menu. A pub chain positions itself in the marketplace for a target audience. One company may run several pub chains aimed at different segments of the market. Pubs for use in a chain are bought and sold in large units, often from regional breweries that then close down. Newly acquired pubs are often renamed by the new owners, and many people resent the loss of traditional names, especially if their favourite regional beer disappears at the same time. In 2009 about half of Britain's pubs were owned by large pub companies. Brewery tap Main article: Craft beer § Brewpub A brewery tap, also called a brewpub or taproom, is the nearest outlet for a brewery's beers. It is usually a room or bar in the brewery itself, although the name may be applied to a nearby pub. Types A pub has no strict definition, but CAMRA states that a pub has four characteristics: Open to the public without membership / residency Serve draught beer or cider without requiring food be consumed Have at least one indoor area not laid out for meals Allow drinks to be bought at a bar (i.e. not only table service) Together these characteristics differentiate pubs from restaurants and hotel bars, although some pubs also serve as restaurants or hotels. Gastropub Main article: Gastropub A gastropub is a hybrid pub and restaurant, notable for serving good quality beer, wine and food. The name is a portmanteau of "gastronomy" and "public house", and was coined in 1991 when David Eyre and Mike Belben took over the Eagle pub in Clerkenwell, London. The concept of a restaurant in a pub reinvigorated both pub culture and British dining, though it has also attracted criticism for potentially removing the character of traditional pubs. In 2011, The Good Food Guide suggested that the term has become irrelevant such is its commonality these days. Country pub The Crown Inn, Chiddingfold A "country pub" is simply a rural drinking establishment, though the term has acquired a romantic image typically of thatched roofs and whitewashed stone walls. As with urban pubs, the country pub can function as a social and recreational centre, providing opportunities for people to meet, exchange news, and cooperate on local charitable events. However, that culture of functioning as a social centre for a village and rural community started to diminish in the latter part of the 20th century, as many country pubs either closed down, or were converted to restaurants or gastropubs. Those country pubs located on main routes may once have been coaching inns, providing accommodation or refreshment for travellers before the advent of motorised transport. Roadhouse The Dutch House (now closed), a typical 1930s roadhouse on the busy A20 road in Eltham, Greater London. Main article: Roadhouse (facility) The term roadhouse was originally applied to a coaching inn, but with the advent of popular travel by motor car in the 1920s and 1930s in the United Kingdom, a new type of roadhouse emerged, often located on the newly constructed arterial roads and bypasses. They were large establishments offering meals and refreshment and accommodation to motorists and parties travelling by charabanc. The largest roadhouses boasted facilities such as tennis courts and swimming pools. Their popularity ended with the outbreak of the Second World War when recreational road travel became impossible, and the advent of post-war drunk driving legislation prevented their full recovery. Many of these establishments are now operated as pub restaurants or fast food outlets. Theme pub A theme pub is a pub that aligns itself to a specific culture, style or activity; often with the intention of attracting a niche clientele. Many are decorated and furnished accordingly, with the theme sometimes dictating the style of food or drink on offer too. Examples of theme pubs include sports bars, rock pubs, biker bars, Goth pubs, strip clubs, karaoke bars and Irish pubs. Micropubs Main article: Micropub In Britain, a micropub is a very small, modern, one-room pub founded on principles set up by Martyn Hillier, the creator of the first micropub, the Butchers Arms in Herne, Kent, in 2005. Micropubs are "based upon good ale and lively banter", commonly with a strong focus on local cask ale. It became easier to start a small pub after the passing of the 2003 Licensing Act, which became effective in 2005. Other A "nolo" or "no lo" pub serves only non-alcoholic and low-alcoholic beverages. A temperance bar serves no alcohol at all. Pub signs The pub sign of the George, Southwark in south London, depicting St George slaying a dragon In 1393, King Richard II of England compelled landlords to erect signs outside their premises. The legislation stated "Whosoever shall brew ale in the town with intention of selling it must hang out a sign, otherwise he shall forfeit his ale." This law was to make alehouses easily visible to passing inspectors, borough ale tasters, who would decide the quality of the ale they provided. William Shakespeare's father, John Shakespeare, was one such inspector. Another important factor was that during the Middle Ages a large proportion of the population were illiterate and so pictures on a sign were more useful than words as a means of identifying a public house. For this reason there was often no reason to write the establishment's name on the sign and inns opened without a formal written name, the name being derived later from the illustration on the pub's sign. The earliest signs were often not painted but consisted, for example, of paraphernalia connected with the brewing process such as bunches of hops or brewing implements, which were suspended above the door of the pub. In some cases local nicknames, farming terms and puns were used. Local events were often commemorated in pub signs. Simple natural or religious symbols such as suns, stars and crosses were incorporated into pub signs, sometimes adapted to incorporate elements of the heraldry (e.g., the coat of arms) of the local lords who owned the lands upon which the pub stood. Some pubs have Latin inscriptions. Other subjects that lent themselves to visual depiction included the name of battles (e.g. Trafalgar), explorers, local notables, discoveries, sporting heroes and members of the royal family. Some pub signs are in the form of a pictorial pun or rebus. For example, a pub in Crowborough, East Sussex called The Crow and Gate had for some years an image of a crow with gates as wings. A British Pathé News film of 1956 shows artist Michael Farrar-Bell at work producing inn signs. Most British pubs still have decorated signs hanging over their doors, and these retain their original function of enabling the identification of the pub. Today's pub signs almost always bear the name of the pub, both in words and in pictorial representation. The more remote country pubs often have stand-alone signs directing potential customers to their door. Names Main article: Pub names Pub names are used to identify and differentiate each pub. Modern names are sometimes a marketing ploy or attempt to create "brand awareness", frequently using a comic theme thought to be memorable, Slug and Lettuce for a pub chain being an example. Interesting origins are not confined to old or traditional names, however. Names and their origins can be broken up into a relatively small number of categories. As many pubs are centuries old, many of their early customers were unable to read, and pictorial signs could be readily recognised when lettering and words could not be read. Pubs often have traditional names. A common name is the "Marquis of Granby". These pubs were named after John Manners, Marquess of Granby, who was the son of John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland and a general in the 18th-century British Army. He showed a great concern for the welfare of his men, and on their retirement, provided funds for many of them to establish taverns, which were subsequently named after him. All pubs granted their licence in 1780 were called the Royal George, after King George III, and the twentieth anniversary of his coronation. Some names for pubs that seem absurd or whimsical have come from corruptions of old slogans or phrases, such as the Bag o'Nails (Bacchanals), the Goat and Compasses (God Encompasseth Us), the Cat and the Fiddle (Chaton Fidèle: Faithful Kitten) and the Bull and Bush, which purportedly celebrates the victory of Henry VIII at "Boulogne Bouche" or Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour. Entertainment See also: Pub games Indoor Quoits being played at a pub in Parkend, Gloucestershire. Traditional games are played in pubs, ranging from the well-known darts, skittles, dominoes, cards and bar billiards, to the more obscure Aunt Sally, nine men's morris and ringing the bull. In the UK betting is legally limited to certain games such as cribbage or dominoes, played for small stakes. In recent decades the game of pool (both the British and American versions) has increased in popularity as well as other table based games such as snooker or table football becoming common. Increasingly, more modern games such as video games and slot machines are provided. Pubs hold special events, from tournaments of the aforementioned games to karaoke nights to pub quizzes. Some play pop music and hip-hop (dance bar), or show football and rugby union on big screen televisions (sports bar). Shove ha'penny and Bat and trap were also popular in pubs south of London. Some pubs in the UK also have football teams composed of regular customers. Many of these teams are in leagues that play matches on Sundays, hence the term "Sunday League Football". Bowling is found in association with pubs in some parts of the country and the local team plays matches against teams invited from elsewhere on the pub's bowling green. Pubs may be venues for pub songs and live music. During the 1970s pubs provided an outlet for a number of bands, such as Kilburn and the High Roads, Dr. Feelgood and the Kursaal Flyers, who formed a musical genre called pub rock that was a precursor to punk music. Food Further information: English cuisine Pub grub – a pie, along with a pint of beer Some pubs have a long tradition of serving food, dating back to their historic usage as inns and hotels where travellers would stay. Many pubs were drinking establishments, and little emphasis was placed on the serving of food, other than sandwiches and "bar snacks", such as pork scratchings, pickled eggs, salted crisps and peanuts. These all helped to increase beer sales. In South East England (especially London) it was common until recent times for vendors of cockles, whelks, mussels, and other shellfish to sell them during the evening and at closing time. Many mobile shellfish stalls would set up near pubs, a practice that continues in London's East End. Otherwise, pickled cockles and mussels may be offered by the pub in jars or packets. In the 1950s, some British pubs would offer "a pie and a pint", with hot individual steak and ale pies made easily on the premises by the proprietor's wife during the lunchtime opening hours. The ploughman's lunch became popular in the late 1960s, as did the convenient "chicken in a basket", a portion of roast chicken with chips, served on a napkin in a wicker basket. Family chain pubs that serve food in the evening gained popularity in the 1970s, and included Berni Inn and Beefeater. Quality dropped but variety increased with the introduction of microwave ovens and frozen food. "Pub grub" expanded to include British food items such as steak and ale pie, shepherd's pie, fish and chips, bangers and mash, Sunday roast, ploughman's lunch, chicken tikka masala, and pasties. In addition, dishes such as burgers, chicken wings, lasagne and chilli con carne are often served. Some pubs offer elaborate hot and cold snacks free to customers at Sunday lunchtimes, to prevent them getting hungry and leaving for their lunch at home. Since the 1990s, food has become a more important part of a pub's trade, and today most pubs serve lunches and dinners at the table in addition to (or instead of) snacks consumed at the bar. They may have a separate dining room. Some pubs serve meals to a higher standard, to match good restaurant standards; these are sometimes termed gastropubs. Listed CAMRA maintains a "National Inventory" of historical notability and of architecturally and decoratively notable pubs. The National Trust owns thirty-six public houses of historic interest including the George Inn, Southwark, London and the Crown Liquor Saloon, Belfast, Northern Ireland. Records The Sun Inn, Herefordshire. One of the few remaining parlour pubs The Crooked House, Himley, was known for the extreme lean of the building, caused by subsidence produced by mining Ye Olde Man & Scythe, Bolton Highest and remotest The highest pub in the United Kingdom is the Tan Hill Inn, North Yorkshire, at 1,732 feet (528 m) above sea level. The remotest pub on the British mainland is the Old Forge in the village of Inverie, Lochaber, Scotland. There is no road access and it may only be reached by an 18-mile (29 km) walk over mountains, or a 7-mile (11 km) sea crossing. Smallest Contenders for the smallest public house in the UK include: The Nutshell – Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk The Lakeside Inn – Southport, Merseyside The Little Gem – Aylesford, Kent The Smiths Arms – Godmanstone, Dorset The Signal Box Inn – Cleethorpes, Lincolnshire The list includes a small number of parlour pubs, one of which is the Sun Inn in Leintwardine, Herefordshire. The smallest public house in Wales is claimed by Y Goron Fach (the Little Crown) in Denbigh, with a single bar of 15 square metres (160 sq ft). Largest The largest pub in the UK is the Royal Victoria Pavilion, in Ramsgate, Kent. The venue was previously a casino and before that a theatre. Oldest A number of pubs claim to be the oldest surviving establishment in the United Kingdom, although in several cases original buildings have been demolished and replaced on the same site. Others are ancient buildings that were used for purposes other than as a pub previously in their history. Some notable claims include: Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in St Albans, Hertfordshire, held the Guinness World Record for the oldest pub in England for many years, as it is an 11th-century structure on an eighth-century site—however, the record was withdrawn in 2000 after review, and the category was deemed impossible to verify. Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem in Nottingham has been claimed to be the "oldest inn in England" with a founding date of 1189, but this relies on the fact it is constructed on the site of Nottingham Castle's former brewhouse; the present building actually dates from around 1650. The Nags Head in Burntwood, Staffordshire, only dates back to the 16th century, but an (inaccurate) claim is still frequently made that a pub on the site was mentioned in the Domesday Book. There is archaeological evidence that parts of the foundations of the Old Ferry Boat Inn in Holywell may date to AD 460, and there is evidence of ale being served as early as AD 560, but definitive dating evidence of the main building has yet to be established. The Bingley Arms, Bardsey, Yorkshire, is claimed to date to 905 AD, but the current building only dates from the 18th century. Ye Olde Salutation Inn in Nottingham dates from 1240, although the building served as a tannery and a private residence before becoming an inn sometime before the English Civil War. The Adam and Eve in Norwich was first recorded in 1249, when it was an alehouse for the workers constructing nearby Norwich Cathedral. Ye Olde Man & Scythe in Bolton, Greater Manchester, is mentioned by name in a charter of 1251, but the current building is dated 1631. Its cellars are the only surviving part of the older structure. Longest and shortest name The town of Stalybridge in Greater Manchester is thought to have the pubs with both the longest and shortest names in the United Kingdom – The Old Thirteenth Cheshire Astley Volunteer Rifleman Corps Inn and the Q Inn, both operating as of 2019 (the Rifleman reopening in new premises, moving from Astley Street to premises two doors away from the Q Inn in Market Street in 2019, after being closed for three years). The original Rifleman building retains a pub sign, and a blue plaque from 1995 recording the recognition of the name in the Guinness Book of Records. Statistics The most expensive place to get a pint of beer is in Doha, Qatar, where prices average £10.30 (2019). The average retail price of a pint of beer in the UK is £4.12 (2019). The cheapest place to get a beer in the UK is Preston, where a pint costs on average £3.06 (2019). In 2018, British people drank 7.75 billion pints of beer: 21.2 million pints a day. As of 2019, there are 40,683 pubs in England, 2,901 in Wales and 3,612 in Scotland. Pubs are closing at a rate of one every 12 hours (as of February 2019). Cultural associations See also: List of pubs in the United Kingdom Inns and taverns feature throughout English literature and poetry, from the Tabard Inn in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales onwards. Jamaica Inn in Cornwall inspired a novel and a film. The highwayman Dick Turpin used the Swan Inn at Woughton-on-the-Green in Buckinghamshire as his base. Jamaica Inn near Bolventor in Cornwall gave its name to a 1936 novel by Daphne du Maurier and a 1939 film directed by Alfred Hitchcock. In the 1920s John Fothergill (1876–1957) was the innkeeper of the Spread Eagle in Thame, Berkshire, and published his autobiography: An Innkeeper's Diary (London: Chatto & Windus, 1931). During his idiosyncratic occupancy many famous people came to stay, such as H. G. Wells. United States president George W. Bush fulfilled his lifetime ambition of visiting a 'genuine British pub' during his November 2003 state visit to the UK when he had lunch and a pint of non-alcoholic lager (Bush being a teetotaler) with British Prime Minister Tony Blair at the Dun Cow pub in Sedgefield, County Durham, in Blair's home constituency. There were approximately 53,500 public houses in 2009 in the United Kingdom. This number has been declining every year, so that nearly half of the smaller villages no longer have a local pub. London See also: List of real London pubs in literature Many of London's pubs are known to have been used by famous people, but in some cases, such as the association between Samuel Johnson and Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese, this is speculative, based on little more than the fact that the person is known to have lived nearby. However, Charles Dickens is known to have visited the Cheshire Cheese, the Prospect of Whitby, Ye Olde Cock Tavern and many others. Samuel Pepys is also associated with the Prospect of Whitby and the Cock Tavern. The Fitzroy Tavern is a pub situated at 16 Charlotte Street in the Fitzrovia district, to which it gives its name. It became famous (or according to others, infamous) during a period spanning the 1920s to the mid-1950s as a meeting place for many of London's artists, intellectuals and bohemians such as Dylan Thomas, Augustus John, and George Orwell. Several establishments in Soho, London, have associations with well-known, post-war literary and artistic figures, including the Pillars of Hercules, the Colony Room and the Coach and Horses. The Canonbury Tavern, Canonbury, was the prototype for Orwell's ideal English pub, The Moon Under Water. The Red Lion in Whitehall is close to the Houses of Parliament and is frequented by Members of Parliament (MPs) and political journalists. The Red Lion in Whitehall is close to the Palace of Westminster and is consequently used by political journalists and Members of Parliament (MPs). The pub is equipped with a Division bell that summons MPs back to the chamber when they are required to take part in a vote. The Punch Bowl, Mayfair was at one time jointly owned by Madonna and Guy Ritchie. The Coleherne public house in Earls Court was a well-known gay pub from the 1950s. It attracted many well-known patrons, such as Freddie Mercury, Kenny Everett and Rudolph Nureyev. It was used by the serial-killer Colin Ireland to pick up victims. Jack Straw's Castle was a pub named after Jack Straw, one of the three leaders of Peasants' Revolt, the pub was active since the 14th century until its destruction by the Blitz during the Second World War. In 1966 the Blind Beggar in Whitechapel became infamous as the scene of a murder committed by gangster Ronnie Kray. The Ten Bells is associated with several of the victims of Jack the Ripper. In 1955, Ruth Ellis, the last woman executed in the United Kingdom, shot David Blakely as he emerged from the Magdala in South Hill Park, Hampstead, the bullet holes can still be seen in the walls outside. It is said that Vladimir Lenin and a young Joseph Stalin met in the Crown and Anchor pub (now known as the Crown Tavern) on Clerkenwell Green when the latter was visiting London in 1903. The Angel, Islington was formerly a coaching inn, the first on the Great North Road, the main route northwards out of London, where Thomas Paine is believed to have written much of Rights of Man (1791). It was mentioned by Charles Dickens, became a Lyons Corner House, and is now a Co-operative Bank. Oxford and Cambridge The Eagle and Child and the Lamb and Flag, Oxford, were regular meeting places of the Inklings, a writers' group that included J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis. The Eagle in Cambridge is where Francis Crick interrupted patrons' lunchtime on 28 February 1953 to announce that he and James Watson had "discovered the secret of life" after they had come up with their proposal for the structure of DNA. The anecdote is related in Watson's book The Double Helix. and commemorated with a blue plaque on the outside wall. Outside Great Britain See also: Irish pub and Australian pub U Medvídků, one of the oldest pubs in Europe Although "British" pubs found outside of Britain and its former colonies are often themed bars owing little to the original British pub, a number of "true" pubs may be found around the world. Pub Pikilinna, an Irish-style public house in the Tammela district of the city of Tampere, Finland. In Scandinavia, especially Denmark, a number of pubs that eschew "theming" have opened. They instead focus on providing carefully conditioned beer, often independent of any particular brewery or chain, in an environment not unfamiliar to a British pub-goer. Some import British cask ale, rather than beer in kegs, to provide the full British real ale experience to their customers. This newly established Danish interest in British cask beer and the British pub tradition is reflected by the fact that some 56 British cask beers were available at the 2008 European Beer Festival in Copenhagen, which was attended by more than 20,000 people. In Ireland, pubs are known for their atmosphere or "craic". In Irish, a pub is referred to as teach tábhairne ("tavernhouse") or teach óil ("drinkinghouse"). Live music, either sessions of traditional Irish music or varieties of modern popular music, is frequently featured in the pubs of Ireland. Pubs in Northern Ireland are largely identical to their counterparts in the Republic of Ireland except for the lack of spirit grocers. A side effect of the Troubles was that the lack of a tourist industry meant that a higher proportion of traditional bars have survived the wholesale refitting of Irish pub interiors in the "English style" in the 1950s and 1960s. New Zealand sports a number of Irish pubs. Pubs have a long history in Canada, with some still operating after 200 years, like the Olde Angel Inn in Niagara-on-the-Lake. An "English-looking" pub trend started in the 1990s, built into existing storefronts, often run by corporate pub firms. Most universities in Canada have campus pubs that are central to student life—serving food and drink as well as hosting social events. Often these pubs are run by the student's union and at some universities, a budget is reserved for course pub nights. The gastropub concept has caught on, as traditional British influences are to be found in many Canadian dishes. Aside from pubs, the term "bar" can refer to themed drinking establishments, sports bars, or cocktail bars, or to the physical counter in a pub. Tavern was previously a popular term, though it has become somewhat antiquated. In South Africa pubs and taverns have had a particularly long and notable presence in the city of Cape Town. Prior to the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, Cape Town was a major trading port between Europe and Asia and hosted a very large number of drinking establishments earning the city the moniker Tavern of the Seas. The oldest currently operating pub in South Africa, and one of the last drinking establishments left from the Tavern of the Seas era, is the Perseverance Tavern opened in 1808. In fiction See also: List of fictional bars and pubs The fictitious Queen Victoria pub, EastEnders, London Pubs are a common setting for fictional works, including novels, stories, films, video games, and other works. In many cases, authors and other creators develop imaginary pubs for their works, some of which have become notable fictional places. Notable fictional pubs include The Admiral Benbow Inn in the Treasure Island pirate story, the Garrison in the 1920s crime TV drama Peaky Blinders, the Golden Perch, the Prancing Pony, and the Green Dragon in the high fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings, the Leaky Cauldron and the Hog's Head in the Harry Potter fantasy series, Moe's Tavern, a working-class venue in The Simpsons, and the Oak and Crosier in the video game The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion. The major soap operas on British television each feature a fictional pub, and these pubs have become household names in Britain. The Rovers Return is the pub in Coronation Street, the British soap broadcast on ITV. The Queen Vic (short for the Queen Victoria) is the pub in EastEnders, the major soap on BBC One and the Woolpack in ITV's Emmerdale. The sets of each of the three major television soap operas have been visited by some of the members of the royal family, including Queen Elizabeth II. 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Retrieved 13 May 2012. ^ Regis, Ed (2009) What Is Life?: investigating the nature of life in the age of synthetic biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-538341-9; p. 52 ^ Noble, Ivan (27 February 2003). "'Secret of life' discovery turns 50". BBC. Archived from the original on 9 September 2010. ^ "What's the Craic?". Edgehill.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 17 April 2008. Retrieved 26 June 2009. ^ "Consulate General of Ireland: Bars and pubs". Archived from the original on 9 October 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2015. ^ ""Tavern of the Seas"? The Cape of Good Hope as an oceanic crossroads during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries". webdoc.sub.gwdg.de. Retrieved 3 March 2021. ^ Samuelson, Meg (2 November 2014). "(Un)Lawful Subjects of Company". Interventions. 16 (6): 795–817. doi:10.1080/1369801X.2014.937349. ISSN 1369-801X. S2CID 161911784. ^ Williams, Murray (22 July 2020). "Oldest pub in SA 'The Percy' shuts up shop as lockdown takes its toll". News24. Retrieved 29 July 2020. ^ Soap box or soft soap? audience attitudes to the British soap opera Archived 3 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine; by Andrea Millwood Hargrave with Lucy Gatfield, May 2002, Broadcasting Standards Commission; p. 20. Retrieved 21 July 2009. ^ Hardman, Robert (9 December 2000). "Coronation treat for Prince at the Rovers – Telegraph". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 November 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2009. ^ "EastEnders queens resolve royal issue". BBC News. London. 23 November 2001. Retrieved 21 July 2009. Bibliography Christy, Miller (1887). "Trade Signs of Essex: a popular account of the origin and meanings of the public house and other signs now or formerly found in the county of Essex". Chelmsford: Edmund Durrant & Co. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2009. Cornell, Martyn (2003). Beer: the story of the pint. London: Headline. ISBN 978-0-7553-1165-1. Haydon, Peter (2001). Beer and Britannia: an inebriated history of Britain. Stroud: Sutton. ISBN 978-0-7509-2748-2. Jackson, Michael & Smyth, Frank (1976). The English Pub. London: Collins. ISBN 0-00-216210-5. www.breweryartists.co.uk A history of the Brewery Artists Inn Sign studio Further reading Kelner, Simon (7 August 2019). "Pubs can be bizarre and peculiar, but they're worth saving as a focal point of a community". i News. Burke, Thomas (1927). The Book of the Inn: being two hundred pictures of the English inn from the earliest times to the coming of the railway hotel; selected and edited by Thomas Burke. London: Constable. Burke, Thomas (1930). The English Inn. (English Heritage.) London: Herbert Jenkins. Burke, Thomas (1947). The English Inn (Revised ed.). (The Country Books.) London: Herbert Jenkins. Clark, Peter (1983). The English Alehouse: a social history, 1200–1830. Harlow: Longman. ISBN 0-582-50835-5. Clark, Peter (1978). "The Alehouse and the Alternative Society", in: Puritans and Revolutionaries: essays in seventeenth-century history presented to Christopher Hill; ed. D. H. Pennington & Keith Thomas. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978; pp. 47–72. Douch, H. L. (1966). Old Cornish Inns and their place in the social history of the County. Truro: D. Bradford Barton. Everitt, Alan. "The English Urban Inn 1560–1760." Perspectives in English urban history (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1973) pp. 91–137. (The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (ed. David Hey), 1996, describes this as "the starting point for modern studies "; Everitt described most of the previous literature on the topic as "a wretched farrago of romantic legends, facetious humour and irritating errors".) Gutzke, David W. Pubs and Progressives: Reinventing the Public House in England, 1896–1960(Northern Illinois University Press, 2006). Hackwood, Frederick W. (1910). Inns, Ales and Drinking Customs of Old England. London: T. Fisher Unwin. Reissued: London: Bracken Books, 1985. ISBN 0-946495-25-4. Hailwood, Mark. Alehouses and Good Fellowship in Early Modern England (Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2014). Jennings, Paul. "Liquor licensing and the local historian: the 1904 Licensing Act and its administration" xxx (2009). Jennings, Paul. A History of Drink and the English, 1500-2000 (Routledge, 2016). Jennings, Paul. The local: A history of the English pub (The History Press, 2021). Jennings, Paul. "Liquor Licensing and the Local Historian: The Victorian Public House." Local Historian 41 (2011): 121–137. Martin, John (1993). Stanley Chew's Pub Signs: a celebration of the art and heritage of British pub signs. Worcester: John Martin. ISBN 1-85421-225-7. Monson-Fitzjohn, G. J. (1926) Quaint Signs of Olde Inns. London: Herbert Jenkins (reissued by Senate, London, 1994 ISBN 1-85958-028-9). Mutch, Alistair. "Improving the public house in Britain, 1920–40: Sir Sydney Nevile and 'social work'." Business history 52.4 (2010): 517–535. Nicholls, James. "Alcohol licensing in Scotland: a historical overview." Addiction 107.8 (2012): 1397–1403. Nicholls, James. The politics of alcohol: A history of the drink question in England. (Manchester University Press, 2013). pp 142–151. Richardson, A. E. (1934). The Old Inns of England. London: B. T. Batsford. Yeomans, Henry. Alcohol and moral regulation: Public attitudes, spirited measures and Victorian hangovers (Bristol University Press, 2014) online Yokoe, Ryosuke. "Alcohol and politics in twentieth-century Britain." The Historical Journal 62.1 (2019): 267-287. online External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pubs. Look up pub in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Pubs at Curlie Lost Pubs Project – archive of closed English pubs "Public House" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. vteDrinking establishments Alcohol-free bar Bar (saloon) Beer garden Beer hall Biker bar Brewpub Cantina Cider house Cigar bar Coffeehouse Dive bar Fern bar Gay bar Honky tonk Ice bar Izakaya Juice bar Juke joint Jumak List of public house topics Meyhane Military officers' club Nightclub Ouzeri Pub Pulqueria Ratskeller Shebeen (Western) saloon Saloon (bar) Teahouse Tavern Tiki bar Toddy shop Wine bar By country Australia Ottoman Empire Ireland United Kingdom North America See also Drinking culture Index of drinking establishment-related articles List of bars vteBartendingOccupations Barback Bartender Beer sommelier Cocktail waitress Nightclub act Sommelier Bouncer Alcoholic beverages Beer Cider Cocktail Liquor Mixed drink Wine Non-alcoholic mixers Bitters Fruit juice Grenadine Soft drink Sugar syrup Tomato juice Equipment Absinthiana Alcoholic spirits measure Bar spoon Beer engine Beer tap Beer tower Beverage coaster Blender Chinois Cocktail 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Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_of_the_pub-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Great_British_Pub-4"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon"},{"link_name":"culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Samuel Pepys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Pepys"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"draught beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draught_beer"},{"link_name":"cider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider"},{"link_name":"wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine"},{"link_name":"spirits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquor"},{"link_name":"tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea"},{"link_name":"coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee"},{"link_name":"soft drinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_drinks"},{"link_name":"meals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meal"},{"link_name":"snacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snacks"},{"link_name":"gastro-pubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropub"},{"link_name":"licence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquor_license"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"pub games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub_games"},{"link_name":"darts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darts"},{"link_name":"pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pool_(cue_sports)"},{"link_name":"snooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snooker"},{"link_name":"rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_football"},{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"pub quiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub_quiz"}],"text":"For other uses, see Pub (disambiguation).\"Public house\" redirects here. Not to be confused with Public housing.\"Ye olde pub\" redirects here. For the plane flown by Charles Brown in WWII, see Charlie Brown and Franz Stigler incident.Establishment that serves alcoholic drinksA thatched country pub, the Williams Arms, near Braunton, Devon, EnglandA city pub, the World's End, Camden Town, LondonThe Ale-House Door (painting of c. 1790 by Henry Singleton)A pub (short for public house) is a drinking establishment licensed to serve alcoholic drinks for consumption on the premises. The term first appeared in the late 17th century, to differentiate private houses from those open to the public as alehouses, taverns and inns.[1] Today, there is no strict definition, but CAMRA states a pub has four characteristics:is open to the public without membership or residency\nserves draught beer or cider without requiring food be consumed\nhas at least one indoor area not laid out for meals\nallows drinks to be bought at a bar (i.e., not only table service)[2]The history of pubs can be traced to taverns in Roman Britain,[3][4] and through Anglo-Saxon alehouses, but it was not until the early 19th century that pubs, as they are today, first began to appear. The model also became popular in countries and regions of British influence, where pubs are often still considered to be an important aspect of their culture.[5][6][7] In many places, especially in villages, pubs are the focal point of local communities. In his 17th-century diary, Samuel Pepys described the pub as \"the heart of England\".[8]Although the drinks traditionally served include draught beer and cider, most also sell wine, spirits, tea, coffee, and soft drinks. Many pubs offer meals and snacks, and so-called gastro-pubs serve food in a manner akin to a restaurant.A licence is required to operate a pub and the licensee is known as the landlord or landlady, or the publican. Often colloquially referred to as their \"local\" by regular customers,[9] pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to home or work, good food, social atmosphere, the presence of friends and acquaintances, and the availability of pub games such as darts, pool, or snooker. Pubs often screen sporting events, such as rugby, cricket and football. The pub quiz was established in the UK in the 1970s.","title":"Pub"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_Rowntree,_Public_Houses_in_Central_London,_1899,_Cornell,_CUL_PJM_1134_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Roman road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_road"},{"link_name":"tabernae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taberna"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Great_British_Pub-4"},{"link_name":"Romano-British kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxons"},{"link_name":"Æthelred the Unready","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ye_Olde_Fighting_Cocks_(2).JPG"},{"link_name":"Ye Olde Fighting Cocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_Olde_Fighting_Cocks"},{"link_name":"St Albans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Record"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"pilgrimages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrimage"},{"link_name":"guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild"},{"link_name":"Worshipful Company of Innholders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Innholders"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"1899 map showing number of public houses in a district of central LondonAle was a native British drink before the arrival of the Roman Empire in the first century, but it was with the construction of the Roman road network that the first pubs, called tabernae, began to appear. The word survives in Modern English as \"tavern\".[4]After the departure of Roman authority in the fifth century and the fall of the Romano-British kingdoms, the Anglo-Saxons established alehouses that may have grown out of domestic dwellings, first attested in the 10th century. These alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for folk to socially congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities. The Wantage law code of Æthelred the Unready prescribes fines for breaching the peace at meetings held in alehouses.[10]Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in St Albans, Hertfordshire, which once held the Guinness World Record for the oldest pub in EnglandA traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel. The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders.[11] A survey in 1577 of drinking establishment in England and Wales for taxation purposes[12] recorded 14,202 alehouses, 1,631 inns, and 329 taverns, representing one pub for every 187 people.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_Steen_Peasants_before_an_Inn.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jan Steen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Steen"},{"link_name":"lodging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodging"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_road"},{"link_name":"millennia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"taverns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavern"},{"link_name":"stabling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable"},{"link_name":"fodder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fodder"},{"link_name":"mail coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_coach"},{"link_name":"the George, Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_George,_Southwark"},{"link_name":"the Tabard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tabard"},{"link_name":"coaching inns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaching_inn"},{"link_name":"pun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun"},{"link_name":"motels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motel"},{"link_name":"Holiday Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday_Inn"},{"link_name":"Inns of Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inns_of_Court"},{"link_name":"Inns of Chancery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inns_of_Chancery"},{"link_name":"barristers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrister"},{"link_name":"legal profession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_profession"},{"link_name":"England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_and_Wales"}],"sub_title":"Inns","text":"Peasants before an Inn by Dutch artist Jan Steen c. 1653Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago.[14] Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places.In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation,[15] if anything, that now distinguishes inns from taverns, alehouses and pubs. The latter tend to provide alcohol (and, in the UK, soft drinks and often food), but less commonly accommodation. Inns tend to be older and grander establishments: historically they provided not only food and lodging, but also stabling and fodder for the traveller's horse(s) and on some roads fresh horses for the mail coach.Famous London inns include the George, Southwark and the Tabard. There is, however, no longer a formal distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. Many pubs use \"Inn\" in their name, either because they are long established former coaching inns, or to summon up a particular kind of image, or in many cases simply as a pun on the word \"in\", as in the Welcome Inn, the name of many pubs in Scotland.The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments. Hotels, lodges, and motels focus more on lodging customers than on other services but usually provide meals. Pubs are primarily alcohol-serving establishments. Restaurants and taverns serve food and drink. In North America, the lodging aspect of the word \"inn\" lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers.The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do business, but became institutions of the legal profession in England and Wales.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goldfinger_Tavern,_Newburgh_Place,_Highworth_(geograph_2306704).jpg"},{"link_name":"Highworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highworth"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Beerhouse Act of 1830","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerhouse_Act_1830"},{"link_name":"beer engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_engines"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Advent of the modern pub","text":"Goldfinger Tavern, Highworth, an example of a mid-20th-century pubPubs as we know them today first appeared in the 19th century.[16] Before this time alehouses were largely indistinguishable from private houses and the poor standard of rural roads meant that, away from the larger towns, the only beer available was often brewed by the publican himself.[17] With the arrival of the Industrial Revolution, many areas of the United Kingdom were transformed by a surge in industrial activity and rapid population growth. There was huge demand for beer and for venues where the public could engage in social interaction, but there was also intense competition for customers.Gin houses and palaces became increasingly popular, while the Beerhouse Act of 1830 caused a proliferation of beerhouses. By the mid-19th century, pubs were widely purpose-built so their owners could incorporate architectural features that distinguished them from private houses to make them stand out from the competition. Many existing public houses were also redeveloped at this time, borrowing features from other building types and gradually developing the characteristics that make pubs instantly recognisable today. In particular, and contrary to the intentions of the Beerhouse Act, many drew inspiration from the gin houses and palaces.Bar counters had been an early adoption, but ornate mirrors, etched glass, polished brass fittings and lavishly tiled surfaces were all features that had first made their appearance in gin houses. Innovations such as the introduction of hand pumps (or beer engines) allowed a greater number of people to be served in less time, while technological advances in the brewing industry and improved transportation links made it possible for breweries to deliver their products far away from where they were produced.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pub chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub_chain"},{"link_name":"Tied house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tied_house"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Breweries"},{"link_name":"Bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Courage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courage_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Grand Metropolitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Metropolitan"},{"link_name":"Scottish & Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_%26_Newcastle"},{"link_name":"Whitbread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitbread"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"the Beer Orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beer_Orders"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Tied house system","text":"See also: Pub chain and Tied houseThe latter half of the 19th century saw increased competition within the brewing industry and, in an attempt to secure markets for their own products, breweries began rapidly buying local pubs and directly employing publicans to run them. Although some tied houses had existed in larger British towns since the 17th century, this represented a fundamental shift in the way that many pubs were operated and the period is now widely regarded as the birth of the tied house system.[19]Decreasing numbers of free houses and difficulties in obtaining new licences meant a continual expansion of their tied estates was the only feasible way for breweries to generate new trade. By the end of the century more than 90 per cent of public houses in England were owned by breweries and the only practical way brewers could now grow their tied estates was to turn on each other.[20] Buy-outs and amalgamations became commonplace and by the end of the 1980s there were only six large brewers left in the UK, collectively known as the Big Six; Allied, Bass, Courage, Grand Metropolitan, Scottish & Newcastle and Whitbread.[21]In an attempt to increase the number of free houses, by forcing the big breweries to sell their tied houses, the Government introduced the Beer Orders in 1989. The result, however, was that the Big Six melted away into other sectors; selling their brewing assets and spinning off their tied houses, largely into the hands of branded pub chains, called pubcos. As these were not brewers, they were not governed by the Beer Orders and tens of thousands of pubs remain tied, much in the same way that they had been previously. In reality, government interference did very little to improve Britain's tied house system and all its large breweries are now in the hands of foreign or multi-national companies.\n[22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Red_Lion_being_demolished_-_geograph.org.uk_-_900911.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBPA-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"British Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Muslim"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Covid pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Decline in Britain","text":"The Red Lion, a pub in Nottingham, being demolished in 2008The number of pubs in the UK has declined year on year, at least since 1982.[23] Various reasons are put forward for this, such as the failure of some establishments to keep up with customer requirements.[24] Others claim the smoking ban of 2007, intense competition from gastro-pubs, the availability of cheap alcohol in supermarkets or the general economic climate are either to blame, or are factors in the decline.[25] Changes in demographics may be an additional factor.[26] In 2015 the rate of pub closures came under the scrutiny of Parliament in the UK, with a promise of legislation to improve relations between owners and tenants.[27] The Lost Pubs Project listed 42,519 closed English pubs on 6 August 2023, with photographs of over 29,000.[28] In the fifteen years to 2017 a quarter of London's pubs had closed. The closures have been ascribed to factors such as changing tastes and a rise in the cost of beer due to applied taxes. Some London boroughs where there has been an increase in British Muslim population have seen a high amount of closures.[29]The industry suffered a major decline from 2020, due to reduced trade during the Covid pandemic, followed by the wave of inflation that increased costs. By June 2022, pub numbers in England and Wales had fallen to a record low of 39,970, a loss of 7,000 in 10 years.[30] Pubs also found it difficult to hire enough staff, with 142,000 jobs unfilled in the accommodation and food services sector by 2023.[31] Figures published in 2023 showed that the rate of pub loss, equivalent to two closures a day, was increasing and that 39,404 pubs in England and Wales remained open at the end of June.[32]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pubbsm.jpg"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Beerhouse Act of 1830","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerhouse_Act_1830"},{"link_name":"brandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phillips-34"},{"link_name":"Gin Craze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gin_Craze"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"gin palaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gin_palace"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMLWCH-37"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Farriers_Arms_pub_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1466879.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rotherhithe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherhithe"},{"link_name":"Greater London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London"},{"link_name":"guineas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guineas"},{"link_name":"cider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UK_Hist-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archives-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Defence of the Realm Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_of_the_Realm_Act"},{"link_name":"rationing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationing"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"State Management Scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Management_Scheme"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Carlisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle"}],"text":"The interior of a typical British pubThere was regulation of public drinking spaces in England from at least the 15th century. In 1496, under, Henry VII, an act was passed, \"against vagabonds and beggers\" (11 Hen. VII c2), that included a clause empowering two justices of the peace, \"to rejecte and put awey comen ale-selling in tounes and places where they shall think convenyent, and to take suertie of the keepers of ale-houses in their gode behavyng by the discrecion of the seid justices, and in the same to be avysed and aggreed at the tyme of their sessions.\"[33]The Beerhouse Act of 1830 is widely considered to be a milestone in the history of public houses. Gin was popularised in England in the late 17th century, largely because it provided an alternative to French brandy at a time of political and religious conflict between Britain and France.[34] Because of its cheapness, gin became popular with the poor, eventually leading to a period of drunkenness and lawlessness, known as the Gin Craze.[35][36]In the early 19th century, encouraged by a reduction of duties, gin consumption again began to rise and gin houses and gin palaces (an evolution of gin shops) began to spread from London to most towns and cities in Britain. Alarmed at the prospect of a return to the Gin Craze, the government attempted to counter the threat, and encourage the consumption of a more wholesome beverage, by introducing the Beerhouse Act of 1830. The Act introduced a new lower, and largely deregulated, tier of premises called \"the beerhouse\".[37]A Victorian beerhouse, now a public house, in Rotherhithe, Greater LondonUnder the act any householder, upon payment of two guineas (roughly equal in value to £237 today), was permitted to brew and sell beer or cider in their own home. Beerhouses were not allowed to open on Sundays, or sell spirits and fortified wines; and any beerhouse discovered to be breaking these rules was closed down and the owner heavily fined.[38]Within eight years 46,000 new beerhouses opened[39] and, because operating costs were so low, huge profits were often made. The combination of increasing competition and high profits eventually led to what has been described as a golden age of pub building when many landlords extended or redeveloped their properties, adopting many features modern pubs still have.Authorities attempted to check the growth from 1869 on by introducing magisterial control and new licensing laws. These aimed to make it harder to obtain a licence, and control drunkenness, prostitution, and other undesirable conduct on licensed premises.[40][41][42][43]In the United Kingdom, restrictions were tightened considerably following the advent of the First World War.[44] The Defence of the Realm Act, along with introducing rationing and censorship of the press, restricted pubs' opening hours to 12 noon–2:30 pm and 6:30 pm–9:30 pm. Opening for the full licensed hours was compulsory, and closing time was equally firmly enforced by the police.[45][46] There was also a special case established under the State Management Scheme[47] where the brewery and licensed premises were bought and run by the state, most notably in Carlisle.","title":"Licensing laws"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Licensing Act 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensing_Act_2003"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"smoking ban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_ban#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Lock-in","text":"A \"lock-in\" is when a pub owner allows patrons to continue drinking in the pub after the legal closing time, on the theory that once the doors are locked, it becomes a private party rather than a pub. Patrons may put money behind the bar before official closing time, and redeem their drinks during the lock-in so no drinks are technically sold after closing time. The origin of the British lock-in was a reaction to 1915 changes in the licensing laws in England and Wales, which curtailed opening hours to stop factory workers from turning up drunk and harming the war effort. From then until the start of the 21st century, UK licensing laws changed very little, retaining these comparatively early closing times. The tradition of the lock-in therefore remained. Since the implementation of the Licensing Act 2003, premises in England and Wales may apply to extend their opening hours beyond 11 pm, allowing round-the-clock drinking and removing much of the need for lock-ins.[48] Since the smoking ban, some establishments operated a lock-in during which the remaining patrons could smoke without repercussions but, unlike drinking lock-ins, allowing smoking in a pub was still a prosecutable offence.[49]","title":"Licensing laws"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"ban on indoor smoking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_ban#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"Concerns about the effects of cigarette smoke inhalation first surfaced in the 1950s and ultimately led many countries to ban or restrict smoking in specific settings, such as pubs and restaurants. Early in 2004, Ireland became the first country in the world to ban smoking in all enclosed public areas. Scotland was the first UK nation to introduce a ban on indoor smoking in March 2006, followed by the rest of the UK in 2007.[50] Australia introduced a similar ban in 2006 and now has some of the world's toughest anti-smoking laws, with some territories having also banned smoking in outside public areas.[51]Some publicans raised concerns, prior to the implementation of restrictions, that a smoking ban would have a negative impact on sales.[52] The impact of the ban was mixed with some pubs suffering declining sales, and others seeing an increase, particularly in food sales.[53][54]","title":"Smoking bans"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eagle_City_Road_London_2005.jpg"},{"link_name":"City Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Road"},{"link_name":"Islington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Islington"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weasel-55"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Clock,_Birmingham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1468943.jpg"},{"link_name":"mock Tudor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Book cafe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_cafe"},{"link_name":"Piano bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_bar"},{"link_name":"Oyster saloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_saloon"},{"link_name":"duck pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_pond"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"billiards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billiards"},{"link_name":"music hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_hall"},{"link_name":"City Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Road"},{"link_name":"nursery rhyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursery_rhyme"},{"link_name":"Pop goes the weasel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_goes_the_weasel"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EAG-57"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weasel-55"},{"link_name":"pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawnbroker"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EAG-57"},{"link_name":"rhyming slang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyming_slang"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"cabaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabaret"},{"link_name":"striptease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striptease"},{"link_name":"juke boxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juke_box"},{"link_name":"karaoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaoke"}],"sub_title":"Saloon or lounge","text":"The Eagle, City Road, Islington, London, displaying the nursery rhyme line about the pub's predecessor[55]The Clock, Birmingham – an example of a mock Tudor pub, now demolished to make way for the expansion of Birmingham AirportSee also: Book cafe, Piano bar, and Oyster saloonBy the end of the 18th century, a new room in the pub was established: the saloon. Beer establishments had always provided entertainment of some sort—singing, gaming or sport. Balls Pond Road in Islington was named after an establishment run by a Mr. Ball that had a duck pond at the rear, where drinkers could, for a fee, go out and take a potshot at the ducks.[56] More common, however, was a card room or a billiards room. The saloon was a room where, for an admission fee or a higher price of drinks, singing, dancing, drama, or comedy was performed and drinks would be served at the table. From this came the popular music hall form of entertainment—a show consisting of a variety of acts.A most famous London saloon was the Grecian Saloon in the Eagle, City Road, referenced by name in the 18th-century nursery rhyme: \"Up and down the City Road / In and out the Eagle / That's the way the money goes / Pop goes the weasel.\"[57][55] This meant that the customer had spent all his money at the Eagle, and needed to pawn his \"weasel\" to get some more.[57] The meaning of the \"weasel\" is unclear but the two most likely definitions are: a flat iron used for finishing clothing; or rhyming slang for a coat (weasel and stoat).[58]A few pubs have stage performances such as serious drama, stand-up comedy, musical bands, cabaret or striptease; however, juke boxes, karaoke and other forms of pre-recorded music have otherwise replaced the musical tradition of a piano or guitar and singing.","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"social etiquettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_etiquette"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"car parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_parks"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"jukebox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukebox"},{"link_name":"dartboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartboard"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"gastropubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropub"}],"sub_title":"Public bar","text":"The public bar, or tap room, was where the working class were expected to congregate and drink. It had unfurnished floorboards, sometimes covered with sawdust to absorb the spitting and spillages (known as \"spit and sawdust\"), bare bench seats and stools. Drinks were generally lower-quality beers and liquors.[59] Public bars were seen as exclusive areas for only men; strictly enforced social etiquettes barred women from entering public bars (some pubs did not lift this rule until the 1980s).[60] In the Manchester area, the public bar was known as the \"vault\", other rooms being the lounge and snug as usual elsewhere. The vault was a men-only bar, meant for working men in their dirty working clothes.This style was in marked contrast to the adjacent saloon or lounge bar which, by the early 20th century, was where male or accompanied female middle-class drinkers would drink. It had carpeted floors, upholstered seats, and a wider selection of better quality drinks that cost a penny or two more than those served in the public bar.By the mid-20th century, the standard of the public bar had generally improved. Many were built between the world wars as part of the \"improved\" pub movement and as \"roadhouse\" inns—with large car parks to attract passing trade.[61] Pub patrons only had to choose between economy and exclusivity (or youth and age: a jukebox or dartboard). By the 1970s, divisions between saloons and public bars were being phased out, usually by the removal of the dividing wall or partition. While the names of saloon and public bar may still be seen on the doors of pubs, the prices (and often the standard of furnishings and decoration) are the same throughout the premises.[62] Most present day pubs now comprise one large room, although with the advent of gastropubs, some establishments have returned to maintaining distinct rooms or areas.","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Campaign for Real Ale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Real_Ale"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snug-63"}],"sub_title":"Snug","text":"The \"snug\" was a small private room or area, typically with access to the bar and a frosted glass window above head height. Customers in the snug paid a higher price for beer and nobody could look in and see the drinkers. Not only did wealthy visitors use these rooms, but also patrons who preferred not to be seen in the public bar. Ladies often enjoyed a private drink in the snug in a time when many frowned on women visiting a pub. The local police officer might nip in for a quiet pint, the parish priest for his evening whisky, or lovers for a rendezvous.Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA) have surveyed the 50,000 pubs in Britain and they believe that there are very few pubs that still have classic snugs. These are on a historic interiors list in order that they can be preserved.[63]","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gin palaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gin_palace"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"beer gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_garden"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Beerhouse Act 1830","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerhouse_Act_1830"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Brierley Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brierley_Hill"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Isambard Kingdom Brunel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel"},{"link_name":"Swindon station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindon_station"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"sub_title":"Counter","text":"The pub took the concept of the bar counter to serve the beer from gin palaces in the 18th century.[64] Until that time beer establishments used to bring the beer out to the table or benches, as remains the practice in (for example) beer gardens and some other drinking establishments in Germany.[65] A bar might be provided for the manager or publican to do paperwork while keeping an eye on his or her customers, and the term \"bar\" applied to the publican's office where one was built,[66] but beer would be tapped directly from a cask or barrel sat on a table, or kept in a separate taproom and brought out in jugs.[67]When purpose built Victorian pubs were built after the Beerhouse Act 1830,[68] the main room was the public room with a large serving bar copied from the gin houses, the idea being to serve the maximum number of people in the shortest possible time. The other, more private, rooms had no serving bar—they had the beer brought to them from the public bar. A number of pubs in the Midlands or the North still retain this set up, though now customers fetches the beer themselves from the taproom or public bar. One of these is the Vine, known locally as the Bull and Bladder, in Brierley Hill near Birmingham, another the Cock at Broom, Bedfordshire a series of small rooms served drinks and food by waiting staff.[69] By the early 1970s there was a tendency to change to one large drinking room as breweries were eager to invest in interior design and theming.[70]Isambard Kingdom Brunel, the British engineer and railway builder, introduced the idea of a circular bar into the Swindon station pub in order that customers were served quickly and did not delay his trains. These island bars became popular as they also allowed staff to serve customers in several different rooms surrounding the bar.[71][72]","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump"},{"link_name":"cask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cask"},{"link_name":"William III of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Mary II of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"locksmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locksmith"},{"link_name":"hydraulic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic"},{"link_name":"Joseph Bramah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bramah"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"sub_title":"Beer engine","text":"A \"beer engine\" is a device for pumping beer, originally manually operated and typically used to dispense beer from a cask or container in a pub's basement or cellar.The first beer pump known in England is believed to have been invented by John Lofting (born Netherlands 1659-d. Great Marlow Buckinghamshire 1742) an inventor, manufacturer and merchant of London.The London Gazette of 17 March 1691 published a patent in favour of John Lofting for a fire engine, but remarked upon and recommended another invention of his, for a beer pump:\"Whereas their Majesties have been Graciously Pleased to grant Letters patent to John Lofting of London Merchant for a New Invented Engine for Extinguishing Fires which said Engine have found every great encouragement. The said Patentee hath also projected a Very Useful Engine for starting of beer and other liquors which will deliver from 20 to 30 barrels an hour which are completely fixed with Brass Joints and Screws at Reasonable Rates. Any Person that hath occasion for the said Engines may apply themselves to the Patentee at his house near St Thomas Apostle London or to Mr. Nicholas Wall at the Workshoppe near Saddlers Wells at Islington or to Mr. William Tillcar, Turner, his agent at his house in Woodtree next door to the Sun Tavern London.\"\"Their Majesties\" referred to were William III of England and Mary II of England, who had recently arrived from the Netherlands and had been appointed joint monarchs.A further engine was invented in the late 18th century by the locksmith and hydraulic engineer Joseph Bramah (1748–1814).Strictly the term refers to the pump itself, which is normally manually operated, though electrically powered and gas powered pumps are occasionally used.[73] When manually powered, the term \"handpump\" is often used to refer to both the pump and the associated handle.","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_(beer)"},{"link_name":"tied houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tied_house"},{"link_name":"freehold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freehold_(English_law)"},{"link_name":"leasehold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leasehold"},{"link_name":"regional brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_brewery"},{"link_name":"Shepherd Neame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd_Neame"},{"link_name":"Young's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young%27s"},{"link_name":"Fuller's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuller,_Smith_%26_Turner"},{"link_name":"Greene King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greene_King"},{"link_name":"The Beer Orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beer_Orders"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"guest beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guest_beer"},{"link_name":"Wetherspoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetherspoons"},{"link_name":"Punch Taverns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_Taverns"},{"link_name":"Pub chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub_chain"},{"link_name":"regulated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pubs_Code_Regulations_2016"},{"link_name":"traditional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"text":"In the 18th century, after the development of the large London Porter breweries, a trend grew for pubs to become tied houses that only sold beer from a single brewery. (A pub not 'tied' in this way was called a free house.) The usual arrangement for a tied house was that the brewery owned the pub but rented it out to a private individual (landlord) who ran it as a separate business (even though contracted to buy the beer from the brewery). Another common arrangement was (and is) for the landlord to own the premises (whether freehold or leasehold) independently of the brewer, but then to take a mortgage loan from a brewery, either to finance the purchase of the pub initially, or to refurbish it, and be required as a term of the loan to observe the solus tie.In the late 20th century, breweries increasingly ran their pubs directly, using managers rather than tenants. Most such breweries, such as the regional brewery Shepherd Neame in Kent and Young's and Fuller's in London, control hundreds of pubs in a particular region of the UK, while a few, such as Greene King, are spread nationally. The landlord of a tied pub may be an employee of the brewery—in which case, they are a manager of a managed house—or a self-employed tenant under a lease agreement with a brewery that obligates (trade tie) them to purchase only that brewery's beer. The beer selection is mainly limited to beers brewed by that particular company. The Beer Orders,[74] passed in 1989, were aimed at getting tied houses to offer at least one alternative beer, known as a guest beer, from another brewery. This law has now been repealed but while in force it dramatically altered the industry. Some pubs still offer a regularly changing selection of guest beers.Organisations such as Wetherspoons, Punch Taverns and O'Neill's were formed in the UK in the wake of the Beer Orders. A PubCo is a company involved in the retailing but not the manufacture of beverages, while a Pub chain may be run either by a PubCo or by a brewery. In 2016, a number of the largest PubCo's were regulated, and tied tenants in England and Wales got new statutory rights to go free of tie or to have disputes heard by the Pubs Code Adjudicator.Pubs within a chain usually have items in common—such as fittings, promotions, ambience, and food and drink menu. A pub chain positions itself in the marketplace for a target audience. One company may run several pub chains aimed at different segments of the market. Pubs for use in a chain are bought and sold in large units, often from regional breweries that then close down. Newly acquired pubs are often renamed by the new owners, and many people resent the loss of traditional names, especially if their favourite regional beer disappears at the same time.In 2009 about half of Britain's pubs were owned by large pub companies.[75]","title":"Companies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"brewery tap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craft_beer#Brewpub"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Brewery tap","text":"A brewery tap, also called a brewpub or taproom, is the nearest outlet for a brewery's beers. It is usually a room or bar in the brewery itself, although the name may be applied to a nearby pub.[citation needed]","title":"Companies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CAMRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAMRA"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"}],"text":"A pub has no strict definition, but CAMRA states that a pub has four characteristics:[2]Open to the public without membership / residency\nServe draught beer or cider without requiring food be consumed\nHave at least one indoor area not laid out for meals\nAllow drinks to be bought at a bar (i.e. not only table service)Together these characteristics differentiate pubs from restaurants and hotel bars, although some pubs also serve as restaurants or hotels.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"restaurant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurant"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"portmanteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau"},{"link_name":"gastronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastronomy"},{"link_name":"Clerkenwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerkenwell"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culinaire-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"The Good Food Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Food_Guide"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"sub_title":"Gastropub","text":"A gastropub is a hybrid pub and restaurant, notable for serving good quality beer, wine and food.[76] The name is a portmanteau of \"gastronomy\" and \"public house\", and was coined in 1991 when David Eyre and Mike Belben took over the Eagle pub in Clerkenwell, London.[77] The concept of a restaurant in a pub reinvigorated both pub culture and British dining,[78] though it has also attracted criticism for potentially removing the character of traditional pubs.[79]In 2011, The Good Food Guide suggested that the term has become irrelevant such is its commonality these days.[80]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Crown_Inn_Chiddingfold_DSC_2319.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chiddingfold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiddingfold"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"gastropubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropub"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"sub_title":"Country pub","text":"The Crown Inn, ChiddingfoldA \"country pub\" is simply a rural drinking establishment, though the term has acquired a romantic image typically of thatched roofs and whitewashed stone walls.[81] As with urban pubs, the country pub can function as a social and recreational centre, providing opportunities for people to meet, exchange news, and cooperate on local charitable events.[82] However, that culture of functioning as a social centre for a village and rural community started to diminish in the latter part of the 20th century, as many country pubs either closed down, or were converted to restaurants or gastropubs.[83] Those country pubs located on main routes may once have been coaching inns, providing accommodation or refreshment for travellers before the advent of motorised transport.[84]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Dutch_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_20457.jpg"},{"link_name":"roadhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadhouse_(facility)"},{"link_name":"A20 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A20_road_(England)"},{"link_name":"Eltham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eltham"},{"link_name":"motor car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_car"},{"link_name":"arterial roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_road"},{"link_name":"bypasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bypass_(road)"},{"link_name":"charabanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charabanc"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"drunk driving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drunk_driving"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"sub_title":"Roadhouse","text":"The Dutch House (now closed), a typical 1930s roadhouse on the busy A20 road in Eltham, Greater London.The term roadhouse was originally applied to a coaching inn, but with the advent of popular travel by motor car in the 1920s and 1930s in the United Kingdom, a new type of roadhouse emerged, often located on the newly constructed arterial roads and bypasses. They were large establishments offering meals and refreshment and accommodation to motorists and parties travelling by charabanc. The largest roadhouses boasted facilities such as tennis courts and swimming pools. Their popularity ended with the outbreak of the Second World War when recreational road travel became impossible, and the advent of post-war drunk driving legislation prevented their full recovery.[85] Many of these establishments are now operated as pub restaurants or fast food outlets.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"link_name":"biker bars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biker_bar"},{"link_name":"strip clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip_club"},{"link_name":"karaoke bars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaoke_bar"},{"link_name":"Irish pubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_pub"}],"sub_title":"Theme pub","text":"A theme pub is a pub that aligns itself to a specific culture, style or activity; often with the intention of attracting a niche clientele. Many are decorated and furnished accordingly, with the theme sometimes dictating the style of food or drink on offer too. Examples of theme pubs include sports bars, rock pubs, biker bars, Goth pubs, strip clubs, karaoke bars and Irish pubs.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Herne, Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herne,_Kent"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indy_Micropubs-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butchers-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"2003 Licensing Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensing_Act_2003"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indy_Micropubs-87"}],"sub_title":"Micropubs","text":"In Britain, a micropub is a very small, modern, one-room pub founded on principles set up by Martyn Hillier, the creator of the first micropub, the Butchers Arms in Herne, Kent, in 2005.[86][87] Micropubs are \"based upon good ale and lively banter\",[88] commonly with a strong focus on local cask ale.[89] It became easier to start a small pub after the passing of the 2003 Licensing Act, which became effective in 2005.[87]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"temperance bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperance_bar"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"A \"nolo\" or \"no lo\" pub serves only non-alcoholic and low-alcoholic beverages.[90][91][92] A temperance bar serves no alcohol at all.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thegeorgesouthwarksign.jpg"},{"link_name":"the George, Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_George,_Southwark"},{"link_name":"St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George"},{"link_name":"dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon"},{"link_name":"Richard II of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"signs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signboards"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sign-93"},{"link_name":"borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough"},{"link_name":"ale tasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ale_taster"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"John Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"illiterate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illiterate"},{"link_name":"paraphernalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphernalia"},{"link_name":"heraldry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldry"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar"},{"link_name":"royal family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Royal_Family"},{"link_name":"rebus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebus"},{"link_name":"Crowborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowborough"},{"link_name":"British Pathé News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Path%C3%A9_News"},{"link_name":"Michael Farrar-Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Farrar-Bell"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"}],"text":"The pub sign of the George, Southwark in south London, depicting St George slaying a dragonIn 1393, King Richard II of England compelled landlords to erect signs outside their premises. The legislation stated \"Whosoever shall brew ale in the town with intention of selling it must hang out a sign, otherwise he shall forfeit his ale.\"[93] This law was to make alehouses easily visible to passing inspectors, borough ale tasters, who would decide the quality of the ale they provided. William Shakespeare's father, John Shakespeare, was one such inspector.Another important factor was that during the Middle Ages a large proportion of the population were illiterate and so pictures on a sign were more useful than words as a means of identifying a public house. For this reason there was often no reason to write the establishment's name on the sign and inns opened without a formal written name, the name being derived later from the illustration on the pub's sign.The earliest signs were often not painted but consisted, for example, of paraphernalia connected with the brewing process such as bunches of hops or brewing implements, which were suspended above the door of the pub. In some cases local nicknames, farming terms and puns were used. Local events were often commemorated in pub signs. Simple natural or religious symbols such as suns, stars and crosses were incorporated into pub signs, sometimes adapted to incorporate elements of the heraldry (e.g., the coat of arms) of the local lords who owned the lands upon which the pub stood. Some pubs have Latin inscriptions.Other subjects that lent themselves to visual depiction included the name of battles (e.g. Trafalgar), explorers, local notables, discoveries, sporting heroes and members of the royal family. Some pub signs are in the form of a pictorial pun or rebus. For example, a pub in Crowborough, East Sussex called The Crow and Gate had for some years an image of a crow with gates as wings. A British Pathé News film of 1956 shows artist Michael Farrar-Bell at work producing inn signs.[94]Most British pubs still have decorated signs hanging over their doors, and these retain their original function of enabling the identification of the pub. Today's pub signs almost always bear the name of the pub, both in words and in pictorial representation. The more remote country pubs often have stand-alone signs directing potential customers to their door.","title":"Pub signs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pub chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub_chain"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"John Manners, Marquess of Granby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Manners,_Marquess_of_Granby"},{"link_name":"John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Manners,_3rd_Duke_of_Rutland"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"King George III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_III"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII"},{"link_name":"Boulogne-sur-Mer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"}],"text":"Pub names are used to identify and differentiate each pub. Modern names are sometimes a marketing ploy or attempt to create \"brand awareness\", frequently using a comic theme thought to be memorable, Slug and Lettuce for a pub chain being an example. Interesting origins are not confined to old or traditional names, however. Names and their origins can be broken up into a relatively small number of categories.[95]As many pubs are centuries old, many of their early customers were unable to read, and pictorial signs could be readily recognised when lettering and words could not be read.[96]Pubs often have traditional names. A common name is the \"Marquis of Granby\". These pubs were named after John Manners, Marquess of Granby, who was the son of John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland and a general in the 18th-century British Army. He showed a great concern for the welfare of his men, and on their retirement, provided funds for many of them to establish taverns, which were subsequently named after him.[97] All pubs granted their licence in 1780 were called the Royal George,[98] after King George III, and the twentieth anniversary of his coronation.Some names for pubs that seem absurd or whimsical have come from corruptions of old slogans or phrases, such as the Bag o'Nails (Bacchanals), the Goat and Compasses (God Encompasseth Us),[99] the Cat and the Fiddle (Chaton Fidèle: Faithful Kitten) and the Bull and Bush, which purportedly celebrates the victory of Henry VIII at \"Boulogne Bouche\" or Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour.[100][101]","title":"Names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pub games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub_games"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indoor_Quoits.jpg"},{"link_name":"Parkend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkend"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"skittles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skittles_(sport)"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"dominoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominoes"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_games"},{"link_name":"bar billiards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_billiards"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Aunt Sally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aunt_Sally"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"nine men's morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_men%27s_morris"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"ringing the bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringing_the_bull"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"cribbage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cribbage"},{"link_name":"pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackball_(pool)"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"snooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snooker"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"table football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_football"},{"link_name":"slot machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slot_machine"},{"link_name":"tournaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournament"},{"link_name":"karaoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaoke"},{"link_name":"pub quizzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub_quiz"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Shove ha'penny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shove_ha%27penny"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Bat and trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat_and_trap"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Sunday League Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_League_Football"},{"link_name":"Bowling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowls"},{"link_name":"pub songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub_song"},{"link_name":"Kilburn and the High Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilburn_and_the_High_Roads"},{"link_name":"Dr. Feelgood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Feelgood_(band)"},{"link_name":"the Kursaal Flyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kursaal_Flyers"},{"link_name":"pub rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub_rock_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"punk music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_music"}],"text":"See also: Pub gamesIndoor Quoits being played at a pub in Parkend, Gloucestershire.Traditional games are played in pubs, ranging from the well-known darts,[102] skittles,[103] dominoes,[104] cards and bar billiards,[105] to the more obscure Aunt Sally,[106] nine men's morris[107] and ringing the bull.[108] In the UK betting is legally limited to certain games such as cribbage or dominoes, played for small stakes. In recent decades the game of pool[109] (both the British and American versions) has increased in popularity as well as other table based games such as snooker[110] or table football becoming common.Increasingly, more modern games such as video games and slot machines are provided. Pubs hold special events, from tournaments of the aforementioned games to karaoke nights to pub quizzes. Some play pop music and hip-hop (dance bar), or show football and rugby union on big screen televisions (sports bar). Shove ha'penny[111] and Bat and trap[112] were also popular in pubs south of London.Some pubs in the UK also have football teams composed of regular customers. Many of these teams are in leagues that play matches on Sundays, hence the term \"Sunday League Football\". Bowling is found in association with pubs in some parts of the country and the local team plays matches against teams invited from elsewhere on the pub's bowling green.Pubs may be venues for pub songs and live music. During the 1970s pubs provided an outlet for a number of bands, such as Kilburn and the High Roads, Dr. Feelgood and the Kursaal Flyers, who formed a musical genre called pub rock that was a precursor to punk music.","title":"Entertainment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_cuisine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pub_grub.jpg"},{"link_name":"pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie"},{"link_name":"bar snacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snack_food"},{"link_name":"pork scratchings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork_scratchings"},{"link_name":"pickled eggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickled_egg"},{"link_name":"crisps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisps"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk-113"},{"link_name":"South East England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_England"},{"link_name":"cockles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockle_(bivalve)"},{"link_name":"whelks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whelk"},{"link_name":"mussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussel"},{"link_name":"shellfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellfish"},{"link_name":"London's East End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%27s_East_End"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk-113"},{"link_name":"ploughman's lunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploughman%27s_lunch"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk-113"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk-113"},{"link_name":"Berni Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berni_Inn"},{"link_name":"Beefeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beefeater_(restaurant)"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk-113"},{"link_name":"microwave ovens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_oven"},{"link_name":"frozen food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_food"},{"link_name":"steak and ale pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat_pie"},{"link_name":"shepherd's pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd%27s_pie"},{"link_name":"fish and chips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_and_chips"},{"link_name":"bangers and mash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangers_and_mash"},{"link_name":"Sunday roast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_roast"},{"link_name":"ploughman's lunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploughman%27s_lunch"},{"link_name":"chicken tikka masala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_tikka_masala"},{"link_name":"pasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasty"},{"link_name":"burgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger"},{"link_name":"chicken wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_wing"},{"link_name":"lasagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasagne"},{"link_name":"chilli con carne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilli_con_carne"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Further information: English cuisinePub grub – a pie, along with a pint of beerSome pubs have a long tradition of serving food, dating back to their historic usage as inns and hotels where travellers would stay.Many pubs were drinking establishments, and little emphasis was placed on the serving of food, other than sandwiches and \"bar snacks\", such as pork scratchings, pickled eggs, salted crisps and peanuts. These all helped to increase beer sales.[113] In South East England (especially London) it was common until recent times for vendors of cockles, whelks, mussels, and other shellfish to sell them during the evening and at closing time. Many mobile shellfish stalls would set up near pubs, a practice that continues in London's East End. Otherwise, pickled cockles and mussels may be offered by the pub in jars or packets.In the 1950s, some British pubs would offer \"a pie and a pint\", with hot individual steak and ale pies made easily on the premises by the proprietor's wife during the lunchtime opening hours.[113] The ploughman's lunch became popular in the late 1960s,[113] as did the convenient \"chicken in a basket\", a portion of roast chicken with chips, served on a napkin in a wicker basket.[113]Family chain pubs that serve food in the evening gained popularity in the 1970s, and included Berni Inn and Beefeater.[113]Quality dropped but variety increased with the introduction of microwave ovens and frozen food. \"Pub grub\" expanded to include British food items such as steak and ale pie, shepherd's pie, fish and chips, bangers and mash, Sunday roast, ploughman's lunch, chicken tikka masala, and pasties. In addition, dishes such as burgers, chicken wings, lasagne and chilli con carne are often served.[114][115] Some pubs offer elaborate hot and cold snacks free to customers at Sunday lunchtimes, to prevent them getting hungry and leaving for their lunch at home.Since the 1990s, food has become a more important part of a pub's trade, and today most pubs serve lunches and dinners at the table in addition to (or instead of) snacks consumed at the bar. They may have a separate dining room. Some pubs serve meals to a higher standard, to match good restaurant standards; these are sometimes termed gastropubs.[citation needed]","title":"Food"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"National Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trust"},{"link_name":"George Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_George_Inn,_Southwark"},{"link_name":"Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwark"},{"link_name":"the Crown Liquor Saloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown_Liquor_Saloon"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAMRA-BeerKnowledge-118"}],"text":"CAMRA maintains a \"National Inventory\" of historical notability and of architecturally and decoratively notable pubs.[116] The National Trust owns thirty-six public houses of historic interest including the George Inn, Southwark, London and the Crown Liquor Saloon, Belfast, Northern Ireland.[117][118]","title":"Listed"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sun_Inn,_Leintwardine_(Geograph_383027_by_Peter_Evans).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Crooked_House,_Dudley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_96790.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Crooked House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crooked_House"},{"link_name":"Himley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ye_Olde_Man_%26_Scythe,_Bolton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_498745.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ye Olde Man & Scythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_Olde_Man_%26_Scythe"}],"text":"The Sun Inn, Herefordshire. One of the few remaining parlour pubsThe Crooked House, Himley, was known for the extreme lean of the building, caused by subsidence produced by miningYe Olde Man & Scythe, Bolton","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tan Hill Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Hill_Inn"},{"link_name":"North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Hill,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Inverie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverie"},{"link_name":"Lochaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochaber"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"}],"sub_title":"Highest and remotest","text":"The highest pub in the United Kingdom is the Tan Hill Inn, North Yorkshire, at 1,732 feet (528 m) above sea level. The remotest pub on the British mainland is the Old Forge in the village of Inverie, Lochaber, Scotland. There is no road access and it may only be reached by an 18-mile (29 km) walk over mountains, or a 7-mile (11 km) sea crossing.[119]","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAMRA-BeerKnowledge-118"},{"link_name":"The Nutshell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nutshell"},{"link_name":"Bury St Edmunds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Southport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southport"},{"link_name":"Merseyside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merseyside"},{"link_name":"Aylesford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aylesford"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"Godmanstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godmanstone"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"},{"link_name":"The Signal Box Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Signal_Box_Inn"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Cleethorpes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleethorpes"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"Sun Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Inn"},{"link_name":"Leintwardine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leintwardine"},{"link_name":"Herefordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herefordshire"}],"sub_title":"Smallest","text":"Contenders for the smallest public house in the UK include:[118]The Nutshell – Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk\nThe Lakeside Inn – Southport, Merseyside\nThe Little Gem – Aylesford, Kent\nThe Smiths Arms – Godmanstone, Dorset\nThe Signal Box Inn[120] – Cleethorpes, LincolnshireThe list includes a small number of parlour pubs, one of which is the Sun Inn in Leintwardine, Herefordshire.The smallest public house in Wales is claimed by Y Goron Fach (the Little Crown) in Denbigh, with a single bar of 15 square metres (160 sq ft).","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramsgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsgate"},{"link_name":"casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"}],"sub_title":"Largest","text":"The largest pub in the UK is the Royal Victoria Pavilion, in Ramsgate, Kent. The venue was previously a casino and before that a theatre.[121]","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ye Olde Fighting Cocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_Olde_Fighting_Cocks"},{"link_name":"St Albans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Record"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-122"},{"link_name":"Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_Olde_Trip_to_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Nottingham Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Castle"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Burntwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burntwood"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"the Old Ferry Boat Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Ferry_Boat_Inn"},{"link_name":"Holywell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holywell,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"The Bingley Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bingley_Arms"},{"link_name":"Bardsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardsey,_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Ye Olde Salutation Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_Olde_Salutation_Inn"},{"link_name":"English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Adam and Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_and_Eve,_Norwich"},{"link_name":"Norwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich"},{"link_name":"Norwich Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Ye Olde Man & Scythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_Olde_Man_%26_Scythe"},{"link_name":"Bolton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton"}],"sub_title":"Oldest","text":"A number of pubs claim to be the oldest surviving establishment in the United Kingdom, although in several cases original buildings have been demolished and replaced on the same site. Others are ancient buildings that were used for purposes other than as a pub previously in their history. Some notable claims include:Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in St Albans, Hertfordshire, held the Guinness World Record for the oldest pub in England for many years, as it is an 11th-century structure on an eighth-century site—however, the record was withdrawn in 2000 after review, and the category was deemed impossible to verify.[122]\nYe Olde Trip to Jerusalem in Nottingham has been claimed to be the \"oldest inn in England\" with a founding date of 1189, but this relies on the fact it is constructed on the site of Nottingham Castle's former brewhouse; the present building actually dates from around 1650.[123]\nThe Nags Head in Burntwood, Staffordshire, only dates back to the 16th century, but an (inaccurate) claim is still frequently made that a pub on the site was mentioned in the Domesday Book.[124]\nThere is archaeological evidence that parts of the foundations of the Old Ferry Boat Inn in Holywell may date to AD 460, and there is evidence of ale being served as early as AD 560, but definitive dating evidence of the main building has yet to be established.[125]\nThe Bingley Arms, Bardsey, Yorkshire, is claimed to date to 905 AD, but the current building only dates from the 18th century.\nYe Olde Salutation Inn in Nottingham dates from 1240, although the building served as a tannery and a private residence before becoming an inn sometime before the English Civil War.\nThe Adam and Eve in Norwich was first recorded in 1249, when it was an alehouse for the workers constructing nearby Norwich Cathedral.[126]\nYe Olde Man & Scythe in Bolton, Greater Manchester, is mentioned by name in a charter of 1251, but the current building is dated 1631. Its cellars are the only surviving part of the older structure.","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stalybridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalybridge"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"}],"sub_title":"Longest and shortest name","text":"The town of Stalybridge in Greater Manchester is thought to have the pubs with both the longest and shortest names in the United Kingdom – The Old Thirteenth Cheshire Astley Volunteer Rifleman Corps Inn and the Q Inn, both operating as of 2019[update] (the Rifleman reopening in new premises, moving from Astley Street to premises two doors away from the Q Inn in Market Street in 2019, after being closed for three years).[127][128] The original Rifleman building retains a pub sign, and a blue plaque from 1995 recording the recognition of the name in the Guinness Book of Records.[129]","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-130"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-130"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-132"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-132"}],"text":"The most expensive place to get a pint of beer is in Doha, Qatar, where prices average £10.30 (2019).[130]\nThe average retail price of a pint of beer in the UK is £4.12 (2019).[130]\nThe cheapest place to get a beer in the UK is Preston, where a pint costs on average £3.06 (2019).[130]\nIn 2018, British people drank 7.75 billion pints of beer: 21.2 million pints a day.[131]\nAs of 2019, there are 40,683 pubs in England, 2,901 in Wales and 3,612 in Scotland.[132]\nPubs are closing at a rate of one every 12 hours (as of February 2019).[132]","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of pubs in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pubs_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"the Tabard Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tabard_Inn"},{"link_name":"Chaucer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaucer"},{"link_name":"Canterbury Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Tales"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jamaica_Inn_-_geograph.org.uk_-_308879.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jamaica Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Inn"},{"link_name":"Dick Turpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Turpin"},{"link_name":"Woughton-on-the-Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woughton-on-the-Green"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"Jamaica Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Inn"},{"link_name":"Bolventor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolventor"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"1936 novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Inn_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Daphne du Maurier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphne_du_Maurier"},{"link_name":"1939 film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Inn_(film)"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"John Fothergill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fothergill_(innkeeper)"},{"link_name":"Thame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thame"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"H. G. Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Tony Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair"},{"link_name":"Dun Cow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dun_Cow"},{"link_name":"Sedgefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedgefield"},{"link_name":"Blair's home constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedgefield_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Beer_and_Pub_Association-138"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"}],"text":"See also: List of pubs in the United KingdomInns and taverns feature throughout English literature and poetry, from the Tabard Inn in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales onwards.[133]Jamaica Inn in Cornwall inspired a novel and a film.The highwayman Dick Turpin used the Swan Inn at Woughton-on-the-Green in Buckinghamshire as his base.[134] Jamaica Inn near Bolventor in Cornwall gave its name to a 1936 novel by Daphne du Maurier and a 1939 film directed by Alfred Hitchcock.[135] In the 1920s John Fothergill (1876–1957) was the innkeeper of the Spread Eagle in Thame, Berkshire, and published his autobiography: An Innkeeper's Diary (London: Chatto & Windus, 1931).[136] During his idiosyncratic occupancy many famous people came to stay, such as H. G. Wells. United States president George W. Bush fulfilled his lifetime ambition of visiting a 'genuine British pub' during his November 2003 state visit to the UK when he had lunch and a pint of non-alcoholic lager (Bush being a teetotaler) with British Prime Minister Tony Blair at the Dun Cow pub in Sedgefield, County Durham, in Blair's home constituency.[137] There were approximately 53,500 public houses in 2009 in the United Kingdom.[138] This number has been declining every year, so that nearly half of the smaller villages no longer have a local pub.[139]","title":"Cultural associations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of real London pubs in literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_real_London_pubs_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Samuel Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_Olde_Cheshire_Cheese"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"Prospect of Whitby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect_of_Whitby"},{"link_name":"Ye Olde Cock Tavern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_Olde_Cock_Tavern"},{"link_name":"Samuel Pepys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Pepys"},{"link_name":"Fitzroy Tavern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzroy_Tavern"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Street"},{"link_name":"Fitzrovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzrovia"},{"link_name":"intellectuals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual"},{"link_name":"bohemians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemianism"},{"link_name":"Dylan Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Augustus John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_John"},{"link_name":"George Orwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell"},{"link_name":"Soho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soho"},{"link_name":"Pillars of Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillars_of_Hercules_(pub)"},{"link_name":"the Colony Room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colony_Room"},{"link_name":"Coach and Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_and_Horses,_Soho"},{"link_name":"Canonbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonbury"},{"link_name":"The Moon Under Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moon_Under_Water"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Red_Lion,_Whitehall,_London_SW1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1419086.jpg"},{"link_name":"Whitehall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehall"},{"link_name":"Houses of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Members of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Red Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Lion,_Westminster"},{"link_name":"Whitehall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehall"},{"link_name":"Palace of Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"Members of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Division bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_bell"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"The Punch Bowl, Mayfair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Punch_Bowl,_Mayfair"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna"},{"link_name":"Guy Ritchie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Ritchie"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-142"},{"link_name":"Coleherne public house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleherne_public_house"},{"link_name":"Earls Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earls_Court"},{"link_name":"Freddie Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Mercury"},{"link_name":"Kenny Everett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Everett"},{"link_name":"Rudolph Nureyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Nureyev"},{"link_name":"Colin Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Jack Straw's Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Straw%27s_Castle,_Hampstead"},{"link_name":"Jack Straw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Straw_(rebel_leader)"},{"link_name":"Peasants' Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt"},{"link_name":"the Blitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blitz"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"the Blind Beggar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blind_Beggar"},{"link_name":"Whitechapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitechapel"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Kray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Kray"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"Ten Bells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Bells"},{"link_name":"Jack the Ripper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper"},{"link_name":"Ruth Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Ellis"},{"link_name":"South Hill Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Hill_Park_(London_street)"},{"link_name":"Hampstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"Clerkenwell Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerkenwell_Green"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"The Angel, Islington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Angel,_Islington"},{"link_name":"coaching inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaching_inn"},{"link_name":"Great North Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_North_Road_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Paine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine"},{"link_name":"Rights of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rights_of_Man"},{"link_name":"Lyons Corner House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyons_Corner_House"},{"link_name":"Co-operative Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Co-operative_Bank"}],"sub_title":"London","text":"See also: List of real London pubs in literatureMany of London's pubs are known to have been used by famous people, but in some cases, such as the association between Samuel Johnson and Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese, this is speculative, based on little more than the fact that the person is known to have lived nearby. However, Charles Dickens is known to have visited the Cheshire Cheese, the Prospect of Whitby, Ye Olde Cock Tavern and many others. Samuel Pepys is also associated with the Prospect of Whitby and the Cock Tavern.The Fitzroy Tavern[140] is a pub situated at 16 Charlotte Street in the Fitzrovia district, to which it gives its name. It became famous (or according to others, infamous) during a period spanning the 1920s to the mid-1950s as a meeting place for many of London's artists, intellectuals and bohemians such as Dylan Thomas, Augustus John, and George Orwell. Several establishments in Soho, London, have associations with well-known, post-war literary and artistic figures, including the Pillars of Hercules, the Colony Room and the Coach and Horses. The Canonbury Tavern, Canonbury, was the prototype for Orwell's ideal English pub, The Moon Under Water.The Red Lion in Whitehall is close to the Houses of Parliament and is frequented by Members of Parliament (MPs) and political journalists.The Red Lion in Whitehall is close to the Palace of Westminster and is consequently used by political journalists and Members of Parliament (MPs). The pub is equipped with a Division bell that summons MPs back to the chamber when they are required to take part in a vote.[141] The Punch Bowl, Mayfair was at one time jointly owned by Madonna and Guy Ritchie.[142] The Coleherne public house in Earls Court was a well-known gay pub from the 1950s. It attracted many well-known patrons, such as Freddie Mercury, Kenny Everett and Rudolph Nureyev. It was used by the serial-killer Colin Ireland to pick up victims.Jack Straw's Castle was a pub named after Jack Straw, one of the three leaders of Peasants' Revolt, the pub was active since the 14th century until its destruction by the Blitz during the Second World War.In 1966 the Blind Beggar in Whitechapel became infamous as the scene of a murder committed by gangster Ronnie Kray.[143] The Ten Bells is associated with several of the victims of Jack the Ripper. In 1955, Ruth Ellis, the last woman executed in the United Kingdom, shot David Blakely as he emerged from the Magdala in South Hill Park, Hampstead,[144] the bullet holes can still be seen in the walls outside. It is said that Vladimir Lenin and a young Joseph Stalin met in the Crown and Anchor pub (now known as the Crown Tavern) on Clerkenwell Green when the latter was visiting London in 1903.[145]The Angel, Islington was formerly a coaching inn, the first on the Great North Road, the main route northwards out of London, where Thomas Paine is believed to have written much of Rights of Man (1791). It was mentioned by Charles Dickens, became a Lyons Corner House, and is now a Co-operative Bank.","title":"Cultural associations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Eagle and Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eagle_and_Child"},{"link_name":"Lamb and Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_%26_Flag_(Oxford)"},{"link_name":"Inklings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inklings"},{"link_name":"J. R. R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"C. S. Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis"},{"link_name":"The Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eagle_(pub)"},{"link_name":"Francis Crick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Crick"},{"link_name":"James Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Watson"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"The Double Helix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Double_Helix"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"}],"sub_title":"Oxford and Cambridge","text":"The Eagle and Child and the Lamb and Flag, Oxford, were regular meeting places of the Inklings, a writers' group that included J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis. The Eagle in Cambridge is where Francis Crick interrupted patrons' lunchtime on 28 February 1953 to announce that he and James Watson had \"discovered the secret of life\" after they had come up with their proposal for the structure of DNA.[146] The anecdote is related in Watson's book The Double Helix.[147] and commemorated with a blue plaque on the outside wall.","title":"Cultural associations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish pub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_pub"},{"link_name":"Australian pub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_pub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Na_Per%C5%A1t%C3%BDn%C4%9B_5,_U_Medv%C3%ADdk%C5%AF.jpg"},{"link_name":"U Medvídků","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_Medv%C3%ADdk%C5%AF"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pub_Pikilinna_in_Tampere_Aug2009_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Tammela district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammela,_Tampere"},{"link_name":"Tampere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampere"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"craic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craic"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"the Troubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Troubles"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"the Olde Angel Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Olde_Angel_Inn"},{"link_name":"Niagara-on-the-Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara-on-the-Lake"},{"link_name":"student's union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%27s_union"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"Suez Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"Perseverance Tavern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseverance_Tavern"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news24-152"}],"text":"See also: Irish pub and Australian pubU Medvídků, one of the oldest pubs in EuropeAlthough \"British\" pubs found outside of Britain and its former colonies are often themed bars owing little to the original British pub, a number of \"true\" pubs may be found around the world.Pub Pikilinna, an Irish-style public house in the Tammela district of the city of Tampere, Finland.In Scandinavia, especially Denmark, a number of pubs that eschew \"theming\" have opened. They instead focus on providing carefully conditioned beer, often independent of any particular brewery or chain, in an environment not unfamiliar to a British pub-goer. Some import British cask ale, rather than beer in kegs, to provide the full British real ale experience to their customers. This newly established Danish interest in British cask beer and the British pub tradition is reflected by the fact that some 56 British cask beers were available at the 2008 European Beer Festival in Copenhagen, which was attended by more than 20,000 people.In Ireland, pubs are known for their atmosphere or \"craic\".[148] In Irish, a pub is referred to as teach tábhairne (\"tavernhouse\") or teach óil (\"drinkinghouse\"). Live music, either sessions of traditional Irish music or varieties of modern popular music, is frequently featured in the pubs of Ireland. Pubs in Northern Ireland are largely identical to their counterparts in the Republic of Ireland except for the lack of spirit grocers. A side effect of the Troubles was that the lack of a tourist industry meant that a higher proportion of traditional bars have survived the wholesale refitting of Irish pub interiors in the \"English style\" in the 1950s and 1960s. New Zealand sports a number of Irish pubs.[149]Pubs have a long history in Canada, with some still operating after 200 years, like the Olde Angel Inn in Niagara-on-the-Lake. An \"English-looking\" pub trend started in the 1990s, built into existing storefronts, often run by corporate pub firms. Most universities in Canada have campus pubs that are central to student life—serving food and drink as well as hosting social events. Often these pubs are run by the student's union and at some universities, a budget is reserved for course pub nights. The gastropub concept has caught on, as traditional British influences are to be found in many Canadian dishes. Aside from pubs, the term \"bar\" can refer to themed drinking establishments, sports bars, or cocktail bars, or to the physical counter in a pub. Tavern was previously a popular term, though it has become somewhat antiquated.In South Africa pubs and taverns have had a particularly long and notable presence in the city of Cape Town. Prior to the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, Cape Town was a major trading port between Europe and Asia and hosted a very large number of drinking establishments earning the city the moniker Tavern of the Seas.[150][151] The oldest currently operating pub in South Africa, and one of the last drinking establishments left from the Tavern of the Seas era, is the Perseverance Tavern opened in 1808.[152]","title":"Outside Great Britain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of fictional bars and pubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_bars_and_pubs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Queen_Vic.jpg"},{"link_name":"EastEnders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders"},{"link_name":"Treasure Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island"},{"link_name":"Peaky Blinders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaky_Blinders_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"high fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_fantasy"},{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings"},{"link_name":"the Leaky Cauldron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Leaky_Cauldron_(pub)"},{"link_name":"the Hog's Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hog%27s_Head"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter"},{"link_name":"The Simpsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons"},{"link_name":"The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Elder_Scrolls_IV:_Oblivion"},{"link_name":"soap operas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"Rovers Return","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovers_Return"},{"link_name":"Coronation Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_Street"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Queen Vic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Vic"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"EastEnders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders"},{"link_name":"Woolpack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolpack"},{"link_name":"Emmerdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmerdale"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"The Archers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Archers"}],"text":"See also: List of fictional bars and pubsThe fictitious Queen Victoria pub, EastEnders, LondonPubs are a common setting for fictional works, including novels, stories, films, video games, and other works. In many cases, authors and other creators develop imaginary pubs for their works, some of which have become notable fictional places. Notable fictional pubs include The Admiral Benbow Inn in the Treasure Island pirate story, the Garrison in the 1920s crime TV drama Peaky Blinders, the Golden Perch, the Prancing Pony, and the Green Dragon in the high fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings, the Leaky Cauldron and the Hog's Head in the Harry Potter fantasy series, Moe's Tavern, a working-class venue in The Simpsons, and the Oak and Crosier in the video game The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion.The major soap operas on British television each feature a fictional pub, and these pubs have become household names in Britain.[153] The Rovers Return is the pub in Coronation Street, the British soap broadcast on ITV. The Queen Vic (short for the Queen Victoria) is the pub in EastEnders, the major soap on BBC One and the Woolpack in ITV's Emmerdale. The sets of each of the three major television soap operas have been visited by some of the members of the royal family, including Queen Elizabeth II. The centrepiece of each visit was a trip into the Rovers,[154] the Queen Vic,[155] or the Woolpack to be offered a drink.\nThe Bull in the BBC Radio 4 soap opera The Archers is an important meeting point.","title":"In fiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Trade Signs of Essex: a popular account of the origin and meanings of the public house and other signs now or formerly found in the county of Essex\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120220083643/http://www.essex-family-history.co.uk/pubsigns.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.essex-family-history.co.uk/pubsigns.htm"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7553-1165-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7553-1165-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7509-2748-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-2748-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-00-216210-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-216210-5"},{"link_name":"www.breweryartists.co.uk A history of the Brewery Artists Inn Sign studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.breweryartists.co.uk/"}],"text":"Christy, Miller (1887). \"Trade Signs of Essex: a popular account of the origin and meanings of the public house and other signs now or formerly found in the county of Essex\". Chelmsford: Edmund Durrant & Co. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2009.\nCornell, Martyn (2003). Beer: the story of the pint. London: Headline. ISBN 978-0-7553-1165-1.\nHaydon, Peter (2001). Beer and Britannia: an inebriated history of Britain. Stroud: Sutton. ISBN 978-0-7509-2748-2.\nJackson, Michael & Smyth, Frank (1976). The English Pub. London: Collins. ISBN 0-00-216210-5.\nwww.breweryartists.co.uk A history of the Brewery Artists Inn Sign studio","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Pubs can be bizarre and peculiar, but they're worth saving as a focal point of a community\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//inews.co.uk/opinion/pubs-can-be-bizarre-but-theyre-worth-saving-as-a-focal-point-of-a-community/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-582-50835-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-50835-5"},{"link_name":"Christopher Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Hill_(historian)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-946495-25-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946495-25-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85421-225-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85421-225-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85958-028-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85958-028-9"},{"link_name":"Richardson, A. E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Richardson_(architect)"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//0-www-jstor-org.avalon.searchmobius.org/stable/j.ctt1t6p769"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/138161/3/Ryo%20HJ%20historiographical%20review%20draft.pdf"}],"text":"Kelner, Simon (7 August 2019). \"Pubs can be bizarre and peculiar, but they're worth saving as a focal point of a community\". i News.\nBurke, Thomas (1927). The Book of the Inn: being two hundred pictures of the English inn from the earliest times to the coming of the railway hotel; selected and edited by Thomas Burke. London: Constable.\nBurke, Thomas (1930). The English Inn. (English Heritage.) London: Herbert Jenkins.\nBurke, Thomas (1947). The English Inn (Revised ed.). (The Country Books.) London: Herbert Jenkins.\nClark, Peter (1983). The English Alehouse: a social history, 1200–1830. Harlow: Longman. ISBN 0-582-50835-5.\nClark, Peter (1978). \"The Alehouse and the Alternative Society\", in: Puritans and Revolutionaries: essays in seventeenth-century history presented to Christopher Hill; ed. D. H. Pennington & Keith Thomas. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978; pp. 47–72.\nDouch, H. L. (1966). Old Cornish Inns and their place in the social history of the County. Truro: D. Bradford Barton.\nEveritt, Alan. \"The English Urban Inn 1560–1760.\" Perspectives in English urban history (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1973) pp. 91–137. (The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (ed. David Hey), 1996, describes this as \"the starting point for modern studies [of inns]\"; Everitt described most of the previous literature on the topic as \"a wretched farrago of romantic legends, facetious humour and irritating errors\".)\nGutzke, David W. Pubs and Progressives: Reinventing the Public House in England, 1896–1960(Northern Illinois University Press, 2006).\nHackwood, Frederick W. (1910). Inns, Ales and Drinking Customs of Old England. London: T. Fisher Unwin.\nReissued: London: Bracken Books, 1985. ISBN 0-946495-25-4.\nHailwood, Mark. Alehouses and Good Fellowship in Early Modern England (Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2014).\nJennings, Paul. \"Liquor licensing and the local historian: the 1904 Licensing Act and its administration\" xxx (2009).\nJennings, Paul. A History of Drink and the English, 1500-2000 (Routledge, 2016).\nJennings, Paul. The local: A history of the English pub (The History Press, 2021).\nJennings, Paul. \"Liquor Licensing and the Local Historian: The Victorian Public House.\" Local Historian 41 (2011): 121–137.\nMartin, John (1993). Stanley Chew's Pub Signs: a celebration of the art and heritage of British pub signs. Worcester: John Martin. ISBN 1-85421-225-7.\nMonson-Fitzjohn, G. J. (1926) Quaint Signs of Olde Inns. London: Herbert Jenkins (reissued by Senate, London, 1994 ISBN 1-85958-028-9).\nMutch, Alistair. \"Improving the public house in Britain, 1920–40: Sir Sydney Nevile and 'social work'.\" Business history 52.4 (2010): 517–535.\nNicholls, James. \"Alcohol licensing in Scotland: a historical overview.\" Addiction 107.8 (2012): 1397–1403.\nNicholls, James. The politics of alcohol: A history of the drink question in England. (Manchester University Press, 2013). pp 142–151.Richardson, A. E. (1934). The Old Inns of England. London: B. T. Batsford.\nYeomans, Henry. Alcohol and moral regulation: Public attitudes, spirited measures and Victorian hangovers (Bristol University Press, 2014) onlineYokoe, Ryosuke. \"Alcohol and politics in twentieth-century Britain.\" The Historical Journal 62.1 (2019): 267-287. online","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"A thatched country pub, the Williams Arms, near Braunton, Devon, England","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pub.williams.arp.750pix.jpg/220px-Pub.williams.arp.750pix.jpg"},{"image_text":"A city pub, the World's End, Camden Town, London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/PubCamdenTown.jpg/220px-PubCamdenTown.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Ale-House Door (painting of c. 1790 by Henry Singleton)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Henry_Singleton_The_Ale-House_Door_c._1790.jpg/220px-Henry_Singleton_The_Ale-House_Door_c._1790.jpg"},{"image_text":"1899 map showing number of public houses in a district of central London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Joseph_Rowntree%2C_Public_Houses_in_Central_London%2C_1899%2C_Cornell%2C_CUL_PJM_1134_01.jpg/220px-Joseph_Rowntree%2C_Public_Houses_in_Central_London%2C_1899%2C_Cornell%2C_CUL_PJM_1134_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in St Albans, Hertfordshire, which once held the Guinness World Record for the oldest pub in England","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ye_Olde_Fighting_Cocks_%282%29.JPG/220px-Ye_Olde_Fighting_Cocks_%282%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Peasants before an Inn by Dutch artist Jan Steen c. 1653","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Jan_Steen_Peasants_before_an_Inn.jpg/220px-Jan_Steen_Peasants_before_an_Inn.jpg"},{"image_text":"Goldfinger Tavern, Highworth, an example of a mid-20th-century pub","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Goldfinger_Tavern%2C_Newburgh_Place%2C_Highworth_%28geograph_2306704%29.jpg/220px-Goldfinger_Tavern%2C_Newburgh_Place%2C_Highworth_%28geograph_2306704%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Red Lion, a pub in Nottingham, being demolished in 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_Red_Lion_being_demolished_-_geograph.org.uk_-_900911.jpg/220px-The_Red_Lion_being_demolished_-_geograph.org.uk_-_900911.jpg"},{"image_text":"The interior of a typical British pub","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Pubbsm.jpg/220px-Pubbsm.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Victorian beerhouse, now a public house, in Rotherhithe, Greater London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Farriers_Arms_pub_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1466879.jpg/220px-Farriers_Arms_pub_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1466879.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Eagle, City Road, Islington, London, displaying the nursery rhyme line about the pub's predecessor[55]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Eagle_City_Road_London_2005.jpg/220px-Eagle_City_Road_London_2005.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Clock, Birmingham – an example of a mock Tudor pub, now demolished to make way for the expansion of Birmingham Airport","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Clock%2C_Birmingham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1468943.jpg/220px-The_Clock%2C_Birmingham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1468943.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Crown Inn, Chiddingfold","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Crown_Inn_Chiddingfold_DSC_2319.jpg/220px-The_Crown_Inn_Chiddingfold_DSC_2319.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Dutch House (now closed), a typical 1930s roadhouse on the busy A20 road in Eltham, Greater London.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/The_Dutch_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_20457.jpg/220px-The_Dutch_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_20457.jpg"},{"image_text":"The pub sign of the George, Southwark in south London, depicting St George slaying a dragon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Thegeorgesouthwarksign.jpg/240px-Thegeorgesouthwarksign.jpg"},{"image_text":"Indoor Quoits being played at a pub in Parkend, Gloucestershire.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Indoor_Quoits.jpg/220px-Indoor_Quoits.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pub grub – a pie, along with a pint of beer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Pub_grub.jpg/220px-Pub_grub.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Sun Inn, Herefordshire. One of the few remaining parlour pubs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sun_Inn%2C_Leintwardine_%28Geograph_383027_by_Peter_Evans%29.jpg/220px-Sun_Inn%2C_Leintwardine_%28Geograph_383027_by_Peter_Evans%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Crooked House, Himley, was known for the extreme lean of the building, caused by subsidence produced by mining","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_Crooked_House%2C_Dudley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_96790.jpg/220px-The_Crooked_House%2C_Dudley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_96790.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ye Olde Man & Scythe, Bolton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ye_Olde_Man_%26_Scythe%2C_Bolton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_498745.jpg/220px-Ye_Olde_Man_%26_Scythe%2C_Bolton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_498745.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jamaica Inn in Cornwall inspired a novel and a film.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Jamaica_Inn_-_geograph.org.uk_-_308879.jpg/220px-Jamaica_Inn_-_geograph.org.uk_-_308879.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Red Lion in Whitehall is close to the Houses of Parliament and is frequented by Members of Parliament (MPs) and political journalists.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/The_Red_Lion%2C_Whitehall%2C_London_SW1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1419086.jpg/220px-The_Red_Lion%2C_Whitehall%2C_London_SW1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1419086.jpg"},{"image_text":"U Medvídků, one of the oldest pubs in Europe","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Na_Per%C5%A1t%C3%BDn%C4%9B_5%2C_U_Medv%C3%ADdk%C5%AF.jpg/220px-Na_Per%C5%A1t%C3%BDn%C4%9B_5%2C_U_Medv%C3%ADdk%C5%AF.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pub Pikilinna, an Irish-style public house in the Tammela district of the city of Tampere, Finland.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pub_Pikilinna_in_Tampere_Aug2009_001.jpg/220px-Pub_Pikilinna_in_Tampere_Aug2009_001.jpg"},{"image_text":"The fictitious Queen Victoria pub, EastEnders, London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/The_Queen_Vic.jpg/220px-The_Queen_Vic.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Tavern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavern"},{"title":"Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(establishment)"},{"title":"Flat-roofed pub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat-roofed_pub"},{"title":"Campaign for Real Ale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Real_Ale"},{"title":"Pub crawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub_crawl"},{"title":"SpåraKoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A5raKoff"},{"title":"Public houses in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_houses_in_Ireland"},{"title":"Public houses in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_houses_in_Australia"},{"title":"List of award-winning pubs in London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_award-winning_pubs_in_London"},{"title":"List of microbreweries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_microbreweries"},{"title":"List of public house topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_public_house_topics"},{"title":"List of public houses in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_public_houses_in_Australia"},{"title":"Alcohol licensing laws of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_licensing_laws_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"Licensing Act 1904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensing_Act_1904"},{"title":"Alcohol licensing laws of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_licensing_laws_of_Ireland"}]	[{"reference":"Cooper, Stephen. \"Origins of the English pub\" (PDF). chivalryandwar.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chivalryandwar.co.uk/Resource/ORIGINS%20OF%20THE%20ENGLISH%20PUB.pdf","url_text":"\"Origins of the English pub\""}]},{"reference":"Wickham, Melisa; Cominetti, Nye (2017). Closing time: London's public houses (PDF). Greater London Authority. ISBN 978-1-84781-654-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/closing-time-pubs-final.pdf","url_text":"Closing time: London's public houses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London_Authority","url_text":"Greater London Authority"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84781-654-2","url_text":"978-1-84781-654-2"}]},{"reference":"\"History of the pub\". Beer and Pub Association. Archived from the original on 13 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100713152634/http://www.beerandpub.com/pub_history.aspx","url_text":"\"History of the pub\""},{"url":"http://www.beerandpub.com/pub_history.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Great British Pub\". Archived from the original on 14 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historic-uk.com/cultureUk/greatBritishpub.htm","url_text":"\"Great British Pub\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120214164923/http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/GreatBritishPub.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Public House\". Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482410/public-house","url_text":"\"Public House\""}]},{"reference":"Cronin, Michael; O'Connor, Barbara (2003). Barbara O'Connor (ed.). Irish Tourism: image, culture, and identity. Tourism and Cultural Change. Vol. 1. Channel View Publications. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-873150-53-5. 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ISBN 9781911127017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Brown","url_text":"Brown, Pete"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1v_pDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT29","url_text":"The Pub: A Cultural Institution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781911127017","url_text":"9781911127017"}]},{"reference":"Stenton, Frank (1970). Anglo Saxon England. ISBN 9780198217169.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/anglosaxonenglan0000sten","url_text":"Anglo Saxon England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198217169","url_text":"9780198217169"}]},{"reference":"\"Company History\". Innholders Company. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. 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London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 152–164. ISBN 9780230298576.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan","url_text":"Palgrave Macmillan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230298576","url_text":"9780230298576"}]},{"reference":"\"UK Beer Market\". Archived from the original on 24 November 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.beerandpub.com/statistics","url_text":"\"UK Beer Market\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141124133934/http://www.beerandpub.com/statistics","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"4000 pubs stuck in the 1980s\". 29 August 2013. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaris_Music_Prize	Polaris Music Prize	["1 Jury and selection process","2 Polaris winners and short list nominees","3 Slaight Family Polaris Heritage Prize","3.1 Slaight Family Polaris Heritage Prize winners","4 Ceremonies","5 Controversies","6 Polaris Prize music releases","6.1 Polaris collaboration sessions","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Not to be confused with Polar Music Prize. AwardPolaris Music PrizeCurrent: 2023 Polaris Music PrizeAwarded forBest full-length Canadian album based on artistic merit, regardless of genre, sales, or record label.CountryCanadaFirst awarded2006Websitepolarismusicprize.ca The Polaris Music Prize is a music award annually given to the best full-length Canadian album based on artistic merit, regardless of genre, sales, or record label. The award was established in 2006 with a $20,000 cash prize; the prize was increased to $30,000 for the 2011 award. In May 2015, the Polaris Music Prize was increased to $50,000, an additional $20,000, sponsored by Slaight Music. Additionally, second place prizes for the nine other acts on the Short List increased from $2,000 to $3,000. Polaris officials also announced The Slaight Family Polaris Heritage Prize, an award that "will annually honour five albums from the five decades before Polaris launched in 2006." Details about the selection process for this prize are still to be revealed. The Polaris Music Prize is modeled after the United Kingdom/Ireland's Mercury Prize and in turn, inspired the Atlantis Music Prize/Borealis Music Prize for Newfoundland and Labrador. Jury and selection process There is no submission process or entry fee for the Polaris Music Prize. Jurors select what they consider the five best Canadian albums released in the previous year. The ballots are tabulated with each number one pick awarded five points, a number two pick awarded four points and so on. A long list of 40 titles is classified, released in mid-June and promoted to the public. The long list is then sent back to the jury. The jurors then re-submit five top picks from this long list. These ballots are re-tabulated and the top ten titles form the Polaris short list. This list is released in early July and promoted to the public. A smaller group of 11 jury members ("The Grand Jury") who convene in Toronto at the Polaris Music Prize gala in late September decide the ultimate winner. The decision is finalized during the gala as the nominated bands perform. Grand jurors are selected so that each shortlisted album has one person in the jury room to advocate for it; ten are selected on the basis of having named one of the shortlisted albums as their top pick in the balloting, while the remaining jury position is given to a person who did not vote for any of the shortlisted albums at all. Polaris Music Prize board of directors selects the jurors. The jury list includes more than 200 Canadian music journalists, bloggers, and broadcasters. To ensure an impartial outcome, no one with direct financial relationships with artists is eligible to become a jury member. The organization itself is a registered, not-for-profit corporation. Another key benefit of enlisting music journalists, broadcasters and bloggers as judges is that increased media coverage draws attention to quality music in a cluttered commercial landscape and an increasingly fractured music scene. Notable jurors have included former MuchMusic VJs Hannah Sung and Hannah Simone, and Toronto Star music columnist Ben Rayner. Some of the 2018 judges include Lana Gay (Indie88), Mike Bell (YYSCENE), Stuart Derdeyn (Vancouver Province), Stephen Cooke (The Chronicle Herald), Brad Wheeler (The Globe and Mail), Alan Ranta (Exclaim!), Alan Cross (102.1 the edge), CBC Radio personalities Sandra Sperounes, Melody Lau, Lisa Christiansen and Raina Douris and Mitch Pollock, Voir music journalists Patrick Baillargeon and Olivier Boisvert-Magnen, Kimberly Cleave (APTN/Digital Drum) and Carl Wilson. On November 3, 2014, Jian Ghomeshi, the disgraced former CBC Q host and host of the first Polaris Gala, was removed from the Polaris juror pool. Polaris officials made no official announcement on the subject. Polaris winners and short list nominees Final Fantasy at the Polaris Music Prize gala in 2006 Patrick Watson at the Polaris Music Prize gala in 2007 Caribou at the Polaris Music Prize gala in 2008 Fucked Up at the Polaris Music Prize gala in 2009 Karkwa at the Polaris Music Prize gala in 2010 Arcade Fire at the Polaris Music Prize gala in 2011 Feist at the Polaris Music Prize gala in 2012 Constellation Records' Ian Ilavsky accepting 2013 Prize on behalf of Godspeed You! Black Emperor Tanya Tagaq wins 2014 Polaris Prize. Buffy Sainte-Marie wins the 2015 Polaris Music Prize. Photo by Dustin Rabin. Kaytranada shows the proof that he won the 2016 Polaris Music Prize. Photo by Danny Williams. Year Winner Shortlisted Nominees & Albums 2006(1st) Final Fantasy – He Poos Clouds Broken Social Scene – Broken Social Scene Cadence Weapon – Breaking Kayfabe The Deadly Snakes – Porcella Sarah Harmer – I'm a Mountain K'naan – The Dusty Foot Philosopher Malajube – Trompe-l'oeil Metric – Live It Out The New Pornographers – Twin Cinema Wolf Parade – Apologies to the Queen Mary 2007(2nd) Patrick Watson – Close to Paradise Arcade Fire – Neon Bible The Besnard Lakes – The Besnard Lakes Are the Dark Horse The Dears – Gang of Losers Julie Doiron – Woke Myself Up Feist – The Reminder Junior Boys – So This Is Goodbye Miracle Fortress – Five Roses Joel Plaskett Emergency – Ashtray Rock Chad VanGaalen – Skelliconnection 2008(3rd) Caribou – Andorra Black Mountain – In the Future Basia Bulat – Oh, My Darling Kathleen Edwards – Asking for Flowers Holy Fuck – LP Plants and Animals – Parc Avenue Shad – The Old Prince Stars – In Our Bedroom After the War Two Hours Traffic – Little Jabs The Weakerthans – Reunion Tour 2009(4th) Fucked Up – The Chemistry of Common Life Elliott Brood – Mountain Meadows Great Lake Swimmers – Lost Channels Hey Rosetta! – Into Your Lungs K'naan – Troubadour Malajube – Labyrinthes Metric – Fantasies Joel Plaskett – Three Chad VanGaalen – Soft Airplane Patrick Watson – Wooden Arms 2010(5th) Karkwa – Les Chemins de verre The Besnard Lakes – The Besnard Lakes Are the Roaring Night Broken Social Scene – Forgiveness Rock Record Caribou – Swim Dan Mangan – Nice, Nice, Very Nice Owen Pallett – Heartland Radio Radio – Belmundo Regal The Sadies – Darker Circles Shad – TSOL Tegan and Sara – Sainthood 2011(6th) Arcade Fire – The Suburbs Austra – Feel It Break Braids – Native Speaker Destroyer – Kaputt Galaxie – Tigre et diésel Hey Rosetta! – Seeds Ron Sexsmith – Long Player Late Bloomer Colin Stetson – New History Warfare Vol. 2: Judges Timber Timbre – Creep on Creepin' On The Weeknd – House of Balloons 2012(7th) Feist – Metals Cadence Weapon – Hope in Dirt City Cold Specks – I Predict a Graceful Expulsion Drake – Take Care Kathleen Edwards – Voyageur Fucked Up – David Comes to Life Grimes – Visions Handsome Furs – Sound Kapital Japandroids – Celebration Rock Yamantaka // Sonic Titan – YT//ST 2013(8th) Godspeed You! Black Emperor – 'Allelujah! Don't Bend! Ascend! Zaki Ibrahim – Every Opposite Metric – Synthetica METZ – METZ Purity Ring – Shrines Colin Stetson – New History Warfare Vol. 3: To See More Light Tegan and Sara – Heartthrob A Tribe Called Red – Nation II Nation Whitehorse – The Fate of the World Depends on This Kiss Young Galaxy – Ultramarine 2014(9th) Tanya Tagaq – Animism Arcade Fire – Reflektor Basia Bulat – Tall Tall Shadow Mac DeMarco – Salad Days Drake – Nothing Was the Same Jessy Lanza – Pull My Hair Back Owen Pallett – In Conflict Shad – Flying Colours Timber Timbre – Hot Dreams Yamantaka // Sonic Titan – UZU 2015(10th) Buffy Sainte-Marie – Power in the Blood Alvvays – Alvvays BadBadNotGood & Ghostface Killah – Sour Soul Braids – Deep in the Iris Caribou – Our Love Jennifer Castle – Pink City Drake – If You're Reading This It's Too Late Tobias Jesso Jr. – Goon The New Pornographers – Brill Bruisers Viet Cong – Viet Cong 2016(11th) Kaytranada – 99.9% Black Mountain, IV Basia Bulat, Good Advice Grimes, Art Angels Carly Rae Jepsen, E•MO•TION Jessy Lanza, Oh No PUP, The Dream Is Over Andy Shauf, The Party U.S. Girls, Half Free White Lung, Paradise 2017(12th) Lido Pimienta – La Papessa A Tribe Called Red, We Are the Halluci Nation BADBADNOTGOOD, IV Leonard Cohen, You Want It Darker Gord Downie, Secret Path Feist, Pleasure Lisa LeBlanc, Why You Wanna Leave, Runaway Queen? Tanya Tagaq, Retribution Leif Vollebekk, Twin Solitude Weaves, Weaves 2018(13th) Jeremy Dutcher – Wolastoqiyik Lintuwakonawa Alvvays, Antisocialites Jean-Michel Blais, Dans ma main Daniel Caesar, Freudian Pierre Kwenders, MAKANDA at the End of Space, the Beginning of Time Hubert Lenoir, Darlène Partner, In Search of Lost Time Snotty Nose Rez Kids, The Average Savage U.S. Girls, In a Poem Unlimited Weaves, Wide Open 2019(14th) Haviah Mighty – 13th Floor Marie Davidson, Working Class Woman Elisapie, The Ballad of the Runaway Girl FET.NAT, Le Mal Dominique Fils-Aimé, Stay Tuned! Les Louanges, La nuit est une panthère PUP, Morbid Stuff Jessie Reyez, Being Human in Public Shad, A Short Story About a War Snotty Nose Rez Kids, Trapline 2020(15th) Backxwash – God Has Nothing to Do with This Leave Him Out of It Caribou, Suddenly Jessie Reyez, Before Love Came to Kill Us Junia-T, Studio Monk Kaytranada, Bubba Lido Pimienta, Miss Colombia Nêhiyawak, nipiy Pantayo, Pantayo U.S. Girls, Heavy Light Witch Prophet, DNA Activation 2021(16th) Cadence Weapon – Parallel World DijahSB, Head Above the Waters Dominique Fils-Aimé, Three Little Words Klô Pelgag, Notre-Dame-des-Sept-Douleurs Leanne Betasamosake Simpson, Theory of Ice Mustafa, When Smoke Rises The OBGMs, The Ends The Weather Station, Ignorance TOBi, ELEMENTS Vol. 1 Zoon, Bleached Wavves 2022(17th) Pierre Kwenders – José Louis and the Paradox of Love Shortlist announced in July 2022. Destroyer, Labyrinthitis Lisa Leblanc, Chiac Disco Hubert Lenoir, PICTURA DE IPSE : Musique directe Kelly McMichael, Waves OMBIIGIZI, Sewn Back Together Ouri, Frame of a Fauna Shad, Tao Snotty Nose Rez Kids, Life After Charlotte Day Wilson, Alpha 2023(18th) Debby Friday – Good Luck Alvvays, Blue Rev Aysanabee, Watin Begonia, Powder Blue Daniel Caesar, Never Enough Feist, Multitudes Gayance, Mascarade Dan Mangan, Being Somewhere The Sadies, Colder Streams Snotty Nose Rez Kids, I'm Good, HBU? Slaight Family Polaris Heritage Prize In 2015, the Polaris jury also launched the Polaris Heritage Prize now known as the Slaight Family Polaris Heritage Prize, an annual award program to honour classic Canadian albums released prior to the creation of the Polaris Prize. Since its inception, the voting categories for Heritage Prize-nominated albums as well as the number of designated albums declared each year have changed multiple times. In the first year, the Heritage Prizes were awarded in the categories 1960s–70s, 1980s, 1990s and 2000–2005, selected by public vote from a shortlist of five nominees put forward by a Heritage Prize jury. In the second year, the process and categories were revised with the initial shortlists increased to 10, the categories shifted to 1960–75, 1976–85, 1986–1995 and 1996–2005, and the addition of a second prize to be selected by a critical jury alongside the winner of the public vote. The purpose of the jury award is to ensure that albums which were artistically important, but not necessarily as commercially popular, still have a fair shot at being selected as winners; to ensure that two different albums are selected, however, the jury does not meet to vote on its choice until after the popular vote winner has been determined. Between 2015 and 2018, non-winning nominees in a Heritage Prize category were renominated again, reincorporating all of the non-winning nominees from the previous year, with only the winning albums replaced by new titles. In 2019 Polaris chose to do away with the four time period format, reducing the total number of nominated albums from 40 to 12 and putting those 12 albums in one single category with no separation by time period. There was one public vote album winner and one jury vote winner in 2019. Non-winning albums can still be renominated in a future year, although the shortlists have shown increased variability since the category reduction. Slaight Family Polaris Heritage Prize winners Year Winner Category 2015 Joni Mitchell – Blue 1960-70s Cowboy Junkies – The Trinity Session 1980s Sloan – Twice Removed 1990s Peaches – The Teaches of Peaches 2000–05 2016 Neil Young – After the Gold Rush 1960–75 public vote Leonard Cohen – Songs of Leonard Cohen 1960–75 jury vote Rush – Moving Pictures 1976–85 public vote Kate & Anna McGarrigle – Kate & Anna McGarrigle 1976–85 jury vote Blue Rodeo – Five Days in July 1986–95 public vote Mary Margaret O'Hara – Miss America 1986–95 jury vote Arcade Fire – Funeral 1996–2005 public vote Lhasa de Sela – La Llorona 1996–2005 jury vote 2017 Gordon Lightfoot – Lightfoot! 1960–75 public vote The Band – The Band 1960–75 jury vote Harmonium – L'Heptade 1976–85 public vote Glenn Gould – The Goldberg Variations 1976–85 jury vote The Tragically Hip – Fully Completely 1986–95 public vote Eric's Trip – Love Tara 1986–95 jury vote Feist – Let It Die 1996–2005 public vote k-os – Joyful Rebellion 1996–2005 jury vote 2018 Neil Young – Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere 1960–75 public vote Jean-Pierre Ferland – Jaune 1960–75 jury vote Rush – 2112 1976–85 public vote Bruce Cockburn – Stealing Fire 1976–85 jury vote Alanis Morissette – Jagged Little Pill 1986–95 public vote Dream Warriors – And Now the Legacy Begins 1986–95 jury vote Broken Social Scene – You Forgot It In People 1996–2005 public vote Kid Koala – Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 1996–2005 jury vote 2019 D.O.A. – Hardcore 81 public vote Oscar Peterson Trio – Night Train jury vote 2020 Beverly Glenn-Copeland – Keyboard Fantasies public vote Main Source – Breaking Atoms jury vote (tie) Buffy Sainte-Marie – It's My Way! 2021 Nomeansno – Wrong public vote Faith Nolan – Africville jury vote 2022 SNFU – ...And No One Else Wanted to Play public vote Four the Moment – We're Still Standing jury vote 2023 Skinny Puppy – Bites public vote Maestro Fresh Wes – Symphony in Effect jury vote Ceremonies The 2018 Polaris sponsors include the CBC, the Government of Canada, FACTOR, Ontario Media Development Corporation, Slaight Communications, Radio Starmaker Fund, SiriusXM, Stingray Music/Galaxie, The Carlu, Shure Canada, Toronto radio station Indie88, SOCAN, and Re-Sound20. Past sponsors have included Rogers Communications and Scion. The Polaris Music Prize gala is video streamed live on CBC Music and, previously, AUX. Presentation venues Phoenix Concert Theatre 2006–2008 Masonic Temple 2009–2012 The Carlu 2013–present Controversies The Polaris Music Prize can be the subject of intense scrutiny from fans, media and music industry insiders. A number of recurring debates have emerged throughout Polaris' history. Some of these include: perception the prize is either too "indie" or too "mainstream", concern about gender balance amongst nominees and jurors, concern about racial balance amongst nominees and jurors, concern about geographical representation amongst nominees and jurors, and concern about fair representation of specific musical genres. These topics are discussed at length during the open-to-the-public "Polaris Salons" which usually feature Polaris jurors as panellists in various cities across North America during the lead-up to each year's Polaris Gala. Polaris Prize winners are often the centre of specific controversies as well. 2009: Publishing the words "Fucked Up". When Fucked Up won in 2009 many mainstream media outlets were forced to wrestle with how they would present the band's name. The Canoe.ca news service used the headline "F*** Up (language alert , language alert below) wins the 2009 Polaris Music Prize on Monday night," The Globe and Mail went with "Toronto hardcore band wins Polaris Music Prize," while The New Yorker's "The Prize That Dare Not Speak Its Name" monitored what they called "semantic yoga". 2013: Godspeed You! Black Emperor refused to attend the 2013 Polaris gala. When the band won for their album Allelujah! Don't Bend! Ascend!, representatives from their label Constellation Records accepted the $30,000 prize on their behalf. Constellation's Don Wilkie said in a statement, "Godspeed will use the prize money to purchase musical instruments for, and support organizations providing music lessons to, people incarcerated within the Quebec prison system." The next day the band released their own statement, saying "holding a gala during a time of austerity and normalized decline is a weird thing to do" and that "maybe the next celebration should happen in a cruddier hall, without the corporate banners and culture overlords." This was also the first year the Polaris winners were not presented with what had up until that point been a traditional giant novelty cheque to represent their victory. The presenting of the giant novelty cheque has since been discontinued. 2014: During Tanya Tagaq's victory speech she declared "Fuck PETA", in reference to the organization for the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Tagaq also used her gala performance and post-Polaris victory interviews as a platform to discuss the instances of missing and murdered Aboriginal women across Canada. 2017: Lido Pimienta's acceptance speech was capped with an unexpected, obscenity-spiked outburst about her monitors being off during her performance. "All of my fking monitors were off," Pimienta shouted into the microphone at the end of the show, which was webcast by the CBC. Earlier she performed two songs live. "I could not hear myself when I was up here. I'm fking pissed off. Thank you though, mother fker." Polaris Prize music releases In 2006, compilation CD/souvenir program guides featuring one song each from every shortlisted artist were given out at the Polaris Gala. The same was done in 2007 with all shortlisted artists contributing to the compilation CD except Arcade Fire. Between 2008 and 2011, the souvenir program guides instead included download cards for recipients to obtain one song from each of the shortlisted artists. Polaris began releasing promotional split seven-inch singles beginning in 2012 which were separate from the souvenir program guides. These singles were often given away through campaigns with independent record stores, via contests, at Polaris Salons, or at Polaris Galas. In recent years, the Polaris Prize has also sponsored a series of promotional singles involving nominated or winning musicians. The "Polaris Cover Sessions" series features past nominees recording a cover of a song by another nominee or Heritage Prize winner, while the "Polaris Collaboration Sessions" series features two past nominees collaborating on new original songs. 2012 Grimes "Genesis" + Handsome Furs "Serve The People" on grey vinyl Kathleen Edwards "Going to Hell" + Cold Specks "Blank Maps" on white vinyl Japandroids "The House That Heaven Built" + Cadence Weapon "Conditioning" on yellow vinyl Fucked Up "What Would You Do (For Veronica)?" + YAMANTAKA // SONIC TITAN "Queens" on orange-red vinyl Feist and Drake did not participate. 2013 Tegan And Sara "I Was A Fool" + A Tribe Called Red "The Road ft. Black Bear" on orange vinyl Zaki Ibrahim "Draw The Line" + Whitehorse "Achilles' Desire" on white vinyl Purity Ring "Fineshrine" + Colin Stetson "High Above A Grey Green Sea" on purple vinyl Metric "Dreams So Real" + Young Galaxy "Pretty Boy" on blue vinyl METZ "Get Off" on yellow vinyl Godspeed You! Black Emperor did not participate. 2014 YAMANTAKA // SONIC TITAN "Windflower" + Tanya Tagaq "Umingmak" on white vinyl Shad "Progress (Part 1: American Pie)" + Mac DeMarco "Brother" on red/orange vinyl Owen Pallett "The Riverbed" + Arcade Fire "Normal Person" on blue vinyl Basia Bulat "Never Let Me Go" + Timber Timbre "Grand Canyon" on yellow vinyl Jessy Lanza "Move Closer" (previously physically unreleased) on "trippy pattern" grey vinyl Drake did not participate. 2015 Polaris Cover Sessions No. 1 (2015) Sarah Harmer, "Odessa" (Caribou) Whitehorse, "The Bones of an Idol" (The New Pornographers) Great Lake Swimmers, "I'm a Mountain" (Sarah Harmer) 2016 Polaris Cover Sessions No. 2 (2016) Arkells, "I Am Not Afraid" (Owen Pallett) Zaki Ibrahim, "Show Me the Place" (Leonard Cohen) Joel Plaskett, "Bittersweet Melodies" (Feist) 2017 Polaris Cover Sessions No. 3 (2017) Little Scream, "Anew Day" (Mary Margaret O'Hara) Hannah Georgas, "Crown of Love" (Arcade Fire) Les soeurs Boulay, "Complainte pour Ste-Catherine" (Kate & Anna McGarrigle) 2018 Polaris Cover Sessions No. 4 (2018) Jean-Michel Blais, "Mushaboom" (Feist) Weaves, "Neighborhood #3 (Power Out)" (Arcade Fire) Lindi Ortega, "Suzanne" (Leonard Cohen) 2019 Polaris Cover Sessions No. 5 (2019) Faith Healer, "When You Awake" (The Band) Partner, "Limelight" (Rush) Pierre Kwenders, "It Ain't Fair" (Jean-Pierre Ferland) Polaris collaboration sessions Polaris, the Banff Centre and Scion Sessions teamed up for a collaborative residency project featuring past shortlisted artists Shad and Holy Fuck. The result was the Scion Sessions-sponsored Holy Shad "Legend of Cy Borg Parts I and II" seven-inch single as well as a documentary video produced by AUX TV. In 2017, Buffy Sainte-Marie and Tanya Tagaq collaborated on the single "You Got to Run (Spirit of the Wind)". A remix of the song by A Tribe Called Red was commissioned for the seven-inch release. The song was subsequently included on Sainte-Marie's album Medicine Songs. In 2019, The Weather Station and Jennifer Castle came together to record a two-song split-single. The Weather Station's song was "I Tried To Wear The World (featuring Jennifer Castle)" and Castle's was "Midas Touch (featuring The Weather Station)." See also Music portalCanada portal Canadian rock Choice Music Prize (Ireland) Mercury Music Prize (United Kingdom and Ireland) Australian Music Prize (Australia) Prix Constantin (France) Shortlist Prize (United States) Nordic Music Prize (Nordic countries) References ^ a b c d e f Frere-Jones, Shasha (September 22, 2009). "The Prize That Dare Not Speak Its Name". The New Yorker. Retrieved September 22, 2009. ^ a b Molotkow, Alexandra (October 1, 2010). "The Indie Rock Swindle". The Walrus. Archived from the original on December 1, 2010. Retrieved October 1, 2010. ^ "2011 Polaris Music Prize Long List announced" Archived October 2, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. aux.tv, June 16, 2011. ^ "Polaris Music Prize Increased To $50,000 In 2015 – Polaris Music Prize". May 9, 2015. Retrieved September 25, 2016. ^ "Polaris Music Prize: An Oral History as told by its founders, jurors, and winners". AUX.TV. Archived from the original on July 7, 2013. Retrieved November 25, 2014. ^ McLean, Steve (June 2, 2006). "The Polaris Music Prize Will Go To Canada's Best Album". Chart. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2009.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ Here and Now, September 22, 2014. ^ Finn, Brad (September 1, 2010). "Should it be called the Polaris 'Indie' Music Prize?". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. ^ "Predicting Polaris: Picking Canada's Best Album". Archived from the original on August 29, 2012. Retrieved September 26, 2008. ^ Sindrey, Curtis (September 19, 2012). "Toronto music journalists debate 2012 Polaris Music Prize short-list on eve of gala". Aesthetic Magazine, Toronto. Retrieved September 9, 2013. ^ "Polaris Prize Jury". polarismusicprize.ca. Retrieved April 23, 2018. ^ "Polaris Music Prize removes Jian Ghomeshi from its jury". thestar.com. November 3, 2014. Retrieved April 23, 2018. ^ "Indie favourites among finalists for Polaris Music Prize". CBC News. July 4, 2010. Archived from the original on May 23, 2007. Retrieved November 21, 2010. ^ "2007 Nominees – Polaris Music Prize Shortlist". polarismusicprize.ca. Archived from the original on April 23, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018. ^ "Rockers dominate Polaris prize short list". CBC News. July 7, 2008. Archived from the original on October 4, 2008. Retrieved November 21, 2010. ^ "Ladies and Gentleman, the 2009 Short List" (Press release). Polaris Music Prize. July 7, 2009. Archived from the original on January 10, 2011. Retrieved November 21, 2010. ^ "2010 Nominees Polaris Music Prize". polarismusicprize.ca. Retrieved April 24, 2018. ^ "Polaris Music Prize Rolls Out 2011 Short List". Exclaim! Magazine. July 6, 2011. Archived from the original on October 7, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2011. ^ "Polaris Music Prize 2012 Nominees". polarismusicprize.ca. Retrieved April 24, 2018. ^ "Polaris Music Prize 2013 Short List Is Here". Polaris Music Prize. July 16, 2013. Archived from the original on February 19, 2014. Retrieved July 16, 2013. ^ "Polaris Prize Nominees 2014". polarismusicprize.ca. Retrieved April 24, 2018. ^ "Polaris Music Prize Nominees 2015". polarismusicprize.ca. Retrieved April 24, 2018. ^ "Polaris Music Prizde Nominees 2016". polarismusicprize.ca. Retrieved April 24, 2018. ^ "Polaris Music Prize Nominees 2017". polarismusicprize.ca. Archived from the original on April 24, 2018. Retrieved April 24, 2018. ^ "Cadence Weapon wins Polaris Music Prize for ‘Parallel World’". The Globe and Mail, September 27, 2021. ^ "Quebec comes in strong, Shad extends his history making record on Polaris short list \| Globalnews.ca". Global News. Retrieved July 15, 2022. ^ "2022 Short List". Polaris Music Prize. Retrieved July 15, 2022. ^ "About the Heritage Prize". polarismusicprize.ca. Retrieved April 23, 2018. ^ "Polaris Music Prize Announces Heritage Prize Nominees". Exclaim!, September 18, 2015. ^ a b "Arcade Fire, Neil Young and Rush Among Winners of Polaris Heritage Prize". Billboard, October 25, 2016. ^ "Polaris Music Prize Sponsors". polarismusicprize.ca. Retrieved April 23, 2018. ^ "Sirius Sponsors Polaris Music Prize". billboard.com. Retrieved April 23, 2018. ^ "Scion Canada supports Canadian talent as new presenting sponsor of Polaris Music Prize". media.scion.ca. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2018. ^ Wheeler, Brad (October 1, 2010). "Should it be called the Polaris 'Indie' Music Prize?". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved October 1, 2010. ^ "Should it be called the Polaris 'Indie' Music Prize?". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved November 25, 2014. ^ "Polaris Salons Announced For Toronto, Ottawa, Vancouver, Montreal, Halifax". polarismusicprize.ca. August 28, 2013. Retrieved April 24, 2018. ^ james-reaney. "F***** Up (language alert, language alert below) wins the 2009 Polaris Music Prize on Monday night, Ancaster's Simone Caruso wins the 29th youth talent competition at the Western Fair on Sunday before a packed London City Music Theatre". James' Brand New Blog. Archived from the original on November 24, 2014. Retrieved November 25, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Toronto hardcore band wins Polaris Music Prize". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved November 25, 2014. ^ "The Prize That Dare Not Speak Its Name". The New Yorker. September 22, 2009. Retrieved November 25, 2014. ^ Rob Harvilla (May 11, 2009). "A Brief History of the Times' Valiant Attempts to Give Fucked Up Press Without Mentioning Them by Name". Sound of the City. Retrieved November 25, 2014. ^ "Godspeed You! Black Emperor Win The 2013 Polaris Music Prize". Polaris Music Prize. September 23, 2013. Retrieved November 25, 2014. ^ "Statement from Godspeed You! Black Emperor on Polaris – Constellation Records". Archived from the original on November 25, 2014. Retrieved November 25, 2014. ^ "People Hating on Tanya Tagaq's 'Fuck PETA' Polaris Speech Are Missing the Point". VICE. September 27, 2014. Retrieved November 25, 2014. ^ "Tanya Tagaq: Being An Aboriginal Woman Is Like Being Scared At A Horror Movie. All The Time". The Huffington Post. October 8, 2014. Retrieved November 25, 2014. ^ "Lido Pimienta launches expletive-driven speech as she wins Polaris Music Prize". NATIONAL POST. September 19, 2017. Retrieved January 4, 2018. ^ "Free Polaris Cover Sessions 10-Inch Vinyl At Select Retailers". polarismusic.ca. October 7, 2015. Retrieved April 24, 2018. ^ "WATCH: Sarah Harmer Cover Caribou's 'Odessa'". polarismusicprize.ca. August 21, 2014. Retrieved April 24, 2018. ^ "WATCH: Whitehorse Covers New Pornographers' 'Bones Of An Idol'". polarismusicprize.ca. September 3, 2014. Retrieved April 24, 2018. ^ "WATCH: Great Lake Swimmers Cover Sarah Harmer's 'I'm A Mountain'". polarismusicprize.ca. August 27, 2014. Retrieved April 24, 2018. ^ "Arkells Cover Owen Pallett's 'I Am Not Afraid' For Polaris Cover Sessions #4". polarismusicprize.ca. October 8, 2015. Retrieved April 24, 2018. ^ "Zaki Ibrahim Covers Leonard Cohen's 'Show Me The Place' For Polaris Cover Sessions #6". polarismusicprize.ca. July 11, 2016. Retrieved April 24, 2018. ^ "Joel Plaskett Covers Feist's 'Bittersweet Melodies' For Polaris Cover Sessions #5". polarismusicprize.ca. April 25, 2016. Retrieved April 24, 2018. ^ "Little Scream Does Mary Margaret O'Hara's "Anew Day" For SiriusXM Polaris Cover Session". polarismusicprize.ca. July 25, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2018. ^ "Hannah Georgas Does Arcade Fire's "Crown Of Love" For Latest SiriusXM Polaris Cover Session". polarismusicprize.ca. May 24, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2018. ^ Brophy, Aaron (March 27, 2017). "Les soeurs Boulay Do Kate & Anna McGarrigle To Launch 2017 SiriusXM Polaris Cover Sessions". Polaris Music Prize. Retrieved April 24, 2018. ^ "Jean-Michel Blais Covers Feist's "Mushaboom" For SiriusXM Polaris Cover Sessions". polarismusicprize.ca. August 7, 2018. Retrieved December 10, 2019. ^ "Weaves Do Arcade Fire's "Neighborhood #3 (Power Out)" For SiriusXM Polaris Cover Session". polarismusicprize.ca. May 8, 2018. Retrieved December 10, 2019. ^ "Lindi Ortega Covers Leonard Cohen's "Suzanne" For SiriusXM Polaris Cover Sessions". polarismusicprize.ca. June 13, 2018. Retrieved December 10, 2019. ^ "Faith Healer Covers The Band's "When You Awake" For SiriusXM Polaris Cover Sessions". polarismusicprize.ca. July 3, 2019. Retrieved December 10, 2019. ^ "Partner Covers Rush's "Limelight" For SiriusXM Polaris Cover Sessions". polarismusicprize.ca. August 28, 2019. Retrieved December 10, 2019. ^ "Pierre Kwenders Covers Jean-Pierre Ferland's "It Ain't Fair" For SiriusXM Polaris Cover Sessions". polarismusicprize.ca. June 12, 2019. Retrieved December 10, 2019. ^ AUX (September 8, 2014). "Shad and Holy Fuck (Holy Shad) 7-inch Collaboration (Behind-the-Scenes)". Retrieved September 25, 2016 – via YouTube. ^ "Buffy Sainte-Marie And Tanya Tagaq Team Up For Polaris Collaboration Session". polarismusicprize.ca. February 21, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2018. ^ "The Weather Station & Jennifer Castle Polaris-Stingray Seven-Inch Available Free For Record Store Day Canada". polarismusicprize.ca. April 3, 2019. Retrieved December 10, 2019. External links Official website vtePolaris Music PrizeBy year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Winners Owen Pallett, He Poos Clouds (2006) Patrick Watson, Close to Paradise (2007) Caribou, Andorra (2008) Fucked Up, The Chemistry of Common Life (2009) Karkwa, Les Chemins de verre (2010) Arcade Fire, The Suburbs (2011) Feist, Metals (2012) Godspeed You! Black Emperor, 'Allelujah! Don't Bend! Ascend! (2013) Tanya Tagaq, Animism (2014) Buffy Sainte-Marie, Power in the Blood (2015) Kaytranada, 99.9% (2016) Lido Pimienta, La Papessa (2017) Jeremy Dutcher, Wolastoqiyik Lintuwakonawa (2018) Haviah Mighty, 13th Floor (2019) Backxwash, God Has Nothing to Do with This Leave Him Out of It (2020) Cadence Weapon, Parallel World (2021) Pierre Kwenders, José Louis and the Paradox of Love (2022) Debby Friday, Good Luck (2023) vteCanadian music awardsChristian / Gospel Covenant Awards Country / Bluegrass Canadian Country Music Awards Central Canadian Bluegrass Awards Hip Hop / R&B / Rap / Urban Canadian Urban Music Awards Folk Canadian Folk Music Awards Jazz / Blues Great Canadian Blues Award Maple Blues Awards Saskatchewan Jazz Fest Special Recognition Award Multi-genre Atlantis Music Prize Canadian Independent Music Awards Canadian Radio Music Awards CASBY Awards East Coast Music Awards Félix Award Francouvertes Juno Award iHeartRadio Much Music Video Awards Indigenous Music Awards Polaris Music Prize RPM Gold Leaf Awards Western Canadian Music Awards Songwriter Colleen Peterson Songwriting Award SOCAN Songwriting Prize vteMusic awardsWorldwide International Dance Music Awards International Rock Awards World Music Awards Africa 3Music Awards (GH) All Africa Music Awards Channel O Music Video Awards (RSA) Ghana Music Awards (GH) The Headies (NGR) MTV Africa Music Awards Namibian Annual Music Awards (NA) Nigeria Entertainment Awards (NGR) South African Music Awards (RSA) South African Hip Hop Awards (RSA) Tanzania Music Awards (TZ) Zim Hip Hop Awards (ZW) Zim Music Awards (ZW) Americas Academy of Country Music Awards (US) American Country Countdown Awards (US) American Music Awards (US) Atlantis Music Prize (CAN) BET Awards (US) Billboard Latin Music Awards (US) Billboard Music Awards (US) Canadian Country Music Awards (CAN) Canadian Folk Music Awards (CAN) Canadian Independent Music Awards (CAN) Canadian Radio Music Awards (CAN) Canadian Urban Music Awards (CAN) CASBY Awards (CAN) CMT Music Awards (US) Colleen Peterson Songwriting Award (CAN) Country Music Association Awards (US) Covenant Awards (CAN) East Coast Music Awards (CAN) Francouvertes (CAN) Félix Award (CAN) Dove Awards (US) Grammy Awards (US) Great Canadian Blues Award (CAN) Heat Latin Music Awards (US) iHeartRadio Much Music Video Awards (CAN) iHeartRadio Music Awards (US) Indigenous Music Awards (CAN) Juno Awards (CAN) K-Love Fan Awards (US) Latin American Music Awards (US) Latin Grammy Awards (US) Libera Awards (US) Lo Nuestro Awards (US) Maple Blues Awards (CAN) Melhores do Ano (BRA) Meus Prêmios Nick (BRA) MTV MIAW Awards Brazil (BRA) MTV MIAW Awards (MX) MTV Video Music Awards (US) Multishow Brazilian Music Award (BRA) My VH1 Music Awards (US) Na Hoku Hanohano Awards (US) People's Choice Awards (US) Polaris Music Prize (CAN) Premios Gardel (ARG) Premios Juventud (US) Radio Disney Music Awards (US) Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony (US) Rolling Stone en Español Awards (US) RPM Gold Leaf Awards (CAN) Saskatchewan Jazz Festival Special Recognition Award (CAN) SOCAN Songwriting Prize (CAN) Soul Train Music Awards (US) Stellar Awards (US) TEC Awards (US) Teen Choice Awards (US) Troféu Imprensa (BRA) Troféu Roquette Pinto (BRA) Premios Tu Mundo (US) Western Canadian Music Awards (CAN) Asia andOceania Anugerah Industri Muzik (MLY) Anugerah Juara Lagu (MLY) Anugerah Musik Indonesia (IDN) Anugerah Planet Muzik (SIN, MLY, BRU, IDN) Aotearoa Music Awards (NZ) ARIA Music Awards (AUS) Awit Awards (PHL) Billboard Japan Music Awards City FM Awards (MY) Dahsyatnya Awards (IDN) Dedication Music Award (VN) Golden Disc Awards (KOR) Golden Melody Awards (TW) Japan Record Awards Japan Gold Disc Award MAMA Awards (KOR) Melon Music Awards (KOR) Myx Music Award (PHL) Korean Music Awards SCTV Awards (IDN) Europe Amadeus Austrian Music Awards Anděl Awards (CZ) BBC Music Awards (UK) Brit Awards (UK) Choice Music Prize (IRL) Classic Brit Awards (UK) Diapason d'Or (FRA) Danish Music Awards Echo Awards (GER) Edison Awards (NLD) Estonian Music Awards Eska Music Awards (POL) Global Awards (UK) Gradam Ceoil (IRL) Gramophone Award (UK) Grammis (SWE) Grand Prix du Disque (FRA) Hungarian Music Awards Icelandic Music Awards Irish Music Television Awards Wind Music Awards (ITA) Kerrang! Awards (UK) Kraumur Awards (ISL) LOS40 Music Awards (SPA) Malta Music Awards (MLT) MAD Video Music Awards (GRE) M.A.M.A. Awards (LTU) Meteor Music Awards (IRL) Mercury Prize (UK) MOBO Awards (UK) MTV Europe Music Awards (EU) MTV Italian Music Awards Music Industry Awards (BEL) NRJ Music Awards (FRA) P3 Gull (NOR) PLAY - Portuguese Music Awards Porin Music Award (CRO) Premio Nacional de Música (SPA) Romanian Music Awards Russian Music Awards (RUS) RTÉ Radio 1 Folk Awards (IRL) Sanremo Music Festival Awards (ITA) Scots Trad Music Awards (UK) Scottish Album of the Year Award (UK) Scottish Alternative Music Awards (UK) Scottish Music Awards (UK) Smash Hits Poll Winners Party (UK) Spellemannprisen (NOR) Swallow Music Awards (ARM) TMF Awards (BEL/NED) Victoires de la Musique (FRA) ZAI Awards/Aurel Awards (SK) Zamu Music Awards (BEL) Authority control databases International VIAF Other MusicBrainz label MusicBrainz series	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polar Music Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Music_Prize"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frere1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-molotkow1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011longlist-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mercury Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Prize"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Atlantis Music Prize/Borealis Music Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis_Music_Prize"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland and Labrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Polar Music Prize.AwardThe Polaris Music Prize is a music award annually given to the best full-length Canadian album based on artistic merit, regardless of genre, sales, or record label.[1] The award was established in 2006 with a $20,000 cash prize;[2] the prize was increased to $30,000 for the 2011 award.[3] In May 2015, the Polaris Music Prize was increased to $50,000, an additional $20,000, sponsored by Slaight Music. Additionally, second place prizes for the nine other acts on the Short List increased from $2,000 to $3,000. Polaris officials also announced The Slaight Family Polaris Heritage Prize, an award that \"will annually honour five albums from the five decades before Polaris launched in 2006.\" Details about the selection process for this prize are still to be revealed.[4]The Polaris Music Prize is modeled after the United Kingdom/Ireland's Mercury Prize[5] and in turn, inspired the Atlantis Music Prize/Borealis Music Prize for Newfoundland and Labrador.[6]","title":"Polaris Music Prize"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frere1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frere1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frere1-1"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-molotkow1-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frere1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frere1-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"MuchMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MuchMusic"},{"link_name":"Hannah Sung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hannah_Sung&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hannah Simone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Simone"},{"link_name":"Toronto Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star"},{"link_name":"Ben Rayner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Rayner"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Lana Gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lana_Gay"},{"link_name":"Indie88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIND-FM"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Province"},{"link_name":"The Chronicle Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicle_Herald"},{"link_name":"The Globe and Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail"},{"link_name":"Exclaim!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclaim!"},{"link_name":"Alan Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Cross"},{"link_name":"102.1 the edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFNY-FM"},{"link_name":"CBC Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Radio"},{"link_name":"Lisa Christiansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Christiansen"},{"link_name":"Raina Douris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raina_Douris"},{"link_name":"Voir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voir"},{"link_name":"APTN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Peoples_Television_Network"},{"link_name":"Carl Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilson_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Jian Ghomeshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jian_Ghomeshi"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(radio_show)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"There is no submission process or entry fee for the Polaris Music Prize.[1] Jurors select what they consider the five best Canadian albums released in the previous year. The ballots are tabulated with each number one pick awarded five points, a number two pick awarded four points and so on. A long list of 40 titles is classified, released in mid-June and promoted to the public. The long list is then sent back to the jury. The jurors then re-submit five top picks from this long list.[1]These ballots are re-tabulated and the top ten titles form the Polaris short list. This list is released in early July and promoted to the public.[1] A smaller group of 11 jury members (\"The Grand Jury\") who convene in Toronto at the Polaris Music Prize gala in late September decide the ultimate winner. The decision is finalized during the gala as the nominated bands perform.[2] Grand jurors are selected so that each shortlisted album has one person in the jury room to advocate for it; ten are selected on the basis of having named one of the shortlisted albums as their top pick in the balloting, while the remaining jury position is given to a person who did not vote for any of the shortlisted albums at all.[7]Polaris Music Prize board of directors selects the jurors.[1] The jury list includes more than 200 Canadian music journalists, bloggers, and broadcasters. To ensure an impartial outcome, no one with direct financial relationships with artists is eligible to become a jury member.[1] The organization itself is a registered, not-for-profit corporation. Another key benefit of enlisting music journalists, broadcasters and bloggers as judges is that increased media coverage draws attention to quality music in a cluttered commercial landscape and an increasingly fractured music scene.[8][9]Notable jurors have included former MuchMusic VJs Hannah Sung and Hannah Simone, and Toronto Star music columnist Ben Rayner.[10] Some of the 2018 judges include Lana Gay (Indie88), Mike Bell (YYSCENE), Stuart Derdeyn (Vancouver Province), Stephen Cooke (The Chronicle Herald), Brad Wheeler (The Globe and Mail), Alan Ranta (Exclaim!), Alan Cross (102.1 the edge), CBC Radio personalities Sandra Sperounes, Melody Lau, Lisa Christiansen and Raina Douris and Mitch Pollock, Voir music journalists Patrick Baillargeon and Olivier Boisvert-Magnen, Kimberly Cleave (APTN/Digital Drum) and Carl Wilson.[11]On November 3, 2014, Jian Ghomeshi, the disgraced former CBC Q host and host of the first Polaris Gala, was removed from the Polaris juror pool. Polaris officials made no official announcement on the subject.[12]","title":"Jury and selection process"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Final_fantasy_at_the_polaris_music_prize_gala_2006_by_dustin_rabin.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Patrick_watson_at_the_polaris_music_prize_gala_2007_by_dustin_rabin.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caribou_at_the_polaris_music_prize_gala_2008_by_dustin_rabin.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fucked_up_at_the_polaris_music_prize_gala_2009_by_dustin_rabin.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karkwa_at_the_polaris_music_prize_gala_2010_by_dustin_rabin.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polaris-Prize-M012_web_220.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2012_Polaris_Prize_Winner_Feist.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GodspeedYouBlackEmperor.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tanya-Tagaq-by-Dustin-Rabin.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buffy-sainte-marie-by-dustin-rabin.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaytranda-proof-danny-williams.jpg"}],"text":"Final Fantasy at the Polaris Music Prize gala in 2006Patrick Watson at the Polaris Music Prize gala in 2007Caribou at the Polaris Music Prize gala in 2008Fucked Up at the Polaris Music Prize gala in 2009Karkwa at the Polaris Music Prize gala in 2010Arcade Fire at the Polaris Music Prize gala in 2011Feist at the Polaris Music Prize gala in 2012Constellation Records' Ian Ilavsky accepting 2013 Prize on behalf of Godspeed You! Black EmperorTanya Tagaq wins 2014 Polaris Prize.Buffy Sainte-Marie wins the 2015 Polaris Music Prize. Photo by Dustin Rabin.Kaytranada shows the proof that he won the 2016 Polaris Music Prize. Photo by Danny Williams.","title":"Polaris winners and short list nominees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heritage-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboardheritage-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboardheritage-30"}],"text":"In 2015, the Polaris jury also launched the Polaris Heritage Prize now known as the Slaight Family Polaris Heritage Prize,[28] an annual award program to honour classic Canadian albums released prior to the creation of the Polaris Prize.[29] Since its inception, the voting categories for Heritage Prize-nominated albums as well as the number of designated albums declared each year have changed multiple times.In the first year, the Heritage Prizes were awarded in the categories 1960s–70s, 1980s, 1990s and 2000–2005, selected by public vote from a shortlist of five nominees put forward by a Heritage Prize jury. In the second year, the process and categories were revised with the initial shortlists increased to 10, the categories shifted to 1960–75, 1976–85, 1986–1995 and 1996–2005, and the addition of a second prize to be selected by a critical jury alongside the winner of the public vote.[30] The purpose of the jury award is to ensure that albums which were artistically important, but not necessarily as commercially popular, still have a fair shot at being selected as winners; to ensure that two different albums are selected, however, the jury does not meet to vote on its choice until after the popular vote winner has been determined.[30]Between 2015 and 2018, non-winning nominees in a Heritage Prize category were renominated again, reincorporating all of the non-winning nominees from the previous year, with only the winning albums replaced by new titles. In 2019 Polaris chose to do away with the four time period format, reducing the total number of nominated albums from 40 to 12 and putting those 12 albums in one single category with no separation by time period. There was one public vote album winner and one jury vote winner in 2019. Non-winning albums can still be renominated in a future year, although the shortlists have shown increased variability since the category reduction.","title":"Slaight Family Polaris Heritage Prize"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Slaight Family Polaris Heritage Prize winners","title":"Slaight Family Polaris Heritage Prize"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2018 Polaris sponsors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Polaris_Music_Prize"},{"link_name":"CBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"FACTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FACTOR"},{"link_name":"Slaight Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaight_Communications"},{"link_name":"Radio Starmaker Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Starmaker_Fund"},{"link_name":"SiriusXM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SiriusXM"},{"link_name":"Stingray Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stingray_Music"},{"link_name":"The Carlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Carlu"},{"link_name":"Indie88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie88"},{"link_name":"SOCAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Composers,_Authors_and_Music_Publishers_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Rogers Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Communications"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Scion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scion_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"CBC Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Music"},{"link_name":"AUX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aux_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Concert Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Concert_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Masonic Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonic_Temple_(Toronto)"},{"link_name":"The Carlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Carlu"}],"text":"The 2018 Polaris sponsors include the CBC, the Government of Canada, FACTOR, Ontario Media Development Corporation, Slaight Communications, Radio Starmaker Fund, SiriusXM, Stingray Music/Galaxie, The Carlu, Shure Canada, Toronto radio station Indie88, SOCAN, and Re-Sound20.[31] Past sponsors have included Rogers Communications[32] and Scion.[33]The Polaris Music Prize gala is video streamed live on CBC Music and, previously, AUX.[34]Presentation venuesPhoenix Concert Theatre 2006–2008\nMasonic Temple 2009–2012\nThe Carlu 2013–present","title":"Ceremonies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Canoe.ca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoe.ca"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"The Globe and Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Constellation Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation_Records_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"The Polaris Music Prize can be the subject of intense scrutiny from fans, media and music industry insiders. A number of recurring debates have emerged throughout Polaris' history. Some of these include: perception the prize is either too \"indie\" or too \"mainstream\",[35] concern about gender balance amongst nominees and jurors, concern about racial balance amongst nominees and jurors, concern about geographical representation amongst nominees and jurors, and concern about fair representation of specific musical genres. These topics are discussed at length during the open-to-the-public \"Polaris Salons\" which usually feature Polaris jurors as panellists in various cities across North America during the lead-up to each year's Polaris Gala.[36]Polaris Prize winners are often the centre of specific controversies as well.2009: Publishing the words \"Fucked Up\". When Fucked Up won in 2009 many mainstream media outlets were forced to wrestle with how they would present the band's name. The Canoe.ca news service used the headline \"F*** Up (language alert , language alert below) wins the 2009 Polaris Music Prize on Monday night,\"[37] The Globe and Mail went with \"Toronto hardcore band wins Polaris Music Prize,\"[38] while The New Yorker's \"The Prize That Dare Not Speak Its Name\"[39] monitored what they called \"semantic yoga\".[40]\n2013: Godspeed You! Black Emperor refused to attend the 2013 Polaris gala. When the band won for their album Allelujah! Don't Bend! Ascend!, representatives from their label Constellation Records accepted the $30,000 prize on their behalf. Constellation's Don Wilkie said in a statement, \"Godspeed will use the prize money to purchase musical instruments for, and support organizations providing music lessons to, people incarcerated within the Quebec prison system.\"[41] The next day the band released their own statement, saying \"holding a gala during a time of austerity and normalized decline is a weird thing to do\" and that \"maybe the next celebration should happen in a cruddier hall, without the corporate banners and culture overlords.\"[42] This was also the first year the Polaris winners were not presented with what had up until that point been a traditional giant novelty cheque to represent their victory. The presenting of the giant novelty cheque has since been discontinued.\n2014: During Tanya Tagaq's victory speech she declared \"Fuck PETA\",[43] in reference to the organization for the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Tagaq also used her gala performance and post-Polaris victory interviews as a platform to discuss the instances of missing and murdered Aboriginal women across Canada.[44]\n2017: Lido Pimienta's acceptance speech was capped with an unexpected, obscenity-spiked outburst about her monitors being off during her performance. \"All of my fking monitors were off,\" Pimienta shouted into the microphone at the end of the show, which was webcast by the CBC. Earlier she performed two songs live. \"I could not hear myself when I was up here. I'm fking pissed off. Thank you though, mother fker.\"[45]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Sarah Harmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Harmer"},{"link_name":"Caribou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Snaith"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Whitehorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehorse_(band)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Great Lake Swimmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lake_Swimmers"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Arkells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkells"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Zaki Ibrahim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaki_Ibrahim"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Joel Plaskett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Plaskett"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Little Scream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Scream"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Hannah Georgas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Georgas"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Les soeurs Boulay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_S%C5%93urs_Boulay"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Jean-Michel Blais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Michel_Blais"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Weaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaves_(band)"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Lindi Ortega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindi_Ortega"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Faith Healer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_Healer_(band)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Partner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partner_(band)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Pierre Kwenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Kwenders"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"text":"In 2006, compilation CD/souvenir program guides featuring one song each from every shortlisted artist were given out at the Polaris Gala. The same was done in 2007 with all shortlisted artists contributing to the compilation CD except Arcade Fire. Between 2008 and 2011, the souvenir program guides instead included download cards for recipients to obtain one song from each of the shortlisted artists.Polaris began releasing promotional split seven-inch singles beginning in 2012 which were separate from the souvenir program guides. These singles were often given away through campaigns with independent record stores, via contests, at Polaris Salons, or at Polaris Galas.In recent years, the Polaris Prize has also sponsored a series of promotional singles involving nominated or winning musicians. The \"Polaris Cover Sessions\"[46] series features past nominees recording a cover of a song by another nominee or Heritage Prize winner, while the \"Polaris Collaboration Sessions\" series features two past nominees collaborating on new original songs.2012Grimes \"Genesis\" + Handsome Furs \"Serve The People\" on grey vinyl\nKathleen Edwards \"Going to Hell\" + Cold Specks \"Blank Maps\" on white vinyl\nJapandroids \"The House That Heaven Built\" + Cadence Weapon \"Conditioning\" on yellow vinyl\nFucked Up \"What Would You Do (For Veronica)?\" + YAMANTAKA // SONIC TITAN \"Queens\" on orange-red vinylFeist and Drake did not participate.2013Tegan And Sara \"I Was A Fool\" + A Tribe Called Red \"The Road ft. Black Bear\" on orange vinyl\nZaki Ibrahim \"Draw The Line\" + Whitehorse \"Achilles' Desire\" on white vinyl\nPurity Ring \"Fineshrine\" + Colin Stetson \"High Above A Grey Green Sea\" on purple vinyl\nMetric \"Dreams So Real\" + Young Galaxy \"Pretty Boy\" on blue vinyl\nMETZ \"Get Off\" on yellow vinylGodspeed You! Black Emperor did not participate.2014YAMANTAKA // SONIC TITAN \"Windflower\" + Tanya Tagaq \"Umingmak\" on white vinyl\nShad \"Progress (Part 1: American Pie)\" + Mac DeMarco \"Brother\" on red/orange vinyl\nOwen Pallett \"The Riverbed\" + Arcade Fire \"Normal Person\" on blue vinyl\nBasia Bulat \"Never Let Me Go\" + Timber Timbre \"Grand Canyon\" on yellow vinyl\nJessy Lanza \"Move Closer\" (previously physically unreleased) on \"trippy pattern\" grey vinylDrake did not participate.2015Polaris Cover Sessions No. 1 (2015) [10 inch]Sarah Harmer, \"Odessa\" (Caribou)[47]\nWhitehorse, \"The Bones of an Idol\" (The New Pornographers)[48]\nGreat Lake Swimmers, \"I'm a Mountain\" (Sarah Harmer)[49]2016Polaris Cover Sessions No. 2 (2016) [10 inch]Arkells, \"I Am Not Afraid\" (Owen Pallett)[50]\nZaki Ibrahim, \"Show Me the Place\" (Leonard Cohen)[51]\nJoel Plaskett, \"Bittersweet Melodies\" (Feist)[52]2017Polaris Cover Sessions No. 3 (2017) [10 inch]Little Scream, \"Anew Day\" (Mary Margaret O'Hara)[53]\nHannah Georgas, \"Crown of Love\" (Arcade Fire)[54]\nLes soeurs Boulay, \"Complainte pour Ste-Catherine\" (Kate & Anna McGarrigle)[55]2018Polaris Cover Sessions No. 4 (2018) [10 inch]Jean-Michel Blais, \"Mushaboom\" (Feist)[56]\nWeaves, \"Neighborhood #3 (Power Out)\" (Arcade Fire)[57]\nLindi Ortega, \"Suzanne\" (Leonard Cohen)[58]2019Polaris Cover Sessions No. 5 (2019) [12 inch]Faith Healer, \"When You Awake\" (The Band)[59]\nPartner, \"Limelight\" (Rush)[60]\nPierre Kwenders, \"It Ain't Fair\" (Jean-Pierre Ferland)[61]","title":"Polaris Prize music releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Banff Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banff_Centre"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Buffy Sainte-Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffy_Sainte-Marie"},{"link_name":"Tanya Tagaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanya_Tagaq"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Medicine Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_Songs"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"sub_title":"Polaris collaboration sessions","text":"Polaris, the Banff Centre and Scion Sessions teamed up for a collaborative residency project featuring past shortlisted artists Shad and Holy Fuck. The result was the Scion Sessions-sponsored Holy Shad \"Legend of Cy Borg Parts I and II\" seven-inch single as well as a documentary video produced by AUX TV.[62]In 2017, Buffy Sainte-Marie and Tanya Tagaq collaborated on the single \"You Got to Run (Spirit of the Wind)\".[63] A remix of the song by A Tribe Called Red was commissioned for the seven-inch release. The song was subsequently included on Sainte-Marie's album Medicine Songs.In 2019, The Weather Station and Jennifer Castle came together to record a two-song split-single. The Weather Station's song was \"I Tried To Wear The World (featuring Jennifer Castle)\" and Castle's was \"Midas Touch (featuring The Weather Station).\"[64]","title":"Polaris Prize music releases"}]	[{"image_text":"Final Fantasy at the Polaris Music Prize gala in 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Final_fantasy_at_the_polaris_music_prize_gala_2006_by_dustin_rabin.jpg/220px-Final_fantasy_at_the_polaris_music_prize_gala_2006_by_dustin_rabin.jpg"},{"image_text":"Patrick Watson at the Polaris Music Prize gala in 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Patrick_watson_at_the_polaris_music_prize_gala_2007_by_dustin_rabin.jpg/220px-Patrick_watson_at_the_polaris_music_prize_gala_2007_by_dustin_rabin.jpg"},{"image_text":"Caribou at the Polaris Music Prize gala in 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Caribou_at_the_polaris_music_prize_gala_2008_by_dustin_rabin.jpg/220px-Caribou_at_the_polaris_music_prize_gala_2008_by_dustin_rabin.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fucked Up at the Polaris Music Prize gala in 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Fucked_up_at_the_polaris_music_prize_gala_2009_by_dustin_rabin.jpg/220px-Fucked_up_at_the_polaris_music_prize_gala_2009_by_dustin_rabin.jpg"},{"image_text":"Karkwa at the Polaris Music Prize gala in 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Karkwa_at_the_polaris_music_prize_gala_2010_by_dustin_rabin.jpg/220px-Karkwa_at_the_polaris_music_prize_gala_2010_by_dustin_rabin.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arcade Fire at the Polaris Music Prize gala in 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Polaris-Prize-M012_web_220.jpg"},{"image_text":"Feist at the Polaris Music Prize gala in 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/2012_Polaris_Prize_Winner_Feist.jpg/220px-2012_Polaris_Prize_Winner_Feist.jpg"},{"image_text":"Constellation Records' Ian Ilavsky accepting 2013 Prize on behalf of Godspeed You! Black Emperor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/GodspeedYouBlackEmperor.jpg/220px-GodspeedYouBlackEmperor.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tanya Tagaq wins 2014 Polaris Prize.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Tanya-Tagaq-by-Dustin-Rabin.jpg/220px-Tanya-Tagaq-by-Dustin-Rabin.jpg"},{"image_text":"Buffy Sainte-Marie wins the 2015 Polaris Music Prize. Photo by Dustin Rabin.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Buffy-sainte-marie-by-dustin-rabin.jpg/220px-Buffy-sainte-marie-by-dustin-rabin.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kaytranada shows the proof that he won the 2016 Polaris Music Prize. Photo by Danny Williams.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Kaytranda-proof-danny-williams.jpg/220px-Kaytranda-proof-danny-williams.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Music portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Music"},{"title":"Canada portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Canada"},{"title":"Canadian rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_rock"},{"title":"Choice Music Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice_Music_Prize"},{"title":"Mercury Music Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Music_Prize"},{"title":"Australian Music Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Music_Prize"},{"title":"Prix Constantin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Constantin"},{"title":"Shortlist Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortlist_Prize"},{"title":"Nordic Music Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Music_Prize"}]	[{"reference":"Frere-Jones, Shasha (September 22, 2009). \"The Prize That Dare Not Speak Its Name\". The New Yorker. Retrieved September 22, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/sashafrerejones/2009/09/the-prize-that-dare-not-speak-its-name.html","url_text":"\"The Prize That Dare Not Speak Its Name\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker","url_text":"The New Yorker"}]},{"reference":"Molotkow, Alexandra (October 1, 2010). \"The Indie Rock Swindle\". The Walrus. Archived from the original on December 1, 2010. Retrieved October 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101201055950/http://walrusmagazine.com/articles/2010.10-music-the-indie-rock-swindle/","url_text":"\"The Indie Rock Swindle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walrus_(magazine)","url_text":"The Walrus"},{"url":"http://www.walrusmagazine.com/articles/2010.10-music-the-indie-rock-swindle","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Polaris Music Prize Increased To $50,000 In 2015 – Polaris Music Prize\". May 9, 2015. 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Polaris Music Prize. July 16, 2013. Archived from the original on February 19, 2014. Retrieved July 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140219121134/http://polarismusicprize.ca/article/648/polaris-music-prize-2013-short-list-is-here/","url_text":"\"Polaris Music Prize 2013 Short List Is Here\""},{"url":"http://www.polarismusicprize.ca/article/648/polaris-music-prize-2013-short-list-is-here/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Polaris Prize Nominees 2014\". polarismusicprize.ca. Retrieved April 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://polarismusicprize.ca/2014-nominees/","url_text":"\"Polaris Prize Nominees 2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"Polaris Music Prize Nominees 2015\". polarismusicprize.ca. Retrieved April 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://polarismusicprize.ca/2015-nominees/","url_text":"\"Polaris Music Prize Nominees 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Polaris Music Prizde Nominees 2016\". polarismusicprize.ca. 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Black Emperor on Polaris – Constellation Records\". Archived from the original on November 25, 2014. Retrieved November 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141125065909/http://cstrecords.com/statement-from-godspeed-you-black-emperor-on-polaris/","url_text":"\"Statement from Godspeed You! Black Emperor on Polaris – Constellation Records\""},{"url":"http://cstrecords.com/statement-from-godspeed-you-black-emperor-on-polaris/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"People Hating on Tanya Tagaq's 'Fuck PETA' Polaris Speech Are Missing the Point\". VICE. September 27, 2014. Retrieved November 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en_ca/read/people-hating-on-tanya-tagaqs-fuck-peta-polaris-speech-are-missing-the-point-943","url_text":"\"People Hating on Tanya Tagaq's 'Fuck PETA' Polaris Speech Are Missing the Point\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tanya Tagaq: Being An Aboriginal Woman Is Like Being Scared At A Horror Movie. All The Time\". The Huffington Post. 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Retrieved April 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://polarismusicprize.ca/blog/watch-great-lake-swimmers-cover-sarah-harmers-im-a-mountain/","url_text":"\"WATCH: Great Lake Swimmers Cover Sarah Harmer's 'I'm A Mountain'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arkells Cover Owen Pallett's 'I Am Not Afraid' For Polaris Cover Sessions #4\". polarismusicprize.ca. October 8, 2015. Retrieved April 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://polarismusicprize.ca/blog/arkells-cover-owen-pallett-i-am-not-afraid-polaris-cover-sessions/","url_text":"\"Arkells Cover Owen Pallett's 'I Am Not Afraid' For Polaris Cover Sessions #4\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zaki Ibrahim Covers Leonard Cohen's 'Show Me The Place' For Polaris Cover Sessions #6\". polarismusicprize.ca. July 11, 2016. 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Retrieved April 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://polarismusicprize.ca/blog/little-scream-does-mary-margaret-oharas-anew-day-for-siriusxm-polaris-cover-session/","url_text":"\"Little Scream Does Mary Margaret O'Hara's \"Anew Day\" For SiriusXM Polaris Cover Session\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hannah Georgas Does Arcade Fire's \"Crown Of Love\" For Latest SiriusXM Polaris Cover Session\". polarismusicprize.ca. May 24, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://polarismusicprize.ca/blog/hannah-georgas-does-arcade-fires-crown-of-love-for-latest-siriusxm-polaris-cover-session/","url_text":"\"Hannah Georgas Does Arcade Fire's \"Crown Of Love\" For Latest SiriusXM Polaris Cover Session\""}]},{"reference":"Brophy, Aaron (March 27, 2017). \"Les soeurs Boulay Do Kate & Anna McGarrigle To Launch 2017 SiriusXM Polaris Cover Sessions\". Polaris Music Prize. Retrieved April 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://polarismusicprize.ca/blog/les-soeurs-boulay-do-kate-anna-mcgarrigle-to-launch-2017-siriusxm-polaris-cover-sessions/","url_text":"\"Les soeurs Boulay Do Kate & Anna McGarrigle To Launch 2017 SiriusXM Polaris Cover Sessions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jean-Michel Blais Covers Feist's \"Mushaboom\" For SiriusXM Polaris Cover Sessions\". polarismusicprize.ca. August 7, 2018. Retrieved December 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://polarismusicprize.ca/blog/jean-michel-blais-covers-feists-mushaboom-for-siriusxm-polaris-cover-sessions/","url_text":"\"Jean-Michel Blais Covers Feist's \"Mushaboom\" For SiriusXM Polaris Cover Sessions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Weaves Do Arcade Fire's \"Neighborhood #3 (Power Out)\" For SiriusXM Polaris Cover Session\". polarismusicprize.ca. May 8, 2018. 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Retrieved December 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://polarismusicprize.ca/blog/the-weather-station-jennifer-castle-polaris-stingray-seven-inch-available-free-for-record-store-day-canada/","url_text":"\"The Weather Station & Jennifer Castle Polaris-Stingray Seven-Inch Available Free For Record Store Day Canada\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://polarismusicprize.ca/","external_links_name":"polarismusicprize.ca"},{"Link":"http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/sashafrerejones/2009/09/the-prize-that-dare-not-speak-its-name.html","external_links_name":"\"The Prize That Dare Not Speak Its Name\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101201055950/http://walrusmagazine.com/articles/2010.10-music-the-indie-rock-swindle/","external_links_name":"\"The Indie Rock Swindle\""},{"Link":"http://www.walrusmagazine.com/articles/2010.10-music-the-indie-rock-swindle","external_links_name":"the 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mymensingh_division	Mymensingh Division	["1 History","2 Administrative divisions","3 References"]	Coordinates: 24°10′N 90°25′E / 24.167°N 90.417°E / 24.167; 90.417Division of Bangladesh Division in BangladeshMymensingh Division ময়মনসিংহ বিভাগBhati-NasirabadDivisionCoordinates: 24°10′N 90°25′E / 24.167°N 90.417°E / 24.167; 90.417Country BangladeshEstablished2015Capitaland largest cityMymensinghGovernment • Divisional CommissionerUmme Salma Tanzia • Parliamentary constituencyJatiya Sangsad (38 seats)Area • Total10,584.06 km2 (4,086.53 sq mi)Population (2022 census) • Total12,225,498 • Density1,200/km2 (3,000/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+6 (BST)ISO 3166 codeBD-HHDI (2019)0.594mediumWebsitewww.mymensinghdiv.gov.bd Mymensingh Division (Bengali: ময়মনসিংহ বিভাগ) is one of the eight administrative divisions of Bangladesh. It has an area of 10,485 square kilometres (4,048 sq mi) and a population of 12,225,498 as of the 2022 census. It was formed in 2015 from districts previously composing the northern part of Dhaka Division. Its headquarters are in Mymensingh city in Mymensingh District. History Provincial Map of Bengal showing the Greater Mymensingh Area (present Division with Tangail and Kishoreganj) in 1917. The Greater Mymensingh region (Mymensingh District along with five other neighbouring districts) was created as a Mymensingh district by the British Indian government in 1787. Later it was reorganized in two phases into six districts: Mymensingh, Kishoreganj, Netrakona, Jamalpur, Tangail, and Sherpur. But Kishoreganj and Tangail are no longer part of Mymensingh, so Mymensingh comprises four districts. On 12 January 2015 prime minister Sheikh Hasina declared the establishment of a new Mymensingh Division. The initial intention was to carve six districts (those comprising the original Mymensingh district of 1787) out of the Dhaka Division. However, while four of the districts were eager for the establishment of a new division, people in the Tangail and Kishoreganj Districts wished to remain part of Dhaka Division. On 14 September 2015 Mymensingh was officially announced as a division consisting of four districts. Administrative divisions Name Headquarter Area (km2) Population 1991 Census Population 2001 Census Population 2011 Census Mymensingh District Mymensingh 4,394.57 3,957,182 4,489,726 5,110,272 Jamalpur District Jamalpur 2,115.16 1,874,440 2,107,209 2,292,674 Netrokona District Netrokona 2,794.28 1,730,935 1,988,188 2,229,642 Sherpur District Sherpur 1,364.67 1,138,629 1,279,542 1,358,325 Total District 4 10,584.06 8,701,186 9,864,665 10,990,913 Census figures for 1991, 2001 and 2011 are from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Population Census Wing. Religion in Mymensingh division (2011) Religion Percent Muslims 95.19% Hindus 4.22% Christians 0.51% Others 0.08% Muslims are the predominant religion with 95.19%, while Hindus and Christians are 4.22% and 0.51% of the population respectively. Mymensingh has the highest percentage of Muslims of all divisions of Bangladesh. References ^ "List of Divisional Commissioners". Archived from the original on 2022-06-18. Retrieved 2022-06-20. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021. ^ "Mymensingh Division 24". Archived from the original on 2017-11-11. Retrieved 2016-12-26. ^ Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis. Scarecrow Press. 22 August 2013. ISBN 9780810880245. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2015. ^ প্রচ্ছদ ময়মনসিংহকে দেশ থেকে বিতারিত করা উচিত। (in Bengali). No. 14–70. Prothom Alo. 14 January 2015. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2015. ^ "Mymensingh to become new division". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2015. ^ "Govt gives final approval for Mymensingh as country's eighth administrative division". Bdnews24.com. 14 September 2015. Archived from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015. ^ "Mymensingh a division now". Dhaka Tribune. 15 September 2015. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015. ^ "Mymensingh to become eighth division of Bangladesh". Daily Star. 14 September 2015. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2015. ^ a b "Bangladesh Population & Housing Census 2011(Zila aeries)". Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 2022-07-29. Retrieved 2022-07-02. Places adjacent to Mymensingh Division Rangpur Division Meghalaya, India Sylhet Division Rajshahi Division Mymensingh Division Sylhet Division Dhaka Division Dhaka Division Comilla Division vte Divisions and districts of BangladeshBarisal Division Barguna Barishal Bhola Jhalokati Patuakhali Pirojpur Chittagong Division Bandarban Brahmanbaria Chandpur Chattogram Cumilla Cox's Bazar Feni Khagrachhari Lakshmipur Noakhali Rangamati Dhaka Division Dhaka Faridpur Gazipur Gopalganj Kishoreganj Madaripur Manikganj Munshiganj Narayanganj Narsingdi Rajbari Shariatpur Tangail Khulna Division Bagerhat Chuadanga Jashore Jhenaidah Khulna Kushtia Magura Meherpur Narail Satkhira Mymensingh Division Jamalpur Mymensingh Netrokona Sherpur Rajshahi Division Bogura Joypurhat Naogaon Natore Chapai Nawabganj Pabna Rajshahi Sirajganj Rangpur Division Dinajpur Gaibandha Kurigram Lalmonirhat Nilphamari Panchagarh Rangpur Thakurgaon Sylhet Division Habiganj Moulvibazar Sunamganj Sylhet	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"administrative divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisions_of_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"2022 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Census_of_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Dhaka Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka_Division"},{"link_name":"Mymensingh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mymensingh"},{"link_name":"Mymensingh District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mymensingh_District"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Division of BangladeshDivision in BangladeshMymensingh Division (Bengali: ময়মনসিংহ বিভাগ) is one of the eight administrative divisions of Bangladesh. It has an area of 10,485 square kilometres (4,048 sq mi) and a population of 12,225,498 as of the 2022 census. It was formed in 2015 from districts previously composing the northern part of Dhaka Division. Its headquarters are in Mymensingh city in Mymensingh District.[3]","title":"Mymensingh Division"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Provincial_Geographies_of_India_Volume_2_0013.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tangail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangail_District"},{"link_name":"Kishoreganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishoreganj_District"},{"link_name":"Mymensingh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mymensingh"},{"link_name":"Kishoreganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishoreganj_District"},{"link_name":"Netrakona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netrakona_District"},{"link_name":"Jamalpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamalpur_District"},{"link_name":"Tangail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangail_District"},{"link_name":"Sherpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherpur_District"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kishoreganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishoreganj_District"},{"link_name":"Tangail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangail_District"},{"link_name":"Mymensingh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mymensingh"},{"link_name":"Mymensingh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mymensingh"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Hasina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Hasina"},{"link_name":"Dhaka Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka_Division"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thedailystar.net-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Provincial Map of Bengal showing the Greater Mymensingh Area (present Division with Tangail and Kishoreganj) in 1917.The Greater Mymensingh region (Mymensingh District along with five other neighbouring districts) was created as a Mymensingh district by the British Indian government in 1787. Later it was reorganized in two phases into six districts: Mymensingh, Kishoreganj, Netrakona, Jamalpur, Tangail, and Sherpur.[4] But Kishoreganj and Tangail are no longer part of Mymensingh, so Mymensingh comprises four districts.On 12 January 2015 prime minister Sheikh Hasina declared the establishment of a new Mymensingh Division. The initial intention was to carve six districts (those comprising the original Mymensingh district of 1787) out of the Dhaka Division. However, while four of the districts were eager for the establishment of a new division, people in the Tangail and Kishoreganj Districts wished to remain part of Dhaka Division.[5][6] On 14 September 2015 Mymensingh was officially announced as a division consisting of four districts.[7][8][9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-10"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Hindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-10"}],"text":"Census figures for 1991, 2001 and 2011 are from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Population Census Wing.Religion in Mymensingh division (2011)[10]\n\nReligion\n\nPercent\n\n\nMuslims\n \n95.19%\n\n\nHindus\n \n4.22%\n\n\nChristians\n \n0.51%\n\n\nOthers\n \n0.08%Muslims are the predominant religion with 95.19%, while Hindus and Christians are 4.22% and 0.51% of the population respectively. Mymensingh has the highest percentage of Muslims of all divisions of Bangladesh.[10]","title":"Administrative divisions"}]	[{"image_text":"Provincial Map of Bengal showing the Greater Mymensingh Area (present Division with Tangail and Kishoreganj) in 1917.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Provincial_Geographies_of_India_Volume_2_0013.jpg/220px-Provincial_Geographies_of_India_Volume_2_0013.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"List of Divisional Commissioners\". Archived from the original on 2022-06-18. Retrieved 2022-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php","url_text":"\"List of Divisional Commissioners\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220618085224/http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab\". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. 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Retrieved 26 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QVOFAAAAQBAJ&q=which+was+later+reorganized+into+six+districts&pg=PA325","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810880245","url_text":"9780810880245"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211025213332/https://books.google.com/books?id=QVOFAAAAQBAJ&q=which+was+later+reorganized+into+six+districts&pg=PA325","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"প্রচ্ছদ ময়মনসিংহকে দেশ থেকে বিতারিত করা উচিত। (in Bengali). No. 14–70. Prothom Alo. 14 January 2015. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171111094616/http://www.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/article/423265/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97","url_text":"প্রচ্ছদ ময়মনসিংহকে দেশ থেকে বিতারিত করা উচিত।"},{"url":"http://www.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/article/423265/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mymensingh to become new division\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_David_II	David II of Scotland	["1 Early life","2 Reign","2.1 Exile in France","2.2 Captivity in England","2.3 Return to Scotland","3 Relationships","4 Death","5 Fictional portrayals","6 Ancestry","7 See also","8 References","9 Sources","10 Further reading","11 External links"]	King of Scotland from 1329 to 1371 David IIA coin depicting David IIKing of ScotsReign7 June 1329 –22 February 1371Coronation24 November 1331PredecessorRobert ISuccessorRobert IIRegents See list Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray (1329–1332) Donald, Earl of Mar (1332) Sir Andrew Murray (1332) Sir Archibald Douglas (1332–1333) Robert Stewart, 7th High Steward (1334–1335) John Randolph, 3rd Earl of Moray (1334–1335) Sir Andrew Murray (1335–1338) Robert Stewart, 7th High Steward(1338–1341, 1346–1357) Born5 March 1324Dunfermline Abbey, Fife, ScotlandDied22 February 1371 (aged 46)Edinburgh Castle, Edinburgh, ScotlandBurialHolyrood AbbeySpouses Joan of England (m. 1328; died 1362) Margaret Drummond (m. 1364; div. 1370) HouseBruceFatherRobert I of ScotlandMotherElizabeth de Burgh David II (5 March 1324 – 22 February 1371) was King of Scotland from 1329 until his death in 1371. Upon the death of his father, Robert the Bruce, David succeeded to the throne at the age of five and was crowned at Scone in November 1331, becoming the first Scottish monarch to be anointed at his coronation. During his childhood, David was governed by a series of guardians, and Edward III of England sought to take advantage of David's minority by supporting an invasion of Scotland by Edward Balliol, beginning the Second War of Scottish Independence. Following the English victory at the Battle of Halidon Hill in 1333, King David, Queen Joan and the rump of his government were evacuated to France, where he remained in exile until it was safe for him to return to Scotland in 1341. In 1346, David invaded England in support of France during the Hundred Years' War. His army was defeated at the Battle of Neville's Cross and he was captured and held as a prisoner in England for eleven years, while his nephew Robert Stewart governed Scotland. In 1357 the Treaty of Berwick brought the Second War of Independence to an end, the Scots agreed to pay a ransom of 100,000 merks, and David was allowed to return home. Heavy taxation was needed to pay for the ransom, which was to be paid in instalments, and David alienated his subjects by using the money for his own purposes. By 1363 it was found impossible to raise the remaining ransom, and David sought its cancellation by offering to bequeath the succession to the Scottish throne to Edward III or one of his sons. In 1364, the parliament of Scotland rejected David's proposal to make Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence, the next king. Despising his nephew, David sought to prevent him succeeding to his throne by marrying his mistress Margaret Drummond and producing an alternative heir. When his second wife failed to do so, David unsuccessfully attempted to divorce her. Although David spent long periods in exile or captivity, he managed to ensure the survival of his kingdom, reformed the machinery of government, and left the Scottish monarchy in a strong position. The last male of the House of Bruce, he died childless in 1371 after a reign of 41 years and was succeeded by his nephew Robert II. Early life David II was born on 5 March 1324 at Dunfermline Abbey in Fife, one of twin sons born to King Robert the Bruce, and Elizabeth de Burgh. Soon after his birth he was wet nursed at the Bishop of St Andrews' manor at Inchmurdoch in Fife. David was created Earl of Carrick by his father in 1326, and an official household was established for the prince at Turnberry Castle. Very little is known of his youth, though it is recorded that King Robert paid for Dominican friars to educate David, and also purchased books for him. David's mother died in 1327, when he was three years old. In accordance with the Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton's terms, on 17 July 1328, when he was four years old, David was married to seven-year-old Joan, the daughter of Edward II of England and Isabella of France, at Berwick Castle. The young earl of Carrick received a visit from his ailing father at Turnberry in February 1329. Reign David became king upon the death of his father on 7 June 1329. David II's youth and the uncertainty of the Anglo-Scottish peace meant he was not moved from Turnberry to Scone for his coronation for two-and-a-half years. The seven-year-old king and his wife were crowned at Scone Abbey on 24 November 1331, with David becoming the first Scottish monarch to be anointed at their coronation. Upon David's accession, Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray was appointed as Guardian under Robert I's orders, to govern Scotland until David reached adulthood, and the royal government of King Robert remained largely in place from 1329 to 1332. After Moray's death, on 20 July 1332, he was replaced by Donald, Earl of Mar, elected by an assembly of the magnates of Scotland at Perth, 2 August 1332. Ten days later, Mar fell at the Battle of Dupplin Moor. Sir Andrew Murray of Bothwell, who was married to Christian (or Christina), the sister of King Robert I, was chosen as the new Guardian. The English took him prisoner at Roxburgh in April 1333 and was accordingly replaced as Guardian by Archibald Douglas (the Tyneman), who fell at the Battle of Halidon Hill that July. Meanwhile, on 24 September 1332, following the Scots' defeat at Dupplin, Edward Balliol, a protégé of Edward III of England, and a pretender to the throne of Scotland, was crowned by the English and his Scots adherents. By December, however, Balliol was forced to flee to England after the Battle of Annan, although he returned the following year as part of an invasion force led by the English king. Exile in France Joan of the Tower & David II with Philip VI of France Following the English victory at the Battle of Halidon Hill in July 1333, David and his wife were sent for safety into France, reaching Boulogne on 14 May 1334. They were received very graciously by King Philip VI. Little is known about the life of the Scottish king in France, except that Château Gaillard was given to him for a residence, and that he was present at the bloodless meeting of the English and French armies in October 1339 at Vironfosse, now known as Buironfosse, in the Arrondissement of Vervins. By 1341, David's representatives had again obtained the upper hand in Scotland. David was able to return to his kingdom, landing at Inverbervie in Kincardineshire on 2 June 1341. He took the reins of government into his own hands, at the age of 17. Captivity in England David II, king of Scotland, acknowledges Edward III, king of England, as his feudal lord, an event that never happened. In 1346, under the terms of the Auld Alliance, David invaded England to try to draw King Edward away from the French, who had been invaded by the English and badly defeated at the battle of Crécy. After initial success at Hexham, David's army was soundly defeated at the battle of Neville's Cross on 17 October 1346. David suffered two arrow wounds to the face and was captured and taken prisoner by Sir John de Coupland. The king was taken to Wark on Tweed, and then to Bamburgh Castle, where barber-surgeons from York were brought to treat his serious injuries. David II was transferred to London, where he was imprisoned in the Tower of London in January 1347. David was transferred to Windsor Castle in Berkshire upon the return of Edward III from France. The depiction of David being presented to King Edward III in the play The Raigne of King Edward the Third is fictitious. David and his household were later moved to Odiham Castle in Hampshire. His imprisonment was not reputed to be a rigorous one as was typical of most royal prisoners. However, the fact that from 1355 he was denied contact with any of his subjects may indicate otherwise. He remained captive in England for eleven years. On 3 October 1357, after several protracted negotiations with the Scots' regency council, a treaty was signed at Berwick-upon-Tweed under which Scotland's nobility agreed to pay 100,000 marks, at the rate of 10,000 marks per year, as a ransom for their king. This was ratified by the Scottish Parliament at Scone on 6 November 1357. Return to Scotland David II (left) and Edward III (right) David returned to Scotland accompanied by a large contingent of Scottish nobles and clergy. He also brought his mistress, Katherine (or Catherine) Mortimer, of whom little is known. Katherine was murdered in 1360 by men hired by the Earl of Angus and other nobles, according to some sources; some accounts say the earl was starved to death, however since his death was not until 1362, two years after the murder, death from the plague or other causes is more likely. She was replaced as mistress by Margaret Drummond. After six years, owing to the poverty of the kingdom, it was found impossible to raise the ransom instalment of 1363. David then made for London and sought to get rid of the liability by offering to bequeath Scotland to Edward III, or one of his sons, in return for a cancellation of the ransom. David did this with the full awareness that the Scots would never accept such an arrangement. In 1364, the Scottish parliament indignantly rejected a proposal to make Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence, the next king. Over the next few years, David strung out secret negotiations with Edward III, which apparently appeased the matter. His wife, Queen Joan, died on 7 September 1362 (aged 41) at Hertford Castle, Hertfordshire, possibly a victim of the Black Death. He remarried, on about 20 February 1364, to Margaret Drummond, widow of Sir John Logie, and daughter of Sir Malcolm Drummond. He divorced her on about 20 March 1370. They had no children. Margaret, however, travelled to Avignon, and made a successful appeal to the Pope Urban V to reverse the sentence of divorce which had been pronounced against her in Scotland. She was still alive in January 1375, four years after David died. From 1364, David governed actively, dealing firmly with recalcitrant nobles, and a wider baronial revolt, led by his prospective successor, the future Robert II. David continued to pursue the goal of a final peace with England. At the time of his death, the Scottish monarchy was stronger and the country was "a free and independent kingdom" according to a reliable source. The royal finances were more prosperous than might have seemed possible. Relationships King David II of Scotland married twice and had several mistresses, but none of his relationships produced children: Joan of the Tower, the daughter of King Edward II of England and Isabella of France, was David's first wife. David and Joan were married on 17 July 1328, when he was four years old and she was seven. The marriage was in accordance with the terms of the Treaty of Northampton. They were married for 34 years but produced no children. Queen Joan died on 7 September 1362 (aged 41) at Hertford Castle, Hertfordshire; Margaret Drummond was the widow of Sir John Logie, and daughter of Sir Malcolm Drummond. Margaret was David's mistress before the death of Queen Joan, from about 1361. David and Margaret married on 20 February 1364. Still producing no heirs, David attempted to divorce Margaret on 20 March 1370, on the grounds that she was infertile. Pope Urban V, however, reversed the divorce. When David died on 22 February 1371, Margaret and David were still actually married, according to Rome. Margaret died sometime after 31 January 1375, and her funeral was paid for by Pope Gregory XI; Agnes Dunbar was David's mistress at the time of his death. He was planning to marry her; however, the marriage was delayed by the reversal of his divorce to Margaret. Death David II died unexpectedly of natural causes at Edinburgh Castle on 22 February 1371, aged forty-six. David was not buried - as he had previously planned - beside his parents at Dunfermline Abbey, but before the high altar of Holyrood Abbey. This choice may have been made because Holyrood was the closest church to hand, only a mile away from Edinburgh Castle, and because David's successor wished to quickly draw a line under the previous reign. The funeral was overseen by Abbot Thomas. As David II left no children, he was the last male of the House of Bruce and was succeeded by his nephew, Robert II, the son of David's half-sister Marjorie. Fictional portrayals Depiction of David II by Sylvester Harding (1797) David II has been depicted in historical novels. They include: Cressy and Poictiers; or, the Story of the Black Prince's Page (1865) by John George Edgar (1834–1864). The novel depicts events of the years 1344 to 1370, with an epilogue in 1376. The events depicted cover part of the Hundred Years' War and the "Scotch Border Wars" (Second War of Scottish Independence), with the Battle of Neville's Cross (1346) being a key part of the plot. David II is one of the "principal characters", alongside Edward III of England, Philippa of Hainault, and Edward the Black Prince; Flowers of Chivalry (1988), by Nigel Tranter, covers events of the Second War of Scottish Independence from 1332 to 1339. David II is a secondary character, the protagonists being Alexander Ramsay of Dalhousie and William Douglas, Lord of Liddesdale; Vagabond (2002) by Bernard Cornwell. David II also appears as a character in the Elizabethan play Edward III and also in the 2012 grand strategy game Crusader Kings II as the monarch of Scotland in 1336. Ancestry Ancestors of David II of Scotland 8. Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale 4. Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale 9. Isabella de Clare 2. Robert I of Scotland 10. Niall, Earl of Carrick 5. Marjorie, Countess of Carrick 11. Margaret Stewart 1. David II of Scotland 12. Walter de Burgh, 1st Earl of Ulster 6. Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster 13. Aveline Fitzgeoffrey 3. Elizabeth de Burgh 14. John de Burgh 7. Margaret de Burgh 15. Cecily de Balliol See also List of British monarchs List of Scottish monarchs Scottish monarchs' family tree Robert the Bruce Elizabeth de Burgh Clan Bruce House of Burgh References ^ a b Penman, Michael (2004). David II. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell Press Ltd. p. 35. ^ Penman, Michael (2004). David II. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell Press Ltd. p. 20. ^ Penman 2014, p. 16 ^ a b c d e Richardson, Douglas, Plantagenet Ancestry, Baltimore, Md., 2004, p. 23, ISBN 0-8063-1750-7 ^ a b c d e f One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "David II. (king of Scotland)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 860. Endnotes: Andrew of Wyntoun, The orygynale cronykil of Scotland, edited by D. Laing (Edinburgh, 1872–1879); John of Fordun, Chronica gentis Scotorum, edited by W. F. Skene (Edinburgh, 1871–1872); J. H. Burton, History of Scotland, vol. II, (Edinburgh, 1905); A. Lang, History of Scotland, vol. I, (Edinburgh, 1900), ^ Macnamee 2006, p. 27 ^ Dunbar, Sir Archibald H., Scottish Kings – A Revised Chronology of Scottish History 1005–1625, Edinburgh, 1899, pp. 146-147 ^ Dunbar (1899) pp. 147-149 ^ Dunbar (1899) pp. 148-149 ^ Dunbar (1899) p. 150 ^ Dunbar (1899) p. 152 ^ Penman (2004) pp. 133-135 ^ Penman (2004) pp. 138-139 ^ Penman (2004) p. 1389 ^ "King David II of Scotland - Britroyals". ^ Penman, Michael (2004). David II. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell Press Ltd. p. 184. ^ Patrick Fraser Tytler (1828). History of Scotland, Volume II. p. 130. ISBN 9780198759348. ^ Penman, Michael (2004). David II. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell Press Ltd. p. 292. ^ David Ross (2000). Scotland: History of a Nation. Lomond Books. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-947782-58-0. ^ Richard Oram (2011). The Kings & Queens of Scotland. The History Press. ISBN 9780752438146. ^ a b c Alan MacQuarrie (2004). Medieval Scotland: Kingship and Nation. The History Press. ISBN 0750929774. ^ a b c d Dunbar (1899) p. 154 ^ Dunbar (1899) p. 156. ^ Ian Dawson (1998). Who's Who in British History: A-H. Taylor & Francis. p. 321. ISBN 978-1-884964-90-9. ^ Peter Hume Brown (1911). History of Scotland to the present time, Volume 1. p. 145. ISBN 1107600316. ^ Barrell, A.D.M. (2000). Medieval Scotland. Cambridge University Press. p. 132. ^ a b Penman, Michael (2004). David II. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell Press Ltd. p. 412. ^ Grants Old and New Edinburgh ^ a b c Nield (1968), p. 42 ^ Shattock (2000), pp. 1785-1786 ^ "Nigel Tranter Historical Novels", timeline of events depicted Sources David Nash Ford (2004), Royal Berkshire History: David II, King of Scots (1324-1371). John of Fordun (1871–1872), Chronica gentis Scotorum, edited by William Forbes Skene, Edinburgh. John Hill Burton (1905), History of Scotland, vol. II, Edinburgh. Andrew Lang (1900), History of Scotland, vol. I, Edinburgh. Macnamee, Colm (2006), The Wars of the Bruces: England and Ireland 1306–1328, Edinburgh: Donald, ISBN 978-0859766531. Nield, Jonathan (1968), A Guide to the Best Historical Novels and Tales, Ayer Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8337-2509-7 Penman, Michael (2014). Robert the Bruce: King of the Scots. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300148725. Shattock, Joanne (2000), The Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature, Volume 4; Volumes 1800-1900, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-39100-9 Andrew of Wyntoun (1872–1879), The orygynale cronykil of Scotland, edited by D. Laing, Edinburgh. Further reading Michael Brown (2004), The Wars of Scotland, 1214–1371, The New Edinburgh History of Scotland, volume 4 Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Ranald Nicholson (1975), Scotland - The Later Middle Ages, Edinburgh: Mercat Press. Michael Penman (2003), David II, 1329–71: The Bruce Dynasty in Scotland, East Linton: Tuckwell Press. External links David II at the official website of the British monarchy Portraits of David II, King of Scots at the National Portrait Gallery, London David II of Scotland House of BruceBorn: 1324 Died: 1371 Regnal titles Preceded byRobert I King of Scotland 1329 – 1371 Succeeded byRobert II New title Earl of Carrick 1324 – 1329 Reverted to crown vtePictish and Scottish monarchsMonarchs of the Picts (traditional) Drest I Talorc I Nechtan I Drest II Galan Erilich Drest III Drest IV Gartnait I Cailtram Talorc II Drest V Galam Cennalath Bridei I Gartnait II Nechtan II Cinioch Gartnait III Bridei II Talorc III Talorgan I Gartnait IV Drest VI Bridei III Taran Bridei IV Nechtan III Drest VII Alpín I Óengus I Bridei V Ciniod I Alpín II Talorgan II Drest VIII Conall Constantine (I) Óengus II Drest IX Uuen Uurad Bridei VI Ciniod II Bridei VII Drest X Monarchs of the Scots(traditional) Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I (II) Áed Giric Eochaid (uncertain) Donald II Constantine II (III) Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III (IV) Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Canmore Donald III Duncan II Donald III Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I the Lion Alexander II Alexander III Margaret First Interregnum John Second Interregnum Robert I David II Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary James VI1 Charles I1 Charles II1 James VII1 Mary II1 William II1 Anne1 1 also monarch of England and Ireland. vteEnglish, Scottish and British monarchsMonarchs of England until 1603Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 Alfred the Great Edward the Elder Ælfweard Æthelstan Edmund I Eadred Eadwig Edgar the Peaceful Edward the Martyr Æthelred the Unready Sweyn Edmund Ironside Cnut Harold Harefoot Harthacnut Edward the Confessor Harold Godwinson Edgar Ætheling William I William II Henry I Stephen Matilda Henry II Henry the Young King Richard I John Louis Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI Edward IV Edward V Richard III Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Jane Mary I and Philip Elizabeth I Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I Áed Giric Eochaid Donald II Constantine II Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Donald III Duncan II Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I Alexander II Alexander III Margaret John Robert I David II Edward Balliol Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary I James VI Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns from 1603 James I & VI Charles I The Protectorate Oliver Cromwell Richard Cromwell Charles II James II & VII William III & II and Mary II Anne British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707 Anne George I George II George III George IV William IV Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Charles III Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. vteMormaers or earls of CarrickNative line Gille Brigte ¹ Donnchadh of Carrick Niall of Carrick Marjorie of Carrick (with 1. Adam of Kilconquhar; 2. Robert VI de Brus, Lord of Annandale) Bruce line Robert de Brus Edward de Brus Robert de Brus (again) David de Brus Alexander de Brus Stewart earls John Stewart David Stewart James Stewart ¹ Did not hold the rank of earl/mormaer, but ruled the province as a petty-king Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Netherlands Vatican People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other IdRef Te Papa (New Zealand)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Robert the Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce"},{"link_name":"Scone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scone,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"anointed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anointed"},{"link_name":"guardians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Edward III of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Edward Balliol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Balliol"},{"link_name":"Second War of Scottish Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_War_of_Scottish_Independence"},{"link_name":"Battle of Halidon Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Halidon_Hill"},{"link_name":"Queen Joan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_the_Tower"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England"},{"link_name":"Hundred Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of Neville's Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Neville%27s_Cross"},{"link_name":"Robert Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Berwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Berwick_(1357)"},{"link_name":"merks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merk_(coin)"},{"link_name":"parliament of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_of_Antwerp,_Duke_of_Clarence"},{"link_name":"Margaret Drummond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Drummond,_Queen_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"House of Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bruce"}],"text":"David II (5 March 1324 – 22 February 1371) was King of Scotland from 1329 until his death in 1371. Upon the death of his father, Robert the Bruce, David succeeded to the throne at the age of five and was crowned at Scone in November 1331, becoming the first Scottish monarch to be anointed at his coronation. During his childhood, David was governed by a series of guardians, and Edward III of England sought to take advantage of David's minority by supporting an invasion of Scotland by Edward Balliol, beginning the Second War of Scottish Independence. Following the English victory at the Battle of Halidon Hill in 1333, King David, Queen Joan and the rump of his government were evacuated to France, where he remained in exile until it was safe for him to return to Scotland in 1341.In 1346, David invaded England in support of France during the Hundred Years' War. His army was defeated at the Battle of Neville's Cross and he was captured and held as a prisoner in England for eleven years, while his nephew Robert Stewart governed Scotland. In 1357 the Treaty of Berwick brought the Second War of Independence to an end, the Scots agreed to pay a ransom of 100,000 merks, and David was allowed to return home. Heavy taxation was needed to pay for the ransom, which was to be paid in instalments, and David alienated his subjects by using the money for his own purposes. By 1363 it was found impossible to raise the remaining ransom, and David sought its cancellation by offering to bequeath the succession to the Scottish throne to Edward III or one of his sons. In 1364, the parliament of Scotland rejected David's proposal to make Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence, the next king. Despising his nephew, David sought to prevent him succeeding to his throne by marrying his mistress Margaret Drummond and producing an alternative heir. When his second wife failed to do so, David unsuccessfully attempted to divorce her.Although David spent long periods in exile or captivity, he managed to ensure the survival of his kingdom, reformed the machinery of government, and left the Scottish monarchy in a strong position. The last male of the House of Bruce, he died childless in 1371 after a reign of 41 years and was succeeded by his nephew Robert II.","title":"David II of Scotland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dunfermline Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fife"},{"link_name":"Robert the Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth de Burgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_de_Burgh"},{"link_name":"wet nursed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_nurse"},{"link_name":"Bishop of St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fife"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-David_II-1"},{"link_name":"Earl of Carrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Carrick"},{"link_name":"Turnberry Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnberry_Castle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dominican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"friars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Penman_2014_16-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Richardson_2004_p._23-4"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Edinburgh%E2%80%93Northampton"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-5"},{"link_name":"Joan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_the_Tower"},{"link_name":"Edward II of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Isabella of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_France"},{"link_name":"Berwick Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwick_Castle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-David_II-1"}],"text":"David II was born on 5 March 1324 at Dunfermline Abbey in Fife, one of twin sons born to King Robert the Bruce, and Elizabeth de Burgh. Soon after his birth he was wet nursed at the Bishop of St Andrews' manor at Inchmurdoch in Fife.[1] David was created Earl of Carrick by his father in 1326, and an official household was established for the prince at Turnberry Castle.[2] Very little is known of his youth, though it is recorded that King Robert paid for Dominican friars to educate David, and also purchased books for him.[3] David's mother died in 1327, when he was three years old.[4] In accordance with the Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton's terms,[5] on 17 July 1328, when he was four years old, David was married to seven-year-old Joan, the daughter of Edward II of England and Isabella of France, at Berwick Castle. The young earl of Carrick received a visit from his ailing father at Turnberry in February 1329.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scone Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scone_Abbey"},{"link_name":"anointed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anointing"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Randolph,_1st_Earl_of_Moray"},{"link_name":"Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Donald, Earl of Mar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domhnall_II,_Earl_of_Mar"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Battle of Dupplin Moor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dupplin_Moor"},{"link_name":"Sir Andrew Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Murray_(soldier)"},{"link_name":"Christian (or Christina)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Bruce"},{"link_name":"Robert I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce"},{"link_name":"Roxburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxburgh"},{"link_name":"Archibald Douglas (the Tyneman)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Douglas_(the_Tyneman)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Halidon Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Halidon_Hill"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Edward Balliol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Balliol"},{"link_name":"protégé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentorship"},{"link_name":"Edward III of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Battle of Annan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Annan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"David became king upon the death of his father on 7 June 1329. David II's youth and the uncertainty of the Anglo-Scottish peace meant he was not moved from Turnberry to Scone for his coronation for two-and-a-half years. The seven-year-old king and his wife were crowned at Scone Abbey on 24 November 1331, with David becoming the first Scottish monarch to be anointed at their coronation.[6][7] Upon David's accession, Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray was appointed as Guardian under Robert I's orders, to govern Scotland until David reached adulthood, and the royal government of King Robert remained largely in place from 1329 to 1332. After Moray's death, on 20 July 1332, he was replaced by Donald, Earl of Mar, elected by an assembly of the magnates of Scotland at Perth, 2 August 1332. Ten days later, Mar fell at the Battle of Dupplin Moor. Sir Andrew Murray of Bothwell, who was married to Christian (or Christina), the sister of King Robert I, was chosen as the new Guardian. The English took him prisoner at Roxburgh in April 1333 and was accordingly replaced as Guardian by Archibald Douglas (the Tyneman), who fell at the Battle of Halidon Hill that July.[8]Meanwhile, on 24 September 1332, following the Scots' defeat at Dupplin, Edward Balliol, a protégé of Edward III of England, and a pretender to the throne of Scotland, was crowned by the English and his Scots adherents. By December, however, Balliol was forced to flee to England after the Battle of Annan, although he returned the following year as part of an invasion force led by the English king.[9]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Filip6_David2_Joan_of_the_Tower.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Halidon Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Halidon_Hill"},{"link_name":"Boulogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"King Philip VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France"},{"link_name":"Château Gaillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Gaillard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-5"},{"link_name":"Buironfosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buironfosse"},{"link_name":"Arrondissement of Vervins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Vervins"},{"link_name":"Inverbervie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverbervie"},{"link_name":"Kincardineshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kincardineshire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-5"}],"sub_title":"Exile in France","text":"Joan of the Tower & David II with Philip VI of FranceFollowing the English victory at the Battle of Halidon Hill in July 1333, David and his wife were sent for safety into France, reaching Boulogne on 14 May 1334.[10] They were received very graciously by King Philip VI. Little is known about the life of the Scottish king in France, except that Château Gaillard was given to him for a residence, and that he was present at the bloodless meeting of the English and French armies in October 1339 at Vironfosse,[5] now known as Buironfosse, in the Arrondissement of Vervins.By 1341, David's representatives had again obtained the upper hand in Scotland. David was able to return to his kingdom, landing at Inverbervie in Kincardineshire on 2 June 1341. He took the reins of government into his own hands, at the age of 17.[5]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Bruce,_king_of_Scotland,_acknowledges_Edward_III_as_his_feudal_lord.jpg"},{"link_name":"Auld Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auld_Alliance"},{"link_name":"battle of Crécy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy"},{"link_name":"battle of Neville's Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Neville%27s_Cross"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"John de Coupland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_de_Coupland"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Wark on Tweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wark_on_Tweed"},{"link_name":"Bamburgh Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamburgh_Castle"},{"link_name":"York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Windsor Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire"},{"link_name":"The Raigne of King Edward the Third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_(play)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Odiham Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odiham_Castle"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-5"},{"link_name":"Berwick-upon-Tweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed"},{"link_name":"marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_(currency)"}],"sub_title":"Captivity in England","text":"David II, king of Scotland, acknowledges Edward III, king of England, as his feudal lord, an event that never happened.In 1346, under the terms of the Auld Alliance, David invaded England to try to draw King Edward away from the French, who had been invaded by the English and badly defeated at the battle of Crécy. After initial success at Hexham, David's army was soundly defeated at the battle of Neville's Cross on 17 October 1346.[11] David suffered two arrow wounds to the face and was captured and taken prisoner by Sir John de Coupland.[12] The king was taken to Wark on Tweed, and then to Bamburgh Castle, where barber-surgeons from York were brought to treat his serious injuries.[13] David II was transferred to London, where he was imprisoned in the Tower of London in January 1347.[14] David was transferred to Windsor Castle in Berkshire upon the return of Edward III from France. The depiction of David being presented to King Edward III in the play The Raigne of King Edward the Third is fictitious.[15] David and his household were later moved to Odiham Castle in Hampshire. His imprisonment was not reputed to be a rigorous one as was typical of most royal prisoners. However, the fact that from 1355 he was denied contact with any of his subjects may indicate otherwise.[16] He remained captive in England for eleven years.[5]On 3 October 1357, after several protracted negotiations with the Scots' regency council, a treaty was signed at Berwick-upon-Tweed under which Scotland's nobility agreed to pay 100,000 marks, at the rate of 10,000 marks per year, as a ransom for their king. This was ratified by the Scottish Parliament at Scone on 6 November 1357.","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_II,_King_of_Scotland_and_Edward_III,_King_of_England_(British_Library_MS_Cotton_Nero_D_VI,_folio_66v).jpg"},{"link_name":"Earl of Angus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Angus"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Margaret Drummond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Drummond,_Queen_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacQuarrie-21"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_of_Antwerp,_Duke_of_Clarence"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-5"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacQuarrie-21"},{"link_name":"Hertford Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertford_Castle"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"Black Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death"},{"link_name":"Margaret Drummond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Drummond,_Queen_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Richardson_2004_p._23-4"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunbar_1899_p._154-22"},{"link_name":"Avignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon"},{"link_name":"Pope Urban V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_V"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Robert II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Return to Scotland","text":"David II (left) and Edward III (right)David returned to Scotland accompanied by a large contingent of Scottish nobles and clergy. He also brought his mistress, Katherine (or Catherine) Mortimer, of whom little is known. Katherine was murdered in 1360 by men hired by the Earl of Angus and other nobles,[17] according to some sources; some accounts say the earl was starved to death, however since his death was not until 1362, two years after the murder, death from the plague or other causes is more likely.[18][19][20] She was replaced as mistress by Margaret Drummond.[21]After six years, owing to the poverty of the kingdom, it was found impossible to raise the ransom instalment of 1363. David then made for London and sought to get rid of the liability by offering to bequeath Scotland to Edward III, or one of his sons, in return for a cancellation of the ransom. David did this with the full awareness that the Scots would never accept such an arrangement. In 1364, the Scottish parliament indignantly rejected a proposal to make Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence, the next king. Over the next few years, David strung out secret negotiations with Edward III,[5] which apparently appeased the matter.His wife, Queen Joan, died on 7 September 1362 (aged 41)[21] at Hertford Castle, Hertfordshire, possibly a victim of the Black Death. He remarried, on about 20 February 1364, to Margaret Drummond, widow of Sir John Logie, and daughter of Sir Malcolm Drummond. He divorced her on about 20 March 1370. They had no children.[4][22] Margaret, however, travelled to Avignon, and made a successful appeal to the Pope Urban V to reverse the sentence of divorce which had been pronounced against her in Scotland. She was still alive in January 1375, four years after David died.[23]From 1364, David governed actively, dealing firmly with recalcitrant nobles, and a wider baronial revolt, led by his prospective successor, the future Robert II.[24] David continued to pursue the goal of a final peace with England. At the time of his death, the Scottish monarchy was stronger and the country was \"a free and independent kingdom\" according to a reliable source.[25] The royal finances were more prosperous than might have seemed possible.","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joan of the Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_the_Tower"},{"link_name":"Edward II of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Isabella of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_France"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Northampton"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Richardson_2004_p._23-4"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunbar_1899_p._154-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacQuarrie-21"},{"link_name":"Margaret Drummond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Drummond,_Queen_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Richardson_2004_p._23-4"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunbar_1899_p._154-22"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XI"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Agnes Dunbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Dunbar_(mistress)"}],"text":"King David II of Scotland married twice and had several mistresses, but none of his relationships produced children:Joan of the Tower, the daughter of King Edward II of England and Isabella of France, was David's first wife. David and Joan were married on 17 July 1328, when he was four years old and she was seven. The marriage was in accordance with the terms of the Treaty of Northampton. They were married for 34 years but produced no children.[4][22] Queen Joan died on 7 September 1362 (aged 41)[21] at Hertford Castle, Hertfordshire;\nMargaret Drummond was the widow of Sir John Logie, and daughter of Sir Malcolm Drummond. Margaret was David's mistress before the death of Queen Joan, from about 1361. David and Margaret married on 20 February 1364. Still producing no heirs, David attempted to divorce Margaret on 20 March 1370, on the grounds that she was infertile.[4][22] Pope Urban V, however, reversed the divorce. When David died on 22 February 1371, Margaret and David were still actually married, according to Rome. Margaret died sometime after 31 January 1375, and her funeral was paid for by Pope Gregory XI;[26]\nAgnes Dunbar was David's mistress at the time of his death. He was planning to marry her; however, the marriage was delayed by the reversal of his divorce to Margaret.","title":"Relationships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edinburgh Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle"},{"link_name":"Dunfermline Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Holyrood Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyrood_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Richardson_2004_p._23-4"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunbar_1899_p._154-22"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"House of Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bruce"},{"link_name":"Robert II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Marjorie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie_Bruce"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-5"}],"text":"David II died unexpectedly of natural causes at Edinburgh Castle on 22 February 1371, aged forty-six. David was not buried - as he had previously planned - beside his parents at Dunfermline Abbey, but before the high altar of Holyrood Abbey.[4][22][27] This choice may have been made because Holyrood was the closest church to hand, only a mile away from Edinburgh Castle, and because David's successor wished to quickly draw a line under the previous reign.[27] The funeral was overseen by Abbot Thomas.[28] As David II left no children, he was the last male of the House of Bruce and was succeeded by his nephew, Robert II, the son of David's half-sister Marjorie.[5]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_II_of_Scotland_by_Sylvester_Harding_1797.jpg"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nield-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nield-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shattock-30"},{"link_name":"Hundred Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Second War of Scottish Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_War_of_Scottish_Independence"},{"link_name":"Battle of Neville's Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Neville%27s_Cross"},{"link_name":"Edward III of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Philippa of Hainault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippa_of_Hainault"},{"link_name":"Edward the Black Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Black_Prince"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nield-29"},{"link_name":"Nigel Tranter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Tranter"},{"link_name":"Second War of Scottish Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_War_of_Scottish_Independence"},{"link_name":"Alexander Ramsay of Dalhousie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Ramsay_of_Dalhousie"},{"link_name":"William Douglas, Lord of Liddesdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Douglas,_Lord_of_Liddesdale"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Vagabond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagabond_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Bernard Cornwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Cornwell"},{"link_name":"Edward III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_(play)"},{"link_name":"grand strategy game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_strategy_game"},{"link_name":"Crusader Kings II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusader_Kings_II"}],"text":"Depiction of David II by Sylvester Harding (1797)David II has been depicted in historical novels. They include:[29]Cressy and Poictiers; or, the Story of the Black Prince's Page (1865) by John George Edgar (1834–1864).[29][30] The novel depicts events of the years 1344 to 1370, with an epilogue in 1376. The events depicted cover part of the Hundred Years' War and the \"Scotch Border Wars\" (Second War of Scottish Independence), with the Battle of Neville's Cross (1346) being a key part of the plot. David II is one of the \"principal characters\", alongside Edward III of England, Philippa of Hainault, and Edward the Black Prince;[29]Flowers of Chivalry (1988), by Nigel Tranter, covers events of the Second War of Scottish Independence from 1332 to 1339. David II is a secondary character, the protagonists being Alexander Ramsay of Dalhousie and William Douglas, Lord of Liddesdale;[31]Vagabond (2002) by Bernard Cornwell.David II also appears as a character in the Elizabethan play Edward III and also in the 2012 grand strategy game Crusader Kings II as the monarch of Scotland in 1336.","title":"Fictional portrayals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Brus,_5th_Lord_of_Annandale"},{"link_name":"Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Brus,_6th_Lord_of_Annandale"},{"link_name":"Isabella de Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Gloucester_and_Hertford"},{"link_name":"Robert I of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce"},{"link_name":"Niall, Earl of Carrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall,_Earl_of_Carrick"},{"link_name":"Marjorie, Countess of Carrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie,_Countess_of_Carrick"},{"link_name":"Walter de Burgh, 1st Earl of Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_de_Burgh,_1st_Earl_of_Ulster"},{"link_name":"Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_%C3%93g_de_Burgh,_2nd_Earl_of_Ulster"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth de Burgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_de_Burgh"}],"text":"Ancestors of David II of Scotland 8. Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale 4. Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale 9. Isabella de Clare 2. Robert I of Scotland 10. Niall, Earl of Carrick 5. Marjorie, Countess of Carrick 11. Margaret Stewart 1. David II of Scotland 12. Walter de Burgh, 1st Earl of Ulster 6. Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster 13. Aveline Fitzgeoffrey 3. Elizabeth de Burgh 14. John de Burgh 7. Margaret de Burgh 15. Cecily de Balliol","title":"Ancestry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Berkshire History: David II, King of Scots (1324-1371)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.berkshirehistory.com/bios/david2_scots.html"},{"link_name":"John of Fordun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Fordun"},{"link_name":"William Forbes Skene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Forbes_Skene"},{"link_name":"John Hill Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hill_Burton"},{"link_name":"Andrew Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Lang"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0859766531","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0859766531"},{"link_name":"A Guide to the Best Historical Novels and Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=904G29jMdzIC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8337-2509-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8337-2509-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0300148725","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300148725"},{"link_name":"The Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature, Volume 4; Volumes 1800-1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=zc6BnY4UQmIC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-39100-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39100-9"},{"link_name":"Andrew of Wyntoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_of_Wyntoun"},{"link_name":"D. Laing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D._Laing&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"David Nash Ford (2004), Royal Berkshire History: David II, King of Scots (1324-1371).\nJohn of Fordun (1871–1872), Chronica gentis Scotorum, edited by William Forbes Skene, Edinburgh.\nJohn Hill Burton (1905), History of Scotland, vol. II, Edinburgh.\nAndrew Lang (1900), History of Scotland, vol. I, Edinburgh.\nMacnamee, Colm (2006), The Wars of the Bruces: England and Ireland 1306–1328, Edinburgh: Donald, ISBN 978-0859766531.\nNield, Jonathan (1968), A Guide to the Best Historical Novels and Tales, Ayer Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8337-2509-7\nPenman, Michael (2014). Robert the Bruce: King of the Scots. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300148725.\nShattock, Joanne (2000), The Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature, Volume 4; Volumes 1800-1900, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-39100-9\nAndrew of Wyntoun (1872–1879), The orygynale cronykil of Scotland, edited by D. Laing, Edinburgh.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mercat Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercat_Press"}],"text":"Michael Brown (2004), The Wars of Scotland, 1214–1371, The New Edinburgh History of Scotland, volume 4 Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.\nRanald Nicholson (1975), Scotland - The Later Middle Ages, Edinburgh: Mercat Press.\nMichael Penman (2003), David II, 1329–71: The Bruce Dynasty in Scotland, East Linton: Tuckwell Press.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Joan of the Tower & David II with Philip VI of France","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Filip6_David2_Joan_of_the_Tower.jpg/220px-Filip6_David2_Joan_of_the_Tower.jpg"},{"image_text":"David II, king of Scotland, acknowledges Edward III, king of England, as his feudal lord, an event that never happened.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/David_Bruce%2C_king_of_Scotland%2C_acknowledges_Edward_III_as_his_feudal_lord.jpg/220px-David_Bruce%2C_king_of_Scotland%2C_acknowledges_Edward_III_as_his_feudal_lord.jpg"},{"image_text":"David II (left) and Edward III (right)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/David_II%2C_King_of_Scotland_and_Edward_III%2C_King_of_England_%28British_Library_MS_Cotton_Nero_D_VI%2C_folio_66v%29.jpg/220px-David_II%2C_King_of_Scotland_and_Edward_III%2C_King_of_England_%28British_Library_MS_Cotton_Nero_D_VI%2C_folio_66v%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Depiction of David II by Sylvester Harding (1797)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/David_II_of_Scotland_by_Sylvester_Harding_1797.jpg/220px-David_II_of_Scotland_by_Sylvester_Harding_1797.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of British monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs"},{"title":"List of Scottish monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs"},{"title":"Scottish monarchs' family tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_monarchs%27_family_tree"},{"title":"Robert the Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce"},{"title":"Elizabeth de Burgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_de_Burgh"},{"title":"Clan Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Bruce"},{"title":"House of Burgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Burgh"}]	[{"reference":"Penman, Michael (2004). David II. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell Press Ltd. p. 35.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Penman, Michael (2004). David II. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell Press Ltd. p. 20.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"David II. (king of Scotland)\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 860.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/David_II._(king_of_Scotland)","url_text":"David II. (king of Scotland)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"King David II of Scotland - Britroyals\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britroyals.com/scots.asp?id=david2","url_text":"\"King David II of Scotland - Britroyals\""}]},{"reference":"Penman, Michael (2004). David II. 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ISBN 978-0-947782-58-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yWrlONIyN84C","url_text":"Scotland: History of a Nation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-947782-58-0","url_text":"978-0-947782-58-0"}]},{"reference":"Richard Oram (2011). The Kings & Queens of Scotland. The History Press. ISBN 9780752438146.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yWrlONIyN84C","url_text":"The Kings & Queens of Scotland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780752438146","url_text":"9780752438146"}]},{"reference":"Alan MacQuarrie (2004). Medieval Scotland: Kingship and Nation. The History Press. ISBN 0750929774.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0f0SDQAAQBAJ&q=scotland+katherine+mortimer+1360&pg=PT196","url_text":"Medieval Scotland: Kingship and Nation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0750929774","url_text":"0750929774"}]},{"reference":"Ian Dawson (1998). Who's Who in British History: A-H. Taylor & Francis. p. 321. ISBN 978-1-884964-90-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Czq-f-9cLSsC&pg=PA321","url_text":"Who's Who in British History: A-H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-90-9","url_text":"978-1-884964-90-9"}]},{"reference":"Peter Hume Brown (1911). History of Scotland to the present time, Volume 1. p. 145. ISBN 1107600316.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Scw7AAAAIAAJ&q=death+of+david+II+scotland&pg=PA145","url_text":"History of Scotland to the present time, Volume 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1107600316","url_text":"1107600316"}]},{"reference":"Barrell, A.D.M. (2000). Medieval Scotland. Cambridge University Press. p. 132.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/medievalscotland00barr_873","url_text":"Medieval Scotland"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/medievalscotland00barr_873/page/n146","url_text":"132"}]},{"reference":"Penman, Michael (2004). David II. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Manning_(poet)	Maurice Manning (poet)	["1 Life","2 Publications","3 Bibliography","4 References","5 External links"]	American poet (born 1966) For the former Irish politician, see Maurice Manning. Maurice ManningBorn1966 (age 57–58)Danville, Kentucky, U.S.OccupationPoetEducationEarlham College (BA)University of Kentucky (MA)University of Alabama (MFA)PeriodEarly 21st CenturyGenrePoetryNotable worksThe Common Man, Lawrence Booth's Book of VisionsChildren1 Maurice Manning (born 1966) is an American poet. His first collection of poems, Lawrence Booth's Book of Visions, was awarded the Yale Younger Poets Award, chosen by W.S. Merwin. Since then he has published four collections of poetry (with Houghton Mifflin Harcourt and Copper Canyon Press). He teaches English and Creative Writing at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky, where he oversees the Judy Gaines Young Book Award, and is a member of the poetry faculty of the Warren Wilson College MFA Program for Writers. Life Manning was born in Danville, Kentucky. He attended Earlham College and the University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa. From 2000 to 2004, Manning taught at DePauw University. In the fall of 2004 he began teaching in the Indiana University M.F.A. Program. He is on the faculty of the Warren Wilson College MFA Program for Writers and in January 2012 he was hired by Transylvania University, a small liberal arts college in Lexington, Kentucky. He lives on a 20-acre farm in Washington County, Kentucky. Manning lists the poets William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Frost, Elizabeth Bishop, and Robert Penn Warren among his influences, as well as Wendell Berry and Henry David Thoreau. Manning appeared in KET's 2018 documentary, Robert Penn Warren: A Vision. Of Warren, he said "Robert Penn Warren had a vision. Not only a creative vision expressed through his fiction and poetry, but a broader vision of our entire country and its complicated history. So for me, there is something remarkable about this man that I find deeply moving, always." Publications Manning's first collection, Lawrence Booth's Book of Visions, won the Yale Series of Younger Poets Competition in 2001 (under W. S. Merwin). Dwight Garner, literary critic for The New York Times, said in a review of the book that "Manning displays not just terrific cunning but terrific aim--he nails his images the way a restless boy, up in a tree with a slingshot, nails anything sentient that wanders into view". His fourth collection, The Common Man (Houghton Mifflin, 2010), deals with religion, Kentucky, whiskey, and a donkey, and was praised as a "fine collection" by Jacob Sunderlin in the Sycamore Review. During his Guggenheim fellowship, he worked on his fifth collection, The Gone and the Going Away. His collection, One Man's Dark, was published in 2016 and focuses on rural America, and on living life in close contact with the natural world. In 2020, Manning published Railsplitter, which envisions the role of poetry in the life of Abraham Lincoln. Manning's poems have appeared in The New Yorker, Time, Shenandoah, The Southern Review, Washington Square, Green Mountains Review, Hayden's Ferry Review, Spoon River Poetry Review, Wind, Hunger Mountain, Black Warrior Review, Virginia Quarterly Review, and elsewhere. His collection The Common Man was one of the two finalists for the 2011 Pulitzer Prize in Poetry. He has held a fellowship to the Fine Arts Works Center in Provincetown and was a 2011 Guggenheim Fellow. Bibliography Lawrence Booth's Book of Visions. Yale University Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0-300-08998-1. A Companion For Owls. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2004. ISBN 978-0-15-101049-3. Bucolics. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2007. ISBN 978-0-15-101310-4. The Common Man. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2010. ISBN 978-0-547-24961-2. The Gone and the Going Away. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2013. ISBN 9780547939957. One Man's Dark. Copper Canyon Press. 2016. ISBN 9781556594748. Railsplitter. Copper Canyon Press. 2020. ISBN 978-1556595714. References ^ "Maurice Manning \| VQR Online". ^ University, Transylvania (2016-12-17). "Mr. Maurice Manning". www.transy.edu. Retrieved 2019-06-26. ^ "Poet and Former DePauw Prof. Maurice Manning to Present September 20 Reading - DePauw University". DePauw University. Archived from the original on 2018-08-10. Retrieved 2017-02-28. ^ "Indiana University Bloomington". ^ a b "Mmanning - Readab". 23 October 2021. ^ "Transylvania University: Prominent Kentucky poet Manning joins Transylvania faculty". www.transy.edu. Archived from the original on 2014-02-02. ^ Eblen, Tom (20 August 2013). "Poet Maurice Manning is harvesting a different type of Kentucky crop". Lexington Herald-Leader. Retrieved 4 February 2015. ^ "Poet Maurice Manning: A Voice in the Wilderness". Garden & Gun. Retrieved 2019-06-26. ^ "Robert Penn Warren: A Vision". KET. 2018-10-30. Retrieved 2019-06-26. ^ "Yale Series of Younger Poets". Yale University Press. 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2013. ^ Garner, Dwight (19 August 2001). "Poetry in Brief: The Lone Deranger Rides Again". The New York Times. p. 17. Retrieved 18 August 2013. ^ Sunderlin, Jacob (8 September 2010). "Does the Story in Your Heart Involve a Donkey?: Maurice Manning's Common Man". Sycamore Review. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013. ^ a b "Three Indiana University professors are recipients of 2011 Guggenheim Fellowships". Indiana University. 20 April 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2013. ^ "The Pulitzer Prizes". ^ "Indiana University Bloomington". ^ "Maurice Walker Manning". John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013. External links Faculty: Maurice Manning, Indiana University Maurice Manning, All Things Considered, NPR, April 19, 2001 Quantum Cowboys and Honky Tonk Heroes: A Conversation with Maurice Manning, Sycamore Review, Summer/Fall 2002 issue, 14.2, Purdue University Mr. Maurice Manning \| Transylvania University Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Israel United States Netherlands	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maurice Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Manning"},{"link_name":"Yale Younger Poets Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Younger_Poets_Award"},{"link_name":"W.S. Merwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.S._Merwin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Copper Canyon Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_Canyon_Press"},{"link_name":"Transylvania University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania_University"},{"link_name":"Lexington, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Judy Gaines Young Book Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Gaines_Young_Book_Award"},{"link_name":"Warren Wilson College MFA Program for Writers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Wilson_College_MFA_Program_for_Writers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the former Irish politician, see Maurice Manning.Maurice Manning (born 1966) is an American poet. His first collection of poems, Lawrence Booth's Book of Visions, was awarded the Yale Younger Poets Award, chosen by W.S. Merwin.[1] Since then he has published four collections of poetry (with Houghton Mifflin Harcourt and Copper Canyon Press). He teaches English and Creative Writing at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky, where he oversees the Judy Gaines Young Book Award, and is a member of the poetry faculty of the Warren Wilson College MFA Program for Writers.[2]","title":"Maurice Manning (poet)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danville, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Earlham College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earlham_College"},{"link_name":"University of Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Tuscaloosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"DePauw University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DePauw_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Indiana University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Warren Wilson College MFA Program for Writers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Wilson_College_MFA_Program_for_Writers"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-readab.com-5"},{"link_name":"Transylvania University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Washington County, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eblen-7"},{"link_name":"William Wordsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wordsworth"},{"link_name":"Samuel Taylor Coleridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge"},{"link_name":"Robert Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Frost"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bishop"},{"link_name":"Robert Penn Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Penn_Warren"},{"link_name":"Wendell Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Berry"},{"link_name":"Henry David Thoreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"KET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Educational_Television"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Manning was born in Danville, Kentucky. He attended Earlham College and the University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa. From 2000 to 2004, Manning taught at DePauw University.[3] In the fall of 2004 he began teaching in the Indiana University M.F.A. Program.[4] He is on the faculty of the Warren Wilson College MFA Program for Writers[5] and in January 2012 he was hired by Transylvania University, a small liberal arts college in Lexington, Kentucky.[6] He lives on a 20-acre farm in Washington County, Kentucky.[7]Manning lists the poets William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Frost, Elizabeth Bishop, and Robert Penn Warren among his influences, as well as Wendell Berry and Henry David Thoreau.[8]Manning appeared in KET's 2018 documentary, Robert Penn Warren: A Vision. Of Warren, he said \"Robert Penn Warren had a vision. Not only a creative vision expressed through his fiction and poetry, but a broader vision of our entire country and its complicated history. So for me, there is something remarkable about this man that I find deeply moving, always.\"[9]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yale Series of Younger Poets Competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Series_of_Younger_Poets_Competition"},{"link_name":"W. S. Merwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._S._Merwin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Dwight Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Garner_(critic)"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sycamore Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sycamore_Review"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guggenheim-13"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"The Southern Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Southern_Review"},{"link_name":"Green Mountains Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Mountains_Review"},{"link_name":"Hayden's Ferry Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayden%27s_Ferry_Review"},{"link_name":"Spoon River Poetry Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoon_River_Poetry_Review"},{"link_name":"Hunger Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Black Warrior Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Warrior_Review"},{"link_name":"Virginia Quarterly Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Quarterly_Review"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-readab.com-5"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Fine Arts Works Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_Arts_Works_Center"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellow"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guggenheim-13"}],"text":"Manning's first collection, Lawrence Booth's Book of Visions, won the Yale Series of Younger Poets Competition in 2001 (under W. S. Merwin).[10] Dwight Garner, literary critic for The New York Times, said in a review of the book that \"Manning displays not just terrific cunning but terrific aim--he nails his images the way a restless boy, up in a tree with a slingshot, nails anything sentient that wanders into view\".[11] His fourth collection, The Common Man (Houghton Mifflin, 2010), deals with religion, Kentucky, whiskey, and a donkey, and was praised as a \"fine collection\" by Jacob Sunderlin in the Sycamore Review.[12] During his Guggenheim fellowship, he worked on his fifth collection, The Gone and the Going Away.[13] His collection, One Man's Dark, was published in 2016 and focuses on rural America, and on living life in close contact with the natural world. In 2020, Manning published Railsplitter, which envisions the role of poetry in the life of Abraham Lincoln.Manning's poems have appeared in The New Yorker, Time, Shenandoah, The Southern Review, Washington Square, Green Mountains Review, Hayden's Ferry Review, Spoon River Poetry Review, Wind, Hunger Mountain, Black Warrior Review, Virginia Quarterly Review, and elsewhere.[5] His collection The Common Man was one of the two finalists for the 2011 Pulitzer Prize in Poetry.[14] He has held a fellowship to the Fine Arts Works Center in Provincetown[15] and was a 2011 Guggenheim Fellow.[16][13]","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yale University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-300-08998-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08998-1"},{"link_name":"A Companion For Owls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/companionforowls0000mann"},{"link_name":"Houghton Mifflin Harcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-15-101049-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-101049-3"},{"link_name":"Bucolics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bucolicspoems00mann"},{"link_name":"Houghton Mifflin Harcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-15-101310-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-101310-4"},{"link_name":"Houghton Mifflin Harcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-547-24961-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-24961-2"},{"link_name":"Houghton Mifflin Harcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780547939957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780547939957"},{"link_name":"Copper Canyon Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_Canyon_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781556594748","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781556594748"},{"link_name":"Copper Canyon Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_Canyon_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1556595714","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1556595714"}],"text":"Lawrence Booth's Book of Visions. Yale University Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0-300-08998-1.\nA Companion For Owls. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2004. ISBN 978-0-15-101049-3.\nBucolics. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2007. ISBN 978-0-15-101310-4.\nThe Common Man. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2010. ISBN 978-0-547-24961-2.\nThe Gone and the Going Away. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2013. ISBN 9780547939957.\nOne Man's Dark. Copper Canyon Press. 2016. ISBN 9781556594748.\nRailsplitter. Copper Canyon Press. 2020. ISBN 978-1556595714.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Lawrence Booth's Book of Visions. Yale University Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0-300-08998-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press","url_text":"Yale University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08998-1","url_text":"978-0-300-08998-1"}]},{"reference":"A Companion For Owls. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2004. ISBN 978-0-15-101049-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/companionforowls0000mann","url_text":"A Companion For Owls"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt","url_text":"Houghton Mifflin Harcourt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-101049-3","url_text":"978-0-15-101049-3"}]},{"reference":"Bucolics. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2007. ISBN 978-0-15-101310-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bucolicspoems00mann","url_text":"Bucolics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt","url_text":"Houghton Mifflin Harcourt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-101310-4","url_text":"978-0-15-101310-4"}]},{"reference":"The Common Man. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2010. ISBN 978-0-547-24961-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt","url_text":"Houghton Mifflin Harcourt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-24961-2","url_text":"978-0-547-24961-2"}]},{"reference":"The Gone and the Going Away. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2013. ISBN 9780547939957.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt","url_text":"Houghton Mifflin Harcourt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780547939957","url_text":"9780547939957"}]},{"reference":"One Man's Dark. Copper Canyon Press. 2016. ISBN 9781556594748.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_Canyon_Press","url_text":"Copper Canyon Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781556594748","url_text":"9781556594748"}]},{"reference":"Railsplitter. Copper Canyon Press. 2020. ISBN 978-1556595714.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_Canyon_Press","url_text":"Copper Canyon Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1556595714","url_text":"978-1556595714"}]},{"reference":"\"Maurice Manning \| VQR Online\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vqronline.org/author/29/maurice-manning","url_text":"\"Maurice Manning \| VQR Online\""}]},{"reference":"University, Transylvania (2016-12-17). \"Mr. Maurice Manning\". www.transy.edu. Retrieved 2019-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transy.edu/humanities/faculty/mr-maurice-manning","url_text":"\"Mr. Maurice Manning\""}]},{"reference":"\"Poet and Former DePauw Prof. Maurice Manning to Present September 20 Reading - DePauw University\". DePauw University. Archived from the original on 2018-08-10. Retrieved 2017-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180810142517/https://www.depauw.edu/news-media/latest-news/details/19789/","url_text":"\"Poet and Former DePauw Prof. Maurice Manning to Present September 20 Reading - DePauw University\""},{"url":"http://www.depauw.edu/news-media/latest-news/details/19789/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Indiana University Bloomington\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indiana.edu/~mfawrite/manning.html","url_text":"\"Indiana University Bloomington\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mmanning - Readab\". 23 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.readab.com/mmanning.html","url_text":"\"Mmanning - Readab\""}]},{"reference":"\"Transylvania University: Prominent Kentucky poet Manning joins Transylvania faculty\". www.transy.edu. Archived from the original on 2014-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140202111110/http://www.transy.edu/news/arch_story.htm?id=716","url_text":"\"Transylvania University: Prominent Kentucky poet Manning joins Transylvania faculty\""},{"url":"http://www.transy.edu/news/arch_story.htm?id=716","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Eblen, Tom (20 August 2013). \"Poet Maurice Manning is harvesting a different type of Kentucky crop\". Lexington Herald-Leader. Retrieved 4 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kentucky.com/2013/08/20/2776803_tom-eblen-poet-maurice-manning.html?rh=1","url_text":"\"Poet Maurice Manning is harvesting a different type of Kentucky crop\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_Herald-Leader","url_text":"Lexington Herald-Leader"}]},{"reference":"\"Poet Maurice Manning: A Voice in the Wilderness\". Garden & Gun. Retrieved 2019-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://gardenandgun.com/feature/poet-maurice-manning-voice-wilderness/","url_text":"\"Poet Maurice Manning: A Voice in the Wilderness\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Penn Warren: A Vision\". KET. 2018-10-30. Retrieved 2019-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ket.org/arts/robert-penn-warren-vision/","url_text":"\"Robert Penn Warren: A Vision\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yale Series of Younger Poets\". Yale University Press. 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300089981/lawrence-booths-book-visions","url_text":"\"Yale Series of Younger Poets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press","url_text":"Yale University Press"}]},{"reference":"Garner, Dwight (19 August 2001). \"Poetry in Brief: The Lone Deranger Rides Again\". The New York Times. p. 17. Retrieved 18 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/19/books/poetry-in-brief-the-lone-deranger-rides-again.html","url_text":"\"Poetry in Brief: The Lone Deranger Rides Again\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Sunderlin, Jacob (8 September 2010). \"Does the Story in Your Heart Involve a Donkey?: Maurice Manning's Common Man\". Sycamore Review. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131110222620/http://www.sycamorereview.com/2010/09/does-the-story-in-your-heart-involve-a-donkey-maurice-manning%E2%80%99s-common-man/","url_text":"\"Does the Story in Your Heart Involve a Donkey?: Maurice Manning's Common Man\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sycamore_Review","url_text":"Sycamore Review"},{"url":"http://www.sycamorereview.com/2010/09/does-the-story-in-your-heart-involve-a-donkey-maurice-manning%E2%80%99s-common-man/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Three Indiana University professors are recipients of 2011 Guggenheim Fellowships\". Indiana University. 20 April 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/18271.html","url_text":"\"Three Indiana University professors are recipients of 2011 Guggenheim Fellowships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University","url_text":"Indiana University"}]},{"reference":"\"The Pulitzer Prizes\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pulitzer.org/citation/2011-Poetry","url_text":"\"The Pulitzer Prizes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indiana University Bloomington\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iub.edu/~engweb/faculty/Maurice-Manning.html","url_text":"\"Indiana University Bloomington\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maurice Walker Manning\". John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gf.org/fellows/17034-maurice-walker-manning","url_text":"\"Maurice Walker Manning\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Simon_Guggenheim_Memorial_Foundation","url_text":"John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/companionforowls0000mann","external_links_name":"A Companion For Owls"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bucolicspoems00mann","external_links_name":"Bucolics"},{"Link":"http://www.vqronline.org/author/29/maurice-manning","external_links_name":"\"Maurice Manning \| VQR Online\""},{"Link":"http://www.transy.edu/humanities/faculty/mr-maurice-manning","external_links_name":"\"Mr. Maurice Manning\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180810142517/https://www.depauw.edu/news-media/latest-news/details/19789/","external_links_name":"\"Poet and Former DePauw Prof. Maurice Manning to Present September 20 Reading - DePauw University\""},{"Link":"http://www.depauw.edu/news-media/latest-news/details/19789/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.indiana.edu/~mfawrite/manning.html","external_links_name":"\"Indiana University Bloomington\""},{"Link":"http://www.readab.com/mmanning.html","external_links_name":"\"Mmanning - Readab\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140202111110/http://www.transy.edu/news/arch_story.htm?id=716","external_links_name":"\"Transylvania University: Prominent Kentucky poet Manning joins Transylvania faculty\""},{"Link":"http://www.transy.edu/news/arch_story.htm?id=716","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.kentucky.com/2013/08/20/2776803_tom-eblen-poet-maurice-manning.html?rh=1","external_links_name":"\"Poet Maurice Manning is harvesting a different type of Kentucky crop\""},{"Link":"https://gardenandgun.com/feature/poet-maurice-manning-voice-wilderness/","external_links_name":"\"Poet Maurice Manning: A Voice in the Wilderness\""},{"Link":"https://www.ket.org/arts/robert-penn-warren-vision/","external_links_name":"\"Robert Penn Warren: A Vision\""},{"Link":"https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300089981/lawrence-booths-book-visions","external_links_name":"\"Yale Series of Younger Poets\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/19/books/poetry-in-brief-the-lone-deranger-rides-again.html","external_links_name":"\"Poetry in Brief: The Lone Deranger Rides Again\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131110222620/http://www.sycamorereview.com/2010/09/does-the-story-in-your-heart-involve-a-donkey-maurice-manning%E2%80%99s-common-man/","external_links_name":"\"Does the Story in Your Heart Involve a Donkey?: Maurice Manning's Common Man\""},{"Link":"http://www.sycamorereview.com/2010/09/does-the-story-in-your-heart-involve-a-donkey-maurice-manning%E2%80%99s-common-man/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/18271.html","external_links_name":"\"Three Indiana University professors are recipients of 2011 Guggenheim Fellowships\""},{"Link":"http://www.pulitzer.org/citation/2011-Poetry","external_links_name":"\"The Pulitzer Prizes\""},{"Link":"http://www.iub.edu/~engweb/faculty/Maurice-Manning.html","external_links_name":"\"Indiana University Bloomington\""},{"Link":"http://www.gf.org/fellows/17034-maurice-walker-manning","external_links_name":"\"Maurice Walker Manning\""},{"Link":"http://www.indiana.edu/~alldrp/members/manning.html","external_links_name":"Faculty: Maurice Manning, Indiana University"},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/programs/atc/features/2001/apr/010419.manning.html","external_links_name":"Maurice Manning, All Things Considered, NPR, April 19, 2001"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20070616085510/http://www.cla.purdue.edu/academic/engl/sycamore/sr/interviewmanning.htm","external_links_name":"Quantum Cowboys and Honky Tonk Heroes: A Conversation with Maurice Manning, Sycamore Review, Summer/Fall 2002 issue, 14.2, Purdue University"},{"Link":"http://www.transy.edu/humanities/faculty/mr-maurice-manning","external_links_name":"Mr. Maurice Manning \| Transylvania University"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000047396365","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/69190228","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJm96KgCdj9pyvFDDmkFKd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/12000922","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb146509577","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb146509577","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007364950305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2001027814","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p323968910","external_links_name":"Netherlands"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokod%C3%A9	Sokodé	["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Climate","5 Economy","6 Culture","6.1 Festivals","7 Places of worship","8 Sport","9 Notable people","10 See also","11 References"]	Coordinates: 8°59′N 1°08′E / 8.983°N 1.133°E / 8.983; 1.133Place in Centrale Region, TogoSokodéDowntown SokodéSokodéLocation in TogoCoordinates: 8°59′N 1°08′E / 8.983°N 1.133°E / 8.983; 1.133Country TogoRegionCentrale RegionPrefectureTchaoudjoElevation340 m (1,120 ft)Population (2015) • Total189,000 Sokodé is the second largest city in Togo, with a population of about 189,000. It is a commercial center for the surrounding agricultural areas, and seat of the Tchaoudjo Prefecture and Centrale Region. It is in the center of the country, 339 kilometres (211 mi) north of Lomé, between the Mo and Mono rivers. It is a multi-ethnic and multi-religious city, but is dominated by Islam. The ethnic majority are Kotokolis, who live alongside Muslims. History Sokode 1911 Ancient indigenous stock of the region mixed with more recent migrants of Gurma, from the eastern part of the Niger Bend, between Ouagadougou and Niamey, who brought the political system of chiefdoms with them. Added to this structure were Sudanese traders and craftsmen (the Mandinka, from historic Mali) and Hausa, a dynamic force since the 16th century. By choosing, in late 1897, to establish an outpost at Sokodé, Germans entrenched the role of the now dominant Kotokoli chiefdoms. The city developed in precolonial times as a commercial crossroads on the Kola nut route between Ghana and Benin. Currently it is center on the only north-south road in Togo, linking the capital Lomé to Burkina Faso. Urbanization accelerated during colonization. The city consists of older villages that have now become neighborhoods. Sokodé continues to be governed by a system balanced between a municipal administration and traditional chiefs. Historically, the chiefs of various villages were included in a leadership council, the Tchaoudjo. Geography Kpangalam, a neighborhood of Sokodé Sokodé's region is characterized by a dense network of rivers and hilly terrain. The two main rivers are the Kpondjo and Kpandi, which flow into the Na which in turn feeds the Mono River. The border between the Mono and the Volta River drainage basins is located a few kilometers north of the city. It is now in the catchment of the river Mô. Demographics Horseman mimicking a Semassi warrior Sokodé is the city with the highest proportion of Muslims in Togo. 70% of the population is Muslim and the remaining 30% are Christians, mostly Catholics. Sokodé is home to the Tem people and most people in Sokodé speak Kotokoli (or Tem). The ethnonym Kotokoli is the name that was given to these speakers by traders of the Niger Bend. Many other languages are spoken in Togo, especially Ewé, the dominant language of the south, and Kabyé, dominant language of the Kara region, further north. The Kotokoli and Kabyè languages are closely related. From the standpoint of urban landscape, the city can be divided into two parts: the center, with high density traditional housing, and the suburbs, with housing becoming progressively less dense as one moves away from the center. Modern materials have been increasingly replacing traditional materials (mudbrick). Climate Situated at an average altitude of 340 metres or 1,120 feet, midway between the ocean and the Sahel strip, Sokodé experiences a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw), with two distinct seasons: the rainy season, which lasts from April to October, peaking from July to September and the dry season from November to March. The rainfall is between 1,200 and 1,500 mm (47 and 59 in) per year and the number of rainy days varies between 100 and 130. The average temperature is 26 °C (79 °F) (1961–1990). The evaporation rate is high, estimated at 1,500 mm (59 in) / year, and is particularly marked in the harmattan period from November to January. The humidity is very variable, and depends on all the above factors. Climate data for Sokodé (1961–1990, extremes 1901–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 40.5(104.9) 41.0(105.8) 40.5(104.9) 40.5(104.9) 38.0(100.4) 36.5(97.7) 38.5(101.3) 38.0(100.4) 35.7(96.3) 40.5(104.9) 39.9(103.8) 38.0(100.4) 41.0(105.8) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 34.1(93.4) 35.5(95.9) 35.4(95.7) 33.9(93.0) 32.3(90.1) 30.4(86.7) 28.9(84.0) 28.6(83.5) 29.7(85.5) 31.8(89.2) 33.7(92.7) 33.6(92.5) 32.3(90.1) Daily mean °C (°F) 26.3(79.3) 28.0(82.4) 28.7(83.7) 27.9(82.2) 26.7(80.1) 25.5(77.9) 24.4(75.9) 24.0(75.2) 24.8(76.6) 25.6(78.1) 26.4(79.5) 25.9(78.6) 26.2(79.2) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 17.6(63.7) 19.8(67.6) 21.8(71.2) 22.2(72.0) 21.7(71.1) 21.0(69.8) 20.7(69.3) 20.0(68.0) 20.4(68.7) 20.2(68.4) 18.1(64.6) 17.2(63.0) 20.1(68.2) Record low °C (°F) 10.0(50.0) 11.0(51.8) 15.8(60.4) 18.0(64.4) 18.0(64.4) 16.0(60.8) 16.0(60.8) 16.8(62.2) 15.5(59.9) 16.0(60.8) 11.0(51.8) 10.0(50.0) 10.0(50.0) Average rainfall mm (inches) 4.9(0.19) 17.4(0.69) 65.7(2.59) 103.0(4.06) 138.8(5.46) 186.5(7.34) 233.1(9.18) 246.2(9.69) 252.8(9.95) 117.0(4.61) 19.7(0.78) 11.7(0.46) 1,396.7(54.99) Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 0 1 5 8 11 13 16 18 16 8 1 1 97 Average relative humidity (%) 35 49 64 71 76 82 84 85 86 80 69 54 70 Mean monthly sunshine hours 262.9 243.1 235.0 214.7 220.2 174.8 124.7 110.4 135.5 213.9 250.6 256.0 2,441.8 Source 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst Source 2: NOAA (sun 1961–1990), Meteo Climat (record highs and lows) Economy The economy of Sokodé is dominated by transport, trade and handicrafts. There is little industrial activity, like cotton ginning and sugar processing. Sokodé Farmers grow primarily corn, cassava, yams, pepper and beans, and many gardeners and farmers live on the periphery of Sokodé. They have herds of cows in the fields. Meanwhile, nomadic Fulani frequently pass near Sokodé, with their herds of zebu en route between Burkina Faso and Nigeria. The vegetables are grown especially along the Kpondjo and Inusayo rivers. Most agricultural areas are floodplains, with growers beginning cultivation following the rainy season. Culture Festivals Dancers 'Gadao-Adossa-Kosso': the main Kotokoli festival consists of three days of festivities, from Friday to Sunday. Celebrated the evening before Adossa, Gadao's function is to thank the ancestors for abundant harvests. Adossa, or the Festival of Knives, is an initiation rite originating with Semassi warriors who demonstrate their strength and courage by undergoing physical challenges. The next day is Kosso, the Festival of Women, in which women dance in the Municipal Park in Sokodé City. Among others, major festivals are held by different Sokodé clans. In most festivals traditional dancers are invited from the region, as well as riders mimicking the Semassi warriors, spinning at full speed in the middle of the crowd. Places of worship Among the places of worship, they are predominantly Muslim mosques. There are also Christian churches and temples : Roman Catholic Diocese of Sokodé (Catholic Church), Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Togo (World Communion of Reformed Churches), Togo Baptist Convention (Baptist World Alliance), Living Faith Church Worldwide, Redeemed Christian Church of God, Assemblies of God. Mosque Sport The town is home to AC Semassi F.C. who play at the Stade Municipal as do the Tchaoudjo Athlétic Club. Notable people Kotokro - the founder of Sokodé. Zarifou Ayéva - politician Mohamed Kader - footballer Edem Kodjo - former Prime Minister of Togo Assimiou Touré - footballer Arissou Traorè - footballer See also Sokodé Airport References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sokodé. ^ "Sokodé - Population - CityFacts". ^ a b Barbier Jean-Claude, Klein Bernard, 1995, Sokodé, ville multicentrée du Nord-Togo – Petit atlas urbain, Orstom Editions ^ "Klimatafel von Sokodé/Tchauodjo / Togo" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 18 December 2018. ^ "Sokode Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 18 December 2018. ^ "Station Sokode" (in French). Météo Climat. Retrieved 18 December 2018. ^ Britannica, Sokodé, britannica.com, USA, accessed on June 30, 2019 ^ Britannica, Sokodé, britannica.com, USA, accessed on July 7, 2019 ^ J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ‘‘Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices’’, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 2875-2877 8°59′N 1°08′E / 8.983°N 1.133°E / 8.983; 1.133 Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Togo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Tchaoudjo Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchaoudjo"},{"link_name":"Centrale Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrale_Region,_Togo"},{"link_name":"Lomé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lom%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Mo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_River"},{"link_name":"Mono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono_River"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"}],"text":"Place in Centrale Region, TogoSokodé is the second largest city in Togo, with a population of about 189,000.[1] It is a commercial center for the surrounding agricultural areas, and seat of the Tchaoudjo Prefecture and Centrale Region. It is in the center of the country, 339 kilometres (211 mi) north of Lomé, between the Mo and Mono rivers. It is a multi-ethnic and multi-religious city, but is dominated by Islam. The ethnic majority are Kotokolis, who live alongside Muslims.","title":"Sokodé"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FROBENIUS(1911)_Tafel43_Wohnhaus_des_deutschen_Stationsassistenten_in_Sokode.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gurma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurma"},{"link_name":"Niger Bend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_River"},{"link_name":"Ouagadougou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouagadougou"},{"link_name":"Niamey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niamey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barbier-2"},{"link_name":"Mandinka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandinka_people"},{"link_name":"historic Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Empire"},{"link_name":"Hausa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_people"},{"link_name":"Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_colonial_empire"},{"link_name":"Kola nut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola_nut"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin"},{"link_name":"Burkina Faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barbier-2"}],"text":"Sokode 1911Ancient indigenous stock of the region mixed with more recent migrants of Gurma, from the eastern part of the Niger Bend, between Ouagadougou and Niamey, who brought the political system of chiefdoms with them.[2] Added to this structure were Sudanese traders and craftsmen (the Mandinka, from historic Mali) and Hausa, a dynamic force since the 16th century. By choosing, in late 1897, to establish an outpost at Sokodé, Germans entrenched the role of the now dominant Kotokoli chiefdoms.The city developed in precolonial times as a commercial crossroads on the Kola nut route between Ghana and Benin. Currently it is center on the only north-south road in Togo, linking the capital Lomé to Burkina Faso. Urbanization accelerated during colonization. The city consists of older villages that have now become neighborhoods.[2]Sokodé continues to be governed by a system balanced between a municipal administration and traditional chiefs. Historically, the chiefs of various villages were included in a leadership council, the Tchaoudjo.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sokod%C3%A9-Kpangalam.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mono River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono_River"},{"link_name":"Volta River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta_River"},{"link_name":"drainage basins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"river Mô","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_River"}],"text":"Kpangalam, a neighborhood of SokodéSokodé's region is characterized by a dense network of rivers and hilly terrain. The two main rivers are the Kpondjo and Kpandi, which flow into the Na which in turn feeds the Mono River. The border between the Mono and the Volta River drainage basins is located a few kilometers north of the city. It is now in the catchment of the river Mô.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cavalier-semassi.JPG"},{"link_name":"Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Tem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tem_(Togo_tribe)"},{"link_name":"Kotokoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotokoli"},{"link_name":"Ewé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewe_language"},{"link_name":"Kabyé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabiy%C3%A9_language"},{"link_name":"Kara region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Region"},{"link_name":"mudbrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudbrick"}],"text":"Horseman mimicking a Semassi warriorSokodé is the city with the highest proportion of Muslims in Togo. 70% of the population is Muslim and the remaining 30% are Christians, mostly Catholics. Sokodé is home to the Tem people and most people in Sokodé speak Kotokoli (or Tem). The ethnonym Kotokoli is the name that was given to these speakers by traders of the Niger Bend. Many other languages are spoken in Togo, especially Ewé, the dominant language of the south, and Kabyé, dominant language of the Kara region, further north. The Kotokoli and Kabyè languages are closely related.From the standpoint of urban landscape, the city can be divided into two parts: the center, with high density traditional housing, and the suburbs, with housing becoming progressively less dense as one moves away from the center. Modern materials have been increasingly replacing traditional materials (mudbrick).","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tropical savanna climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"harmattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmattan"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"Deutscher Wetterdienst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DWD-3"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meteoclimat-5"}],"text":"Situated at an average altitude of 340 metres or 1,120 feet, midway between the ocean and the Sahel strip, Sokodé experiences a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw), with two distinct seasons: the rainy season, which lasts from April to October, peaking from July to September and the dry season from November to March. The rainfall is between 1,200 and 1,500 mm (47 and 59 in) per year and the number of rainy days varies between 100 and 130. The average temperature is 26 °C (79 °F) (1961–1990). The evaporation rate is high, estimated at 1,500 mm (59 in) / year, and is particularly marked in the harmattan period from November to January. The humidity is very variable, and depends on all the above factors.Climate data for Sokodé (1961–1990, extremes 1901–present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n40.5(104.9)\n\n41.0(105.8)\n\n40.5(104.9)\n\n40.5(104.9)\n\n38.0(100.4)\n\n36.5(97.7)\n\n38.5(101.3)\n\n38.0(100.4)\n\n35.7(96.3)\n\n40.5(104.9)\n\n39.9(103.8)\n\n38.0(100.4)\n\n41.0(105.8)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n34.1(93.4)\n\n35.5(95.9)\n\n35.4(95.7)\n\n33.9(93.0)\n\n32.3(90.1)\n\n30.4(86.7)\n\n28.9(84.0)\n\n28.6(83.5)\n\n29.7(85.5)\n\n31.8(89.2)\n\n33.7(92.7)\n\n33.6(92.5)\n\n32.3(90.1)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n26.3(79.3)\n\n28.0(82.4)\n\n28.7(83.7)\n\n27.9(82.2)\n\n26.7(80.1)\n\n25.5(77.9)\n\n24.4(75.9)\n\n24.0(75.2)\n\n24.8(76.6)\n\n25.6(78.1)\n\n26.4(79.5)\n\n25.9(78.6)\n\n26.2(79.2)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n17.6(63.7)\n\n19.8(67.6)\n\n21.8(71.2)\n\n22.2(72.0)\n\n21.7(71.1)\n\n21.0(69.8)\n\n20.7(69.3)\n\n20.0(68.0)\n\n20.4(68.7)\n\n20.2(68.4)\n\n18.1(64.6)\n\n17.2(63.0)\n\n20.1(68.2)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n10.0(50.0)\n\n11.0(51.8)\n\n15.8(60.4)\n\n18.0(64.4)\n\n18.0(64.4)\n\n16.0(60.8)\n\n16.0(60.8)\n\n16.8(62.2)\n\n15.5(59.9)\n\n16.0(60.8)\n\n11.0(51.8)\n\n10.0(50.0)\n\n10.0(50.0)\n\n\nAverage rainfall mm (inches)\n\n4.9(0.19)\n\n17.4(0.69)\n\n65.7(2.59)\n\n103.0(4.06)\n\n138.8(5.46)\n\n186.5(7.34)\n\n233.1(9.18)\n\n246.2(9.69)\n\n252.8(9.95)\n\n117.0(4.61)\n\n19.7(0.78)\n\n11.7(0.46)\n\n1,396.7(54.99)\n\n\nAverage rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm)\n\n0\n\n1\n\n5\n\n8\n\n11\n\n13\n\n16\n\n18\n\n16\n\n8\n\n1\n\n1\n\n97\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n35\n\n49\n\n64\n\n71\n\n76\n\n82\n\n84\n\n85\n\n86\n\n80\n\n69\n\n54\n\n70\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n262.9\n\n243.1\n\n235.0\n\n214.7\n\n220.2\n\n174.8\n\n124.7\n\n110.4\n\n135.5\n\n213.9\n\n250.6\n\n256.0\n\n2,441.8\n\n\nSource 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst[3]\n\n\nSource 2: NOAA (sun 1961–1990),[4] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[5]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sokod%C3%A9-campagne.jpg"},{"link_name":"corn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"},{"link_name":"cassava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava"},{"link_name":"yams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)"},{"link_name":"pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsicum"},{"link_name":"beans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beans"},{"link_name":"Fulani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulani"},{"link_name":"zebu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebu"}],"text":"The economy of Sokodé is dominated by transport, trade and handicrafts. There is little industrial activity, like cotton ginning and sugar processing.[6]SokodéFarmers grow primarily corn, cassava, yams, pepper and beans, and many gardeners and farmers live on the periphery of Sokodé. They have herds of cows in the fields. Meanwhile, nomadic Fulani frequently pass near Sokodé, with their herds of zebu en route between Burkina Faso and Nigeria.The vegetables are grown especially along the Kpondjo and Inusayo rivers. Most agricultural areas are floodplains, with growers beginning cultivation following the rainy season.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Danseuses-Adossa.JPG"}],"sub_title":"Festivals","text":"Dancers'Gadao-Adossa-Kosso': the main Kotokoli festival consists of three days of festivities, from Friday to Sunday. Celebrated the evening before Adossa, Gadao's function is to thank the ancestors for abundant harvests. Adossa, or the Festival of Knives, is an initiation rite originating with Semassi warriors who demonstrate their strength and courage by undergoing physical challenges. The next day is Kosso, the Festival of Women, in which women dance in the Municipal Park in Sokodé City.Among others, major festivals are held by different Sokodé clans. In most festivals traditional dancers are invited from the region, as well as riders mimicking the Semassi warriors, spinning at full speed in the middle of the crowd.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"places of worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Places_of_worship"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Sokodé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sokod%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Togo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Presbyterian_Church_of_Togo"},{"link_name":"World Communion of Reformed Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Communion_of_Reformed_Churches"},{"link_name":"Togo Baptist Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo_Baptist_Convention"},{"link_name":"Baptist World Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist_World_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Living Faith Church Worldwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Faith_Church_Worldwide"},{"link_name":"Redeemed Christian Church of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redeemed_Christian_Church_of_God"},{"link_name":"Assemblies of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assemblies_of_God"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mosqu%C3%A9e_au_grand_march%C3%A9.JPG"}],"text":"Among the places of worship, they are predominantly Muslim mosques.[7] There are also Christian churches and temples : Roman Catholic Diocese of Sokodé (Catholic Church), Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Togo (World Communion of Reformed Churches), Togo Baptist Convention (Baptist World Alliance), Living Faith Church Worldwide, Redeemed Christian Church of God, Assemblies of God.[8]Mosque","title":"Places of worship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AC Semassi F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Semassi_F.C."},{"link_name":"Stade Municipal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Municipal_(Sokod%C3%A9)"},{"link_name":"Tchaoudjo Athlétic Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchaoudjo_Athl%C3%A9tic_Club"}],"text":"The town is home to AC Semassi F.C. who play at the Stade Municipal as do the Tchaoudjo Athlétic Club.","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kotokro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kotokro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zarifou Ayéva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarifou_Ay%C3%A9va"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Kader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Kader"},{"link_name":"Edem Kodjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edem_Kodjo"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Togo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Togo"},{"link_name":"Assimiou Touré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimiou_Tour%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Arissou Traorè","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arissou_Traor%C3%A8"}],"text":"Kotokro - the founder of Sokodé.\nZarifou Ayéva - politician\nMohamed Kader - footballer\nEdem Kodjo - former Prime Minister of Togo\nAssimiou Touré - footballer\nArissou Traorè - footballer","title":"Notable people"}]	[{"image_text":"Sokode 1911","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/FROBENIUS%281911%29_Tafel43_Wohnhaus_des_deutschen_Stationsassistenten_in_Sokode.jpg/220px-FROBENIUS%281911%29_Tafel43_Wohnhaus_des_deutschen_Stationsassistenten_in_Sokode.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kpangalam, a neighborhood of Sokodé","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Sokod%C3%A9-Kpangalam.jpg/280px-Sokod%C3%A9-Kpangalam.jpg"},{"image_text":"Horseman mimicking a Semassi warrior","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Cavalier-semassi.JPG/280px-Cavalier-semassi.JPG"},{"image_text":"Sokodé","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sokod%C3%A9-campagne.jpg/280px-Sokod%C3%A9-campagne.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dancers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Danseuses-Adossa.JPG/220px-Danseuses-Adossa.JPG"},{"image_text":"Mosque","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mosqu%C3%A9e_au_grand_march%C3%A9.JPG/220px-Mosqu%C3%A9e_au_grand_march%C3%A9.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Sokodé Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokod%C3%A9_Airport"}]	[{"reference":"\"Sokodé - Population - CityFacts\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.city-facts.com/sokod%C3%A9","url_text":"\"Sokodé - Population - CityFacts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Klimatafel von Sokodé/Tchauodjo / Togo\" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 18 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_653610_kt.pdf","url_text":"\"Klimatafel von Sokodé/Tchauodjo / Togo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sokode Climate Normals 1961–1990\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 18 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgftp//ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/TG/65361.TXT","url_text":"\"Sokode Climate Normals 1961–1990\""}]},{"reference":"\"Station Sokode\" (in French). Météo Climat. Retrieved 18 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1564-Sokode.php","url_text":"\"Station Sokode\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sokod%C3%A9&params=8_59_N_1_08_E_region:TG_type:city","external_links_name":"8°59′N 1°08′E / 8.983°N 1.133°E / 8.983; 1.133"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sokod%C3%A9&params=8_59_N_1_08_E_region:TG_type:city(189000)","external_links_name":"8°59′N 1°08′E / 8.983°N 1.133°E / 8.983; 1.133"},{"Link":"https://www.city-facts.com/sokod%C3%A9","external_links_name":"\"Sokodé - Population - CityFacts\""},{"Link":"https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_653610_kt.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Klimatafel von Sokodé/Tchauodjo / Togo\""},{"Link":"ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/TG/65361.TXT","external_links_name":"\"Sokode Climate Normals 1961–1990\""},{"Link":"http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1564-Sokode.php","external_links_name":"\"Station Sokode\""},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Sokode","external_links_name":"Sokodé"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Sokode","external_links_name":"Sokodé"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sokod%C3%A9&params=8_59_N_1_08_E_region:TG_type:city","external_links_name":"8°59′N 1°08′E / 8.983°N 1.133°E / 8.983; 1.133"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/159499487","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4431340-8","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555378105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84173160","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosslight_Software	Crosslight Software	["1 History","2 Products","2.1 LASTIP","2.2 PICS3D","2.3 APSYS","2.4 CSUPREM","2.5 PROCOM","3 References"]	Software company in Canada Crosslight Software, Inc.Company typePrivateIndustrySemiconductor deviceFounded1995HeadquartersVancouver, British Columbia, CanadaKey peopleDr. Simon Li, Founder & CEOProductsTechnology CADWebsitewww.crosslight.com Crosslight Software Inc. is an international company headquartered in greater Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Officially spun off from the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) in 1995, it provides Technology Computer Aided Design (TCAD) tools for semiconductor device and process simulations. Crosslight's founder, Dr. Z.M. Simon Li (李湛明), is a pioneer in the field of optoelectronic device simulation TCAD and based on this work, Crosslight claims to be the first commercial vendor of TCAD tools for quantum well laser diodes. Crosslight also licenses other technology from the Stanford University TCAD Group for semiconductor process simulations. History After its initial spin-off from the NRC, Crosslight launched its flagship product LASTIP, a 2D simulator for quantum well laser diodes. Based on its founder's research, LASTIP predates other well-known tools in the field such as MINILASE. By adding the ability to model quantum well active regions, LASTIP was also a significant step-up from earlier comparable efforts such as Hitachi's HILADIES. As early laser diode TCAD tools were primarily developed by individual researchers for their own use, Crosslight claims that LASTIP's commercialization makes them first-to-market in this field. Further improvements in the technology followed including the development of PICS3D for 3D modeling of optoelectronic devices, a feat which earned Crosslight the Laser Focus World Commercial Technology Achievement Award in 1998. For non-laser TCAD applications such as solar cells and light-emitting diodes, a third tool called APSYS was developed. In March 2004, Crosslight licensed the legendary 2D process simulator SUPREM-IV.GS from Stanford University and extended it to 3D as the core of its process simulation tool CSUPREM. In January 2010, Crosslight entered into a partnership with Acceleware with the intention of producing greater speed in thin film solar cell and image pixel sensor simulations. Since its founding, Crosslight has built up a worldwide base of industrial and academic users and has sponsored research and academic projects at various universities and research institutes. It has also collaborated with many leading researchers in the field of semiconductor devices, including Nobel-prize winner Shuji Nakamura. Products LASTIP Laser Technology Integrated Program is Crosslight's flagship product and was intended to bring to the laser diode community a level of maturity equivalent to that seen in the silicon IC industry. It includes optical gain models for quantum well/wire/dot with different types of spectral broadening, Coulomb interaction for many-body effects, k.p non-parabolic subbands and models optical mode competition in structures supporting multiple lateral modes. PICS3D Photonic Integrated Circuit Simulator in 3D, is a state of the art 3D-simulator for surface and edge emission laser diodes, SOA and other similar active waveguide devices. 2/3 dimensional semiconductor equations (drift-diffusion) are coupled to the optical modes in both the lateral and longitudinal directions. Optical properties such as quantum well/wire/dot optical gain and spontaneous emission rates are computed self-consistently. APSYS Advanced Physical Models of Semiconductor Devices, is based on 2D/3D finite element analysis of electrical, optical and thermal properties of compound semiconductor devices with an emphasis on band structure engineering and quantum mechanical effects. Unlike other TCAD tools used in the microelectronics industry, silicon is merely a special case of a more generalized semiconductor material library. CSUPREM (Crosslight-SUPREM) is a 3D process simulation software package based on the SUPREM.IV.GS code developed at the Integrated Circuits Laboratory of Stanford University. PROCOM (PROcesses of COMpounds) is a 2/3-dimensional process simulation software package for compound semiconductor growth by Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD). Given the deposition reactor geometry, chemical species and growth condition parameters, PROCOM predicts the semiconductor film growth rate, composition, thickness uniformity, dopant incorporation and defect distribution based on detailed chemical kinetics and mass/heat transfer models. References ^ Hill, Bert (September 27, 1996). "NRC Showcases Spinoff Companies". The Ottawa Citizen. ^ a b c Li, Z.-M.; Dzurko, Kenneth M.; Delage, A.; McAlister, S.P. (April 1992). "A self-consistent two-dimensional model of quantum-well semiconductor lasers: optimization of a GRIN-SCH SQW laser structure". IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28 (4): 792–803. Bibcode:1992IJQE...28..792L. doi:10.1109/3.135196. ^ Grupen, M.; Hess, K. (November 1993). "The self-consistent simulation of the modulation responses of quantum well lasers". IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices. 40 (11): 2105–2106. Bibcode:1993ITED...40.2105G. doi:10.1109/16.239771. S2CID 110729912. ^ Yamaguchi, K.; Ohtoshi, T.; Kanai-Nagaoka, C.; Uda, T. (July 3, 1996). "Two-dimensional device simulator for laser diodes: HILADIES". Electron. Lett. 22 (14): 740–741. doi:10.1049/el:19860509. ^ Z. Simon, Dr. Li. "Algorithm models thermal effects in VCSELs". Laser Focus World, May 1997, Page 251. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty \|url= (help) ^ Li, Z.Q. ("Leo"); Li, Simon (July 2007). "Sophisticated models replicate the effects of tunnel junctions" (PDF). Compound Semiconductor. 13 (6): 29–31. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 8, 2011. ^ "Carrier manipulation combats droop". Compound Semiconductor Magazine. May 30, 2012. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved January 31, 2014. ^ "Suprem-Iv.gs". ^ "Acceleware Delivers 100X Speed Up for Solar Cell Simulations". FOX Business. January 19, 2010. ^ Ray, Randy (March 7, 2011). "Crosslight scores with laser-testing software". The Ottawa Citizen. ^ Opto-electronic Group, UBC http://mina.ubc.ca/lukasc_funding Archived 2011-01-30 at the Wayback Machine ^ Semiconductor device group, NCUE http://blog.ncue.edu.tw/sdmclab/doc/722 ^ NUSOD http://www.nusod.org/ ^ Applied Nano & Bio photonics Group, University of Arkansas, http://comp.uark.edu/~syu/research-facilities.html Archived 2010-06-13 at the Wayback Machine ^ University of Toronto Smart Power Integration & Semiconductor Devices Research Group, http://www.vrg.utoronto.ca/~ngwt/collaborators.html ^ "ECE 443 LEDs and Solar Cells course project highlights: Solutions for high-speed computation and extraterrestrial agriculture". University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Retrieved May 23, 2024. ^ Piprek, Joachim (2007). Editor. Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. pp. 423–445. ISBN 9783527610723. ^ Li, Z.Q. (2004). "Chemical kinetics and design of gas inlets for III-V growth by MOVPE in a quartz showerhead reactor". Journal of Crystal Growth. 272 (1–4): 47–51. Bibcode:2004JCrGr.272...47L. doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2004.08.112.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Research Council of Canada (NRC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OttawaCitizenSep96-1"},{"link_name":"TCAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_CAD"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JQE_1992-2"},{"link_name":"TCAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_CAD"},{"link_name":"quantum well laser diodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_well_laser"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"TCAD Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www-tcad.stanford.edu/tcad/programs/oldftpable.html"}],"text":"Crosslight Software Inc. is an international company headquartered in greater Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. \nOfficially spun off from the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) in 1995,[1] it provides Technology Computer Aided Design (TCAD) tools for semiconductor device and process simulations.Crosslight's founder, Dr. Z.M. Simon Li (李湛明), is a pioneer[2]\nin the field of optoelectronic device simulation TCAD and based on this work, Crosslight claims to be the\nfirst commercial vendor of TCAD tools for quantum well laser diodes. \nCrosslight also licenses other technology from the Stanford University \nTCAD Group for semiconductor process simulations.","title":"Crosslight Software"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JQE_1992-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MINILASE-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HILADIES-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"solar cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Cell"},{"link_name":"light-emitting diodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Acceleware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceleware"},{"link_name":"thin film solar cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foxb-100x-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OttawaCitizenMar2001-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Shuji Nakamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"After its initial spin-off from the NRC, Crosslight launched its flagship product LASTIP, a 2D simulator for quantum \nwell laser diodes. Based on its founder's research,[2] LASTIP predates \nother well-known tools in the field such as MINILASE.[3]\nBy adding the ability to model quantum well active regions, LASTIP was also a significant step-up from \nearlier comparable efforts such as Hitachi's HILADIES.[4]\nAs early laser diode TCAD tools were primarily developed by individual researchers for their own use, Crosslight claims\nthat LASTIP's commercialization makes them first-to-market in this field.Further improvements in the technology followed including the development of PICS3D for 3D modeling of optoelectronic \ndevices, a feat which earned Crosslight the Laser Focus World Commercial Technology Achievement Award in 1998.[5]\nFor non-laser TCAD applications such as solar cells and light-emitting diodes, a \nthird tool called APSYS was developed.[6][7]In March 2004, Crosslight licensed the legendary 2D process simulator SUPREM-IV.GS[8]\nfrom Stanford University and extended it to 3D as the core of its process simulation tool CSUPREM.In January 2010, Crosslight entered into a partnership with Acceleware with the intention of producing greater speed \nin thin film solar cell and image pixel sensor simulations.[9]Since its founding, Crosslight has built up a worldwide base of industrial and academic users[10]\nand has sponsored research and academic projects at various universities and research institutes.[11][12][13][14][15][16]\nIt has also collaborated with many leading researchers in the field of semiconductor devices, including Nobel-prize winner Shuji Nakamura.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"quantum well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_well"},{"link_name":"wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_wire"},{"link_name":"dot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot"},{"link_name":"k.p non-parabolic subbands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C2%B7p_perturbation_theory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JQE_1992-2"}],"sub_title":"LASTIP","text":"Laser Technology Integrated Program is Crosslight's flagship product and was intended to bring to the laser diode \ncommunity a level of maturity equivalent to that seen in the silicon IC industry. It includes optical gain models for \nquantum well/wire/dot with different types of spectral broadening, Coulomb interaction for many-body effects, \nk.p non-parabolic subbands and models optical mode competition in structures supporting multiple lateral modes.[2]","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SOA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_optical_amplifier#Semiconductor_optical_amplifier"},{"link_name":"drift-diffusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drift-diffusion_equation"}],"sub_title":"PICS3D","text":"Photonic Integrated Circuit Simulator in 3D, is a state of the art 3D-simulator for surface and edge emission laser \ndiodes, SOA and other similar active waveguide \ndevices. 2/3 dimensional semiconductor equations (drift-diffusion) are coupled to the \noptical modes in both the lateral and longitudinal directions. Optical properties such as quantum well/wire/dot optical \ngain and spontaneous emission rates are computed self-consistently.","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"APSYS","text":"Advanced Physical Models of Semiconductor Devices, is based on 2D/3D finite element analysis of electrical, optical and \nthermal properties of compound semiconductor devices with an emphasis on band structure engineering and quantum mechanical effects.\nUnlike other TCAD tools used in the microelectronics industry, silicon is merely a special case of a more generalized\nsemiconductor material library.","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"CSUPREM","text":"(Crosslight-SUPREM) is a 3D process simulation software package based on the SUPREM.IV.GS code developed at the \nIntegrated Circuits Laboratory of Stanford University.","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"PROCOM","text":"(PROcesses of COMpounds) is a 2/3-dimensional process simulation software package for compound semiconductor growth by \nMetal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD). Given the deposition reactor geometry, chemical species and growth \ncondition parameters, PROCOM predicts the semiconductor film growth rate, composition, thickness uniformity, dopant \nincorporation and defect distribution based on detailed chemical kinetics and mass/heat transfer models.[18]","title":"Products"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Hill, Bert (September 27, 1996). \"NRC Showcases Spinoff Companies\". The Ottawa Citizen.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Li, Z.-M.; Dzurko, Kenneth M.; Delage, A.; McAlister, S.P. (April 1992). \"A self-consistent two-dimensional model of quantum-well semiconductor lasers: optimization of a GRIN-SCH SQW laser structure\". IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28 (4): 792–803. 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Laser Focus World, May 1997, Page 251.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Li, Z.Q. (\"Leo\"); Li, Simon (July 2007). \"Sophisticated models replicate the effects of tunnel junctions\" (PDF). Compound Semiconductor. 13 (6): 29–31. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110708205138/http://www.crosslight.com/publications/crosslighttj.pdf","url_text":"\"Sophisticated models replicate the effects of tunnel junctions\""},{"url":"http://www.crosslight.com/publications/crosslighttj.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Carrier manipulation combats droop\". Compound Semiconductor Magazine. May 30, 2012. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honest_(Future_song)	Honest (Future song)	["1 Music video","2 Charts","2.1 Weekly charts","2.2 Year-end charts","3 Certifications","4 Release history","5 References"]	2013 single by Future"Honest"Single by Futurefrom the album Honest ReleasedAugust 19, 2013Recorded2013GenreSouthern hip hop · trap · hip hopLength3:21LabelA1FreebandzEpicSongwriter(s)Nayvadius WilburnGary HillLeland WayneProducer(s)DJ SpinzMetro BoominFuture singles chronology "I Wanna Be with You" (2013) "Honest" (2013) "No Games" (2013) "Honest" is a song by American rapper Future. It was released on August 19, 2013, as the second single from his second studio album of the same name. The song has peaked at number 55 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song addressed Future had an accusation of his net worth and child support and lied to his mother. Music video On September 11, 2013, the music video directed by Colin Tilley was released. Charts Weekly charts Chart (2013) Peakposition US Billboard Hot 100 55 US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) 18 Year-end charts Chart (2013) Position US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) 82 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales United States (RIAA) Platinum 1,000,000‡ ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Release history Country Date Format Label United States August 19, 2013 Rhythmic contemporary radio A1, Freebandz, Epic Mainstream urban radio September 10, 2013 Digital download References ^ a b "iTunes - Music - Honest - Single by Future". Itunes.apple.com. 2013-09-10. Archived from the original on 2013-09-14. Retrieved 2013-09-22. ^ Tardio, Andres (2013-08-08). "Future Releases Single "Honest," Changes Album Title To "Honest"". HipHop DX. Retrieved 2013-09-22. ^ "Rapper Future's Baby Mama -- He Lied, He's Ballin". TMZ.com. 2013-03-24. ^ "Video: Future – 'Honest'". Rap-Up.com. Retrieved 2013-09-22. ^ "Future Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. ^ "Future Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. ^ "2013 Year End Charts — R&B/Hip-Hop Songs". Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved December 13, 2013. ^ "American single certifications – Future – Honest". Recording Industry Association of America. ^ "Radio Industry News, Music Industry Updates, Arbitron Ratings, Music News and more!". FMQB. Retrieved 2013-09-22. ^ "Frequency News". Archived from the original on 2014-04-08. Retrieved 2014-04-08. vteFuture Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Pluto (2012) Honest (2014) DS2 (2015) Evol (2016) Future (2017) Hndrxx (2017) The Wizrd (2019) High Off Life (2020) I Never Liked You (2022) Reissued albums Pluto 3D (2012) Collaborative albums Pluto × Baby Pluto (with Lil Uzi Vert) (2020) We Don't Trust You (with Metro Boomin) (2024) We Still Don't Trust You (with Metro Boomin) (2024) Mixtapes Astronaut Status (2012) Monster (2014) Purple Reign (2016) Collaborative mixtapes Beast Mode (with Zaytoven) (2015) 56 Nights (with DJ Esco) (2015) What a Time to Be Alive (with Drake) (2015) Super Slimey (with Young Thug) (2017) Beast Mode 2 (with Zaytoven) (2018) Wrld on Drugs (with Juice Wrld) (2018) Extended plays Free Bricks 2K16 (Zone 6 Edition) (with Gucci Mane) (2016) Save Me (2019) Singles "Tony Montana" "Magic" "Same Damn Time" "Turn On the Lights" "Neva End" "Karate Chop" "Honest" "Shit" "Real and True" "Move That Dope" "I Won" "Fuck Up Some Commas" "Where Ya At" "March Madness" "Jumpman" "Low Life" "Wicked" "Used to This" "Draco" "Selfish" "Mask Off" "Pie" "You da Baddest" "Patek Water" "Bum Bum Tam Tam (Remix)" "King's Dead" "Fine China" "Crushed Up" "Jumpin on a Jet" "First Off" "Life Is Good" "Trillionaire" "Hard for the Next" "Too Easy" "Worst Day" "Hold That Heat" "Wait for U" "Keep It Burnin" "Love You Better" "Turn Yo Clic Up" "Supposed to Be Loved" "Type Shit" "Young Metro" "Like That" Featured singles "Racks" "We in This Bitch" "Love Me" "Bugatti" "U.O.E.N.O." "Tapout" "Loveeeeeee Song" "Show You" "I Wanna Be with You" "No Games" "Ready" "Hold You Down" "Let Me Know" "3500" "Chimes (RMX)" "Blasé" "New Level" "I Got the Keys" "Campaign" "X" "Do You Mind" "Too Much Sauce" "Rivals" "Everyday" "Cold" "Rollin" "End Game" "Faded Love" "Top Off" "Happiness Over Everything (H.O.E.)" "Franchise (Remix)" "Go Crazy (Remix)" "Company" "Maybach" "Mr. Jones" "Number 2" "Way 2 Sexy" "Me or Sum" "Pressurelicious" "Beautiful" "One Time" "Big Time" "No Time Wasted" "Private Landing" "Double Fantasy" "Giving Chanel" Promotional singles "High End" "Keep It Low" Other songs "Six Feet Under" "All I Know" "Comin Out Strong" "Relationship" "Die for Me" "Solitaires" "Stripes Like Burberry" "Marni on Me" "Drankin n Smokin" "That's It" "Snitching" "Pushin P" "Puffin on Zootiez" "I'm on One" "From Now On" "Superhero" "Too Many Nights" "Mad Max" "Fully Loaded" "All the Way Live" "Cars Bring Me Out" "Telekinesis" "Stand on It" "Cinderella" "Red Leather" Concert tours Summer Sixteen Tour Nobody Safe Tour Future Hndrxx Tour We Trust You Tour Related articles Freebandz Ciara Project E.T. Esco Terrestrial Kolorblind Category This 2010s hip hop song–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Future","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"album of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honest_(Future_album)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apple1-1"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"\"Honest\" is a song by American rapper Future. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairndow	Cairndow	["1 Ardkinglas House","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","3 Gallery","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 56°15′17″N 4°56′16″W / 56.254773°N 4.9379082°W / 56.254773; -4.9379082Hamlet in Argyll and Bute, Scotland This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Cairndow" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Human settlement in ScotlandCairndowScottish Gaelic: An Càrn DubhArdkinglas Gardens, near Cairndow.CairndowLocation within Argyll and ButeOS grid referenceNN 18100 10800• Edinburgh70 mi (110 km)• London382 mi (615 km)Council areaArgyll and ButeLieutenancy areaArgyll and ButeCountryScotlandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townDUNOON, ARGYLLPostcode districtPA27Dialling code01499UK ParliamentArgyll and ButeScottish ParliamentArgyll and Bute List of places UK Scotland 56°15′17″N 4°56′16″W / 56.254773°N 4.9379082°W / 56.254773; -4.9379082 Cairndow (Scottish Gaelic: An Càrn Dubh) is a coastal hamlet on the Cowal peninsula in Argyll and Bute, Scottish Highlands. The town lies between the A83 road and the head of Loch Fyne. Cairndow's school closed in 1988 after the roll fell to just 3 pupils. Now children in the area are sent to the primary school in Strachur and the secondary school in Dunoon. Medical facilities for the hamlet are provided by the GP in Strachur. Kilmorich Church at Cairndow was built in 1818 and is a category A listed building. After originating as an oyster farm in the loch, Loch Fyne Oysters opened its Loch Fyne Oyster Bar in 1988 at Clachan, across the head of the loch from Cairndow. The company has expanded into a restaurant chain, and the Oyster Bar continues to be a tourist attraction at Clachan, Cairndow. Ardkinglas House Ardkinglas House, near Cairndow on Loch Fyne Ardkinglas House is located to the south of the village. Dating back to the 1300s, the Ardkinglas estate extends over more than 4,900 hectares (12,000 acres) of rolling hills and landscaped parkland. The present Ardkinglas House was built by architect Sir Robert Lorimer, completed in eighteen months in the Fall of 1907, and is considered to be his masterpiece. It replaces an earlier house where, in the 1820s, feminist Caroline Sheridan Norton was raised. The house remains unaltered and is a popular location for television period dramas and film productions, as well as weddings. Today, it is open to the public, however, not on a regular basis, private tours of the house can be booked at any time of the year and public tours are available on Fridays from April to October. The house's original "Butlers Quarters" can be rented all the year round. The Woodland Gardens, dating from the 18th century, are open all the year round with views of the exterior of the Ardkinglas estate, with its scenic backdrop on Loch Fyne. Geography Climate Climate data for Lephinmore climate station (9m elevation) 1981–2010 averages Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.0(44.6) 7.6(45.7) 9.0(48.2) 11.8(53.2) 15.1(59.2) 17.1(62.8) 18.6(65.5) 17.5(63.5) 15.8(60.4) 12.5(54.5) 9.3(48.7) 7.4(45.3) 12.4(54.3) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.8(35.2) 2.0(35.6) 3.1(37.6) 4.1(39.4) 6.6(43.9) 9.4(48.9) 11.2(52.2) 10.7(51.3) 9.5(49.1) 6.8(44.2) 4.0(39.2) 1.9(35.4) 5.9(42.6) Average rainfall mm (inches) 240.0(9.45) 151.1(5.95) 192.6(7.58) 113.6(4.47) 82.5(3.25) 100.9(3.97) 100.9(3.97) 137.3(5.41) 168.9(6.65) 239.3(9.42) 204.6(8.06) 193.4(7.61) 1,925.1(75.79) Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 21.2 14.8 18.5 13.7 12.7 15.2 15.9 15.6 18.8 19.2 18.7 18.4 202.6 Mean monthly sunshine hours 37.4 59.6 82.5 141.3 180.0 157.9 138.3 119.0 86.4 71.6 47.2 28.3 1,149.5 Source: metoffice.gov.uk Gallery A view across Loch Fyne near Cairndow The kirk at Cairndow Scotland Argyll Bute Cairndow Argyll and Bute Loch Fyne, Cairndow, (May 2001) - panoramio References ^ "Distance from Cairndow, UK to Edinburgh, UK or how far is Cairndow, UK from Edinburgh, UK?". Retrieved 27 November 2018. ^ "Distance from Cairndow, UK to London, UK or how far is Cairndow, UK from London, UK?". Retrieved 27 November 2018. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Kilmorich Kirk, Cairndow (LB11818)". Retrieved 15 April 2019. ^ "Loch Fyne Oysters and Restaurants - History". Loch Fyne Oysters. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 12 February 2008. ^ "Historic Mansion House and Woodland Gardens Argyll, West Coast of Scotland \| Ardkinglas Estate". Ardkinglas.com. Retrieved 14 December 2016. ^ "Climate Normals 1981–2010". Met Office. Retrieved 29 March 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cairndow. Map sources for Cairndow Cairndow page in the Gazetteer for Scotland - website Ardkinglas House - website Gaelic place names of Scotland - website Destinations from Cairndow Cairndow Arrochar, Tarbet Lochgilphead, Furnace, Inveraray Strachur, Sandbank, Dunoon Lochgoilhead, Carrick Castle (village) Portal: Scotland This Argyll and Bute location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish Gaelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language"},{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(place)"},{"link_name":"Cowal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowal"},{"link_name":"Argyll and Bute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyll_and_Bute"},{"link_name":"Scottish Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Highlands"},{"link_name":"A83 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A83_road"},{"link_name":"Loch Fyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Fyne"},{"link_name":"Strachur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strachur"},{"link_name":"Dunoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunoon"},{"link_name":"GP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_practitioner"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Loch Fyne Oysters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Fyne_Oysters"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lfhist-4"}],"text":"Hamlet in Argyll and Bute, ScotlandHuman settlement in ScotlandCairndow (Scottish Gaelic: An Càrn Dubh) is a coastal hamlet on the Cowal peninsula in Argyll and Bute, Scottish Highlands. The town lies between the A83 road and the head of Loch Fyne.Cairndow's school closed in 1988 after the roll fell to just 3 pupils. Now children in the area are sent to the primary school in Strachur and the secondary school in Dunoon. Medical facilities for the hamlet are provided by the GP in Strachur. Kilmorich Church at Cairndow was built in 1818 and is a category A listed building.[3]After originating as an oyster farm in the loch, Loch Fyne Oysters opened its Loch Fyne Oyster Bar in 1988 at Clachan, across the head of the loch from Cairndow. The company has expanded into a restaurant chain, and the Oyster Bar continues to be a tourist attraction at Clachan, Cairndow.[4]","title":"Cairndow"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ardkinglas_House,_near_Cairndow_on_Loch_Fyne_-_geograph.org.uk_-_373750.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ardkinglas House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardkinglas"},{"link_name":"Robert Lorimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lorimer"},{"link_name":"Caroline Sheridan Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Sheridan_Norton"},{"link_name":"Loch Fyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Fyne"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Ardkinglas House, near Cairndow on Loch FyneArdkinglas House is located to the south of the village. Dating back to the 1300s, the Ardkinglas estate extends over more than 4,900 hectares (12,000 acres) of rolling hills and landscaped parkland. The present Ardkinglas House was built by architect Sir Robert Lorimer, completed in eighteen months in the Fall of 1907, and is considered to be his masterpiece. It replaces an earlier house where, in the 1820s, feminist Caroline Sheridan Norton was raised.The house remains unaltered and is a popular location for television period dramas and film productions, as well as weddings. Today, it is open to the public, however, not on a regular basis, private tours of the house can be booked at any time of the year and public tours are available on Fridays from April to October. The house's original \"Butlers Quarters\" can be rented all the year round.The Woodland Gardens, dating from the 18th century, are open all the year round with views of the exterior of the Ardkinglas estate, with its scenic backdrop on Loch Fyne.[5]","title":"Ardkinglas House"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Climate data for Lephinmore climate station (9m elevation) 1981–2010 averages\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n7.0(44.6)\n\n7.6(45.7)\n\n9.0(48.2)\n\n11.8(53.2)\n\n15.1(59.2)\n\n17.1(62.8)\n\n18.6(65.5)\n\n17.5(63.5)\n\n15.8(60.4)\n\n12.5(54.5)\n\n9.3(48.7)\n\n7.4(45.3)\n\n12.4(54.3)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n1.8(35.2)\n\n2.0(35.6)\n\n3.1(37.6)\n\n4.1(39.4)\n\n6.6(43.9)\n\n9.4(48.9)\n\n11.2(52.2)\n\n10.7(51.3)\n\n9.5(49.1)\n\n6.8(44.2)\n\n4.0(39.2)\n\n1.9(35.4)\n\n5.9(42.6)\n\n\nAverage rainfall mm (inches)\n\n240.0(9.45)\n\n151.1(5.95)\n\n192.6(7.58)\n\n113.6(4.47)\n\n82.5(3.25)\n\n100.9(3.97)\n\n100.9(3.97)\n\n137.3(5.41)\n\n168.9(6.65)\n\n239.3(9.42)\n\n204.6(8.06)\n\n193.4(7.61)\n\n1,925.1(75.79)\n\n\nAverage rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm)\n\n21.2\n\n14.8\n\n18.5\n\n13.7\n\n12.7\n\n15.2\n\n15.9\n\n15.6\n\n18.8\n\n19.2\n\n18.7\n\n18.4\n\n202.6\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n37.4\n\n59.6\n\n82.5\n\n141.3\n\n180.0\n\n157.9\n\n138.3\n\n119.0\n\n86.4\n\n71.6\n\n47.2\n\n28.3\n\n1,149.5\n\n\nSource: metoffice.gov.uk[6]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loch_Fyne_from_Cairndow_road.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cairndow_Kirk.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scotland_Argyll_Bute_Cairndow_Argyll_and_Bute.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loch_Fyne,_Cairndow,_(May_2001)_-_panoramio.jpg"}],"text":"A view across Loch Fyne near Cairndow\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe kirk at Cairndow\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tScotland Argyll Bute Cairndow Argyll and Bute\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLoch Fyne, Cairndow, (May 2001) - panoramio","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"Ardkinglas House, near Cairndow on Loch Fyne","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ardkinglas_House%2C_near_Cairndow_on_Loch_Fyne_-_geograph.org.uk_-_373750.jpg/220px-Ardkinglas_House%2C_near_Cairndow_on_Loch_Fyne_-_geograph.org.uk_-_373750.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Distance from Cairndow, UK to Edinburgh, UK or how far is Cairndow, UK from Edinburgh, UK?\". Retrieved 27 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://ukdistance.com/search?from=Cairndow,+UK&to=Edinburgh,+UK&flat=56.17108709999999&flon=-4.963830400000006&tlat=55.953252&tlon=-3.188266999999996","url_text":"\"Distance from Cairndow, UK to Edinburgh, UK or how far is Cairndow, UK from Edinburgh, UK?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Distance from Cairndow, UK to London, UK or how far is Cairndow, UK from London, UK?\". Retrieved 27 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://ukdistance.com/search?from=Cairndow,+UK&to=London,+UK&flat=56.17108709999999&flon=-4.963830400000006&tlat=51.5073509&tlon=-0.12775829999998223","url_text":"\"Distance from Cairndow, UK to London, UK or how far is Cairndow, UK from London, UK?\""}]},{"reference":"Historic Environment Scotland. \"Kilmorich Kirk, Cairndow (LB11818)\". Retrieved 15 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Environment_Scotland","url_text":"Historic Environment Scotland"},{"url":"https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB11818","url_text":"\"Kilmorich Kirk, Cairndow (LB11818)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Loch Fyne Oysters and Restaurants - History\". Loch Fyne Oysters. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 12 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080516045930/http://www.lochfyne.com/About-Us/History.aspx","url_text":"\"Loch Fyne Oysters and Restaurants - History\""},{"url":"http://www.lochfyne.com/About-Us/History.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Historic Mansion House and Woodland Gardens Argyll, West Coast of Scotland \| Ardkinglas Estate\". Ardkinglas.com. Retrieved 14 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ardkinglas.com/the-house/ardkinglas-house.html","url_text":"\"Historic Mansion House and Woodland Gardens Argyll, West Coast of Scotland \| Ardkinglas Estate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Climate Normals 1981–2010\". Met Office. Retrieved 29 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcur0c9pr","url_text":"\"Climate Normals 1981–2010\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cairndow&params=56.254773_N_4.9379082_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"56°15′17″N 4°56′16″W / 56.254773°N 4.9379082°W / 56.254773; -4.9379082"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cairndow%22","external_links_name":"\"Cairndow\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cairndow%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cairndow%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cairndow%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cairndow%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cairndow%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cairndow&params=56.254718_N_4.937908_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Cairndow","external_links_name":"NN 18100 10800"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cairndow&params=56.254773_N_4.9379082_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"56°15′17″N 4°56′16″W / 56.254773°N 4.9379082°W / 56.254773; -4.9379082"},{"Link":"https://ukdistance.com/search?from=Cairndow,+UK&to=Edinburgh,+UK&flat=56.17108709999999&flon=-4.963830400000006&tlat=55.953252&tlon=-3.188266999999996","external_links_name":"\"Distance from Cairndow, UK to Edinburgh, UK or how far is Cairndow, UK from Edinburgh, UK?\""},{"Link":"https://ukdistance.com/search?from=Cairndow,+UK&to=London,+UK&flat=56.17108709999999&flon=-4.963830400000006&tlat=51.5073509&tlon=-0.12775829999998223","external_links_name":"\"Distance from Cairndow, UK to London, UK or how far is Cairndow, UK from London, UK?\""},{"Link":"https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB11818","external_links_name":"\"Kilmorich Kirk, Cairndow (LB11818)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080516045930/http://www.lochfyne.com/About-Us/History.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Loch Fyne Oysters and Restaurants - History\""},{"Link":"http://www.lochfyne.com/About-Us/History.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ardkinglas.com/the-house/ardkinglas-house.html","external_links_name":"\"Historic Mansion House and Woodland Gardens Argyll, West Coast of Scotland \| Ardkinglas Estate\""},{"Link":"https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcur0c9pr","external_links_name":"\"Climate Normals 1981–2010\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cairndow&params=56.254718_N_4.937908_W_region:GB_scale:100000","external_links_name":"Map sources"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185728/http://www.scottish-places.info/towns/townfirst3753.html","external_links_name":"Cairndow page in the Gazetteer for Scotland - website"},{"Link":"http://www.ardkinglas.com/","external_links_name":"Ardkinglas House - website"},{"Link":"http://www.gaelicplacenames.org/databasedetails.php?id=42/","external_links_name":"Gaelic place names of Scotland - website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cairndow&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Birkhead	Tim Birkhead	["1 Education","2 Research and career","2.1 Publications","2.2 Teaching","2.3 Biology of Spermatozoa","2.4 Media and Outreach","2.5 Awards and honours","3 References"]	British ornithologist Tim BirkheadFRSBornTimothy Robert Birkhead (1950-02-28) 28 February 1950 (age 74)Leeds, EnglandAlma mater Newcastle University (BSc) University of Oxford (DPhil) Awards Godman-Salvin Medal (2016) National Teaching Fellowship (2017) Scientific careerInstitutionsUniversity of SheffieldThesisBreeding biology and survival of guillemots (Uria aalge) (1976)Doctoral advisorE.K. DunnChris Perrins Websitewww.shef.ac.uk/aps/staff-and-students/acadstaff/birkhead Timothy Robert Birkhead FRS (born 1950) is a British ornithologist. He has been Professor of Behaviour and Evolution at the University of Sheffield since 1976. Education Birkhead was awarded a Bachelor's degree in Biology from Newcastle University in 1972, followed by a Doctor of Philosophy degree from University of Oxford in 1976 for research on the breeding biology and survival of guillemots Uria aalge supervised by E.K. Dunn and Chris Perrins. He was subsequently awarded a Doctor of Science from Newcastle in 1989. Research and career Birkhead's research on promiscuity in birds redefined the mating systems of birds. Focusing initially on the adaptive significance of male promiscuity and female promiscuity, he later switched to the study of mechanisms and resolved the mechanisms of sperm competition in birds. He provided some of the first evidence of: cryptic female choice in birds; strategic sperm allocation, and he also provided the first estimates of the quantitative genetics of sperm traits in birds. Birkhead's research also resolved the issue of polyspermy in birds and provided the first evidence for morphological sperm selection in the female reproductive tract. His long term study of the population biology of common guillemots on the island of Skomer off Wales has run since 1972, and is currently in need of support. His recent research is on the adaptive significance of egg shape in birds, including the common guillemot whose pyriform egg has long been thought to allow it to either spin-like- a-top or roll-in-an-arc to prevent it rolling off the cliff ledge. However, there is no evidence for either of these ideas. Instead, Birkhead and colleagues have identified the main advantage of a pyriform shape: stability. The pyriform shape makes the egg inherently more stable, especially on the sloping surfaces on which guillemots commonly breed. Publications Nettleship, D. N. & Birkhead, T. R. (eds) (1985) The Atlantic Alcidae. Academic Press. pp 574. ISBN 9780125156714 Birkhead, T. R. & Møller, A. P. (1992). Sperm Competition in Birds: Evolutionary Causes and Consequences. Academic Press. pp. 280. ISBN 9780121005405 Birkhead, T. R. & Møller A. P. (eds) (1998) Sperm Competition and Sexual Selection. Academic Press. pp 826. ISBN 0121005437 Birkhead, T. R., Hosken, D. & Pitnick, S. (eds) (2009). Sperm Biology: An Evolutionary Perspective. London: Academic Press. pp 642. ISBN 9780123725684 Birkhead, T. R. (ed) (2016). Virtuoso by Nature: the Scientific Worlds of Francis Willughby FRS (1635-1672). Brill. pp 439. ISBN 9789004285316 Promiscuity: An Evolutionary History of Sperm Competition Promiscuity (Faber & Faber 2000), ISBN 9780571193608 which makes the concept of post-copulatory sexual selection accessible to the non-specialist. Ten Thousand Birds: Ornithology since Darwin (Princeton 2014) (with J. Wimpenny and R. Montgomerie), ISBN 978-0-691-15197-7, won the USA Prose Award. PROSE Award (American Publishers Awards for Professional and Scholarly Excellence) for the best book in 2014 in the History of Science, Medicine and Technology category; CHOICE (magazine of the American Library Association) list of Outstanding Academic Titles, 2014 in Zoology; Runner-up for BB/BTO Best Bird Book of 2014. The red canary: the story of the first genetically engineered animal, Phoenix, 2004, ISBN 978-0-7538-1772-8, describes the power of selective breeding and how the interaction between professional scientist and an amateur bird-keeper created the red canary. The book won the Consul Cremer Prize (2003). The Wisdom of Birds: An Illustrated History of Ornithology. Bloomsbury. 2008. ISBN 978-0-7475-9256-3.; Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, ISBN 978-0-7475-9822-0, The book describes how we know what we know about the biology of birds, focussing on evolutionary explanations. The Wisdom of Birds won the Best Bird book of the Year Award (2009) from the British Trust for Ornithology and British Birds. The Magpies: The Ecology and Behaviour of Black-Billed and Yellow-Billed Magpies. A&C Black. 2010. ISBN 978-1-4081-3777-2. Great Auk Islands; a Field Biologist in the Arctic. A & C Black, 2011. 30 October 2010. ISBN 978-1-4081-3786-4. Bird Sense: What it Is Like to Be a Bird, Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2012, ISBN 978-1-4088-2013-1 was rated best natural history book of 2012 by the Independent and Guardian Newspapers, and was awarded a Best Bird Book of 2012 prize by British Birds and the British Trust for Ornithology, and was short-listed for the Royal Society Winton Book Prize in 2013. The Most Perfect Thing: the Inside (and Outside) of a Bird's Egg, Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2016, ISBN 978-1-4088-5126-5 short-listed for the Royal Society Insight Investment Science Book Prize (2016), and winner of the Zoological Society of London's 2017 prize for communicating zoology. David Attenborough described it as ‘Magnificent: science without any high falutin’ technology’. The Wonderful Mr Willughby: The First True Ornithologist, Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2018, ISBN 978-1-4088-7850-7 Birds and Us: A 12,000-Year History from Cave Art to Conservation, Princeton University Press, 2022. ISBN 978-0-691-23992-7 Teaching Birkhead has combined his enthusiasm for research with a passion for undergraduate teaching. He has taught courses on ecology, evolution, statistics, birds, behavioural ecology, animal behaviour and the history and philosophy of science. His teaching has been recognised by four awards, including a National Teaching Fellowship in 2017. Biology of Spermatozoa Starting in 1992 and continuing until 2015 (when he handed over to a steering group) Birkhead organised (with Professor Harry Moore) a small (~60) biennial meeting on reproductive biology in the Peak District National Park known as Biology of Spermatozoa (BoS). Delegates are from a diverse range of backgrounds and include clinicians, reproductive physiologists, andrologists, theoreticians and evolutionary biologists. The format and interdisciplinary nature of the meeting was successful in terms of exchanging ideas, techniques and establishing collaborations. Media and Outreach Between 2002 and 2010 Birkhead had a monthly column in Times Higher Education. His articles were concerned with various aspects of higher education: undergraduate teaching, administration and, occasionally, research. He has written for The Guardian, The Independent, the BBC, The Biologist, Natural History and Evolve. He has featured on numerous BBC Radio 4 programmes, including Start the Week — with Jeremy Paxman; The Life Scientific with Jim Al-Khalili; The Infinite Monkey Cage in 2018. His book ‘The Most Perfect Thing’ provided the basis for the TV documentary ‘Attenborough’s Eggs’ introduced by David Attenborough (2018). Birkhead has been honorary curator of the Alfred Denny Museum in the University of Sheffield between 1980-2018. He has given numerous public lectures, including at Café Scientique, the Cheltenham Science Festival and numerous literary festivals including Ways with Words (Sheffield) and Hay on Wye. His TED (conference) lecture on the history of ornithology has been viewed over 100,000 times. Awards and honours Over the course of his career, Birkhead has received a number of awards: McColvin Medal for best reference book: Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Ornithology in 1991 President, International Society for Behavioural Ecology (1996-1998) Brockington Visitorship, Queens University, Canada in 2003 Consul Cremer Prize for The Red Canary in 2003 Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2004 ISIHighlyCited.com - Designated Highly Cited Researcher Plant & Animal Science, 2004 Senate Award for Sustained Excellence in Teaching, University of Sheffield, 2007. Animal & Plant Sciences ‘Teacher of the Year’, 2009. Winner: Bird Book of the Year Award, for The Wisdom of Birds, from the British Trust for Ornithology and British Birds, 2009. Elected Honorary Member of the American Ornithologists Union, 2010. Elected Honorary Member of the Linnaean Society of New York, 2011 Elliot Coues Medal, American Ornithologists Union in 2011 ASAB (Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour) Medal in 2012 President of the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour 2013-16 Vice-president of the British Trust for Ornithology in 2012 Winner of the Society for Biology, Bioscience Teacher of the Year, 2013. Zoological Society of London, Silver Medal, 2014. Spallazani Medal, Biology of Spermatozoa community, 2015. Eisenmann Medal, the Linnaean Society of New York, 2016. Godman-Salvin Medal from the British Ornithologists' Union, 2016. Founders’ Medal of the Society for the Study of the History of Natural History (SHNH), 2016. Winner of the Zoological Society of London’s Award for Communicating Zoology to a general audience for The Most Perfect Thing, 2017. Stephen Jay Gould Prize for increasing public understanding of evolutionary biology, Evolution Society, 2017. Awarded a National Teaching Fellowship by the Higher Education Academy (HEA) in 2017. Elected Honorary Member of the (Deutschen Ornitholgen-Gesellschaft German Ornithological Society), 2017 References ^ a b c "Professor Tim Birkhead \| Advance HE". ^ a b Birkhead, Timothy Robert (1976). Breeding biology and survival of guillemots (Uria aalge). ora.ox.ac.uk (DPhil thesis). University of Oxford. OCLC 44837387. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.449886 . ^ a b c Anon (2005). "BIRKHEAD, Prof. Timothy Robert". Who's Who (online Oxford University Press ed.). Oxford: A & C Black. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.10000450. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Anon (2004). "Professor Tim Birkhead FRS". London: royalsociety.org. Archived from the original on 23 November 2015. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: "All text published under the heading 'Biography' on Fellow profile pages is available under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License." --"Royal Society Terms, conditions and policies". Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ Sheffield, University of (September 2021). "Professor Tim R Birkhead FRS - Academic Staff & Independent Research Fellows - People - Animal and Plant Sciences - The University of Sheffield". www.shef.ac.uk. ^ Tim Birkhead at TED ^ Mark Cocker (17 October 2008). "Flights of fancy". The Guardian. ^ Hemmings, N.; Birkhead, T. R. (7 November 2015). "Polyspermy in birds: sperm numbers and embryo survival". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 282 (1818): 20151682. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.1682. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 4650155. PMID 26511048. ^ Birkhead, Tim (23 October 2014). "Stormy outlook for long-term ecology studies". Nature. 514 (7523): 405. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..405B. doi:10.1038/514405a. PMID 25341754. ^ Anon. "Read Tim's story". justgiving.com. Retrieved 8 January 2018. ^ Birkhead, Tim R.; Thompson, Jamie E.; Biggins, John D. (1 July 2017). "Egg shape in the Common Guillemot Uria aalge and Brunnich's Guillemot U. lomvia: not a rolling matter?" (PDF). Journal of Ornithology. 158 (3): 679–685. doi:10.1007/s10336-017-1437-8. ISSN 2193-7192. S2CID 9084008. ^ "Vulgar errors – the point of a Guillemot's egg - British Birds". britishbirds.co.uk. Retrieved 8 January 2018. ^ Birkhead, Tim R.; Thompson, Jamie E.; Montgomerie, Robert (1 October 2018). "The pyriform egg of the Common Murre (Uria aalge) is more stable on sloping surfacesEl huevo piriforme de Uria aalge es más estable en superficies inclinadasCommon Murre egg shape and stability". The Auk. 135 (4): 1020–1032. doi:10.1642/AUK-18-38.1. ISSN 0004-8038. S2CID 92507158. ^ Promiscuity: An Evolutionary History of Sperm Competition. Harvard University Press. 2002. ISBN 978-0-674-00666-9. ^ Bodio, Stephen J. (Summer 2014). "Book Review: 'Ten Thousand Birds: Ornithology since Darwin by Tim Birkhead, Jo Wimpenny, and Bob Montgomerie". Living Bird Magazine. ^ "Royal Society Winton Prize goes to 'rock star' science book", "The Guardian", London, 26 November 2013. Retrieved on 8 May 2019. ^ Ju, Chenghui; Lahti, David C. (2017). "The Most Perfect Thing: Inside (and Outside) a Bird's Egg by Tim Birkhead. 2016. Bloomsbury, New York, NY, USA. xvi + 304 pp., 15 color and 3 black-and-white photographs. $27 (hardcover). ISBN 978-1632863690". The Auk. 134 (4). Oxford University Press (OUP): 922–924. doi:10.1642/auk-17-112.1. ISSN 0004-8038. ^ Preston, Alex (17 April 2016). "Review of The Most Perfect Thing: Inside (and Outside) a Bird's Egg by Tim Birkhead". The Guardian. ^ "Shortlist for The Royal Society Insight Investment Science Book Prize 2016 unveiled". royalsociety.org. Retrieved 22 September 2016. ^ Freeman, Frank (17 December 2022). "Review: 'Birds and Us,' by Tim Birkhead". Star Tribune. Minnesota. ^ "Review of Birds and Us by Tim Birkhead". Kirkus Reviews. 2022. ^ "BoS \| Biology of Spermatozoa meetings". www.bos.group.shef.ac.uk. Retrieved 8 January 2018. ^ "Tim Birkhead". 4 January 2008. ^ Al-Khalili, Jim (2017). "Tim Birkhead on bird promiscuity". bbc.co.uk. BBC. Retrieved 8 January 2018. ^ Sheffield, University of. "Alfred Denny Museum - Alfred Denny Museum - The University of Sheffield". www.shef.ac.uk. Retrieved 8 January 2018. ^ The University of Sheffield (10 February 2017), Aisha's Letter, retrieved 8 January 2018 ^ Birkhead, Tim (26 September 2010), The early birdwatchers, retrieved 8 January 2018 ^ "Elliott Coues Award, 2011". The Auk. 129 (1). Oxford University Press (OUP): 187–188. 2012. doi:10.1525/auk.2012.129.1.187. ISSN 0004-8038. ^ Sheffield, University of. "Professor named top of the class - Latest - News - The University of Sheffield". shef.ac.uk. Retrieved 8 January 2018. vteFellows of the Royal Society elected in 2004Fellows Samson Abramsky Spencer Barrett Julian Besag Tim Birkhead Martin Bobrow Donal Bradley Malcolm Brown Richard Catlow Graeme Clark Gordon Conway Lennox Cowie Anthony Cullis Partha Dasgupta Nick Day Caroline Dean Graham Dockray Richard M. Durbin David B. A. Epstein Gerard Evan Bland Finlay Norman Fleck Carlos Frenk Vernon C. Gibson Lynn Gladden Bryan Grenfell Stephen Edgar Halford Andrew D. Hamilton Edward Hinds David William Holden David Kemp Malcolm Longair Alan Martin John F. B. Mitchell William Motherwell David Preiss John A. Pyle Carol V. Robinson Nancy Rothwell David Henry Solomon Peter St George-Hyslop Chris Stringer David Tollervey Nicholas Wald Dale Brian Wigley Foreign K. Frank Austen Peter Goldreich Jane Lubchenco Elliot Meyerowitz Michele Parrinello F. Sherwood Rowland Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Korea Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii ORCID Scopus Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-4"},{"link_name":"ornithologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithologist"},{"link_name":"University of Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sheffield"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Timothy Robert Birkhead FRS[4] (born 1950) is a British ornithologist. He has been Professor of Behaviour and Evolution at the University of Sheffield[5][6] since 1976.[7]","title":"Tim Birkhead"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"Newcastle University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_University"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"breeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeding_in_the_wild"},{"link_name":"guillemots Uria aalge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Murre"},{"link_name":"Chris Perrins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Perrins"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dphil-2"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whoswho-3"}],"text":"Birkhead was awarded a Bachelor's degree in Biology from Newcastle University in 1972, followed by a Doctor of Philosophy degree from University of Oxford in 1976 for research on the breeding biology and survival of guillemots Uria aalge supervised by E.K. Dunn and Chris Perrins.[2] He was subsequently awarded a Doctor of Science from Newcastle in 1989.[3]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"promiscuity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promiscuity"},{"link_name":"female promiscuity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_promiscuity"},{"link_name":"sperm competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_competition"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"polyspermy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyspermy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Skomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skomer"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Birkhead's research on promiscuity in birds redefined the mating systems of birds.[citation needed] Focusing initially on the adaptive significance of male promiscuity and female promiscuity, he later switched to the study of mechanisms and resolved the mechanisms of sperm competition in birds. He provided some of the first evidence of: cryptic female choice in birds; strategic sperm allocation, and he also provided the first estimates of the quantitative genetics of sperm traits in birds.[citation needed]Birkhead's research also resolved the issue of polyspermy in birds and provided the first evidence for morphological sperm selection in the female reproductive tract.[8] His long term study of the population biology of common guillemots on the island of Skomer off Wales has run since 1972, and is currently in need of support.[9][10]His recent research is on the adaptive significance of egg shape in birds, including the common guillemot whose pyriform egg has long been thought to allow it to either spin-like- a-top or roll-in-an-arc to prevent it rolling off the cliff ledge. However, there is no evidence for either of these ideas.[11][12] Instead, Birkhead and colleagues have identified the main advantage of a pyriform shape: stability. The pyriform shape makes the egg inherently more stable, especially on the sloping surfaces on which guillemots commonly breed.[13]","title":"Research and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780125156714","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780125156714"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780121005405","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780121005405"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0121005437","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0121005437"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780123725684","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780123725684"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789004285316","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004285316"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780571193608","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780571193608"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-691-15197-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15197-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7538-1772-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-1772-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7475-9256-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-9256-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7475-9822-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-9822-0"},{"link_name":"British Trust for Ornithology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Trust_for_Ornithology"},{"link_name":"British Birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Birds_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4081-3777-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-3777-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4081-3786-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-3786-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4088-2013-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-2013-1"},{"link_name":"British Trust for Ornithology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Trust_for_Ornithology"},{"link_name":"Royal Society Winton Book Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_Prizes_for_Science_Books"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ju_Lahti_2017_pp._922%E2%80%93924-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4088-5126-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-5126-5"},{"link_name":"Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Zoological Society of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoological_Society_of_London"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"David Attenborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Attenborough"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Wonderful Mr Willughby: The First True Ornithologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wonderful_Mr_Willughby:_The_First_True_Ornithologist"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4088-7850-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-7850-7"},{"link_name":"Birds and Us: A 12,000-Year History from Cave Art to Conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books/about/Birds_and_Us.html?id=4ylgEAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-691-23992-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-23992-7"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Publications","text":"Nettleship, D. N. & Birkhead, T. R. (eds) (1985) The Atlantic Alcidae. Academic Press. pp 574. ISBN 9780125156714\nBirkhead, T. R. & Møller, A. P. (1992). Sperm Competition in Birds: Evolutionary Causes and Consequences. Academic Press. pp. 280. ISBN 9780121005405\nBirkhead, T. R. & Møller A. P. (eds) (1998) Sperm Competition and Sexual Selection. Academic Press. pp 826. ISBN 0121005437\nBirkhead, T. R., Hosken, D. & Pitnick, S. (eds) (2009). Sperm Biology: An Evolutionary Perspective. London: Academic Press. pp 642. ISBN 9780123725684\nBirkhead, T. R. (ed) (2016). Virtuoso by Nature: the Scientific Worlds of Francis Willughby FRS (1635-1672). Brill. pp 439. ISBN 9789004285316\nPromiscuity: An Evolutionary History of Sperm Competition[14]\nPromiscuity (Faber & Faber 2000), ISBN 9780571193608 which makes the concept of post-copulatory sexual selection accessible to the non-specialist.\nTen Thousand Birds: Ornithology since Darwin (Princeton 2014) (with J. Wimpenny and R. Montgomerie),[15] ISBN 978-0-691-15197-7, won the USA Prose Award. PROSE Award (American Publishers Awards for Professional and Scholarly Excellence) for the best book in 2014 in the History of Science, Medicine and Technology category; CHOICE (magazine of the American Library Association) list of Outstanding Academic Titles, 2014 in Zoology; Runner-up for BB/BTO Best Bird Book of 2014.\nThe red canary: the story of the first genetically engineered animal, Phoenix, 2004, ISBN 978-0-7538-1772-8, describes the power of selective breeding and how the interaction between professional scientist and an amateur bird-keeper created the red canary. The book won the Consul Cremer Prize (2003).\nThe Wisdom of Birds: An Illustrated History of Ornithology. Bloomsbury. 2008. ISBN 978-0-7475-9256-3.; Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, ISBN 978-0-7475-9822-0, The book describes how we know what we know about the biology of birds, focussing on evolutionary explanations. The Wisdom of Birds won the Best Bird book of the Year Award (2009) from the British Trust for Ornithology and British Birds.[citation needed]\nThe Magpies: The Ecology and Behaviour of Black-Billed and Yellow-Billed Magpies. A&C Black. 2010. ISBN 978-1-4081-3777-2.\nGreat Auk Islands; a Field Biologist in the Arctic. A & C Black, 2011. 30 October 2010. ISBN 978-1-4081-3786-4.\nBird Sense: What it Is Like to Be a Bird, Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2012, ISBN 978-1-4088-2013-1 was rated best natural history book of 2012 by the Independent and Guardian Newspapers, and was awarded a Best Bird Book of 2012 prize by British Birds and the British Trust for Ornithology, and was short-listed for the Royal Society Winton Book Prize in 2013.[16]\nThe Most Perfect Thing: the Inside (and Outside) of a Bird's Egg, Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2016,[17][18] ISBN 978-1-4088-5126-5 short-listed for the Royal Society Insight Investment Science Book Prize (2016),[19] and winner of the Zoological Society of London's 2017 prize for communicating zoology.[citation needed] David Attenborough described it as ‘Magnificent: science without any high falutin’ technology’.[citation needed]\nThe Wonderful Mr Willughby: The First True Ornithologist, Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2018, ISBN 978-1-4088-7850-7\nBirds and Us: A 12,000-Year History from Cave Art to Conservation, Princeton University Press, 2022.[20] ISBN 978-0-691-23992-7[21]","title":"Research and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Teaching Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Teaching_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ntfs-1"}],"sub_title":"Teaching","text":"Birkhead has combined his enthusiasm for research with a passion for undergraduate teaching. He has taught courses on ecology, evolution, statistics, birds, behavioural ecology, animal behaviour and the history and philosophy of science. His teaching has been recognised by four awards, including a National Teaching Fellowship in 2017.[1]","title":"Research and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peak District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_District"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Biology of Spermatozoa","text":"Starting in 1992 and continuing until 2015 (when he handed over to a steering group) Birkhead organised (with Professor Harry Moore) a small (~60) biennial meeting on reproductive biology in the Peak District National Park known as Biology of Spermatozoa (BoS). Delegates are from a diverse range of backgrounds and include clinicians, reproductive physiologists, andrologists, theoreticians and evolutionary biologists. The format and interdisciplinary nature of the meeting was successful in terms of exchanging ideas, techniques and establishing collaborations.[22]","title":"Research and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Times Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Education"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thes-23"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"Start the Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Start_the_Week"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Paxman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Paxman"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"The Life Scientific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Life_Scientific"},{"link_name":"Jim Al-Khalili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Al-Khalili"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tls-24"},{"link_name":"The Infinite Monkey Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Infinite_Monkey_Cage"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"David Attenborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Attenborough"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Cheltenham Science Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham_Science_Festival"},{"link_name":"Hay on Wye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay_on_Wye"},{"link_name":"TED (conference)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TED_(conference)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Media and Outreach","text":"Between 2002 and 2010 Birkhead had a monthly column in Times Higher Education.[23] His articles were concerned with various aspects of higher education: undergraduate teaching, administration and, occasionally, research.He has written for The Guardian,[citation needed] The Independent,[citation needed] the BBC, The Biologist, Natural History and Evolve.[citation needed]He has featured on numerous BBC Radio 4 programmes, including Start the Week — with Jeremy Paxman;[when?] The Life Scientific with Jim Al-Khalili;[24] The Infinite Monkey Cage in 2018.[citation needed] His book ‘The Most Perfect Thing’ provided the basis for the TV documentary ‘Attenborough’s Eggs’ introduced by David Attenborough (2018).[citation needed] Birkhead has been honorary curator of the Alfred Denny Museum in the University of Sheffield between 1980-2018.[25][26]He has given numerous public lectures, including at Café Scientique, the Cheltenham Science Festival and numerous literary festivals including Ways with Words (Sheffield) and Hay on Wye. His TED (conference) lecture on the history of ornithology has been viewed over 100,000 times.[27]","title":"Research and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McColvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_McColvin"},{"link_name":"Queens University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Fellow of the Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whoswho-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"American Ornithologists Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ornithologists_Union"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press_(OUP)_2012_pp._187%E2%80%93188-28"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Linnaean Society of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaean_Society_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Godman-Salvin Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godman-Salvin_Medal"},{"link_name":"British Ornithologists' Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Ornithologists%27_Union"},{"link_name":"Stephen Jay Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"National Teaching Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Teaching_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"Higher Education Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Education_Academy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ntfs-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Awards and honours","text":"Over the course of his career, Birkhead has received a number of awards:McColvin Medal for best reference book: Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Ornithology in 1991\nPresident, International Society for Behavioural Ecology (1996-1998)\nBrockington Visitorship, Queens University, Canada in 2003[citation needed]\nConsul Cremer Prize for The Red Canary in 2003\nElected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2004[3]\nISIHighlyCited.com - Designated Highly Cited Researcher Plant & Animal Science, 2004[citation needed]\nSenate Award for Sustained Excellence in Teaching, University of Sheffield, 2007.\nAnimal & Plant Sciences ‘Teacher of the Year’, 2009.[citation needed]\nWinner: Bird Book of the Year Award, for The Wisdom of Birds, from the British Trust for Ornithology and British Birds, 2009.\nElected Honorary Member of the American Ornithologists Union, 2010.[citation needed]\nElected Honorary Member of the Linnaean Society of New York, 2011\nElliot Coues Medal, American Ornithologists Union in 2011[citation needed][28]\nASAB (Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour) Medal in 2012[citation needed]\nPresident of the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour 2013-16\nVice-president of the British Trust for Ornithology in 2012[citation needed]\nWinner of the Society for Biology, Bioscience Teacher of the Year, 2013.[29]\nZoological Society of London, Silver Medal, 2014.\nSpallazani Medal, Biology of Spermatozoa community, 2015.\nEisenmann Medal, the Linnaean Society of New York, 2016.[citation needed]\nGodman-Salvin Medal from the British Ornithologists' Union, 2016.\nFounders’ Medal of the Society for the Study of the History of Natural History (SHNH), 2016.\nWinner of the Zoological Society of London’s Award for Communicating Zoology to a general audience for The Most Perfect Thing, 2017.\nStephen Jay Gould Prize for increasing public understanding of evolutionary biology, Evolution Society, 2017.[citation needed]\nAwarded a National Teaching Fellowship by the Higher Education Academy (HEA) in 2017.[1]\nElected Honorary Member of the (Deutschen Ornitholgen-Gesellschaft [DO-G] German Ornithological Society), 2017[citation needed]","title":"Research and career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"The Wisdom of Birds: An Illustrated History of Ornithology. Bloomsbury. 2008. ISBN 978-0-7475-9256-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-9256-3","url_text":"978-0-7475-9256-3"}]},{"reference":"The Magpies: The Ecology and Behaviour of Black-Billed and Yellow-Billed Magpies. A&C Black. 2010. ISBN 978-1-4081-3777-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-3777-2","url_text":"978-1-4081-3777-2"}]},{"reference":"Great Auk Islands; a Field Biologist in the Arctic. A & C Black, 2011. 30 October 2010. ISBN 978-1-4081-3786-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-3786-4","url_text":"978-1-4081-3786-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Professor Tim Birkhead \| Advance HE\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.advance-he.ac.uk/ntfs/professor-tim-birkhead","url_text":"\"Professor Tim Birkhead \| Advance HE\""}]},{"reference":"Birkhead, Timothy Robert (1976). Breeding biology and survival of guillemots (Uria aalge). ora.ox.ac.uk (DPhil thesis). University of Oxford. OCLC 44837387. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.449886 .","urls":[{"url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:05606087-da38-464f-8d70-b7af1ca05451","url_text":"Breeding biology and survival of guillemots (Uria aalge)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44837387","url_text":"44837387"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EThOS","url_text":"EThOS"},{"url":"http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.449886","url_text":"uk.bl.ethos.449886"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access#Free_access"}]},{"reference":"Anon (2005). \"BIRKHEAD, Prof. Timothy Robert\". Who's Who (online Oxford University Press ed.). Oxford: A & C Black. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.10000450.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U10000450","url_text":"\"BIRKHEAD, Prof. Timothy Robert\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)","url_text":"Who's Who"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.10000450","url_text":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.10000450"}]},{"reference":"Anon (2004). \"Professor Tim Birkhead FRS\". London: royalsociety.org. Archived from the original on 23 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151123151212/https://royalsociety.org/people/tim-birkhead-11089/","url_text":"\"Professor Tim Birkhead FRS\""},{"url":"https://royalsociety.org/people/tim-birkhead-11089/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Royal Society Terms, conditions and policies\". Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150925220834/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/","url_text":"\"Royal Society Terms, conditions and policies\""}]},{"reference":"Sheffield, University of (September 2021). \"Professor Tim R Birkhead FRS - Academic Staff & Independent Research Fellows - People - Animal and Plant Sciences - The University of Sheffield\". www.shef.ac.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shef.ac.uk/aps/staff-and-students/acadstaff/birkhead","url_text":"\"Professor Tim R Birkhead FRS - Academic Staff & Independent Research Fellows - People - Animal and Plant Sciences - The University of Sheffield\""}]},{"reference":"Mark Cocker (17 October 2008). \"Flights of fancy\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/oct/18/tim-birkhead-ornithology","url_text":"\"Flights of fancy\""}]},{"reference":"Hemmings, N.; Birkhead, T. R. (7 November 2015). \"Polyspermy in birds: sperm numbers and embryo survival\". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 282 (1818): 20151682. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.1682. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 4650155. PMID 26511048.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4650155","url_text":"\"Polyspermy in birds: sperm numbers and embryo survival\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2015.1682","url_text":"10.1098/rspb.2015.1682"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8452","url_text":"0962-8452"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4650155","url_text":"4650155"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26511048","url_text":"26511048"}]},{"reference":"Birkhead, Tim (23 October 2014). \"Stormy outlook for long-term ecology studies\". Nature. 514 (7523): 405. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..405B. doi:10.1038/514405a. PMID 25341754.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F514405a","url_text":"\"Stormy outlook for long-term ecology studies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.514..405B","url_text":"2014Natur.514..405B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F514405a","url_text":"10.1038/514405a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25341754","url_text":"25341754"}]},{"reference":"Anon. \"Read Tim's story\". justgiving.com. Retrieved 8 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justgiving.com/fundraising/guillemotsskomer","url_text":"\"Read Tim's story\""}]},{"reference":"Birkhead, Tim R.; Thompson, Jamie E.; Biggins, John D. (1 July 2017). \"Egg shape in the Common Guillemot Uria aalge and Brunnich's Guillemot U. lomvia: not a rolling matter?\" (PDF). Journal of Ornithology. 158 (3): 679–685. doi:10.1007/s10336-017-1437-8. ISSN 2193-7192. S2CID 9084008.","urls":[{"url":"http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112880/1/TRB%20et%20all%20G%20eggs%202.pdf","url_text":"\"Egg shape in the Common Guillemot Uria aalge and Brunnich's Guillemot U. lomvia: not a rolling matter?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Ornithology","url_text":"Journal of Ornithology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10336-017-1437-8","url_text":"10.1007/s10336-017-1437-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2193-7192","url_text":"2193-7192"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9084008","url_text":"9084008"}]},{"reference":"\"Vulgar errors – the point of a Guillemot's egg - British Birds\". britishbirds.co.uk. Retrieved 8 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://britishbirds.co.uk/article/vulgar-errors-point-guillemots-egg/","url_text":"\"Vulgar errors – the point of a Guillemot's egg - British Birds\""}]},{"reference":"Birkhead, Tim R.; Thompson, Jamie E.; Montgomerie, Robert (1 October 2018). \"The pyriform egg of the Common Murre (Uria aalge) is more stable on sloping surfacesEl huevo piriforme de Uria aalge es más estable en superficies inclinadasCommon Murre egg shape and stability\". The Auk. 135 (4): 1020–1032. doi:10.1642/AUK-18-38.1. ISSN 0004-8038. S2CID 92507158.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1642%2FAUK-18-38.1","url_text":"\"The pyriform egg of the Common Murre (Uria aalge) is more stable on sloping surfacesEl huevo piriforme de Uria aalge es más estable en superficies inclinadasCommon Murre egg shape and stability\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1642%2FAUK-18-38.1","url_text":"10.1642/AUK-18-38.1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-8038","url_text":"0004-8038"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:92507158","url_text":"92507158"}]},{"reference":"Promiscuity: An Evolutionary History of Sperm Competition. Harvard University Press. 2002. ISBN 978-0-674-00666-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00666-9","url_text":"978-0-674-00666-9"}]},{"reference":"Bodio, Stephen J. (Summer 2014). \"Book Review: 'Ten Thousand Birds: Ornithology since Darwin by Tim Birkhead, Jo Wimpenny, and Bob Montgomerie\". Living Bird Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/book-review-ten-thousand-birds-ornithology-since-darwin-by-tim-birkhead-jo-wimpenny-and-bob-montgomerie/#","url_text":"\"Book Review: 'Ten Thousand Birds: Ornithology since Darwin by Tim Birkhead, Jo Wimpenny, and Bob Montgomerie\""}]},{"reference":"Ju, Chenghui; Lahti, David C. (2017). \"The Most Perfect Thing: Inside (and Outside) a Bird's Egg by Tim Birkhead. 2016. Bloomsbury, New York, NY, USA. xvi + 304 pp., 15 color and 3 black-and-white photographs. $27 (hardcover). ISBN 978-1632863690\". The Auk. 134 (4). Oxford University Press (OUP): 922–924. doi:10.1642/auk-17-112.1. ISSN 0004-8038.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1642%2Fauk-17-112.1","url_text":"\"The Most Perfect Thing: Inside (and Outside) a Bird's Egg by Tim Birkhead. 2016. Bloomsbury, New York, NY, USA. xvi + 304 pp., 15 color and 3 black-and-white photographs. $27 (hardcover). ISBN 978-1632863690\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1642%2Fauk-17-112.1","url_text":"10.1642/auk-17-112.1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-8038","url_text":"0004-8038"}]},{"reference":"Preston, Alex (17 April 2016). \"Review of The Most Perfect Thing: Inside (and Outside) a Bird's Egg by Tim Birkhead\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Preston_(author)","url_text":"Preston, Alex"},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/apr/17/most-perfect-thing-inside-birds-egg-tim-birkhead-review-alex-preston","url_text":"\"Review of The Most Perfect Thing: Inside (and Outside) a Bird's Egg by Tim Birkhead\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shortlist for The Royal Society Insight Investment Science Book Prize 2016 unveiled\". royalsociety.org. Retrieved 22 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://royalsociety.org/news/2016/08/shortlist-for-science-book-prize-2016-unveiled/","url_text":"\"Shortlist for The Royal Society Insight Investment Science Book Prize 2016 unveiled\""}]},{"reference":"Freeman, Frank (17 December 2022). \"Review: 'Birds and Us,' by Tim Birkhead\". Star Tribune. Minnesota.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.startribune.com/review-birds-and-us-by-tim-birkhead/600236396/","url_text":"\"Review: 'Birds and Us,' by Tim Birkhead\""}]},{"reference":"\"Review of Birds and Us by Tim Birkhead\". Kirkus Reviews. 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/tim-birkhead/birds-and-us/","url_text":"\"Review of Birds and Us by Tim Birkhead\""}]},{"reference":"\"BoS \| Biology of Spermatozoa meetings\". www.bos.group.shef.ac.uk. Retrieved 8 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bos.group.shef.ac.uk/","url_text":"\"BoS \| Biology of Spermatozoa meetings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tim Birkhead\". 4 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=400029","url_text":"\"Tim Birkhead\""}]},{"reference":"Al-Khalili, Jim (2017). \"Tim Birkhead on bird promiscuity\". bbc.co.uk. BBC. Retrieved 8 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Al-Khalili","url_text":"Al-Khalili, Jim"},{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b098j5l3","url_text":"\"Tim Birkhead on bird promiscuity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"Sheffield, University of. \"Alfred Denny Museum - Alfred Denny Museum - The University of Sheffield\". www.shef.ac.uk. Retrieved 8 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shef.ac.uk/alfred-denny-museum","url_text":"\"Alfred Denny Museum - Alfred Denny Museum - The University of Sheffield\""}]},{"reference":"The University of Sheffield (10 February 2017), Aisha's Letter, retrieved 8 January 2018","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ca9NCtXgN-c","url_text":"Aisha's Letter"}]},{"reference":"Birkhead, Tim (26 September 2010), The early birdwatchers, retrieved 8 January 2018","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ted.com/talks/tim_birkhead_the_wisdom_of_birds","url_text":"The early birdwatchers"}]},{"reference":"\"Elliott Coues Award, 2011\". The Auk. 129 (1). Oxford University Press (OUP): 187–188. 2012. doi:10.1525/auk.2012.129.1.187. ISSN 0004-8038.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fauk.2012.129.1.187","url_text":"\"Elliott Coues Award, 2011\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fauk.2012.129.1.187","url_text":"10.1525/auk.2012.129.1.187"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-8038","url_text":"0004-8038"}]},{"reference":"Sheffield, University of. \"Professor named top of the class - Latest - News - The University of Sheffield\". shef.ac.uk. Retrieved 8 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://shef.ac.uk/news/nr/tim-birkhead-%20bioscience-teacher-%20society-%20biology-1.269973","url_text":"\"Professor named top of the class - Latest - News - The University of Sheffield\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:05606087-da38-464f-8d70-b7af1ca05451","external_links_name":"Breeding biology and survival of guillemots ("},{"Link":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:05606087-da38-464f-8d70-b7af1ca05451","external_links_name":"Uria aalge)"},{"Link":"http://www.shef.ac.uk/aps/staff-and-students/acadstaff/birkhead","external_links_name":"www.shef.ac.uk/aps/staff-and-students/acadstaff/birkhead"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books/about/Birds_and_Us.html?id=4ylgEAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Birds and Us: A 12,000-Year History from Cave Art to Conservation"},{"Link":"https://www.advance-he.ac.uk/ntfs/professor-tim-birkhead","external_links_name":"\"Professor Tim Birkhead \| Advance HE\""},{"Link":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:05606087-da38-464f-8d70-b7af1ca05451","external_links_name":"Breeding biology and survival of guillemots (Uria aalge)"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44837387","external_links_name":"44837387"},{"Link":"http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.449886","external_links_name":"uk.bl.ethos.449886"},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U10000450","external_links_name":"\"BIRKHEAD, Prof. Timothy Robert\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.10000450","external_links_name":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.10000450"},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/page/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151123151212/https://royalsociety.org/people/tim-birkhead-11089/","external_links_name":"\"Professor Tim Birkhead FRS\""},{"Link":"https://royalsociety.org/people/tim-birkhead-11089/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150925220834/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/","external_links_name":"\"Royal Society Terms, conditions and policies\""},{"Link":"http://www.shef.ac.uk/aps/staff-and-students/acadstaff/birkhead","external_links_name":"\"Professor Tim R Birkhead FRS - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_right	Forward (association football)	["1 Centre-forward","2 Striker","3 Second striker","4 Inside forward","5 Outside forward","6 Winger","7 False 9","8 Target forward","9 Striker combinations","10 Defensive capabilities","11 See also","12 References"]	Football position The forward (no. 10, in red) is past the defender (no. 16, in white) and is about to take a shot at the goal. The goalkeeper will try to stop the forward from scoring a goal by preventing the ball from passing the goal line. In the sport of association football, a forward (attacker or striker) is an outfield position which primarily plays further up the pitch than midfielders and defenders. As with any attacking player, the role of the forward relies heavily on being able to create space for attack. Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players. Attacking positions generally favour direct players who take on the defense of the opponent in order to create scoring chances, where they benefit from a lack of predictability in attacking play. Modern team formations normally include one to three forwards. For example, the common 4–2–3–1 includes one forward. Less conventional formations may include more than three forwards, or sometimes none. Centre-forward Brazilian striker Ronaldo (middle, in white) taking a shot at goal. A multi-functional forward, he has influenced a generation of strikers who followed. The traditional role of a centre-forward is to score the majority of goals on behalf of the team. If they are tall and physical players, with good heading ability, the player may also be used to get onto the end of crosses, win long balls, or receive passes and retain possession of the ball with their back to goal as teammates advance, in order to provide depth for their team or help teammates score by providing a pass ('through ball' into the box), the latter variation usually requiring quicker pace and good movement, in addition to finishing ability. Most modern centre-forwards operate in front of the second strikers or central attacking midfielders, and do the majority of the ball handling outside the box. The present role of a centre-forward is sometimes interchangeable with that of an attacking midfielder or second striker, however, especially in the 4–3–1–2 or 4–1–2–1–2 formations. The term centre-forward is taken from the earlier football playing formations, such as the 2–3–5, in which there were five forward players: two outside forwards, two inside forwards, and one centre-forward. The term "target forward" is often used interchangeably with that of a centre-forward, but usually describes a particular type of striker, who is usually a tall and physically strong player, who is adept at heading the ball; their main role is to win high balls in the air, hold up the ball, and create chances for other members of the team, in addition to possibly scoring many goals themselves. However, the two terms are not necessarily synonymous, with the target forward having developed into a more specialised role, while the centre-forward description is more broad, encompassing many types of forwards. When numbers were introduced in the 1933 English FA Cup final, one of the two centre-forwards that day wore the number 9 – Everton's Dixie Dean, a strong, powerful forward who had set the record for the most goals scored in a season in English football during the 1927–28 season. The number would then become synonymous with the centre-forward position (only worn that day because one team was numbered 1–11 whilst the other was numbered 12–22). Striker Gabriel Batistuta holding his old number 9 Fiorentina jersey. The number most associated with the position, he was an out and out striker. The role of a striker is rather different from that of a traditional centre-forward, although the terms centre-forward and striker are used interchangeably at times, as both play further up the field than other players, while tall, heavy and technical players, like Zlatan Ibrahimović, and Edin Džeko, have qualities which are suited to both positions. Like the centre-forward, the traditional role of a striker is to score goals; strikers are therefore known for their ability to peel off defenders and to run into space via the blind side of the defender and to receive the ball in a good goalscoring position, as typified by Ronaldo and Thierry Henry. They are typically fast players with good ball control and dribbling abilities. Shorter statured, more agile strikers like Michael Owen, Romario, Dries Mertens, Sergio Agüero, and Paulo Dybala have an advantage over taller defenders due to their short bursts of speed. Good strikers should be able to shoot confidently with either foot, possess great power and accuracy, and have the ability to link-up with teammates and pass the ball under pressure in breakaway situations. While many strikers wear the number 9 shirt, such as Alan Shearer, an out and out striker, the position, to a lesser degree, is also associated with the number 10, which is frequently worn by more creative deep-lying forwards such as Pelé, and occasionally with numbers 7 and 11, which are often associated with wingers. Second striker Wayne Rooney, shown wearing the number 10 jersey, was used at Manchester United as a second striker on many occasions, playing behind the number 9. Deep-lying forwards or second strikers have a long history in the game, but the terminology to describe their playing activity has varied over the years. Originally such players were termed inside forwards, creative or deep-lying centre-forwards ("sub forwards"). More recently, the role has occasionally been colloquially referred to as the centre-forward role, however, two more variations of this old type of player have developed: the second, or shadow, or support, or auxiliary striker and, in what is in fact a distinct position unto its own, the number 10; the former role is exemplified by players such as Dennis Bergkamp (who would play just behind the striker Thierry Henry at Arsenal), Alessandro Del Piero at Juventus, Youri Djorkaeff at Inter Milan, or Teddy Sheringham at Tottenham Hotspur. Other creative offensive players who play further back, such as Diego Maradona, Ronaldinho, Kaká, Rivaldo, Michael Laudrup, and Zinedine Zidane are often instead described as the "number 10", and usually operate as an attacking midfielder or advanced playmaker. The second striker position is a loosely defined and most often misunderstood description of a player positioned in a free role, somewhere between the out-and-out striker, whether the player is a "target man" or more of a "poacher", and the number 10 or attacking midfielder, while possibly showing some of the characteristics of both. In fact, a term coined by French advanced playmaker Michel Platini, the "nine-and-a-half", which he used to describe the playing role of his successor in the number 10 role at Juventus, Italian playmaker Roberto Baggio, has been an attempt to become a standard in defining the position. Conceivably, a number 10 can alternate as a second-striker provided that the player is also a prolific goalscorer; otherwise, a mobile forward with good technical ability (dribbling skills and ball control), acceleration, vision, passing, and link-up play, who can receive the ball and retain possession, in addition to being capable of scoring goals and creating opportunities for a less versatile centre-forward, is more suited to playing in the second striker role. This player should also be able to position themselves well in order to receive passes and subsequently either create or finish off a goalscoring opportunity. They should also be capable of finishing well with either foot as well as their head (which is less common, seeing as many second strikers are diminutive creative players), as this will lead to a good scoring percentage on attempts on goal and give their team an advantage offensively. Although they are often deployed in a free role, and given "licence to roam", and either run forward, or drop further back in order to pick up the ball in deeper areas, giving them more time and space in possession, second or support strikers do not tend to get as involved in the orchestration of attacks as the number 10, nor do they bring as many other players into play, since they do not share the burden of responsibility, functioning predominantly in a supporting role as assist providers. In Italy, this role is known as a "rifinitore", "mezzapunta", or "seconda punta", whereas in Brazil, it is known as "segundo atacante" or "ponta-de-lança". Inside forward 2–3–5 formation: the inside forwards (red) flank the centre-forward. The position of inside forward was popularly used in the late nineteenth and first half of the twentieth centuries. The inside forwards would support the centre-forward, running and making space in the opposition defence, and, as the passing game developed, supporting him with passes. The role is broadly analogous to the "hole" or second striker position in the modern game, although here, there were two such players, known as inside right and inside left. WM formation: the inside forwards (red) occupy a more withdrawn position supporting the centre-forward and outside right and left. In early 2–3–5 formations the inside-forwards would flank the centre-forward on both sides. With the rise of the WM formation, the inside forwards were brought back to become attacking midfielders, supplying balls to the centre-forward and the two attacking outside forwards – known as the outside right and outside left. In Italian football jargon, the inside forward was initially occasionally known as a mezzala (literally "half-winger", not to be confused with wing-half); however, the use of this particular term to describe inside forwards is now obsolete, as the mezzala label was later reapplied to describe the role of offensive-minded central midfielders in Italian football, while the inside forward role was instead labelled as "interno" ("internal", in Italian) in Italian football in subsequent years. In today's game, inside forwards have been pushed up front to become either out-and-out attackers or false-9s, or out wide to wingers (in a 4–3–3 formation), or they have even been switched to a deeper position in which they are required to drop back to link-up with the midfield, while also supporting another striker playing alongside them up front (in a 4–4–2 formation). Many teams still employ one of their strikers in this latter more withdrawn role as a support forward for the main striker, in a role broadly similar to the inside forward. Outside forward Vittorio Pozzo's Metodo system from the 1930s featured attacking wingers or outside forwards. An outside forward plays as the advanced forward on the right or left wing – as an outside right or outside left, typically as part of a 2–3–5 formation or one of its variants. As football tactics have largely developed, and wingers have dropped back to become midfielders, the terminology has changed and "outside forward" has become a historical term. Many commentators and football analysts still refer to the wing positions as "outside right" and "outside left". Such players in the modern era have been labelled "wing forwards", particularly when the two wingers play high up the pitch in a 4–3–3 or similar formation, where the front 3 attacking players have 3 central midfielders behind them. A wing forward who is known for cutting inside and shooting can have the term "inverted winger" used interchangeably. The responsibilities of an outside forward include but are not limited to: Scoring: their first option should be to shoot, while their second option should be to find another way to create a goal opportunity for the team. Passing: when they run into a shooting angle that is unlikely to become a goal, they must find a way to pass the ball to the middle of the penalty box area allowing the centre-forwards to finish the job. Crossing: a main job of outside players, or players in the wide areas, especially forwards is their ability to cross the ball to the middle of the field in front of the goal for the central players to score from Due to these responsibilities some of the most important attributes include: Good dribbling and circumventing defenders Speed as a necessity to produce effective counter-attacks Technical ability to strike a ball Quickness in deception to pass a defender Striking technique to get on the end of crosses from wide players of the opposing side Winger Main article: Midfielder § Winger Cristiano Ronaldo has been deployed as an inverted winger. A winger is an offensive player located in a wide position near the touchlines. They can be classified as forwards, considering their origin as the old "outside-forward" position, and continue to be termed as such in most parts of the world, especially in Latin and Dutch football cultures. However, in the British game (in which the 4–4–2 formation and its variants are most commonly used) they are usually counted as part of the midfield. It is a winger's duty to beat opposing full-backs, deliver cut-backs or crosses from wide positions and, to a lesser extent, to beat defenders and score from close range. They are usually some of the quickest players in the team and usually have good dribbling skills as well. In Dutch, Spanish and Portuguese usage, the defensive duties of the winger have been usually confined to pressing the opposition fullbacks when they have the ball. Otherwise, a winger will drop closer to the midfield to make themself available, should their team win back the ball. An inverted winger, Mohamed Salah plays on the right wing, a position which allows him to cut inside to his stronger left foot. In British and other northern European styles of football, the wide-midfielder is expected to track back all the way to their own corner flag should their full-back require help, and also to track back their marker, as well as tucking into the midfield when the more central players are trying to pressure the opposition for the ball. This is a large responsibility for attack-orientated players, and particularly those like Joaquín (winger/wide midfielder), or Ryan Giggs (winger/striker), and John Barnes (winger/central midfielder), who lack the physical attributes of a wing-back or of a more orthodox midfield player. As these players grow older and lose their natural pace, they are frequently redeployed as "number 10s" between the midfield and the forward line, where their well-honed ball control, technical skills, ability to create chances, and improved reading of the game in the final third can serve to improve their teams' attacking options in tight spaces. An example is Inter Milan's use of veteran Luís Figo behind one or two other attackers, either as a second striker or in a playmaking role as an attacking midfielder. In recent years there has been a trend of playing inverted wingers – wide players stationed on the 'wrong' side of the pitch, in order to enable them to cut inside and shoot on their stronger foot and sometimes provide in-swinging crosses. This tactic was used by Frank Rijkaard, who, whilst at Barcelona, moved Lionel Messi from the left flank onto the right wing, initially against the player's wishes. This allowed him to cut into the centre and shoot or cross with his left foot. Another example of a successful inverted winger partnership was Bayern Munich's pairing of the left-footed Arjen Robben alongside the right-footed Franck Ribéry, on the right and left flanks respectively. A description that has been used in the media to label a variation upon the inverted winger position is that of an "attacking", "false", or "goalscoring winger", as exemplified by Cristiano Ronaldo and Gareth Bale's roles on the left and right flank during their time at Real Madrid in particular. This label has been used to describe an offensive-minded inverted winger, who will seemingly operate out wide on paper, but who instead will be given the freedom to make unmarked runs into more advanced central areas inside the penalty area, in order to get on the end of passes and crosses and score goals, effectively functioning as a striker. This role is somewhat comparable to what is known as the raumdeuter role in German football jargon (literally "space interpreter"), as exemplified by Thomas Müller, namely an attacking-minded wide player, who will move into central areas in order to find spaces from which he can receive passes and score or assist goals. The "false winger" or "seven-and-a-half" is instead a label which has been used to describe a type of player who normally plays centrally, but who instead is deployed out wide on paper; during the course of a match, however, they will move inside and operate in the centre of the pitch, in order to drag defenders out of position, congest the midfield and give their team a numerical advantage in this area, so that they can dominate possession in the middle of the pitch and create chances for the forwards; this position also leaves space for full-backs to make overlapping attacking runs up the flank. Samir Nasri, who has been deployed in this role, once described it as that of a "non-axial playmaker". On occasion, the role of an offensive winger can also be occupied by a different type of player. For example, certain managers have been known to use a "wide target man" on the wing, namely a large and physical player who usually plays as a centre-forward, and who will attempt to win aerial challenges and hold up the ball on the flank, or drag full-backs out of position. Jostein Flo epitomizes this role so much so that a tactic was named after him – Flo Pass. Egil Olsen, while managing the Norway national football team, positioned Flo, usually a centre-forward, on the right flank to exploit the opposition full-backs' lack of aerial abilities. Another example is Mario Mandžukić, a natural centre-forward, who was used on the left flank under manager Massimiliano Allegri at Juventus during the 2016–17 season, as well as the following season. Unlike wide target men of earlier eras, Mandžukić was also tasked with pressing opposing players. Romelu Lukaku has also been used in this role on occasion. False 9 Lionel Messi (front, no. 10) has been a proponent of the false 9 position to much success in recent years. A false 9, similar to a more advanced attacking midfielder/playmaker role, is an unconventional lone striker or centre-forward, who drops deep into midfield. The purpose of this is that it creates a problem for opposing centre-backs who can either follow the false 9, leaving space behind them for onrushing midfielders, forwards or wingers to exploit, or leaving the false 9 to have time and space to dribble or pick out a pass. The term comes from the traditional number for centre-forwards (nine), and the fact that normally a centre-forward traditionally stayed near the line of defenders until they got an opportunity to move past them toward goal. Key attributes for a false 9 are similar to those of a deep-lying striker: dribbling ability to take advantage of space between the lines, good short passing ability to link up with the midfield and vision to play through teammates making runs from deep to goal. The first false 9 in a World Cup was Juan Peregrino Anselmo in the Uruguay national team, although he could not play the match against Argentina in the 1930 World Cup due to injury. Matthias Sindelar was the false 9 of the Wunderteam, the Austria national team, in 1934. In South America, in 1941, River Plate's La Máquina team started using the left winger Adolfo Pedernera as a man of reference. When Pedernera transferred to Atlanta, a young Alfredo Di Stéfano took his place. A false 9 was also utilised by Hungary at the beginning of the 1950s, with striker Nándor Hidegkuti acting in the role as a deep-lying centre forward. In 1953, English football was astounded by the Hungarian team which beat England 6–3 at Wembley Stadium. The Revie Plan was a variation on the tactics used by the Hungarians, involving Don Revie playing as a deep-lying centre-forward. Revie started attacks by coming into the centre of the field to receive the ball, drawing the opposing centre-half out of position. The role can also be compared to the false role in which Hidegkuti operated. The system was first implemented by the Manchester City reserve team, who using the system went unbeaten for the last 26 games of the 1953–54 season. Before the start of the 1954–55 season, Manchester City manager Les McDowall called his team into pre-season training two weeks early to try the new tactic. Manchester City lost their first game using the system 5–0, but as the players became more used to the system it started to become more successful. Using the system Manchester City reached the 1955 FA Cup Final, but lost to Newcastle United 3–1. The following year City again reached the final where they played Birmingham City, this time winning 3–1. Throughout his career, Johan Cruyff was often deployed in a free role as a centre-forward with Ajax, Barcelona, and the Netherlands in the 1970s in Rinus Michels's fluid 1–3–3–3 formation, which was a key and trademark feature of the manager's total football system; although Cruyff was a prolific goalscorer in this position, he also frequently dropped deep to confuse his markers and orchestrate attacks, or moved out onto the wing in order to create space for other teammates' runs, which has led certain pundits to compare this role retroactively as a precursor to the modern false 9 role. Michael Laudrup was occasionally used as a lone centre-forward in Johan Cruyff's Barcelona Dream Team, a role which was similar to that of the modern false 9 role. Roma under manager Luciano Spalletti used Francesco Totti, nominally an attacking midfielder or trequartista, up-front in an innovative "4–6–0" formation in the mid-2000s; this was met with a run of 11 consecutive victories. At Euro 2012, Spain manager Vicente del Bosque, although sometimes deploying Fernando Torres as a traditional striker, often used Cesc Fàbregas as a false 9 in several matches, including the final. By the end of 2012, the false 9 had gone "mainstream" with many clubs employing a version of the system. Barcelona's Lionel Messi has been an epitome of the false 9 position to much success in recent years, first under coach Pep Guardiola and later under his successor Tito Vilanova. Brazilian forward Roberto Firmino was later also successfully used in the false 9 position under manager Jürgen Klopp at Liverpool. One approach to stop false 9s has been to create congestion in the midfield by bringing several players back into a more defensive role in an attempt to deny them space needed to create plays, notably in José Mourinho's "parking the bus" strategy. In Italian football jargon, this role is historically known as the centravanti di manovra (which literally translates to "manoeuvring centre-forward"), due to the player's tendency to move freely and participate the build-up of attacking plays. Target forward Didier Drogba (blue, no. 11), who often played as a target forward throughout his career, was known for his ability to hold up the ball, as demonstrated during the 2012 UEFA Champions League final against Bayern Munich. The term "target forward" or "target man" is often used to describe a particular type of striker or centre-forward whose main role is to win high balls in the air, hold up the ball, and create chances for other members of the team in addition to scoring goals themselves. These players are usually tall and physically strong, adept at heading the ball, and capable of playing with their back to goal in the final third of the pitch. Some of the most high-profile examples of this type of players in modern football include Olivier Giroud and Fernando Llorente, both World Cup winners, with the former having played the entire tournament as a starting line-up forward tasked primarily with pressing, counter-pressing, winning high or loose balls, and providing key passes to quicker and more agile teammates, namely Antoine Griezmann or Kylian Mbappé. Another example of a striker who played in this position is Didier Drogba. However, not any tall and/or physically strong player feels comfortable in the role of a "target man", despite having all the necessary features. Such forwards as Zlatan Ibrahimović, Romelu Lukaku, and Erling Haaland have all rejected the term when applied to specifically them, with Ibrahimović preferring to be described as an attacking all-rounder, while Lukaku and Haaland have said to favour poaching goals rather than physical play. As stated above, the target forward is a player who does not run or look to make runs as compared to other forwards. Typically they are strong, tall, and physical players. Usually, the build-up play of a target forward will often consist of one of the following options: firstly, the goalkeeper will either launch a long kick or distribute the ball to a central defender or full-back. From there, the defender will play a long ball to the striker, either in the air or ground. The target forward usually has perfected their ability to provide first touches of the ball on all areas of the body. They will control the ball and provide holdup, which allows their teammates to transition forward. From here, they may create more opportunities such as passing the ball backwards and creating space by moving around defenders, making combination plays with a "false 9", midfielders, or wingers, or turning and facing the goal and attempting to score by dribbling or shooting. Because of their strength and physicality, target forwards may be defended against by man-to-man marking. Sometimes the central defender of the opposing team will be of similar strength and height, which makes the matchup more evenly based. Due to this man-to-man marking, target forwards are often fouled and receive many calls from the referee. Striker combinations Paris Saint-Germain's MNM strike team of Kylian Mbappé (no. 7), Lionel Messi (no. 30) and Neymar (no. 10) The Edin Džeko (blue, no. 10) and Sergio Agüero (no. 16) duo for Manchester City (2011–2015) is a recent example of a striker partnership made up of a taller and more physically imposing player combined with a shorter and technically gifted partner. Strike teams consist of two or more strikers who work together. The history of football has been filled with many effective combinations. Three-man teams often operate in "triangles", giving a wealth of attacking options. Four-man packages expand options even more. Strikers must also be flexible, and be able to switch roles at a moment's notice, between the first (advanced penetrator position), second (deep-lying manoeuvre) and third (support and expansion, e.g. wings) attacker roles. Another example was the Total Football played by the Dutch team in the 70s, where the ability of their players, and in particular Johan Cruyff, to swap positions allowed a flexible attacking approach which opposition teams found difficult to effectively mark. In a two-player front line, it is common for two forwards who complement one another to be paired together; for example, former Italy manager Cesare Maldini often used a large, physical, and prolific player as a traditional centre-forward – such as Christian Vieri – alongside a smaller, faster, creative and more technical player as a second striker – such as Roberto Baggio or Alessandro Del Piero. Alex Morgan (no. 13) and Abby Wambach (no. 14); Morgan and Wambach combined for 55 goals in 2012 – matching a 21-year-old record set in 1991 by Michelle Akers (39 goals) and Carin Jennings (16 goals) as the most goals scored by any duo in U.S. women's team history. Another similar example of an effective partnership at international level was that of Alex Morgan and Abby Wambach with the United States national team, who scored a combined 55 goals in 2012, matching a 21-year-old record set in 1991 by Michelle Akers (39 goals) and Carin Jennings (16 goals) as the most goals scored by any duo in U.S. WNT history. One of the most prolific forward combinations in the history of the game was the front three of Barcelona, Lionel Messi, Luis Suárez and Neymar, dubbed MSN. On average they scored a goal every 45 minutes – two goals per game from the three forwards. The trio scored a record-breaking 131 goals in one season for Barcelona during 2015–16. In 2017, Kylian Mbappé, Neymar, and Edinson Cavani scored a record-breaking number of goals for Paris Saint-Germain in the Champions League group stage. The next year, the Liverpool attacking quartet of Roberto Firmino, Mohamed Salah, Sadio Mané and Philippe Coutinho, dubbed the "Fab Four" (in reference to the Beatles), contributed to a record-breaking 47 goals for a single Champions League season. MSN is known to be one of the most successful striker combinations in the history of football. However, BBC was often compared as the same elite level of forwards. The combination consisted of Karim Benzema, Gareth Bale, and Cristiano Ronaldo. During the height of their success with Spanish team Real Madrid, they were frequently compared to MSN. The two striker combinations played on long time rivals teams Real Madrid and Barcelona, both of which are considered some of the best football clubs of all time. Of the prolific trio, Karim Benzema typically played the center forward position, while Ronaldo and Bale played as inverted or outside forwards, so they were able to cut into the center with their dominant side. Between the two trios Lionel Messi has won the most Ballon d'Or trophies, while Cristiano Ronaldo has won the second most of these trophies, at 5. BBC rivaled MSN throughout the 2010s in the La Liga, as well as the UEFA Champions League. Defensive capabilities Although the striker is mainly an offensive position in many cases, they still play critical roles for defense that are often overlooked. Strikers can be involved in tactics such as high-pressing, cutting out passing lanes, defending set pieces, and tracking back (mostly for wingers). For high-pressure, this tactic is employed when the opposing team without the ball will defend the team all the way to their back line of defenders so that they have little area to pass or perform play buildup. Strikers will usually be at the forefront of this high-pressing movement and will attempt to direct ball movement. As part of this high-pressing technique, they can also cut out passing lanes. This means that they will position their bodies in-between an outside defender and central defender or midfielders and center defenders so that the opposing player is not able to pass the ball or make a play. By performing this method, they can effectively force the opposing team to one area of the pitch and create better opportunities for the opposing team to turn the ball over. They are heavily used in the "delay, coverage, balance, and concentration principles of football" through a variety of methods. According to the delay principle of defense in football is the idea that players should disturb the ball holder and block passing lanes, which is done in high-pressing and closing down. Closing down is the ability of a player to very quickly start defending the opposing player with the ball. 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"ANALYSIS-Soccer-Van Gaal's tactical wits edge battle of the bosses". Reuters. Retrieved 15 April 2020. ^ Murray, Andrew (16 August 2016). "The long read: Guardiola's 16-point blueprint for dominance - his methods, management and tactics". FourFourTwo. Retrieved 15 April 2020. ^ Ndiyo, David (3 August 2017). "Julian Weigl: The Modern Day Regista". Medium. Retrieved 15 April 2020. ^ McNicholas, James (1 July 2015). "The Tactical Evolution of Arsenal Midfielder Santi Cazorla". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 17 May 2020. ^ Homewood, Brian (10 May 2017). "Versatile Mandzukic becomes Juve's secret weapon". Reuters. Retrieved 15 April 2020. ^ "Understanding roles in Football Manager (and real life) (part 1)". Medium. 13 May 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2020. ^ a b "Football Tactics for Beginners: The False 9". The False 9 – Football Tactics Simplified. 20 December 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2017. ^ "Building the Ideal False Nine for the Modern Era". Bleacher Report. 16 May 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2014. ^ Tighe, Sam (12 May 2020). "The engine driver of La Máquina and El Ballet Azul". Fifa. Retrieved 17 April 2022. ^ a b Tighe, Sam (26 October 2012). "9 Best False Nines in World Football History". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 17 April 2022. ^ a b Tighe, Sam (8 October 2013). "Complete Guide to the False 9 and Who Plays It Best". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 17 April 2022. ^ Smith, Rory (19 February 2014). "A change of formation". ESPN FC. Retrieved 17 June 2020. ^ "The Revie final: how the Don glowed quietly for Manchester City". The Guardian. 13 May 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2012. ^ Hay, Phil; Urquhart, Joe (26 May 2019). "30 years on - Leeds United legend Don Revie remembered in pictures". Yorkshire Evening Post. Retrieved 17 June 2020. ^ "World Cup: 25 stunning moments … No25: the Cruyff Turn is born in 1974". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 June 2014. ^ Blackwell, Jordan (5 May 2019). "Rodgers aims to follow Guardiola on Johan Cruyff's path". Leicester Mercury. Retrieved 10 October 2021. ^ "Great Team Tactics: Francesco Totti, Roma and the First False Nine". Bleacher Report. 6 December 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2014. ^ "La Lazio continua a vincere: le altre serie di vittorie consecutive in A" . Sky Sport Italia (in Italian). 18 January 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2023. ^ "5 The football tactical trends of 2012". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 January 2019. ^ FIFA.com. "FIFA Club World Cup 2019 – News – What makes Liverpool tick? – FIFA.com". www.fifa.com. ^ Balice, Nicola (4 December 2019). "Dopo Belotti, la B del Toro è Berenguer". Il Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 9 April 2020. ^ Vocalelli, Alessandro (4 December 2019). "La riscoperta del vero n.9". Tutto Sport (in Italian). Retrieved 9 April 2020. ^ Li, Martin (30 June 2012). "Didier Drogba: Striker's Time in Chelsea Was Special". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 15 May 2021. ^ Nolan, Ryan (6 June 2012). "Didier Drogba: 5 Reasons Real Madrid Shouldn't Sign the Ivorian". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 15 May 2021. ^ Fifield, Dominic (29 April 2011). "The real Didier Drogba is back, mean and motivated for Chelsea". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 May 2021. ^ "Watch: Erling Haaland's interview with Jan Age Fjortoft after his Borussia Dortmund debut hat-trick heroics". Bundesliga. Retrieved 21 June 2021. ^ Jones, Robyn; Tranter, Tom (1999). Soccer Strategies: Defensive and Attacking Strategies. Library of Congress. ISBN 1-890946-32-X. ^ Banks, Marcus (18 November 2019). "Dzeko explains why he wasn't always happy playing for Man City". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 15 May 2021. ^ "FIFA Classic Player: Cruyff. The Netherlands' Grand Master". FIFA.com. Retrieved 13 August 2018 ^ Longman, Jeré (15 June 2015). "Alex Morgan and Abby Wambach Renew Partnership and Revive U.S. Hopes". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 November 2019. ^ "Abby Wambach, Alex Morgan form impressive duo for US women". The Boston Herald. 8 December 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2020. ^ "MOTD Kickabout - 7 of MSN's most mind-boggling stats". BBC. Retrieved 2 August 2019. ^ "Messi, Suárez and Neymar Jr end season with 131 goals". FC Barcelona. Retrieved 2 August 2019. ^ "Paris Saint-Germain smash group stage record". UEFA. 5 December 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2019. ^ "Liverpool end season with Champions League goals record". UEFA. Retrieved 27 December 2019. ^ Castañer, Marta; Barreira, Daniel; Camerino, Oleguer; Anguera, M. Teresa; Fernandes, Tiago; Hileno, Raúl (2017). "Mastery in Goal Scoring, T-Pattern Detection, and Polar Coordinate Analysis of Motor Skills Used by Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo". Frontiers in Psychology. 8: 741. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00741. PMC 5427849. PMID 28553245. ^ Andeson, Christopher J.; Arrondel, Luc; Blais, André; Daoust, Jean-François; Laslier, Jean-François; Van der Straeten, Karine (2019). "Messi, Ronaldo, and the Politics of Celebrity Elections: Voting for the Best Soccer Player in the World". Perspectives on Politics. 18: 91–110. doi:10.1017/S1537592719002391. S2CID 159085102. Retrieved 15 October 2023. ^ Matsuoka, Hiroki; Tahara, Yasuhiro; Ando, Kozue; Nishijima, Takahiko (2020). "Development of Criterion-referenced Measurement Items for Soccer Defensive Tactical Play from Tracking Data". Football Science. 17. doi:10.57547/jssfenfs.17.1_29. Retrieved 15 October 2023. ^ Mota, Tomás; Silva, Rui; Clemente, Filipe Manuel (2023). "Holistic soccer profile by position: a theoretical framework". Human Movement. 24: 4–20. doi:10.5114/hm.2023.110751. S2CID 244650565. Retrieved 15 October 2023. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Association football forwards.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Football_in_Bloomington,_Indiana,_1995.jpg"},{"link_name":"defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"goalkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"outfield position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_association_football_terms#O"},{"link_name":"midfielders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"defenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Modern team formations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"4–2–3–1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(association_football)#4%E2%80%932%E2%80%933%E2%80%931"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The forward (no. 10, in red) is past the defender (no. 16, in white) and is about to take a shot at the goal. The goalkeeper will try to stop the forward from scoring a goal by preventing the ball from passing the goal line.In the sport of association football, a forward (attacker or striker) is an outfield position which primarily plays further up the pitch than midfielders and defenders. As with any attacking player, the role of the forward relies heavily on being able to create space for attack.[1] Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players.Attacking positions generally favour direct players who take on the defense of the opponent in order to create scoring chances, where they benefit from a lack of predictability in attacking play. Modern team formations normally include one to three forwards. For example, the common 4–2–3–1 includes one forward.[2] Less conventional formations may include more than three forwards, or sometimes none.[3][4]","title":"Forward (association football)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ronaldo_Real_Madrid.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ronaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronaldo_(Brazilian_footballer)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"long balls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ball"},{"link_name":"teammates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_sport"},{"link_name":"box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_area_(football)"},{"link_name":"attacking midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacking_midfielder"},{"link_name":"formations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"outside forwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_forward"},{"link_name":"inside forwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_forward"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-targetManRef1-6"},{"link_name":"numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squad_number_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"English FA Cup final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_FA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Everton's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dixie Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Dean"},{"link_name":"English football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_England"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sports.yahoo.com-7"}],"text":"Brazilian striker Ronaldo (middle, in white) taking a shot at goal. A multi-functional forward, he has influenced a generation of strikers who followed.[5]The traditional role of a centre-forward is to score the majority of goals on behalf of the team. If they are tall and physical players, with good heading ability, the player may also be used to get onto the end of crosses, win long balls, or receive passes and retain possession of the ball with their back to goal as teammates advance, in order to provide depth for their team or help teammates score by providing a pass ('through ball' into the box), the latter variation usually requiring quicker pace and good movement, in addition to finishing ability. Most modern centre-forwards operate in front of the second strikers or central attacking midfielders, and do the majority of the ball handling outside the box. The present role of a centre-forward is sometimes interchangeable with that of an attacking midfielder or second striker, however, especially in the 4–3–1–2 or 4–1–2–1–2 formations. The term centre-forward is taken from the earlier football playing formations, such as the 2–3–5, in which there were five forward players: two outside forwards, two inside forwards, and one centre-forward. The term \"target forward\" is often used interchangeably with that of a centre-forward, but usually describes a particular type of striker, who is usually a tall and physically strong player, who is adept at heading the ball; their main role is to win high balls in the air, hold up the ball, and create chances for other members of the team, in addition to possibly scoring many goals themselves. However, the two terms are not necessarily synonymous, with the target forward having developed into a more specialised role, while the centre-forward description is more broad, encompassing many types of forwards.[6]When numbers were introduced in the 1933 English FA Cup final, one of the two centre-forwards that day wore the number 9 – Everton's Dixie Dean, a strong, powerful forward who had set the record for the most goals scored in a season in English football during the 1927–28 season. The number would then become synonymous with the centre-forward position (only worn that day because one team was numbered 1–11 whilst the other was numbered 12–22).[7]","title":"Centre-forward"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omar_Batistuta.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Batistuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Batistuta"},{"link_name":"Fiorentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina"},{"link_name":"Zlatan Ibrahimović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatan_Ibrahimovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Edin Džeko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edin_D%C5%BEeko"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ronaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronaldo_(Brazilian_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Thierry Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Henry"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Michael Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Owen"},{"link_name":"Romario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romario"},{"link_name":"Dries Mertens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dries_Mertens"},{"link_name":"Sergio Agüero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Ag%C3%BCero"},{"link_name":"Paulo Dybala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_Dybala"},{"link_name":"shoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Alan Shearer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Shearer"},{"link_name":"number 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squad_number_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Pelé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pel%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sports.yahoo.com-7"}],"text":"Gabriel Batistuta holding his old number 9 Fiorentina jersey. The number most associated with the position, he was an out and out striker.The role of a striker is rather different from that of a traditional centre-forward, although the terms centre-forward and striker are used interchangeably at times, as both play further up the field than other players, while tall, heavy and technical players, like Zlatan Ibrahimović, and Edin Džeko, have qualities which are suited to both positions.[8] Like the centre-forward, the traditional role of a striker is to score goals; strikers are therefore known for their ability to peel off defenders and to run into space via the blind side of the defender and to receive the ball in a good goalscoring position, as typified by Ronaldo and Thierry Henry.[9] They are typically fast players with good ball control and dribbling abilities. Shorter statured, more agile strikers like Michael Owen, Romario, Dries Mertens, Sergio Agüero, and Paulo Dybala have an advantage over taller defenders due to their short bursts of speed.Good strikers should be able to shoot confidently with either foot, possess great power and accuracy, and have the ability to link-up with teammates and pass the ball under pressure in breakaway situations. While many strikers wear the number 9 shirt, such as Alan Shearer, an out and out striker, the position, to a lesser degree, is also associated with the number 10, which is frequently worn by more creative deep-lying forwards such as Pelé, and occasionally with numbers 7 and 11, which are often associated with wingers.[7]","title":"Striker"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wayne_Rooney_144855.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wayne Rooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Rooney"},{"link_name":"jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mancini:_THE_NUMBER_10-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-question-13"},{"link_name":"Dennis Bergkamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Bergkamp"},{"link_name":"Thierry Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Henry"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Del Piero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Del_Piero"},{"link_name":"Juventus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventus_FC"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Youri Djorkaeff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youri_Djorkaeff"},{"link_name":"Inter Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_Milan"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-musica-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coppia-18"},{"link_name":"Teddy Sheringham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy_Sheringham"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shed_no_tears_for_Teddy-19"},{"link_name":"Diego Maradona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Maradona"},{"link_name":"Ronaldinho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronaldinho"},{"link_name":"Kaká","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kak%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Rivaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivaldo"},{"link_name":"Michael Laudrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Laudrup"},{"link_name":"Zinedine Zidane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinedine_Zidane"},{"link_name":"attacking midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder#Attacking_midfielder"},{"link_name":"playmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playmaker"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-question-13"},{"link_name":"Michel Platini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Platini"},{"link_name":"Roberto Baggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Baggio"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"dribbling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dribbling#Association_football"},{"link_name":"creating opportunities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passing_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alla_Zidane-21"},{"link_name":"assist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(football)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Platini:_Baggio,_Il_Fu_Nove_E_Mezzo-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Wayne Rooney, shown wearing the number 10 jersey, was used at Manchester United as a second striker on many occasions, playing behind the number 9.[10]Deep-lying forwards or second strikers have a long history in the game, but the terminology to describe their playing activity has varied over the years. Originally such players were termed inside forwards, creative or deep-lying centre-forwards (\"sub forwards\"). More recently, the role has occasionally been colloquially referred to as the centre-forward role, however, two more variations of this old type of player have developed: the second, or shadow, or support, or auxiliary striker and, in what is in fact a distinct position unto its own, the number 10;[11][12][13] the former role is exemplified by players such as Dennis Bergkamp (who would play just behind the striker Thierry Henry at Arsenal),[14] Alessandro Del Piero at Juventus,[15] Youri Djorkaeff at Inter Milan,[16][17][18] or Teddy Sheringham at Tottenham Hotspur.[19] Other creative offensive players who play further back, such as Diego Maradona, Ronaldinho, Kaká, Rivaldo, Michael Laudrup, and Zinedine Zidane are often instead described as the \"number 10\", and usually operate as an attacking midfielder or advanced playmaker.[13]The second striker position is a loosely defined and most often misunderstood description of a player positioned in a free role, somewhere between the out-and-out striker, whether the player is a \"target man\" or more of a \"poacher\", and the number 10 or attacking midfielder, while possibly showing some of the characteristics of both. In fact, a term coined by French advanced playmaker Michel Platini, the \"nine-and-a-half\", which he used to describe the playing role of his successor in the number 10 role at Juventus, Italian playmaker Roberto Baggio, has been an attempt to become a standard in defining the position.[20] Conceivably, a number 10 can alternate as a second-striker provided that the player is also a prolific goalscorer; otherwise, a mobile forward with good technical ability (dribbling skills and ball control), acceleration, vision, passing, and link-up play, who can receive the ball and retain possession, in addition to being capable of scoring goals and creating opportunities for a less versatile centre-forward, is more suited to playing in the second striker role. This player should also be able to position themselves well in order to receive passes and subsequently either create or finish off a goalscoring opportunity. They should also be capable of finishing well with either foot as well as their head (which is less common, seeing as many second strikers are diminutive creative players),[21] as this will lead to a good scoring percentage on attempts on goal and give their team an advantage offensively. Although they are often deployed in a free role, and given \"licence to roam\", and either run forward, or drop further back in order to pick up the ball in deeper areas, giving them more time and space in possession, second or support strikers do not tend to get as involved in the orchestration of attacks as the number 10, nor do they bring as many other players into play, since they do not share the burden of responsibility, functioning predominantly in a supporting role as assist providers.[22][23] In Italy, this role is known as a \"rifinitore\", \"mezzapunta\", or \"seconda punta\",[24][25] whereas in Brazil, it is known as \"segundo atacante\"[26] or \"ponta-de-lança\".[27]","title":"Second striker"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2-3-5_(pyramid).svg"},{"link_name":"\"hole\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder#Attacking_midfielder"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Football_Formation_-_WM.png"},{"link_name":"2–3–5 formations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(association_football)#2%E2%80%933%E2%80%935_(Pyramid)"},{"link_name":"WM formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(association_football)#WM"},{"link_name":"outside forwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winger_(sports)"},{"link_name":"mezzala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder#Mezzala"},{"link_name":"wing-half","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing-half"},{"link_name":"central midfielders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder#Central_midfielder"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"false-9s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#False_9"},{"link_name":"4–3–3 formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(association_football)#4%E2%80%933%E2%80%933"},{"link_name":"4–4–2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(association_football)#4%E2%80%934%E2%80%932"}],"text":"2–3–5 formation: the inside forwards (red) flank the centre-forward.The position of inside forward was popularly used in the late nineteenth and first half of the twentieth centuries. The inside forwards would support the centre-forward, running and making space in the opposition defence, and, as the passing game developed, supporting him with passes. The role is broadly analogous to the \"hole\" or second striker position in the modern game, although here, there were two such players, known as inside right and inside left.WM formation: the inside forwards (red) occupy a more withdrawn position supporting the centre-forward and outside right and left.In early 2–3–5 formations the inside-forwards would flank the centre-forward on both sides. With the rise of the WM formation, the inside forwards were brought back to become attacking midfielders, supplying balls to the centre-forward and the two attacking outside forwards – known as the outside right and outside left. In Italian football jargon, the inside forward was initially occasionally known as a mezzala (literally \"half-winger\", not to be confused with wing-half); however, the use of this particular term to describe inside forwards is now obsolete, as the mezzala label was later reapplied to describe the role of offensive-minded central midfielders in Italian football, while the inside forward role was instead labelled as \"interno\" (\"internal\", in Italian) in Italian football in subsequent years.[28][29][30]In today's game, inside forwards have been pushed up front to become either out-and-out attackers or false-9s, or out wide to wingers (in a 4–3–3 formation), or they have even been switched to a deeper position in which they are required to drop back to link-up with the midfield, while also supporting another striker playing alongside them up front (in a 4–4–2 formation). Many teams still employ one of their strikers in this latter more withdrawn role as a support forward for the main striker, in a role broadly similar to the inside forward.","title":"Inside forward"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Metodo_(ENG).png"},{"link_name":"Vittorio Pozzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Pozzo"},{"link_name":"2–3–5 formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(association_football)#2%E2%80%933%E2%80%935_(Pyramid)"},{"link_name":"midfielders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"}],"text":"Vittorio Pozzo's Metodo system from the 1930s featured attacking wingers or outside forwards.An outside forward plays as the advanced forward on the right or left wing – as an outside right or outside left, typically as part of a 2–3–5 formation or one of its variants. As football tactics have largely developed, and wingers have dropped back to become midfielders, the terminology has changed and \"outside forward\" has become a historical term. Many commentators and football analysts still refer to the wing positions as \"outside right\" and \"outside left\". Such players in the modern era have been labelled \"wing forwards\", particularly when the two wingers play high up the pitch in a 4–3–3 or similar formation, where the front 3 attacking players have 3 central midfielders behind them. A wing forward who is known for cutting inside and shooting can have the term \"inverted winger\" used interchangeably.The responsibilities of an outside forward include but are not limited to:Scoring: their first option should be to shoot, while their second option should be to find another way to create a goal opportunity for the team.\nPassing: when they run into a shooting angle that is unlikely to become a goal, they must find a way to pass the ball to the middle of the penalty box area allowing the centre-forwards to finish the job.\nCrossing: a main job of outside players, or players in the wide areas, especially forwards is their ability to cross the ball to the middle of the field in front of the goal for the central players to score fromDue to these responsibilities some of the most important attributes include:Good dribbling and circumventing defenders\nSpeed as a necessity to produce effective counter-attacks\nTechnical ability to strike a ball\nQuickness in deception to pass a defender\nStriking technique to get on the end of crosses from wide players of the opposing side","title":"Outside forward"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ronaldo_vs._FC_Schalke_04_(16854146922).jpg"},{"link_name":"Cristiano Ronaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo"},{"link_name":"full-backs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Full-back"},{"link_name":"crosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohamed_Salah_Ghaly.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Salah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Salah"},{"link_name":"Joaquín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_(footballer,_born_1981)"},{"link_name":"Ryan Giggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Giggs"},{"link_name":"John Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barnes"},{"link_name":"Inter Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_Milan"},{"link_name":"Luís Figo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Figo"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"inverted wingers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverted_Winger"},{"link_name":"shoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Frank Rijkaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Rijkaard"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Lionel Messi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Messi"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Bayern Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern_Munich"},{"link_name":"Arjen Robben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjen_Robben"},{"link_name":"Franck Ribéry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franck_Rib%C3%A9ry"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Cristiano Ronaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo"},{"link_name":"Gareth Bale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Bale"},{"link_name":"striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Striker"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Thomas Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Samir Nasri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samir_Nasri"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Jostein Flo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jostein_Flo"},{"link_name":"Flo Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flo_Pass"},{"link_name":"Egil Olsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egil_Olsen"},{"link_name":"Norway national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mario Mandžukić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Mand%C5%BEuki%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Massimiliano Allegri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimiliano_Allegri"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Romelu Lukaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romelu_Lukaku"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM1-48"}],"text":"Cristiano Ronaldo has been deployed as an inverted winger.A winger is an offensive player located in a wide position near the touchlines. They can be classified as forwards, considering their origin as the old \"outside-forward\" position, and continue to be termed as such in most parts of the world, especially in Latin and Dutch football cultures. However, in the British game (in which the 4–4–2 formation and its variants are most commonly used) they are usually counted as part of the midfield.It is a winger's duty to beat opposing full-backs, deliver cut-backs or crosses from wide positions and, to a lesser extent, to beat defenders and score from close range. They are usually some of the quickest players in the team and usually have good dribbling skills as well. In Dutch, Spanish and Portuguese usage, the defensive duties of the winger have been usually confined to pressing the opposition fullbacks when they have the ball. Otherwise, a winger will drop closer to the midfield to make themself available, should their team win back the ball.An inverted winger, Mohamed Salah plays on the right wing, a position which allows him to cut inside to his stronger left foot.In British and other northern European styles of football, the wide-midfielder is expected to track back all the way to their own corner flag should their full-back require help, and also to track back their marker, as well as tucking into the midfield when the more central players are trying to pressure the opposition for the ball. This is a large responsibility for attack-orientated players, and particularly those like Joaquín (winger/wide midfielder), or Ryan Giggs (winger/striker), and John Barnes (winger/central midfielder), who lack the physical attributes of a wing-back or of a more orthodox midfield player. As these players grow older and lose their natural pace, they are frequently redeployed as \"number 10s\" between the midfield and the forward line, where their well-honed ball control, technical skills, ability to create chances, and improved reading of the game in the final third can serve to improve their teams' attacking options in tight spaces. An example is Inter Milan's use of veteran Luís Figo behind one or two other attackers, either as a second striker or in a playmaking role as an attacking midfielder.[31]In recent years there has been a trend of playing inverted wingers – wide players stationed on the 'wrong' side of the pitch, in order to enable them to cut inside and shoot on their stronger foot and sometimes provide in-swinging crosses. This tactic was used by Frank Rijkaard, who, whilst at Barcelona, moved Lionel Messi from the left flank onto the right wing, initially against the player's wishes. This allowed him to cut into the centre and shoot or cross with his left foot.[32] Another example of a successful inverted winger partnership was Bayern Munich's pairing of the left-footed Arjen Robben alongside the right-footed Franck Ribéry, on the right and left flanks respectively.[33]A description that has been used in the media to label a variation upon the inverted winger position is that of an \"attacking\", \"false\", or \"goalscoring winger\", as exemplified by Cristiano Ronaldo and Gareth Bale's roles on the left and right flank during their time at Real Madrid in particular. This label has been used to describe an offensive-minded inverted winger, who will seemingly operate out wide on paper, but who instead will be given the freedom to make unmarked runs into more advanced central areas inside the penalty area, in order to get on the end of passes and crosses and score goals, effectively functioning as a striker.[34][35][36][37][38] This role is somewhat comparable to what is known as the raumdeuter role in German football jargon (literally \"space interpreter\"), as exemplified by Thomas Müller, namely an attacking-minded wide player, who will move into central areas in order to find spaces from which he can receive passes and score or assist goals.[39]The \"false winger\" or \"seven-and-a-half\" is instead a label which has been used to describe a type of player who normally plays centrally, but who instead is deployed out wide on paper; during the course of a match, however, they will move inside and operate in the centre of the pitch, in order to drag defenders out of position, congest the midfield and give their team a numerical advantage in this area, so that they can dominate possession in the middle of the pitch and create chances for the forwards; this position also leaves space for full-backs to make overlapping attacking runs up the flank. Samir Nasri, who has been deployed in this role, once described it as that of a \"non-axial playmaker\".[40][41][42][43][44][45][46]On occasion, the role of an offensive winger can also be occupied by a different type of player. For example, certain managers have been known to use a \"wide target man\" on the wing, namely a large and physical player who usually plays as a centre-forward, and who will attempt to win aerial challenges and hold up the ball on the flank, or drag full-backs out of position. Jostein Flo epitomizes this role so much so that a tactic was named after him – Flo Pass. Egil Olsen, while managing the Norway national football team, positioned Flo, usually a centre-forward, on the right flank to exploit the opposition full-backs' lack of aerial abilities. Another example is Mario Mandžukić, a natural centre-forward, who was used on the left flank under manager Massimiliano Allegri at Juventus during the 2016–17 season, as well as the following season. Unlike wide target men of earlier eras, Mandžukić was also tasked with pressing opposing players.[47] Romelu Lukaku has also been used in this role on occasion.[48]","title":"Winger"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leo_Messi_v_Granada_2014.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lionel Messi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Messi"},{"link_name":"centre-backs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Centre-back"},{"link_name":"defenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thefalse9.com-49"},{"link_name":"Juan Peregrino Anselmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Peregrino_Anselmo"},{"link_name":"Uruguay national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1930 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Matthias Sindelar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Sindelar"},{"link_name":"Austria national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"La Máquina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_M%C3%A1quina"},{"link_name":"Adolfo Pedernera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Pedernera"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Alfredo Di Stéfano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Di_St%C3%A9fano"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Nándor Hidegkuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1ndor_Hidegkuti"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-false9History-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-false9Best-53"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"6–3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_v_Hungary_(1953)"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Revie Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revie_Plan"},{"link_name":"Don Revie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Revie"},{"link_name":"centre-half","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-half"},{"link_name":"1953–54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953%E2%80%9354_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"1954–55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954%E2%80%9355_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Les McDowall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_McDowall"},{"link_name":"1955 FA Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_FA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Newcastle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Birmingham City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_City"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Johan Cruyff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Cruyff"},{"link_name":"Rinus Michels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinus_Michels"},{"link_name":"total football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Football"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-false9History-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-false9Best-53"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turn-57"},{"link_name":"Michael Laudrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Laudrup"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Roma"},{"link_name":"Luciano Spalletti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_Spalletti"},{"link_name":"Francesco Totti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Totti"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Euro 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_men%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Vicente del Bosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_del_Bosque"},{"link_name":"Fernando Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Torres"},{"link_name":"Cesc Fàbregas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesc_F%C3%A0bregas"},{"link_name":"the final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012_Final"},{"link_name":"Lionel Messi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Messi"},{"link_name":"Pep Guardiola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pep_Guardiola"},{"link_name":"Tito Vilanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Vilanova"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Roberto Firmino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Firmino"},{"link_name":"Jürgen Klopp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Klopp"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"José Mourinho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mourinho"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thefalse9.com-49"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"text":"Lionel Messi (front, no. 10) has been a proponent of the false 9 position to much success in recent years.A false 9, similar to a more advanced attacking midfielder/playmaker role, is an unconventional lone striker or centre-forward, who drops deep into midfield. The purpose of this is that it creates a problem for opposing centre-backs who can either follow the false 9, leaving space behind them for onrushing midfielders, forwards or wingers to exploit, or leaving the false 9 to have time and space to dribble or pick out a pass. The term comes from the traditional number for centre-forwards (nine), and the fact that normally a centre-forward traditionally stayed near the line of defenders until they got an opportunity to move past them toward goal.[49] Key attributes for a false 9 are similar to those of a deep-lying striker: dribbling ability to take advantage of space between the lines, good short passing ability to link up with the midfield and vision to play through teammates making runs from deep to goal.The first false 9 in a World Cup was Juan Peregrino Anselmo in the Uruguay national team, although he could not play the match against Argentina in the 1930 World Cup due to injury. Matthias Sindelar was the false 9 of the Wunderteam, the Austria national team, in 1934.[50] In South America, in 1941, River Plate's La Máquina team started using the left winger Adolfo Pedernera as a man of reference. When Pedernera transferred to Atlanta, a young Alfredo Di Stéfano took his place.[51] A false 9 was also utilised by Hungary at the beginning of the 1950s, with striker Nándor Hidegkuti acting in the role as a deep-lying centre forward.[52][53] In 1953, English football was astounded by the Hungarian team which beat England 6–3 at Wembley Stadium. The Revie Plan was a variation on the tactics used by the Hungarians, involving Don Revie playing as a deep-lying centre-forward. Revie started attacks by coming into the centre of the field to receive the ball, drawing the opposing centre-half out of position. The role can also be compared to the false role in which Hidegkuti operated. The system was first implemented by the Manchester City reserve team, who using the system went unbeaten for the last 26 games of the 1953–54 season. Before the start of the 1954–55 season, Manchester City manager Les McDowall called his team into pre-season training two weeks early to try the new tactic. Manchester City lost their first game using the system 5–0, but as the players became more used to the system it started to become more successful. Using the system Manchester City reached the 1955 FA Cup Final, but lost to Newcastle United 3–1. The following year City again reached the final where they played Birmingham City, this time winning 3–1.[54][55][56]Throughout his career, Johan Cruyff was often deployed in a free role as a centre-forward with Ajax, Barcelona, and the Netherlands in the 1970s in Rinus Michels's fluid 1–3–3–3 formation, which was a key and trademark feature of the manager's total football system; although Cruyff was a prolific goalscorer in this position, he also frequently dropped deep to confuse his markers and orchestrate attacks, or moved out onto the wing in order to create space for other teammates' runs, which has led certain pundits to compare this role retroactively as a precursor to the modern false 9 role.[52][53][57]Michael Laudrup was occasionally used as a lone centre-forward in Johan Cruyff's Barcelona Dream Team, a role which was similar to that of the modern false 9 role.[58]Roma under manager Luciano Spalletti used Francesco Totti, nominally an attacking midfielder or trequartista, up-front in an innovative \"4–6–0\" formation in the mid-2000s;[59] this was met with a run of 11 consecutive victories.[60]At Euro 2012, Spain manager Vicente del Bosque, although sometimes deploying Fernando Torres as a traditional striker, often used Cesc Fàbregas as a false 9 in several matches, including the final. By the end of 2012, the false 9 had gone \"mainstream\" with many clubs employing a version of the system. Barcelona's Lionel Messi has been an epitome of the false 9 position to much success in recent years, first under coach Pep Guardiola and later under his successor Tito Vilanova.[61] Brazilian forward Roberto Firmino was later also successfully used in the false 9 position under manager Jürgen Klopp at Liverpool.[62]One approach to stop false 9s has been to create congestion in the midfield by bringing several players back into a more defensive role in an attempt to deny them space needed to create plays, notably in José Mourinho's \"parking the bus\" strategy.[49]In Italian football jargon, this role is historically known as the centravanti di manovra (which literally translates to \"manoeuvring centre-forward\"), due to the player's tendency to move freely and participate the build-up of attacking plays.[63][64]","title":"False 9"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tymoshchuk_Drogba.jpg"},{"link_name":"Didier Drogba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didier_Drogba"},{"link_name":"2012 UEFA Champions League final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_UEFA_Champions_League_final"},{"link_name":"Bayern Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-targetManRef1-6"},{"link_name":"Olivier Giroud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Giroud"},{"link_name":"Fernando Llorente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Llorente"},{"link_name":"World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Antoine Griezmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Griezmann"},{"link_name":"Kylian Mbappé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylian_Mbapp%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Didier Drogba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didier_Drogba"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Zlatan Ibrahimović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatan_Ibrahimovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Romelu Lukaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romelu_Lukaku"},{"link_name":"Erling Haaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erling_Haaland"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"man-to-man marking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marking_(association_football)"}],"text":"Didier Drogba (blue, no. 11), who often played as a target forward throughout his career, was known for his ability to hold up the ball, as demonstrated during the 2012 UEFA Champions League final against Bayern Munich.The term \"target forward\" or \"target man\" is often used to describe a particular type of striker or centre-forward whose main role is to win high balls in the air, hold up the ball, and create chances for other members of the team in addition to scoring goals themselves.[6] These players are usually tall and physically strong, adept at heading the ball, and capable of playing with their back to goal in the final third of the pitch. Some of the most high-profile examples of this type of players in modern football include Olivier Giroud and Fernando Llorente, both World Cup winners, with the former having played the entire tournament as a starting line-up forward tasked primarily with pressing, counter-pressing, winning high or loose balls, and providing key passes to quicker and more agile teammates, namely Antoine Griezmann or Kylian Mbappé. Another example of a striker who played in this position is Didier Drogba.[65][66][67] However, not any tall and/or physically strong player feels comfortable in the role of a \"target man\", despite having all the necessary features. Such forwards as Zlatan Ibrahimović, Romelu Lukaku, and Erling Haaland have all rejected the term when applied to specifically them, with Ibrahimović preferring to be described as an attacking all-rounder, while Lukaku and Haaland have said to favour poaching goals rather than physical play.[68]As stated above, the target forward is a player who does not run or look to make runs as compared to other forwards. Typically they are strong, tall, and physical players. Usually, the build-up play of a target forward will often consist of one of the following options: firstly, the goalkeeper will either launch a long kick or distribute the ball to a central defender or full-back. From there, the defender will play a long ball to the striker, either in the air or ground. The target forward usually has perfected their ability to provide first touches of the ball on all areas of the body. They will control the ball and provide holdup, which allows their teammates to transition forward. From here, they may create more opportunities such as passing the ball backwards and creating space by moving around defenders, making combination plays with a \"false 9\", midfielders, or wingers, or turning and facing the goal and attempting to score by dribbling or shooting.[69] Because of their strength and physicality, target forwards may be defended against by man-to-man marking. Sometimes the central defender of the opposing team will be of similar strength and height, which makes the matchup more evenly based. Due to this man-to-man marking, target forwards are often fouled and receive many calls from the referee.","title":"Target forward"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mbappe_Messi_Neymar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paris Saint-Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kylian Mbappé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylian_Mbapp%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Lionel Messi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Messi"},{"link_name":"Neymar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neymar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dzeko_kickoff.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edin Džeko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edin_D%C5%BEeko"},{"link_name":"Sergio Agüero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Ag%C3%BCero"},{"link_name":"Manchester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Total Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Football"},{"link_name":"Johan Cruyff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Cruyff"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Cesare Maldini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Maldini"},{"link_name":"centre-forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Centre-forward"},{"link_name":"Christian Vieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Vieri"},{"link_name":"second striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Second_striker"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alla_Zidane-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olympic_women%27s_soccer_final_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alex Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Abby Wambach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abby_Wambach"},{"link_name":"Michelle Akers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Akers"},{"link_name":"Carin Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carin_Jennings"},{"link_name":"U.S. women's team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Alex Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Abby Wambach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abby_Wambach"},{"link_name":"United States national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Michelle Akers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Akers"},{"link_name":"Carin Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carin_Jennings"},{"link_name":"U.S. WNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Lionel Messi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Messi"},{"link_name":"Luis Suárez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Su%C3%A1rez"},{"link_name":"Neymar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neymar"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_FC_Barcelona_season"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Kylian Mbappé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylian_Mbapp%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Neymar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neymar"},{"link_name":"Edinson Cavani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinson_Cavani"},{"link_name":"Paris Saint-Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C."},{"link_name":"Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"Roberto Firmino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Firmino"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Salah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Salah"},{"link_name":"Sadio Mané","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadio_Man%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Philippe Coutinho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Coutinho"},{"link_name":"the Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Karim Benzema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim_Benzema"},{"link_name":"Gareth Bale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Bale"},{"link_name":"Cristiano Ronaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Karim Benzema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim_Benzema"},{"link_name":"Ronaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo"},{"link_name":"Bale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Bale"},{"link_name":"Lionel Messi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Messi"},{"link_name":"Ballon d'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballon_d%27Or"},{"link_name":"Cristiano Ronaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"}],"text":"Paris Saint-Germain's MNM strike team of Kylian Mbappé (no. 7), Lionel Messi (no. 30) and Neymar (no. 10)The Edin Džeko (blue, no. 10) and Sergio Agüero (no. 16) duo for Manchester City (2011–2015) is a recent example of a striker partnership made up of a taller and more physically imposing player combined with a shorter and technically gifted partner.[70]Strike teams consist of two or more strikers who work together. The history of football has been filled with many effective combinations. Three-man teams often operate in \"triangles\", giving a wealth of attacking options. Four-man packages expand options even more. Strikers must also be flexible, and be able to switch roles at a moment's notice, between the first (advanced penetrator position), second (deep-lying manoeuvre) and third (support and expansion, e.g. wings) attacker roles.Another example was the Total Football played by the Dutch team in the 70s, where the ability of their players, and in particular Johan Cruyff, to swap positions allowed a flexible attacking approach which opposition teams found difficult to effectively mark.[71]In a two-player front line, it is common for two forwards who complement one another to be paired together; for example, former Italy manager Cesare Maldini often used a large, physical, and prolific player as a traditional centre-forward – such as Christian Vieri – alongside a smaller, faster, creative and more technical player as a second striker – such as Roberto Baggio or Alessandro Del Piero.[21]Alex Morgan (no. 13) and Abby Wambach (no. 14); Morgan and Wambach combined for 55 goals in 2012 – matching a 21-year-old record set in 1991 by Michelle Akers (39 goals) and Carin Jennings (16 goals) as the most goals scored by any duo in U.S. women's team history.Another similar example of an effective partnership at international level was that of Alex Morgan and Abby Wambach with the United States national team, who scored a combined 55 goals in 2012, matching a 21-year-old record set in 1991 by Michelle Akers (39 goals) and Carin Jennings (16 goals) as the most goals scored by any duo in U.S. WNT history.[72][73]One of the most prolific forward combinations in the history of the game was the front three of Barcelona, Lionel Messi, Luis Suárez and Neymar, dubbed MSN. On average they scored a goal every 45 minutes – two goals per game from the three forwards.[74] The trio scored a record-breaking 131 goals in one season for Barcelona during 2015–16.[75] In 2017, Kylian Mbappé, Neymar, and Edinson Cavani scored a record-breaking number of goals for Paris Saint-Germain in the Champions League group stage.[76] The next year, the Liverpool attacking quartet of Roberto Firmino, Mohamed Salah, Sadio Mané and Philippe Coutinho, dubbed the \"Fab Four\" (in reference to the Beatles), contributed to a record-breaking 47 goals for a single Champions League season.[77]MSN is known to be one of the most successful striker combinations in the history of football. However, BBC was often compared as the same elite level of forwards. The combination consisted of Karim Benzema, Gareth Bale, and Cristiano Ronaldo. During the height of their success with Spanish team Real Madrid, they were frequently compared to MSN. The two striker combinations played on long time rivals teams Real Madrid and Barcelona,[78] both of which are considered some of the best football clubs of all time. Of the prolific trio, Karim Benzema typically played the center forward position, while Ronaldo and Bale played as inverted or outside forwards, so they were able to cut into the center with their dominant side. Between the two trios Lionel Messi has won the most Ballon d'Or trophies, while Cristiano Ronaldo has won the second most of these trophies, at 5.[79] BBC rivaled MSN throughout the 2010s in the La Liga, as well as the UEFA Champions League.","title":"Striker combinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"}],"text":"Although the striker is mainly an offensive position in many cases, they still play critical roles for defense that are often overlooked. Strikers can be involved in tactics such as high-pressing, cutting out passing lanes, defending set pieces, and tracking back (mostly for wingers). For high-pressure, this tactic is employed when the opposing team without the ball will defend the team all the way to their back line of defenders so that they have little area to pass or perform play buildup. Strikers will usually be at the forefront of this high-pressing movement and will attempt to direct ball movement. As part of this high-pressing technique, they can also cut out passing lanes. This means that they will position their bodies in-between an outside defender and central defender or midfielders and center defenders so that the opposing player is not able to pass the ball or make a play. By performing this method, they can effectively force the opposing team to one area of the pitch and create better opportunities for the opposing team to turn the ball over. They are heavily used in the \"delay, coverage, balance, and concentration principles of football\" through a variety of methods. According to the delay principle of defense in football is the idea that players should disturb the ball holder and block passing lanes, which is done in high-pressing and closing down. Closing down is the ability of a player to very quickly start defending the opposing player with the ball. This usually falls under the concentration principle of football, so strikers must be able to start defending the opposing team very high up in the opposing half.[80] Although many believe strikers are not very involved in defensive strategies, they greatly help with \"gathering defense to protect vital zones from progression of offensive actions, direct play to less vital zones, and allow for a regain of ball possession.\"[81]","title":"Defensive capabilities"}]	[{"image_text":"The forward (no. 10, in red) is past the defender (no. 16, in white) and is about to take a shot at the goal. The goalkeeper will try to stop the forward from scoring a goal by preventing the ball from passing the goal line.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Football_in_Bloomington%2C_Indiana%2C_1995.jpg/220px-Football_in_Bloomington%2C_Indiana%2C_1995.jpg"},{"image_text":"Brazilian striker Ronaldo (middle, in white) taking a shot at goal. A multi-functional forward, he has influenced a generation of strikers who followed.[5]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ronaldo_Real_Madrid.jpg/220px-Ronaldo_Real_Madrid.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gabriel Batistuta holding his old number 9 Fiorentina jersey. The number most associated with the position, he was an out and out striker.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Omar_Batistuta.jpg/170px-Omar_Batistuta.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wayne Rooney, shown wearing the number 10 jersey, was used at Manchester United as a second striker on many occasions, playing behind the number 9.[10]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wayne_Rooney_144855.jpg/170px-Wayne_Rooney_144855.jpg"},{"image_text":"2–3–5 formation: the inside forwards (red) flank the centre-forward.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/2-3-5_%28pyramid%29.svg/100px-2-3-5_%28pyramid%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"WM formation: the inside forwards (red) occupy a more withdrawn position supporting the centre-forward and outside right and left.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Football_Formation_-_WM.png/100px-Football_Formation_-_WM.png"},{"image_text":"Vittorio Pozzo's Metodo system from the 1930s featured attacking wingers or outside forwards.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Metodo_%28ENG%29.png/220px-Metodo_%28ENG%29.png"},{"image_text":"Cristiano Ronaldo has been deployed as an inverted winger.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Ronaldo_vs._FC_Schalke_04_%2816854146922%29.jpg/170px-Ronaldo_vs._FC_Schalke_04_%2816854146922%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"An inverted winger, Mohamed Salah plays on the right wing, a position which allows him to cut inside to his stronger left foot.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mohamed_Salah_Ghaly.jpg/160px-Mohamed_Salah_Ghaly.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lionel Messi (front, no. 10) has been a proponent of the false 9 position to much success in recent years.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Leo_Messi_v_Granada_2014.jpg/220px-Leo_Messi_v_Granada_2014.jpg"},{"image_text":"Didier Drogba (blue, no. 11), who often played as a target forward throughout his career, was known for his ability to hold up the ball, as demonstrated during the 2012 UEFA Champions League final against Bayern Munich.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Tymoshchuk_Drogba.jpg/220px-Tymoshchuk_Drogba.jpg"},{"image_text":"Paris Saint-Germain's MNM strike team of Kylian Mbappé (no. 7), Lionel Messi (no. 30) and Neymar (no. 10)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mbappe_Messi_Neymar.jpg/220px-Mbappe_Messi_Neymar.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Edin Džeko (blue, no. 10) and Sergio Agüero (no. 16) duo for Manchester City (2011–2015) is a recent example of a striker partnership made up of a taller and more physically imposing player combined with a shorter and technically gifted partner.[70]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Dzeko_kickoff.jpg/220px-Dzeko_kickoff.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alex Morgan (no. 13) and Abby Wambach (no. 14); Morgan and Wambach combined for 55 goals in 2012 – matching a 21-year-old record set in 1991 by Michelle Akers (39 goals) and Carin Jennings (16 goals) as the most goals scored by any duo in U.S. women's team history.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Olympic_women%27s_soccer_final_2012.jpg/220px-Olympic_women%27s_soccer_final_2012.jpg"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soccer_ball.svg"},{"title":"Association football portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Association_football"},{"title":"Association football positions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football_positions"},{"title":"Association football tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football_tactics"},{"title":"Defender (association football)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"},{"title":"Goalkeeper (association football)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)"},{"title":"Midfielder (association football)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder_(association_football)"}]	[{"reference":"Michalak, Joakim. \"Identifying football players who create and generate space\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksey_Koltsov	Aleksey Koltsov	["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]	Russian poet Portrait by Kirill Gorbunov Aleksey Vasilievich Koltsov (Russian: Алексе́й Васи́льевич Кольцо́в; October 15, 1809 – October 29, 1842) was a Russian poet who has been called a Russian Burns. His poems, frequently placed in the mouth of women, stylize peasant-life songs and idealize agricultural labour. Koltsov earnestly collected Russian folklore which strongly influenced his poetry. He celebrated simple peasants, their work and their lives. Many of his poems were put to music by such composers as Dargomyzhsky, Mussorgsky, and Rimsky-Korsakov. Biography He was born in Voronezh as a son of a cattle merchant. Having studied for less than two years at a local school (1818-1820), Aleksey quit at the insistence of his father who wanted his help with his business. Koltsov moved, bought and sold cattle; and in the meantime, wrote poems secretly from his father. The first serious introduction of his poetry occurred in 1831, when Nikolai Stankevich, a poet and philosopher from Moscow, published several poems in "Literaturnaya gazeta" (Literary newspaper) with a short introduction. In 1835, his first collection of poetry was published. Koltsov often traveled on business to St. Petersburg and Moscow, where he met Belinsky, who became his mentor, as well as Vasily Zhukovsky, Pyotr Vyazemsky, Vladimir Odoevsky, and Aleksandr Pushkin, who published one of Koltsov's poems in his journal "Sovremennik". Koltsov's father constantly and cruelly controlled his life, suppressing Aleksey's creative writing and his personal life. Weakened by depression and a year-long tuberculosis, Koltsov died in 1842 at the age of 33. He was buried in Voronezh. References This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1906. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help) External links Media related to Aleksey Koltsov at Wikimedia Commons Works by or about Aleksey Vasilievich Koltsov at Wikisource Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France 2 BnF data 2 Germany Israel Finland United States Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland Russia Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other RISM IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koltsov_AV.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kirill Gorbunov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirill_Gorbunov"},{"link_name":"Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Burns"},{"link_name":"folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore"},{"link_name":"peasants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant"},{"link_name":"Dargomyzhsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Dargomyzhsky"},{"link_name":"Mussorgsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky"},{"link_name":"Rimsky-Korsakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov"}],"text":"Portrait by Kirill GorbunovAleksey Vasilievich Koltsov (Russian: Алексе́й Васи́льевич Кольцо́в; October 15, 1809 – October 29, 1842) was a Russian poet who has been called a Russian Burns. His poems, frequently placed in the mouth of women, stylize peasant-life songs and idealize agricultural labour. Koltsov earnestly collected Russian folklore which strongly influenced his poetry. He celebrated simple peasants, their work and their lives. Many of his poems were put to music by such composers as Dargomyzhsky, Mussorgsky, and Rimsky-Korsakov.","title":"Aleksey Koltsov"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Voronezh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voronezh"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Stankevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Stankevich"},{"link_name":"Literaturnaya gazeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literaturnaya_gazeta"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Belinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky"},{"link_name":"Vasily Zhukovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky"},{"link_name":"Pyotr Vyazemsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Vyazemsky"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Odoevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Odoevsky"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Pushkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Pushkin"},{"link_name":"Sovremennik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovremennik"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"}],"text":"He was born in Voronezh as a son of a cattle merchant. Having studied for less than two years at a local school (1818-1820), Aleksey quit at the insistence of his father who wanted his help with his business. Koltsov moved, bought and sold cattle; and in the meantime, wrote poems secretly from his father.The first serious introduction of his poetry occurred in 1831, when Nikolai Stankevich, a poet and philosopher from Moscow, published several poems in \"Literaturnaya gazeta\" (Literary newspaper) with a short introduction. In 1835, his first collection of poetry was published. Koltsov often traveled on business to St. Petersburg and Moscow, where he met Belinsky, who became his mentor, as well as Vasily Zhukovsky, Pyotr Vyazemsky, Vladimir Odoevsky, and Aleksandr Pushkin, who published one of Koltsov's poems in his journal \"Sovremennik\".Koltsov's father constantly and cruelly controlled his life, suppressing Aleksey's creative writing and his personal life. Weakened by depression and a year-long tuberculosis, Koltsov died in 1842 at the age of 33. He was buried in Voronezh.","title":"Biography"}]	[{"image_text":"Portrait by Kirill Gorbunov","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Koltsov_AV.jpg/250px-Koltsov_AV.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1906.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary","url_text":"Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/131441/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000108842518","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/30332861","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwMyWbjDVGtjM6MHkkdQq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90151329","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX996216","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139251183","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb136117678","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139251183","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb136117678","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118777742","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007278422105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000203297","external_links_name":"Finland"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84095598","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2003175072&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36032994","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070373043","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810628291105606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000026240&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Russia"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/8e5424e9-ba90-4cdc-8f7a-2565c1f192b2","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118777742.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1194321","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://rism.online/people/30111656","external_links_name":"RISM"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/078817978","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_album_sales	Record sales	["1 History","2 Marketing","2.1 Merchandise bundles","3 Financial loss","4 Second-hand","5 See also","6 References"]	Economic activity related to selling records through record shops or online music stores "Album sales" redirects here. For the Billboard chart, see Top Album Sales. A Virgin Megastore in Brisbane, Australia in 2007 Record sales or music sales are activities related to selling music recordings (albums, singles, or music videos) through physical record shops or digital music stores. Record sales reached their peak in 1999, when 600 million people spent an average of $64 on records, achieving $40 billion in sales of recorded music. Sales continued declining in the 21st century. The collapse of record sales also made artists rely on touring for most of their income. By 2019, record sales accounted for less than half of global recorded music revenue, overtaken by streaming. Following the inclusion of streaming into record charts in the mid-2010s, record sales are also referred to as traditional sales or pure sales. According to Guinness World Records, Michael Jackson's 1982 album Thriller remains the best-selling album in history, with an estimated 66 million copies sold worldwide. "White Christmas" (1942) performed by Bing Crosby is believed to be the best-selling single, with an estimated 50 million copies sold worldwide. Although an accurate worldwide sales figure is hard to determine, it is widely acknowledged that the Beatles have sold more records than any other artist in the history of recorded music. History External imagesRIAA U.S. Recorded Music Sales Charts (Interactive); Revenue and Volumes by Format. (1973 - ) Sales Reveneus by Format Revenue break down 2018 Sales Volumes by Format Sales Volumes breakdown 2018 Before the existence of recording medium and its player, the music industry earned profit through selling musical compositions on sheet music. The very first sales chart published by Billboard magazine in the United States was the Sheet Music Best Sellers chart. Following the invention of the phonograph by Thomas Edison in 1877, the music industry began hiring singers to record songs made by composers. Due to the length limit of recording media, singles were the only available commercial releases. In 1900, the US record sales is estimated at 3 million copies. The music industry continued its growth, and by 1921 the value of record sales in the US reached $106 million with 140 million records being sold. Album sales were first reported by Billboard magazine on March 24, 1945. An album was then defined as a box containing a set of singles, such as Glenn Miller by Glenn Miller, as well as Selections from Going My Way and Merry Christmas by Bing Crosby. Technological developments in the early 20th century led to the development of the vinyl LP record as an important medium for recorded music. In 1948, Columbia Records began to bring out 331⁄3 rpm twelve-inch extended-play LPs that could play for as long as 52 minutes, or 26 minutes per side. Musical film soundtracks, jazz works, and thematic albums by singers such as Frank Sinatra quickly utilized the new longer format. Billboard launched its first regularly published weekly albums chart, Best Selling Popular Albums, on March 24, 1956. During the 1950s and into the 1960s, 45 rpm seven-inch single sales were considered the primary market for the recording industry, while albums were a secondary market. The careers of notable rock and roll performers such as Elvis Presley were driven primarily by single sales. Album sales reached its peak in English-language popular music from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s (known as "album era") in which the album was the dominant form of recorded music expression and consumption. From the early 1980s, the CD became the dominant format for both albums and singles, due to factors such as higher audio quality, durability, ease of use, and longer playing time. In 1986, Dire Straits' Brothers in Arms became the first album in history to sell over one million copies on CD. In October 2005, "Hollaback Girl" by Gwen Stefani was the first single ever to sell one million digital downloads. Downloads have been in decline since 2013 as consumers have moved away from a purchase/ownership model towards a subscription-based model (streaming). By 2018, total sales were at their lowest point since the 1970s, and continue to fall. In 2020, major UK retailers such as supermarkets started to stop selling music. Marketing A crowd buying records in the Dusty Groove store during the Record Store Day, April 2014. Aside of paid advertising in print or broadcast media, radio airplay is one of the most important tools to sell records. A research commissioned by one of major label groups stated that "four out of five music purchases can be traced to radio airplay. In 2007, Record Store Day was inaugurated to bring together fans, artists, and thousands of independent record stores across the world. The 2013 event of Record Store Day was credited with the highest U.S. vinyl sales, and the 2014 edition resulted in independent retailers recording the highest percentage of physical album sales, since the SoundScan system was introduced in 1991. Merchandise bundles In 2004, Prince became the first major artist to bundle his album, Musicology, with tour ticket purchases, giving copies of the album to each audience upon entrance to the venue. Those copies were counted as sales for the album on the Billboard 200 chart during its corresponding week of each concert. This strategy led Billboard and Nielsen SoundScan tighten up their policy on how tickets bundled with albums would count for charting purposes. Travis Scott bundled his 2018 album Astroworld with his 28-piece merchandise line, which contributed to first-week sales exceeding 270,000 traditional units and a number-one debut on the Billboard 200. RIAA summary by format, in million copies per year. 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 70s 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Vinyl Cassette CD Download Others Financial loss At times, labels overshipped records to retailers with too high expectations of commercial response. Records not sold to consumers may be returned to the label. In January 2008, media reported that over one million unsold copies of Robbie Williams's album Rudebox were sent to China to be crushed. EMI owner Guy Hands said, "Roughly 85% of what EMI does get to release never makes a profit, in part because of the cash spent signing bands and partly due to ill-made bets on the number of CDs the market requires for particular acts." In 2011, Amazon sold an estimated 440,000 digital copies of Lady Gaga's Born This Way in its first two days at a price of 99 cents. This promotional campaign caused a loss of over $3 million for the company. In 2014, U2's album Songs of Innocence was released for free on iTunes. Apple's deal with U2 and the band's label, Universal Music, which stands to lose more than a million full-price sales because of the free download offer, guarantees $100 million worth of high-profile marketing for the album. Second-hand The sale of second-hand albums and singles continues into the 2020s, with many record stores having a used section, as well as pawn shops such as CeX, Cash Generator, Cash Converters, and the emergence of eBay, MusicMagpie, Alibris and other dedicated websites. See also Record production portal List of largest recorded music markets Record label Record collecting List of most valuable records Music recording certification List of music recording certifications List of best-selling music artists List of best-selling albums List of best-selling albums by country List of best-selling singles List of best-selling singles by country List of most expensive albums Album-equivalent unit Vinyl revival Album era References ^ "Music Sales Measurement - Nielsen". nielsen.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2017. ^ "Albums decline but digital rises". BBC. 8 March 2012. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2017. ^ "Record sales for 'cheap' albums". BBC News. 19 August 2003. ^ Rogowsky, Mark. "The Cruel Math Behind Why Streaming Will Never Save The Music Industry". Forbes. Archived from the original on 22 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2018. ^ "The Price of Music – pakman.com". pakman.com. 18 March 2014. Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018. ^ Roettgers, Janko (22 March 2016). "Streaming Overtakes Downloads, CDs as Top Music Revenue Driver". Variety. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2018. ^ "IFPI Global Music Report 2016". ifpi.org. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2018. ^ Sisario, Ben (22 May 2010). "With V.I.P. Pricing, Fans Buy Their Way Closer to the Band". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2018. ^ Childs-Young, Laura (May 4, 2020). "IFPI issues annual Global Music Report". IFPI. ^ Leight, Elias (July 10, 2018). "Why Charts Matter, and What It Means When Drake Dominates Them". Rolling Stone. Retrieved October 29, 2020. ^ Espinoza, Joshua (23 May 2020). "Gunna's 'Wunna' Album Set for No. 1 Debut". Complex. ^ "Eminem was the only solo artist to sell 500,000 "pure" albums in 2018". NME. January 21, 2019. ^ "Best-selling album". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on December 4, 2017. Retrieved June 29, 2017. ^ "Best-selling single". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 14 November 2020. ^ Porter, Eduardo (7 July 2010). "Opinion - Ringo Starr Is 70". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018. ^ "The Beatles Get Back to No. 1". E!. 22 November 2000. Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018. ^ "Best-selling music act ever: The Beatles". heart.co.uk. Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018. ^ "A Timeline Of Opening Acts Who Became Bigger Than The Headliner". VH1. Archived from the original on 30 April 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2018. ^ "The First Billboard: All That Was 'New, Bright and Interesting on the Boards'". Billboard. Archived from the original on 1 November 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2018. ^ "The Incredible Talking Machine". June 23, 2010. Archived from the original on August 17, 2013. ^ Frith, Simon (2004). Popular Music: Music and society. ISBN 9780415332675. ^ a b "Billboard 200 Turns 60! Celebrate Its Birthday With These Essential Chart Facts". Billboard. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2017. ^ Synopsis of "When Albums Ruled the World." Archived 2018-07-27 at the Wayback Machine from BBC Four's The Golden Age Of The Album series. Retrieved 5 January 2014. ^ "First million seller CD". guinnessworldrecords.com. Archived from the original on 12 November 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017. ^ Baltin, Steve (January 20, 2006). "Stefani, Peas Lead Singles Boom". Rolling Stone. ^ "Sainsbury's stops selling CDS and DVDS". BBC News. 8 July 2021. ^ Barnet, Richard D.; Burriss, Larry L. (2001). Controversies of the Music Industry. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 213. ISBN 9780313310942. ^ Passey, Brian (February 26, 2011). "Vinyl records spin back into vogue". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2 March 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2011. ^ "Record Store Day Drives Vinyl Sales to Historic Peak in SoundScan Era". Billboard. Archived from the original on 2013-04-28. Retrieved 2016-01-20. ^ "Record Store Day Breaks Sales Records, Nirvana Tops Vinyl Singles". Rolling Stone. 25 April 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-04-26. Retrieved 2016-01-18. ^ "Prince: A Guide to His Complex Web of Label, Internet and Distribution Deals". Billboard. Archived from the original on 23 June 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018. ^ Levy, Lauren (August 23, 2018). "We're living through the merch bundle wars". Fader. Archived from the original on May 18, 2019. Retrieved June 12, 2019. ^ "U.S. Sales Database". RIAA. ^ "Robbie Williams to pave Chinese roads - NME". NME. 16 January 2008. Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018. ^ Wray, Richard (15 January 2008). "Interview: EMI's Guy Hands". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018. ^ Martens, Todd (June 1, 2011). "Lady Gaga tops the 1million mark in first-week album sales". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved June 25, 2011. ^ Barshad, Amons (June 2, 2011). "Guess How Much Money Amazon Lost by Selling Lady Gaga's Album for 99 Cents?". New York. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved June 25, 2011. ^ "Free U2 album: How generous giveaway turned into a PR disaster". The Independent. Archived from the original on 19 September 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2018. ^ www.uprisevsi.co.uk, upriseVSI. "Achieve £1 million turnover with CeX". Franchise Magazine. ^ Rosenblatt, Bill. "Vinyl Is Bigger Than We Thought. Much Bigger". Forbes. ^ "Vinyl collectors spent millions on Discogs last year". BBC News. May 2, 2018. vteMusic industryMajor companiesand organizationsRepresentatives ARIA BVMI BPI Music Canada FIMI IFPI (worldwide) PMB PROMUSICAE RIAA SNEP Publishers BMG Rights Management Sony Music Publishing Universal Music Publishing Group Warner Chappell Music Record labels Major: Sony Universal Warner Independent: Concord Independent UK record labels AAMG Retailers Amazon Digital music stores (iTunes Store) Fnac HMV Kaspien Virgin Megastores Live music CTS Eventim Live Nation LiveStyle Ticketmaster Major genres Blues Country Easy listening Electronic Experimental Folk Gospel Hip hop Jazz Latin Metal New Age Pop Reggae Rhythm and blues Rock World Sectorsand roles Album cover design Artists and repertoire (A&R) Disc jockey Distribution Entertainment law Music education Music executive Music and fashion Music journalism Music publisher Music store Music venue Musical instruments Professional audio store Promotion Radio promotion Record label Record shop Road crew Talent manager Tour promoter Production Arrangement Songwriter Composer Lyricist Conductor Disc jockey Hip hop producer Horn section Record producer Rhythm section Orchestrator Session musician Backup singer Ghost singer Vocal coach Ghostwriter Sound engineer Releaseformats Single (Extended play (EP), 12" single, Cassette single, CD single, Maxi single) Album Double album Music video Promotional recording Phonograph record Eight-track Compact cassette CD DVD Airplay Music download Music streaming service Live shows Concert Concert tour Concert residency Music festival Music competition Charts ARIA Charts Billboard Hot 100 Billboard Argentina Hot 100 Billboard Brasil Hot 100 Canadian Hot 100 Circle Chart G-Music chart Irish Singles Chart Italian singles chart GfK Entertainment charts Entertainment Monitoring Africa Oricon charts New Zealand singles chart Rolling Stone Top 100 Sino Chart SNEP singles chart Sverigetopplistan UK singles chart Publications Billboard HitQuarters Hot Press Kerrang! Mojo Musica e dischi NME Q Rolling Stone Smash Hits Top of the Pops TelevisionChannels Channel V CMT Fuse Mnet MTV MTV2 Tr3s MuchMusic The Music Factory Viva VH1 The Country Network Series Idol franchise Popstars Star Academy The Four The Voice The X Factor Rising Star Achievements Music award Best-selling music artists In: Brazil Finland Germany Japan United Kingdom (Females) United States Genre: Latin Nationality: Belgian Brazilian British Italian Swedish Best-selling albums by country Best-selling singles by country Highest-paid musicians Highest-grossing live music artists Highest-grossing concert tours by women Latin Most-attended concert tours Most-attended concerts Global Recording Artist of the Year Wealthiest musical artists Other Album era Album-equivalent unit A-side and B-side Backmasking Bootleg recording Christian music industry Environmental impact Hidden track Largest music deals Largest recorded music markets Most expensive albums Most valuable records Music certification Parental Advisory Record sales Surprise album White label Record production portal Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top Album Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Album_Sales"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Virgin_Megastores_Brisbane.JPG"},{"link_name":"Virgin Megastore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Megastore"},{"link_name":"albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album"},{"link_name":"singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"music videos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video#Commercial_release"},{"link_name":"record shops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_shop"},{"link_name":"digital music stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_music_store"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"touring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_tour"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"streaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_streaming"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_(Michael_Jackson_album)"},{"link_name":"best-selling album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"White Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Christmas_(song)"},{"link_name":"Bing Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Crosby"},{"link_name":"best-selling single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guinness-14"},{"link_name":"the Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"\"Album sales\" redirects here. For the Billboard chart, see Top Album Sales.A Virgin Megastore in Brisbane, Australia in 2007Record sales or music sales are activities related to selling music recordings (albums, singles, or music videos) through physical record shops or digital music stores.[1][2][3] Record sales reached their peak in 1999, when 600 million people spent an average of $64 on records, achieving $40 billion in sales of recorded music.[4][5] Sales continued declining in the 21st century.[6][7] The collapse of record sales also made artists rely on touring for most of their income.[8] By 2019, record sales accounted for less than half of global recorded music revenue, overtaken by streaming.[9] Following the inclusion of streaming into record charts in the mid-2010s, record sales are also referred to as traditional sales or pure sales.[10][11][12]According to Guinness World Records, Michael Jackson's 1982 album Thriller remains the best-selling album in history, with an estimated 66 million copies sold worldwide.[13] \"White Christmas\" (1942) performed by Bing Crosby is believed to be the best-selling single, with an estimated 50 million copies sold worldwide.[14] Although an accurate worldwide sales figure is hard to determine, it is widely acknowledged that the Beatles have sold more records than any other artist in the history of recorded music.[15][16][17][18]","title":"Record sales"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"recording medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_medium"},{"link_name":"musical compositions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_composition"},{"link_name":"sheet music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheet_music"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"phonograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph"},{"link_name":"Thomas Edison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"singers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singers"},{"link_name":"singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard200-22"},{"link_name":"Glenn Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Miller_(1945_album)"},{"link_name":"Glenn Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Miller"},{"link_name":"Selections from Going My Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selections_from_Going_My_Way"},{"link_name":"Merry Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merry_Christmas_(Bing_Crosby_album)"},{"link_name":"Bing Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Crosby"},{"link_name":"LP record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP_record"},{"link_name":"Columbia Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"Musical film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_film"},{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"Best Selling Popular Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard200-22"},{"link_name":"seven-inch single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven-inch_single"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"album era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album_era"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD"},{"link_name":"Dire Straits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire_Straits"},{"link_name":"Brothers in Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_in_Arms_(album)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Hollaback Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollaback_Girl"},{"link_name":"Gwen Stefani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwen_Stefani"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"subscription-based model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_music_model"},{"link_name":"streaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_streaming"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Before the existence of recording medium and its player, the music industry earned profit through selling musical compositions on sheet music. The very first sales chart published by Billboard magazine in the United States was the Sheet Music Best Sellers chart.[19] Following the invention of the phonograph by Thomas Edison in 1877,[20] the music industry began hiring singers to record songs made by composers. Due to the length limit of recording media, singles were the only available commercial releases. In 1900, the US record sales is estimated at 3 million copies. The music industry continued its growth, and by 1921 the value of record sales in the US reached $106 million with 140 million records being sold.[21]Album sales were first reported by Billboard magazine on March 24, 1945.[22] An album was then defined as a box containing a set of singles, such as Glenn Miller by Glenn Miller, as well as Selections from Going My Way and Merry Christmas by Bing Crosby. Technological developments in the early 20th century led to the development of the vinyl LP record as an important medium for recorded music. In 1948, Columbia Records began to bring out 331⁄3 rpm twelve-inch extended-play LPs that could play for as long as 52 minutes, or 26 minutes per side. Musical film soundtracks, jazz works, and thematic albums by singers such as Frank Sinatra quickly utilized the new longer format. Billboard launched its first regularly published weekly albums chart, Best Selling Popular Albums, on March 24, 1956.[22]During the 1950s and into the 1960s, 45 rpm seven-inch single sales were considered the primary market for the recording industry, while albums were a secondary market. The careers of notable rock and roll performers such as Elvis Presley were driven primarily by single sales. Album sales reached its peak in English-language popular music from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s (known as \"album era\") in which the album was the dominant form of recorded music expression and consumption.[23] From the early 1980s, the CD became the dominant format for both albums and singles, due to factors such as higher audio quality, durability, ease of use, and longer playing time. In 1986, Dire Straits' Brothers in Arms became the first album in history to sell over one million copies on CD.[24]In October 2005, \"Hollaback Girl\" by Gwen Stefani was the first single ever to sell one million digital downloads.[25] Downloads have been in decline since 2013 as consumers have moved away from a purchase/ownership model towards a subscription-based model (streaming). By 2018, total sales were at their lowest point since the 1970s, and continue to fall. In 2020, major UK retailers such as supermarkets started to stop selling music.[26]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dusty_Groove_Record_Store_Day_2014.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dusty Groove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusty_Groove"},{"link_name":"Record Store Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Store_Day"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio"},{"link_name":"airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplay"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Record Store Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Store_Day"},{"link_name":"record stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_store"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usatoday-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"SoundScan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_SoundScan"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"A crowd buying records in the Dusty Groove store during the Record Store Day, April 2014.Aside of paid advertising in print or broadcast media, radio airplay is one of the most important tools to sell records. A research commissioned by one of major label groups stated that \"four out of five music purchases can be traced to radio airplay.[27]In 2007, Record Store Day was inaugurated to bring together fans, artists, and thousands of independent record stores across the world.[28] The 2013 event of Record Store Day was credited with the highest U.S. vinyl sales,[29] and the 2014 edition resulted in independent retailers recording the highest percentage of physical album sales, since the SoundScan system was introduced in 1991.[30]","title":"Marketing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Musicology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musicology_(album)"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Travis Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Scott"},{"link_name":"Astroworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroworld_(album)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"RIAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Vinyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinyl_records"},{"link_name":"Cassette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassette_tape"},{"link_name":"CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD"},{"link_name":"Download","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_download"}],"sub_title":"Merchandise bundles","text":"In 2004, Prince became the first major artist to bundle his album, Musicology, with tour ticket purchases, giving copies of the album to each audience upon entrance to the venue. Those copies were counted as sales for the album on the Billboard 200 chart during its corresponding week of each concert. This strategy led Billboard and Nielsen SoundScan tighten up their policy on how tickets bundled with albums would count for charting purposes.[31]Travis Scott bundled his 2018 album Astroworld with his 28-piece merchandise line, which contributed to first-week sales exceeding 270,000 traditional units and a number-one debut on the Billboard 200.[32]RIAA summary by format, in million copies per year.[33]500\n\n1,000\n\n1,500\n\n2,000\n\n\n\n70s\n\n1980\n\n1985\n\n1990\n\n1995\n\n2000\n\n2005\n\n2010\n\n2015\n\n2020\n\n\n\n\n Vinyl\n Cassette\n CD\n Download\n Others","title":"Marketing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robbie Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Williams"},{"link_name":"Rudebox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudebox"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"EMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)"},{"link_name":"Lady Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"Born This Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_This_Way_(album)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"U2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U2"},{"link_name":"Songs of Innocence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs_of_Innocence_(U2_album)"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"At times, labels overshipped records to retailers with too high expectations of commercial response. Records not sold to consumers may be returned to the label. In January 2008, media reported that over one million unsold copies of Robbie Williams's album Rudebox were sent to China to be crushed.[34] EMI owner Guy Hands said, \"Roughly 85% of what EMI does get to release never makes a profit, in part because of the cash spent signing bands and partly due to ill-made bets on the number of CDs the market requires for particular acts.\"[35]In 2011, Amazon sold an estimated 440,000 digital copies of Lady Gaga's Born This Way in its first two days at a price of 99 cents.[36] This promotional campaign caused a loss of over $3 million for the company.[37] In 2014, U2's album Songs of Innocence was released for free on iTunes. Apple's deal with U2 and the band's label, Universal Music, which stands to lose more than a million full-price sales because of the free download offer, guarantees $100 million worth of high-profile marketing for the album.[38]","title":"Financial loss"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"second-hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Used_good"},{"link_name":"CeX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CeX_(retailer)"},{"link_name":"Cash Generator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Generator"},{"link_name":"Cash Converters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Converters"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"eBay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay"},{"link_name":"MusicMagpie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MusicMagpie"},{"link_name":"Alibris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibris"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"The sale of second-hand albums and singles continues into the 2020s, with many record stores having a used section, as well as pawn shops such as CeX, Cash Generator, Cash Converters,[39] and the emergence of eBay, MusicMagpie, Alibris and other dedicated websites.[40][41]","title":"Second-hand"}]	[{"image_text":"A Virgin Megastore in Brisbane, Australia in 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Virgin_Megastores_Brisbane.JPG/220px-Virgin_Megastores_Brisbane.JPG"},{"image_text":"A crowd buying records in the Dusty Groove store during the Record Store Day, April 2014.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Dusty_Groove_Record_Store_Day_2014.jpg/220px-Dusty_Groove_Record_Store_Day_2014.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Record production portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Record_production"},{"title":"List of largest recorded music markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_recorded_music_markets"},{"title":"Record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"title":"Record collecting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_collecting"},{"title":"List of most valuable records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_valuable_records"},{"title":"Music recording certification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_recording_certification"},{"title":"List of music recording certifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_music_recording_certifications"},{"title":"List of best-selling music artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists"},{"title":"List of best-selling albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums"},{"title":"List of best-selling albums by country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums_by_country"},{"title":"List of best-selling singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles"},{"title":"List of best-selling singles by country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles_by_country"},{"title":"List of most expensive albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_albums"},{"title":"Album-equivalent unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album-equivalent_unit"},{"title":"Vinyl revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinyl_revival"},{"title":"Album era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album_era"}]	[{"reference":"\"Music Sales Measurement - Nielsen\". nielsen.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/solutions/measurement/music-sales-measurement.html","url_text":"\"Music Sales Measurement - Nielsen\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140707105041/http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/solutions/measurement/music-sales-measurement.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Albums decline but digital rises\". BBC. 8 March 2012. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-16382648","url_text":"\"Albums decline but digital rises\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120531230500/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-16382648","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Record sales for 'cheap' albums\". BBC News. 19 August 2003.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3158767.stm","url_text":"\"Record sales for 'cheap' albums\""}]},{"reference":"Rogowsky, Mark. \"The Cruel Math Behind Why Streaming Will Never Save The Music Industry\". Forbes. Archived from the original on 22 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/markrogowsky/2014/03/20/out-of-tune-can-the-music-business-find-harmony-to-reverse-its-long-decline/","url_text":"\"The Cruel Math Behind Why Streaming Will Never Save The Music Industry\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140322023505/https://www.forbes.com/sites/markrogowsky/2014/03/20/out-of-tune-can-the-music-business-find-harmony-to-reverse-its-long-decline/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Price of Music – pakman.com\". pakman.com. 18 March 2014. Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://pakman.com/the-price-of-music-942cf2dcaa81","url_text":"\"The Price of Music – pakman.com\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180622165343/https://pakman.com/the-price-of-music-942cf2dcaa81","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Roettgers, Janko (22 March 2016). \"Streaming Overtakes Downloads, CDs as Top Music Revenue Driver\". Variety. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2016/digital/news/riaa-streaming-downloads-cd-revenue-2015-1201736441/","url_text":"\"Streaming Overtakes Downloads, CDs as Top Music Revenue Driver\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160325065934/https://variety.com/2016/digital/news/riaa-streaming-downloads-cd-revenue-2015-1201736441/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"IFPI Global Music Report 2016\". ifpi.org. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ifpi.org/news/IFPI-GLOBAL-MUSIC-REPORT-2016","url_text":"\"IFPI Global Music Report 2016\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160413213421/http://www.ifpi.org/news/IFPI-GLOBAL-MUSIC-REPORT-2016","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sisario, Ben (22 May 2010). \"With V.I.P. Pricing, Fans Buy Their Way Closer to the Band\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/23/arts/music/23VIP.html","url_text":"\"With V.I.P. Pricing, Fans Buy Their Way Closer to the Band\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100525112528/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/23/arts/music/23VIP.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Childs-Young, Laura (May 4, 2020). \"IFPI issues annual Global Music Report\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology_and_science	Astrology and science	["1 Introduction","2 Historical relationship with astronomy","3 Philosophy of science","3.1 Falsifiability","3.2 \"No puzzles to solve\"","3.3 Progress, practice and consistency","3.4 Irrationality","3.5 Quinean dichotomy","4 Tests of astrology","4.1 Mars effect","4.2 Carlson's experiment","4.3 Dean and Kelly","4.4 Other tests","5 Theoretic obstacles","5.1 Lack of consistency","5.2 Lack of physical basis","5.3 Lack of predictive power","5.4 Lack of mechanism","6 Psychology","7 Sociology","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","11 External links"]	Relationship between astrology and science Astrology Background Worship of heavenly bodies History of astrology Astrology and astronomy Planets Behenian Classical Zodiac Traditions, types, and systems Astrology and science Astrologers Astrological organizations Traditions Babylonian Chinese Hellenistic Hindu Islamic Jewish Tibetan Western Branches Natal Electional Horary Medical Financial Locational Psychological Meteorological Astrological signs Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius Pisces Symbols Planet Metals vte Astrology consists of a number of belief systems that hold that there is a relationship between astronomical phenomena and events or descriptions of personality in the human world. Astrology has been rejected by the scientific community as having no explanatory power for describing the universe. Scientific testing has found no evidence to support the premises or purported effects outlined in astrological traditions. Where astrology has made falsifiable predictions, it has been falsified.: 424 The most famous test was headed by Shawn Carlson and included a committee of scientists and a committee of astrologers. It led to the conclusion that natal astrology performed no better than chance. Astrology has not demonstrated its effectiveness in controlled studies and has no scientific validity,: 85 and is thus regarded as pseudoscience.: 1350 There is no proposed mechanism of action by which the positions and motions of stars and planets could affect people and events on Earth in the way astrologers say they do that does not contradict well-understood, basic aspects of biology and physics.: 249 Modern scientific inquiry into astrology is primarily focused on drawing a correlation between astrological traditions and the influence of seasonal birth in humans. Introduction The majority of professional astrologers rely on performing astrology-based personality tests and making relevant predictions about the remunerator's future.: 83 Those who continue to have faith in astrology have been characterised as doing so "in spite of the fact that there is no verified scientific basis for their beliefs, and indeed that there is strong evidence to the contrary". Astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson commented on astrological belief, saying that "part of knowing how to think is knowing how the laws of nature shape the world around us. Without that knowledge, without that capacity to think, you can easily become a victim of people who seek to take advantage of you". The continued belief in astrology despite its lack of credibility is seen as a demonstration of low scientific literacy, although some continue to believe in it even though they are scientifically literate. Historical relationship with astronomy Main article: Astrology and astronomy The foundations of the theoretical structure used in astrology originate with the Babylonians, although widespread usage did not occur until the start of the Hellenistic period after Alexander the Great swept through Greece. It was not known to the Babylonians that the constellations are not on a celestial sphere and are very far apart. The appearance of them being close is illusory. The exact demarcation of what a constellation is is cultural and varied between civilisations.: 62 Ptolemy's work on astronomy was driven to some extent by the desire, like all astrologers of the time, to easily calculate the planetary movements.: 40 Early Western astrology operated under the Ancient Greek concepts of the Macrocosm and microcosm, and thus medical astrology related what happened to the planets and other objects in the sky to medical operations. This provided a further motivator for the study of astronomy.: 73 While still defending the practice of astrology, Ptolemy acknowledged that the predictive power of astronomy for the motion of the planets and other celestial bodies ranked above astrological predictions.: 344 During the Islamic Golden Age, astronomy was funded so that the astronomical parameters, such as the eccentricity of the sun's orbit, required for the Ptolemaic model could be calculated to sufficient accuracy and precision. Those in positions of power, like the Fatimid Caliphate vizier in 1120, funded the construction of observatories so that astrological predictions, fuelled by precise planetary information, could be made.: 55–56 Since the observatories were built to help in making astrological predictions, few of these observatories lasted long due to the prohibition against astrology within Islam, and most were torn down during or just after construction.: 57 The clear rejection of astrology in works of astronomy started in 1679, with the yearly publication La Connoissance des temps.: 220 Unlike the West, in Iran, the rejection of heliocentrism continued up towards the start of the 20th century, in part motivated by a fear that this would undermine the widespread belief in astrology and Islamic cosmology in Iran.: 10 The first work, Falak al-sa'ada by Ictizad al-Saltana, aimed at undermining this belief in astrology and "old astronomy" in Iran was published in 1861. On astrology, it cited the inability of different astrologers to make the same prediction about what occurs following a conjunction and described the attributes astrologers gave to the planets as implausible.: 17–18 Philosophy of science Philosopher Karl Popper proposed falsifiability as ideas that distinguish science from non-science, using astrology as the example of an idea that has not dealt with falsification during experiment. Astrology provides the quintessential example of a pseudoscience since it has been tested repeatedly and failed all the tests.: 62 Falsifiability Science and non-science are often distinguished by the criterion of falsifiability. The criterion was first proposed by philosopher of science Karl Popper. To Popper, science does not rely on induction; instead, scientific investigations are inherently attempts to falsify existing theories through novel tests. If a single test fails, then the theory is falsified.: 10 Therefore, any test of a scientific theory must prohibit certain results that falsify the theory, and expect other specific results consistent with the theory. Using this criterion of falsifiability, astrology is a pseudoscience. Astrology was Popper's most frequent example of pseudoscience.: 7 Popper regarded astrology as "pseudo-empirical" in that "it appeals to observation and experiment", but "nevertheless does not come up to scientific standards".: 44 In contrast to scientific disciplines, astrology does not respond to falsification through experiment. According to Professor of neurology Terence Hines, this is a hallmark of pseudoscience.: 206 "No puzzles to solve" In contrast to Popper, the philosopher Thomas Kuhn argued that it was not lack of falsifiability that makes astrology unscientific, but rather that the process and concepts of astrology are non-empirical.: 401 To Kuhn, although astrologers had, historically, made predictions that "categorically failed", this in itself does not make it unscientific, nor do the attempts by astrologers to explain away the failure by claiming it was due to the creation of a horoscope being very difficult (through subsuming, after the fact, a more general horoscope that leads to a different prediction). Rather, in Kuhn's eyes, astrology is not science because it was always more akin to medieval medicine; they followed a sequence of rules and guidelines for a seemingly necessary field with known shortcomings, but they did no research because the fields are not amenable to research,: 8 and so, "They had no puzzles to solve and therefore no science to practise.": 8 : 401 While an astronomer could correct for failure, an astrologer could not. An astrologer could only explain away failure but could not revise the astrological hypothesis in a meaningful way. As such, to Kuhn, even if the stars could influence the path of humans through life astrology is not scientific.: 8 Progress, practice and consistency Philosopher Paul Thagard believed that astrology can not be regarded as falsified in this sense until it has been replaced with a successor. In the case of predicting behaviour, psychology is the alternative.: 228 To Thagard a further criterion of demarcation of science from pseudoscience was that the state of the art must progress and that the community of researchers should be attempting to compare the current theory to alternatives, and not be "selective in considering confirmations and disconfirmations".: 227–228 Progress is defined here as explaining new phenomena and solving existing problems, yet astrology has failed to progress having only changed little in nearly 2000 years.: 228 : 549 To Thagard, astrologers are acting as though engaged in normal science believing that the foundations of astrology were well established despite the "many unsolved problems", and in the face of better alternative theories (Psychology). For these reasons Thagard viewed astrology as pseudoscience.: 228 To Thagard, astrology should not be regarded as a pseudoscience on the failure of Gauquelin to find any correlation between the various astrological signs and someone's career, twins not showing the expected correlations from having the same signs in twin studies, lack of agreement on the significance of the planets discovered since Ptolemy's time and large scale disasters wiping out individuals with vastly different signs at the same time.: 226–227 Rather, his demarcation of science requires three distinct foci: "theory, community historical context". While verification and falsifiability focused on the theory, Kuhn's work focused on the historical context, but the astrological community should also be considered. Whether or not they:: 226–227 are focused on comparing their approach to others. have a consistent approach. try to falsify their theory through experiment. In this approach, true falsification rather than modifying a theory to avoid the falsification only really occurs when an alternative theory is proposed.: 228 Irrationality For the philosopher Edward W. James, astrology is irrational not because of the numerous problems with mechanisms and falsification due to experiments, but because an analysis of the astrological literature shows that it is infused with fallacious logic and poor reasoning.: 34 What if throughout astrological writings we meet little appreciation of coherence, blatant insensitivity to evidence, no sense of a hierarchy of reasons, slight command over the contextual force of critieria, stubborn unwillingness to pursue an argument where it leads, stark naivete concerning the efficacy of explanation and so on? In that case, I think, we are perfectly justified in rejecting astrology as irrational. ... Astrology simply fails to meet the multifarious demands of legitimate reasoning.— Edward W. James: 34 This poor reasoning includes appeals to ancient astrologers such as Kepler despite any relevance of topic or specific reasoning, and vague claims. The claim that evidence for astrology is that people born at roughly "the same place have a life pattern that is very similar" is vague, but also ignores that time is reference frame dependent and gives no definition of "same place" despite the planet's moving in the reference frame of the Solar System. Other comments by astrologers are based on severely erroneous interpretations of basic physics, such as the general belief by medieval astrologers that the geocentric Solar System corresponded to an atom. Further, James noted that response to criticism also relies on faulty logic, an example of which was a response to twin studies with the statement that coincidences in twins are due to astrology, but any differences are due to "heredity and environment", while for other astrologers the issues are too difficult and they just want to get back to their astrology.: 32 Further, to astrologers, if something appears in their favour, they may latch upon it as proof, while making no attempt to explore its implications, preferring to refer to the item in favour as definitive; possibilities that do not make astrology look favourable are ignored.: 33 Quinean dichotomy From the Quinean web of knowledge, there is a dichotomy where one must either reject astrology or accept astrology but reject all established scientific disciplines that are incompatible with astrology.: 24 Tests of astrology Astrologers often avoid making verifiable predictions, and instead rely on vague statements that let them try to avoid falsification.: 48–49 Across several centuries of testing, the predictions of astrology have never been more accurate than that expected by chance alone. One approach used in testing astrology quantitatively is through blind experiment. When specific predictions from astrologers were tested in rigorous experimental procedures in the Carlson test, the predictions were falsified. All controlled experiments have failed to show any effect.: 24 Mars effect Main article: Mars effect The initial Mars effect finding, showing the relative frequency of the diurnal position of Mars in the birth charts (N = 570) of "eminent athletes" (red solid line) compared to the expected results In 1955, astrologer and psychologist Michel Gauquelin stated that although he had failed to find evidence to support such indicators as the zodiacal signs and planetary aspects in astrology, he had found positive correlations between the diurnal positions of some of the planets and success in professions (such as doctors, scientists, athletes, actors, writers, painters, etc.), which astrology traditionally associates with those planets. The best-known of Gauquelin's findings is based on the positions of Mars in the natal charts of successful athletes and became known as the "Mars effect".: 213 A study conducted by seven French scientists attempted to replicate the claim, but found no statistical evidence.: 213–214 They attributed the effect to selective bias on Gauquelin's part, accusing him of attempting to persuade them to add or delete names from their study. Geoffrey Dean has suggested that the effect may be caused by self-reporting of birth dates by parents rather than any issue with the study by Gauquelin. The suggestion is that a small subset of the parents may have had changed birth times to be consistent with better astrological charts for a related profession. The sample group was taken from a time where belief in astrology was more common. Gauquelin had failed to find the Mars effect in more recent populations, where a nurse or doctor recorded the birth information. The number of births under astrologically undesirable conditions was also lower, indicating more evidence that parents choose dates and times to suit their beliefs.: 116 Carlson's experiment Shawn Carlson's now renowned experiment was performed by 28 astrologers matching over 100 natal charts to psychological profiles generated by the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) test using double blind methods. The experimental protocol used in Carlson's study was agreed to by a group of physicists and astrologers prior to the experiment. Astrologers, nominated by the National Council for Geocosmic Research, acted as the astrological advisors, and helped to ensure, and agreed, that the test was fair.: 117 : 420 They also chose 26 of the 28 astrologers for the tests, the other two being interested astrologers who volunteered afterwards.: 420 The astrologers came from Europe and the United States.: 117 The astrologers helped to draw up the central proposition of natal astrology to be tested.: 419 Published in Nature in 1985, the study found that predictions based on natal astrology were no better than chance, and that the testing "clearly refutes the astrological hypothesis". Dean and Kelly Scientist and former astrologer Geoffrey Dean and psychologist Ivan Kelly conducted a large-scale scientific test, involving more than one hundred cognitive, behavioural, physical and other variables, but found no support for astrology. A further test involved 45 confident astrologers, with an average of 10 years' experience and 160 test subjects (out of an original sample size of 1198 test subjects) who strongly favoured certain characteristics in the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire to extremes.: 191 The astrologers performed much worse than merely basing decisions off the individuals' ages, and much worse than 45 control subjects who did not use birth charts at all.: 191 Other tests A meta-analysis was conducted, pooling 40 studies consisting of 700 astrologers and over 1,000 birth charts. Ten of the tests, which had a total of 300 participating, involved the astrologers picking the correct chart interpretation out of a number of others that were not the astrologically correct chart interpretation (usually three to five others). When the date and other obvious clues were removed, no significant results were found to suggest there was any preferred chart.: 190 In 10 studies, participants picked horoscopes that they felt were accurate descriptions, with one being the "correct" answer. Again the results were no better than chance.: 66–67 In a study of 2011 sets of people born within 5 minutes of each other ("time twins") to see if there was any discernible effect; no effect was seen.: 67 Quantitative sociologist David Voas examined the census data for more than 20 million individuals in England and Wales to see if star signs corresponded to marriage arrangements. No effect was seen.: 67 Theoretic obstacles Beyond the scientific tests astrology has failed, proposals for astrology face a number of other obstacles due to the many theoretical flaws in astrology: 62 : 24 including lack of consistency, lack of ability to predict missing planets, lack of connection of the zodiac to the constellations in Western astrology, and lack of any plausible mechanism. The underpinnings of astrology tend to disagree with numerous basic facts from scientific disciplines.: 24 Lack of consistency Testing the validity of astrology can be difficult because there is no consensus amongst astrologers as to what astrology is or what it can predict.: 83 Dean and Kelly documented 25 studies, which had found that the degree of agreement amongst astrologers' predictions was measured as a low 0.1.: 66 Most professional astrologers are paid to predict the future or describe a person's personality and life, but most horoscopes only make vague untestable statements that can apply to almost anyone.: 83 Georges Charpak and Henri Broch dealt with claims from Western astrology in the book Debunked! ESP, Telekinesis, and other Pseudoscience. They pointed out that astrologers have only a small knowledge of astronomy and that they often do not take into account basic features such as the precession of the equinoxes. They commented on the example of Elizabeth Teissier who claimed that "the sun ends up in the same place in the sky on the same date each year" as the basis for claims that two people with the same birthday but a number of years apart should be under the same planetary influence. Charpak and Broch noted that "there is a difference of about twenty-two thousand miles between Earth's location on any specific date in two successive years" and that thus they should not be under the same influence according to astrology. Over a 40 years period there would be a difference greater than 780,000 miles.: 6–7 Lack of physical basis Edward W. James, commented that attaching significance to the constellation on the celestial sphere the sun is in at sunset was done on the basis of human factors—namely, that astrologers did not want to wake up early, and the exact time of noon was hard to know. Further, the creation of the zodiac and the disconnect from the constellations was because the sun is not in each constellation for the same amount of time.: 25 This disconnection from the constellations led to the problem with precession separating the zodiac symbols from the constellations that they once were related to.: 26 Philosopher of science, Massimo Pigliucci commenting on the movement, opined "Well then, which sign should I look up when I open my Sunday paper, I wonder?": 64 The tropical zodiac has no connection to the stars, and as long as no claims are made that the constellations themselves are in the associated sign, astrologers avoid the concept that precession seemingly moves the constellations because they do not reference them. Charpak and Broch, noting this, referred to astrology based on the tropical zodiac as being "...empty boxes that have nothing to do with anything and are devoid of any consistency or correspondence with the stars." Sole use of the tropical zodiac is inconsistent with references made, by the same astrologers, to the Age of Aquarius, which depends on when the vernal point enters the constellation of Aquarius. Lack of predictive power Shown in the image is Pluto and its satellites. Astrology was claimed to work before the discovery of Neptune, Uranus and Pluto and they have now been included in the discourse on an ad hoc basis. Some astrologers make claims that the position of all the planets must be taken into account, but astrologers were unable to predict the existence of Neptune based on mistakes in horoscopes. Instead Neptune was predicted using Newton's law of universal gravitation. The grafting on of Uranus, Neptune and Pluto into the astrology discourse was done on an ad hoc basis. On the demotion of Pluto to the status of dwarf planet, Philip Zarka of the Paris Observatory in Meudon, France wondered how astrologers should respond: Should astrologers remove it from the list of luminars and confess that it did not actually bring any improvement? If they decide to keep it, what about the growing list of other recently discovered similar bodies (Sedna, Quaoar. etc), some of which even have satellites (Xena, 2003EL61)? Lack of mechanism Astrology has been criticised for failing to provide a physical mechanism that links the movements of celestial bodies to their purported effects on human behaviour. In a lecture in 2001, Stephen Hawking stated "The reason most scientists don't believe in astrology is because it is not consistent with our theories that have been tested by experiment." In 1975, amid increasing popular interest in astrology, The Humanist magazine presented a rebuttal of astrology in a statement put together by Bart J. Bok, Lawrence E. Jerome, and Paul Kurtz. The statement, entitled "Objections to Astrology", was signed by 186 astronomers, physicists and leading scientists of the day. They said that there is no scientific foundation for the tenets of astrology and warned the public against accepting astrological advice without question. Their criticism focused on the fact that there was no mechanism whereby astrological effects might occur: We can see how infinitesimally small are the gravitational and other effects produced by the distant planets and the far more distant stars. It is simply a mistake to imagine that the forces exerted by stars and planets at the moment of birth can in any way shape our futures. Astronomer Carl Sagan declined to sign the statement. Sagan said he took this stance not because he thought astrology had any validity, but because he thought that the tone of the statement was authoritarian, and that dismissing astrology because there was no mechanism (while "certainly a relevant point") was not in itself convincing. In a letter published in a follow-up edition of The Humanist, Sagan confirmed that he would have been willing to sign such a statement had it described and refuted the principal tenets of astrological belief. This, he argued, would have been more persuasive and would have produced less controversy. The use of poetic imagery based on the concepts of the macrocosm and microcosm, "as above so below" to decide meaning such as Edward W. James' example of "Mars above is red, so Mars below means blood and war", is a false cause fallacy.: 26 Many astrologers claim that astrology is scientific. If one were to attempt to try to explain it scientifically, there are only four fundamental forces (conventionally), limiting the choice of possible natural mechanisms.: 65 Some astrologers have proposed conventional causal agents such as electromagnetism and gravity. The strength of these forces drops off with distance.: 65 Scientists reject these proposed mechanisms as implausible since, for example, the magnetic field, when measured from Earth, of a large but distant planet such as Jupiter is far smaller than that produced by ordinary household appliances. Astronomer Phil Plait noted that in terms of magnitude, the Sun is the only object with an electromagnetic field of note, but astrology isn't based just off the Sun alone.: 65 While astrologers could try to suggest a fifth force, this is inconsistent with the trends in physics with the unification of electromagnetism and the weak force into the electroweak force. If the astrologer insisted on being inconsistent with the current understanding and evidential basis of physics, that would be an extraordinary claim.: 65 It would also be inconsistent with the other forces which drop off with distance.: 65 If distance is irrelevant, then, logically, all objects in space should be taken into account.: 66 Carl Jung sought to invoke synchronicity, the claim that two events have some sort of acausal connection, to explain the lack of statistically significant results on astrology from a single study he conducted. However, synchronicity itself is considered neither testable nor falsifiable. The study was subsequently heavily criticised for its non-random sample and its use of statistics and also its lack of consistency with astrology. Psychology See also: Forer effect Psychological studies have not found any robust relationship between astrological signs and life outcomes. For example, a study showed that zodiac signs are no more effective than random numbers in predicting subjective well-being and quality of life. It has also been shown that confirmation bias is a psychological factor that contributes to belief in astrology.: 344 : 180–181 : 42–48 Confirmation bias is a form of cognitive bias.: 553 From the literature, astrology believers often tend to selectively remember those predictions that turned out to be true and do not remember those that turned out false. Another, separate, form of confirmation bias also plays a role, where believers often fail to distinguish between messages that demonstrate special ability and those that do not.: 180–181 Thus there are two distinct forms of confirmation bias that are under study with respect to astrological belief.: 180–181 The Barnum effect is the tendency for an individual to give a high accuracy rating to a description of their personality that supposedly tailored specifically for them, but is, in fact, vague and general enough to apply to a wide range of people. If more information is requested for a prediction, the more accepting people are of the results.: 344 In 1949 Bertram Forer conducted a personality test on students in his classroom.: 344 Each student was given a supposedly individual assessment but actually all students received the same assessment. The personality descriptions were taken from a book on astrology. When the students were asked to comment on the accuracy of the test, more than 40% gave it the top mark of 5 out of 5, and the average rating was 4.2.: 134, 135 The results of this study have been replicated in numerous other studies.: 382 The study of the Barnum/Forer effect has been focused mostly on the level of acceptance of fake horoscopes and fake astrological personality profiles.: 382 Recipients of these personality assessments consistently fail to distinguish between common and uncommon personality descriptors.: 383 In a study by Paul Rogers and Janice Soule (2009), which was consistent with previous research on the issue, it was found that those who believed in astrology are generally more susceptible to giving more credence to the Barnum profile than sceptics.: 393 By a process known as self-attribution, it has been shown in numerous studies that individuals with knowledge of astrology tend to describe their personalities in terms of traits compatible with their sun signs. The effect is heightened when the individuals were aware that the personality description was being used to discuss astrology. Individuals who were not familiar with astrology had no such tendency. Sociology In 1953, sociologist Theodor W. Adorno conducted a study of the astrology column of a Los Angeles newspaper as part of a project that examined mass culture in capitalist society.: 326 Adorno believed that popular astrology, as a device, invariably led to statements that encouraged conformity—and that astrologers who went against conformity with statements that discouraged performance at work etc. risked losing their jobs.: 327 Adorno concluded that astrology was a large-scale manifestation of systematic irrationalism, where flattery and vague generalisations subtly led individuals to believe the author of the column addressed them directly. Adorno drew a parallel with the phrase opium of the people, by Karl Marx, by commenting, "Occultism is the metaphysic of the dopes.": 329 False balance is where a false, unaccepted or spurious viewpoint is included alongside a well reasoned one in media reports and TV appearances and as a result the false balance implies "there were two equal sides to a story when clearly there were not". During Wonders of the Solar System, a TV programme by the BBC, the physicist Brian Cox said: "Despite the fact that astrology is a load of rubbish, Jupiter can in fact have a profound influence on our planet. And it's through a force... gravity." This upset believers in astrology who complained that there was no astrologer to provide an alternative viewpoint. Following the complaints of astrology believers, Cox gave the following statement to the BBC: "I apologise to the astrology community for not making myself clear. I should have said that this new age drivel is undermining the very fabric of our civilisation." In the programme Stargazing Live, Cox further commented by saying: "in the interests of balance on the BBC, yes astrology is nonsense." In an editorial in the medical journal BMJ, editor Trevor Jackson cited this incident showing where false balance could occur. Studies and polling have shown that the belief in astrology is higher in Western countries than might otherwise be expected. In 2012, in polls 42% of Americans said they thought astrology was at least partially scientific.: 7/25 This belief decreased with education and education is highly correlated with levels of scientific knowledge.: 345 Some of the reported belief levels are due to a confusion of astrology with astronomy (the scientific study of celestial objects). The closeness of the two words varies depending on the language.: 344, 346 A plain description of astrology as an "occult influence of stars, planets etc. on human affairs" had no impact on the general public's assessment of whether astrology is scientific or not in a 1992 eurobarometer poll. This may partially be due to the implicit association amongst the general public, of any wording ending in "-ology" with a legitimate field of knowledge.: 346 In Eurobarometers 224 and 225 performed in 2004, a split poll was used to isolate confusion over wording. In half of the polls, the word "astrology" was used, while in the other the word "horoscope" was used.: 349 Belief that astrology was at least partially scientific was 76%, but belief that horoscopes were at least partially scientific was 43%. In particular, belief that astrology was very scientific was 26% while that of horoscopes was 7%.: 352 This appeared to indicate that the high level of apparent polling support for astrology in the EU was indeed due to confusion over terminology.: 362 See also List of topics characterized as pseudoscience Religion and science Notes ^ Gauquelin attributed this phenomenon to the increase in "artificial" birth hours due to the increased use of surgery to deliver babies (C'est écrit dans les astres, p. 240 & Les Horloges cosmiques p. 200). ^ The level of confidence was self rated by the astrologers themselves. ^ Also discussed in Martens, Ronny; Trachet, Tim (1998). Making sense of astrology. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-218-0. ^ 0.8 is generally seen as unreliable within the social sciences: 66 ^ Jung made the claims, despite being aware that there was no statistical significance in the results. Looking for coincidences post hoc is of very dubious value, see Data dredging. ^ see Heuristics in judgement and decision making References ^ a b c d e f g h Zarka, Philippe (2011). "Astronomy and astrology". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 5 (S260): 420–425. Bibcode:2011IAUS..260..420Z. doi:10.1017/S1743921311002602. ^ a b c d e f Bennett, Jeffrey; Donohue, Megan; Schneider, Nicholas; Voit, Mark (2007). The cosmic perspective (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson/Addison-Wesley. pp. 82–84. ISBN 978-0-8053-9283-8. ^ Hansson, Sven Ove; Zalta, Edward N. "Science and Pseudo-Science". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 6 July 2012. "Astronomical Pseudo-Science: A Skeptic's Resource List". Astronomical Society of the Pacific. ^ Hartmann, P; Reuter, M.; Nyborga, H. (May 2006). "The relationship between date of birth and individual differences in personality and general intelligence: A large-scale study". Personality and Individual Differences. 40 (7): 1349–1362. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.017. To optimise the chances of finding even remote relationships between date of birth and individual differences in personality and intelligence we further applied two different strategies. The first one was based on the common chronological concept of time (e.g. month of birth and season of birth). The second strategy was based on the (pseudo-scientific) concept of astrology (e.g. Sun Signs, The Elements, and astrological gender), as discussed in the book Astrology: Science or superstition? by Eysenck and Nias (1982). ^ Vishveshwara, S.K.; Biswas, D.C.V.; Mallik, C.V., eds. (1989). Cosmic perspectives : essays dedicated to the memory of M.K.V. Bappu (1. publ. ed.). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-34354-1. ^ Peter D. Asquith, ed. (1978). Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, vol. 1. Dordrecht u.a.: Reidel u.a. ISBN 978-0-917586-05-7. "Chapter 7: Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding". science and engineering indicators 2006. National Science Foundation. Archived from the original on 2013-02-01. Retrieved 28 July 2012. About three-fourths of Americans hold at least one pseudoscientific belief; i.e., they believed in at least 1 of the 10 survey items" ..." Those 10 items were extrasensory perception (ESP), that houses can be haunted, ghosts/that spirits of dead people can come back in certain places/situations, telepathy/communication between minds without using traditional senses, clairvoyance/the power of the mind to know the past and predict the future, astrology/that the position of the stars and planets can affect people's lives, that people can communicate mentally with someone who has died, witches, reincarnation/the rebirth of the soul in a new body after death, and channeling/allowing a "spirit-being" to temporarily assume control of a body. ^ Hamilton, Mark (6 May 2015). "Astrology as a culturally transmitted heuristic scheme for understanding seasonality effects: a response to Genovese(2014)". Comprehensive Psychology. 4: 4–7. doi:10.2466/17.CP.4.7. S2CID 148369358. ^ Odent, M. (2005). "Seasonality of Birth: Is There a Link between Primal Health Research and Astrology?". Journal of Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Health. 20 (2): 143–155. S2CID 142143148. ^ Ball, Philip (4 April 2008). "Astrology's myopia". Nature. 452 (7187). doi:10.1038/news.2008.731. ^ a b c d "Objections to Astrology: A Statement by 186 Leading Scientists". The Humanist, September/October 1975. Archived from the original on 18 March 2009. The Humanist, volume 36, no.5 (1976). Bok, Bart J.; Lawrence E. Jerome; Paul Kurtz (1982). "Objections to Astrology: A Statement by 186 Leading Scientists". In Patrick Grim (ed.). Philosophy of Science and the Occult. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 14–18. ISBN 978-0-87395-572-0. ^ "Ariz. Astrology School Accredited". The Washington Post. 27 August 2001. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Allum, Nick (13 December 2010). "What Makes Some People Think Astrology Is Scientific?". Science Communication. 33 (3): 341–366. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.598.6954. doi:10.1177/1075547010389819. S2CID 53334767. This underlies the "Barnum effect". Named after the 19th-century showman Phineas T. Barnum, whose circus act provided "a little something for everyone", it refers to the idea that people believe a statement about their personality that is vague or trivial if they think that it derives from some systematic procedure tailored especially for them (Dickson & Kelly, 1985; Furnham & Schofield, 1987; Rogers & Soule, 2009; Wyman & Vyse, 2008). For example, the more birth detail is used in an astrological prediction or horoscope, the more credulous people tend to be (Furnham, 1991). However, confirmation bias means that people do not tend to pay attention to other information that might disconfirm the credibility of the predictions. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Pigliucci, Massimo (2010). Nonsense on stilts : how to tell science from bunk (. ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226667850. ^ a b c d e Hoskin, Michael, ed. (2003). The Cambridge concise history of astronomy (Printing 2003. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521572910. ^ Evans, James (1998). The history & practice of ancient astronomy. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 9780195095395. ^ a b Arjomand, Kamran (1997). "The Emergence of Scientific Modernity in Iran: Controversies Surrounding Astrology and Modern Astronomy in the Mid-Nineteenth Century". Iranian Studies. 30 (1–2): 5–24. doi:10.1080/00210869708701857. ^ a b Stephen Thornton; Edward N. Zalta (older edition) (2018). "Karl Popper". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ^ a b c d e Pigliucci, Massimo; Boudry, Maarten (2013). Philosophy of pseudoscience : reconsidering the demarcation problem. Chicago : Univ. of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226051796. ^ a b c d Kuhn, Thomas (1970). Imre Lakatos; Alan Musgrave (eds.). Proceedings of the International Colloquium in the Philosophy of Science (Reprint. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0521096232. ^ a b Popper, Karl (2004). Conjectures and refutations : the growth of scientific knowledge (Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-28594-0. The relevant piece is also published in, Schick Jr, Theodore (2000). Readings in the philosophy of science : from positivism to postmodernism. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Pub. pp. 33–39. ISBN 978-0-7674-0277-4. ^ Cogan, Robert (1998). Critical thinking : step by step. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. ISBN 978-0761810674. ^ a b Wright, Peter (1975). "Astrology and Science in Seventeenth-Century England". Social Studies of Science. 5 (4): 399–422. doi:10.1177/030631277500500402. PMID 11610221. S2CID 32085403. ^ a b c d e f g Thagard, Paul R. (1978). "Why Astrology is a Pseudoscience". Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association. 1: 223–234. doi:10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1978.1.192639. S2CID 147050929. ^ Hurley, Patrick (2005). A concise introduction to logic (9th ed.). Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth. ISBN 978-0534585051. ^ a b c d e f g James, Edward W. (1982). Patrick Grim (ed.). Philosophy of science and the occult. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0873955720. ^ a b Gauquelin, Michel (1955). L'influence des astres : étude critique et expérimentale. Paris: Éditions du Dauphin. ^ Pont, Graham (2004). "Philosophy and Science of Music in Ancient Greece". Nexus Network Journal. 6 (1): 17–29. doi:10.1007/s00004-004-0003-x. ^ a b Carroll, Robert Todd (2003). The skeptic's dictionary : a collection of strange beliefs, amusing deceptions, and dangerous delusions. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-27242-7. ^ Benski, Claude; Nienhuys, Jan Willem; et al. (1995). The "Mars effect": a French test of over 1,000 sports champions. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-0-87975-988-9. ^ a b c Smith, Jonathan C. (2010). Pseudoscience and extraordinary claims of the paranormal : a critical thinker's toolkit. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-8123-5. ^ a b c d Carlson, Shawn (1985). "A double-blind test of astrology" (PDF). Nature. 318 (6045): 419–425. Bibcode:1985Natur.318..419C. doi:10.1038/318419a0. S2CID 5135208. ^ Matthews, Robert (17 Aug 2003). "Astrologers fail to predict proof they are wrong". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 13 July 2012. ^ a b c d Dean G.; Kelly, I. W. (2003). "Is Astrology Relevant to Consciousness and Psi?". Journal of Consciousness Studies. 10 (6–7): 175–198. ^ Giomataris, Ioannis (2010-10-27). "Nature Obituary Georges Charpak (1924–2010)". Nature. 467 (7319): 1048. doi:10.1038/4671048a. PMID 20981084. ^ a b c Charpak, Georges; Holland, Henri Broch (2004). Debunked! : ESP, telekinesis, and other pseudoscience. Vol. 58. Translated by Bart K. Baltimore u.a.9: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press. pp. 6, 7. Bibcode:2005PhT....58e..67C. doi:10.1063/1.1995751. ISBN 978-0-8018-7867-1. {{cite book}}: \|journal= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location (link) ^ "British Physicist Debunks Astrology in Indian Lecture". Associated Press. ^ a b c Chris, French (7 February 2012). "Astrologers and other inhabitants of parallel universes". 7 February 2012. London: The Guardian. Retrieved 8 July 2012. ^ a b Randi, James. "UK MEDIA NONSENSE — AGAIN". 21 May 2004. Swift, Online newspaper of the JREF. Archived from the original on July 9, 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2012. ^ Plait, Phil. "Astrology". Bad Astronomy. Retrieved 13 March 2014. ^ a b Michael Shermer, ed. (2002). The Skeptic encyclopedia of pseudoscience. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 241. ISBN 978-1-57607-653-8. ^ Samuels, Andrew (1990). Jung and the post-Jungians. London: Tavistock/Routledge. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-203-35929-7. ^ Joshanloo, Mohsen (2024-05-27). "The sun's position at birth is unrelated to subjective well‐being: Debunking astrological claims". Kyklos. doi:10.1111/kykl.12395. ISSN 0023-5962. ^ a b c Nickerson, Raymond S. Nickerson (1998). "Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises". Review of General Psychology. 2. 2 (2): 175–220. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175. S2CID 8508954. ^ Eysenck, H.J.; Nias, D.K.B. (1984). Astrology : science or superstition?. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-022397-2. ^ Jean-Paul Caverni; Jean-Marc Fabre; Michel Gonzalez, eds. (1990). Cognitive biases. Amsterdam: North-Holland. ISBN 978-0-444-88413-8. ^ Paul, Annie Murphy (2005). The cult of personality testing : how personality tests are leading us to miseducate our children, mismanage our companies, and misunderstand ourselves (1st pbk. ed.). New York, N.Y.: Free Press. ISBN 978-0-7432-8072-3. ^ a b c d Rogers, P.; Soule, J. (5 March 2009). "Cross-Cultural Differences in the Acceptance of Barnum Profiles Supposedly Derived From Western Versus Chinese Astrology". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 40 (3): 381–399. doi:10.1177/0022022109332843. S2CID 145505701. The Barnum effect is a robust phenomenon, having been demonstrated in clinical, occupational, educational, forensic, and military settings as well as numerous ostensibly paranormal contexts (Dickson & Kelly, 1985; Furnham & Schofield, 1987; Snyder, Shenkel & Lowery, 1977; Thiriart, 1991). In the first Barnum study, Forer (1949) administered, astrological believers deemed a Barnum profile supposedly derived from astrology was a better description of their own personality than did astrological skeptics. This was true regardless of the respondent's ethnicity or apparent profile source. This reinforces still further the view that individuals who endorse astrological beliefs are prone to judging the legitimacy and usefulness of horoscopes according to their a priori expectations. ^ Wunder, Edgar (1 December 2003). "Self-attribution, sun-sign traits, and the alleged role of favourableness as a moderator variable: long-term effect or artefact?". Personality and Individual Differences. 35 (8): 1783–1789. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00002-3. The effect was replicated several times (Eysenck & Nias 1981,1982; Fichten & Sunerton, 1983; Jackson, 1979; Kelly, 1982; Smithers and Cooper, 1978), even if no reference to astrology was made until the debriefing of the subjects (Hamilton, 1995; Van Rooij, 1994, 1999), or if the data were gathered originally for a purpose that has nothing to do with astrology (Clarke, Gabriels, and Barnes, 1996; Van Rooij, Brak, & Commandeur, 1988), but the effect is stronger when a cue is given to the subjects that the study is about astrology (Van Rooij 1994). Early evidence for sun-sign derived self-attribution effects has already been reported by Silverman (1971) and Delaney & Woodyard (1974). In studies with subjects unfamiliar with the meaning of the astrological sun-sign symbolism, no effect was observed (Fourie, 1984; Jackson & Fiebert, 1980; Kanekar & Mukherjee, 1972; Mohan, Bhandari, & Meena, 1982; Mohan and Gulati, 1986; Saklofske, Kelly, & McKerracher, 1982; Silverman & Whitmer, 1974; Veno & Pamment, 1979). ^ a b c Cary J. Nederman & James Wray Goulding (Winter 1981). "Popular Occultism and Critical Social Theory: Exploring Some Themes in Adorno's Critique of Astrology and the Occult". Sociological Analysis. 42. ^ Theodor W. Adorno (Spring 1974). "The Stars Down to Earth: The Los Angeles Times Astrology Column". Telos. 1974 (19): 13–90. doi:10.3817/0374019013. S2CID 143675240. ^ a b c Jackson, T. (20 December 2011). "When balance is bias". BMJ. 343 (dec19 2): d8006. doi:10.1136/bmj.d8006. PMID 22187191. S2CID 206894358. ^ Robbins, Martin (24 January 2011). "Astrologers angered by stars". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 September 2013. ^ Science and Technology Indicators 2014 (PDF). National Science Foundation. External links Merrifield, Michael. "Right Ascension & Declination". Sixty Symbols. Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham.—which also discusses ascension and declination errors in different systems of astrology Smit, Rudolf H. "Astrology and science". An archive of evidence-based studies Fraknoi, Andrew. "An Astronomer Looks at Astrology". A skeptical examination of astrology for beginners Portals: Astronomy Stars Outer space Mathematics Science Authority control databases: National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Astrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology"},{"link_name":"Scientific testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology#Scientific_appraisal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zarka-1"},{"link_name":"falsifiable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifiable"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zarka-1"},{"link_name":"Shawn Carlson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn_Carlson"},{"link_name":"natal astrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natal_astrology"},{"link_name":"controlled studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zarka-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cosmic-2"},{"link_name":"pseudoscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SandPSandAstroSoc-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hartmann-4"},{"link_name":"biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vishveshwara-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AsquithNSF-6"},{"link_name":"influence of seasonal birth in humans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_seasonal_birth_in_humans"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HeuristicScheme-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-linkbetween-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-myopia-9"}],"text":"Relationship between astrology and scienceAstrology consists of a number of belief systems that hold that there is a relationship between astronomical phenomena and events or descriptions of personality in the human world. Astrology has been rejected by the scientific community as having no explanatory power for describing the universe. Scientific testing has found no evidence to support the premises or purported effects outlined in astrological traditions.[1]Where astrology has made falsifiable predictions, it has been falsified.[1]: 424 The most famous test was headed by Shawn Carlson and included a committee of scientists and a committee of astrologers. It led to the conclusion that natal astrology performed no better than chance.Astrology has not demonstrated its effectiveness in controlled studies and has no scientific validity,[1][2]: 85 and is thus regarded as pseudoscience.[3][4]: 1350 There is no proposed mechanism of action by which the positions and motions of stars and planets could affect people and events on Earth in the way astrologers say they do that does not contradict well-understood, basic aspects of biology and physics.[5]: 249 [6]Modern scientific inquiry into astrology is primarily focused on drawing a correlation between astrological traditions and the influence of seasonal birth in humans.[7][8][9]","title":"Astrology and science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cosmic-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Humanist-10"},{"link_name":"Astrophysicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysicist"},{"link_name":"Neil deGrasse Tyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_deGrasse_Tyson"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Post-11"},{"link_name":"scientific literacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_literacy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allum-12"}],"text":"The majority of professional astrologers rely on performing astrology-based personality tests and making relevant predictions about the remunerator's future.[2]: 83 Those who continue to have faith in astrology have been characterised as doing so \"in spite of the fact that there is no verified scientific basis for their beliefs, and indeed that there is strong evidence to the contrary\".[10] Astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson commented on astrological belief, saying that \"part of knowing how to think is knowing how the laws of nature shape the world around us. Without that knowledge, without that capacity to think, you can easily become a victim of people who seek to take advantage of you\".[11]The continued belief in astrology despite its lack of credibility is seen as a demonstration of low scientific literacy, although some continue to believe in it even though they are scientifically literate.[12]","title":"Introduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hellenistic period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period"},{"link_name":"Alexander the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great"},{"link_name":"celestial sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_sphere"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Massimo-13"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy"},{"link_name":"astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoskin-14"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Macrocosm and microcosm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrocosm_and_microcosm"},{"link_name":"medical astrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_astrology"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoskin-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans-15"},{"link_name":"Islamic Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age"},{"link_name":"eccentricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity"},{"link_name":"Ptolemaic model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocentric_model#Ptolemaic_system"},{"link_name":"Fatimid Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"vizier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizier"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoskin-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoskin-14"},{"link_name":"La Connoissance des temps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connaissance_des_Temps"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoskin-14"},{"link_name":"heliocentrism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentrism"},{"link_name":"Islamic cosmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iran-16"},{"link_name":"conjunction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunction_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iran-16"}],"text":"The foundations of the theoretical structure used in astrology originate with the Babylonians, although widespread usage did not occur until the start of the Hellenistic period after Alexander the Great swept through Greece. It was not known to the Babylonians that the constellations are not on a celestial sphere and are very far apart. The appearance of them being close is illusory. The exact demarcation of what a constellation is is cultural and varied between civilisations.[13]: 62 Ptolemy's work on astronomy was driven to some extent by the desire, like all astrologers of the time, to easily calculate the planetary movements.[14]: 40 Early Western astrology operated under the Ancient Greek concepts of the Macrocosm and microcosm, and thus medical astrology related what happened to the planets and other objects in the sky to medical operations. This provided a further motivator for the study of astronomy.[14]: 73 While still defending the practice of astrology, Ptolemy acknowledged that the predictive power of astronomy for the motion of the planets and other celestial bodies ranked above astrological predictions.[15]: 344During the Islamic Golden Age, astronomy was funded so that the astronomical parameters, such as the eccentricity of the sun's orbit, required for the Ptolemaic model could be calculated to sufficient accuracy and precision. Those in positions of power, like the Fatimid Caliphate vizier in 1120, funded the construction of observatories so that astrological predictions, fuelled by precise planetary information, could be made.[14]: 55–56 Since the observatories were built to help in making astrological predictions, few of these observatories lasted long due to the prohibition against astrology within Islam, and most were torn down during or just after construction.[14]: 57The clear rejection of astrology in works of astronomy started in 1679, with the yearly publication La Connoissance des temps.[14]: 220 Unlike the West, in Iran, the rejection of heliocentrism continued up towards the start of the 20th century, in part motivated by a fear that this would undermine the widespread belief in astrology and Islamic cosmology in Iran.[16]: 10 The first work, Falak al-sa'ada by Ictizad al-Saltana, aimed at undermining this belief in astrology and \"old astronomy\" in Iran was published in 1861. On astrology, it cited the inability of different astrologers to make the same prediction about what occurs following a conjunction and described the attributes astrologers gave to the planets as implausible.[16]: 17–18","title":"Historical relationship with astronomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karl_Popper.jpg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Massimo-13"}],"text":"Philosopher Karl Popper proposed falsifiability as ideas that distinguish science from non-science, using astrology as the example of an idea that has not dealt with falsification during experiment.Astrology provides the quintessential example of a pseudoscience since it has been tested repeatedly and failed all the tests.[13]: 62","title":"Philosophy of science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-science"},{"link_name":"falsifiability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifiability"},{"link_name":"philosopher of science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher_of_science"},{"link_name":"Karl Popper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Popper"},{"link_name":"induction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_reasoning"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PopperStanford-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Philo-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PopperStanford-17"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuhn-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Popper-20"},{"link_name":"Terence Hines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Hines"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cogan-21"}],"sub_title":"Falsifiability","text":"Science and non-science are often distinguished by the criterion of falsifiability. The criterion was first proposed by philosopher of science Karl Popper. To Popper, science does not rely on induction; instead, scientific investigations are inherently attempts to falsify existing theories through novel tests. If a single test fails, then the theory is falsified.[17][18]: 10Therefore, any test of a scientific theory must prohibit certain results that falsify the theory, and expect other specific results consistent with the theory. Using this criterion of falsifiability, astrology is a pseudoscience.[17]Astrology was Popper's most frequent example of pseudoscience.[19]: 7 Popper regarded astrology as \"pseudo-empirical\" in that \"it appeals to observation and experiment\", but \"nevertheless does not come up to scientific standards\".[20]: 44In contrast to scientific disciplines, astrology does not respond to falsification through experiment. According to Professor of neurology Terence Hines, this is a hallmark of pseudoscience.[21]: 206","title":"Philosophy of science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Kuhn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wright-22"},{"link_name":"horoscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horoscope"},{"link_name":"medieval medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuhn-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuhn-19"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wright-22"},{"link_name":"hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothesis"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuhn-19"}],"sub_title":"\"No puzzles to solve\"","text":"In contrast to Popper, the philosopher Thomas Kuhn argued that it was not lack of falsifiability that makes astrology unscientific, but rather that the process and concepts of astrology are non-empirical.[22]: 401 To Kuhn, although astrologers had, historically, made predictions that \"categorically failed\", this in itself does not make it unscientific, nor do the attempts by astrologers to explain away the failure by claiming it was due to the creation of a horoscope being very difficult (through subsuming, after the fact, a more general horoscope that leads to a different prediction).Rather, in Kuhn's eyes, astrology is not science because it was always more akin to medieval medicine; they followed a sequence of rules and guidelines for a seemingly necessary field with known shortcomings, but they did no research because the fields are not amenable to research,[19]: 8 and so, \"They had no puzzles to solve and therefore no science to practise.\"[19]: 8 [22]: 401While an astronomer could correct for failure, an astrologer could not. An astrologer could only explain away failure but could not revise the astrological hypothesis in a meaningful way. As such, to Kuhn, even if the stars could influence the path of humans through life astrology is not scientific.[19]: 8","title":"Philosophy of science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Thagard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Thagard"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thagard-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thagard-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thagard-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hurley-24"},{"link_name":"normal science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_science"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thagard-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thagard-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thagard-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thagard-23"}],"sub_title":"Progress, practice and consistency","text":"Philosopher Paul Thagard believed that astrology can not be regarded as falsified in this sense until it has been replaced with a successor. In the case of predicting behaviour, psychology is the alternative.[23]: 228 To Thagard a further criterion of demarcation of science from pseudoscience was that the state of the art must progress and that the community of researchers should be attempting to compare the current theory to alternatives, and not be \"selective in considering confirmations and disconfirmations\".[23]: 227–228Progress is defined here as explaining new phenomena and solving existing problems, yet astrology has failed to progress having only changed little in nearly 2000 years.[23]: 228 [24]: 549 To Thagard, astrologers are acting as though engaged in normal science believing that the foundations of astrology were well established despite the \"many unsolved problems\", and in the face of better alternative theories (Psychology). For these reasons Thagard viewed astrology as pseudoscience.[23]: 228To Thagard, astrology should not be regarded as a pseudoscience on the failure of Gauquelin to find any correlation between the various astrological signs and someone's career, twins not showing the expected correlations from having the same signs in twin studies, lack of agreement on the significance of the planets discovered since Ptolemy's time and large scale disasters wiping out individuals with vastly different signs at the same time.[23]: 226–227 Rather, his demarcation of science requires three distinct foci: \"theory, community [and] historical context\".While verification and falsifiability focused on the theory, Kuhn's work focused on the historical context, but the astrological community should also be considered. Whether or not they:[23]: 226–227are focused on comparing their approach to others.\nhave a consistent approach.\ntry to falsify their theory through experiment.In this approach, true falsification rather than modifying a theory to avoid the falsification only really occurs when an alternative theory is proposed.[23]: 228","title":"Philosophy of science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EdwardJ-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EdwardJ-25"},{"link_name":"appeals to ancient astrologers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeals_to_authority"},{"link_name":"reference frame dependent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_relativity"},{"link_name":"Solar System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System"},{"link_name":"geocentric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocentric"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EdwardJ-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EdwardJ-25"}],"sub_title":"Irrationality","text":"For the philosopher Edward W. James, astrology is irrational not because of the numerous problems with mechanisms and falsification due to experiments, but because an analysis of the astrological literature shows that it is infused with fallacious logic and poor reasoning.[25]: 34What if throughout astrological writings we meet little appreciation of coherence, blatant insensitivity to evidence, no sense of a hierarchy of reasons, slight command over the contextual force of critieria, stubborn unwillingness to pursue an argument where it leads, stark naivete concerning the efficacy of explanation and so on? In that case, I think, we are perfectly justified in rejecting astrology as irrational. ... Astrology simply fails to meet the multifarious demands of legitimate reasoning.— Edward W. James[25]: 34This poor reasoning includes appeals to ancient astrologers such as Kepler despite any relevance of topic or specific reasoning, and vague claims. The claim that evidence for astrology is that people born at roughly \"the same place have a life pattern that is very similar\" is vague, but also ignores that time is reference frame dependent and gives no definition of \"same place\" despite the planet's moving in the reference frame of the Solar System. Other comments by astrologers are based on severely erroneous interpretations of basic physics, such as the general belief by medieval astrologers that the geocentric Solar System corresponded to an atom. Further, James noted that response to criticism also relies on faulty logic, an example of which was a response to twin studies with the statement that coincidences in twins are due to astrology, but any differences are due to \"heredity and environment\", while for other astrologers the issues are too difficult and they just want to get back to their astrology.[25]: 32 Further, to astrologers, if something appears in their favour, they may latch upon it as proof, while making no attempt to explore its implications, preferring to refer to the item in favour as definitive; possibilities that do not make astrology look favourable are ignored.[25]: 33","title":"Philosophy of science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quinean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Philo-18"}],"sub_title":"Quinean dichotomy","text":"From the Quinean web of knowledge, there is a dichotomy where one must either reject astrology or accept astrology but reject all established scientific disciplines that are incompatible with astrology.[18]: 24","title":"Philosophy of science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Popper-20"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cosmic-2"},{"link_name":"blind experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_experiment"},{"link_name":"falsified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifiability"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zarka-1"},{"link_name":"controlled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_control"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Philo-18"}],"text":"Astrologers often avoid making verifiable predictions, and instead rely on vague statements that let them try to avoid falsification.[20]: 48–49 Across several centuries of testing, the predictions of astrology have never been more accurate than that expected by chance alone.[2] One approach used in testing astrology quantitatively is through blind experiment. When specific predictions from astrologers were tested in rigorous experimental procedures in the Carlson test, the predictions were falsified.[1] All controlled experiments have failed to show any effect.[18]: 24","title":"Tests of astrology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mars_effect12.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mars effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_effect"},{"link_name":"diurnal position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnal_motion"},{"link_name":"Michel Gauquelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Gauquelin"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gauquelin-1955-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pont-27"},{"link_name":"zodiacal signs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrological_signs"},{"link_name":"planetary aspects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrological_aspects"},{"link_name":"diurnal positions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnal_motion"},{"link_name":"planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planets_in_astrology"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gauquelin-1955-26"},{"link_name":"natal charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natal_chart"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carroll-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carroll-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benski-29"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CritThink-31"}],"sub_title":"Mars effect","text":"The initial Mars effect finding, showing the relative frequency of the diurnal position of Mars in the birth charts (N = 570) of \"eminent athletes\" (red solid line) compared to the expected results [after Michel Gauquelin 1955][26]In 1955, astrologer[27] and psychologist Michel Gauquelin stated that although he had failed to find evidence to support such indicators as the zodiacal signs and planetary aspects in astrology, he had found positive correlations between the diurnal positions of some of the planets and success in professions (such as doctors, scientists, athletes, actors, writers, painters, etc.), which astrology traditionally associates with those planets.[26] The best-known of Gauquelin's findings is based on the positions of Mars in the natal charts of successful athletes and became known as the \"Mars effect\".[28]: 213 A study conducted by seven French scientists attempted to replicate the claim, but found no statistical evidence.[28]: 213–214 They attributed the effect to selective bias on Gauquelin's part, accusing him of attempting to persuade them to add or delete names from their study.[29]Geoffrey Dean has suggested that the effect may be caused by self-reporting of birth dates by parents rather than any issue with the study by Gauquelin. The suggestion is that a small subset of the parents may have had changed birth times to be consistent with better astrological charts for a related profession. The sample group was taken from a time where belief in astrology was more common. Gauquelin had failed to find the Mars effect in more recent populations,[a] where a nurse or doctor recorded the birth information. The number of births under astrologically undesirable conditions was also lower, indicating more evidence that parents choose dates and times to suit their beliefs.[30]: 116","title":"Tests of astrology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California Psychological Inventory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Psychological_Inventory"},{"link_name":"double blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_blind"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zarka-1"},{"link_name":"National Council for Geocosmic Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_Geocosmic_Research"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CritThink-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carlson-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carlson-32"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CritThink-31"},{"link_name":"natal astrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natal_astrology"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carlson-32"},{"link_name":"Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carlson-32"}],"sub_title":"Carlson's experiment","text":"Shawn Carlson's now renowned experiment was performed by 28 astrologers matching over 100 natal charts to psychological profiles generated by the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) test using double blind methods.The experimental protocol used in Carlson's study was agreed to by a group of physicists and astrologers prior to the experiment.[1] Astrologers, nominated by the National Council for Geocosmic Research, acted as the astrological advisors, and helped to ensure, and agreed, that the test was fair.[30]: 117 [31]: 420 They also chose 26 of the 28 astrologers for the tests, the other two being interested astrologers who volunteered afterwards.[31]: 420 The astrologers came from Europe and the United States.[30]: 117 The astrologers helped to draw up the central proposition of natal astrology to be tested.[31]: 419 Published in Nature in 1985, the study found that predictions based on natal astrology were no better than chance, and that the testing \"clearly refutes the astrological hypothesis\".[31]","title":"Tests of astrology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FailToPredict-33"},{"link_name":"cognitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive"},{"link_name":"behavioural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioural"},{"link_name":"physical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiological"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geoffrey-34"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Eysenck Personality Questionnaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eysenck_Personality_Questionnaire"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geoffrey-34"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geoffrey-34"}],"sub_title":"Dean and Kelly","text":"Scientist and former astrologer Geoffrey Dean and psychologist Ivan Kelly[32] conducted a large-scale scientific test, involving more than one hundred cognitive, behavioural, physical and other variables, but found no support for astrology.[33] A further test involved 45 confident[b] astrologers, with an average of 10 years' experience and 160 test subjects (out of an original sample size of 1198 test subjects) who strongly favoured certain characteristics in the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire to extremes.[33]: 191 The astrologers performed much worse than merely basing decisions off the individuals' ages, and much worse than 45 control subjects who did not use birth charts at all.[c][33]: 191","title":"Tests of astrology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"meta-analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-analysis"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geoffrey-34"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Massimo-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Massimo-13"},{"link_name":"David Voas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Voas"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Massimo-13"}],"sub_title":"Other tests","text":"A meta-analysis was conducted, pooling 40 studies consisting of 700 astrologers and over 1,000 birth charts. Ten of the tests, which had a total of 300 participating, involved the astrologers picking the correct chart interpretation out of a number of others that were not the astrologically correct chart interpretation (usually three to five others). When the date and other obvious clues were removed, no significant results were found to suggest there was any preferred chart.[33]: 190In 10 studies, participants picked horoscopes that they felt were accurate descriptions, with one being the \"correct\" answer. Again the results were no better than chance.[13]: 66–67In a study of 2011 sets of people born within 5 minutes of each other (\"time twins\") to see if there was any discernible effect; no effect was seen.[13]: 67Quantitative sociologist David Voas examined the census data for more than 20 million individuals in England and Wales to see if star signs corresponded to marriage arrangements. No effect was seen.[13]: 67","title":"Tests of astrology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Massimo-13"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Philo-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Philo-18"}],"text":"Beyond the scientific tests astrology has failed, proposals for astrology face a number of other obstacles due to the many theoretical flaws in astrology[13]: 62 [18]: 24 including lack of consistency, lack of ability to predict missing planets, lack of connection of the zodiac to the constellations in Western astrology, and lack of any plausible mechanism. The underpinnings of astrology tend to disagree with numerous basic facts from scientific disciplines.[18]: 24","title":"Theoretic obstacles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cosmic-2"},{"link_name":"degree of agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-rater_reliability"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Massimo-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cosmic-2"},{"link_name":"Georges Charpak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Charpak"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CharpakObit-38"},{"link_name":"precession of the equinoxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precession#Axial_precession_(precession_of_the_equinoxes)"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Teissier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Teissier"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charpak-39"}],"sub_title":"Lack of consistency","text":"Testing the validity of astrology can be difficult because there is no consensus amongst astrologers as to what astrology is or what it can predict.[2]: 83 Dean and Kelly documented 25 studies, which had found that the degree of agreement amongst astrologers' predictions was measured as a low 0.1.[d][13]: 66 Most professional astrologers are paid to predict the future or describe a person's personality and life, but most horoscopes only make vague untestable statements that can apply to almost anyone.[2]: 83Georges Charpak and Henri Broch dealt with claims from Western astrology in the book Debunked! ESP, Telekinesis, and other Pseudoscience.[34] They pointed out that astrologers have only a small knowledge of astronomy and that they often do not take into account basic features such as the precession of the equinoxes. They commented on the example of Elizabeth Teissier who claimed that \"the sun ends up in the same place in the sky on the same date each year\" as the basis for claims that two people with the same birthday but a number of years apart should be under the same planetary influence. Charpak and Broch noted that \"there is a difference of about twenty-two thousand miles between Earth's location on any specific date in two successive years\" and that thus they should not be under the same influence according to astrology. Over a 40 years period there would be a difference greater than 780,000 miles.[35]: 6–7","title":"Theoretic obstacles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EdwardJ-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EdwardJ-25"},{"link_name":"Massimo Pigliucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Pigliucci"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Massimo-13"},{"link_name":"sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrological_sign"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charpak-39"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charpak-39"},{"link_name":"Age of Aquarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Aquarius"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zarka-1"}],"sub_title":"Lack of physical basis","text":"Edward W. James, commented that attaching significance to the constellation on the celestial sphere the sun is in at sunset was done on the basis of human factors—namely, that astrologers did not want to wake up early, and the exact time of noon was hard to know. Further, the creation of the zodiac and the disconnect from the constellations was because the sun is not in each constellation for the same amount of time.[25]: 25 This disconnection from the constellations led to the problem with precession separating the zodiac symbols from the constellations that they once were related to.[25]: 26 Philosopher of science, Massimo Pigliucci commenting on the movement, opined \"Well then, which sign should I look up when I open my Sunday paper, I wonder?\"[13]: 64The tropical zodiac has no connection to the stars, and as long as no claims are made that the constellations themselves are in the associated sign, astrologers avoid the concept that precession seemingly moves the constellations because they do not reference them.[35] Charpak and Broch, noting this, referred to astrology based on the tropical zodiac as being \"...empty boxes that have nothing to do with anything and are devoid of any consistency or correspondence with the stars.\"[35] Sole use of the tropical zodiac is inconsistent with references made, by the same astrologers, to the Age of Aquarius, which depends on when the vernal point enters the constellation of Aquarius.[1]","title":"Theoretic obstacles"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pluto_and_its_satellites_(2005)_without_labels.jpg"},{"link_name":"Neptune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune"},{"link_name":"Newton's law of universal gravitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cosmic-2"},{"link_name":"Uranus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus"},{"link_name":"Pluto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluto"},{"link_name":"ad hoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zarka-1"},{"link_name":"dwarf planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_planet"},{"link_name":"Paris Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Observatory"},{"link_name":"Meudon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meudon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zarka-1"}],"sub_title":"Lack of predictive power","text":"Shown in the image is Pluto and its satellites. Astrology was claimed to work before the discovery of Neptune, Uranus and Pluto and they have now been included in the discourse on an ad hoc basis.Some astrologers make claims that the position of all the planets must be taken into account, but astrologers were unable to predict the existence of Neptune based on mistakes in horoscopes. Instead Neptune was predicted using Newton's law of universal gravitation.[2] The grafting on of Uranus, Neptune and Pluto into the astrology discourse was done on an ad hoc basis.[1]On the demotion of Pluto to the status of dwarf planet, Philip Zarka of the Paris Observatory in Meudon, France wondered how astrologers should respond:[1]Should astrologers remove it from the list of luminars [Sun, Moon and the 8 planets other than earth] and confess that it did not actually bring any improvement? If they decide to keep it, what about the growing list of other recently discovered similar bodies (Sedna, Quaoar. etc), some of which even have satellites (Xena, 2003EL61)?","title":"Theoretic obstacles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"physical mechanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_property"},{"link_name":"Stephen Hawking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hawking-40"},{"link_name":"Bart J. Bok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_J._Bok"},{"link_name":"Paul Kurtz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kurtz"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Humanist-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Humanist-10"},{"link_name":"Carl Sagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Sagan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Humanist-10"},{"link_name":"as above so below","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_above_so_below"},{"link_name":"false cause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_cause"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EdwardJ-25"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChrisFrench-41"},{"link_name":"four fundamental forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_fundamental_forces"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Massimo-13"},{"link_name":"causal agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality"},{"link_name":"electromagnetism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism"},{"link_name":"gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChrisFrench-41"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SundayTimes-42"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Massimo-13"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChrisFrench-41"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SundayTimes-42"},{"link_name":"Phil Plait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Plait"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Massimo-13"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plait-43"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"extraordinary claim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Truzzi#%22Extraordinary_claims%22"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Massimo-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Massimo-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Massimo-13"},{"link_name":"synchronicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronicity"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shermer-44"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Samuels-46"}],"sub_title":"Lack of mechanism","text":"Astrology has been criticised for failing to provide a physical mechanism that links the movements of celestial bodies to their purported effects on human behaviour. In a lecture in 2001, Stephen Hawking stated \"The reason most scientists don't believe in astrology is because it is not consistent with our theories that have been tested by experiment.\"[36] In 1975, amid increasing popular interest in astrology, The Humanist magazine presented a rebuttal of astrology in a statement put together by Bart J. Bok, Lawrence E. Jerome, and Paul Kurtz.[10] The statement, entitled \"Objections to Astrology\", was signed by 186 astronomers, physicists and leading scientists of the day. They said that there is no scientific foundation for the tenets of astrology and warned the public against accepting astrological advice without question. Their criticism focused on the fact that there was no mechanism whereby astrological effects might occur:We can see how infinitesimally small are the gravitational and other effects produced by the distant planets and the far more distant stars. It is simply a mistake to imagine that the forces exerted by stars and planets at the moment of birth can in any way shape our futures.[10]Astronomer Carl Sagan declined to sign the statement. Sagan said he took this stance not because he thought astrology had any validity, but because he thought that the tone of the statement was authoritarian, and that dismissing astrology because there was no mechanism (while \"certainly a relevant point\") was not in itself convincing. In a letter published in a follow-up edition of The Humanist, Sagan confirmed that he would have been willing to sign such a statement had it described and refuted the principal tenets of astrological belief. This, he argued, would have been more persuasive and would have produced less controversy.[10]The use of poetic imagery based on the concepts of the macrocosm and microcosm, \"as above so below\" to decide meaning such as Edward W. James' example of \"Mars above is red, so Mars below means blood and war\", is a false cause fallacy.[25]: 26Many astrologers claim that astrology is scientific.[37] If one were to attempt to try to explain it scientifically, there are only four fundamental forces (conventionally), limiting the choice of possible natural mechanisms.[13]: 65 Some astrologers have proposed conventional causal agents such as electromagnetism and gravity.[37][38] The strength of these forces drops off with distance.[13]: 65 Scientists reject these proposed mechanisms as implausible[37] since, for example, the magnetic field, when measured from Earth, of a large but distant planet such as Jupiter is far smaller than that produced by ordinary household appliances.[38] Astronomer Phil Plait noted that in terms of magnitude, the Sun is the only object with an electromagnetic field of note, but astrology isn't based just off the Sun alone.[13]: 65 [39] While astrologers could try to suggest a fifth force, this is inconsistent with the trends in physics with the unification of electromagnetism and the weak force into the electroweak force. If the astrologer insisted on being inconsistent with the current understanding and evidential basis of physics, that would be an extraordinary claim.[13]: 65 It would also be inconsistent with the other forces which drop off with distance.[13]: 65 If distance is irrelevant, then, logically, all objects in space should be taken into account.[13]: 66Carl Jung sought to invoke synchronicity, the claim that two events have some sort of acausal connection, to explain the lack of statistically significant results on astrology from a single study he conducted. However, synchronicity itself is considered neither testable nor falsifiable.[40] The study was subsequently heavily criticised for its non-random sample and its use of statistics and also its lack of consistency with astrology.[e][41]","title":"Theoretic obstacles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Forer effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forer_effect"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"confirmation bias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_bias"},{"link_name":"psychological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allum-12"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raymond-48"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eysenck1982-49"},{"link_name":"cognitive bias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_bias"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gonzalez-51"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raymond-48"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raymond-48"},{"link_name":"Barnum effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnum_effect"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allum-12"},{"link_name":"Bertram Forer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram_Forer"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allum-12"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paul-52"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rogers-53"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rogers-53"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rogers-53"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rogers-53"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wunder-54"}],"text":"See also: Forer effectPsychological studies have not found any robust relationship between astrological signs and life outcomes. For example, a study showed that zodiac signs are no more effective than random numbers in predicting subjective well-being and quality of life[42].It has also been shown that confirmation bias is a psychological factor that contributes to belief in astrology.[12]: 344 [43]: 180–181 [44]: 42–48 Confirmation bias is a form of cognitive bias.[f][45]: 553From the literature, astrology believers often tend to selectively remember those predictions that turned out to be true and do not remember those that turned out false. Another, separate, form of confirmation bias also plays a role, where believers often fail to distinguish between messages that demonstrate special ability and those that do not.[43]: 180–181Thus there are two distinct forms of confirmation bias that are under study with respect to astrological belief.[43]: 180–181The Barnum effect is the tendency for an individual to give a high accuracy rating to a description of their personality that supposedly tailored specifically for them, but is, in fact, vague and general enough to apply to a wide range of people. If more information is requested for a prediction, the more accepting people are of the results.[12]: 344In 1949 Bertram Forer conducted a personality test on students in his classroom.[12]: 344 Each student was given a supposedly individual assessment but actually all students received the same assessment. The personality descriptions were taken from a book on astrology. When the students were asked to comment on the accuracy of the test, more than 40% gave it the top mark of 5 out of 5, and the average rating was 4.2.[46]: 134, 135 The results of this study have been replicated in numerous other studies.[47]: 382The study of the Barnum/Forer effect has been focused mostly on the level of acceptance of fake horoscopes and fake astrological personality profiles.[47]: 382 Recipients of these personality assessments consistently fail to distinguish between common and uncommon personality descriptors.[47]: 383 In a study by Paul Rogers and Janice Soule (2009), which was consistent with previous research on the issue, it was found that those who believed in astrology are generally more susceptible to giving more credence to the Barnum profile than sceptics.[47]: 393By a process known as self-attribution, it has been shown in numerous studies that individuals with knowledge of astrology tend to describe their personalities in terms of traits compatible with their sun signs. The effect is heightened when the individuals were aware that the personality description was being used to discuss astrology. Individuals who were not familiar with astrology had no such tendency.[48]","title":"Psychology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theodor W. Adorno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nederman-55"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nederman-55"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adorno-56"},{"link_name":"opium of the people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_of_the_people"},{"link_name":"Karl Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nederman-55"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMJ-57"},{"link_name":"Wonders of the Solar System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonders_of_the_Solar_System"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Brian Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Cox_(physicist)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMJ-57"},{"link_name":"Stargazing Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargazing_Live"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MartinRobbins-58"},{"link_name":"BMJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMJ"},{"link_name":"false balance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_balance"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMJ-57"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allum-12"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSFIndicators-59"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allum-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allum-12"},{"link_name":"eurobarometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurobarometer"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allum-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allum-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allum-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allum-12"}],"text":"In 1953, sociologist Theodor W. Adorno conducted a study of the astrology column of a Los Angeles newspaper as part of a project that examined mass culture in capitalist society.[49]: 326 Adorno believed that popular astrology, as a device, invariably led to statements that encouraged conformity—and that astrologers who went against conformity with statements that discouraged performance at work etc. risked losing their jobs.[49]: 327 Adorno concluded that astrology was a large-scale manifestation of systematic irrationalism, where flattery and vague generalisations subtly led individuals to believe the author of the column addressed them directly.[50] Adorno drew a parallel with the phrase opium of the people, by Karl Marx, by commenting, \"Occultism is the metaphysic of the dopes.\"[49]: 329False balance is where a false, unaccepted or spurious viewpoint is included alongside a well reasoned one in media reports and TV appearances and as a result the false balance implies \"there were two equal sides to a story when clearly there were not\".[51] During Wonders of the Solar System, a TV programme by the BBC, the physicist Brian Cox said: \"Despite the fact that astrology is a load of rubbish, Jupiter can in fact have a profound influence on our planet. And it's through a force... gravity.\" This upset believers in astrology who complained that there was no astrologer to provide an alternative viewpoint. Following the complaints of astrology believers, Cox gave the following statement to the BBC: \"I apologise to the astrology community for not making myself clear. I should have said that this new age drivel is undermining the very fabric of our civilisation.\"[51] In the programme Stargazing Live, Cox further commented by saying: \"in the interests of balance on the BBC, yes astrology is nonsense.\"[52] In an editorial in the medical journal BMJ, editor Trevor Jackson cited this incident showing where false balance could occur.[51]Studies and polling have shown that the belief in astrology is higher in Western countries than might otherwise be expected.[12] In 2012, in polls 42% of Americans said they thought astrology was at least partially scientific.[53]: 7/25 This belief decreased with education and education is highly correlated with levels of scientific knowledge.[12]: 345Some of the reported belief levels are due to a confusion of astrology with astronomy (the scientific study of celestial objects). The closeness of the two words varies depending on the language.[12]: 344, 346 A plain description of astrology as an \"occult influence of stars, planets etc. on human affairs\" had no impact on the general public's assessment of whether astrology is scientific or not in a 1992 eurobarometer poll. This may partially be due to the implicit association amongst the general public, of any wording ending in \"-ology\" with a legitimate field of knowledge.[12]: 346 In Eurobarometers 224 and 225 performed in 2004, a split poll was used to isolate confusion over wording. In half of the polls, the word \"astrology\" was used, while in the other the word \"horoscope\" was used.[12]: 349 Belief that astrology was at least partially scientific was 76%, but belief that horoscopes were at least partially scientific was 43%. In particular, belief that astrology was very scientific was 26% while that of horoscopes was 7%.[12]: 352 This appeared to indicate that the high level of apparent polling support for astrology in the EU was indeed due to confusion over terminology.[12]: 362","title":"Sociology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"Trachet, Tim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Trachet"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-57392-218-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-218-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"social sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciences"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Massimo-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"Data dredging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misuse_of_statistics#Data_dredging"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shermer-44"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"Heuristics in judgement and decision making","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristics_in_judgement_and_decision_making"}],"text":"^ Gauquelin attributed this phenomenon to the increase in \"artificial\" birth hours due to the increased use of surgery to deliver babies (C'est écrit dans les astres, p. 240 & Les Horloges cosmiques p. 200).\n\n^ The level of confidence was self rated by the astrologers themselves.\n\n^ Also discussed in Martens, Ronny; Trachet, Tim (1998). Making sense of astrology. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-218-0.\n\n^ 0.8 is generally seen as unreliable within the social sciences[13]: 66 \n\n^ Jung made the claims, despite being aware that there was no statistical significance in the results. Looking for coincidences post hoc is of very dubious value, see Data dredging.[40]\n\n^ see Heuristics in judgement and decision making","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Venice_ast_sm.jpg/170px-Venice_ast_sm.jpg"},{"image_text":"Philosopher Karl Popper proposed falsifiability as ideas that distinguish science from non-science, using astrology as the example of an idea that has not dealt with falsification during experiment.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Karl_Popper.jpg/220px-Karl_Popper.jpg"},{"image_text":"The initial Mars effect finding, showing the relative frequency of the diurnal position of Mars in the birth charts (N = 570) of \"eminent athletes\" (red solid line) compared to the expected results [after Michel Gauquelin 1955][26]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mars_effect12.jpg/220px-Mars_effect12.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shown in the image is Pluto and its satellites. Astrology was claimed to work before the discovery of Neptune, Uranus and Pluto and they have now been included in the discourse on an ad hoc basis.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pluto_and_its_satellites_%282005%29_without_labels.jpg/220px-Pluto_and_its_satellites_%282005%29_without_labels.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of topics characterized as pseudoscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience"},{"title":"Religion and science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science"}]	[{"reference":"Martens, Ronny; Trachet, Tim (1998). Making sense of astrology. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-218-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Trachet","url_text":"Trachet, Tim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-218-0","url_text":"978-1-57392-218-0"}]},{"reference":"Zarka, Philippe (2011). \"Astronomy and astrology\". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 5 (S260): 420–425. Bibcode:2011IAUS..260..420Z. doi:10.1017/S1743921311002602.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1743921311002602","url_text":"\"Astronomy and astrology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011IAUS..260..420Z","url_text":"2011IAUS..260..420Z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1743921311002602","url_text":"10.1017/S1743921311002602"}]},{"reference":"Bennett, Jeffrey; Donohue, Megan; Schneider, Nicholas; Voit, Mark (2007). The cosmic perspective (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson/Addison-Wesley. pp. 82–84. ISBN 978-0-8053-9283-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/astronomymediawo04lopr","url_text":"The cosmic perspective"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/astronomymediawo04lopr/page/82","url_text":"82–84"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-9283-8","url_text":"978-0-8053-9283-8"}]},{"reference":"Hansson, Sven Ove; Zalta, Edward N. \"Science and Pseudo-Science\". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 6 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pseudo-science/","url_text":"\"Science and Pseudo-Science\""}]},{"reference":"\"Astronomical Pseudo-Science: A Skeptic's Resource List\". Astronomical Society of the Pacific.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.astrosociety.org/education/resources/pseudobib.html","url_text":"\"Astronomical Pseudo-Science: A Skeptic's Resource List\""}]},{"reference":"Hartmann, P; Reuter, M.; Nyborga, H. (May 2006). \"The relationship between date of birth and individual differences in personality and general intelligence: A large-scale study\". Personality and Individual Differences. 40 (7): 1349–1362. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.017. To optimise the chances of finding even remote relationships between date of birth and individual differences in personality and intelligence we further applied two different strategies. The first one was based on the common chronological concept of time (e.g. month of birth and season of birth). The second strategy was based on the (pseudo-scientific) concept of astrology (e.g. Sun Signs, The Elements, and astrological gender), as discussed in the book Astrology: Science or superstition? by Eysenck and Nias (1982).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.paid.2005.11.017","url_text":"10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.017"}]},{"reference":"Vishveshwara, S.K.; Biswas, D.C.V.; Mallik, C.V., eds. (1989). Cosmic perspectives : essays dedicated to the memory of M.K.V. Bappu (1. publ. ed.). Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-34354-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34354-1","url_text":"978-0-521-34354-1"}]},{"reference":"Peter D. Asquith, ed. (1978). Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, vol. 1. Dordrecht u.a.: Reidel u.a. ISBN 978-0-917586-05-7.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cavehill.uwi.edu/bnccde/PH29A/thagard.html","url_text":"Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, vol. 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-917586-05-7","url_text":"978-0-917586-05-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Chapter 7: Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding\". science and engineering indicators 2006. National Science Foundation. Archived from the original on 2013-02-01. Retrieved 28 July 2012. About three-fourths of Americans hold at least one pseudoscientific belief; i.e., they believed in at least 1 of the 10 survey items[29]\" ...\" Those 10 items were extrasensory perception (ESP), that houses can be haunted, ghosts/that spirits of dead people can come back in certain places/situations, telepathy/communication between minds without using traditional senses, clairvoyance/the power of the mind to know the past and predict the future, astrology/that the position of the stars and planets can affect people's lives, that people can communicate mentally with someone who has died, witches, reincarnation/the rebirth of the soul in a new body after death, and channeling/allowing a \"spirit-being\" to temporarily assume control of a body.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130201220040/https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/c7/c7s2.htm#c7s2l3","url_text":"\"Chapter 7: Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding\""},{"url":"https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/c7/c7s2.htm#c7s2l3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hamilton, Mark (6 May 2015). \"Astrology as a culturally transmitted heuristic scheme for understanding seasonality effects: a response to Genovese(2014)\". Comprehensive Psychology. 4: 4–7. doi:10.2466/17.CP.4.7. S2CID 148369358.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2466%2F17.CP.4.7","url_text":"\"Astrology as a culturally transmitted heuristic scheme for understanding seasonality effects: a response to Genovese(2014)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2466%2F17.CP.4.7","url_text":"10.2466/17.CP.4.7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148369358","url_text":"148369358"}]},{"reference":"Odent, M. (2005). \"Seasonality of Birth: Is There a Link between Primal Health Research and Astrology?\". Journal of Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Health. 20 (2): 143–155. S2CID 142143148.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142143148","url_text":"142143148"}]},{"reference":"Ball, Philip (4 April 2008). \"Astrology's myopia\". Nature. 452 (7187). doi:10.1038/news.2008.731.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2008.731","url_text":"10.1038/news.2008.731"}]},{"reference":"\"Objections to Astrology: A Statement by 186 Leading Scientists\". The Humanist, September/October 1975. Archived from the original on 18 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090318140638/http://www.americanhumanist.org/about/astrology.html","url_text":"\"Objections to Astrology: A Statement by 186 Leading Scientists\""},{"url":"http://www.americanhumanist.org/about/astrology.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bok, Bart J.; Lawrence E. Jerome; Paul Kurtz (1982). \"Objections to Astrology: A Statement by 186 Leading Scientists\". In Patrick Grim (ed.). Philosophy of Science and the Occult. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 14–18. ISBN 978-0-87395-572-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-572-0","url_text":"978-0-87395-572-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Ariz. Astrology School Accredited\". The Washington Post. 27 August 2001.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/aponline/20010827/aponline135357_000.htm","url_text":"\"Ariz. Astrology School Accredited\""}]},{"reference":"Allum, Nick (13 December 2010). \"What Makes Some People Think Astrology Is Scientific?\". Science Communication. 33 (3): 341–366. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.598.6954. doi:10.1177/1075547010389819. S2CID 53334767. This underlies the \"Barnum effect\". Named after the 19th-century showman Phineas T. Barnum, whose circus act provided \"a little something for everyone\", it refers to the idea that people believe a statement about their personality that is vague or trivial if they think that it derives from some systematic procedure tailored especially for them (Dickson & Kelly, 1985; Furnham & Schofield, 1987; Rogers & Soule, 2009; Wyman & Vyse, 2008). For example, the more birth detail is used in an astrological prediction or horoscope, the more credulous people tend to be (Furnham, 1991). However, confirmation bias means that people do not tend to pay attention to other information that might disconfirm the credibility of the predictions.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.598.6954","url_text":"10.1.1.598.6954"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1075547010389819","url_text":"10.1177/1075547010389819"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53334767","url_text":"53334767"}]},{"reference":"Pigliucci, Massimo (2010). Nonsense on stilts : how to tell science from bunk ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226667850.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226667850","url_text":"9780226667850"}]},{"reference":"Hoskin, Michael, ed. (2003). The Cambridge concise history of astronomy (Printing 2003. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521572910.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521572910","url_text":"978-0521572910"}]},{"reference":"Evans, James (1998). The history & practice of ancient astronomy. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 9780195095395.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195095395","url_text":"9780195095395"}]},{"reference":"Arjomand, Kamran (1997). \"The Emergence of Scientific Modernity in Iran: Controversies Surrounding Astrology and Modern Astronomy in the Mid-Nineteenth Century\". Iranian Studies. 30 (1–2): 5–24. doi:10.1080/00210869708701857.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210869708701857","url_text":"10.1080/00210869708701857"}]},{"reference":"Stephen Thornton; Edward N. Zalta (older edition) (2018). \"Karl Popper\". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.","urls":[{"url":"http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/popper/","url_text":"\"Karl Popper\""}]},{"reference":"Pigliucci, Massimo; Boudry, Maarten (2013). Philosophy of pseudoscience : reconsidering the demarcation problem. Chicago [u.a.]: Univ. of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226051796.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Pigliucci","url_text":"Pigliucci, Massimo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maarten_Boudry","url_text":"Boudry, Maarten"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226051796","url_text":"9780226051796"}]},{"reference":"Kuhn, Thomas (1970). Imre Lakatos; Alan Musgrave (eds.). Proceedings of the International Colloquium in the Philosophy of Science [held at Bedford college, Regent's Park, London, from July 11th to 17th 1965] (Reprint. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0521096232.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imre_Lakatos","url_text":"Imre Lakatos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Musgrave","url_text":"Alan Musgrave"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/criticismgrowth00laka","url_text":"Proceedings of the International Colloquium in the Philosophy of Science [held at Bedford college, Regent's Park, London, from July 11th to 17th 1965]"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521096232","url_text":"978-0521096232"}]},{"reference":"Popper, Karl (2004). Conjectures and refutations : the growth of scientific knowledge (Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-28594-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28594-0","url_text":"978-0-415-28594-0"}]},{"reference":"Schick Jr, Theodore (2000). Readings in the philosophy of science : from positivism to postmodernism. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Pub. pp. 33–39. ISBN 978-0-7674-0277-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7674-0277-4","url_text":"978-0-7674-0277-4"}]},{"reference":"Cogan, Robert (1998). Critical thinking : step by step. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. ISBN 978-0761810674.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/criticalthinking0000coga","url_text":"Critical thinking : step by step"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761810674","url_text":"978-0761810674"}]},{"reference":"Wright, Peter (1975). \"Astrology and Science in Seventeenth-Century England\". Social Studies of Science. 5 (4): 399–422. doi:10.1177/030631277500500402. PMID 11610221. S2CID 32085403.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F030631277500500402","url_text":"10.1177/030631277500500402"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11610221","url_text":"11610221"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32085403","url_text":"32085403"}]},{"reference":"Thagard, Paul R. (1978). \"Why Astrology is a Pseudoscience\". Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association. 1: 223–234. doi:10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1978.1.192639. S2CID 147050929.","urls":[{"url":"https://philpapers.org/rec/THAWAI","url_text":"\"Why Astrology is a Pseudoscience\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fpsaprocbienmeetp.1978.1.192639","url_text":"10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1978.1.192639"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147050929","url_text":"147050929"}]},{"reference":"Hurley, Patrick (2005). A concise introduction to logic (9th ed.). Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth. ISBN 978-0534585051.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0534585051","url_text":"978-0534585051"}]},{"reference":"James, Edward W. (1982). Patrick Grim (ed.). Philosophy of science and the occult. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0873955720.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0873955720","url_text":"978-0873955720"}]},{"reference":"Gauquelin, Michel (1955). L'influence des astres : étude critique et expérimentale. Paris: Éditions du Dauphin.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pont, Graham (2004). \"Philosophy and Science of Music in Ancient Greece\". Nexus Network Journal. 6 (1): 17–29. doi:10.1007/s00004-004-0003-x.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00004-004-0003-x","url_text":"\"Philosophy and Science of Music in Ancient Greece\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00004-004-0003-x","url_text":"10.1007/s00004-004-0003-x"}]},{"reference":"Carroll, Robert Todd (2003). The skeptic's dictionary : a collection of strange beliefs, amusing deceptions, and dangerous delusions. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-27242-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-27242-7","url_text":"978-0-471-27242-7"}]},{"reference":"Benski, Claude; Nienhuys, Jan Willem; et al. (1995). The \"Mars effect\": a French test of over 1,000 sports champions. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-0-87975-988-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Willem_Nienhuys","url_text":"Nienhuys, Jan Willem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-988-9","url_text":"978-0-87975-988-9"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Jonathan C. (2010). Pseudoscience and extraordinary claims of the paranormal : a critical thinker's toolkit. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-8123-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8123-5","url_text":"978-1-4051-8123-5"}]},{"reference":"Carlson, Shawn (1985). \"A double-blind test of astrology\" (PDF). Nature. 318 (6045): 419–425. Bibcode:1985Natur.318..419C. doi:10.1038/318419a0. S2CID 5135208.","urls":[{"url":"http://muller.lbl.gov/papers/Astrology-Carlson.pdf","url_text":"\"A double-blind test of astrology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985Natur.318..419C","url_text":"1985Natur.318..419C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F318419a0","url_text":"10.1038/318419a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5135208","url_text":"5135208"}]},{"reference":"Matthews, Robert (17 Aug 2003). \"Astrologers fail to predict proof they are wrong\". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 13 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1439101/Astrologers-fail-to-predict-proof-they-are-wrong.html","url_text":"\"Astrologers fail to predict proof they are wrong\""}]},{"reference":"Dean G.; Kelly, I. W. (2003). \"Is Astrology Relevant to Consciousness and Psi?\". Journal of Consciousness Studies. 10 (6–7): 175–198.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Giomataris, Ioannis (2010-10-27). \"Nature Obituary Georges Charpak (1924–2010)\". Nature. 467 (7319): 1048. doi:10.1038/4671048a. PMID 20981084.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F4671048a","url_text":"\"Nature Obituary Georges Charpak (1924–2010)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F4671048a","url_text":"10.1038/4671048a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20981084","url_text":"20981084"}]},{"reference":"Charpak, Georges; Holland, Henri Broch (2004). Debunked! : ESP, telekinesis, and other pseudoscience. Vol. 58. Translated by Bart K. Baltimore u.a.9: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press. pp. 6, 7. Bibcode:2005PhT....58e..67C. doi:10.1063/1.1995751. ISBN 978-0-8018-7867-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DpnWcMzeh8oC&q=astrology","url_text":"Debunked! : ESP, telekinesis, and other pseudoscience"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PhT....58e..67C","url_text":"2005PhT....58e..67C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1995751","url_text":"10.1063/1.1995751"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7867-1","url_text":"978-0-8018-7867-1"}]},{"reference":"\"British Physicist Debunks Astrology in Indian Lecture\". Associated Press.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.beliefnet.com/story/63/story_6346_1.html","url_text":"\"British Physicist Debunks Astrology in Indian Lecture\""}]},{"reference":"Chris, French (7 February 2012). \"Astrologers and other inhabitants of parallel universes\". 7 February 2012. London: The Guardian. Retrieved 8 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/feb/07/astrologers-parallel-universes","url_text":"\"Astrologers and other inhabitants of parallel universes\""}]},{"reference":"Randi, James. \"UK MEDIA NONSENSE — AGAIN\". 21 May 2004. Swift, Online newspaper of the JREF. Archived from the original on July 9, 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090709203254/http%3A//www%2Erandi%2Eorg/jr/052104uk%2Ehtml","url_text":"\"UK MEDIA NONSENSE — AGAIN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JREF","url_text":"JREF"},{"url":"http://www.randi.org/jr/052104uk.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Plait, Phil. \"Astrology\". Bad Astronomy. Retrieved 13 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/misc/astrology.html","url_text":"\"Astrology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Astronomy","url_text":"Bad Astronomy"}]},{"reference":"Michael Shermer, ed. (2002). The Skeptic encyclopedia of pseudoscience. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 241. ISBN 978-1-57607-653-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/skepticencyclope00sher","url_text":"The Skeptic encyclopedia of pseudoscience"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/skepticencyclope00sher/page/n257","url_text":"241"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-653-8","url_text":"978-1-57607-653-8"}]},{"reference":"Samuels, Andrew (1990). Jung and the post-Jungians. London: Tavistock/Routledge. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-203-35929-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/jungpostjungians00samu","url_text":"Jung and the post-Jungians"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/jungpostjungians00samu/page/n89","url_text":"80"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-35929-7","url_text":"978-0-203-35929-7"}]},{"reference":"Joshanloo, Mohsen (2024-05-27). \"The sun's position at birth is unrelated to subjective well‐being: Debunking astrological claims\". Kyklos. doi:10.1111/kykl.12395. ISSN 0023-5962.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/kykl.12395","url_text":"\"The sun's position at birth is unrelated to subjective well‐being: Debunking astrological claims\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fkykl.12395","url_text":"10.1111/kykl.12395"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0023-5962","url_text":"0023-5962"}]},{"reference":"Nickerson, Raymond S. Nickerson (1998). \"Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises\". Review of General Psychology. 2. 2 (2): 175–220. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175. S2CID 8508954.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2F1089-2680.2.2.175","url_text":"10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8508954","url_text":"8508954"}]},{"reference":"Eysenck, H.J.; Nias, D.K.B. (1984). Astrology : science or superstition?. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-022397-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-022397-2","url_text":"978-0-14-022397-2"}]},{"reference":"Jean-Paul Caverni; Jean-Marc Fabre; Michel Gonzalez, eds. (1990). Cognitive biases. Amsterdam: North-Holland. ISBN 978-0-444-88413-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-88413-8","url_text":"978-0-444-88413-8"}]},{"reference":"Paul, Annie Murphy (2005). The cult of personality testing : how personality tests are leading us to miseducate our children, mismanage our companies, and misunderstand ourselves (1st pbk. ed.). New York, N.Y.: Free Press. ISBN 978-0-7432-8072-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cultofpersonalit00paul","url_text":"The cult of personality testing : how personality tests are leading us to miseducate our children, mismanage our companies, and misunderstand ourselves"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-8072-3","url_text":"978-0-7432-8072-3"}]},{"reference":"Rogers, P.; Soule, J. (5 March 2009). \"Cross-Cultural Differences in the Acceptance of Barnum Profiles Supposedly Derived From Western Versus Chinese Astrology\". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 40 (3): 381–399. doi:10.1177/0022022109332843. S2CID 145505701. The Barnum effect is a robust phenomenon, having been demonstrated in clinical, occupational, educational, forensic, and military settings as well as numerous ostensibly paranormal contexts (Dickson & Kelly, 1985; Furnham & Schofield, 1987; Snyder, Shenkel & Lowery, 1977; Thiriart, 1991). In the first Barnum study, Forer (1949) administered, astrological believers deemed a Barnum profile supposedly derived from astrology was a better description of their own personality than did astrological skeptics. This was true regardless of the respondent's ethnicity or apparent profile source. This reinforces still further the view that individuals who endorse astrological beliefs are prone to judging the legitimacy and usefulness of horoscopes according to their a priori expectations.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022022109332843","url_text":"10.1177/0022022109332843"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145505701","url_text":"145505701"}]},{"reference":"Wunder, Edgar (1 December 2003). \"Self-attribution, sun-sign traits, and the alleged role of favourableness as a moderator variable: long-term effect or artefact?\". Personality and Individual Differences. 35 (8): 1783–1789. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00002-3. The effect was replicated several times (Eysenck & Nias 1981,1982; Fichten & Sunerton, 1983; Jackson, 1979; Kelly, 1982; Smithers and Cooper, 1978), even if no reference to astrology was made until the debriefing of the subjects (Hamilton, 1995; Van Rooij, 1994, 1999), or if the data were gathered originally for a purpose that has nothing to do with astrology (Clarke, Gabriels, and Barnes, 1996; Van Rooij, Brak, & Commandeur, 1988), but the effect is stronger when a cue is given to the subjects that the study is about astrology (Van Rooij 1994). Early evidence for sun-sign derived self-attribution effects has already been reported by Silverman (1971) and Delaney & Woodyard (1974). In studies with subjects unfamiliar with the meaning of the astrological sun-sign symbolism, no effect was observed (Fourie, 1984; Jackson & Fiebert, 1980; Kanekar & Mukherjee, 1972; Mohan, Bhandari, & Meena, 1982; Mohan and Gulati, 1986; Saklofske, Kelly, & McKerracher, 1982; Silverman & Whitmer, 1974; Veno & Pamment, 1979).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0191-8869%2803%2900002-3","url_text":"10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00002-3"}]},{"reference":"Cary J. Nederman & James Wray Goulding (Winter 1981). \"Popular Occultism and Critical Social Theory: Exploring Some Themes in Adorno's Critique of Astrology and the Occult\". Sociological Analysis. 42.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Theodor W. Adorno (Spring 1974). \"The Stars Down to Earth: The Los Angeles Times Astrology Column\". Telos. 1974 (19): 13–90. doi:10.3817/0374019013. S2CID 143675240.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3817%2F0374019013","url_text":"10.3817/0374019013"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143675240","url_text":"143675240"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, T. (20 December 2011). \"When balance is bias\". BMJ. 343 (dec19 2): d8006. doi:10.1136/bmj.d8006. PMID 22187191. S2CID 206894358.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.d8006","url_text":"10.1136/bmj.d8006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22187191","url_text":"22187191"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206894358","url_text":"206894358"}]},{"reference":"Robbins, Martin (24 January 2011). \"Astrologers angered by stars\". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/science/the-lay-scientist/2011/jan/24/1","url_text":"\"Astrologers angered by stars\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Science and Technology Indicators 2014 (PDF). National Science Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind14/content/chapter-7/chapter-7.pdf","url_text":"Science and Technology Indicators 2014"}]},{"reference":"Merrifield, Michael. \"Right Ascension & Declination\". Sixty Symbols. Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/declination.htm","url_text":"\"Right Ascension & Declination\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brady_Haran","url_text":"Brady Haran"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nottingham","url_text":"University of Nottingham"}]},{"reference":"Smit, Rudolf H. \"Astrology and science\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.astrology-and-science.com/","url_text":"\"Astrology and science\""}]},{"reference":"Fraknoi, Andrew. \"An Astronomer Looks at Astrology\".","urls":[{"url":"https://astrosociety.org/file_download/inline/849760a8-4adc-495f-8981-d537f047a7db","url_text":"\"An Astronomer Looks at Astrology\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1743921311002602","external_links_name":"\"Astronomy and astrology\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011IAUS..260..420Z","external_links_name":"2011IAUS..260..420Z"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1743921311002602","external_links_name":"10.1017/S1743921311002602"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/astronomymediawo04lopr","external_links_name":"The cosmic perspective"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/astronomymediawo04lopr/page/82","external_links_name":"82–84"},{"Link":"http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pseudo-science/","external_links_name":"\"Science and Pseudo-Science\""},{"Link":"https://www.astrosociety.org/education/resources/pseudobib.html","external_links_name":"\"Astronomical Pseudo-Science: A Skeptic's Resource List\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.paid.2005.11.017","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.017"},{"Link":"http://www.cavehill.uwi.edu/bnccde/PH29A/thagard.html","external_links_name":"Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, vol. 1"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130201220040/https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/c7/c7s2.htm#c7s2l3","external_links_name":"\"Chapter 7: Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding\""},{"Link":"https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/c7/c7s2.htm#c7s2l3","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2466%2F17.CP.4.7","external_links_name":"\"Astrology as a culturally transmitted heuristic scheme for understanding seasonality effects: a response to Genovese(2014)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2466%2F17.CP.4.7","external_links_name":"10.2466/17.CP.4.7"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148369358","external_links_name":"148369358"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142143148","external_links_name":"142143148"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2008.731","external_links_name":"10.1038/news.2008.731"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090318140638/http://www.americanhumanist.org/about/astrology.html","external_links_name":"\"Objections to Astrology: A Statement by 186 Leading Scientists\""},{"Link":"http://www.americanhumanist.org/about/astrology.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/aponline/20010827/aponline135357_000.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ariz. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Biasi	Luke Biasi	["1 Career","1.1 Youth","1.2 College & Amateur","1.3 Professional","2 References","3 External links"]	American soccer player Luke BiasiPersonal informationFull name Luke A. BiasiDate of birth (1999-07-15) July 15, 1999 (age 24)Place of birth Buford, Georgia, United StatesHeight 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)Position(s) DefenderTeam informationCurrent team Pittsburgh RiverhoundsNumber 13Youth career Georgia United Atlanta Fire United United Futbol AcademyCollege careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2017–2020 Memphis Tigers 49 (1)2021 Syracuse Orange 18 (0)Senior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2018 Peachtree City MOBA 8 (0)2021 Southern Soccer Academy Kings 8 (1)2022– Pittsburgh Riverhounds 42 (0) Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of October 20, 2023 Luke A. Biasi (born July 15, 1999) is an American soccer player who currently plays as a defender for the Pittsburgh Riverhounds in the USL Championship. Career Youth Biasi played high school soccer at Flowery Branch High School, as well as playing club soccer for a year with Georgia United, six years with Atlanta Fire United and a single year at the United Futbol Academy. College & Amateur In 2017, Biasi attended the University of Memphis to play college soccer. Over four seasons with the Tigers, included a truncated 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Biasi made 49 appearances, scoring one goal and tallying two assists. He was named AAC All-Academic Team in both 2017 and 2018. In 2021, Biasi transferred to Syracuse University for his full senior season, making 18 appearances and finishing with one assist to his name. While at college, Biasi spent time in the USL PDL, now named the USL League Two, with Peachtree City MOBA in 2018, and Southern Soccer Academy Kings in 2021. Professional On February 24, 2022, Biasi signed his first professional contract, joining USL Championship club Pittsburgh Riverhounds prior to their 2022 season. He made his professional debut on April 2, 2022, starting in a 2–0 win over Loudoun United. Biasi picked up an assist against Charleston Battery, sending a through-ball to Tola Showunmi, who scored. The game finished 2–0. References ^ "Boys soccer: Branch's Biasi signs with Memphis". AccessWDUN. ^ a b "Luke Biasi - 2020 - Men's Soccer". University of Memphis Athletics. ^ a b "Pair of first-year pros signed out of college ranks". ^ "Peachtree City MOBA - 2018 Regular Season - Roster - # - Luke Biasi - M". www.uslleaguetwo.com. ^ "Southern Soccer Academy Kings - 2021 Regular Season - Roster - # - Luke Biasi -". www.uslleaguetwo.com. ^ "Match Center \| USLChampionship.com". www.uslchampionship.com. ^ Krysinsky, John (June 11, 2023). "FINAL: Riverhounds SC 2, Charleston Battery 0". Pittsburgh Soccer Now. Retrieved July 10, 2023. External links Luke Biasi Pittsburgh Riverhounds Profile vtePittsburgh Riverhounds SC – current squad 1 Dick 2 Griffin 3 Hogan 4 Rovira 5 Suber 7 Blackstock 8 Etou 9 Johnson 10 O'Toole 11 Forbes 12 Perrotta 13 Biasi 14 Mertz 15 Sample 17 Dragisich 19 Kizza 22 Lent-Koop 23 DeShields 27 Diene 28 Osumanu 31 Randolph 42 Wälti 44 Cayet 45 Sterling Head coach: Lilley Assistant coach: Vincent Goalkeeping coach: Busch	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Riverhounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Riverhounds_SC"},{"link_name":"USL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USL_Championship"}],"text":"Luke A. Biasi (born July 15, 1999) is an American soccer player who currently plays as a defender for the Pittsburgh Riverhounds in the USL Championship.","title":"Luke Biasi"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flowery Branch High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowery_Branch_High_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"}],"sub_title":"Youth","text":"Biasi played high school soccer at Flowery Branch High School, as well as playing club soccer for a year with Georgia United, six years with Atlanta Fire United and a single year at the United Futbol Academy.[1][2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Memphis"},{"link_name":"college soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_soccer_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"Syracuse University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-3"},{"link_name":"USL PDL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USL_PDL"},{"link_name":"USL League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USL_League_Two"},{"link_name":"Peachtree City MOBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peachtree_City_MOBA"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Southern Soccer Academy Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Soccer_Academy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"College & Amateur","text":"In 2017, Biasi attended the University of Memphis to play college soccer. Over four seasons with the Tigers, included a truncated 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Biasi made 49 appearances, scoring one goal and tallying two assists. He was named AAC All-Academic Team in both 2017 and 2018.[2] In 2021, Biasi transferred to Syracuse University for his full senior season, making 18 appearances and finishing with one assist to his name.[3]While at college, Biasi spent time in the USL PDL, now named the USL League Two, with Peachtree City MOBA in 2018,[4] and Southern Soccer Academy Kings in 2021.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USL_Championship"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Riverhounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Riverhounds_SC"},{"link_name":"2022 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_USL_Championship_season"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-3"},{"link_name":"Loudoun United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun_United_FC"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Charleston Battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_Battery"},{"link_name":"Tola Showunmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tola_Showunmi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Professional","text":"On February 24, 2022, Biasi signed his first professional contract, joining USL Championship club Pittsburgh Riverhounds prior to their 2022 season.[3] He made his professional debut on April 2, 2022, starting in a 2–0 win over Loudoun United.[6] Biasi picked up an assist against Charleston Battery, sending a through-ball to Tola Showunmi, who scored. The game finished 2–0.[7]","title":"Career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Boys soccer: Branch's Biasi signs with Memphis\". AccessWDUN.","urls":[{"url":"http://accesswdun.com/article/2017/3/509217/boys-soccer-branchs-biasi-signs-with-memphis","url_text":"\"Boys soccer: Branch's Biasi signs with Memphis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luke Biasi - 2020 - Men's Soccer\". University of Memphis Athletics.","urls":[{"url":"https://gotigersgo.com/sports/mens-soccer/roster/luke-biasi/9440","url_text":"\"Luke Biasi - 2020 - Men's Soccer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pair of first-year pros signed out of college ranks\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riverhounds.com/news/2022/02/24/ybarra-biasi-college-signed/","url_text":"\"Pair of first-year pros signed out of college ranks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peachtree City MOBA - 2018 Regular Season - Roster - # - Luke Biasi - M\". www.uslleaguetwo.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uslleaguetwo.com/roster_players/24538163?subseason=482928","url_text":"\"Peachtree City MOBA - 2018 Regular Season - Roster - # - Luke Biasi - M\""}]},{"reference":"\"Southern Soccer Academy Kings - 2021 Regular Season - Roster - # - Luke Biasi -\". www.uslleaguetwo.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uslleaguetwo.com/roster_players/45493008?subseason=731558","url_text":"\"Southern Soccer Academy Kings - 2021 Regular Season - Roster - # - Luke Biasi -\""}]},{"reference":"\"Match Center \| USLChampionship.com\". www.uslchampionship.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uslchampionship.com/pittsburghriverhoundssc-loudoununitedfc-2267653","url_text":"\"Match Center \| USLChampionship.com\""}]},{"reference":"Krysinsky, John (June 11, 2023). \"FINAL: Riverhounds SC 2, Charleston Battery 0\". Pittsburgh Soccer Now. Retrieved July 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://pittsburghsoccernow.com/2023/06/11/final-hounds2battery0/","url_text":"\"FINAL: Riverhounds SC 2, Charleston Battery 0\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://accesswdun.com/article/2017/3/509217/boys-soccer-branchs-biasi-signs-with-memphis","external_links_name":"\"Boys soccer: Branch's Biasi signs with Memphis\""},{"Link":"https://gotigersgo.com/sports/mens-soccer/roster/luke-biasi/9440","external_links_name":"\"Luke Biasi - 2020 - Men's Soccer\""},{"Link":"https://www.riverhounds.com/news/2022/02/24/ybarra-biasi-college-signed/","external_links_name":"\"Pair of first-year pros signed out of college ranks\""},{"Link":"https://www.uslleaguetwo.com/roster_players/24538163?subseason=482928","external_links_name":"\"Peachtree City MOBA - 2018 Regular Season - Roster - # - Luke Biasi - M\""},{"Link":"https://www.uslleaguetwo.com/roster_players/45493008?subseason=731558","external_links_name":"\"Southern Soccer Academy Kings - 2021 Regular Season - Roster - # - Luke Biasi -\""},{"Link":"https://www.uslchampionship.com/pittsburghriverhoundssc-loudoununitedfc-2267653","external_links_name":"\"Match Center \| USLChampionship.com\""},{"Link":"https://pittsburghsoccernow.com/2023/06/11/final-hounds2battery0/","external_links_name":"\"FINAL: Riverhounds SC 2, Charleston Battery 0\""},{"Link":"https://www.riverhounds.com/roster/luke-biasi/","external_links_name":"Luke Biasi"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_May_Festival_in_Bad_Segeberg	Karl May Festival in Bad Segeberg	["1 External links"]	Coordinates: 53°56′08″N 10°19′03″E / 53.9355°N 10.317528°E / 53.9355; 10.317528You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (November 2011) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the German article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|de\|Karl-May-Spiele Bad Segeberg}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Performance by night in August 2009 The 'Karl May Festival' (German: Karl-May-Spiele Bad Segeberg,') is a theatre festival in Bad Segeberg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Since 1952, Karl May's adventure novels about the Wild West have been put on stage as part of Karl May Festival in the Kalkberg Stadium at the scenic Segeberger Kalkberg. The festival is not to be confused with Elspe Festival or Karl May Festtage in Radebeul. External links Website der Karl-May-Spiele Bad Segeberg Karl May & Co. · The Karl May Magazine (with reports about the Karl May Festival for more than 26 years) Karl-May-Treff: A website with information about the Karl May Festival in Bad Segeberg, a forum with a variety of topics, as well as a magazine Extensive information about the festival at Kalkberg, complete with a history and numerous pictures, interviews, and reports Wikimedia Commons has media related to Karl-May-Spiele Bad Segeberg. 53°56′08″N 10°19′03″E / 53.9355°N 10.317528°E / 53.9355; 10.317528 vteKarl MayCharacters Kara Ben Nemsi Old Shatterhand Hadschi Halef Omar Winnetou Institutions Karl May Festival in Bad Segeberg Karl May Museum Karl-May-Spiele Bischofswerda Miscellaneous Film adaptations Karl May (film) vteTheatre festivals in GermanyBerlin 100 Grad Festival Berliner Theatertreffen Deutsches Kinder- und Jugendtheatertreffen Diyalog TheaterFest Das große Kleinkunstfestival MusterMesse Neuropolis Stückemarkt des Berliner Theatertreffens Elsewhere Antikenfestspiele ARENA der jungen Künste Bad Hersfelder Festspiele Baden-Württembergische Theatertage Barock am Main Bayerische Theatertage Braunschweiger Schultheaterwoche Burgfestspiele Bad Vilbel DomStufen-Festspiele Elspe Festival Euro-scene Leipzig Festival Theaterformen Festival Unruhr Festspiele Balver Höhle Further Drachenstich Gandersheimer Domfestspiele Gassensensationen Göppinger Theatertage Greizer Theaterherbst Hamburger Theaterfestival Hamburger Theaternacht Hanauer Internationale Amateurtheatertage Heidelberger Schlossfestspiele Heidelberger Stückemarkt Herbst- und Weinfest Impulse Theater Festival Internationale Maifestspiele Wiesbaden Internationales Figurentheaterfestival Karl May Festival in Bad Segeberg Karl-May-Spiele Bischofswerda KulturPur Neumarkter Passionsspiele New Plays from Europe Nibelung Festival, Worms No Strings Attached – Figurentheater & mehr PAZZ Festival Politik im Freien Theater Radikal jung Ruhrfestspiele Schultheater der Länder Shakespeare-Festival Neuss Sommerblut Störtebeker Festival Stücke StuStaCulum Tanzplattform Deutschland Tanzwoche Theater der Welt Theaterfestival Spielart Theatertage am See Till-Preis Transeuropa Vineta Festival Welt-Kindertheater-Fest Wetzlarer Festspiele See also: Wanderbühne Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany United States This article about a theatre festival is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This German festival article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karl-May-Spiele_bei_Daemmerung_2009-08-06.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bad Segeberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Segeberg"},{"link_name":"Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Karl May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_May"},{"link_name":"Wild West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_West"},{"link_name":"Kalkberg Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkberg_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Segeberger Kalkberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segeberger_Kalkberg"},{"link_name":"Elspe Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elspe_Festival"},{"link_name":"Karl May Festtage in Radebeul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_May_Festtage_in_Radebeul&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Performance by night in August 2009The 'Karl May Festival' (German: Karl-May-Spiele Bad Segeberg,') is a theatre festival in Bad Segeberg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Since 1952, Karl May's adventure novels about the Wild West have been put on stage as part of Karl May Festival in the Kalkberg Stadium at the scenic Segeberger Kalkberg.The festival is not to be confused with Elspe Festival or Karl May Festtage in Radebeul.","title":"Karl May Festival in Bad Segeberg"}]	[{"image_text":"Performance by night in August 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Karl-May-Spiele_bei_Daemmerung_2009-08-06.jpg/300px-Karl-May-Spiele_bei_Daemmerung_2009-08-06.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Karl_May_Festival_in_Bad_Segeberg&params=53.9355_N_10.317528_E_region:DE-SH_dim:900_type:landmark_source:dewiki","external_links_name":"53°56′08″N 10°19′03″E / 53.9355°N 10.317528°E / 53.9355; 10.317528"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fde.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKarl-May-Spiele_Bad_Segeberg&sl=de&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://www.karl-may-spiele.de/","external_links_name":"Website der Karl-May-Spiele Bad Segeberg"},{"Link":"http://www.karl-may-magazin.de/","external_links_name":"Karl May & Co. · The Karl May Magazine (with reports about the Karl May Festival for more than 26 years)"},{"Link":"http://www.karl-may-treff.de/","external_links_name":"Karl-May-Treff: A website with information about the Karl May Festival in Bad Segeberg, a forum with a variety of topics, as well as a magazine"},{"Link":"http://www.wild-west-reporter.com/","external_links_name":"Extensive information about the festival at Kalkberg, complete with a history and numerous pictures, interviews, and reports"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Karl_May_Festival_in_Bad_Segeberg&params=53.9355_N_10.317528_E_region:DE-SH_dim:900_type:landmark_source:dewiki","external_links_name":"53°56′08″N 10°19′03″E / 53.9355°N 10.317528°E / 53.9355; 10.317528"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/128819922","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4563939-5","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2009131560","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_May_Festival_in_Bad_Segeberg&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_May_Festival_in_Bad_Segeberg&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taymur_Jumblatt	Taymur Jumblatt	["1 Education","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 References"]	Lebanese politician (born 1982)Taymour Jumblattتيمور جنبلاطLeader of the Progressive Socialist PartyIncumbentAssumed office May 25 2023Preceded byWalid JumblattMember of the Lebanese ParliamentIncumbentAssumed office 15 May 2018Preceded byWalid JumblattConstituencyChouf (2018, 2022) Personal detailsBorn1982 (age 41–42)NationalityLebanesePolitical partyProgressive Socialist PartySpouseDiana Zu'aytirParentWalid Jumblatt (father)ProfessionPolitician Taymur Walid Jumblatt (Arabic: تيمور وليد جنبلاط, romanized: Taymūr Walīd Junblāṭṭ; born 1982) is a Lebanese politician of the Druze community and leader of the Progressive Socialist Party since 2023 and its parliamentary bloc, the Democratic Gathering, since 2018. Education He was educated at the American University of Beirut (BA in political science), and Sorbonne University, France, (MA in political science). Career In 2011, he was raised to second in command of the Progressive Social Party. In the May 2018 elections, he was elected a member of the Lebanese Parliament, representing the Chouf-Aley district in Mount-Lebanon Governorate. He is a member of the World Economic Forum. Taymur took over the power from Walid Jumblatt in March 2017 as he was a political heir which was part of the traditional dynastic politics that plays a big role in the Lebanese government. The handover was done at 40th anniversary of Kamal Jumblatt’s assassination at a ceremony where Walid placed a traditional keffiyeh scarf on Taymur's shoulders. In late May 2023, his father, Walid Jumblatt declared his resignation as leader of the Progressive Socialist Party after a 46-year tenure. Around 2,000 supporters gathered in Ain Zhalta, a Druze town in the Chouf mountains, where members of the Progressive Socialist Party named Jumblatt as their new leader. Jumblatt was the sole contender. Personal life Taymur was born in 1982. He is the son of the leader Walid Jumblatt and grandson of Kamal Jumblatt who are members of the historic Druze Jumblatt clan in the Chouf mountains. He is married to Diana Zu'ytar who descends from a Shiite family based in the Beqaa Valley. References ^ a b c "Taymour Jumblatt". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 2021-04-02. ^ Dagher, Ramez (2015-03-20). "Introducing Taymour". Moulahazat. Retrieved 2019-09-18. ^ "Taymur Jumblatt becomes leader of Lebanon's Druze community". Qantara.de - Dialogue with the Islamic World. Retrieved 2019-09-18. ^ "Meeting a retired warlord and the spiritual leaders of the Druze". TheTLS. Retrieved 2019-09-18. ^ "The future of Lebanon's political dynasties". The National. Retrieved 2019-09-18. ^ a b c Eyal Zisser (Fall 2017). "Under the Glass Ceiling and in the Family 'Cage': The Role of Women in Lebanese Politics". The Journal for Interdisciplinary Middle Eastern Studies. 1: 16. doi:10.26351/1. ^ "Taymour Jumblatt". Syria Comment. Retrieved 2019-09-18. ^ a b AFP. "Lebanon's main Druze party names new leader, son of longtime party chief". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2023-06-26. This article about a Lebanese politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"Progressive Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"Democratic Gathering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Gathering_(Lebanon)"}],"text":"Taymur Walid Jumblatt (Arabic: تيمور وليد جنبلاط, romanized: Taymūr Walīd Junblāṭṭ; born 1982) is a Lebanese politician of the Druze community and leader of the Progressive Socialist Party since 2023 and its parliamentary bloc, the Democratic Gathering, since 2018.","title":"Taymur Jumblatt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American University of Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_of_Beirut"},{"link_name":"Sorbonne University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbonne_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"He was educated at the American University of Beirut (BA in political science), and Sorbonne University, France, (MA in political science).[1]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"May 2018 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Lebanese_general_election"},{"link_name":"Lebanese Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Mount-Lebanon Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Governorate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"World Economic Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Kamal Jumblatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamal_Jumblatt"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eyal-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Progressive Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"Ain Zhalta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain_Zhalta"},{"link_name":"Chouf mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chouf_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Progressive Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"}],"text":"In 2011, he was raised to second in command of the Progressive Social Party.[2] In the May 2018 elections, he was elected a member of the Lebanese Parliament, representing the Chouf-Aley district in Mount-Lebanon Governorate.[1] He is a member of the World Economic Forum.[1]Taymur took over the power from Walid Jumblatt in March 2017 as he was a political heir which was part of the traditional dynastic politics that plays a big role in the Lebanese government.[3][4][5] The handover was done at 40th anniversary of Kamal Jumblatt’s assassination at a ceremony where Walid placed a traditional keffiyeh scarf on Taymur's shoulders.[6][7]In late May 2023, his father, Walid Jumblatt declared his resignation as leader of the Progressive Socialist Party after a 46-year tenure. Around 2,000 supporters gathered in Ain Zhalta, a Druze town in the Chouf mountains, where members of the Progressive Socialist Party named Jumblatt as their new leader.[8] Jumblatt was the sole contender.[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eyal-6"},{"link_name":"Walid Jumblatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walid_Jumblatt"},{"link_name":"Kamal Jumblatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamal_Jumblatt"},{"link_name":"Jumblatt clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumblatt_family"},{"link_name":"Chouf mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chouf_District"},{"link_name":"Beqaa Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beqaa_Valley"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eyal-6"}],"text":"Taymur was born in 1982.[6] He is the son of the leader Walid Jumblatt and grandson of Kamal Jumblatt who are members of the historic Druze Jumblatt clan in the Chouf mountains. He is married to Diana Zu'ytar who descends from a Shiite family based in the Beqaa Valley.[6]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Taymour Jumblatt\". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 2021-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weforum.org/people/taymour-jumblatt/","url_text":"\"Taymour Jumblatt\""}]},{"reference":"Dagher, Ramez (2015-03-20). \"Introducing Taymour\". Moulahazat. Retrieved 2019-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://moulahazat.com/2015/03/20/introducing-taymour/","url_text":"\"Introducing Taymour\""}]},{"reference":"\"Taymur Jumblatt becomes leader of Lebanon's Druze community\". Qantara.de - Dialogue with the Islamic World. Retrieved 2019-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.qantara.de/content/taymur-jumblatt-becomes-leader-of-lebanons-druze-community","url_text":"\"Taymur Jumblatt becomes leader of Lebanon's Druze community\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meeting a retired warlord and the spiritual leaders of the Druze\". TheTLS. Retrieved 2019-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/public/walid-jumblatt-druze/","url_text":"\"Meeting a retired warlord and the spiritual leaders of the Druze\""}]},{"reference":"\"The future of Lebanon's political dynasties\". The National. Retrieved 2019-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/the-future-of-lebanon-s-political-dynasties-1.760691","url_text":"\"The future of Lebanon's political dynasties\""}]},{"reference":"Eyal Zisser (Fall 2017). \"Under the Glass Ceiling and in the Family 'Cage': The Role of Women in Lebanese Politics\". The Journal for Interdisciplinary Middle Eastern Studies. 1: 16. doi:10.26351/1.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.26351/1","url_text":"\"Under the Glass Ceiling and in the Family 'Cage': The Role of Women in Lebanese Politics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.26351%2F1","url_text":"10.26351/1"}]},{"reference":"\"Taymour Jumblatt\". Syria Comment. Retrieved 2019-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.joshualandis.com/blog/a-look-back-at-kamal-jumblatt-and-the-progressive-socialist-party/taymour-jumblatt/","url_text":"\"Taymour Jumblatt\""}]},{"reference":"AFP. \"Lebanon's main Druze party names new leader, son of longtime party chief\". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2023-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/lebanons-main-druze-party-names-new-leader-son-of-longtime-party-chief/","url_text":"\"Lebanon's main Druze party names new leader, son of longtime party chief\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.weforum.org/people/taymour-jumblatt/","external_links_name":"\"Taymour Jumblatt\""},{"Link":"https://moulahazat.com/2015/03/20/introducing-taymour/","external_links_name":"\"Introducing Taymour\""},{"Link":"https://en.qantara.de/content/taymur-jumblatt-becomes-leader-of-lebanons-druze-community","external_links_name":"\"Taymur Jumblatt becomes leader of Lebanon's Druze community\""},{"Link":"https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/public/walid-jumblatt-druze/","external_links_name":"\"Meeting a retired warlord and the spiritual leaders of the Druze\""},{"Link":"https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/the-future-of-lebanon-s-political-dynasties-1.760691","external_links_name":"\"The future of Lebanon's political dynasties\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.26351/1","external_links_name":"\"Under the Glass Ceiling and in the Family 'Cage': The Role of Women in Lebanese Politics\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.26351%2F1","external_links_name":"10.26351/1"},{"Link":"https://www.joshualandis.com/blog/a-look-back-at-kamal-jumblatt-and-the-progressive-socialist-party/taymour-jumblatt/","external_links_name":"\"Taymour Jumblatt\""},{"Link":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/lebanons-main-druze-party-names-new-leader-son-of-longtime-party-chief/","external_links_name":"\"Lebanon's main Druze party names new leader, son of longtime party chief\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taymur_Jumblatt&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gore_Creek_(New_South_Wales)	Gore Creek (New South Wales)	["1 Course and features","2 See also","3 References"]	Coordinates: 33°49′S 151°10′E / 33.817°S 151.167°E / -33.817; 151.167For other uses, see Gore Creek (disambiguation). River in New South Wales, AustraliaGore CreekGores CreekEtymologyWilliam GoreLocationCountryAustraliaStateNew South WalesRegionSydney basin (IBRA), Northern SuburbsLocal government areaLane CovePhysical characteristicsSourceThe Gore Hill • locationLane Cove Mouthconfluence with the Lane Cove RiverLength2 km (1.2 mi)Basin featuresRiver systemLane Cove River catchmentNature reservesLane Cove Bushland Park; Gore Creek Reserve Gore Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Northern Suburbs region of Sydney, Australia. Course and features Gore Creek rises in the suburb of Lane Cove on the western side of the Pacific Highway, south of Epping Road and the Lane Cove Tunnel, and east of Burns Bray Road; near the Lane Cove shopping village. The creek flows generally south then south-east, through the Lane Cove Bushland Park and Gore Creek Reserve before reaching its confluence with the Lane Cove River south of Greenwich Hospital. The course of the creek is approximately 2 kilometres (1.2 mi). The creek is traversed by River Road at Northwood. Gore Creek draws its name from the suburb of Gore Hill, named in honour of William Gore, the provost-marshal under Governor William Bligh. Gore received a grant of 150 acres (0.61 km2) in 1810 and named it Artarmon after his family estate in Ireland. See also New South Wales portal Rivers of New South Wales References ^ a b c "Gore Creek". Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales. Retrieved 28 December 2013. ^ Pollon, Frances (1990). The Book of Sydney Suburbs. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. p. 6. ISBN 0-207-14495-8. vteGeography of Parramatta RiverSources Toongabbie Creek Darling Mills Creek Tributaries: left Vineyard Creek Subiaco Creek Archer Creek Smalls Creek Charity Creek Lane Cove River Tributaries: right Duck River Haslams Creek Powells Creek Iron Cove Creek Hawthorne Canal Islands Rodd Island Snapper Island Spectacle Island Cockatoo Island Parramatta River ferry services Parramatta Rydalmere Sydney Olympic Park Meadowbank Kissing Point Cabarita Abbotsford Chiswick Huntleys Point River crossings Rings Bridge Bernie Banton Bridge Lennox Bridge Barry Wilde Bridge Elizabeth Street Footbridge Macarthur Bridge Clyde-Carlingford railway bridge Thackeray Bridge (footbridge) Silverwater Bridge James Ruse Drive bridge John Whitton Bridge Meadowbank Railway Bridge Ryde Bridge Mortlake Ferry Gladesville Bridge River inlets and bays Homebush Bay Kissing Point Bay Morrisons Bay Kendall Bay Glades Bay France Bay Exile Bay Canada Bay Kings Bay Hen and Chicken Bay Looking Glass Bay Abbotsford Bay Wallumatta Bay Five Dock Bay Lukes Bay Drummoyne Bay Iron Cove Suburbs: north North Parramatta Rydalmere Ermington Melrose Park Meadowbank Putney Tennyson Point Gladesville Henley Huntleys Point Huntleys Cove Hunters Hill Woolwich Greenwich Suburbs: south Parramatta Camellia Silverwater Newington Wentworth Point Sydney Olympic Park Liberty Grove Rhodes Concord Mortlake Breakfast Point Cabarita Canada Bay Five Dock Wareemba Abbotsford Chiswick Drummoyne Russell Lea Rodd Point Haberfield Lilyfield Rozelle Birchgrove vteWaterways of the Sydney Metropolitan catchment, New South Wales, AustraliaMajor inlets and harbours Botany Bay Broken Bay Middle Harbour Port Jackson Port Hacking Minor bays and coves Akuna Balls Head Bantry Berrys Blackwattle Burraneer Canada Careening Cove Cockle Dolans Double Elizabeth Gwawley Gymea Hen & Chicken Homebush Iron Cove Lavender Mosman Neutral Oatley Rose Rozelle Rushcutters Towlers Watsons Weeney White Woolooware Lagoons Dee Why Curl Curl Manly Narrabeen Rivers Cooks Duck Georges Hacking Hawkesbury Lane Cove Lennox (proposed) Nepean Parramatta Pittwater Woronora Creeks A'Becketts Angus Archer Badgerys Bardwell Bare Bedford Bellamy Farm Bellbird Bells Berowra Bidjigal Bilgola Blacktown Blaxland Blue Gum Boggywell Bonds Breakfast Brennans Brickmakers Bunbury Curran Bungarribee Burdekin Byrnes Cabramatta Caddies Cahill Camp Careel Carroll Charity Claremont Clear Paddock Creek Coal and Candle Coopers Cosgrove Cowan Coxs (Belfield) Cup and Saucer Darling Mills Deadmans Devlin Duck Eastern Erskine Eskdale Excelsior Finlaysons First Ponds Forbes Green Valley Frenchs Glenbrook Gore Grantham Greystanes Haslams Hunts Iron Cove Johnstons Kemps Knapsack Lalor Little Lowes Marsden McCarrs McKenzies McMahon's Maxwells Middle Harbour Mill Minchinbury O'Hares Orphan School Orphan School (Fairfield) Pendle Hill Powells Prospect Punchbowl Quakers Reedy Rileys Ropes Saleyards Salt Pan Sawmill Scout Second Ponds Smalls Smiths South Still Stoney Subiaco Tarban Terrys Thompsons Toongabbie Two Vineyard Werrington Whites Williams Wolli Canals and streams Alexandra Canal Busby's Bore Guildford West pipehead and water supply canal Hawthorne Canal Tank Stream Upper Canal System Reservoirs Balmain (disused) Botany Swamps Centennial Park Lake Burragorang Manly Dam Reserve Paddington (disused) Penshurst Petersham Lake Parramatta Prospect Upper Nepean Scheme Waverley Adjoining rivers and bays Akuna Brisbane Water Burke Cataract Colo Cordeaux Coxs Grose Hollanders Jenolan Jooriland Kedumba Kowmung Macdonald Mooney Mooney Mulwaree Nattai Tarlo Warragamba Wollondilly vteRiver systems and rivers of Sydney Basin, New South Wales, AustraliaCentral Coast Avoca Lake Budgewoi Lake Lake Macquarie Lake Munmorah Ourimbah Terrigal Lagoon Tuggerah Lake Wamberal Lagoon Wyong Dora Hawkesbury-Nepean Avon Bargo Bedford Burke Capertee Cataract Colo Coorongooba Cordeaux Coxs Du Faur Erskine Grose Hawkesbury Hollanders Jenolan Jooriland Kanangra Kedumba Kowmung Little (Oberon) Little (Wingecarribee) Little (Wollondilly) Macdonald Mangrove Mogo Mooney Mooney Mulwaree Nattai Nepean Paddys Pittwater River Lett Rush Tarlo Tonalli Tuglow Warragamba Webbs Wingecarribee Wolgan Wollangambe Wollemi Wollondilly Berowra South Sydney Metropolitan Cooks Duck Georges Hacking Lane Cove Parramatta Woronora A'Becketts Archer Badgerys Bardwell Bare Bells Berowra Bilgola Blaxland Boggywell Breakfast Cabramatta Charity Clear Paddock Creek Coal and Candle Cowan Coxs (Belfield) Cup and Saucer Darling Mills Devlin Duck Eastern Erskine Glenbrook Gore Haslams Iron Cove Johnstons Kemps Middle Harbour Orphan School Orphan School (Fairfield) Powells Prospect Reedy Ropes Saleyards Salt Pan Scout Smalls Smiths South Still Subiaco Tarban Terrys Toongabbie Vineyard Whites Wolli Category 33°49′S 151°10′E / 33.817°S 151.167°E / -33.817; 151.167 This article related to the geography of Sydney is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This New South Wales river or creek related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gore Creek (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gore_Creek_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"watercourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_stream"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnb-1"},{"link_name":"Parramatta River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parramatta_River"},{"link_name":"Northern Suburbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Suburbs"}],"text":"For other uses, see Gore Creek (disambiguation).River in New South Wales, AustraliaGore Creek, an urban watercourse[1] that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Northern Suburbs region of Sydney, Australia.","title":"Gore Creek (New South Wales)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lane Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane_Cove"},{"link_name":"Pacific Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Highway_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Epping Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epping_Road"},{"link_name":"Lane Cove Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane_Cove_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"confluence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence"},{"link_name":"Lane Cove River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane_Cove_River"},{"link_name":"course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercourse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnb-1"},{"link_name":"Northwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwood,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Gore Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gore_Hill"},{"link_name":"William Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gore_(provost_marshal)"},{"link_name":"provost-marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provost_Marshal"},{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"William Bligh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bligh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Gore Creek rises in the suburb of Lane Cove on the western side of the Pacific Highway, south of Epping Road and the Lane Cove Tunnel, and east of Burns Bray Road; near the Lane Cove shopping village. The creek flows generally south then south-east, through the Lane Cove Bushland Park and Gore Creek Reserve before reaching its confluence with the Lane Cove River south of Greenwich Hospital. The course of the creek is approximately 2 kilometres (1.2 mi).[1]The creek is traversed by River Road at Northwood.Gore Creek draws its name from the suburb of Gore Hill, named in honour of William Gore, the provost-marshal under Governor William Bligh. Gore received a grant of 150 acres (0.61 km2) in 1810 and named it Artarmon after his family estate in Ireland.[2]","title":"Course and features"}]	[]	[{"title":"New South Wales portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_South_Wales"},{"title":"Rivers of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_of_New_South_Wales"}]	[{"reference":"\"Gore Creek\". Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_ship_Principe_de_Asturias	Spanish ship Principe de Asturias	[]	A number of ships of the Armade España have been named Principe de Asturias, including - Spanish ship Principe de Asturias (1695) Spanish ship Principe de Asturias (1784) Spanish aircraft carrier Príncipe de Asturias List of ships with the same or similar names This article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish ship Principe de Asturias (1695)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Cumberland_(1695)"},{"link_name":"Spanish ship Principe de Asturias (1784)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_ship_Principe_de_Asturias_(1794)"},{"link_name":"Spanish aircraft carrier Príncipe de Asturias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_aircraft_carrier_Pr%C3%ADncipe_de_Asturias"},{"link_name":"list of ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ships/Guidelines#Index_pages"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Spanish_ship_Principe_de_Asturias&namespace=0"}],"text":"Spanish ship Principe de Asturias (1695)\nSpanish ship Principe de Asturias (1784)\nSpanish aircraft carrier Príncipe de AsturiasList of ships with the same or similar names\nThis article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.","title":"Spanish ship Principe de Asturias"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Spanish_ship_Principe_de_Asturias&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyosung_GT650R	Hyosung GT650	["1 References","2 External links"]	Type of motorcycle GT650ManufacturerHyosungAlso calledComet GT650Engine647 cc carbureted 4-stroke, water-cooled DOHC 8-valve 90° V-twinBore / stroke81.5 mm × 62 mm (3.21 in × 2.44 in)Top speed136 mph (219 km/h)Power79.0 hp (58.9 kW) @9,000 rpm (claimed)65.4 hp (48.8 kW) (rear wheel)Torque42.9 lb⋅ft (58.2 N⋅m) (rear wheel)Transmission6-speed, wet clutchBrakesFront: dual discRear: discTiresFront: 120/60-ZR 17 55WRear: 160/60-ZR 17 69WWheelbase1,435 mm (56.5 in)DimensionsL: 2,060 mm (81 in) W: 655 mm (25.8 in) H: 1,125 mm (44.3 in)Seat height785 mm (30.9 in)Weight208–210 kg (459–463 lb) (dry)Fuel capacity17 litres (4.5 US gal)RelatedHyosung Comet Series The Hyosung GT650 Comet is a motorcycle manufactured by Hyosung Motors & Machinery Inc. It is available in naked (GT650), half-fairing (GT650S), and full-fairing (GT650R) variants. Cycle World recorded a tested 0-60mph time of 4.2 sec. and a 1/4 mile time of 12.84 sec. @ 102.22 mph. References ^ a b c d e Miles, Matthew (December 17, 2015). "Affordable Light Middleweight Motorcycles - COMPARISON TEST". Cycle World. Retrieved January 13, 2017. ^ Guy Allen (2004-02-27). "Hyosung Comet 650". bikesales.com.au. Retrieved 2009-09-03. ^ a b c d "GT650 Comet \| Bike Social - Bennetts", webpage: B-gt650. External links Model information, Hyosung Hyosung GT650R Review, Motorcycle.com This motorcycle, scooter or moped-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"motorcycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle"},{"link_name":"Hyosung Motors & Machinery Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyosung_Motors_%26_Machinery_Inc."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ben-3"},{"link_name":"naked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_bike"},{"link_name":"fairing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_fairing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-affordable-1"}],"text":"The Hyosung GT650 Comet is a motorcycle manufactured by Hyosung Motors & Machinery Inc.[3] It is available in naked (GT650), half-fairing (GT650S), and full-fairing (GT650R) variants.Cycle World recorded a tested 0-60mph time of 4.2 sec. and a 1/4 mile time of 12.84 sec. @ 102.22 mph.[1]","title":"Hyosung GT650"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Miles, Matthew (December 17, 2015). \"Affordable Light Middleweight Motorcycles - COMPARISON TEST\". Cycle World. Retrieved January 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cycleworld.com/2015/12/17/affordable-priced-light-middleweight-motorcycles-comparison-test-review-specifications-photos//","url_text":"\"Affordable Light Middleweight Motorcycles - COMPARISON TEST\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_World","url_text":"Cycle World"}]},{"reference":"Guy Allen (2004-02-27). \"Hyosung Comet 650\". bikesales.com.au. Retrieved 2009-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bikesales.com.au/editorial/reviews/2004/road/hyosung/comet-gt650/hyosung-comet-650-13895/","url_text":"\"Hyosung Comet 650\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.cycleworld.com/2015/12/17/affordable-priced-light-middleweight-motorcycles-comparison-test-review-specifications-photos//","external_links_name":"\"Affordable Light Middleweight Motorcycles - COMPARISON TEST\""},{"Link":"http://www.bikesales.com.au/editorial/reviews/2004/road/hyosung/comet-gt650/hyosung-comet-650-13895/","external_links_name":"\"Hyosung Comet 650\""},{"Link":"http://www.bennetts.co.uk/bikesocial/reviews/bike-reviews/hyosung/hyosung-gt650-comet/","external_links_name":"B-gt650"},{"Link":"http://www.hyosungmotorsusa.com/product/Detail.asp?Cat=StreetBike&model=GT650","external_links_name":"Model information"},{"Link":"http://www.motorcycle.com/manufacturer/hyosung-gt650r-review-75270.html","external_links_name":"Hyosung GT650R Review"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyosung_GT650&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Miller_(political_consultant)	Tim Miller (political strategist)	["1 Campaign roles","2 Anti-Trump advocacy","3 Opposition research","4 Media career","5 Personal life","6 References","7 External links"]	American political consultant and writer Tim MillerBorn (1981-12-25) December 25, 1981 (age 42)Littleton, Colorado, U.S.EducationGeorge Washington University (BA)Occupation(s)Political consultant, writerKnown forJeb Bush 2016 presidential campaign communications directorNever Trump movementPolitical partyRepublican (before 2020)Independent (2020–present)Children1 Tim Miller is an American political consultant and writer. He was communications director for the Jeb Bush 2016 presidential campaign, and subsequently became a critic of President Donald Trump. Campaign roles A Littleton, Colorado native, Miller started out in Republican politics as an intern working on the 1998 Colorado gubernatorial election. He later earned a bachelor's degree from the George Washington University School of Media and Public Affairs. Miller was an Iowa staffer for John McCain in the 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries, and later served as national press secretary for the Jon Huntsman 2012 presidential campaign. In his role with the Huntsman campaign, Miller was credited by Esquire for making its daily email to reporters "surprisingly hip". After the primary, Miller joined the Republican National Committee as its liaison to Mitt Romney's 2012 presidential campaign. In 2015, Miller was hired by former Florida governor Jeb Bush to be a senior adviser to his presidential exploratory committee, Right to Rise political action committee (PAC), and went on to serve as the communications director for Bush's presidential campaign. During the campaign, Miller drew notice as a "vocal critic" of Donald Trump. Following a 2016 South Carolina Republican primary debate, Miller followed Trump around the spin room heckling him until Miller was "hip-checked" by Trump campaign strategist Corey Lewandowski. Anti-Trump advocacy Miller joined the Our Principles PAC, an anti-Trump super PAC, following Bush's exit from the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries, where he drew notice for lambasting Trump supporters with whom he appeared on-air. After Trump's election as president, Miller received media attention for announcing he had donated to Doug Jones, the Democratic opponent of Republican nominee and accused sex offender Roy Moore in the 2017 United States Senate special election in Alabama to fill Jeff Sessions' seat. In 2020, Miller co-founded the advocacy organization Republican Voters Against Trump, which sponsored television and internet advertisements featuring lifelong Republicans explaining their decision to vote for former vice president Joe Biden instead of Trump, and served as its political director. Miller was included by The Washington Post on a list of Republicans "who hate Donald Trump the most". In November 2020, Miller announced he had left the Republican Party. He donated to a Democratic Party Candidate during the 2020 Alabama Senate race. Opposition research In 2013, Miller co-founded America Rising, an opposition research group focused on surfacing negative stories about Democrats, where he served as executive director. It was noted during the 2014 United States elections for deploying "trackers" to follow Democratic elected officials around Capitol Hill. Following the 2016 United States presidential election, Miller joined Definers Public Affairs, an opposition research-styled consulting firm working for corporate clients. In 2018, they circulated a research document linking anti-Facebook activists with financier George Soros, often the subject of antisemitic conspiracy theories, on behalf of Facebook. As a result of the controversy, Facebook ended its work with Definers. Media career Miller has been described by Politico as one of the "most digitally fluent and social-media savvy" Republican operatives. Miller is a contributor to the liberal Crooked Media website and frequently appeared as a representative of The Bulwark on its Pod Save America podcast. He is a writer for The Bulwark and Rolling Stone. Miller has written in support of Omar Ameen, an Iraqi refugee accused by Trump of being a member of ISIS. A Rolling Stone column by Miller seeking on background comments from reluctant Republican Trump supporters elicited a widely shared quote, "There are two options, you can be on this hell ship, or you can be in the water drowning". His memoir of working in Republican politics, Why We Did It: A Travelogue From the Republican Road to Hell, was published by Harper in June 2022. The book details Miller's political career, and analyzes the rise of Trump and the motivations of Republican politicians who remained firmly loyal to the MAGA movement. It reached #2 on The New York Times non fiction list in July 2022. The book was positively received for its writing style and analysis of political changes within the post-Trump GOP during the late 2010s and early 2020s. In a review for The New York Times, Jennifer Szalai called the book "darkly funny" and praised Miller's insights into the inner workings of the Republican Party and the Washington D.C. political scene. New York Times columnist David French wrote that it offered "painful" insights into the impact of partisanship and Trumpism on the American conservative Right. He appears as an anti-Trump pundit on MSNBC. In February 2024, Miller replaced Charlie Sykes as host of The Bulwark Podcast. Personal life In 2000 Miller graduated from Regis Jesuit High School in Aurora, Colorado, and in 2004 he graduated from George Washington University with a BA in political science. Miller is openly gay. He attributes his decision to take the risk of coming out in 2007, while still working on Republican campaigns, in part to the Larry Craig scandal. In 2023, Miller moved from Oakland, California to New Orleans, Louisiana, with his husband and their child. References ^ Bleiker, Carla (July 14, 2020). "Republican Anti-Trump campaigner: Trump presidency 'an utter disaster'". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved November 27, 2020. ^ Bohlen, Teague. "Why He Did It: Tim Miller on Trump and the Republican Road to Hell". Westword. Retrieved May 29, 2024. ^ a b c d Allen, Mike (February 20, 2015). "Big hire for Jeb: Tim Miller as comms director". Politico. Retrieved November 27, 2020. ^ Jones, Chris (October 11, 2011). "Huntsman Never Stood a Chance. Now Maybe He Still Does". Esquire. Retrieved November 27, 2020. ^ a b c d e Daniel, Walters (October 30, 2020). "One of the country's biggest Never Trumpers owes part of his journey to Larry Craig's 'wide stance'". Inlander. Retrieved November 27, 2020. ^ Sarlin, Benjy (February 20, 2015). "Jeb Bush snags opposition research star Tim Miller for 2016". MSNBC.com. Retrieved November 27, 2020. ^ Garcia, Michelle (February 22, 2015). "Jeb Bush Picks Opposition Researcher, Gay Republican Tim Miller For Campaign Team". The Advocate. Retrieved November 27, 2020. ^ Isenstadt, Alex (March 1, 2016). "Anti-Trump super PAC adds top Bush adviser". Politico. Retrieved November 27, 2020. ^ Coppins, McKay; Gray, Rosie (March 21, 2016). "Trump Campaign Manager Faces New Allegations Of Pushing, Sexually Suggestive Comments". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved November 27, 2020. ^ Moore, Jack (March 11, 2016). "Shrimpy Trump Supporter Burned by Jeb's Former Spokesperson on Live TV! Sad!". GQ. Retrieved November 27, 2020. ^ a b Broverman, Neal (November 17, 2017). "Gay Former Spokesman for Jeb Bush Endorses Roy Moore Opponent". The Advocate. Retrieved November 27, 2020. ^ Greenwood, Max (November 21, 2017). "GOP operative: 'I just donated to a Democrat for the first time' in Alabama Senate race". The Hill. Retrieved November 27, 2020. ^ Karni, Annie (May 28, 2020). "Get Republicans to Vote Against Trump? This Group Will Spend $10 Million to Try". The New York Times. Retrieved November 27, 2020. ^ Cillizza, Chris; Blake, Aaron (May 7, 2016). "The 10 Republicans who hate Donald Trump the most". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 27, 2020. ^ Hall, Colby (November 23, 2020). "Joe Scarborough: How Can I Return to a Republican Party That Stayed Silent While Trump 'Shredded Constitutional Norms?'". Mediaite. Retrieved November 29, 2020. ^ Miller, Tim (November 22, 2020). "Goodbye To All That". The Bulwark. Retrieved November 27, 2020. ^ Greenwood, Max (November 21, 2017). ""GOP operative: 'I just donated to a Democrat for the first time' in Alabama Senate race"". The Hill. ^ Haberman, Maggie (March 21, 2013). "RNC, Romney operatives launch firm". Politico. Retrieved November 27, 2020. ^ O'Keefe, Ed (February 20, 2015). "Team Bush brings oppo guru Tim Miller on board". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 27, 2020. ^ a b Nicas, Jack (November 21, 2018). "How Facebook's P.R. Firm Brought Political Trickery to Tech". The New York Times. Retrieved November 27, 2020. ^ a b Isaac, Mike; Nicas, Jack (November 15, 2020). "Facebook Cuts Ties With Washington Firm That Sought to Discredit Social Network's Critics". The New York Times. Retrieved November 27, 2020. ^ a b Glasser, Susan B. (July 16, 2020). "Trump's Losing, So When Are Republican Candidates Going to Abandon Him?". The New Yorker. Retrieved November 27, 2020. ^ a b Riotta, Chris (February 14, 2020). "Meet the California Republican who helped create the Never Trump movement – and is willing to vote for Bernie Sanders". The Independent. Archived from the original on May 7, 2022. Retrieved November 27, 2020. ^ Szalai, Jennifer (June 29, 2022). "'Why We Did It' Is a Dark Ride on the 'Republican Road to Hell'". The New York Times. Retrieved June 29, 2022. ^ Chait, Jonathan (July 7, 2022). "Scenes From the Republican Surrender to Trump". Intelligencer. Retrieved October 8, 2022. ^ "Why We Did It: A Travelogue from the Republican Road to Hell by Tim Miller". www.publishersweekly.com. June 2022. Retrieved October 8, 2022. ^ a b "Tim Miller Asks the Question Every Conservative Must Answer". The Third Rail. July 8, 2022. Retrieved October 8, 2022. ^ Elliott, Phillip (July 20, 2022). "Welcome to the new era of political memoir". Time. Retrieved October 8, 2022. ^ WHY WE DID IT \| Kirkus Reviews. ^ Szalai, Jennifer (June 29, 2022). "'Why We Did It' Is a Dark Ride on the 'Republican Road to Hell'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 8, 2022. ^ "Tim Miller: Republicans 'were saying the right things' after Jan 6, but now defense is 'even worse'". MSNBC.com. Retrieved January 16, 2024. ^ Sarah Longwell, Jonathan V. Last (February 5, 2024). "Some news from us: The Bulwark is growing". The Bulwark. Retrieved February 12, 2024. ^ "Regis Jesuit High alumni page". Retrieved February 16, 2021. ^ "Tim Miller tweet of 26 June 2023 "my new home state"". Retrieved June 26, 2023. External links Tim Miller at The Bulwark (website) Tim Miller at Ballotpedia Authority control databases International VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"political consultant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_consultant"},{"link_name":"communications director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_director"},{"link_name":"Jeb Bush 2016 presidential campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush_2016_presidential_campaign"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"}],"text":"Tim Miller is an American political consultant and writer. He was communications director for the Jeb Bush 2016 presidential campaign, and subsequently became a critic of President Donald Trump.","title":"Tim Miller (political strategist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Littleton, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littleton,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"1998 Colorado gubernatorial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Colorado_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bleiker_DW-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"George Washington University School of Media and Public Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_University_School_of_Media_and_Public_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allen_Politico-3"},{"link_name":"Iowa staffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_staffer"},{"link_name":"John McCain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain"},{"link_name":"2008 Republican Party presidential primaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries"},{"link_name":"Jon Huntsman 2012 presidential campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Huntsman_2012_presidential_campaign"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allen_Politico-3"},{"link_name":"Esquire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_Esquire-4"},{"link_name":"Republican National Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_National_Committee"},{"link_name":"Mitt Romney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney"},{"link_name":"2012 presidential campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walters_Inlander-5"},{"link_name":"Jeb Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush"},{"link_name":"Right to Rise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_Rise"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allen_Politico-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sarlin_MSNBC-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garcia_Advocate-7"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Isenstadt_Politico-8"},{"link_name":"Corey Lewandowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Lewandowski"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coppins-Gray_BuzzFeed-9"}],"text":"A Littleton, Colorado native, Miller started out in Republican politics as an intern working on the 1998 Colorado gubernatorial election.[1][2] He later earned a bachelor's degree from the George Washington University School of Media and Public Affairs.[3]Miller was an Iowa staffer for John McCain in the 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries, and later served as national press secretary for the Jon Huntsman 2012 presidential campaign.[3] In his role with the Huntsman campaign, Miller was credited by Esquire for making its daily email to reporters \"surprisingly hip\".[4] After the primary, Miller joined the Republican National Committee as its liaison to Mitt Romney's 2012 presidential campaign.[5]In 2015, Miller was hired by former Florida governor Jeb Bush to be a senior adviser to his presidential exploratory committee, Right to Rise political action committee (PAC), and went on to serve as the communications director for Bush's presidential campaign.[3][6][7] During the campaign, Miller drew notice as a \"vocal critic\" of Donald Trump.[8] Following a 2016 South Carolina Republican primary debate, Miller followed Trump around the spin room heckling him until Miller was \"hip-checked\" by Trump campaign strategist Corey Lewandowski.[9]","title":"Campaign roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Our Principles PAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Principles_PAC"},{"link_name":"super PAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_PAC"},{"link_name":"2016 Republican Party presidential primaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moore_GQ-10"},{"link_name":"Doug Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Jones_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Roy Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Moore"},{"link_name":"2017 United States Senate special election in Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Jeff Sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Sessions"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Broverman_Advocate-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greenwood_Hill-12"},{"link_name":"Republican Voters Against Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Voters_Against_Trump"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walters_Inlander-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Karni_NYT-13"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cillizza-Blake_WaPo-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hall_Mediaite-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller_Bulwark-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Miller joined the Our Principles PAC, an anti-Trump super PAC, following Bush's exit from the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries, where he drew notice for lambasting Trump supporters with whom he appeared on-air.[10]After Trump's election as president, Miller received media attention for announcing he had donated to Doug Jones, the Democratic opponent of Republican nominee and accused sex offender Roy Moore in the 2017 United States Senate special election in Alabama to fill Jeff Sessions' seat.[11][12]In 2020, Miller co-founded the advocacy organization Republican Voters Against Trump, which sponsored television and internet advertisements featuring lifelong Republicans explaining their decision to vote for former vice president Joe Biden instead of Trump, and served as its political director.[5][13]Miller was included by The Washington Post on a list of Republicans \"who hate Donald Trump the most\".[14] In November 2020, Miller announced he had left the Republican Party.[15][16] He donated to a Democratic Party Candidate during the 2020 Alabama Senate race.[17]","title":"Anti-Trump advocacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"America Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Rising"},{"link_name":"opposition research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_research"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haberman_Politico-18"},{"link_name":"2014 United States elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Keefe_WaPo-19"},{"link_name":"2016 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Definers Public Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definers_Public_Affairs"},{"link_name":"anti-Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Facebook"},{"link_name":"George Soros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros"},{"link_name":"antisemitic conspiracy theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitic_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicas_NYT-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Isaac-Nicas_NYT-21"}],"text":"In 2013, Miller co-founded America Rising, an opposition research group focused on surfacing negative stories about Democrats, where he served as executive director.[18] It was noted during the 2014 United States elections for deploying \"trackers\" to follow Democratic elected officials around Capitol Hill.[19]Following the 2016 United States presidential election, Miller joined Definers Public Affairs, an opposition research-styled consulting firm working for corporate clients. In 2018, they circulated a research document linking anti-Facebook activists with financier George Soros, often the subject of antisemitic conspiracy theories, on behalf of Facebook.[20] As a result of the controversy, Facebook ended its work with Definers.[21]","title":"Opposition research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Politico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allen_Politico-3"},{"link_name":"Crooked Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooked_Media"},{"link_name":"Pod Save America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pod_Save_America"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Broverman_Advocate-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walters_Inlander-5"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Isaac-Nicas_NYT-21"},{"link_name":"The Bulwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walters_Inlander-5"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glasser_NYer-22"},{"link_name":"ISIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISIS"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Riotta_Independent-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glasser_NYer-22"},{"link_name":"Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"MAGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAGA"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"The New York Times non fiction list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Szalai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Szalai"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"David French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_French_(political_commentator)"},{"link_name":"partisanship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisanship"},{"link_name":"Trumpism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpism"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-27"},{"link_name":"pundit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pundit"},{"link_name":"MSNBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSNBC"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Charlie Sykes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Sykes"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bulwark-020524-32"}],"text":"Miller has been described by Politico as one of the \"most digitally fluent and social-media savvy\" Republican operatives.[3] Miller is a contributor to the liberal Crooked Media website and frequently appeared as a representative of The Bulwark on its Pod Save America podcast.[11][5][21]He is a writer for The Bulwark and Rolling Stone.[5][22] Miller has written in support of Omar Ameen, an Iraqi refugee accused by Trump of being a member of ISIS.[23] A Rolling Stone column by Miller seeking on background comments from reluctant Republican Trump supporters elicited a widely shared quote, \"There are two options, you can be on this hell ship, or you can be in the water drowning\".[22]His memoir of working in Republican politics, Why We Did It: A Travelogue From the Republican Road to Hell, was published by Harper in June 2022.[24] The book details Miller's political career, and analyzes the rise of Trump and the motivations of Republican politicians who remained firmly loyal to the MAGA movement.[25][26] It reached #2 on The New York Times non fiction list in July 2022.[27] The book was positively received for its writing style and analysis of political changes within the post-Trump GOP during the late 2010s and early 2020s.[28][29] In a review for The New York Times, Jennifer Szalai called the book \"darkly funny\" and praised Miller's insights into the inner workings of the Republican Party and the Washington D.C. political scene.[30] New York Times columnist David French wrote that it offered \"painful\" insights into the impact of partisanship and Trumpism on the American conservative Right.[27]He appears as an anti-Trump pundit on MSNBC.[31] In February 2024, Miller replaced Charlie Sykes as host of The Bulwark Podcast.[32]","title":"Media career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Regis Jesuit High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regis_Jesuit_High_School"},{"link_name":"Aurora, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"George Washington University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_University"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Larry Craig scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Craig_scandal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walters_Inlander-5"},{"link_name":"Oakland, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California"},{"link_name":"New Orleans, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicas_NYT-20"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Riotta_Independent-23"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2023_tweet-34"}],"text":"In 2000 Miller graduated from Regis Jesuit High School in Aurora, Colorado, and in 2004 he graduated from George Washington University with a BA in political science.[33]Miller is openly gay. He attributes his decision to take the risk of coming out in 2007, while still working on Republican campaigns, in part to the Larry Craig scandal.[5]In 2023, Miller moved from Oakland, California to New Orleans, Louisiana, with his husband and their child.[20][23][34]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Bleiker, Carla (July 14, 2020). \"Republican Anti-Trump campaigner: Trump presidency 'an utter disaster'\". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved November 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dw.com/en/republican-anti-trump-campaigner-trump-presidency-an-utter-disaster/a-54166663","url_text":"\"Republican Anti-Trump campaigner: Trump presidency 'an utter disaster'\""}]},{"reference":"Bohlen, Teague. \"Why He Did It: Tim Miller on Trump and the Republican Road to Hell\". Westword. Retrieved May 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.westword.com/news/why-he-did-it-tim-miller-on-the-republican-road-to-hell-14570448","url_text":"\"Why He Did It: Tim Miller on Trump and the Republican Road to Hell\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, Mike (February 20, 2015). \"Big hire for Jeb: Tim Miller as comms director\". Politico. Retrieved November 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.com/story/2015/02/tim-miller-jeb-bush-communications-director-115354","url_text":"\"Big hire for Jeb: Tim Miller as comms director\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Chris (October 11, 2011). \"Huntsman Never Stood a Chance. Now Maybe He Still Does\". Esquire. Retrieved November 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/news/a11258/jon-huntsman-campaign-new-hampshire-6511254/","url_text":"\"Huntsman Never Stood a Chance. Now Maybe He Still Does\""}]},{"reference":"Daniel, Walters (October 30, 2020). \"One of the country's biggest Never Trumpers owes part of his journey to Larry Craig's 'wide stance'\". Inlander. Retrieved November 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inlander.com/spokane/one-of-the-countrys-biggest-never-trumpers-owes-part-of-his-journey-to-larry-craigs-wide-stance/Content?oid=20524653","url_text":"\"One of the country's biggest Never Trumpers owes part of his journey to Larry Craig's 'wide stance'\""}]},{"reference":"Sarlin, Benjy (February 20, 2015). \"Jeb Bush snags opposition research star Tim Miller for 2016\". MSNBC.com. Retrieved November 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/jeb-bush-snags-opposition-research-star-tim-miller-2016-msna534321","url_text":"\"Jeb Bush snags opposition research star Tim Miller for 2016\""}]},{"reference":"Garcia, Michelle (February 22, 2015). \"Jeb Bush Picks Opposition Researcher, Gay Republican Tim Miller For Campaign Team\". The Advocate. Retrieved November 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.advocate.com/politics/election/2015/02/22/jeb-bush-picks-opposition-researcher-gay-republican-tim-miller-campaign","url_text":"\"Jeb Bush Picks Opposition Researcher, Gay Republican Tim Miller For Campaign Team\""}]},{"reference":"Isenstadt, Alex (March 1, 2016). \"Anti-Trump super PAC adds top Bush adviser\". Politico. Retrieved November 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.com/blogs/2016-gop-primary-live-updates-and-results/2016/03/super-tuesday-anti-trump-super-pac-donors-220065","url_text":"\"Anti-Trump super PAC adds top Bush adviser\""}]},{"reference":"Coppins, McKay; Gray, Rosie (March 21, 2016). \"Trump Campaign Manager Faces New Allegations Of Pushing, Sexually Suggestive Comments\". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved November 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/mckaycoppins/trump-campaign-manager-faces-new-allegations-of-pushing-sexu","url_text":"\"Trump Campaign Manager Faces New Allegations Of Pushing, Sexually Suggestive Comments\""}]},{"reference":"Moore, Jack (March 11, 2016). \"Shrimpy Trump Supporter Burned by Jeb's Former Spokesperson on Live TV! Sad!\". GQ. Retrieved November 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gq.com/story/tim-miller-vs-trump","url_text":"\"Shrimpy Trump Supporter Burned by Jeb's Former Spokesperson on Live TV! Sad!\""}]},{"reference":"Broverman, Neal (November 17, 2017). \"Gay Former Spokesman for Jeb Bush Endorses Roy Moore Opponent\". The Advocate. Retrieved November 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.advocate.com/politics/2017/11/22/gay-former-spokesman-jeb-bush-endorses-roy-moore-opponent","url_text":"\"Gay Former Spokesman for Jeb Bush Endorses Roy Moore Opponent\""}]},{"reference":"Greenwood, Max (November 21, 2017). \"GOP operative: 'I just donated to a Democrat for the first time' in Alabama Senate race\". The Hill. Retrieved November 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/361451-gop-operative-im-donating-to-a-dem-for-the-first-time-in-alabama-senate","url_text":"\"GOP operative: 'I just donated to a Democrat for the first time' in Alabama Senate race\""}]},{"reference":"Karni, Annie (May 28, 2020). \"Get Republicans to Vote Against Trump? This Group Will Spend $10 Million to Try\". The New York Times. Retrieved November 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/28/us/politics/republican-voters-against-trump.html","url_text":"\"Get Republicans to Vote Against Trump? This Group Will Spend $10 Million to Try\""}]},{"reference":"Cillizza, Chris; Blake, Aaron (May 7, 2016). \"The 10 Republicans who hate Donald Trump the most\". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/05/07/the-10-republicans-who-hate-donald-trump-the-most-ranked/","url_text":"\"The 10 Republicans who hate Donald Trump the most\""}]},{"reference":"Hall, Colby (November 23, 2020). \"Joe Scarborough: How Can I Return to a Republican Party That Stayed Silent While Trump 'Shredded Constitutional Norms?'\". Mediaite. Retrieved November 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mediaite.com/tv/joe-scarborough-how-can-i-return-to-a-republican-party-that-stayed-silent-while-trump-shredded-constitutional-norms/","url_text":"\"Joe Scarborough: How Can I Return to a Republican Party That Stayed Silent While Trump 'Shredded Constitutional Norms?'\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Tim (November 22, 2020). \"Goodbye To All That\". The Bulwark. Retrieved November 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://thetriad.thebulwark.com/p/goodbye-to-all-that","url_text":"\"Goodbye To All That\""}]},{"reference":"Greenwood, Max (November 21, 2017). \"\"GOP operative: 'I just donated to a Democrat for the first time' in Alabama Senate race\"\". The Hill.","urls":[{"url":"https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/361451-gop-operative-im-donating-to-a-dem-for-the-first-time-in-alabama-senate/","url_text":"\"\"GOP operative: 'I just donated to a Democrat for the first time' in Alabama Senate race\"\""}]},{"reference":"Haberman, Maggie (March 21, 2013). \"RNC, Romney operatives launch firm\". Politico. Retrieved November 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.com/story/2013/03/america-rising-089189","url_text":"\"RNC, Romney operatives launch firm\""}]},{"reference":"O'Keefe, Ed (February 20, 2015). \"Team Bush brings oppo guru Tim Miller on board\". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/02/20/team-bush-brings-oppo-guru-tim-miller-on-board/","url_text":"\"Team Bush brings oppo guru Tim Miller on board\""}]},{"reference":"Nicas, Jack (November 21, 2018). \"How Facebook's P.R. Firm Brought Political Trickery to Tech\". The New York Times. Retrieved November 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/21/technology/definers-public-affairs-tim-miller.html","url_text":"\"How Facebook's P.R. Firm Brought Political Trickery to Tech\""}]},{"reference":"Isaac, Mike; Nicas, Jack (November 15, 2020). \"Facebook Cuts Ties With Washington Firm That Sought to Discredit Social Network's Critics\". The New York Times. Retrieved November 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/15/technology/facebook-definers-soros.html","url_text":"\"Facebook Cuts Ties With Washington Firm That Sought to Discredit Social Network's Critics\""}]},{"reference":"Glasser, Susan B. (July 16, 2020). \"Trump's Losing, So When Are Republican Candidates Going to Abandon Him?\". The New Yorker. Retrieved November 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-trumps-washington/trumps-losing-so-when-are-republican-candidates-going-to-abandon-him","url_text":"\"Trump's Losing, So When Are Republican Candidates Going to Abandon Him?\""}]},{"reference":"Riotta, Chris (February 14, 2020). \"Meet the California Republican who helped create the Never Trump movement – and is willing to vote for Bernie Sanders\". The Independent. Archived from the original on May 7, 2022. Retrieved November 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election/polarized-tim-miller-bulwark-gop-conservative-trump-republican-party-bernie-sanders-a9336766.html","url_text":"\"Meet the California Republican who helped create the Never Trump movement – and is willing to vote for Bernie Sanders\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election/polarized-tim-miller-bulwark-gop-conservative-trump-republican-party-bernie-sanders-a9336766.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Szalai, Jennifer (June 29, 2022). \"'Why We Did It' Is a Dark Ride on the 'Republican Road to Hell'\". The New York Times. Retrieved June 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/29/books/review-why-we-did-it-tim-miller-republican-road-to-hell.html","url_text":"\"'Why We Did It' Is a Dark Ride on the 'Republican Road to Hell'\""}]},{"reference":"Chait, Jonathan (July 7, 2022). \"Scenes From the Republican Surrender to Trump\". Intelligencer. Retrieved October 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/07/why-we-did-it-review-tim-miller-republican-party-donald-trump.html","url_text":"\"Scenes From the Republican Surrender to Trump\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why We Did It: A Travelogue from the Republican Road to Hell by Tim Miller\". www.publishersweekly.com. June 2022. Retrieved October 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780063161474","url_text":"\"Why We Did It: A Travelogue from the Republican Road to Hell by Tim Miller\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tim Miller Asks the Question Every Conservative Must Answer\". The Third Rail. July 8, 2022. Retrieved October 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsletters.theatlantic.com/the-third-rail/62c8446dc5c055002249a0b1/tim-miller-why-we-did-it-book-trump/","url_text":"\"Tim Miller Asks the Question Every Conservative Must Answer\""}]},{"reference":"Elliott, Phillip (July 20, 2022). \"Welcome to the new era of political memoir\". Time. Retrieved October 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://time.com/6199138/political-memoirs-lis-smith-tim-miller/","url_text":"\"Welcome to the new era of political memoir\""}]},{"reference":"WHY WE DID IT \| Kirkus Reviews.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/tim-miller/why-we-did-it-republican-hell/","url_text":"WHY WE DID IT \| Kirkus Reviews"}]},{"reference":"Szalai, Jennifer (June 29, 2022). \"'Why We Did It' Is a Dark Ride on the 'Republican Road to Hell'\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/29/books/review-why-we-did-it-tim-miller-republican-road-to-hell.html","url_text":"\"'Why We Did It' Is a Dark Ride on the 'Republican Road to Hell'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Tim Miller: Republicans 'were saying the right things' after Jan 6, but now defense is 'even worse'\". MSNBC.com. Retrieved January 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.msnbc.com/andrea-mitchell-reports/watch/tim-miller-republicans-were-saying-the-right-things-after-jan-6-but-now-defense-is-even-worse-189922885551","url_text":"\"Tim Miller: Republicans 'were saying the right things' after Jan 6, but now defense is 'even worse'\""}]},{"reference":"Sarah Longwell, Jonathan V. Last (February 5, 2024). \"Some news from us: The Bulwark is growing\". The Bulwark. Retrieved February 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://plus.thebulwark.com/p/some-news-from-us-the-bulwark-is","url_text":"\"Some news from us: The Bulwark is growing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Regis Jesuit High alumni page\". Retrieved February 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.regisjesuit.com/community/alumni","url_text":"\"Regis Jesuit High alumni page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tim Miller tweet of 26 June 2023 \"my new home state\"\". Retrieved June 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/Timodc/status/1673342894772551693","url_text":"\"Tim Miller tweet of 26 June 2023 \"my new home state\"\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.dw.com/en/republican-anti-trump-campaigner-trump-presidency-an-utter-disaster/a-54166663","external_links_name":"\"Republican Anti-Trump campaigner: Trump presidency 'an utter disaster'\""},{"Link":"https://www.westword.com/news/why-he-did-it-tim-miller-on-the-republican-road-to-hell-14570448","external_links_name":"\"Why He Did It: Tim Miller on Trump and the Republican Road to Hell\""},{"Link":"https://www.politico.com/story/2015/02/tim-miller-jeb-bush-communications-director-115354","external_links_name":"\"Big hire for Jeb: Tim Miller as comms director\""},{"Link":"https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/news/a11258/jon-huntsman-campaign-new-hampshire-6511254/","external_links_name":"\"Huntsman Never Stood a Chance. Now Maybe He Still Does\""},{"Link":"https://www.inlander.com/spokane/one-of-the-countrys-biggest-never-trumpers-owes-part-of-his-journey-to-larry-craigs-wide-stance/Content?oid=20524653","external_links_name":"\"One of the country's biggest Never Trumpers owes part of his journey to Larry Craig's 'wide stance'\""},{"Link":"https://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/jeb-bush-snags-opposition-research-star-tim-miller-2016-msna534321","external_links_name":"\"Jeb Bush snags opposition research star Tim Miller for 2016\""},{"Link":"https://www.advocate.com/politics/election/2015/02/22/jeb-bush-picks-opposition-researcher-gay-republican-tim-miller-campaign","external_links_name":"\"Jeb Bush Picks Opposition Researcher, Gay Republican Tim Miller For Campaign Team\""},{"Link":"https://www.politico.com/blogs/2016-gop-primary-live-updates-and-results/2016/03/super-tuesday-anti-trump-super-pac-donors-220065","external_links_name":"\"Anti-Trump super PAC adds top Bush adviser\""},{"Link":"https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/mckaycoppins/trump-campaign-manager-faces-new-allegations-of-pushing-sexu","external_links_name":"\"Trump Campaign Manager Faces New Allegations Of Pushing, Sexually Suggestive Comments\""},{"Link":"https://www.gq.com/story/tim-miller-vs-trump","external_links_name":"\"Shrimpy Trump Supporter Burned by Jeb's Former Spokesperson on Live TV! Sad!\""},{"Link":"https://www.advocate.com/politics/2017/11/22/gay-former-spokesman-jeb-bush-endorses-roy-moore-opponent","external_links_name":"\"Gay Former Spokesman for Jeb Bush Endorses Roy Moore Opponent\""},{"Link":"https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/361451-gop-operative-im-donating-to-a-dem-for-the-first-time-in-alabama-senate","external_links_name":"\"GOP operative: 'I just donated to a Democrat for the first time' in Alabama Senate race\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/28/us/politics/republican-voters-against-trump.html","external_links_name":"\"Get Republicans to Vote Against Trump? This Group Will Spend $10 Million to Try\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/05/07/the-10-republicans-who-hate-donald-trump-the-most-ranked/","external_links_name":"\"The 10 Republicans who hate Donald Trump the most\""},{"Link":"https://www.mediaite.com/tv/joe-scarborough-how-can-i-return-to-a-republican-party-that-stayed-silent-while-trump-shredded-constitutional-norms/","external_links_name":"\"Joe Scarborough: How Can I Return to a Republican Party That Stayed Silent While Trump 'Shredded Constitutional Norms?'\""},{"Link":"https://thetriad.thebulwark.com/p/goodbye-to-all-that","external_links_name":"\"Goodbye To All That\""},{"Link":"https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/361451-gop-operative-im-donating-to-a-dem-for-the-first-time-in-alabama-senate/","external_links_name":"\"\"GOP operative: 'I just donated to a Democrat for the first time' in Alabama Senate race\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.politico.com/story/2013/03/america-rising-089189","external_links_name":"\"RNC, Romney operatives launch firm\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/02/20/team-bush-brings-oppo-guru-tim-miller-on-board/","external_links_name":"\"Team Bush brings oppo guru Tim Miller on board\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/21/technology/definers-public-affairs-tim-miller.html","external_links_name":"\"How Facebook's P.R. Firm Brought Political Trickery to Tech\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/15/technology/facebook-definers-soros.html","external_links_name":"\"Facebook Cuts Ties With Washington Firm That Sought to Discredit Social Network's Critics\""},{"Link":"https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-trumps-washington/trumps-losing-so-when-are-republican-candidates-going-to-abandon-him","external_links_name":"\"Trump's Losing, So When Are Republican Candidates Going to Abandon Him?\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election/polarized-tim-miller-bulwark-gop-conservative-trump-republican-party-bernie-sanders-a9336766.html","external_links_name":"\"Meet the California Republican who helped create the Never Trump movement – and is willing to vote for Bernie Sanders\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election/polarized-tim-miller-bulwark-gop-conservative-trump-republican-party-bernie-sanders-a9336766.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/29/books/review-why-we-did-it-tim-miller-republican-road-to-hell.html","external_links_name":"\"'Why We Did It' Is a Dark Ride on the 'Republican Road to Hell'\""},{"Link":"https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/07/why-we-did-it-review-tim-miller-republican-party-donald-trump.html","external_links_name":"\"Scenes From the Republican Surrender to Trump\""},{"Link":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780063161474","external_links_name":"\"Why We Did It: A Travelogue from the Republican Road to Hell by Tim Miller\""},{"Link":"https://newsletters.theatlantic.com/the-third-rail/62c8446dc5c055002249a0b1/tim-miller-why-we-did-it-book-trump/","external_links_name":"\"Tim Miller Asks the Question Every Conservative Must Answer\""},{"Link":"https://time.com/6199138/political-memoirs-lis-smith-tim-miller/","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to the new era of political memoir\""},{"Link":"https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/tim-miller/why-we-did-it-republican-hell/","external_links_name":"WHY WE DID IT \| Kirkus Reviews"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/29/books/review-why-we-did-it-tim-miller-republican-road-to-hell.html","external_links_name":"\"'Why We Did It' Is a Dark Ride on the 'Republican Road to Hell'\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.msnbc.com/andrea-mitchell-reports/watch/tim-miller-republicans-were-saying-the-right-things-after-jan-6-but-now-defense-is-even-worse-189922885551","external_links_name":"\"Tim Miller: Republicans 'were saying the right things' after Jan 6, but now defense is 'even worse'\""},{"Link":"https://plus.thebulwark.com/p/some-news-from-us-the-bulwark-is","external_links_name":"\"Some news from us: The Bulwark is growing\""},{"Link":"https://www.regisjesuit.com/community/alumni","external_links_name":"\"Regis Jesuit High alumni page\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/Timodc/status/1673342894772551693","external_links_name":"\"Tim Miller tweet of 26 June 2023 \"my new home state\"\""},{"Link":"https://thebulwark.com/author/tim-miller/","external_links_name":"Tim Miller"},{"Link":"https://ballotpedia.org/Tim_Miller_(Washington,_D.C.)","external_links_name":"Tim Miller"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/11164717670602090677","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2022011597","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel_(disambiguation)	National Geographic Channel (disambiguation)	["1 See also"]	The National Geographic Channel is an American subscription television network of National Geographic Partners. National Geographic may also refer to: National Geographic (Asian TV channel) National Geographic (Australian and New Zealand TV channel) National Geographic (British and Irish TV channel) National Geographic (Canadian TV channel) National Geographic (Dutch TV channel) National Geographic (French TV channel) National Geographic (German TV channel) National Geographic (Greek TV channel) National Geographic (Indian TV channel) National Geographic (Latin American TV channel) National Geographic (Portuguese TV channel) National Geographic (Scandinavian TV channel) National Geographic (South Korean TV channel) National Geographic Abu Dhabi Nat Geo Wild Nat Geo Wild (Canadian TV channel) National Geographic Wild (European TV channel) Nat Geo Music Nat Geo People Nat Geo Kids Abu Dhabi Nat Geo Kids (Brazilian TV channel) Nat Geo Kids (Latin American TV channel) Nat Geo Tamil Nat Geo Telugu National Geographic Farsi See also National Geographic (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title National Geographic Channel.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanne_Alfvengren	Susanne Alfvengren	["1 Filmography","2 References","3 External links"]	Swedish singer Susanne AlfvengrenBorn (1959-02-12) 12 February 1959 (age 65)Visby, SwedenGenresPopOccupation(s)SingerMusical artist You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Swedish. (September 2012) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Swedish article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Swedish Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|sv\|Susanne Alfvengren}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Susanne Alfvengren (born Susanne Irene Lund, 12 February 1959 in Visby, Gotland, Sweden) is a Swedish singer. In 1984, Susanne Alfvengren had a hit with När vi rör varann. Another of her hits was Magneter. She competed in Melodifestivalen 2009 with the song "Du är älskad där du går", which was knocked out from the contest after the semi-final. In 1986–1987, she scored a vocal duet hit with Mikael Rickfors, with "Som stormen river öppet hav". It peaked at number three on the Swedish Singles Chart. Filmography PS Sista sommaren (PS Last Summer), 1988 References ^ "Susanne Alfvengren". discogs. Retrieved 21 December 2014. External links Susanne Alfvengren at IMDb Susanne Alfvengren website Svensk Filmdatabas – Susanne Alfvengren Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Sweden Artists MusicBrainz This article about a Swedish singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Visby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visby"},{"link_name":"Gotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"När vi rör varann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sometimes_When_We_Touch"},{"link_name":"Melodifestivalen 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodifestivalen_2009"},{"link_name":"Mikael Rickfors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_Rickfors"},{"link_name":"Som stormen river öppet hav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Som_stormen_river_%C3%B6ppet_hav"}],"text":"Musical artistSusanne Alfvengren (born Susanne Irene Lund, 12 February 1959 in Visby, Gotland, Sweden) is a Swedish singer.[1] In 1984, Susanne Alfvengren had a hit with När vi rör varann. Another of her hits was Magneter. She competed in Melodifestivalen 2009 with the song \"Du är älskad där du går\", which was knocked out from the contest after the semi-final. In 1986–1987, she scored a vocal duet hit with Mikael Rickfors, with \"Som stormen river öppet hav\". It peaked at number three on the Swedish Singles Chart.","title":"Susanne Alfvengren"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"PS Sista sommaren (PS Last Summer), 1988","title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Susanne Alfvengren\". discogs. Retrieved 21 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discogs.com/artist/774127-Susanne-Alfvengren","url_text":"\"Susanne Alfvengren\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fsv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSusanne_Alfvengren&sl=sv&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/artist/774127-Susanne-Alfvengren","external_links_name":"\"Susanne Alfvengren\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0019265/","external_links_name":"Susanne Alfvengren"},{"Link":"http://susannealfvengren.se/","external_links_name":"Susanne Alfvengren website"},{"Link":"http://www.sfi.se/sv/svensk-film/Filmdatabasen/?type=PERSON&itemid=176265","external_links_name":"Svensk Filmdatabas – Susanne Alfvengren"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000053773630","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/27051091","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/nl037rl60tnjdsk","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/8800f070-1b45-42d8-8b67-d9e8d74ef20e","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susanne_Alfvengren&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Garland	Edward Joseph Garland	["1 Political career","2 Diplomatic career","3 References","4 External links"]	Canadian politician (1887–1974) For other people named Edward Garland, see Edward Garland (disambiguation). Edward Joseph GarlandGarland in 1926Member of ParliamentIn office1921–1935Preceded byHoward Hadden HalladaySucceeded byCharles Edward JohnstonConstituencyBow River Personal detailsBorn(1887-03-16)March 16, 1887Dublin, IrelandDiedDecember 19, 1974(1974-12-19) (aged 87)Creston, British Columbia, CanadaPolitical partyUnited Farmers of Alberta Edward Joseph Garland (March 16, 1887 – December 19, 1974) was a farmer, diplomat and a Canadian federal politician. He was born in Dublin, Ireland and attended Belvedere College and Trinity College Dublin. Political career This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Garland, an active member of the United Farmers of Alberta, was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1921 Canadian federal election as a candidate for the Progressive Party of Canada in Bow River. He defeated two other candidates in a landslide to win his first term in office. A founding member of the radical Ginger Group of MPs, he stood for re-election in the 1925 Canadian federal election, he was barely re-elected in a hotly contested election to win his second term in office. The government was dissolved after the Liberal-Progressive coalition fell apart and he ran for re-election again just a year later in the 1926 Canadian federal election winning re-election this time under the United Farmers of Alberta banner. Standing for re-election in the 1930 Canadian federal election, he won his fourth term with a majority of votes cast in the district. Garland was one of the group of radical MPs to meet following the 1930 election and plan the creation of a new party. He was a founding member of that party, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, when it was officially launched in 1932. in the 1935 Canadian federal election, he stood as a CCF candidate but was defeated on his bid for a fifth term in office by Charles Edward Johnston from the Social Credit Party of Canada. Garland served as president of the UFA in the early 1930s. Diplomatic career After his career in the Canadian Parliament Garland served as the High Commissioner to Ireland from May 4, 1946 to March 19, 1947. After his term as High Commissioner he served as Canada's first Envoy to Norway from August 25, 1947 and Iceland from March 16, 1949 with both posts ending on August 19, 1952. References ^ Mardon, Austin Albert (2010). Alberta's Political Pioneers: A Biographical Account of the United Farmers of Alberta. ISBN 9781897472125. External links Edward Joseph Garland – Parliament of Canada biography Edward Joseph Garland Head of Posts List This Canadian diplomat-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Garland (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Garland_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Belvedere College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belvedere_College"},{"link_name":"Trinity College Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For other people named Edward Garland, see Edward Garland (disambiguation).Edward Joseph Garland (March 16, 1887 – December 19, 1974) was a farmer, diplomat and a Canadian federal politician. He was born in Dublin, Ireland and attended Belvedere College and Trinity College Dublin.[1]","title":"Edward Joseph Garland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of Commons of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"1921 Canadian federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Progressive Party of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Bow River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_River_(electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Ginger Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_Group_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"1925 Canadian federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"1926 Canadian federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"United Farmers of Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Farmers_of_Alberta"},{"link_name":"1930 Canadian federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Co-operative Commonwealth Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation"},{"link_name":"1935 Canadian federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Charles Edward Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Johnston"},{"link_name":"Social Credit Party of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada"}],"text":"Garland, an active member of the United Farmers of Alberta, was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1921 Canadian federal election as a candidate for the Progressive Party of Canada in Bow River. He defeated two other candidates in a landslide to win his first term in office. A founding member of the radical Ginger Group of MPs, he stood for re-election in the 1925 Canadian federal election, he was barely re-elected in a hotly contested election to win his second term in office. The government was dissolved after the Liberal-Progressive coalition fell apart and he ran for re-election again just a year later in the 1926 Canadian federal election winning re-election this time under the United Farmers of Alberta banner.Standing for re-election in the 1930 Canadian federal election, he won his fourth term with a majority of votes cast in the district.Garland was one of the group of radical MPs to meet following the 1930 election and plan the creation of a new party. He was a founding member of that party, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, when it was officially launched in 1932.in the 1935 Canadian federal election, he stood as a CCF candidate but was defeated on his bid for a fifth term in office by Charles Edward Johnston from the Social Credit Party of Canada.Garland served as president of the UFA in the early 1930s.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"}],"text":"After his career in the Canadian Parliament Garland served as the High Commissioner to Ireland from May 4, 1946 to March 19, 1947. After his term as High Commissioner he served as Canada's first Envoy to Norway from August 25, 1947 and Iceland from March 16, 1949 with both posts ending on August 19, 1952.","title":"Diplomatic career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Mardon, Austin Albert (2010). Alberta's Political Pioneers: A Biographical Account of the United Farmers of Alberta. ISBN 9781897472125.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ctE-AwAAQBAJ&q=Edward+Joseph+Garland+1974&pg=PA32","url_text":"Alberta's Political Pioneers: A Biographical Account of the United Farmers of Alberta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781897472125","url_text":"9781897472125"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ctE-AwAAQBAJ&q=Edward+Joseph+Garland+1974&pg=PA32","external_links_name":"Alberta's Political Pioneers: A Biographical Account of the United Farmers of Alberta"},{"Link":"https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Profile?personId=3861","external_links_name":"Edward Joseph Garland – Parliament of Canada biography"},{"Link":"http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/department/history/hplSearch_results-en.asp?frm=person&lan=1&prsnid=217","external_links_name":"Edward Joseph Garland Head of Posts List"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Joseph_Garland&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipotiazine_palmitate	Pipotiazine	["1 Medical uses","2 Contraindications","3 Pharmacokinetics","4 Synthesis","5 History","6 References"]	Typical antipsychotic medication PipotiazineClinical dataTrade namesPiportilAHFS/Drugs.comInternational Drug NamesRoutes ofadministrationOral, IMATC codeN05AC04 (WHO) Legal statusLegal status BR: Class C1 (Other controlled substances) In general: ℞ (Prescription only) Identifiers IUPAC name 10-propyl]-N,N-dimethyl-phenothiazine-2-sulfonamide CAS Number39860-99-6PubChem CID62867IUPHAR/BPS7557DrugBankDB01621ChemSpider56598UNIIL903J9JPYVKEGGD08385ChEMBLChEMBL398880CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID40192913 ECHA InfoCard100.049.672 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC24H33N3O3S2Molar mass475.67 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image SMILES CN(C)S(=O)(=O)C1=CC2=C(C=C1)SC3=CC=CC=C3N2CCCN4CCC(CC4)CCO Pipotiazine (Piportil), also known as pipothiazine, is a typical antipsychotic of the phenothiazine class used in the United Kingdom and other countries for the treatment of schizophrenia. Its properties are similar to those of chlorpromazine. A 2004 systematic review investigated its efficacy for people with schizophrenia: Pipotiazine palmitate compared to oral antipsychotics for schizophrenia Summary Although well-conducted and reported randomized trials are still needed to fully inform practice (no trial data exists reporting hospital and services outcomes, quality of life, satisfaction with care and economics) pipotiazine palmitate is a viable choice for both clinician and person with schizophrenia. Outcome Findings in words Findings in numbers Quality of evidence Global outcomes No important clinical responseFollow-up: by 3 week) There is no clear difference between people given pipotiazine palmitate and those receiving oral antipsychotics. These findings are based on data of low quality. RR 2.57 (0.76 to 8.63) Low Leaving the study earlyFollow-up: up to 5 weeks Pipotiazine palmitate may increase the chance of leaving the study early but the difference between people given pipotiazine palmitate and those receiving oral antipsychotics is not clear. These findings are based on data of low quality. RR 3.85 (0.46 to 32.22) Low Mental state RelapseFollow-up: by 18 months) Pipotiazine palmitate has not more - or less - effect on risk of relapse than oral antipsychotics. These findings are based on data of low quality. RR 1.55 (0.76 to 3.18) Low Adverse effects Tardive dyskinesia Oral antipsychotic drugs and pipotiazine palmitate carry similar risks of this problematic movement disorder. These findings are based on data of low quality. RR 1.03 (0.22 to 4.92) Low Dystonia Pipotiazine palmitate may slightly reduce the chance of experiencing this movement disorder but there is no clear difference between people given pipotiazine palmitate and those receiving oral antipsychotics. These findings are based on data of low quality. RR 0.32 (0.04 to 2.89) Low vte Pharmacokinetics of long-acting injectable antipsychotics Medication Brand name Class Vehicle Dosage Tmax t1/2 single t1/2 multiple logPc Ref Aripiprazole lauroxil Aristada Atypical Watera 441–1064 mg/4–8 weeks 24–35 days ? 54–57 days 7.9–10.0 Aripiprazole monohydrate Abilify Maintena Atypical Watera 300–400 mg/4 weeks 7 days ? 30–47 days 4.9–5.2 Bromperidol decanoate Impromen Decanoas Typical Sesame oil 40–300 mg/4 weeks 3–9 days ? 21–25 days 7.9 Clopentixol decanoate Sordinol Depot Typical Viscoleob 50–600 mg/1–4 weeks 4–7 days ? 19 days 9.0 Flupentixol decanoate Depixol Typical Viscoleob 10–200 mg/2–4 weeks 4–10 days 8 days 17 days 7.2–9.2 Fluphenazine decanoate Prolixin Decanoate Typical Sesame oil 12.5–100 mg/2–5 weeks 1–2 days 1–10 days 14–100 days 7.2–9.0 Fluphenazine enanthate Prolixin Enanthate Typical Sesame oil 12.5–100 mg/1–4 weeks 2–3 days 4 days ? 6.4–7.4 Fluspirilene Imap, Redeptin Typical Watera 2–12 mg/1 week 1–8 days 7 days ? 5.2–5.8 Haloperidol decanoate Haldol Decanoate Typical Sesame oil 20–400 mg/2–4 weeks 3–9 days 18–21 days 7.2–7.9 Olanzapine pamoate Zyprexa Relprevv Atypical Watera 150–405 mg/2–4 weeks 7 days ? 30 days – Oxyprothepin decanoate Meclopin Typical ? ? ? ? ? 8.5–8.7 Paliperidone palmitate Invega Sustenna Atypical Watera 39–819 mg/4–12 weeks 13–33 days 25–139 days ? 8.1–10.1 Perphenazine decanoate Trilafon Dekanoat Typical Sesame oil 50–200 mg/2–4 weeks ? ? 27 days 8.9 Perphenazine enanthate Trilafon Enanthate Typical Sesame oil 25–200 mg/2 weeks 2–3 days ? 4–7 days 6.4–7.2 Pipotiazine palmitate Piportil Longum Typical Viscoleob 25–400 mg/4 weeks 9–10 days ? 14–21 days 8.5–11.6 Pipotiazine undecylenate Piportil Medium Typical Sesame oil 100–200 mg/2 weeks ? ? ? 8.4 Risperidone Risperdal Consta Atypical Microspheres 12.5–75 mg/2 weeks 21 days ? 3–6 days – Zuclopentixol acetate Clopixol Acuphase Typical Viscoleob 50–200 mg/1–3 days 1–2 days 1–2 days 4.7–4.9 Zuclopentixol decanoate Clopixol Depot Typical Viscoleob 50–800 mg/2–4 weeks 4–9 days ? 11–21 days 7.5–9.0 Note: All by intramuscular injection. Footnotes: a = Microcrystalline or nanocrystalline aqueous suspension. b = Low-viscosity vegetable oil (specifically fractionated coconut oil with medium-chain triglycerides). c = Predicted, from PubChem and DrugBank. Sources: Main: See template. Medical uses Pipotiazine palmitate is used to treat schizophrenia. Contraindications Pipotiazine palmitate is contraindicated in people with circulatory collapse (shock), altered states of consciousness, including drug intoxication, or other serious health conditions (liver disease, kidney disease, pheochromocytoma, severe cardiovascular disease, or blood dyscrasias). It is contraindicated in people with severe depression. Pipotiazine palmitate should not be used in people who have a history of allergic reactions to any component of the medicine or to chemically similar medicines (phenothiazines). Pharmacokinetics Pipotiazine was available as a long-acting injectable formulation (pipotiazine palmitate). After deep intramuscular injection, pipotiazine palmitate reaches maximum plasma concentration in 7-14 days, has an elimination half-life of 15 days, and reaches steady-state levels after 2 months of usual dosing (given every 4 weeks). Synthesis Patents: Sino: The alkylation of 2-Dimethylaminosulfonylphenthiazine (1) with 1-Bromo-3-chloropropane (2) gives 10-(3-chloropropyl)-N,N-dimethylphenothiazine-2-sulfonamide (3). Alkylation with 4-Piperidineethanol (4) completes the synthesis of Pipothiazine (5). History The long-acting injectable formulation of pipotiazine (pipotiazine palmitate) was withdrawn from all markets globally in March 2015 due to a shortage of the active ingredient. References ^ Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16. ^ Bechelli LP, Ruffino-Netto A, Hetem G (December 1983). "A double-blind controlled trial of pipotiazine, haloperidol and placebo in recently-hospitalized acute schizophrenic patients". Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 16 (4): 305–11. PMID 6143579. ^ International Drug Names ^ a b Dinesh M, David A, Quraishi SN (October 2004). "Depot pipotiazine palmitate and undecylenate for schizophrenia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 3 (4): CD001720. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001720.pub2. PMC 7025786. PMID 15495016. ^ Parent M, Toussaint C, Gilson H (1983). "Long-term treatment of chronic psychotics with bromperidol decanoate: clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation". Current Therapeutic Research. 34 (1): 1–6. ^ a b Jørgensen A, Overø KF (1980). "Clopenthixol and flupenthixol depot preparations in outpatient schizophrenics. III. Serum levels". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 279: 41–54. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1980.tb07082.x. PMID 6931472. ^ a b Reynolds JE (1993). "Anxiolytic sedatives, hypnotics and neuroleptics.". Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (30th ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. pp. 364–623. ^ Ereshefsky L, Saklad SR, Jann MW, Davis CM, Richards A, Seidel DR (May 1984). "Future of depot neuroleptic therapy: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic approaches". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 45 (5 Pt 2): 50–9. PMID 6143748. ^ a b Curry SH, Whelpton R, de Schepper PJ, Vranckx S, Schiff AA (April 1979). "Kinetics of fluphenazine after fluphenazine dihydrochloride, enanthate and decanoate administration to man". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 7 (4): 325–31. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1979.tb00941.x. PMC 1429660. PMID 444352. ^ Young D, Ereshefsky L, Saklad SR, Jann MW, Garcia N (1984). Explaining the pharmacokinetics of fluphenazine through computer simulations. (Abstract.). 19th Annual Midyear Clinical Meeting of the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists. Dallas, Texas. ^ Janssen PA, Niemegeers CJ, Schellekens KH, Lenaerts FM, Verbruggen FJ, van Nueten JM, Marsboom RH, Hérin VV, Schaper WK (November 1970). "The pharmacology of fluspirilene (R 6218), a potent, long-acting and injectable neuroleptic drug". Arzneimittel-Forschung. 20 (11): 1689–98. PMID 4992598. ^ Beresford R, Ward A (January 1987). "Haloperidol decanoate. A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in psychosis". Drugs. 33 (1): 31–49. doi:10.2165/00003495-198733010-00002. PMID 3545764. ^ Reyntigens AJ, Heykants JJ, Woestenborghs RJ, Gelders YG, Aerts TJ (1982). "Pharmacokinetics of haloperidol decanoate. A 2-year follow-up". International Pharmacopsychiatry. 17 (4): 238–46. doi:10.1159/000468580. PMID 7185768. ^ Larsson M, Axelsson R, Forsman A (1984). "On the pharmacokinetics of perphenazine: a clinical study of perphenazine enanthate and decanoate". Current Therapeutic Research. 36 (6): 1071–88. ^ a b "Piportil® L4 (pipotiazine palmitate)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-12-02. Retrieved 11 December 2023. ^ White J (July 2022). "Guidance on the Administration to Adults of Oil-based Depot and other Long-acting Intramuscular Antipsychotic Injections 7th Edition" (PDF). www.reach4resource.co.uk. Retrieved 11 December 2023. ^ , FR 7835M (1970). ^ ZA6801990 idem Jean-Claude Rene Georg Blondel, 2 More », U.S. patent 3,875,156 (1975 to Rhone Poulenc Sa). ^ Schussen, & Li Haixia, et al. CN 106568857 (2019 to YUEYANG XINHUADA PHARMACEUTICAL CO Ltd). ^ Haddad P, Taylor M, Patel MX, Taylor D (June 2015). "Guidance on switching away from Piportil Depot® (pipotiazine palmitate) injection". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 206 (6): 521. doi:10.1192/bjp.206.6.521. PMID 26034183. vteAntipsychotics (N05A)Typical Butyrophenones: Benperidol Bromperidol Bromperidol decanoate Droperidol Haloperidol# Haloperidol decanoate Moperone Pipamperone Spiperone Timiperone Trifluperidol Diphenylbutylpiperidines: Fluspirilene Penfluridol Pimozide Phenothiazines: Acepromazine Acetophenazine Butaperazine Carphenazine (carfenazine)‡ Chlorpromazine Cyamemazine Dixyrazine Fluphenazine Fluphenazine decanoate Fluphenazine enanthate Levomepromazine (methotrimeprazine) Mesoridazine Perazine Periciazine Perphenazine BL-1020 Perphenazine decanoate Perphenazine enanthate Piperacetazine Pipotiazine Pipotiazine palmitate Pipotiazine undecylenate Prochlorperazine Promazine Sulforidazine Thiopropazate Thioproperazine Thioridazine Trifluoperazine Triflupromazine Thioxanthenes: Chlorprothixene Clopenthixol Clopenthixol decanoate Flupentixol Flupentixol decanoate Tiotixene (thiothixene) Zuclopenthixol Zuclopenthixol acetate Zuclopenthixol decanoate Disputed Benzamides: Amisulpride Levosulpiride Nemonapride Remoxipride‡ Sulpiride Sultopride Tiapride Veralipride‡ Butyrophenones: Melperone Tricyclics: Carpipramine Clocapramine Clorotepine Clotiapine Loxapine Mosapramine Oxyprothepin decanoate Others: Molindone Atypical Benzisoxazole/benzisothiazoles: Iloperidone Lurasidone Paliperidone Paliperidone palmitate Perospirone Risperidone# Ziprasidone Butyrophenones: Lumateperone Phenylpiperazines/quinolinones: Aripiprazole Aripiprazole lauroxil Brilaroxazine† Brexpiprazole Cariprazine Tricyclics: Asenapine Clozapine# Olanzapine (+samidorphan) Quetiapine Zotepine Others: Blonanserin Pimavanserin Sertindole Others Monoamine-depleting agents: Oxypertine Reserpine Tetrabenazine Others/unknown: Azacyclonol #WHO-EM ‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: †Phase III §Never to phase III Pharmacodynamics Acetylcholine receptor modulators vteMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulatorsmAChRsTooltip Muscarinic acetylcholine receptorsAgonists 77-LH-28-1 AC-42 AC-260,584 Aceclidine Acetylcholine AF30 AF150(S) AF267B Alvameline AQRA-741 Arecoline Bethanechol Bevonium Butyrylcholine Carbachol CDD-0034 CDD-0078 CDD-0097 CDD-0098 CDD-0102 Cevimeline Choline cis-Dioxolane Clozapine Desmethylclozapine (norclozapine) Ethoxysebacylcholine Itameline LY-593,039 L-689,660 LY-2,033,298 McNA343 Methacholine Milameline Muscarine NGX-267 Ocvimeline Oxotremorine PD-151,832 Pilocarpine RS86 Sabcomeline SDZ 210-086 Sebacylcholine Suberyldicholine Talsaclidine Tazomeline Thiopilocarpine Vedaclidine VU-0029767 VU-0090157 VU-0152099 VU-0152100 VU-0238429 WAY-132,983 Xanomeline YM-796 Antagonists 3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate 4-DAMP Aclidinium bromide (+formoterol) Abediterol AF-DX 250 AF-DX 384 Ambutonium bromide Anisodamine Anisodine Antihistamines (first-generation) (e.g., brompheniramine, buclizine, captodiame, chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine), cinnarizine, clemastine, cyproheptadine, dimenhydrinate, dimetindene, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, meclizine, mequitazine, perlapine, phenindamine, pheniramine, phenyltoloxamine, promethazine, propiomazine, triprolidine) AQ-RA 741 Atropine Atropine methonitrate Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, fluperlapine, olanzapine (+fluoxetine), rilapine, quetiapine, tenilapine, zotepine) Benactyzine Benzatropine (benztropine) Benzilone Benzilylcholine mustard Benzydamine BIBN 99 Biperiden Bornaprine Camylofin CAR-226,086 CAR-301,060 CAR-302,196 CAR-302,282 CAR-302,368 CAR-302,537 CAR-302,668 Caramiphen Cimetropium bromide Clidinium bromide Cloperastine CS-27349 Cyclobenzaprine Cyclopentolate Darifenacin DAU-5884 Desfesoterodine Dexetimide DIBD Dicycloverine (dicyclomine) Dihexyverine Difemerine Diphemanil metilsulfate Ditran Drofenine EA-3167 EA-3443 EA-3580 EA-3834 Emepronium bromide Etanautine Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine) Fenpiverinium Fentonium bromide Fesoterodine Flavoxate Glycopyrronium bromide (+beclometasone/formoterol, +indacaterol, +neostigmine) Hexahydrodifenidol Hexahydrosiladifenidol Hexbutinol Hexocyclium Himbacine HL-031,120 Homatropine Imidafenacin Ipratropium bromide (+salbutamol) Isopropamide J-104,129 Hyoscyamine Mamba toxin 3 Mamba toxin 7 Mazaticol Mebeverine Meladrazine Mepenzolate Methantheline Methoctramine Methylatropine Methylhomatropine Methylscopolamine Metixene Muscarinic toxin 7 N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate N-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate Nefopam Octatropine methylbromide (anisotropine methylbromide) Orphenadrine Otenzepad (AF-DX 116) Otilonium bromide Oxapium iodide Oxitropium bromide Oxybutynin Oxyphencyclimine Oxyphenonium bromide PBID PD-102,807 PD-0298029 Penthienate Pethidine pFHHSiD Phenglutarimide Phenyltoloxamine Pipenzolate bromide Piperidolate Pirenzepine Piroheptine Pizotifen Poldine Pridinol Prifinium bromide Procyclidine Profenamine (ethopropazine) Propantheline bromide Propiverine Quinidine 3-Quinuclidinyl thiochromane-4-carboxylate Revefenacin Rociverine RU-47,213 SCH-57,790 SCH-72,788 SCH-217,443 Scopolamine (hyoscine) Scopolamine butylbromide (hyoscine butylbromide) Silahexacyclium Sofpironium bromide Solifenacin SSRIsTooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g., femoxetine, paroxetine) Telenzepine Terodiline Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) Tiemonium iodide Timepidium bromide Tiotropium bromide Tiquizium bromide Tofenacin Tolterodine Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline (+perphenazine), amitriptylinoxide, butriptyline, cidoxepin, clomipramine, desipramine, desmethyldesipramine, dibenzepin, dosulepin (dothiepin), doxepin, imipramine, lofepramine, nitroxazepine, northiaden (desmethyldosulepin), nortriptyline, protriptyline, quinupramine, trimipramine) Tridihexethyl Trihexyphenidyl Trimebutine Tripitamine (tripitramine) Tropacine Tropatepine Tropicamide Trospium chloride Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene, cyamemazine (cyamepromazine), loxapine, mesoridazine, thioridazine) Umeclidinium bromide (+vilanterol) WIN-2299 Xanomeline Zamifenacin Precursors(and prodrugs) Acetyl-coA Adafenoxate Choline (lecithin) Citicoline Cyprodenate Dimethylethanolamine Glycerophosphocholine Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine) Phosphatidylcholine Phosphatidylethanolamine Phosphorylcholine Pirisudanol See also Receptor/signaling modulators Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators vteNicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulatorsnAChRsTooltip Nicotinic acetylcholine receptorsAgonists(and PAMsTooltip positive allosteric modulators) 5-HIAA 6-Chloronicotine A-84,543 A-366,833 A-582,941 A-867,744 ABT-202 ABT-418 ABT-560 ABT-894 Acetylcholine Altinicline Anabasine Anatabine Anatoxin-a AR-R17779 Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate Butinoline Butyrylcholine Carbachol Choline Cotinine Cytisine Decamethonium Desformylflustrabromine Dianicline Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Epibatidine Epiboxidine Ethanol (alcohol) Ethoxysebacylcholine EVP-4473 EVP-6124 Galantamine GTS-21 Ispronicline Ivermectin JNJ-39393406 Levamisole Lobeline MEM-63,908 (RG-3487) Morantel Nicotine (tobacco) NS-1738 PHA-543,613 PHA-709,829 PNU-120,596 PNU-282,987 Pozanicline Pyrantel Rivanicline RJR-2429 Sazetidine A SB-206553 Sebacylcholine SIB-1508Y SIB-1553A SSR-180,711 Suberyldicholine Suxamethonium (succinylcholine) Suxethonium (succinyldicholine) TC-1698 TC-1734 TC-1827 TC-2216 TC-5214 TC-5619 TC-6683 Tebanicline Tribendimidine Tropisetron UB-165 Varenicline WAY-317,538 XY-4083 Antagonists(and NAMsTooltip negative allosteric modulators) 18-MAC 18-MC α-Neurotoxins (e.g., α-bungarotoxin, α-cobratoxin, α-conotoxin, many others) ABT-126 Alcuronium Allopregnanolone Amantadine Anatruxonium AQW051 Atracurium Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental) BNC-210 Bungarotoxins (e.g., α-bungarotoxin, κ-bungarotoxin) Bupropion BW284C51 BW-A444 Candocuronium iodide (chandonium iodide) Chlorisondamine Cisatracurium Coclaurine Coronaridine Curare Cyclopropane Dacuronium bromide Decamethonium Dehydronorketamine Desflurane Dextromethorphan Dextropropoxyphene Dextrorphan Diadonium DHβE Dihydrochandonium Dimethyltubocurarine (metocurine) Dioscorine Dipyrandium Dizocilpine (MK-801) Doxacurium Encenicline Enflurane Erythravine Esketamine Fazadinium Gallamine Gantacurium chloride Halothane Hexafluronium Hexamethonium (benzohexonium) Hydroxybupropion Hydroxynorketamine Ibogaine Isoflurane Ketamine Kynurenic acid Laudanosine Laudexium (laudolissin) Levacetylmethadol Levomethadone Malouetine ME-18-MC Mecamylamine Memantine Methadone Methorphan (racemethorphan) Methyllycaconitine Metocurine Mivacurium Morphanol (racemorphan) Neramexane Nitrous oxide Norketamine Pancuronium bromide Pempidine Pentamine Pentolinium Phencyclidine Pipecuronium bromide Progesterone Promegestone Radafaxine Rapacuronium bromide Reboxetine Rocuronium bromide Sevoflurane Stercuronium iodide Surugatoxin Thiocolchicoside Threohydrobupropion Toxiferine Tramadol Trimetaphan camsilate (trimethaphan camsylate) Tropeinium Tubocurarine Vanoxerine Vecuronium bromide Xenon Precursors(and prodrugs) Acetyl-coA Adafenoxate Choline (lecithin) Citicoline Cyprodenate Dimethylethanolamine Glycerophosphocholine Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine) Phosphatidylcholine Phosphatidylethanolamine Phosphorylcholine Pirisudanol See also Receptor/signaling modulators Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators vteAdrenergic receptor modulatorsα1Agonists 6-FNE Amidephrine Buspirone Cirazoline Corbadrine Deoxyepinephrine (epinine, N-methyldopamine) Desglymidodrine Dexisometheptene Dipivefrine Dopamine Droxidopa (L-DOPS) Epinephrine Etilefrine Etilevodopa Ethylnorepinephrine Ibopamine Indanidine Isometheptene L-DOPA (levodopa) L-Phenylalanine L-Tyrosine Melevodopa Metaraminol Methoxamine Methyldopa Midodrine Naphazoline Norepinephrine Octopamine Oxymetazoline Phenylephrine Phenylpropanolamine Synephrine Tetryzoline Tiamenidine XP21279 Xylometazoline Antagonists Abanoquil Ajmalicine Alfuzosin Anisodamine Anisodine Atiprosin Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., brexpiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone) Benoxathian Beta blockers (e.g., adimolol, amosulalol, arotinolol, carvedilol, eugenodilol, labetalol) Buflomedil Bunazosin Corynanthine Dapiprazole Domesticine Doxazosin Ergolines (e.g., acetergamine, ergotamine, dihydroergotamine, lisuride, nicergoline, terguride) Etoperidone Fenspiride Hydroxyzine Indoramin Ketanserin L-765,314 mCPP Mepiprazole Metazosin Monatepil Moxisylyte Naftopidil Nantenine Neldazosin Niaprazine Niguldipine Pardoprunox Pelanserin Perlapine Phendioxan Phenoxybenzamine Phentolamine Phenylpiperazine antidepressants (e.g., hydroxynefazodone, nefazodone, trazodone, triazoledione) Piperoxan Prazosin Quinazosin Quinidine Silodosin Spegatrine Spiperone Talipexole Tamsulosin Terazosin Tiodazosin Tolazoline Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, imipramine, trimipramine) Trimazosin Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, loxapine, thioridazine) Urapidil WB-4101 Zolertine α2Agonists (R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline 4-NEMD 6-FNE Amitraz Apraclonidine Brimonidine Clonidine Corbadrine Deoxyepinephrine (epinine, N-methyldopamine) Detomidine Dexmedetomidine Dihydroergotamine Dipivefrine Dopamine Droxidopa (L-DOPS) Etilevodopa Ergotamine Epinephrine Etilefrine Ethylnorepinephrine Guanabenz Guanfacine Guanoxabenz L-DOPA (levodopa) L-Phenylalanine L-Tyrosine Ibopamine Lofexidine Medetomidine Melevodopa Methyldopa Mivazerol Moxonidine Naphazoline Norepinephrine Oxymetazoline Phenylpropanolamine Piperoxan PS75 Rezatomidine Rilmenidine Romifidine Talipexole Tasipimidine Tetryzoline Tiamenidine Tizanidine Tolonidine Urapidil Vatinoxan XP21279 Xylazine Xylometazoline Antagonists 1-PP Adimolol Amesergide Aptazapine Atipamezole Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., asenapine, brexpiprazole, clozapine, lurasidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, zotepine) Azapirones (e.g., buspirone, gepirone, ipsapirone, tandospirone) BRL-44408 Buflomedil Cirazoline Efaroxan Esmirtazapine Fenmetozole Fluparoxan Idazoxan Ketanserin Lisuride mCPP Mianserin Mirtazapine NAN-190 Pardoprunox Phentolamine Phenoxybenzamine Piperoxan Piribedil Rauwolscine Rotigotine Setiptiline Spegatrine Spiroxatrine Sunepitron Terguride Tolazoline Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, loxapine, thioridazine) Yohimbine βAgonists Abediterol Alifedrine Amibegron Arbutamine Arformoterol Arotinolol BAAM Bambuterol Befunolol Bitolterol Broxaterol Buphenine Carbuterol Carmoterol Cimaterol Clenbuterol Colterol Corbadrine Denopamine Deoxyepinephrine (epinine, N-methyldopamine) Dipivefrine Dobutamine Dopamine Dopexamine Droxidopa (L-DOPS) Epinephrine Etafedrine Etilefrine Etilevodopa Ethylnorepinephrine Eugenodilol Fenoterol Formoterol Hexoprenaline Higenamine Ibopamine Indacaterol Isoetarine Isoprenaline Isoxsuprine L-DOPA (levodopa) L-Phenylalanine L-Tyrosine Levosalbutamol Lubabegron Mabuterol Melevodopa Methoxyphenamine Methyldopa Mirabegron Norepinephrine Orciprenaline Oxyfedrine PF-610355 Phenylpropanolamine Pirbuterol Prenalterol Ractopamine Procaterol Reproterol Rimiterol Ritodrine Salbutamol Salmeterol Solabegron Terbutaline Tretoquinol Tulobuterol Vibegron Vilanterol Xamoterol XP21279 Zilpaterol Zinterol Antagonists Acebutolol Adaprolol Adimolol Afurolol Alprenolol Alprenoxime Amosulalol Ancarolol Arnolol Arotinolol Atenolol Befunolol Betaxolol Bevantolol Bisoprolol Bopindolol Bornaprolol Brefonalol Bucindolol Bucumolol Bufetolol Bufuralol Bunitrolol Bunolol Bupranolol Butaxamine Butidrine Butofilolol Capsinolol Carazolol Carpindolol Carteolol Carvedilol Celiprolol Cetamolol Cicloprolol Cinamolol Cloranolol Cyanopindolol Dalbraminol Dexpropranolol Diacetolol Dichloroisoprenaline Dihydroalprenolol Dilevalol Diprafenone Draquinolol Ecastolol Epanolol Ericolol Ersentilide Esatenolol Esprolol Eugenodilol Exaprolol Falintolol Flestolol Flusoxolol Hydroxycarteolol Hydroxytertatolol ICI-118,551 Idropranolol Indenolol Indopanolol Iodocyanopindolol Iprocrolol Isoxaprolol Isamoltane Labetalol Landiolol Levobetaxolol Levobunolol Levomoprolol Medroxalol Mepindolol Metipranolol Metoprolol Moprolol Nadolol Nadoxolol Nebivolol Nifenalol Nipradilol Oxprenolol Pacrinolol Pafenolol Pamatolol Pargolol Penbutolol Pindolol Practolol Primidolol Procinolol Pronethalol Propafenone Propranolol Ridazolol Ronactolol Soquinolol Sotalol Spirendolol SR 59230A Sulfinalol Talinolol Tazolol Tertatolol Tienoxolol Tilisolol Timolol Tiprenolol Tolamolol Toliprolol Xibenolol Xipranolol See also: Receptor/signaling modulators Dopaminergics Serotonergics Monoamine reuptake inhibitors Monoamine releasing agents Monoamine metabolism modulators Monoamine neurotoxins vteDopamine receptor modulatorsD1-likeAgonists Benzazepines: 6-Br-APB Fenoldopam SKF-38,393 SKF-77,434 SKF-81,297 SKF-82,958 SKF-83,959 Trepipam Zelandopam Ergolines: Cabergoline CY-208,243 Dihydroergocryptine LEK-8829 Lisuride Pergolide Terguride Dihydrexidine derivatives: A-77636 A-86929 Adrogolide (ABT-431, DAS-431) Dihydrexidine Dinapsoline Dinoxyline Doxanthrine Phenethylamines: BCO-001 Deoxyepinephrine (N-methyldopamine, epinine) Dopexamine Etilevodopa Ibopamine L-DOPA (levodopa) Melevodopa L-Phenylalanine L-Tyrosine XP21279 Others: A-68930 Apomorphine Isocorypalmine Nuciferine PF-6649751 PF 6669571 Propylnorapomorphine Rotigotine SKF-89,145 SKF-89,626 Stepholidine Tavapadon Tetrahydropalmatine PAMs Tetrahydroisoquinolines: DETQ DPTQ Mevidalen Antagonists Typical antipsychotics: Butaclamol Chlorpromazine Chlorprothixene Flupentixol (flupenthixol) (+melitracen) Fluphenazine Loxapine Perphenazine (+amitriptyline) Pifluthixol Thioridazine Thiothixene Trifluoperazine (+tranylcypromine) Zuclopenthixol Atypical antipsychotics: Asenapine Clorotepine Clotiapine Clozapine DHA-clozapine Fluperlapine Iloperidone Norclozapine Norquetiapine Olanzapine (+fluoxetine) Paliperidone Quetiapine Risperidone Tefludazine Zicronapine Ziprasidone Zotepine Others: Berupipam Ecopipam EEDQ Metitepine (methiothepin) Odapipam Perlapine SCH-23390 D2-likeAgonists Adamantanes: Amantadine Memantine Rimantadine Aminotetralins: 5-OH-DPAT 7-OH-DPAT 8-OH-PBZI Rotigotine UH-232 Ergolines: Bromocriptine Cabergoline Chanoclavine Dihydroergocryptine Epicriptine Ergocornine Lergotrile Lisuride LSD Pergolide Terguride Dihydrexidine derivatives: 2-OH-NPA Ciladopa Dihydrexidine Dinoxyline N,N-Propyldihydrexidine Phenethylamines: Deoxyepinephrine (N-methyldopamine, epinine) Dopexamine Etilevodopa Ibopamine L-DOPA (levodopa) L-Phenylalanine L-Tyrosine Melevodopa XP21279 Atypical antipsychotics: Alentemol (U-66444B) Aripiprazole (+sertraline) Aripiprazole lauroxil Bifeprunox Brexpiprazole Brilaroxazine Cariprazine F-15063 Lumateperone Norclozapine Others: 3-PPP A-412997 ABT-670 ABT-724 Adrafinil Aplindore Apomorphine Arketamine Armodafinil BP-897 Captodiame CP-226,269 Dizocilpine Esketamine Flibanserin Ketamine Mesulergine Modafinil OSU-6162 Pardoprunox PD-128,907 PD-168,077 PF-219,061 PF-592,379 Phencyclidine Piribedil Pramipexole Preclamol Propylnorapomorphine Pukateine Quinagolide Quinelorane Quinpirole RDS-127 Ro10-5824 Ropinirole Roxindole Salvinorin A SKF-83,959 Sumanirole Talipexole Umespirone WAY-100,635 Antagonists Typical antipsychotics: Acepromazine Acetophenazine Azaperone Benperidol Bromperidol Butaclamol Butaperazine Chloracizine Chlorproethazine Chlorpromazine Chlorprothixene Ciclindole Clopenthixol Clothixamide Clopimozide Droperidol Fluacizine Fluanisone Flucindole Fluotracen Flupentixol (flupenthixol) (+melitracen) Fluphenazine Fluprothixene Fluspirilene Haloperidol Homopipramol Lenperone Levomepromazine (methotrimeprazine) Levosulpiride Loxapine Mesoridazine Moperone Naranol Nemonapride Penfluridol Perathiepin Perazine Pericyazine (periciazine) Perphenazine (+amitriptyline) Piflutixol (pifluthixol) Pimozide Pipamperone Preclamol Prochlorperazine Promazine Prothipendyl Spiperone (spiroperidol) Sulforidazine Sulpiride Sultopride Teflutixol Thiopropazate Thioproperazine Thioridazine Thiothixene Timiperone Trifluoperazine (+tranylcypromine) Triflupromazine Trifluperidol Zetidoline Zuclopenthixol Atypical antipsychotics: Amisulpride Asenapine BL-1020 Blonanserin Carpipramine Cinuperone Clocapramine Clorotepine Clotiapine (clothiapine) Clozapine Cyamemazine DHA-clozapine Dixyrazine Elopiprazole Flumezapine Fluperlapine Gevotroline Iloperidone Lurasidone Mazapertine Melperone Molindone Mosapramine Ocaperidone Olanzapine (+fluoxetine) Paliperidone Perospirone Piperacetazine Pipotiazine Piquindone Quetiapine Remoxipride Risperidone Sertindole Tefludazine Tenilapine Tiospirone Veralipride Zicronapine Ziprasidone Zotepine Antiemetics/gastroprokinetics/sedatives: Aceprometazine AS-8112 Alimemazine Alizapride Benzquinamide Bromopride Clebopride Deudomperidone Domperidone Eticlopride Hydroxyzine Itopride Metoclopramide Metopimazine Promethazine Thiethylperazine Trazpiroben Trimethobenzamide Antidepressants: Amoxapine Nefazodone Opipramol Propiomazine Trimipramine Others: 3-PPP Alpiropride Azapride Bromerguride Bromocriptine Buspirone Desmethoxyfallypride EEDQ F-15063 Fallypride Fananserin Fenfluramine Iodobenzamide Isocorypalmine L-741,626 L-745,870 Levofenfluramine LEK-8829 Metergoline Metitepine (methiothepin) N-Methylspiperone Nafadotride Nuciferine PNU-99,194 Pridopidine Raclopride Sarizotan SB-277,011-A Seridopidine Sonepiprazole Spiroxatrine Stepholidine SV-293 Terguride Tetrahydropalmatine Tiapride UH-232 Yohimbine See also: Receptor/signaling modulators Adrenergics Serotonergics Monoamine reuptake inhibitors Monoamine releasing agents Monoamine metabolism modulators Monoamine neurotoxins vteHistamine receptor modulatorsH1Agonists 2-Pyridylethylamine Betahistine Histamine HTMT L-Histidine UR-AK49 Antagonists First-generation: 4-Methyldiphenhydramine Alimemazine Antazoline Azatadine Bamipine Benzatropine (benztropine) Bepotastine Bromazine Brompheniramine Buclizine Captodiame Carbinoxamine Chlorcyclizine Chloropyramine Chlorothen Chlorphenamine Chlorphenoxamine Cinnarizine Clemastine Clobenzepam Clocinizine Cloperastine Cyclizine Cyproheptadine Dacemazine Decloxizine Deptropine Dexbrompheniramine Dexchlorpheniramine Dimenhydrinate Dimetindene Diphenhydramine Diphenylpyraline Doxylamine Embramine Etodroxizine Etybenzatropine (ethylbenztropine) Etymemazine Fenethazine Flunarizine Histapyrrodine Homochlorcyclizine Hydroxyethylpromethazine Hydroxyzine Isopromethazine Isothipendyl Meclozine Medrylamine Mepyramine (pyrilamine) Mequitazine Methafurylene Methapyrilene Methdilazine Moxastine Orphenadrine Oxatomide Oxomemazine Perlapine Phenindamine Pheniramine Phenyltoloxamine Pimethixene Piperoxan Pipoxizine Promethazine Propiomazine Pyrrobutamine Talastine Thenalidine Thenyldiamine Thiazinamium Thonzylamine Tolpropamine Tripelennamine Triprolidine Second/third-generation: Acrivastine Alinastine Astemizole Azelastine Bamirastine Barmastine Bepiastine Bepotastine Bilastine Cabastinen Carebastine Cetirizine Clemastine Clemizole Clobenztropine Desloratadine Dorastine Ebastine Efletirizine Emedastine Epinastine Fexofenadine Flezelastine Ketotifen Latrepirdine Levocabastine Levocetirizine Linetastine Loratadine Mapinastine Mebhydrolin Mizolastine Moxastine Noberastine Octastine Olopatadine Perastine Pibaxizine Piclopastine Quifenadine (phencarol) Rocastine Rupatadine Setastine Sequifenadine (bicarphen) Talastine Temelastine Terfenadine Vapitadine Zepastine Others: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, brilaroxazine, clozapine, iloperidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone, zotepine) Phenylpiperazine antidepressants (e.g., hydroxynefazodone, nefazodone, trazodone, triazoledione) Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, loxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine, oxaprotiline) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, butriptyline, clomipramine, desipramine, dosulepin (dothiepin), doxepin, imipramine, iprindole, lofepramine, nortriptyline, protriptyline, trimipramine) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, flupenthixol, fluphenazine, loxapine, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, thioridazine, thiothixene) Unknown/unsorted: Azanator Belarizine Elbanizine Flotrenizine GSK1004723 Napactadine Tagorizine Trelnarizine Trenizine H2Agonists Amthamine Betazole Dimaprit Histamine HTMT Impromidine L-Histidine UR-AK49 Antagonists Bisfentidine Burimamide Cimetidine Dalcotidine Donetidine Ebrotidine Etintidine Famotidine Isolamtidine Lafutidine Lamtidine Lavoltidine (loxtidine) Lupitidine Metiamide Mifentidine Niperotidine Nizatidine Osutidine Oxmetidine Pibutidine Quisultazine (quisultidine) Ramixotidine Ranitidine Roxatidine Sufotidine Tiotidine Tuvatidine Venritidine Xaltidine Zolantidine H3Agonists α-Methylhistamine Cipralisant Histamine Imetit Immepip Immethridine L-Histidine Methimepip Proxyfan Antagonists A-349821 A-423579 ABT-239 ABT-652 AZD5213 Bavisant Betahistine Burimamide Ciproxifan Clobenpropit Conessine Enerisant GSK-189254 Impentamine Iodophenpropit Irdabisant JNJ-5207852 NNC 38-1049 PF-03654746 Pitolisant SCH-79687 Thioperamide VUF-5681 H4Agonists 4-Methylhistamine α-Methylhistamine Histamine L-Histidine OUP-16 VUF-8430 Antagonists JNJ-7777120 Mianserin Seliforant Thioperamide Toreforant VUF-6002 See also Receptor/signaling modulators Monoamine metabolism modulators Monoamine reuptake inhibitors vteSerotonin receptor modulators5-HT15-HT1A Agonists: 8-OH-DPAT Adatanserin Amphetamine Antidepressants (e.g., etoperidone, hydroxynefazodone, nefazodone, trazodone, triazoledione, vilazodone, vortioxetine) Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, clozapine, lurasidone, quetiapine, ziprasidone) Azapirones (e.g., buspirone, eptapirone, gepirone, perospirone, tandospirone) Bay R 1531 Befiradol BMY-14802 Cannabidiol Dimemebfe Dopamine Ebalzotan Eltoprazine Enciprazine Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, lisuride, LSD, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide) F-11,461 F-12826 F-13714 F-14679 F-15063 F-15,599 Flesinoxan Flibanserin Flumexadol Hypidone Lesopitron LY-293284 LY-301317 mCPP MKC-242 Naluzotan NBUMP Osemozotan Oxaflozane Pardoprunox Piclozotan Rauwolscine Repinotan Roxindole RU-24,969 S-14,506 S-14671 S-15535 Sarizotan Serotonin (5-HT) SSR-181507 Sunepitron Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MT, bufotenin, DMT, indorenate, N-Me-5-HT, psilocin, psilocybin) TGBA01AD U-92,016-A Urapidil Vilazodone Xaliproden Yohimbine Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., iloperidone, risperidone, sertindole) AV965 Beta blockers (e.g., alprenolol, carteolol, cyanopindolol, iodocyanopindolol, isamoltane, oxprenolol, penbutolol, pindobind, pindolol, propranolol, tertatolol) BMY-7,378 CSP-2503 Dotarizine Ergolines (e.g., metergoline) FCE-24379 Flopropione GR-46611 Isamoltane Lecozotan Mefway Metitepine (methiothepin) MIN-117 (WF-516) MPPF NAN-190 Robalzotan S-15535 SB-649,915 SDZ 216-525 Spiperone Spiramide Spiroxatrine UH-301 WAY-100135 WAY-100635 Xylamidine Unknown/unsorted: Acetryptine Carvedilol Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine)) 5-HT1B Agonists: Anpirtoline CGS-12066A CP-93129 CP-94253 CP-122,288 CP-135807 Eltoprazine Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide) mCPP RU-24,969 Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., avitriptan, donitriptan, eletriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan) TFMPP Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, DMT) Vortioxetine Antagonists: AR-A000002 Beta blockers (e.g., alprenolol, carteolol, isamoltane, oxprenolol, penbutolol, propranolol, tertatolol) Elzasonan Ergolines (e.g., metergoline) GR-127935 Isamoltane LY-393558 Metitepine (methiothepin) SB-216641 SB-224289 SB-236057 Yohimbine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., cabergoline, ergometrine (ergonovine), lisuride) 5-HT1D Agonists: CP-122,288 CP-135807 CP-286601 Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, LSD, methysergide) GR-46611 L-694247 L-772405 mCPP PNU-109291 PNU-142633 Serotonin (5-HT) TGBA01AD Triptans (e.g., almotriptan, avitriptan, donitriptan, eletriptan, frovatriptan, naratriptan, rizatriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-Et-DMT, 5-MT, 5-(nonyloxy)tryptamine, DMT) Antagonists: Alniditan BRL-15,572 Elzasonan Ergolines (e.g., metergoline) GR-127935 Ketanserin LY-310762 LY-367642 LY-393558 LY-456219 LY-456220 Metitepine (methiothepin) Mianserin Ritanserin Yohimbine Ziprasidone Unknown/unsorted: Acetryptine Ergolines (e.g., lisuride, lysergol, pergolide) 5-HT1E Agonists: BRL-54443 Ergolines (e.g., methysergide) Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., eletriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., tryptamine) Antagonists: Metitepine (methiothepin) Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine), lysergol, methylergometrine (methylergonovine) 5-HT1F Agonists: BRL-54443 CP-122,288 Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, lysergol, methylergometrine (methylergonovine) methysergide) Lasmiditan LY-334370 Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., eletriptan, naratriptan, sumatriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-MT) Antagonists: Metitepine (methiothepin) Mianserin 5-HT25-HT2A Agonists: 25H/NB series (e.g., 25I-NBF, 25I-NBMD, 25I-NBOH, 25I-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, 25TFM-NBOMe, 2CBCB-NBOMe, 25CN-NBOH, 2CBFly-NBOMe) 2Cs (e.g., 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, 2C-T-21) 2C-B-FLY 2CB-Ind 5-Methoxytryptamines (5-MeO-DET, 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MeO-DPT, 5-MT) α-Alkyltryptamines (e.g., 5-Cl-αMT, 5-Fl-αMT, 5-MeO-αET, 5-MeO-αMT, α-Me-5-HT, αET, αMT) AL-34662 AL-37350A Bromo-DragonFLY Dimemebfe DMBMPP DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM) Efavirenz Ergolines (e.g., 1P-LSD, ALD-52, bromocriptine, cabergoline, ergine (LSA), ergometrine (ergonovine), ergotamine, lisuride, LA-SS-Az, LSB, LSD, LSD-Pip, LSH, LSP, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), pergolide) Flumexadol IHCH-7113 Jimscaline Lorcaserin MDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine), MDMA (midomafetamine), MDOH, MMDA) O-4310 Oxaflozane PHA-57378 PNU-22394 PNU-181731 RH-34 SCHEMBL5334361 Phenethylamines (e.g., lophophine, mescaline) Piperazines (e.g., BZP, quipazine, TFMPP) Serotonin (5-HT) TCB-2 TFMFly Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine) Antagonists: 5-I-R91150 5-MeO-NBpBrT AC-90179 Adatanserin Altanserin Antihistamines (e.g., cyproheptadine, hydroxyzine, ketotifen, perlapine) AMDA Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amperozide, aripiprazole, asenapine, blonanserin, brexpiprazole, carpipramine, clocapramine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, gevotroline, iloperidone, lurasidone, melperone, mosapramine, ocaperidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, zicronapine, ziprasidone, zotepine) Chlorprothixene Cinanserin CSP-2503 Deramciclane Dotarizine Eplivanserin Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, LY-53857, LY-215,840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole) Fananserin Flibanserin Glemanserin Irindalone Ketanserin KML-010 Landipirdine LY-393558 mCPP Medifoxamine Metitepine (methiothepin) MIN-117 (WF-516) Naftidrofuryl Nantenine Nelotanserin Opiranserin (VVZ-149) Pelanserin Phenoxybenzamine Pimavanserin Pirenperone Pizotifen Pruvanserin Rauwolscine Ritanserin Roluperidone S-14671 Sarpogrelate Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors (e.g., etoperidone, hydroxynefazodone, lubazodone, mepiprazole, nefazodone, triazoledione, trazodone) SR-46349B TGBA01AD Teniloxazine Temanogrel Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, aptazapine, esmirtazapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, loxapine, perphenazine, pimozide, pipamperone, prochlorperazine, setoperone, spiperone, spiramide, thioridazine, thiothixene, trifluoperazine) Volinanserin Xylamidine Yohimbine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., dihydroergotamine, nicergoline) 5-HT2B Agonists: 4-Methylaminorex Aminorex Amphetamines (e.g., chlorphentermine, cloforex, dexfenfluramine, fenfluramine, levofenfluramine, norfenfluramine) BW-723C86 DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM) Ergolines (e.g., cabergoline, dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide) Lorcaserin MDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine), MDMA (midomafetamine), MDOH, MMDA) Piperazines (e.g., TFMPP) PNU-22394 Ro60-0175 Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, α-Me-5-HT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine) Antagonists: Agomelatine Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, clozapine, N-desalkylquetiapine (norquetiapine), N-desmethylclozapine (norclozapine), olanzapine, pipamperone, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone) Cyproheptadine EGIS-7625 Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, bromocriptine, lisuride, LY-53857, LY-272015, mesulergine) Ketanserin LY-393558 mCPP Metadoxine Metitepine (methiothepin) Pirenperone Pizotifen Propranolol PRX-08066 Rauwolscine Ritanserin RS-127445 Sarpogrelate SB-200646 SB-204741 SB-206553 SB-215505 SB-221284 SB-228357 SDZ SER-082 Tegaserod Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin, mirtazapine) Trazodone Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine) TIK-301 Yohimbine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine)) 5-HT2C Agonists: 2Cs (e.g., 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, 2C-T-21) 5-Methoxytryptamines (5-MeO-DET, 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MeO-DPT, 5-MT) α-Alkyltryptamines (e.g., 5-Cl-αMT, 5-Fl-αMT, 5-MeO-αET, 5-MeO-αMT, α-Me-5-HT, αET, αMT) A-372159 AL-38022A Alstonine CP-809101 Dimemebfe DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM) Ergolines (e.g., ALD-52, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergine (LSA), ergotamine, lisuride, LA-SS-Az, LSB, LSD, LSD-Pip, LSH, LSP, pergolide) Flumexadol Lorcaserin MDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine), MDMA (midomafetamine), MDOH, MMDA) MK-212 ORG-12962 ORG-37684 Oxaflozane PHA-57378 Phenethylamines (e.g., lophophine, mescaline) Piperazines (e.g., aripiprazole, BZP, mCPP, quipazine, TFMPP) PNU-22394 PNU-181731 Ro60-0175 Ro60-0213 Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine) Vabicaserin WAY-629 WAY-161503 YM-348 Antagonists: Adatanserin Agomelatine Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, iloperidone, melperone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone, zotepine) Captodiame CEPC Cinanserin Cyproheptadine Deramciclane Desmetramadol Dotarizine Eltoprazine Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, bromocriptine, LY-53857, LY-215,840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole) Etoperidone Fluoxetine FR-260010 Irindalone Ketanserin Ketotifen Latrepirdine (dimebolin) Medifoxamine Metitepine (methiothepin) Nefazodone Pirenperone Pizotifen Propranolol Ritanserin RS-102221 S-14671 SB-200646 SB-206553 SB-221284 SB-228357 SB-242084 SB-243213 SDZ SER-082 Tedatioxetine Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, aptazapine, esmirtazapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) TIK-301 Tramadol Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, nortriptyline) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, loxapine, pimozide, pipamperone, thioridazine) Xylamidine Unknown/unsorted: Efavirenz Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine), methylergometrine (methylergonovine)) 5-HT3–75-HT3 Agonists: Alcohols (e.g., butanol, ethanol (alcohol), trichloroethanol) m-CPBG Phenylbiguanide Piperazines (e.g., BZP, mCPP, quipazine) RS-56812 Serotonin (5-HT) SR-57227 SR-57227A Tryptamines (e.g., 2-Me-5-HT, 5-CT, bufotenidine (5-HTQ)) Volatiles/gases (e.g., halothane, isoflurane, toluene, trichloroethane) YM-31636 Antagonists: Alosetron Anpirtoline Arazasetron AS-8112 Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine) Azasetron Batanopride Bemesetron (MDL-72222) Bupropion Cilansetron CSP-2503 Dazopride Dolasetron Galanolactone Granisetron Hydroxybupropion Lerisetron Memantine Ondansetron Palonosetron Ramosetron Renzapride Ricasetron Tedatioxetine Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin, mirtazapine) Thujone Tropanserin Tropisetron Typical antipsychotics (e.g., loxapine) Volatiles/gases (e.g., nitrous oxide, sevoflurane, xenon) Vortioxetine Zacopride Zatosetron Unknown/unsorted: LY-53857 Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) 5-HT4 Agonists: 5-MT BIMU8 Capeserod Cinitapride Cisapride CJ-033466 Dazopride Metoclopramide Minesapride Mosapride Prucalopride PRX-03140 Renzapride RS-67,333 RS-67,506 Serotonin (5-HT) Tegaserod Usmarapride Velusetrag Zacopride Antagonists: GR-113808 GR-125487 L-Lysine Piboserod RS-39604 RS-67532 SB-203186 SB-204070 5-HT5A Agonists: Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), ergotamine, LSD) Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT) Valerenic acid Antagonists: Asenapine Latrepirdine (dimebolin) Metitepine (methiothepin) Ritanserin SB-699551 Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., metergoline, methysergide) Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) 5-HT6 Agonists: Ergolines (e.g., dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, lisuride, LSD, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide) Hypidone Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 2-Me-5-HT, 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, Bufotenin, E-6801, E-6837, EMD-386088, EMDT, LY-586713, N-Me-5-HT, ST-1936, tryptamine) WAY-181187 WAY-208466 Antagonists: ABT-354 Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, iloperidone, olanzapine, tiospirone) AVN-101 AVN-211 AVN-322 AVN-397 BGC20-760 BVT-5182 BVT-74316 Cerlapirdine EGIS-12,233 GW-742457 Idalopirdine Ketanserin Landipirdine Latrepirdine (dimebolin) Masupirdine Metitepine (methiothepin) MS-245 PRX-07034 Ritanserin Ro 04-6790 Ro 63-0563 SB-258585 SB-271046 SB-357134 SB-399885 SB-742457 Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, nortriptyline) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, loxapine) Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), bromocriptine, lergotrile, pergolide) Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) 5-HT7 Agonists: 8-OH-DPAT AS-19 Bifeprunox E-55888 Ergolines (e.g., LSD) LP-12 LP-44 LP-211 RU-24,969 Sarizotan Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., frovatriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT, 5-MT, bufotenin, N-Me-5-HT) Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, olanzapine, risperidone, sertindole, tiospirone, ziprasidone, zotepine) Butaclamol DR-4485 EGIS-12,233 Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), amesergide, bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, LY-53857, LY-215,840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole) JNJ-18038683 Ketanserin LY-215,840 Metitepine (methiothepin) Ritanserin SB-258719 SB-258741 SB-269970 SB-656104 SB-656104A SB-691673 SLV-313 SLV-314 Spiperone SSR-181507 Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, imipramine) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., acetophenazine, chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene, fluphenazine, loxapine, pimozide) Vortioxetine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., lisuride, pergolide) Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) See also: Receptor/signaling modulators Adrenergics Dopaminergics Melatonergics Monoamine reuptake inhibitors and releasing agents Monoamine metabolism modulators Monoamine neurotoxins vteTricyclicsClasses Acridine Anthracene Dibenzazepine Dibenzocycloheptene Dibenzodiazepine Dibenzothiazepine Dibenzothiepin Dibenzoxazepine Dibenzoxepin Phenothiazine Pyridazinobenzoxazine Pyridinobenzodiazepine Thioxanthene Antidepressants(Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)) Amoxapine Amezepine Amineptine Amitriptyline Amitriptylinoxide Amoxapine Aptazapine Azepindole Batelapine Butriptyline Cianopramine Ciclazindol Cidoxepin Clomipramine Cotriptyline Cyanodothiepin Demexiptiline Depramine (balipramine) (desmethylimipramine) Desmethylclomipramine Desmethyltrimipramine Dibenzepin Dimetacrine Dosulepin (dothiepin) Doxepin Enprazepine Fantridone Fluotracen Hepzidine Homopipramol Imipramine Imipraminoxide Intriptyline Iprindole Ketipramine Litracen Lofepramine Losindole Loxapine Maprotiline Mariptiline Mazindol Melitracen Metapramine Mezepine Mirtazapine Monometacrine Nitroxazepine Norbutriptyline Nordoxepin Northiaden (nordosulepin) Nortriptyline (noramitriptyline) Noxiptiline Octriptyline Opipramol Pipofezine Pirandamine Propizepine Protriptyline Quinupramine Spiroxepin Tandamine Tampramine Tianeptine Tienopramine Trimipramine Antihistamines Azatadine Bisulepin Clobenzepam Cyproheptadine Dacemazine Deptropine Desloratadine Epinastine Etymemazine Fenethazine Hydroxyethylpromethazine Isopromethazine Isothipendyl Ketotifen Latrepirdine Loratadine Mebhydrolin Mequitazine Methdilazine Olopatadine Oxomemazine Phenindamine Pimethixene Promethazine Propiomazine Rupatadine Thiazinamium Antipsychotics Acetophenazine Alimemazine Amoxapine Asenapine Butaclamol Butaperazine Carfenazine (carphenazine) Carpipramine Chlorpromazine Chlorprothixene Ciclindole Citatepine Clocapramine Clomacran Clorotepine Clotiapine Clozapine Cyanothepin Doclothepin Docloxythepin Erizepine Flucindole Flumezapine Fluotracen Flupentixol Fluphenazine Gevotroline Homopipramol Isofloxythepin Levomepromazine/Methotrimeprazine Loxapine Lurasidone Maroxepin Meperathiepin Mesoridazine Metiapine Metitepine Metoxepin Mosapramine Naranol Octomethothepin Olanzapine Oxyclothepin Oxyprothepin Pentiapine Peradithiepin Perathiepin Perazine Perphenazine Periciazine Pinoxepin Piperacetazine Pipotiazine Piquindone Prochlorperazine Promazine Prothipendyl Quetiapine Savoxepin/Cipazoxapine Sulforidazine Tenilapine Thiethylperazine Thiopropazate Thioridazine Thiothixene Tilozepine Traboxopine Trifluoperazine Triflupromazine Trifluthepin Zotepine Zuclopenthixol Anticonvulsants Carbamazepine Dizocilpine Eslicarbazepine Eslicarbazepine acetate Etazepine Licarbazepine Oxcarbazepine Oxitriptyline Rispenzepine Anticholinergics Profenamine Tropatepine Others Adosopine Aminopromazine Atiprosin Beloxepin Benzoctamine Carvedilol Cidoxepin Cyclobenzaprine Damotepine Darenzepine Elanzepine Fluradoline Methylene blue Monatepil Nuvenzepine Oxetorone Perlapine Pipazethate P7C3 Pinadoline Pirenzepine Pirolate Pitrazepin Pizotifen Serazapine Siltenzepine Telenzepine Tipindole Zolenzepine This drug article relating to the nervous system is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"typical antipsychotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic"},{"link_name":"phenothiazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenothiazine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"schizophrenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"chlorpromazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine"},{"link_name":"systematic review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_review"}],"text":"Pipotiazine (Piportil), also known as pipothiazine, is a typical antipsychotic of the phenothiazine class[2] used in the United Kingdom and other countries for the treatment of schizophrenia.[3] Its properties are similar to those of chlorpromazine. A 2004 systematic review investigated its efficacy for people with schizophrenia:","title":"Pipotiazine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"schizophrenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piportil_SmPC-15"}],"text":"Pipotiazine palmitate is used to treat schizophrenia.[15]","title":"Medical uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"circulatory collapse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_collapse"},{"link_name":"dyscrasias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyscrasia"},{"link_name":"phenothiazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenothiazines"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piportil_SmPC-15"}],"text":"Pipotiazine palmitate is contraindicated in people with circulatory collapse (shock), altered states of consciousness, including drug intoxication, or other serious health conditions (liver disease, kidney disease, pheochromocytoma, severe cardiovascular disease, or blood dyscrasias). It is contraindicated in people with severe depression. Pipotiazine palmitate should not be used in people who have a history of allergic reactions to any component of the medicine or to chemically similar medicines (phenothiazines).[15]","title":"Contraindications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"maximum plasma concentration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cmax_(pharmacology)"},{"link_name":"elimination half-life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_half-life"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Pipotiazine was available as a long-acting injectable formulation (pipotiazine palmitate). After deep intramuscular injection, pipotiazine palmitate reaches maximum plasma concentration in 7-14 days, has an elimination half-life of 15 days, and reaches steady-state levels after 2 months of usual dosing (given every 4 weeks).[16]","title":"Pharmacokinetics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pipotiazine_synthesis.svg"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"1-Bromo-3-chloropropane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-Bromo-3-chloropropane"}],"text":"Patents:[17][18] Sino:[19]The alkylation of 2-Dimethylaminosulfonylphenthiazine [1090-78-4] (1) with 1-Bromo-3-chloropropane (2) gives 10-(3-chloropropyl)-N,N-dimethylphenothiazine-2-sulfonamide [40051-12-5] (3). Alkylation with 4-Piperidineethanol [622-26-4] (4) completes the synthesis of Pipothiazine (5).","title":"Synthesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haddad_et_al_2015-20"}],"text":"The long-acting injectable formulation of pipotiazine (pipotiazine palmitate) was withdrawn from all markets globally in March 2015 due to a shortage of the active ingredient.[20]","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"Patents:[17][18] Sino:[19]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pipotiazine_synthesis.svg/500px-Pipotiazine_synthesis.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Anvisa (2023-03-31). \"RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial\" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Health_Regulatory_Agency","url_text":"Anvisa"},{"url":"https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992","url_text":"\"RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A1rio_Oficial_da_Uni%C3%A3o","url_text":"Diário Oficial da União"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230803143925/https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bechelli LP, Ruffino-Netto A, Hetem G (December 1983). \"A double-blind controlled trial of pipotiazine, haloperidol and placebo in recently-hospitalized acute schizophrenic patients\". Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 16 (4): 305–11. PMID 6143579.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6143579","url_text":"6143579"}]},{"reference":"Dinesh M, David A, Quraishi SN (October 2004). \"Depot pipotiazine palmitate and undecylenate for schizophrenia\". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 3 (4): CD001720. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001720.pub2. PMC 7025786. PMID 15495016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cochrane.org/CD001720/SCHIZ_depot-pipotiazine-palmitate-and-undecylenate-for-schizophrenia","url_text":"\"Depot pipotiazine palmitate and undecylenate for schizophrenia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD001720.pub2","url_text":"10.1002/14651858.CD001720.pub2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7025786","url_text":"7025786"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15495016","url_text":"15495016"}]},{"reference":"Parent M, Toussaint C, Gilson H (1983). \"Long-term treatment of chronic psychotics with bromperidol decanoate: clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation\". Current Therapeutic Research. 34 (1): 1–6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jørgensen A, Overø KF (1980). \"Clopenthixol and flupenthixol depot preparations in outpatient schizophrenics. III. Serum levels\". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 279: 41–54. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1980.tb07082.x. PMID 6931472.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0447.1980.tb07082.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1600-0447.1980.tb07082.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6931472","url_text":"6931472"}]},{"reference":"Reynolds JE (1993). \"Anxiolytic sedatives, hypnotics and neuroleptics.\". Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (30th ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. pp. 364–623.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ereshefsky L, Saklad SR, Jann MW, Davis CM, Richards A, Seidel DR (May 1984). \"Future of depot neuroleptic therapy: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic approaches\". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 45 (5 Pt 2): 50–9. PMID 6143748.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6143748","url_text":"6143748"}]},{"reference":"Curry SH, Whelpton R, de Schepper PJ, Vranckx S, Schiff AA (April 1979). \"Kinetics of fluphenazine after fluphenazine dihydrochloride, enanthate and decanoate administration to man\". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 7 (4): 325–31. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1979.tb00941.x. PMC 1429660. PMID 444352.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1429660","url_text":"\"Kinetics of fluphenazine after fluphenazine dihydrochloride, enanthate and decanoate administration to man\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2125.1979.tb00941.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1365-2125.1979.tb00941.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1429660","url_text":"1429660"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/444352","url_text":"444352"}]},{"reference":"Young D, Ereshefsky L, Saklad SR, Jann MW, Garcia N (1984). Explaining the pharmacokinetics of fluphenazine through computer simulations. (Abstract.). 19th Annual Midyear Clinical Meeting of the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists. Dallas, Texas.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Janssen PA, Niemegeers CJ, Schellekens KH, Lenaerts FM, Verbruggen FJ, van Nueten JM, Marsboom RH, Hérin VV, Schaper WK (November 1970). \"The pharmacology of fluspirilene (R 6218), a potent, long-acting and injectable neuroleptic drug\". Arzneimittel-Forschung. 20 (11): 1689–98. PMID 4992598.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4992598","url_text":"4992598"}]},{"reference":"Beresford R, Ward A (January 1987). \"Haloperidol decanoate. A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in psychosis\". Drugs. 33 (1): 31–49. doi:10.2165/00003495-198733010-00002. PMID 3545764.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2165%2F00003495-198733010-00002","url_text":"10.2165/00003495-198733010-00002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3545764","url_text":"3545764"}]},{"reference":"Reyntigens AJ, Heykants JJ, Woestenborghs RJ, Gelders YG, Aerts TJ (1982). \"Pharmacokinetics of haloperidol decanoate. A 2-year follow-up\". International Pharmacopsychiatry. 17 (4): 238–46. doi:10.1159/000468580. PMID 7185768.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000468580","url_text":"10.1159/000468580"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7185768","url_text":"7185768"}]},{"reference":"Larsson M, Axelsson R, Forsman A (1984). \"On the pharmacokinetics of perphenazine: a clinical study of perphenazine enanthate and decanoate\". Current Therapeutic Research. 36 (6): 1071–88.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Piportil® L4 (pipotiazine palmitate)\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-12-02. Retrieved 11 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211202083516/http://products.sanofi.ca/en/piportil-l4.pdf","url_text":"\"Piportil® L4 (pipotiazine palmitate)\""},{"url":"http://products.sanofi.ca/en/piportil-l4.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"White J (July 2022). \"Guidance on the Administration to Adults of Oil-based Depot and other Long-acting Intramuscular Antipsychotic Injections 7th Edition\" (PDF). www.reach4resource.co.uk. Retrieved 11 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hpft.nhs.uk/media/6180/guidance-on-im-administration-of-oil-based-depots-and-other-long-acting-antipsychotic-injections-7th-edition.pdf","url_text":"\"Guidance on the Administration to Adults of Oil-based Depot and other Long-acting Intramuscular Antipsychotic Injections 7th Edition\""}]},{"reference":"Haddad P, Taylor M, Patel MX, Taylor D (June 2015). \"Guidance on switching away from Piportil Depot® (pipotiazine palmitate) injection\". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 206 (6): 521. doi:10.1192/bjp.206.6.521. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Valentini	Frank Valentini	["1 Awards and nominations","2 Executive producing history","3 References"]	American producer This biography of a living person relies on a single source. You can help by adding reliable sources to this article. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately. (September 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Frank ValentiniGenresSoap operaOccupation(s)Executive producer, director, composerMusical artist Frank Valentini is the executive producer for the ABC soap opera General Hospital. He previously held the position of executive producer, director, and composer for the ABC soap opera One Life to Live. From 1986 to 1992 he worked as stage manager. In 1992 he was promoted to associate producer, assuming full producer duties in 1995. In 2003 he became executive producer, replacing Gary Tomlin. Under his direction as executive producer and director, Valentini led One Life to Live to its first Emmy win for Outstanding Drama Series Directing Team since 1983 as well as the show's first win for Outstanding Drama Series Writing Team since 1994. Valentini's reputation for attracting talent both from the acting community and the music world has garnered critical praise from both industry and mainstream press. He was able to secure guest appearances from Nelly Furtado, the Pussycat Dolls and others. In 2010, Valentini directed a 10-part series of webisodes for ABC's What If... campaign, containing a mash-up of General Hospital, One Life to Live, and All My Children characters. Awards and nominations Won: Daytime Emmy Awards (2017) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Drama Series for General Hospital (2017) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Drama Series Directing Team for General Hospital (2016) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Drama Series for General Hospital (2016) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Drama Series Directing Team for General Hospital (2010) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Direction for the What If... web series (2009) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Drama Series Directing Team for One Life to Live (2008) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Drama Series Directing Team for One Life to Live (2002) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Drama Series for One Life to Live GLAAD Media Awards (2009) GLAAD Media Award Outstanding Daily Drama (2005) GLAAD Media Award Outstanding Daily Drama Nominations: Daytime Emmy Awards (2011) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Drama Series Directing Team for One Life to Live (2008) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Drama Series for One Life to Live (2007) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Drama Series for One Life to Live (2004) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Drama Series Directing Team for One Life to Live (2004) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Original Song for One Life to Live for Flash of Light, co-composed by Paul Glass (2000) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Drama Series for One Life to Live Directors Guild of America Awards (2003) DGA Award Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Daytime Serials for One Life to Live for directing episode #8656. Executive producing history Preceded byGary Tomlin Executive Producer of One Life to Live January 4, 2003 – January 13, 2012 Succeeded byJennifer Pepperman Preceded byJill Farren Phelps Executive Producer of General Hospital February 1, 2012 – present Succeeded byincumbent vteGeneral HospitalCast and crew Present cast members Past cast members Crew Families Cassadine Corinthos Cramer Hardy/Webber Jerome Lord Quartermaine Scorpio/Jones Spencer Related articles Twist of Fate Port Charles (spin-off) Night Shift (spin-off) What If... Luke and Laura Sonny and Carly Patrick and Robin Frisco and Felicia Jason and Sam Lucky and Elizabeth Jason and Elizabeth The Secret Life of Damian Spinelli History of General Hospital Characters of General Hospital 50th anniversary vteOne Life to Live(1968–2013)CharactersLord family Victor Lord Victoria Lord Meredith Lord Tina Lord Tony Lord Todd Manning Richard Abbott Wolek family Larry Wolek Vince Wolek Anna Wolek Daniel Wolek Jenny Wolek Karen Wolek Cramer family Dorian Cramer Lord Blair Cramer Kelly Cramer Adriana Cramer Paul Cramer Buchanan family Asa Buchanan Clint Buchanan Bo Buchanan Cord Roberts Matthew Buchanan David Vickers Rex Balsom Other Nash Brennan and Jessica Buchanan Todd Manning and Blair Cramer Roxy Balsom Jared Banks Jessica Buchanan Joey Buchanan Kevin Buchanan Natalie Buchanan Nora Buchanan Nash Brennan Skye Chandler Margaret Cochran Cathy Craig Jim Craig Rae Cummings Marco Dane Ben Davidson Téa Delgado Echo DiSavoy Billy Douglas Destiny Evans Greg Evans Shaun Evans Oliver Fish Robert Ford Hank Gannon Rachel Gannon Carla Gray Sadie Gray Ed Hall Josh Hall Carlo Hesser Max Holden Jeffrey King Mitch Laurence Brody Lovett Danielle Manning Irene Manning Jack Manning Starr Manning John McBain Michael McBain Gabrielle Medina Gigi Morasco Shane Morasco Alex Olanov Allison Perkins Lindsay Rappaport Ross Rayburn Riley family Eileen Riley Siegel Joe Riley Sarah Roberts Talia Sahid Marty Saybrooke Cole Thornhart Mark Toland Cristian Vega Brad Vernon Marcie Walsh McBain Aubrey Wentworth Cutter Wentworth Lists Full character list 1960s–1970s characters 1980s characters 1990s characters 2000s characters 2010s characters Senior cast Erika Slezak Michael Storm Robert S. Woods Philip Carey Patricia Elliott Robin Strasser Peter Bartlett Hillary B. Smith Kassie DePaiva ExecutivesExecutive producers Doris Quinlan (1968–1977) Joseph Stuart (1977–1983) Jean Arley (1983–84) Paul Rauch (1984–1991) Linda Gottlieb (1991–1994) Susan Bedsow Horgan (1994–1996) Maxine Levinson (1996–1997) Jill Farren Phelps (1997–2001) Gary Tomlin (2001–2002) Frank Valentini (2003–2012) Jennifer Pepperman (2013) Head writers Agnes Nixon (creator) Lorraine Broderick Ron Carlivati Craig Carlson John William Corrington Joyce Hooper Corrington Brian Frons Josh Griffith Sam Hall Dena Higley Susan Bedsow Horgan Claire Labine Matthew Labine Leah Laiman Pamela K. Long Michael Malone Megan McTavish Peggy O'Shea Jean Passanante Thom Racina Gordon Russell S. Michael Schnessel Henry Slesar Peggy Sloane Gary Tomlin Frank Valentini Christopher Whitesell Storylines 1968–1979 1980–1989 1990–1999 2000–2013 Todd Manning and Marty Saybrooke rape storylines Related Llanview Cast members Crew members ABC Daytime Prospect Park Category References ^ IMDb, Daytime Emmy Awards - 1983 ^ IMDb, ibid., 1994	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"executive producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_producer"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_director"},{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"stage manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_manager"},{"link_name":"Gary Tomlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Tomlin"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nelly Furtado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelly_Furtado"},{"link_name":"Pussycat Dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussycat_Dolls"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"What If...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_If..._(web_series)"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"All My Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_My_Children"}],"text":"Musical artistFrank Valentini is the executive producer for the ABC soap opera General Hospital. He previously held the position of executive producer, director, and composer for the ABC soap opera One Life to Live. From 1986 to 1992 he worked as stage manager. In 1992 he was promoted to associate producer, assuming full producer duties in 1995. In 2003 he became executive producer, replacing Gary Tomlin.Under his direction as executive producer and director, Valentini led One Life to Live to its first Emmy win for Outstanding Drama Series Directing Team since 1983[1] as well as the show's first win for Outstanding Drama Series Writing Team since 1994.[2] Valentini's reputation for attracting talent both from the acting community and the music world has garnered critical praise from both industry and mainstream press. He was able to secure guest appearances from Nelly Furtado, the Pussycat Dolls and others. [citation needed]In 2010, Valentini directed a 10-part series of webisodes for ABC's What If... campaign, containing a mash-up of General Hospital, One Life to Live, and All My Children characters.","title":"Frank Valentini"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy"},{"link_name":"What If...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_If..._(web_series)"},{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"GLAAD Media Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLAAD_Media_Awards"},{"link_name":"GLAAD Media Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLAAD_Media_Award"},{"link_name":"GLAAD Media Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLAAD_Media_Award"},{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Paul Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Glass"},{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Directors Guild of America Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_America_Awards"},{"link_name":"DGA Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DGA_Award"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"}],"text":"Won:Daytime Emmy Awards(2017) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Drama Series for General Hospital\n(2017) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Drama Series Directing Team for General Hospital\n(2016) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Drama Series for General Hospital\n(2016) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Drama Series Directing Team for General Hospital\n(2010) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Direction for the What If... web series\n(2009) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Drama Series Directing Team for One Life to Live\n(2008) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Drama Series Directing Team for One Life to Live\n(2002) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Drama Series for One Life to LiveGLAAD Media Awards(2009) GLAAD Media Award Outstanding Daily Drama\n(2005) GLAAD Media Award Outstanding Daily DramaNominations:Daytime Emmy Awards(2011) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Drama Series Directing Team for One Life to Live\n(2008) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Drama Series for One Life to Live\n(2007) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Drama Series for One Life to Live\n(2004) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Drama Series Directing Team for One Life to Live\n(2004) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Original Song for One Life to Live for Flash of Light, co-composed by Paul Glass\n(2000) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Drama Series for One Life to LiveDirectors Guild of America Awards(2003) DGA Award Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Daytime Serials for One Life to Live for directing episode #8656.","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Present cast members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital_cast_members"},{"link_name":"Past cast members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_previous_General_Hospital_cast_members"},{"link_name":"Crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_General_Hospital_crew"},{"link_name":"Cassadine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassadine_family"},{"link_name":"Corinthos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthos_family"},{"link_name":"Cramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cramer_family"},{"link_name":"Hardy/Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy/Webber_family"},{"link_name":"Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_family"},{"link_name":"Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_family"},{"link_name":"Quartermaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartermaine_family"},{"link_name":"Scorpio/Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpio/Jones_family"},{"link_name":"Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_family_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Twist of Fate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital:_Twist_of_Fate"},{"link_name":"Port Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Charles"},{"link_name":"Night Shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital:_Night_Shift"},{"link_name":"What If...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_If..._(web_series)"},{"link_name":"Luke and Laura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_and_Laura"},{"link_name":"Sonny and Carly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Corinthos_and_Carly_Benson"},{"link_name":"Patrick and Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Drake_and_Robin_Scorpio"},{"link_name":"Frisco and Felicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisco_Jones_and_Felicia_Cummings"},{"link_name":"Jason and Sam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Morgan_and_Sam_McCall"},{"link_name":"Lucky and Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Spencer_and_Elizabeth_Webber"},{"link_name":"Jason and 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Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:One_Life_to_Live_characters"},{"link_name":"Lord family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_family"},{"link_name":"Victor Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Lord"},{"link_name":"Victoria Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Lord"},{"link_name":"Meredith Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meredith_Lord"},{"link_name":"Tina Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Lord"},{"link_name":"Tony Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Lord_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Todd Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Manning"},{"link_name":"Richard Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Abbott_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Wolek family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolek_family"},{"link_name":"Larry Wolek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Wolek"},{"link_name":"Vince Wolek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Wolek"},{"link_name":"Anna Wolek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Wolek"},{"link_name":"Daniel Wolek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Wolek"},{"link_name":"Jenny Wolek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Wolek"},{"link_name":"Karen Wolek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Wolek"},{"link_name":"Cramer family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cramer_family"},{"link_name":"Dorian Cramer Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorian_Lord"},{"link_name":"Blair Cramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blair_Cramer"},{"link_name":"Kelly Cramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Cramer"},{"link_name":"Adriana Cramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriana_Cramer"},{"link_name":"Paul Cramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Cramer"},{"link_name":"Buchanan family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchanan_family"},{"link_name":"Asa Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Clint Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Bo Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Cord Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cord_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Matthew Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"David Vickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Vickers"},{"link_name":"Rex Balsom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Balsom"},{"link_name":"Nash Brennan and Jessica Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_Brennan_and_Jessica_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Todd Manning and Blair Cramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Manning_and_Blair_Cramer"},{"link_name":"Roxy Balsom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxy_Balsom"},{"link_name":"Jared Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Banks"},{"link_name":"Jessica Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Joey Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Kevin Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Natalie Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Nora Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nora_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Nash Brennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_Brennan"},{"link_name":"Skye Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skye_Chandler"},{"link_name":"Margaret Cochran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Cochran"},{"link_name":"Cathy Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_Craig"},{"link_name":"Jim Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Craig_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Rae Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rae_Cummings"},{"link_name":"Marco Dane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Dane"},{"link_name":"Ben Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Davidson_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Téa Delgado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9a_Delgado"},{"link_name":"Echo DiSavoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_DiSavoy"},{"link_name":"Billy Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Douglas_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Destiny Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny_Evans"},{"link_name":"Greg Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Evans_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Shaun Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Evans_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Oliver Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Fish"},{"link_name":"Robert Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ford_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Hank Gannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Gannon"},{"link_name":"Rachel Gannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Gannon"},{"link_name":"Carla Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Gray"},{"link_name":"Sadie Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadie_Gray"},{"link_name":"Ed Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Hall_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Josh Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Hall_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Carlo Hesser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Hesser"},{"link_name":"Max Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Holden_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_King"},{"link_name":"Mitch Laurence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Laurence"},{"link_name":"Brody Lovett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brody_Lovett"},{"link_name":"Danielle Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Manning"},{"link_name":"Irene Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Manning_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Jack Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Manning_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Starr Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starr_Manning"},{"link_name":"John McBain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McBain_(character)"},{"link_name":"Michael McBain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McBain"},{"link_name":"Gabrielle Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Medina"},{"link_name":"Gigi Morasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigi_Morasco"},{"link_name":"Shane Morasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Morasco"},{"link_name":"Alex Olanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Olanov"},{"link_name":"Allison Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Perkins"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Rappaport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Rappaport"},{"link_name":"Ross Rayburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Rayburn"},{"link_name":"Riley family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riley_family"},{"link_name":"Eileen Riley Siegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen_Riley_Siegel"},{"link_name":"Joe Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Riley_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Sarah Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Roberts_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Talia Sahid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talia_Sahid"},{"link_name":"Marty Saybrooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty_Saybrooke"},{"link_name":"Cole Thornhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Thornhart"},{"link_name":"Mark Toland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Toland"},{"link_name":"Cristian Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian_Vega_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Brad Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Vernon"},{"link_name":"Marcie Walsh McBain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcie_Walsh_McBain"},{"link_name":"Aubrey Wentworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubrey_Wentworth"},{"link_name":"Cutter Wentworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutter_Wentworth"},{"link_name":"Full character list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters"},{"link_name":"1960s–1970s characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(1968%E2%80%931979)"},{"link_name":"1980s characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(1980s)"},{"link_name":"1990s characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(1990s)"},{"link_name":"2000s characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(2000s)"},{"link_name":"2010s characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(2010s)"},{"link_name":"Erika Slezak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erika_Slezak"},{"link_name":"Michael Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Storm"},{"link_name":"Robert S. Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._Woods"},{"link_name":"Philip Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Carey"},{"link_name":"Patricia Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Robin Strasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Strasser"},{"link_name":"Peter Bartlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bartlett_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Hillary B. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_B._Smith"},{"link_name":"Kassie DePaiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassie_DePaiva"},{"link_name":"Paul Rauch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rauch"},{"link_name":"Linda Gottlieb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Gottlieb"},{"link_name":"Jill Farren Phelps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Farren_Phelps"},{"link_name":"Gary Tomlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Tomlin"},{"link_name":"Frank Valentini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Pepperman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Pepperman"},{"link_name":"Agnes Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Nixon"},{"link_name":"Lorraine Broderick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_Broderick"},{"link_name":"Ron Carlivati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Carlivati"},{"link_name":"Craig Carlson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Carlson"},{"link_name":"John William Corrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Corrington"},{"link_name":"Joyce Hooper Corrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Hooper_Corrington"},{"link_name":"Brian Frons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Frons"},{"link_name":"Josh Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Griffith"},{"link_name":"Sam Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Hall_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Dena Higley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dena_Higley"},{"link_name":"Claire Labine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Labine"},{"link_name":"Matthew Labine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Labine"},{"link_name":"Leah Laiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leah_Laiman"},{"link_name":"Pamela K. Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam_Long"},{"link_name":"Michael Malone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Malone_(author)"},{"link_name":"Megan McTavish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_McTavish"},{"link_name":"Jean Passanante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Passanante"},{"link_name":"Thom Racina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thom_Racina"},{"link_name":"Gordon Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Russell_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Henry Slesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Slesar"},{"link_name":"Peggy Sloane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_Sloane"},{"link_name":"Gary Tomlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Tomlin"},{"link_name":"Frank Valentini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Christopher Whitesell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Whitesell"},{"link_name":"1968–1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live_storylines_(1968%E2%80%931979)"},{"link_name":"1980–1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live_storylines_(1980%E2%80%931989)"},{"link_name":"1990–1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live_storylines_(1990%E2%80%931999)"},{"link_name":"2000–2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live_storylines_(2000%E2%80%932013)"},{"link_name":"Todd Manning and Marty Saybrooke rape storylines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Manning_and_Marty_Saybrooke_rape_storylines"},{"link_name":"Llanview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanview"},{"link_name":"Cast members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_One_Life_to_Live_cast_members"},{"link_name":"Crew members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_One_Life_to_Live_crew"},{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"Prospect Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect_Park_(production_company)"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:One_Life_to_Live"}],"text":"vteGeneral HospitalCast and crew\nPresent cast members\nPast cast members\nCrew\nFamilies\nCassadine\nCorinthos\nCramer\nHardy/Webber\nJerome\nLord\nQuartermaine\nScorpio/Jones\nSpencer\nRelated articles\nTwist of Fate\nPort Charles (spin-off)\nNight Shift (spin-off)\nWhat If...\nLuke and Laura\nSonny and Carly\nPatrick and Robin\nFrisco and Felicia\nJason and Sam\nLucky and Elizabeth\nJason and Elizabeth\nThe Secret Life of Damian Spinelli\nHistory of General Hospital\nCharacters of General Hospital\n50th anniversaryvteOne Life to Live(1968–2013)CharactersLord family\nVictor Lord\nVictoria Lord\nMeredith Lord\nTina Lord\nTony Lord\nTodd Manning\nRichard Abbott\nWolek family\nLarry Wolek\nVince Wolek\nAnna Wolek\nDaniel Wolek\nJenny Wolek\nKaren Wolek\nCramer family\nDorian Cramer Lord\nBlair Cramer\nKelly Cramer\nAdriana Cramer\nPaul Cramer\nBuchanan family\nAsa Buchanan\nClint Buchanan\nBo Buchanan\nCord Roberts\nMatthew Buchanan\nDavid Vickers\nRex Balsom\nOther\nNash Brennan and Jessica Buchanan\nTodd Manning and Blair Cramer\nRoxy Balsom\nJared Banks\nJessica Buchanan\nJoey Buchanan\nKevin Buchanan\nNatalie Buchanan\nNora Buchanan\nNash Brennan\nSkye Chandler\nMargaret Cochran\nCathy Craig\nJim Craig\nRae Cummings\nMarco Dane\nBen Davidson\nTéa Delgado\nEcho DiSavoy\nBilly Douglas\nDestiny Evans\nGreg Evans\nShaun Evans\nOliver Fish\nRobert Ford\nHank Gannon\nRachel Gannon\nCarla Gray\nSadie Gray\nEd Hall\nJosh Hall\nCarlo Hesser\nMax Holden\nJeffrey King\nMitch Laurence\nBrody Lovett\nDanielle Manning\nIrene Manning\nJack Manning\nStarr Manning\nJohn McBain\nMichael McBain\nGabrielle Medina\nGigi Morasco\nShane Morasco\nAlex Olanov\nAllison Perkins\nLindsay Rappaport\nRoss Rayburn\nRiley family\nEileen Riley Siegel\nJoe Riley\nSarah Roberts\nTalia Sahid\nMarty Saybrooke\nCole Thornhart\nMark Toland\nCristian Vega\nBrad Vernon\nMarcie Walsh McBain\nAubrey Wentworth\nCutter Wentworth\nLists\nFull character list\n1960s–1970s characters\n1980s characters\n1990s characters\n2000s characters\n2010s characters\nSenior cast\nErika Slezak\nMichael Storm\nRobert S. Woods\nPhilip Carey\nPatricia Elliott\nRobin Strasser\nPeter Bartlett\nHillary B. Smith\nKassie DePaiva\nExecutivesExecutive producers\nDoris Quinlan (1968–1977)\nJoseph Stuart (1977–1983)\nJean Arley (1983–84)\nPaul Rauch (1984–1991)\nLinda Gottlieb (1991–1994)\nSusan Bedsow Horgan (1994–1996)\nMaxine Levinson (1996–1997)\nJill Farren Phelps (1997–2001)\nGary Tomlin (2001–2002)\nFrank Valentini (2003–2012)\nJennifer Pepperman (2013)\nHead writers\nAgnes Nixon (creator)\nLorraine Broderick\nRon Carlivati\nCraig Carlson\nJohn William Corrington\nJoyce Hooper Corrington\nBrian Frons\nJosh Griffith\nSam Hall\nDena Higley\nSusan Bedsow Horgan\nClaire Labine\nMatthew Labine\nLeah Laiman\nPamela K. Long\nMichael Malone\nMegan McTavish\nPeggy O'Shea\nJean Passanante\nThom Racina\nGordon Russell\nS. Michael Schnessel\nHenry Slesar\nPeggy Sloane\nGary Tomlin\nFrank Valentini\nChristopher Whitesell\nStorylines\n1968–1979\n1980–1989\n1990–1999\n2000–2013\nTodd Manning and Marty Saybrooke rape storylines\nRelated\nLlanview\nCast members\nCrew members\nABC Daytime\nProspect Park\n\n Category","title":"Executive producing history"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/Sections/Awards/Daytime_Emmy_Awards/1983","external_links_name":"IMDb, Daytime Emmy Awards - 1983"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/Sections/Awards/Daytime_Emmy_Awards/1994","external_links_name":"IMDb, ibid., 1994"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opthalmic_artery	Ophthalmic artery	["1 Structure","1.1 Orbital group","1.2 Ocular group","1.3 Central retinal artery","1.4 Lacrimal artery","1.5 Posterior ciliary arteries","1.6 Muscular branches","1.7 Supraorbital artery","1.8 Ethmoidal arteries","1.9 Medial palpebral arteries","1.10 Terminal branches","2 Function","3 Clinical significance","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Artery of the head Ophthalmic arteryThe ophthalmic artery and its branches.Diagram of the arterial circulation at the base of the brain (inferior view). Ophthalmic artery labeled at upper right.DetailsSourceInternal carotidBranchesLacrimal artery Supraorbital artery Posterior ethmoidal artery Anterior ethmoidal artery Internal palpebral artery Supratrochlear artery Dorsal nasal artery Long posterior ciliary arteries Short posterior ciliary arteries Anterior ciliary artery Central retinal artery Superior muscular artery Inferior muscular arteryVeinSuperior ophthalmic, inferior ophthalmicIdentifiersLatinarteria ophthalmicaMeSHD009880TA98A12.2.06.016TA24469FMA49868Anatomical terminology The ophthalmic artery (OA) is an artery of the head. It is the first branch of the internal carotid artery distal to the cavernous sinus. Branches of the ophthalmic artery supply all the structures in the orbit around the eye, as well as some structures in the nose, face, and meninges. Occlusion of the ophthalmic artery or its branches can produce sight-threatening conditions. Structure The ophthalmic artery emerges from the internal carotid artery. This is usually just after the internal carotid artery emerges from the cavernous sinus. In some cases, the ophthalmic artery branches just before the internal carotid exits the cavernous sinus. The ophthalmic artery emerges along the medial side of the anterior clinoid process. It runs anteriorly, passing through the optic canal inferolaterally to the optic nerve. It can also pass superiorly to the optic nerve in a minority of cases. In the posterior third of the cone of the orbit, the ophthalmic artery turns sharply and medially to run along the medial wall of the orbit. Because of the obvious importance of the ocular globe, branches of the ophthalmic artery often are subdivided into two groups: those that supply the eyeball (ocular group) and those that supply non-ocular orbital structures (orbital group). Orbital group The orbital group, distributing vessels to the orbit and surrounding parts, includes: Lacrimal artery A. lacrimalis Supraorbital artery A. supraorbitalis Posterior ethmoidal artery A. ethmoidalis posterior Anterior ethmoidal artery A. ethmoidalis anterior Medial palpebral artery A. palpebralis medialis Frontal artery, also called the Supratrochlear artery A. supratrochlearis Dorsal nasal artery A. dorsalis nasi Ocular group The ocular group, distributing vessels to the eye and its muscles, includes: Long posterior ciliary arteries Aa. ciliares posteriores longae Short posterior ciliary arteries Aa. ciliares posteriores breves Anterior ciliary artery A. ciliares anterior Central retinal artery A. centralis retinae Superior orbital artery A. supraorbitalis Inferior orbital artery A. infraorbitalis Central retinal artery The central retinal artery is the first, and one of the smaller branches of the ophthalmic artery and runs in the dura mater inferior to the optic nerve. About 12.5mm (0.5 inch) posterior to the globe, the central retinal artery turns superiorly and penetrates the optic nerve, continuing along the center of the optic nerve, entering the eye to supply the inner retinal layers. Lacrimal artery The next branch of the ophthalmic artery is the lacrimal artery, one of the largest, arises just as the OA enters the orbit and runs along the superior edge of the lateral rectus muscle to supply the lacrimal gland, eyelids and conjunctiva. Posterior ciliary arteries The ophthalmic artery then turns medially, giving off 1 to 5 posterior ciliary arteries (PCA) that subsequently branch into the long and short posterior ciliary arteries (LPCA and SPCA respectively) which perforate the sclera posteriorly in the vicinity of the optic nerve and macula to supply the posterior uveal tract. In the past, anatomists made little distinction between the posterior ciliary arteries and the short and long posterior ciliary arteries often using the terms synonymously. However, recent work by Hayreh has shown that there is both an anatomic and clinically useful distinction. The PCAs arise directly from the OA and are end arteries which is to say no PCA or any of its branches anastomose with any other artery. Consequently, sudden occlusion of any PCA will produce an infarct in the region of the choroid supplied by that particular PCA. Occlusion of a short or long PCA will produce a smaller choroidal infarct, within the larger area supplied by the specific parent PCA. Muscular branches The ophthalmic artery continues medially the superior and inferior muscular branches arise either from the ophthalmic artery directly or a single trunk from the ophthalmic artery subsequently divides into superior and inferior branches to supply the extraocular muscles. Supraorbital artery The supraorbital artery branches from the ophthalmic artery as it passes over the optic nerve. The supraorbital artery passes anteriorly along the medial border of the superior rectus and levator palpebrae and through the supraorbital foramen to supply muscles and skin of the forehead. Ethmoidal arteries After reaching the medial wall of the orbit, the ophthalmic artery again turns anteriorly. The posterior ethmoidal artery enters the nose via the posterior ethmoidal canal and supplies the posterior ethmoidal sinuses and enters the skull to supply the meninges. The OA continues anteriorly, giving off the anterior ethmoidal artery which enters the nose after traversing the anterior ethmoidal canal and supplies the anterior and middle ethmoidal sinuses, as well as the frontal sinus and also enters the cranium to supply the meninges. Medial palpebral arteries The OA continues anteriorly to the trochlea, where the medial palpebral arteries (superior and inferior) arise and supply the eyelids. Terminal branches The OA terminates in two branches, the supratrochlear (or frontal) artery and the dorsal nasal artery. Both exit the orbit medially to supply the forehead and scalp. Function Branches of the ophthalmic artery supply: Frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle Inferior oblique muscle Inferior rectus muscle Lacrimal gland Lateral rectus muscle Levator palpebrae superioris muscle Medial rectus muscle Nasalis muscle Procerus muscle Superior oblique muscle Superior rectus muscle Clinical significance Further information: Ocular ischemic syndrome Severe occlusion of the ophthalmic artery causes ocular ischemic syndrome. As with central retinal artery occlusions, ophthalmic artery occlusions may result from systemic cardiovascular diseases; however, a cherry-red spot is typically absent and the vision is usually worse. Amaurosis fugax is a temporary loss of vision that occurs in two conditions which cause a temporary reduction in ophthalmic artery pressure: orthostatic hypotension and positive acceleration. Even complete occlusion of the ophthalmic artery may possibly leave the eye without symptoms, probably because of circulatory anastomoses See also This article uses anatomical terminology. Fluorescein angiography References ^ a b Ehrlich, Rita; Harris, Alon; Wentz, Scott M.; Moore, Nicholas A.; Siesky, Brent A. (2017). "Anatomy and Regulation of the Optic Nerve Blood Flow". Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-809324-5.01301-8. ISBN 978-0-12-809324-5. ^ "Medscape: Medscape Access". medscape.com. Retrieved 2015-10-23. ^ "Yahoo". education.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2015-10-23. ^ Hayreh, SS. "Posterior Ciliary Artery Circulation In Health and Disease" Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2004 Mar;45(3):749-757. PMID 14985286 ^ Phelps GK, Phelps CD. "Blood pressure and pressure amaurosis." Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 1975 Mar;14(3):237-40. PMID 1116922 ^ A case of ophthalmic artery occlusion without manifestation of ocular ischemic syndrome. Authors;SHIMABUKURO MIKIKO (Izumisano City Hosp.) OJI MASATO (Osaka Univ., Med. Sch.) AOMATSU ICHIKO (Osaka Police Hosp.) FUKUI TAKEHIRO (Osaka Police Hosp.) TSUKAMOTO HIROKO (Osaka Police Hosp.) TANAKA YASUO (Osaka Police Hosp.) NISHIKAWA NORIKIYO (Osaka Police Hosp.) KITANISHI KUNIKO (Shiritsuizumiotsubyoin) OZAKI TOSHIYA (Kojunkaiobpkurinikku). Journal Title;Japanese Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology. Journal Code:Z0515B. ISSN 0370-5579. VOL.54;NO.1;PAGE.97-101(2000) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arteria ophthalmica. MedEd at Loyola Neuro/neurovasc/navigation/opht.htm Anatomy photo:29:03-0102 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center "Ophthalmic Artery \| neuroangio.org". neuroangio.org. Retrieved 2015-10-23. vteArteries of the head and neckCCAECAsup. thyroid superior laryngeal sternocleidomastoid branch infrahyoid branch cricothyroid branch glandular branches asc. pharyngeal posterior meningeal pharyngeal branches inferior tympanic lingual suprahyoid dorsal lingual deep lingual sublingual facial cervical branches (ascending palatine, tonsillar, submental, glandular) facial branches (inferior labial superior labial / nasal septum lateral nasal angular) occipital sternocleidomastoid meningeal occipital auricular descending post. auricular stylomastoid stapedial auricular occipital supf. temporal transverse facial middle temporal (zygomatico-orbital) anterior auricular frontal parietal maxillary1st part / mandibular anterior tympanic deep auricular middle meningeal (superior tympanic, petrosal) accessory meningeal inferior alveolar 2nd part / pterygoid to muscles of mastication (deep temporal, pterygoid, masseteric) buccal 3rd part / pterygopalatine posterior superior alveolar infraorbital (anterior superior alveolar) descending palatine (greater palatine, lesser palatine) artery of the pterygoid canal sphenopalatine (posterior septal branches, posterior lateral nasal) pharyngeal ICAcervical carotid sinus petrous Vidian caroticotympanic cavernous/ophthalmic orbital group:anterior ethmoidal posterior ethmoidal lacrimal (lateral palpebral) medial palpebral terminal (supraorbital, supratrochlear, dorsal nasal) ocular group: central retinal ciliary (short posterior, long posterior, anterior) Circulus arteriosus major hypophysial (superior, inferior) brain Circle of Willis ACA (anterior communicating, Recurrent artery of Heubner, Orbitofrontal artery) MCA (anterolateral central, Prefrontal artery, Superior terminal branch, Inferior terminal branch, Anterior temporal branch) posterior communicating anterior choroidal ScAvertebral artery meningeal spinal (posterior, anterior) basilar: pontine labyrinthine cerebellar (AICA, SCA, PICA) cerebral (PCA) thyrocervical trunkinferior thyroid inferior laryngeal tracheal esophageal ascending cervical pharyngeal glandular branches transverse cervical superficial branch deep branch / dorsal scapular scapular anastomosis suprascapular acromial branch scapular anastomosis costocervical trunk deep cervical Supreme Intercostal artery Authority control databases Terminologia Anatomica	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"internal carotid artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_carotid_artery"},{"link_name":"cavernous sinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavernous_sinus"},{"link_name":"orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye"},{"link_name":"nose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nose"},{"link_name":"face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face"},{"link_name":"meninges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meninges"}],"text":"The ophthalmic artery (OA) is an artery of the head. It is the first branch of the internal carotid artery distal to the cavernous sinus. Branches of the ophthalmic artery supply all the structures in the orbit around the eye, as well as some structures in the nose, face, and meninges. Occlusion of the ophthalmic artery or its branches can produce sight-threatening conditions.","title":"Ophthalmic artery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"internal carotid artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_carotid_artery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"cavernous sinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavernous_sinus"},{"link_name":"anterior clinoid process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_clinoid_process"},{"link_name":"optic canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_canal"},{"link_name":"optic nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_nerve"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-medscape-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yahoo-3"}],"text":"The ophthalmic artery emerges from the internal carotid artery.[1] This is usually just after the internal carotid artery emerges from the cavernous sinus. In some cases, the ophthalmic artery branches just before the internal carotid exits the cavernous sinus. The ophthalmic artery emerges along the medial side of the anterior clinoid process. It runs anteriorly, passing through the optic canal inferolaterally to the optic nerve.[1] It can also pass superiorly to the optic nerve in a minority of cases.[2] In the posterior third of the cone of the orbit, the ophthalmic artery turns sharply and medially to run along the medial wall of the orbit.Because of the obvious importance of the ocular globe, branches of the ophthalmic artery often are subdivided into two groups: those that supply the eyeball (ocular group) and those that supply non-ocular orbital structures (orbital group).[3]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lacrimal artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrimal_artery"},{"link_name":"Supraorbital artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supraorbital_artery"},{"link_name":"Posterior ethmoidal artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_ethmoidal_artery"},{"link_name":"Anterior ethmoidal artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_ethmoidal_artery"},{"link_name":"Medial palpebral artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_palpebral_artery"},{"link_name":"Frontal artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_artery"},{"link_name":"Supratrochlear artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supratrochlear_artery"},{"link_name":"Dorsal nasal artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_nasal_artery"}],"sub_title":"Orbital group","text":"The orbital group, distributing vessels to the orbit and surrounding parts, includes:Lacrimal artery A. lacrimalis\nSupraorbital artery A. supraorbitalis\nPosterior ethmoidal artery A. ethmoidalis posterior\nAnterior ethmoidal artery A. ethmoidalis anterior\nMedial palpebral artery A. palpebralis medialis\nFrontal artery, also called the Supratrochlear artery A. supratrochlearis\nDorsal nasal artery A. dorsalis nasi","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Long posterior ciliary arteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_posterior_ciliary_arteries"},{"link_name":"Short posterior ciliary arteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_posterior_ciliary_arteries"},{"link_name":"Anterior ciliary artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_ciliary_artery"},{"link_name":"Central retinal artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinal_artery"},{"link_name":"Superior orbital artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superior_orbital_artery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Inferior orbital artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inferior_orbital_artery&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Ocular group","text":"The ocular group, distributing vessels to the eye and its muscles, includes:Long posterior ciliary arteries Aa. ciliares posteriores longae\nShort posterior ciliary arteries Aa. ciliares posteriores breves\nAnterior ciliary artery A. ciliares anterior\nCentral retinal artery A. centralis retinae\nSuperior orbital artery A. supraorbitalis\nInferior orbital artery A. infraorbitalis","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"central retinal artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_retinal_artery"}],"sub_title":"Central retinal artery","text":"The central retinal artery is the first, and one of the smaller branches of the ophthalmic artery and runs in the dura mater inferior to the optic nerve. About 12.5mm (0.5 inch) posterior to the globe, the central retinal artery turns superiorly and penetrates the optic nerve, continuing along the center of the optic nerve, entering the eye to supply the inner retinal layers.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lacrimal artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrimal_artery"},{"link_name":"lateral rectus muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_rectus_muscle"},{"link_name":"lacrimal gland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrimal_gland"},{"link_name":"eyelids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyelids"},{"link_name":"conjunctiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunctiva"}],"sub_title":"Lacrimal artery","text":"The next branch of the ophthalmic artery is the lacrimal artery, one of the largest, arises just as the OA enters the orbit and runs along the superior edge of the lateral rectus muscle to supply the lacrimal gland, eyelids and conjunctiva.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"posterior ciliary arteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliary_arteries"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Posterior ciliary arteries","text":"The ophthalmic artery then turns medially, giving off 1 to 5 posterior ciliary arteries (PCA) that subsequently branch into the long and short posterior ciliary arteries (LPCA and SPCA respectively) which perforate the sclera posteriorly in the vicinity of the optic nerve and macula to supply the posterior uveal tract. In the past, anatomists made little distinction between the posterior ciliary arteries and the short and long posterior ciliary arteries often using the terms synonymously. However, recent work by Hayreh has shown that there is both an anatomic and clinically useful distinction.[4] The PCAs arise directly from the OA and are end arteries which is to say no PCA or any of its branches anastomose with any other artery. Consequently, sudden occlusion of any PCA will produce an infarct in the region of the choroid supplied by that particular PCA. Occlusion of a short or long PCA will produce a smaller choroidal infarct, within the larger area supplied by the specific parent PCA.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extraocular muscles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraocular_muscles"}],"sub_title":"Muscular branches","text":"The ophthalmic artery continues medially the superior and inferior muscular branches arise either from the ophthalmic artery directly or a single trunk from the ophthalmic artery subsequently divides into superior and inferior branches to supply the extraocular muscles.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"supraorbital artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supraorbital_artery"}],"sub_title":"Supraorbital artery","text":"The supraorbital artery branches from the ophthalmic artery as it passes over the optic nerve. The supraorbital artery passes anteriorly along the medial border of the superior rectus and levator palpebrae and through the supraorbital foramen to supply muscles and skin of the forehead.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"posterior ethmoidal artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_ethmoidal_artery"},{"link_name":"anterior ethmoidal artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_ethmoidal_artery"}],"sub_title":"Ethmoidal arteries","text":"After reaching the medial wall of the orbit, the ophthalmic artery again turns anteriorly. The posterior ethmoidal artery enters the nose via the posterior ethmoidal canal and supplies the posterior ethmoidal sinuses and enters the skull to supply the meninges.The OA continues anteriorly, giving off the anterior ethmoidal artery which enters the nose after traversing the anterior ethmoidal canal and supplies the anterior and middle ethmoidal sinuses, as well as the frontal sinus and also enters the cranium to supply the meninges.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Medial palpebral arteries","text":"The OA continues anteriorly to the trochlea, where the medial palpebral arteries (superior and inferior) arise and supply the eyelids.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Terminal branches","text":"The OA terminates in two branches, the supratrochlear (or frontal) artery and the dorsal nasal artery. Both exit the orbit medially to supply the forehead and scalp.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frontal belly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_belly"},{"link_name":"occipitofrontalis muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occipitofrontalis_muscle"},{"link_name":"Inferior oblique muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_oblique_muscle"},{"link_name":"Inferior rectus muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_rectus_muscle"},{"link_name":"Lacrimal gland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrimal_gland"},{"link_name":"Lateral rectus muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_rectus_muscle"},{"link_name":"Levator palpebrae superioris muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levator_palpebrae_superioris_muscle"},{"link_name":"Medial rectus muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_rectus_muscle"},{"link_name":"Nasalis muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasalis_muscle"},{"link_name":"Procerus muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procerus_muscle"},{"link_name":"Superior oblique muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_oblique_muscle"},{"link_name":"Superior rectus muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_rectus_muscle"}],"text":"Branches of the ophthalmic artery supply:Frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle\nInferior oblique muscle\nInferior rectus muscle\nLacrimal gland\nLateral rectus muscle\nLevator palpebrae superioris muscle\nMedial rectus muscle\nNasalis muscle\nProcerus muscle\nSuperior oblique muscle\nSuperior rectus muscle","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ocular ischemic syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocular_ischemic_syndrome"},{"link_name":"ocular ischemic syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocular_ischemic_syndrome"},{"link_name":"central retinal artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_retinal_artery"},{"link_name":"cardiovascular diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease"},{"link_name":"cherry-red spot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry-red_spot"},{"link_name":"Amaurosis fugax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaurosis_fugax"},{"link_name":"orthostatic hypotension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthostatic_hypotension"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"circulatory anastomoses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_anastomosis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Further information: Ocular ischemic syndromeSevere occlusion of the ophthalmic artery causes ocular ischemic syndrome. As with central retinal artery occlusions, ophthalmic artery occlusions may result from systemic cardiovascular diseases; however, a cherry-red spot is typically absent and the vision is usually worse. Amaurosis fugax is a temporary loss of vision that occurs in two conditions which cause a temporary reduction in ophthalmic artery pressure: orthostatic hypotension and positive acceleration.[5]Even complete occlusion of the ophthalmic artery may possibly leave the eye without symptoms, probably because of circulatory anastomoses[6]","title":"Clinical significance"}]	[]	[{"title":"anatomical terminology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terminology"},{"title":"Fluorescein angiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescein_angiography"}]	[{"reference":"Ehrlich, Rita; Harris, Alon; Wentz, Scott M.; Moore, Nicholas A.; Siesky, Brent A. (2017). \"Anatomy and Regulation of the Optic Nerve Blood Flow\". Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru-Chile_Trench	Peru–Chile Trench	["1 Geology","2 Oceanography","3 Biology","4 Associated seismicity","5 See also","6 References"]	Coordinates: 23°S 71°W / 23°S 71°W / -23; -71Oceanic trench in the eastern Pacific Ocean off the coast of South America This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Peru–Chile Trench" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Peru–Chile Trench The Peru–Chile Trench, also known as the Atacama Trench, is an oceanic trench in the eastern Pacific Ocean, about 160 kilometres (99 mi) off the coast of Peru and Chile. It reaches a maximum depth of 8,065 m (26,460 ft) below sea level in Richards Deep (23°10′45″S 71°18′41″W / 23.17917°S 71.31139°W / -23.17917; -71.31139) and is approximately 5,900 km (3,666 mi) long; its mean width is 64 km (40 mi) and it covers an expanse of some 590,000 km2 (230,000 sq mi). The trench delineates the boundary between the subducting Nazca Plate and the overriding South American Plate. Geology The trench is a result of a convergent plate boundary, where the eastern edge of the oceanic Nazca Plate is being subducted beneath the continental South American Plate. The trench is also a part of the Chile Triple Junction, an unusual junction that consists of a mid-oceanic ridge and the Chile Rise being subducted under the South American plate at the Peru-Chile Trench. Two seamount ridges within the Nazca Plate enter the subduction zone along this trench: the Nazca Ridge and the Juan Fernández Ridge. From the Chile Triple Junction to Juan Fernández Ridge the trench is filled with 2.0–2.5 kilometres (1.2–1.6 mi) of sediments, creating a flat bottom topography. Sediments are mainly turbidites interspersed with oceanic deposits of clay, volcanic ash, and siliceous ooze. The Peru–Chile Trench, the forearc and the western edge of the central Andean plateau (Altiplano), delineate the dramatic "Bolivian Orocline" that defines the Andean slope of southern Peru, northern Chile, and Bolivia. Oceanography Most of the time, the trade winds drive surface waters offshore near the equator, driving the Humboldt Current from the tip of southern Chile to northern Peru. This current is associated with upwelling of deep, nutrient-rich water off the coast of Peru. At times, El Niño disrupts the usual wind pattern and lessens the upwelling. The consequent loss of nutrient causes fish kills. Biology In 2018, three new species of snailfish were discovered thriving in the depths of the Atacama Trench. Associated seismicity Significant Earthquake Faults and damaging earthquakes over the past century along the South American Subduction Zone South America showing 100-year earthquake shaking projections. The subduction of the Nazca Plate below the South American Plate along the Chile-Peru Trench is associated with numerous earthquakes. Several of these earthquakes are notable for their size, associated tsunamis, and landslides. 1570 Concepcion earthquake: Mw ~8.3 1687 Peru earthquake: Mw ~8.7 1730 Valparaíso earthquake Ms ~8.7 1746 Lima–Callao earthquake: Mw ~8.7 1868 Arica earthquake: Mw ~9.0 1877 Offshore Tarapaca, Peru: Mw ~8.3 1906 Valparaíso earthquake 1942 Peru earthquake: Mw 8.2 event associated with a tsunami, the rupture dimensions and epicenter are similar to those of a 1996 earthquake 1960 Valdivia earthquake: At Mw 9.5, the largest earthquake ever recorded on the earth November 1960 Peru earthquake: This event had a long source duration, leading to a significant discrepancy between different moment calculation methods (Ms 6.75 vs Mw 7.8) 1970 Ancash earthquake: This Mw7.9 event triggered a landslide with large snow and ice components, killing ~68,000 people 2001 southern Peru earthquake: Mw 8.4 2005 Tarapacá earthquake 2007 Tocopilla earthquake 2007 Peru earthquake: Mw 8.0 2010 Chile earthquake: Mw 8.8 event associated with a tsunami 2010 Pichilemu earthquake 2014 Iquique earthquake 2015 Illapel earthquake See also Oceanic trench Pacific Ring of Fire References ^ a b c "Peru-Chile Trench". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 21, 2014. ^ "Peru-Chile Trench". Oceana. Archived from the original on August 25, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2014. ^ Wang, Amy, Scientists discover three new sea creatures in depths of the Pacific Ocean, The Washington Post, Wednesday, September 12, 2018 ^ "'Gel-like' see-through fish discovered 7.5km down on Pacific ocean floor". The Guardian. 2018-09-15. ^ a b USGS USGS Authors New Report on Seismic Hazard, Risk, and Design for South America ^ "Historic World Earthquakes: Chile". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2010-07-28. vteGeology of ChileTerranes Arequipa-Antofalla Chaitenia Chilenia Chiloé Cuyania Fitz Roy Madre de Dios Mejillonia Patagonia Sedimentary formationsand groupsCenozoicNeogene Abanico Fm. Angostura Fm. Ayacara Fm. Bahía Inglesa Fm. Caldera Beds Caleta Godoy Fm. Caleta Herradura Fm. Campanario Fm. Chaicayán Gp. Cheuquemó Fm. Cholchol Fm. Chucal Fm. Cola de Zorro Fm. Coquimbo Fm. Cura-Mallín Gp. Farellones Fm. La Cascada Fm. Lacui Fm. La Montaña Fm. La Portada Fm. Lauca Fm. Malleco Fm. Mininco Fm. Navidad Fm. Oxaya Fm. Parga Fm. Puduhuapi Fm. Pupunahue Beds Quebrada Macusa Fm. Ranquil Fm. Río Frías Fm. San Pedro Beds Santo Domingo Fm. Temuco Fm. Traiguén Fm. Trapa-Trapa Fm. Tubul Fm. Vargas Fm. Paleogene Abanico Fm. Azapa Fm. Caleta Chonos Fm. Cheuquemó Fm. Cura-Mallín Gp. La Cascada Fm. Lebu Gp. Loreto Fm. Lupica Fm. Oxaya Fm. Parga Fm. Purilactis Gp. Pupunahue Beds Temuco Fm. Vargas Fm. MesozoicCretaceous Baños del Flaco Fm. Cerro Colorado Fm. Chacarilla Fm. Chañarcillo Gp. Coihaique Gp. Divisadero Gp. Dorotea Fm. Hornitos Fm. La Liga Fm. Ñirehuao Fm. Punta del Cobre Fm. Purilactis Gp. Quiriquina Fm. Viñita Fm. Way Gp. Zapata Fm. Jurassic Chacarilla Fm. Coihaique Gp. Ibáñez Fm. La Liga Fm. La Negra Fm. Nacientes del Biobío Fm. Nacientes del Teno Fm. Pan de Azúcar Fm. Tobífera Fm. Triassic Canto del Agua Fm. Choiyoi Gp. Panguipulli Fm. Santa Juana Fm. Tralcán Fm. Paleozoic Llano de Chocolate Beds Batholiths Coastal central Chile Elqui-Limarí Futrono-Riñihue North Patagonian Panguipulli South Patagonian Vicuña Mackenna Metamorphic complexes Bahía Mansa Belén Chañaral Choapa Chonos Cordillera Darwin Eastern Andes Mejillones Puerto Edén Punta de Choros Quebrada del Carrizo Trafún Tierra del Fuego Faults Atacama Fault Biobío-Aluminé Fault Cachet Fault Domeyko Fault El Arrayán Fault Futrono Fault Gastre Fault Lanalhue Fault Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault Magallanes-Fagnano Fault Mocha-Villarrica Fault Pichilemu Fault Reigolil-Pirihueico Fault San Ramón Fault Valeriano Fault Geology portal • Chile portal vte2010 Chile earthquakeAffected geography Atacama Trench Bío Bío Region (Concepción Dichato Talcahuano) Maule Region (Cauquenes Constitución) O'Higgins Region (Santa Cruz Rancagua Pichilemu Bucalemu) Valparaíso Region (Juan Fernández Islands Robinson Crusoe Island) Other Chile helps Chile Gracias a la Vida Que Cante la Vida 03:34: Earthquake in Chile The Year of the Tiger Related 2010 Pichilemu earthquake 2010 Chile blackout Pichilemu Fault Responses Humanitarian responses Timeline of relief efforts See also List of earthquakes in Chile List of 21st-century earthquakes List of historical tsunamis 23°S 71°W / 23°S 71°W / -23; -71	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peru-Chile_trench.jpg"},{"link_name":"oceanic trench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_trench"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-1"},{"link_name":"23°10′45″S 71°18′41″W / 23.17917°S 71.31139°W / -23.17917; -71.31139","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Peru%E2%80%93Chile_Trench&params=23_10_45_S_71_18_41_W_"},{"link_name":"subducting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subduction"},{"link_name":"Nazca Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazca_Plate"},{"link_name":"South American Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_Plate"}],"text":"Oceanic trench in the eastern Pacific Ocean off the coast of South AmericaPeru–Chile TrenchThe Peru–Chile Trench, also known as the Atacama Trench, is an oceanic trench in the eastern Pacific Ocean, about 160 kilometres (99 mi) off the coast of Peru and Chile.[1] It reaches a maximum depth of 8,065 m (26,460 ft) below sea level in Richards Deep (23°10′45″S 71°18′41″W / 23.17917°S 71.31139°W / -23.17917; -71.31139) and is approximately 5,900 km (3,666 mi) long; its mean width is 64 km (40 mi) and it covers an expanse of some 590,000 km2 (230,000 sq mi).The trench delineates the boundary between the subducting Nazca Plate and the overriding South American Plate.","title":"Peru–Chile Trench"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"convergent plate boundary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_plate_boundary"},{"link_name":"Nazca Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazca_Plate"},{"link_name":"subducted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subduction"},{"link_name":"South American Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_Plate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-1"},{"link_name":"Chile Triple Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_Triple_Junction"},{"link_name":"mid-oceanic ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge"},{"link_name":"Chile Rise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_Rise"},{"link_name":"South American plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_Plate"},{"link_name":"seamount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamount"},{"link_name":"Nazca Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazca_Plate"},{"link_name":"Nazca Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazca_Ridge"},{"link_name":"Juan Fernández Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Ridge"},{"link_name":"Chile Triple Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_Triple_Junction"},{"link_name":"Juan Fernández Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Ridge"},{"link_name":"turbidites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbidite"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-1"},{"link_name":"forearc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forearc"},{"link_name":"Orocline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orocline"},{"link_name":"Andean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"}],"text":"The trench is a result of a convergent plate boundary, where the eastern edge of the oceanic Nazca Plate is being subducted beneath the continental South American Plate.[1] The trench is also a part of the Chile Triple Junction, an unusual junction that consists of a mid-oceanic ridge and the Chile Rise being subducted under the South American plate at the Peru-Chile Trench. Two seamount ridges within the Nazca Plate enter the subduction zone along this trench: the Nazca Ridge and the Juan Fernández Ridge.From the Chile Triple Junction to Juan Fernández Ridge the trench is filled with 2.0–2.5 kilometres (1.2–1.6 mi) of sediments, creating a flat bottom topography. Sediments are mainly turbidites interspersed with oceanic deposits of clay, volcanic ash, and siliceous ooze.[1]The Peru–Chile Trench, the forearc and the western edge of the central Andean plateau (Altiplano), delineate the dramatic \"Bolivian Orocline\" that defines the Andean slope of southern Peru, northern Chile, and Bolivia.","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trade winds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_wind"},{"link_name":"Humboldt Current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_Current"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oceana-2"},{"link_name":"El Niño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"fish kills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_kills"}],"text":"Most of the time, the trade winds drive surface waters offshore near the equator, driving the Humboldt Current from the tip of southern Chile to northern Peru. This current is associated with upwelling of deep, nutrient-rich water off the coast of Peru.[2] At times, El Niño disrupts the usual wind pattern and lessens the upwelling. The consequent loss of nutrient causes fish kills.","title":"Oceanography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In 2018, three new species of snailfish were discovered thriving in the depths of the Atacama Trench.[3][4]","title":"Biology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USGS_AmSo_0120170002fig1.png"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS20180314-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USGS_AmSo_0120170002fig11a.png"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS20180314-5"},{"link_name":"subduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subduction_zone"},{"link_name":"Nazca Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazca_Plate"},{"link_name":"South American Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_Plate"},{"link_name":"Mw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale"},{"link_name":"1687 Peru earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1687_Peru_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Mw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale"},{"link_name":"1730 Valparaíso earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1730_Valpara%C3%ADso_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Ms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_wave_magnitude"},{"link_name":"1746 Lima–Callao earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1746_Lima%E2%80%93Callao_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Mw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale"},{"link_name":"1868 Arica earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_Arica_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Mw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS-6"},{"link_name":"Mw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale"},{"link_name":"1906 Valparaíso earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_Valpara%C3%ADso_earthquake"},{"link_name":"1942 Peru earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942_Peru_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Mw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale"},{"link_name":"1960 Valdivia earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Valdivia_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Mw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale"},{"link_name":"November 1960 Peru earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_1960_Peru_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Ms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales#Ms"},{"link_name":"Mw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales#Mw"},{"link_name":"1970 Ancash earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Ancash_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Mw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale"},{"link_name":"2001 southern Peru earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_southern_Peru_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Mw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale"},{"link_name":"2005 Tarapacá earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Tarapac%C3%A1_earthquake"},{"link_name":"2007 Tocopilla earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Tocopilla_earthquake"},{"link_name":"2007 Peru earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Peru_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Mw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale"},{"link_name":"2010 Chile earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Chile_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Mw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale"},{"link_name":"2010 Pichilemu earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Pichilemu_earthquake"},{"link_name":"2014 Iquique earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Iquique_earthquake"},{"link_name":"2015 Illapel earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Illapel_earthquake"}],"text":"Significant Earthquake Faults and damaging earthquakes over the past century along the South American Subduction Zone[5]South America showing 100-year earthquake shaking projections.[5]The subduction of the Nazca Plate below the South American Plate along the Chile-Peru Trench is associated with numerous earthquakes. Several of these earthquakes are notable for their size, associated tsunamis, and landslides.1570 Concepcion earthquake: Mw ~8.3\n1687 Peru earthquake: Mw ~8.7\n1730 Valparaíso earthquake Ms ~8.7\n1746 Lima–Callao earthquake: Mw ~8.7\n1868 Arica earthquake: Mw ~9.0\n1877 Offshore Tarapaca, Peru:[6] Mw ~8.3\n1906 Valparaíso earthquake\n1942 Peru earthquake: Mw 8.2 event associated with a tsunami, the rupture dimensions and epicenter are similar to those of a 1996 earthquake\n1960 Valdivia earthquake: At Mw 9.5, the largest earthquake ever recorded on the earth\nNovember 1960 Peru earthquake: This event had a long source duration, leading to a significant discrepancy between different moment calculation methods (Ms 6.75 vs Mw 7.8)\n1970 Ancash earthquake: This Mw7.9 event triggered a landslide with large snow and ice components, killing ~68,000 people\n2001 southern Peru earthquake: Mw 8.4\n2005 Tarapacá earthquake\n2007 Tocopilla earthquake\n2007 Peru earthquake: Mw 8.0\n2010 Chile earthquake: Mw 8.8 event associated with a tsunami\n2010 Pichilemu earthquake\n2014 Iquique earthquake\n2015 Illapel earthquake","title":"Associated seismicity"}]	[{"image_text":" Peru–Chile Trench","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Peru-Chile_trench.jpg/200px-Peru-Chile_trench.jpg"},{"image_text":"Significant Earthquake Faults and damaging earthquakes over the past century along the South American Subduction Zone[5]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/USGS_AmSo_0120170002fig1.png/220px-USGS_AmSo_0120170002fig1.png"},{"image_text":"South America showing 100-year earthquake shaking projections.[5]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/USGS_AmSo_0120170002fig11a.png/220px-USGS_AmSo_0120170002fig11a.png"}]	[{"title":"Oceanic trench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_trench"},{"title":"Pacific Ring of Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ring_of_Fire"}]	[{"reference":"\"Peru-Chile Trench\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 21, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/453259/Peru-Chile-Trench","url_text":"\"Peru-Chile Trench\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peru-Chile Trench\". Oceana. Archived from the original on August 25, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140825094639/http://oceana.org/en/explore/marine-places/peru-chile-trench","url_text":"\"Peru-Chile Trench\""},{"url":"http://oceana.org/en/explore/marine-places/peru-chile-trench","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Gel-like' see-through fish discovered 7.5km down on Pacific ocean floor\". The Guardian. 2018-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/sep/15/gel-like-see-through-fish-discovered-75km-down-on-pacific-ocean-floor","url_text":"\"'Gel-like' see-through fish discovered 7.5km down on Pacific ocean floor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historic World Earthquakes: Chile\". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2010-07-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100728221758/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/historical_country.php#chile","url_text":"\"Historic World Earthquakes: Chile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/historical_country.php#chile","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Peru%E2%80%93Chile_Trench&params=23_S_71_W_type:waterbody_source:dewiki","external_links_name":"23°S 71°W / 23°S 71°W / -23; -71"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Peru%E2%80%93Chile+Trench%22","external_links_name":"\"Peru–Chile Trench\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Peru%E2%80%93Chile+Trench%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Peru%E2%80%93Chile+Trench%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Peru%E2%80%93Chile+Trench%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Peru%E2%80%93Chile+Trench%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Peru%E2%80%93Chile+Trench%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Peru%E2%80%93Chile_Trench&params=23_10_45_S_71_18_41_W_","external_links_name":"23°10′45″S 71°18′41″W / 23.17917°S 71.31139°W / -23.17917; -71.31139"},{"Link":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/453259/Peru-Chile-Trench","external_links_name":"\"Peru-Chile Trench\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140825094639/http://oceana.org/en/explore/marine-places/peru-chile-trench","external_links_name":"\"Peru-Chile Trench\""},{"Link":"http://oceana.org/en/explore/marine-places/peru-chile-trench","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/sep/15/gel-like-see-through-fish-discovered-75km-down-on-pacific-ocean-floor","external_links_name":"\"'Gel-like' see-through fish discovered 7.5km down on Pacific ocean floor\""},{"Link":"https://www.usgs.gov/news/usgs-authors-new-report-seismic-hazard-risk-and-design-south-america","external_links_name":"USGS Authors New Report on Seismic Hazard, Risk, and Design for South America"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100728221758/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/historical_country.php#chile","external_links_name":"\"Historic World Earthquakes: Chile\""},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/historical_country.php#chile","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Peru%E2%80%93Chile_Trench&params=23_S_71_W_type:waterbody_source:dewiki","external_links_name":"23°S 71°W / 23°S 71°W / -23; -71"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanza_Base	Esperanza Base	["1 Description","2 People","3 Climate","4 Historic site","5 General Martín Güemes Refuge","5.1 General Martín Güemes I Refuge","5.2 General Martín Güemes II Refuge","6 See also","7 Notes","8 Further reading","9 References","10 External links"]	Coordinates: 63°23′54″S 56°59′46″W / 63.3983333°S 56.9961111°W / -63.3983333; -56.9961111This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish. (June 2019) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Spanish article. 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(February 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) All-civilian Antarctic baseEsperanza Base Base EsperanzaAll-civilian Antarctic baseView of Esperanza Base, January 2016 EmblemMotto(s): Spanish: Permanencia, un acto de sacrificio ("Permanence, an act of sacrifice")Esperanza BaseLocation of Esperanza Base in AntarcticaCoordinates: 63°23′54″S 56°59′46″W / 63.3983333°S 56.9961111°W / -63.3983333; -56.9961111Country ArgentinaRegion Graham Land Antarctic Peninsula Location Hope Bay Trinity Peninsula Administered byArgentine Antarctic Institute (under the supervision of the Argentine National Antarctic Directorate)EstablishedDecember 17, 1953 (1953-12-17)Named forSpanish: Base Esperanza ("Hope Base")Area • Urban0.3744 ha (0.9252 acres)Elevation25 m (82 ft)Population (2017) • Summer116 • Winter56UN/LOCODEAQ ESPTypeAll-year roundPeriodAnnualStatusOperationalActivities List Limnology Glaciology Seismology Oceanography Geology Esperanza Base (Spanish: Base Esperanza, 'Hope Base') is a permanent, all-year-round Argentine research station in Hope Bay, Trinity Peninsula (in Graham Land on the Antarctic Peninsula). It is one of only two civilian settlements in Antarctica (the other being the Chilean Villa Las Estrellas). The base's motto is Permanencia, un acto de sacrificio ('Permanence, an act of sacrifice'). Description Esperanza Base seen from Hope Bay Built in 1953, the base houses 56 inhabitants in winter, including 10 families and 2 school teachers. Provincial school #38 Presidente Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín (formerly named Julio Argentino Roca) was founded in 1978 and acquired independent status in 1997. It maintains the furthest South Scout troop. The base has an Argentine civil register office where births and weddings are recorded. The base has tourist facilities that are visited by about 1,100 tourists each year. The LRA 36 Radio Nacional Arcángel San Gabriel radio station started transmitting in 1979 and currently broadcasts on 15476 kHz shortwave and 96.7 MHz FM. It is one of the southern most radio stations in the world and its range signal includes audio identification in multiple languages. The host of "Panorama Nacional" Marcelo Ayala told at the beginning of 2024 about his life experience and broadcast by LRA36 Radio Nacional Arcángel San Gabriel. A wind generator was installed in 2008, mounted by INVAP. The 43 buildings of the station have a combined space of 3,744 square metres (40,300 sq ft) covered; 18,000 litres (4,800 US gal) of fuel are used annually by the four generators to produce electricity for the station. Research projects include: glaciology, seismology, oceanography, coastal ecology, biology, geology, and limnology. In the Hope Bay incident in 1952, this area was also the scene of the only shots fired in anger in Antarctica, when an Argentine shore party fired a machine gun over the heads of a Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey team unloading supplies from the John Biscoe to rebuild its damaged base. Following the Argentine show of force, the British team returned to the Falkland Islands. Shortly afterwards, Argentina issued a diplomatic apology, saying there had been a misunderstanding and the military commander on the ground had exceeded his authority. Despite this initial outward show of deference, the party was later welcomed back to Argentina with a hero's welcome. In the meantime, the John Biscoe had returned from the Falklands with a military escort and completed rebuilding the British base. The Antarctic Treaty of 1959 now treats the continent as a laboratory open to all, and provides that "no acts or activities ... shall constitute a basis for asserting, supporting or denying a claim to territorial sovereignty." People Main article: List of people born at Esperanza Base The base was the birthplace of Emilio Palma, the first person to be born in Antarctica. There have been at least ten other children born at the base. Climate Like the rest of the Antarctic Peninsula, the base has a polar climate characterized by strong winds that descend downwards from the Antarctic ice sheet. These winds can exceed 250 km/h (160 mph), leading to blowing snow and reduced visibility. The climate is classified as a polar tundra (ET) climate in the Köppen system. Mean monthly temperatures range from −10.8 °C (12.6 °F) in July, the coldest month, to 1.5 °C (34.7 °F) in January, the warmest month. During summer (December–February), the average high is between 3.8 and 4.3 °C (38.8 and 39.7 °F) while the average low is between −2.0 and −1.2 °C (28.4 and 29.8 °F). In winter, mean temperatures are around −10.2 °C (13.6 °F). A temperature of 17.5 °C (63.5 °F) was recorded on 24 March 2015. This reading was the highest temperature ever recorded on mainland Antarctica and its surrounding islands, until on 6 February 2020, a new high of 18.3 °C (64.9 °F) was recorded at the base, being the current record and considered by the World Meteorological Organization to be the highest temperature ever recorded for mainland Antarctica and its surrounding islands. The lowest temperature ever recorded is −38.4 °C (−37.1 °F) on 18 July 1994. The temperature trend since 1948 is +0.0315 °C/yr (+0.0567 °F/yr) (annual), +0.0413 °C/yr (+0.0743 °F/yr) (winter) and +0.0300 °C/yr (+0.0540 °F/yr) (summer). Climate data for Esperanza (1991–2020, extremes 1945–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 14.9(58.8) 18.3(64.9) 17.5(63.5) 17.1(62.8) 17.2(63.0) 13.3(55.9) 14.0(57.2) 13.0(55.4) 11.4(52.5) 17.0(62.6) 14.3(57.7) 14.6(58.3) 18.3(64.9) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.3(39.7) 3.9(39.0) 1.4(34.5) −1.7(28.9) −3.2(26.2) −6.2(20.8) −6.4(20.5) −5.1(22.8) −2.6(27.3) −0.2(31.6) 2.3(36.1) 3.8(38.8) −0.8(30.6) Daily mean °C (°F) 1.5(34.7) 0.9(33.6) −2.0(28.4) −5.5(22.1) −7.4(18.7) −10.4(13.3) −10.8(12.6) −9.5(14.9) −6.9(19.6) −4.1(24.6) −0.9(30.4) 0.8(33.4) −4.5(23.9) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.2(29.8) −2.0(28.4) −5.2(22.6) −8.9(16.0) −11.2(11.8) −14.1(6.6) −15.0(5.0) −13.7(7.3) −10.9(12.4) −7.8(18.0) −3.9(25.0) −1.8(28.8) −8.0(17.6) Record low °C (°F) −8.5(16.7) −13.2(8.2) −20.9(−5.6) −26.0(−14.8) −29.6(−21.3) −30.0(−22.0) −38.4(−37.1) −32.0(−25.6) −32.6(−26.7) −23.2(−9.8) −18.0(−0.4) −9.7(14.5) −38.4(−37.1) Average precipitation mm (inches) 56.2(2.21) 65.0(2.56) 75.5(2.97) 59.1(2.33) 54.4(2.14) 47.4(1.87) 54.1(2.13) 72.1(2.84) 62.2(2.45) 56.4(2.22) 65.0(2.56) 59.0(2.32) 726.4(28.60) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 14 14 17 17 14 11 13 15 15 15 16 16 177 Average snowy days 13.6 12.1 14.8 16.0 15.4 14.8 15.2 15.4 15.1 16.6 15.5 14.1 178.6 Average relative humidity (%) 82 80 80 80 80 79 80 80 79 80 81 80 80 Mean monthly sunshine hours 167.4 130.0 93.0 63.0 27.9 6.0 18.6 52.7 87.0 130.2 159.0 186.0 1,120.8 Mean daily sunshine hours 5.4 4.6 3.0 2.1 0.9 0.2 0.6 1.7 2.9 4.2 5.3 6.0 3.1 Source 1: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (temperature/snowy days/sun 1991–2020, precipitation 1961–1990), NOAA (precipitation 1961–1990) Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows), Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, 1982–1995) Historic site LighthouseGrunden Rock Lighthouse LocationGrunden Rock, Esperanza Base, Antarctic Treaty area, Trinity Peninsula, Antarctica Coordinates63°24′S 57°00′W / 63.4°S 57°W / -63.4; -57TowerConstructed1952 Constructionglass fiber (tower), concrete (foundation) Automated1994 Height6 m (20 ft) Shapecylinder MarkingsRed (tower) , stripe (2, black, horizontal direction) Power sourcesolar power OperatorArgentine Navy LightFirst lit1994 Focal height26 m (85 ft) Range8.9 nmi (16.5 km; 10.2 mi), 6 nmi (11 km; 6.9 mi) CharacteristicFl W 2s Cemetery at Esperanza Station A group of items or structures of historic significance at, or close to, the base have been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 40), following a proposal by Argentina to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. These comprise a bust of General San Martin, a grotto with a statue of the Virgin of Lujan, a flagpole erected in 1955, and a cemetery with a stele commemorating Argentine expedition members who died in the area. General Martín Güemes Refuge Refuge General Martín Güemes is the name given to two shelters in Antarctica. The first one is covered by ice, the second one is active. The refuge is Administered by the Argentine Army and depends on Esperanza Base, which is responsible for maintenance and care. The two refuges are located on the Tabarin Peninsula on the eastern tip of the Trinity Peninsula on the Antarctic Peninsula 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) south of Esperanza.The refuges pay homage to Martín Miguel de Güemes, a military man who served an outstanding role in the Argentine war of independence. General Martín Güemes I Refuge The first refuge 63°29′00″S 57°00′00″W / 63.483333°S 57°W / -63.483333; -57 was located on the north east coast of the Duse Bay of the Trinity Peninsula and opened on October 23, 1953. Jorge Edgar Leal , at that time head of the newly created Esperanza Base, participated in its construction, being one of the first refuges installed by the Army and the second in the continental Antarctica. The refuge was destroyed by the ice in 1960. General Martín Güemes II Refuge The second refuge 63°30′14″S 57°07′25″W / 63.503911°S 57.123603°W / -63.503911; -57.123603 is active and is located in the Tabarin Peninsula and was inaugurated on September 15, 1959. It has capacity for six people, food for a month, fuel, gas and a first aid kit. See also Argentine Antarctica Hope Bay incident List of lighthouses in Antarctica List of Antarctic research stations List of Antarctic field camps Notes ^ Indoors area Further reading Antarctica. Sydney: Reader's Digest, 1985, p. 156-157. Child, Jack. Antarctica and South American Geopolitics: Frozen Lebensraum. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1988, p. 73. Lonely Planet, Antarctica: a Lonely Planet Travel Survival Kit, Oakland, CA: Lonely Planet Publications, 1996, 302-304. Stewart, Andrew, Antarctica: An Encyclopedia. London: McFarland and Co., 1990 (2 volumes), p. 469. U.S. National Science Foundation, Geographic Names of the Antarctic, Fred G. Alberts, ed. Washington: NSF, 1980. References ^ a b Antarctic Station Catalogue (PDF) (catalogue). Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs. August 2017. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-473-40409-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2023. ^ "Gral. Jorge Leal: un expedicionario en la Antártida". Canal Encuentro (in Spanish). Presidencia de la Nación. Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2019. ^ "official site". Ejército Argentino (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2019. ^ "Base Antártica Esperanza". marambio.aq (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 April 2019. ^ "Registro civil "Base Esperanza"". Ejército Argentino (in Spanish). Archived from the original on January 17, 2010. Retrieved 20 April 2019. ^ Fundación Marambio (ed.). "Identificaciones varias de LRA36 a través del tiempo" (in Spanish). ^ radionacional.com.ar, ed. (17 January 2024). "La experiencia de hacer radio desde la Antártida Argentina" (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 February 2024. ^ INVAP (25 May 2010). IVS-4500 en Base Esperanza, Antártida Argentina - "Hielos míticos" (Daniel Bazan, 2008) (YouTube). Archived from the original on 2021-12-12. Retrieved 20 April 2019. ^ Google Earth satellite images ^ Beck, Peter J. (2014). The International Politics of Antarctica. Google Books: Routledge. p. 35. ISBN 9781317700968. Retrieved 1 February 2020. ^ Sullivan, Walter (24 May 1982). "1948 (sic) BRITISH-ARGENTINE CLASHES IN ANTARCTIC ENDED PEACEFULLY". New York Times. Section A. p. 8. Retrieved 7 February 2020. ^ 60 años de Base Esperanza Archived 2018-06-14 at the Wayback Machine - Fundación Marambio ^ El primer antártico es argentino Archived December 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine - Fundación Marambio ^ a b c d e "Base Esperanza" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Retrieved 4 March 2017. ^ Peel, M. C.; Finlayson B. L. & McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen−Geiger climate classification" (PDF). Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11 (5): 1633–1644. Bibcode:2007HESS...11.1633P. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. ISSN 1027-5606. ^ Mccarthy, Tom (31 March 2015). "Antarctica records unprecedented high temperatures in two new readings". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 July 2015. ^ "New record for Antarctic continent reported". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 7 February 2020. ^ "WMO verifies one temperature record for Antarctic continent and rejects another". World Meteorological Organization. 1 July 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2021. ^ a b "Station Base Esperanza" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved June 6, 2016. ^ "Estadísticas Climatológicas Normales - período 1991-2020" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Retrieved 16 May 2023. ^ Nacional, Servicio Meteorológico (2023). "Estadísticas Climatológicas Normales – período 1991–2020" (PDF) (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023. ^ "B. Esperanza Statistical Data (1961-1990)" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Retrieved January 23, 2016. ^ "Valores Medios de Temperatura y Precipitación-Antártida: Base Esperanza" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Retrieved January 23, 2016. ^ "Base Esperanza Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 23, 2016. ^ "Klimatafel von Esperanza (Argentinien) / Antarkt. Halbinsel / Antarktis" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved January 23, 2016. ^ "List of Historic Sites and Monuments approved by the ATCM (2012)" (PDF). Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. 2012. Retrieved 2013-12-31. ^ es:Refugio General Martín Güemes External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Esperanza Station. Council Of Managers Of National Antarctic Programs: Base Esperanza Temperatures (in Spanish) Argentine Army's site about the base Official website Direccion Nacional del Antartico (in Spanish) Fundaciòn Marambio Esperanza Base page COMNAP Antarctic Facilities COMNAP Antarctic Facilities Map Official website Portals: Earth sciences Geography Engineering Argentina vteArgentine permanent bases in Antarctica operated by Instituto Antártico Argentino Esperanza Belgrano II Carlini Marambio Orcadas San Martín vteResearch stations in AntarcticaYear-roundArgentina Belgrano II Carlini Esperanza Marambio Orcadas San Martín Australia Casey Davis Mawson Chile Captain Prat General O'Higgins Presidente Frei Professor Escudero China Great Wall Zhongshan Qinling Europe Czech Republic Eco-Nelson France Concordia Dumont d'Urville Germany Neumayer III Italy Concordia Norway Troll Poland Arctowski Ukraine Vernadsky United Kingdom Halley Rothera India Bharati Maitri Russia Bellingshausen Mirny Novolazarevskaya Progress Vostok South Korea Jang Bogo King Sejong United States Amundsen-Scott McMurdo Palmer Others Brazil Comandante Ferraz Japan Showa New Zealand Scott South Africa SANAE IV Turkey TARS Uruguay Artigas Summer Argentina Almirante Brown Cámara Decepción Matienzo Melchior Petrel Primavera Belarus Vechernyaya Belgium Princess Elisabeth Bulgaria St. Kliment Ohridski Chile Carvajal Collins González Videla Guillermo Mann Jorge Boonen Julio Ripamonti Risopatrón Union Glacier Yelcho China Kunlun Taishan Czech Republic Mendel Ecuador Maldonado Finland Aboa Germany Kohnen Gondwana Italy Zucchelli New Zealand Vanda Norway Tor Pakistan Jinnah Peru Machu Picchu Poland Dobrowolski Romania Law-Racoviță Russia Leningradskaya Molodyozhnaya Progress Russkaya Soyuz Spain Gabriel de Castilla Juan Carlos I Sweden Svea Wasa Turkey ITU PolReC United Kingdom Fossil Bluff Signy United States Lenie Shirreff Uruguay Elichiribehety Closed Argentina Belgrano I Belgrano III Ellsworth Sobral Australia Wilkes Belgium King Baudouin Chile Aguirre Cerda Arturo Parodi France Charcot Port Martin Germany Drescher Ice Camp Georg Forster Filchner Neumayer I Neumayer II India Dakshin Gangotri Italy Giacomo Bove Japan Asuka Dome Fuji Mizuho New Zealand Hallett Vanda Norway Norway Maudheim Poland Dobrowolski South Africa Borga Base SANAE I SANAE II SANAE III Sarie Marais Soviet Union Druzhba Druzhnaya I Druzhnaya II Druzhnaya III Druzhnaya IV Komsomolskaya Lazarev Mir Oasis Pionerskaya Pobeda Pole of Inaccessibility Salyut Station Sodruzhestvo Sovetskaya Vostok I United Kingdom South Ice Port Lockroy Station B Station C Station D Station E Station F Station G Station J Station N Station O Station P Station T Station V Station W United States Brockton Byrd East Base Eights Ellsworth Hallett Little America Little Rockford Plateau Siple Other World Park Base Joint Stations Weddell-1 vteField camps in AntarcticaArgentina 17 de Agosto Abrazo de Maipú Antonio Moro Ballvé Cabral Caleta Péndulo Capitán Caillet-Bois Capitán Cobbett Capitán Estivariz Capitán Fliess Chacabuco Corrientes Cristo Redentor Dorian Bay El Plumerillo Florentino Ameghino Francisco de Gurruchaga General San Martín Granaderos Groussac Livingston Martín Güemes I Martín Güemes II Nogal de Saldán Ona Ortiz San Nicolás San Roque Virgen de las Nieves Yapeyú Australia Edgeworth David Cape Roberts Brazil Balduino Rambo Refuge Astronomer Cruls Goeldi Wiltgen Bulgaria Academia Sally Rocks Chile Gutiérrez Vargas Boonen Rivera France Cap Prud'homme Germany Cape Roberts Italy Browning Pass Cap Prud'homme Cape Roberts Icaro Netherlands Cape Roberts Norway Borchgrevink’s Hut Framheim Polheim Spain Byers United Kingdom Blaicklock Island Cape Reclus Cape Roberts Damoy Point Discovery Hut Oxford Cliff Peggotty Bluff Scott's Hut Shackleton's Hut Sky Blu South Ice United States Beacon Valley Cape Roberts Dome C Lake Fryxell Lower Erebus Marble Point Odell Glacier Patriot Hills Siple Dome Union Glacier WAIS Divide vteHistoric Sites and Monuments in AntarcticaSouth Pole South Pole Coats Land Belgrano II Station Queen Maud Land Dakshin Gangotri Humboldt Mountains Schirmacher Oasis Showa Station Enderby Land Proclamation Island Kemp Land Pole of Inaccessibility research station Mac. Robertson Land Cape Bruce Princess Elizabeth Land Tryne Islands Vostok Station Walkabout Rocks Queen Mary Land Buromskiy Island Mirny Station Wilkes Land A.B. Dobrowolski Station Adélie Land Débarquement Rock Petrel Island Port Martin George V Land Cape Denison Victoria Land Cape Adare Cape Geology Cape Wadworth Foyn Island Hells Gate Moraine Inexpressible Island Mount Dockery Ross Sea Cape Crozier Cape Evans Shackleton's Hut Discovery Hut Hut Point Peninsula Lewis Bay McMurdo Station Mount Betty Mount Erebus Observation Hill Scott Base Scott's Hut Edward VII Land Scott Nunataks Graham Land Bernardo O'Higgins Station Damoy Point Detaille Island Esperanza Station Hope Bay Horseshoe Island Lambda Island Megalestris Hill Metchnikoff Point Paradise Harbor Paulet Island Port Charcot Port Lockroy San Martin Station Seymour Island Snow Hill Island Stonington Island Waterboat Point Winter Island South Shetlands Antarctic Treaty Monument Arturo Prat Station Great Wall Station Half Moon Beach Henryk Arctowski Station Lame Dog Hut Maxwell Bay Pendulum Cove Point Wild Potter Cove Whalers Bay Yankee Harbour South Orkneys Scotia Bay Stonington Island East Base vteAntarcticaGeography Antarctic sea ice Climate Climate change Ice shelves Geology Glaciers Mountains Tundra Volcanoes Regions Biogeographic realm Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica ice sheet shield Extreme points Floristic Kingdom Islands South Pole South magnetic pole West Antarctica ice sheet Bodies of Water Antarctic/Southern Ocean Lake CECs Lake Mercer Lake Vostok List of rivers McMurdo Sound Ross Sea Weddell Sea Life Flora Microorganisms Wildlife Birds Mammals Krill History Expeditions Heroic Age World War II Colonization COVID-19 pandemic Years Politics Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs Military activity National programs Territorial claims Treaty System Society Antarctica Day Crime Demographics Economy Field camps Firefighting Flags Gateway cities Midwinter Day Protected areas Religion Research stations Telecommunications Time Tourism Transport Women Famous explorers Roald Amundsen Richard E. Byrd Douglas Mawson Ui-te-Rangiora James Clark Ross Robert Falcon Scott Ernest Shackleton Category Commons Index Authority control databases: Grunden Rock Lighthouse Admiralty G1389 ARLHS NGA	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Argentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"research station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_station"},{"link_name":"Hope Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_Bay"},{"link_name":"Trinity Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Graham Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Land"},{"link_name":"Antarctic Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Chilean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Villa Las Estrellas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Las_Estrellas"}],"text":"All-civilian Antarctic baseEsperanza Base (Spanish: Base Esperanza, 'Hope Base') is a permanent, all-year-round Argentine research station in Hope Bay, Trinity Peninsula (in Graham Land on the Antarctic Peninsula). It is one of only two civilian settlements in Antarctica (the other being the Chilean Villa Las Estrellas). The base's motto is Permanencia, un acto de sacrificio ('Permanence, an act of sacrifice').","title":"Esperanza Base"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Esperanza_Station_anta0060.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Julio Argentino Roca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Argentino_Roca"},{"link_name":"furthest South Scout troop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouting_in_the_Antarctic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"wind generator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_generator"},{"link_name":"INVAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INVAP"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"glaciology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciology"},{"link_name":"seismology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismology"},{"link_name":"oceanography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography"},{"link_name":"coastal ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_ecology"},{"link_name":"biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology"},{"link_name":"geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology"},{"link_name":"limnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnology"},{"link_name":"Hope Bay incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_Bay_incident"},{"link_name":"Falkland Islands Dependencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey"},{"link_name":"Falkland Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beck,_2014-11"},{"link_name":"Antarctic Treaty of 1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Esperanza Base seen from Hope BayBuilt in 1953,[2][3][4] the base houses 56 inhabitants in winter, including 10 families and 2 school teachers. Provincial school #38 Presidente Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín (formerly named Julio Argentino Roca) was founded in 1978 and acquired independent status in 1997. It maintains the furthest South Scout troop. The base has an Argentine civil register office where births and weddings are recorded.[5] The base has tourist facilities that are visited by about 1,100 tourists each year.The LRA 36 Radio Nacional Arcángel San Gabriel radio station started transmitting in 1979 and currently broadcasts on 15476 kHz shortwave and 96.7 MHz FM. It is one of the southern most radio stations in the world and its range signal includes audio identification in multiple languages.[6] The host of \"Panorama Nacional\" Marcelo Ayala told at the beginning of 2024 about his life experience and broadcast by LRA36 Radio Nacional Arcángel San Gabriel.[7]A wind generator was installed in 2008, mounted by INVAP.[8]The 43 buildings of the station have a combined space of 3,744 square metres (40,300 sq ft) covered;[9] 18,000 litres (4,800 US gal) of fuel are used annually by the four generators to produce electricity for the station. Research projects include: glaciology, seismology, oceanography, coastal ecology, biology, geology, and limnology.In the Hope Bay incident in 1952, this area was also the scene of the only shots fired in anger in Antarctica, when an Argentine shore party fired a machine gun over the heads of a Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey team unloading supplies from the John Biscoe to rebuild its damaged base. Following the Argentine show of force, the British team returned to the Falkland Islands. Shortly afterwards, Argentina issued a diplomatic apology, saying there had been a misunderstanding and the military commander on the ground had exceeded his authority. Despite this initial outward show of deference, the party was later welcomed back to Argentina with a hero's welcome. In the meantime, the John Biscoe had returned from the Falklands with a military escort and completed rebuilding the British base.[10] The Antarctic Treaty of 1959 now treats the continent as a laboratory open to all, and provides that \"no acts or activities ... shall constitute a basis for asserting, supporting or denying a claim to territorial sovereignty.\"[11]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emilio Palma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Palma"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The base was the birthplace of Emilio Palma, the first person to be born in Antarctica. There have been at least ten other children born at the base.[12][13]","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antarctic ice sheet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_ice_sheet"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMNclima-15"},{"link_name":"blowing snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowing_snow"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMNclima-15"},{"link_name":"tundra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra"},{"link_name":"Köppen system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peel-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMNclima-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMNclima-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMNclima-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WMOantarctica-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meteoclimat-20"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"Servicio Meteorológico Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servicio_Meteorol%C3%B3gico_Nacional_(Argentina)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMNclimatenormals-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMNestadisticas-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMN-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMN2-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-25"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meteoclimat-20"},{"link_name":"Deutscher Wetterdienst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DWD-26"}],"text":"Like the rest of the Antarctic Peninsula, the base has a polar climate characterized by strong winds that descend downwards from the Antarctic ice sheet.[14] These winds can exceed 250 km/h (160 mph), leading to blowing snow and reduced visibility.[14] The climate is classified as a polar tundra (ET) climate in the Köppen system.[15]Mean monthly temperatures range from −10.8 °C (12.6 °F) in July, the coldest month, to 1.5 °C (34.7 °F) in January, the warmest month.[14] During summer (December–February), the average high is between 3.8 and 4.3 °C (38.8 and 39.7 °F) while the average low is between −2.0 and −1.2 °C (28.4 and 29.8 °F).[14] In winter, mean temperatures are around −10.2 °C (13.6 °F).[14] A temperature of 17.5 °C (63.5 °F) was recorded on 24 March 2015.[16] This reading was the highest temperature ever recorded on mainland Antarctica and its surrounding islands, until on 6 February 2020, a new high of 18.3 °C (64.9 °F) was recorded at the base, being the current record and considered by the World Meteorological Organization to be the highest temperature ever recorded for mainland Antarctica and its surrounding islands.[17][18] The lowest temperature ever recorded is −38.4 °C (−37.1 °F) on 18 July 1994.[19]The temperature trend since 1948 is +0.0315 °C/yr (+0.0567 °F/yr) (annual), +0.0413 °C/yr (+0.0743 °F/yr) (winter) and +0.0300 °C/yr (+0.0540 °F/yr) (summer).Climate data for Esperanza (1991–2020, extremes 1945–present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n14.9(58.8)\n\n18.3(64.9)\n\n17.5(63.5)\n\n17.1(62.8)\n\n17.2(63.0)\n\n13.3(55.9)\n\n14.0(57.2)\n\n13.0(55.4)\n\n11.4(52.5)\n\n17.0(62.6)\n\n14.3(57.7)\n\n14.6(58.3)\n\n18.3(64.9)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n4.3(39.7)\n\n3.9(39.0)\n\n1.4(34.5)\n\n−1.7(28.9)\n\n−3.2(26.2)\n\n−6.2(20.8)\n\n−6.4(20.5)\n\n−5.1(22.8)\n\n−2.6(27.3)\n\n−0.2(31.6)\n\n2.3(36.1)\n\n3.8(38.8)\n\n−0.8(30.6)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n1.5(34.7)\n\n0.9(33.6)\n\n−2.0(28.4)\n\n−5.5(22.1)\n\n−7.4(18.7)\n\n−10.4(13.3)\n\n−10.8(12.6)\n\n−9.5(14.9)\n\n−6.9(19.6)\n\n−4.1(24.6)\n\n−0.9(30.4)\n\n0.8(33.4)\n\n−4.5(23.9)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−1.2(29.8)\n\n−2.0(28.4)\n\n−5.2(22.6)\n\n−8.9(16.0)\n\n−11.2(11.8)\n\n−14.1(6.6)\n\n−15.0(5.0)\n\n−13.7(7.3)\n\n−10.9(12.4)\n\n−7.8(18.0)\n\n−3.9(25.0)\n\n−1.8(28.8)\n\n−8.0(17.6)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−8.5(16.7)\n\n−13.2(8.2)\n\n−20.9(−5.6)\n\n−26.0(−14.8)\n\n−29.6(−21.3)\n\n−30.0(−22.0)\n\n−38.4(−37.1)\n\n−32.0(−25.6)\n\n−32.6(−26.7)\n\n−23.2(−9.8)\n\n−18.0(−0.4)\n\n−9.7(14.5)\n\n−38.4(−37.1)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n56.2(2.21)\n\n65.0(2.56)\n\n75.5(2.97)\n\n59.1(2.33)\n\n54.4(2.14)\n\n47.4(1.87)\n\n54.1(2.13)\n\n72.1(2.84)\n\n62.2(2.45)\n\n56.4(2.22)\n\n65.0(2.56)\n\n59.0(2.32)\n\n726.4(28.60)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)\n\n14\n\n14\n\n17\n\n17\n\n14\n\n11\n\n13\n\n15\n\n15\n\n15\n\n16\n\n16\n\n177\n\n\nAverage snowy days\n\n13.6\n\n12.1\n\n14.8\n\n16.0\n\n15.4\n\n14.8\n\n15.2\n\n15.4\n\n15.1\n\n16.6\n\n15.5\n\n14.1\n\n178.6\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n82\n\n80\n\n80\n\n80\n\n80\n\n79\n\n80\n\n80\n\n79\n\n80\n\n81\n\n80\n\n80\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n167.4\n\n130.0\n\n93.0\n\n63.0\n\n27.9\n\n6.0\n\n18.6\n\n52.7\n\n87.0\n\n130.2\n\n159.0\n\n186.0\n\n1,120.8\n\n\nMean daily sunshine hours\n\n5.4\n\n4.6\n\n3.0\n\n2.1\n\n0.9\n\n0.2\n\n0.6\n\n1.7\n\n2.9\n\n4.2\n\n5.3\n\n6.0\n\n3.1\n\n\nSource 1: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (temperature/snowy days/sun 1991–2020, precipitation 1961–1990),[20][21][22][23] NOAA (precipitation 1961–1990)[24]\n\n\nSource 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows),[19] Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, 1982–1995)[25]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hope_Bay-2016-Trinity_Peninsula%E2%80%93Esperanza_Station_05.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hope_Bay-2016-Trinity_Peninsula%E2%80%93Esperanza_Station_05.jpg"},{"link_name":"Historic Site or Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Sites_and_Monuments_in_Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System"},{"link_name":"bust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)"},{"link_name":"General San Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"grotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotto"},{"link_name":"Virgin of Lujan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Luj%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"flagpole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagpole"},{"link_name":"cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemetery"},{"link_name":"stele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atcm-27"}],"text":"LighthouseCemetery at Esperanza StationA group of items or structures of historic significance at, or close to, the base have been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 40), following a proposal by Argentina to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. These comprise a bust of General San Martin, a grotto with a statue of the Virgin of Lujan, a flagpole erected in 1955, and a cemetery with a stele commemorating Argentine expedition members who died in the area.[26]","title":"Historic site"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argentine Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Army"},{"link_name":"Tabarin Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabarin_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Trinity Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Martín Miguel de Güemes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Miguel_de_G%C3%BCemes"}],"text":"Refuge General Martín Güemes is the name given to two shelters in Antarctica. The first one is covered by ice, the second one is active. The refuge is Administered by the Argentine Army and depends on Esperanza Base, which is responsible for maintenance and care. The two refuges are located on the Tabarin Peninsula on the eastern tip of the Trinity Peninsula on the Antarctic Peninsula 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) south of Esperanza.The refuges pay homage to Martín Miguel de Güemes, a military man who served an outstanding role in the Argentine war of independence.","title":"General Martín Güemes Refuge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"63°29′00″S 57°00′00″W / 63.483333°S 57°W / -63.483333; -57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Esperanza_Base&params=63.483333_S_57_W_region:AQ"},{"link_name":"Duse Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duse_Bay"},{"link_name":"Jorge Edgar Leal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jorge_Edgar_Leal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Edgar_Leal"}],"sub_title":"General Martín Güemes I Refuge","text":"The first refuge 63°29′00″S 57°00′00″W / 63.483333°S 57°W / -63.483333; -57 was located on the north east coast of the Duse Bay of the Trinity Peninsula and opened on October 23, 1953. Jorge Edgar Leal [es], at that time head of the newly created Esperanza Base, participated in its construction, being one of the first refuges installed by the Army and the second in the continental Antarctica. The refuge was destroyed by the ice in 1960.","title":"General Martín Güemes Refuge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"63°30′14″S 57°07′25″W / 63.503911°S 57.123603°W / -63.503911; -57.123603","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Esperanza_Base&params=63.503911_S_57.123603_W_region:AQ"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"circular reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it"}],"sub_title":"General Martín Güemes II Refuge","text":"The second refuge 63°30′14″S 57°07′25″W / 63.503911°S 57.123603°W / -63.503911; -57.123603 is active and is located in the Tabarin Peninsula and was inaugurated on September 15, 1959. It has capacity for six people, food for a month, fuel, gas and a first aid kit.[27][circular reference]","title":"General Martín Güemes Refuge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ Indoors area","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Antarctica. Sydney: Reader's Digest, 1985, p. 156-157.\nChild, Jack. Antarctica and South American Geopolitics: Frozen Lebensraum. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1988, p. 73.\nLonely Planet, Antarctica: a Lonely Planet Travel Survival Kit, Oakland, CA: Lonely Planet Publications, 1996, 302-304.\nStewart, Andrew, Antarctica: An Encyclopedia. London: McFarland and Co., 1990 (2 volumes), p. 469.\nU.S. National Science Foundation, Geographic Names of the Antarctic, Fred G. Alberts, ed. Washington: NSF, 1980.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Esperanza Base seen from Hope Bay","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Esperanza_Station_anta0060.jpg/220px-Esperanza_Station_anta0060.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Argentine Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Antarctica"},{"title":"Hope Bay incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_Bay_incident"},{"title":"List of lighthouses in Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Antarctica"},{"title":"List of Antarctic research stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica#List_of_research_stations"},{"title":"List of Antarctic field camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_field_camps"}]	[{"reference":"Antarctic Station Catalogue (PDF) (catalogue). Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs. August 2017. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-473-40409-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.comnap.aq/s/COMNAP_Antarctic_Station_Catalogue.pdf","url_text":"Antarctic Station Catalogue"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Managers_of_National_Antarctic_Programs","url_text":"Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-473-40409-3","url_text":"978-0-473-40409-3"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221022102847/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/61073506e9b0073c7eaaf464/t/611497cc1ece1b43f0eeca8a/1628739608968/COMNAP_Antarctic_Station_Catalogue.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Gral. Jorge Leal: un expedicionario en la Antártida\". Canal Encuentro (in Spanish). Presidencia de la Nación. Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141027184054/http://www.encuentro.gov.ar/sitios/encuentro/programas/ver?rec_id=121323","url_text":"\"Gral. Jorge Leal: un expedicionario en la Antártida\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Argentina","url_text":"Presidencia de la Nación"},{"url":"http://www.encuentro.gov.ar/sitios/encuentro/programas/ver?rec_id=121323","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"official site\". Ejército Argentino (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606010200/http://www.ejercito.mil.ar/antartico/ESPERANZA/B_esp_hist.htm","url_text":"\"official site\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ej%C3%A9rcito_Argentino","url_text":"Ejército Argentino"},{"url":"http://www.ejercito.mil.ar/antartico/ESPERANZA/B_esp_hist.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Base Antártica Esperanza\". marambio.aq (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marambio.aq/esperanza.htm","url_text":"\"Base Antártica Esperanza\""}]},{"reference":"\"Registro civil \"Base Esperanza\"\". Ejército Argentino (in Spanish). Archived from the original on January 17, 2010. Retrieved 20 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100117124815/http://www.ejercito.mil.ar/antartico/RegistroCivil.html","url_text":"\"Registro civil \"Base Esperanza\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ej%C3%A9rcito_Argentino","url_text":"Ejército Argentino"},{"url":"http://www.ejercito.mil.ar/antartico/RegistroCivil.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fundación Marambio (ed.). \"Identificaciones varias de LRA36 a través del tiempo\" (in Spanish).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marambio.aq/audio/larosadetokiolra36.html","url_text":"\"Identificaciones varias de LRA36 a través del tiempo\""}]},{"reference":"radionacional.com.ar, ed. (17 January 2024). \"La experiencia de hacer radio desde la Antártida Argentina\" (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radionacional.com.ar/la-experiencia-de-hacer-radio-desde-la-antartida-argentina/","url_text":"\"La experiencia de hacer radio desde la Antártida Argentina\""}]},{"reference":"INVAP (25 May 2010). IVS-4500 en Base Esperanza, Antártida Argentina - \"Hielos míticos\" (Daniel Bazan, 2008) (YouTube). Archived from the original on 2021-12-12. Retrieved 20 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INVAP","url_text":"INVAP"},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWOcJM0th6U","url_text":"IVS-4500 en Base Esperanza, Antártida Argentina - \"Hielos míticos\" (Daniel Bazan, 2008)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/nWOcJM0th6U","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Beck, Peter J. (2014). The International Politics of Antarctica. Google Books: Routledge. p. 35. ISBN 9781317700968. Retrieved 1 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OlLXAwAAQBAJ&q=%22hope+bay+incident%22&pg=PA35","url_text":"The International Politics of Antarctica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317700968","url_text":"9781317700968"}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, Walter (24 May 1982). \"1948 (sic) BRITISH-ARGENTINE CLASHES IN ANTARCTIC ENDED PEACEFULLY\". New York Times. Section A. p. 8. Retrieved 7 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nyti.ms/29yLCOi","url_text":"\"1948 (sic) BRITISH-ARGENTINE CLASHES IN ANTARCTIC ENDED PEACEFULLY\""}]},{"reference":"\"Base Esperanza\" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Retrieved 4 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www3.smn.gob.ar/serviciosclimaticos/?mod=elclima&id=67","url_text":"\"Base Esperanza\""}]},{"reference":"Peel, M. C.; Finlayson B. L. & McMahon, T. A. (2007). \"Updated world map of the Köppen−Geiger climate classification\" (PDF). Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11 (5): 1633–1644. Bibcode:2007HESS...11.1633P. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. ISSN 1027-5606.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf","url_text":"\"Updated world map of the Köppen−Geiger climate classification\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007HESS...11.1633P","url_text":"2007HESS...11.1633P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007","url_text":"10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1027-5606","url_text":"1027-5606"}]},{"reference":"Mccarthy, Tom (31 March 2015). \"Antarctica records unprecedented high temperatures in two new readings\". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/mar/31/potential-record-high-temperature-in-antarctica-alarms-scientists","url_text":"\"Antarctica records unprecedented high temperatures in two new readings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"New record for Antarctic continent reported\". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 7 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://wmo.int/media/news/new-record-antarctic-continent-reported","url_text":"\"New record for Antarctic continent reported\""}]},{"reference":"\"WMO verifies one temperature record for Antarctic continent and rejects another\". World Meteorological Organization. 1 July 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/wmo-verifies-one-temperature-record-antarctic-continent-and-rejects-another","url_text":"\"WMO verifies one temperature record for Antarctic continent and rejects another\""}]},{"reference":"\"Station Base Esperanza\" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved June 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=38","url_text":"\"Station Base Esperanza\""}]},{"reference":"\"Estadísticas Climatológicas Normales - período 1991-2020\" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Retrieved 16 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ssl.smn.gob.ar/dpd/observaciones/estadisticas_normales_9120.zip","url_text":"\"Estadísticas Climatológicas Normales - período 1991-2020\""}]},{"reference":"Nacional, Servicio Meteorológico (2023). \"Estadísticas Climatológicas Normales – período 1991–2020\" (PDF) (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230708235600/http://repositorio.smn.gob.ar/bitstream/handle/20.500.12160/2506/estad%C3%ADsticas_climatol%C3%B3gicas_normales_1991-2020.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y","url_text":"\"Estadísticas Climatológicas Normales – período 1991–2020\""},{"url":"http://repositorio.smn.gob.ar/handle/20.500.12160/2506","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"B. Esperanza Statistical Data (1961-1990)\" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Retrieved January 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www3.smn.gob.ar/serviciosclimaticos/?mod=turismo&id=7&provincia=Ant%E1rtida&ciudad=B.%20Esperanza","url_text":"\"B. Esperanza Statistical Data (1961-1990)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Valores Medios de Temperatura y Precipitación-Antártida: Base Esperanza\" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Retrieved January 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www3.smn.gob.ar/serviciosclimaticos/?mod=elclima&id=5&var=antartida","url_text":"\"Valores Medios de Temperatura y Precipitación-Antártida: Base Esperanza\""}]},{"reference":"\"Base Esperanza Climate Normals 1961–1990\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgftp//ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/ANTARCTC/AA/88963.TXT","url_text":"\"Base Esperanza Climate Normals 1961–1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration","url_text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"Klimatafel von Esperanza (Argentinien) / Antarkt. Halbinsel / Antarktis\" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved January 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_889630_kt.pdf","url_text":"\"Klimatafel von Esperanza (Argentinien) / Antarkt. Halbinsel / Antarktis\""}]},{"reference":"\"List of Historic Sites and Monuments approved by the ATCM (2012)\" (PDF). Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. 2012. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_freefall	High-altitude military parachuting	["1 High Altitude Low Opening – HALO","2 High Altitude High Opening – HAHO","3 Military Free-Fall – MFF","4 Health risks","5 Example of use","6 List of HALO/HAHO capable units","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]	Method of delivering military personnel, equipment and supplies "HAHO" redirects here. For other uses, see Haho (disambiguation). This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) United States Air Force Pararescuemen jump at half the height of a typical HALO/HAHO insertion 2eme REP Legionnaires HALO jump from a C-160. High-altitude military parachuting, or military free fall (MFF), is a method of delivering military personnel, military equipment, and other military supplies from a transport aircraft at a high altitude via free-fall parachute insertion. Two techniques are used: HALO (high altitude – low opening, often called a HALO jump) and HAHO (high altitude – high opening). In the HALO technique, the parachutist opens the parachute at a low altitude after free-falling for a period of time, while in the HAHO technique, the parachutist opens the parachute at a high altitude just a few seconds after jumping from the aircraft. Although HALO techniques were first developed in the 1960s for military use, in recent years HALO parachute designs have been more widely used in non-military applications, including as a form of skydiving. In military operations, HALO is also used for delivering equipment, supplies, or personnel, while HAHO is generally used exclusively for personnel. In typical HALO/HAHO insertions the troops jump from altitudes between 15,000 and 35,000 feet (4,600 and 10,700 m). Military parachutists will often reach a terminal velocity of 126 mph (203 km/h), allowing for a jump time under two minutes. High Altitude Low Opening – HALO The origins of the HALO technique date to 1951 during the Korean War. John K. Singlaub, CIA deputy chief of station in Seoul wanted to use bomber aircraft for agent drops in CIA covert-action operations. Singlaub used an air force B-26 out of a FOB on Yeongheungdo Island and re-rigged the bomb bay as a jump platform. After he conducted a series of proof of concept test jumps, Singlaub borrowed an air force L-19 Bird Dog and made a series of high altitude low-opening test jumps over the Han River. In 1960, the United States Air Force began conducting experiments that followed earlier work by Colonel John Stapp in the late 1940s through early 1950s on survivability for pilots ejecting at high altitude. Stapp, a research biophysicist and medical doctor, used himself in rocket sled tests to study the effects of very high g-forces. Stapp also solved many of the problems of high-altitude flight in his earliest work for the U.S. Air Force and subjected himself to exposure to altitudes of up to 45,000 feet (14,000 m). He later helped develop pressure suits and ejection seats, which have been used in jets ever since. As part of the experiments, on August 16, 1960, Colonel Joseph Kittinger performed the first high-altitude jump at 19.5 miles (31.4 km) above the Earth's surface. Kittinger's friend and United States Naval Parachute Test Jumper Joe Crotwell was also among the consultants and test jumpers of the original program. The first time the technique was used for combat was during the Vietnam War in Laos by members of MACV-SOG Recon Team Florida. SEAL Teams of the United States Navy expanded the HALO technique to include delivery of boats and other large items. The technique is used to airdrop supplies, equipment, or personnel at high altitudes, where aircraft can fly above surface-to-air missile (SAM) engagement levels through enemy skies without posing a threat to the transport or load. In the event that anti-aircraft cannons are active near the drop zone, the HALO technique also minimizes the parachutist's exposure to flak. For military cargo airdrops, the rigged load is cut free and rolls out of the plane as a result of gravity. The load then proceeds to fall under canopy to a designated drop zone. In a typical HALO exercise, the parachutist will jump from the aircraft, free-fall for a period of time at terminal velocity, and open his parachute at an altitude as low as 3,000 feet (910 m) AGL depending on the mission. The combination of high downward speed, minimal forward airspeed, and the use of only small amounts of metal helps to defeat radar and reduces the amount of time a parachute might be visible to ground observers, enabling a stealthy insertion. High Altitude High Opening – HAHO The HAHO technique is used to airdrop personnel at high altitudes when aircraft are unable to fly above enemy skies without posing a threat to the jumpers. In addition, HAHO parachute jumps are employed in the covert insertion of military personnel (generally special operations forces) into enemy territory, in circumstances where the covert nature of an operation may be compromised by the loud noise of parachutes opening at low altitude. HAHO jumps also allow a longer travel distance due to increased under-canopy time, allowing travelling distances of more than 40 miles (64 km). In a typical HAHO exercise, the jumper will jump from the aircraft and deploy the parachute immediately after exiting the aircraft. The jumper will use a compass or GPS device for guidance while flying for 30 or more miles (50 kilometers). The jumper must use way points and terrain features to navigate to their desired landing zone and correct their course to account for changes in wind speed and direction. If deploying as a team, the team will form up in a stack while airborne with their parachutes. Usually, the jumper in the lowest position will set the travel course and act as a guide for the other team members. HAHO insertions (excluding training) are intended to be executed at night. Whilst in the British Special Forces (22 SAS), due to his extensive skydiving background, Charles "Nish" Bruce was pivotal in the original trials and development of the HAHO tactic now routinely used as a conflict insert for special forces. Military Free-Fall – MFF In the United States, military personnel who intend to participate in high-altitude military operations must undergo intense training with strict rules and regulations. Military free-fall is one of the most dangerous and physically demanding skills in special operations. MFF operations are typically done under the cover of darkness, so as to hide the operator's presence from opposing forces. The transition into being military free-fall certified starts with successfully completing the static-line certification at Fort Moore, Georgia. The military free-fall course is instructed at Yuma Proving Ground and spans four weeks. The first week of the course students will learn how to stabilize their body in flight in a specially constructed vertical wind tunnel. Health risks See also: Decompression sickness and Decompression (altitude) All types of parachuting techniques are dangerous, but HALO/HAHO carry special risks. At high altitudes (greater than 22,000 feet or 6,700 metres), the partial pressure of oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere is low. Oxygen is required for human respiration and lack of pressure can lead to hypoxia. Rapid ascent in the jump aircraft without flushing sufficient nitrogen from the bloodstream and other body tissues can lead to decompression sickness, also known as caisson disease or "the bends". Since altitude decompression is a form of decompression from saturation, the risk of decompression sickness remains in slow tissues. A longer period of oxygen prebreathing or altitude acclimatisation is necessary to eliminate risk completely. The procedures used for preparation for extravehicular activity in space suits are relevant. A typical HAHO exercise will require a pre-breathing period (30–45 minutes) prior to jump where the jumper breathes 100% oxygen in order to flush nitrogen from their bloodstream. Also, a HAHO jumper will employ an oxygen bottle during the jump. Danger can come from medical conditions affecting the jumper. Other factors increasing risk include tobacco smoking, alcohol and drug use (including antihistamines, sedatives, and analgesics), anemia, carbon monoxide, fatigue and anxiety can all lead to a jumper being more susceptible to hypoxia. In addition, problems with the oxygen bottle and during the changeover from the pre-breather to the oxygen bottle can result in the return of nitrogen to the jumper's bloodstream and, therefore, an increased likelihood of decompression sickness A jumper suffering from hypoxia may lose consciousness and therefore be unable to open the parachute. Another risk is from the low ambient temperatures prevalent at higher altitudes. At an altitude of 35,000 feet (11,000 m), the jumper faces temperatures of −45 °C (−49 °F), and can experience frostbite. However, HAHO jumpers generally wear polypropylene knit undergarments and other warm clothing under a windproof shell to prevent this. HALO carries the additional risk that if the parachute fails to deploy or lines become tangled, there is less time to resort to the reserve (back-up parachute) or untangle the lines. A retrospective study pinpointed 134 parachutists with 141 injuries. All these injuries were a result of members in HALO training. The most common injuries found were fractures, which accounted for 35% of the total injuries. Muscle sprains accounted for 34.7% of injuries. Other proportionally higher injuries were dislocations at 9.9%, contusions at 7.8%, and cuts and lacerations at 4.9%. The article also noted that two deaths occurred while the study was being conducted. Example of use The first combat high-altitude jump took place during the Vietnam War on 28 November 1970, when a six-man MACV-SOG team from Recon Team Florida parachuted from a C-130 at 18,000 feet (5,500 m) into Laos. On 14 October 1990, while President George H. W. Bush was at Camp David, a team of operators from 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment–Delta conducted a successful low-level pull HALO drop on the White House as part of an exercise to test the Secret Service response to an attack on principal. BJ Worth, a professional stuntman doubling as James Bond, is shown in the 1997 film Tomorrow Never Dies performing a HALO jump. In November 2001, a small team of U.S. troops from the 75th Ranger Regiment Regimental Reconnaissance Company freefall parachuted into Afghanistan in order to establish a landing strip. In 2002, United States Air Force Pararescue jumpers conducted a HALO jump in Afghanistan as a means of reaching a gravely wounded member of the Australian Special Air Service who was stranded in a minefield. Free fall parachute insertions were utilized during Operation Iraqi Freedom, as a means of bypassing enemy early warning systems. In 2009, during the rescue of Captain Richard Phillips off the coast of Somalia, a team of U.S. Navy SEALs carried out a nighttime HALO jump into the sea in order to reach USS Bainbridge which was towing a lifeboat containing Philips' hostage takers. In 2012, U.S. Navy SEALs used the technique to insert into Somalia to rescue two hostages being held by pirates near the town of Adow. Tom Cruise became the first actor to perform a HALO jump on camera for the 2018 film Mission: Impossible – Fallout. List of HALO/HAHO capable units Main article: List of HALO/HAHO Jump capable units See also Project Excelsior John Stapp Billy Waugh List of paratrooper forces Military Freefall Parachutist Badge Notes ^ "Civilian HALO Skydive from 30,000 ft. \| TEEM". TEEM. 2015-06-10. Retrieved 2018-08-22. ^ Taft, Jay. "Skydivers set to soar from 23,000 feet in Rochelle; unlike anywhere else in the Midwest". Rockford Register Star. Retrieved 2018-08-22. ^ a b "High-Altitude Airdrop Missions (HAAMS) High Altitude-Low Opening (HALO) and High Altitude-High Opening (HAHO)". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2012-01-07. ^ Jacobsen, Annie (14 May 2019). Surprise, Kill, Vanish: The Secret History of CIA Paramilitary Armies, Operators, and Assassins. Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0316441438. ^ Spark, Nick T. "The Story of John Paul Stapp". The Ejection Site. Retrieved 2008-11-19. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Secrets of SEAL Team Six. Part 2..wmv". YouTube. Retrieved 27 July 2012. ^ John Geddes, Highway to Hell (An SAS Veteran's Bloody Account on the Private Army in Iraq) – Arrow Books, Random House, 2007, page 180. ISBN 9780099499466. ^ a b "Military Free-Fall (MFF)". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 7 February 2022. ^ "Operational Medical Issues in Hypo- and Hyperbaric Conditions". booksgood. 20 December 2022. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. ^ Glorioso, John; Batts, Kenneth; Ward, William (July 1999). "Military Medicine Free Fall Training Injuries". Military Medicine. 164 (7): 526–530. doi:10.1093/milmed/164.7.526. Retrieved 8 February 2022. ^ Michael E. Haas (May 1998). Apollo's Warriors. DIANE Publishing. pp. 298–. ISBN 978-0-7881-4983-2. ^ Jacobsen, Annie (14 May 2019). Surprise, Kill, Vanish: The Secret History of CIA Paramilitary Armies, Operators, and Assassins. Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0316441438. ^ "Tomorrow Never Dies (1997) - IMDb". IMDb. ^ "Stuntmen who has played Ian Fleming's James Bond on film". ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Countdown To Tomorrow: Making of Tomorrow Never Dies - James Bond". YouTube. ^ "RRC". Regimental Reconnaissance Company. 2001-11-21. Retrieved 2018-02-18. ^ Leigh Neville (3 May 2011). Special Operations Forces in Afghanistan. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 83–. ISBN 978-1-84908-825-1. ^ James Kitfield (25 October 2016). Twilight Warriors: The Soldiers, Spies, and Special Agents Who Are Revolutionizing the American Way of War. Basic Books. pp. 252–. ISBN 978-0-465-06470-0. ^ Jessica Buchanan; Erik Landemalm; Anthony Flacco (14 May 2013). Impossible Odds: The Kidnapping of Jessica Buchanan and Her Dramatic Rescue by SEAL Team Six. Simon and Schuster. pp. 235–. ISBN 978-1-4767-2519-2. ^ "Watch Tom Cruise Make History Doing a "Halo Jump" From 25,000 Feet in Mission: Impossible – Fallout". Motion Picture Association of America. 2018-06-04. Retrieved 2018-12-17. References Black, Mike. HALO jump over Yuma Proving Ground, AZ. U.S. Marine Corps. United States of America. Divine, Mark (2004). Navy SEALs Air Operations – Free Fall: HALO/HAHO (used with permission). U.S. Navy SEAL 1989 to present. Founder of NavySEALs.com. McKenna, Pat (July 1997). A Bad Altitude. Airman Magazine. U.S. Air Force. United States of America. McManners, Hugh (2003), Ultimate Special Forces, pub Dorling Kindersley ASIN B01NCQBKNJ U.S. Army Infantry School (November 1, 1995). Lesson 3: Airlift Requests and Personnel Used in Airborne. Fundamentals of Airborne Operations, Edition B. U.S. Army Infantry School. US Army. United States of America. U.S. DOD (June 5, 2003). US DOD Dictionary of Military Terms: Joint Acronyms and Abbreviations. U.S. Department of Defense. United States of America. https://web.archive.org/web/20100106010349/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1986/nov-dec/boyd.html http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/airborne-halo-haho.htm External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to High Altitude – High Opening. The short film STAFF FILM REPORT 66-12A (1966) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive.	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For other uses, see Haho (disambiguation).United States Air Force Pararescuemen jump at half the height of a typical HALO/HAHO insertion2eme REP Legionnaires HALO jump from a C-160.High-altitude military parachuting, or military free fall (MFF), is a method of delivering military personnel, military equipment, and other military supplies from a transport aircraft at a high altitude via free-fall parachute insertion. Two techniques are used: HALO (high altitude – low opening, often called a HALO jump) and HAHO (high altitude – high opening).In the HALO technique, the parachutist opens the parachute at a low altitude after free-falling for a period of time, while in the HAHO technique, the parachutist opens the parachute at a high altitude just a few seconds after jumping from the aircraft.Although HALO techniques were first developed in the 1960s for military use, in recent years HALO parachute designs have been more widely used in non-military applications, including as a form of skydiving.[1][2]In military operations, HALO is also used for delivering equipment, supplies, or personnel, while HAHO is generally used exclusively for personnel. In typical HALO/HAHO insertions the troops jump from altitudes between 15,000 and 35,000 feet (4,600 and 10,700 m).[3] Military parachutists will often reach a terminal velocity of 126 mph (203 km/h), allowing for a jump time under two minutes.[3]","title":"High-altitude military parachuting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"John K. Singlaub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_K._Singlaub"},{"link_name":"B-26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-26_Invader"},{"link_name":"FOB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_operating_base"},{"link_name":"Yeongheungdo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeongheungdo"},{"link_name":"L-19 Bird Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-19_Bird_Dog"},{"link_name":"Han River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_River_(Korea)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Colonel John Stapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stapp"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ejectsite-5"},{"link_name":"biophysicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophysics"},{"link_name":"g-forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-force"},{"link_name":"ejection seats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejection_seat"},{"link_name":"Joseph Kittinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kittinger"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos"},{"link_name":"MACV-SOG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Assistance_Command,_Vietnam_%E2%80%93_Studies_and_Observations_Group"},{"link_name":"SEAL Teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEAL_Teams"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"airdrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airdrop"},{"link_name":"surface-to-air missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile"},{"link_name":"terminal velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_velocity"},{"link_name":"AGL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Height_above_ground_level"},{"link_name":"radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar"}],"text":"The origins of the HALO technique date to 1951 during the Korean War. John K. Singlaub, CIA deputy chief of station in Seoul wanted to use bomber aircraft for agent drops in CIA covert-action operations. Singlaub used an air force B-26 out of a FOB on Yeongheungdo Island and re-rigged the bomb bay as a jump platform. After he conducted a series of proof of concept test jumps, Singlaub borrowed an air force L-19 Bird Dog and made a series of high altitude low-opening test jumps over the Han River.[4]In 1960, the United States Air Force began conducting experiments that followed earlier work by Colonel John Stapp in the late 1940s[5] through early 1950s on survivability for pilots ejecting at high altitude. Stapp, a research biophysicist and medical doctor, used himself in rocket sled tests to study the effects of very high g-forces. Stapp also solved many of the problems of high-altitude flight in his earliest work for the U.S. Air Force and subjected himself to exposure to altitudes of up to 45,000 feet (14,000 m). He later helped develop pressure suits and ejection seats, which have been used in jets ever since. As part of the experiments, on August 16, 1960, Colonel Joseph Kittinger performed the first high-altitude jump at 19.5 miles (31.4 km) above the Earth's surface. Kittinger's friend and United States Naval Parachute Test Jumper Joe Crotwell was also among the consultants and test jumpers of the original program. The first time the technique was used for combat was during the Vietnam War in Laos by members of MACV-SOG Recon Team Florida. SEAL Teams of the United States Navy expanded the HALO technique to include delivery of boats and other large items.The technique is used to airdrop supplies, equipment, or personnel at high altitudes, where aircraft can fly above surface-to-air missile (SAM) engagement levels through enemy skies without posing a threat to the transport or load. In the event that anti-aircraft cannons are active near the drop zone, the HALO technique also minimizes the parachutist's exposure to flak.For military cargo airdrops, the rigged load is cut free and rolls out of the plane as a result of gravity. The load then proceeds to fall under canopy to a designated drop zone.In a typical HALO exercise, the parachutist will jump from the aircraft, free-fall for a period of time at terminal velocity, and open his parachute at an altitude as low as 3,000 feet (910 m) AGL depending on the mission. The combination of high downward speed, minimal forward airspeed, and the use of only small amounts of metal helps to defeat radar and reduces the amount of time a parachute might be visible to ground observers, enabling a stealthy insertion.","title":"High Altitude Low Opening – HALO"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"compass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass"},{"link_name":"GPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System"},{"link_name":"22 SAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22_SAS"},{"link_name":"Charles \"Nish\" Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nish_Bruce"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JohnGeddes-7"}],"text":"The HAHO technique is used to airdrop personnel at high altitudes when aircraft are unable to fly above enemy skies without posing a threat to the jumpers. In addition, HAHO parachute jumps are employed in the covert insertion of military personnel (generally special operations forces) into enemy territory, in circumstances where the covert nature of an operation may be compromised by the loud noise of parachutes opening at low altitude.HAHO jumps also allow a longer travel distance due to increased under-canopy time, allowing travelling distances of more than 40 miles (64 km).[6]In a typical HAHO exercise, the jumper will jump from the aircraft and deploy the parachute immediately after exiting the aircraft. The jumper will use a compass or GPS device for guidance while flying for 30 or more miles (50 kilometers). The jumper must use way points and terrain features to navigate to their desired landing zone and correct their course to account for changes in wind speed and direction. If deploying as a team, the team will form up in a stack while airborne with their parachutes. Usually, the jumper in the lowest position will set the travel course and act as a guide for the other team members. HAHO insertions (excluding training) are intended to be executed at night.Whilst in the British Special Forces (22 SAS), due to his extensive skydiving background, Charles \"Nish\" Bruce was pivotal in the original trials and development of the HAHO tactic now routinely used as a conflict insert for special forces.[7]","title":"High Altitude High Opening – HAHO"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MFF-8"},{"link_name":"Fort Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Moore"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Yuma Proving Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuma_Proving_Ground"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MFF-8"}],"text":"In the United States, military personnel who intend to participate in high-altitude military operations must undergo intense training with strict rules and regulations. Military free-fall is one of the most dangerous and physically demanding skills in special operations. MFF operations are typically done under the cover of darkness, so as to hide the operator's presence from opposing forces.[8]The transition into being military free-fall certified starts with successfully completing the static-line certification at Fort Moore, Georgia. The military free-fall course is instructed at Yuma Proving Ground and spans four weeks. The first week of the course students will learn how to stabilize their body in flight in a specially constructed vertical wind tunnel.[8]","title":"Military Free-Fall – MFF"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Decompression sickness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_sickness"},{"link_name":"Decompression (altitude)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_(altitude)"},{"link_name":"partial pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_pressure"},{"link_name":"Earth's atmosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth"},{"link_name":"human respiration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)"},{"link_name":"hypoxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)"},{"link_name":"decompression sickness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_sickness"},{"link_name":"extravehicular activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extravehicular_activity"},{"link_name":"space suits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_suit"},{"link_name":"antihistamines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihistamine"},{"link_name":"sedatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedative"},{"link_name":"analgesics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgesic"},{"link_name":"anemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia"},{"link_name":"carbon monoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide"},{"link_name":"fatigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue"},{"link_name":"anxiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"frostbite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostbite"},{"link_name":"polypropylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypropylene"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Injury_Study-10"}],"text":"See also: Decompression sickness and Decompression (altitude)All types of parachuting techniques are dangerous, but HALO/HAHO carry special risks. At high altitudes (greater than 22,000 feet or 6,700 metres), the partial pressure of oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere is low. Oxygen is required for human respiration and lack of pressure can lead to hypoxia. Rapid ascent in the jump aircraft without flushing sufficient nitrogen from the bloodstream and other body tissues can lead to decompression sickness, also known as caisson disease or \"the bends\". Since altitude decompression is a form of decompression from saturation, the risk of decompression sickness remains in slow tissues. A longer period of oxygen prebreathing or altitude acclimatisation is necessary to eliminate risk completely. The procedures used for preparation for extravehicular activity in space suits are relevant.A typical HAHO exercise will require a pre-breathing period (30–45 minutes) prior to jump where the jumper breathes 100% oxygen in order to flush nitrogen from their bloodstream. Also, a HAHO jumper will employ an oxygen bottle during the jump. Danger can come from medical conditions affecting the jumper. Other factors increasing risk include tobacco smoking, alcohol and drug use (including antihistamines, sedatives, and analgesics), anemia, carbon monoxide, fatigue and anxiety can all lead to a jumper being more susceptible to hypoxia.[citation needed] In addition, problems with the oxygen bottle and during the changeover from the pre-breather to the oxygen bottle can result in the return of nitrogen to the jumper's bloodstream and, therefore, an increased likelihood of decompression sickness [clarification needed][9] A jumper suffering from hypoxia may lose consciousness and therefore be unable to open the parachute.Another risk is from the low ambient temperatures prevalent at higher altitudes. At an altitude of 35,000 feet (11,000 m), the jumper faces temperatures of −45 °C (−49 °F), and can experience frostbite. However, HAHO jumpers generally wear polypropylene knit undergarments and other warm clothing under a windproof shell to prevent this.HALO carries the additional risk that if the parachute fails to deploy or lines become tangled, there is less time to resort to the reserve (back-up parachute) or untangle the lines.[citation needed]A retrospective study pinpointed 134 parachutists with 141 injuries. All these injuries were a result of members in HALO training. The most common injuries found were fractures, which accounted for 35% of the total injuries. Muscle sprains accounted for 34.7% of injuries. Other proportionally higher injuries were dislocations at 9.9%, contusions at 7.8%, and cuts and lacerations at 4.9%. The article also noted that two deaths occurred while the study was being conducted.[10]","title":"Health risks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"MACV-SOG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Assistance_Command,_Vietnam_%E2%80%93_Studies_and_Observations_Group"},{"link_name":"C-130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-130"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haas1998-11"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Camp David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_David"},{"link_name":"1st Special Forces Operational Detachment–Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Force"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"Secret Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond_(literary_character)"},{"link_name":"Tomorrow Never Dies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrow_Never_Dies"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"75th Ranger Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/75th_Ranger_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Regimental Reconnaissance Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regimental_Reconnaissance_Company"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Regimental_Reconnaissance_Company_2001-16"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force Pararescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Pararescue"},{"link_name":"Australian Special Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Air_Service_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neville2011-17"},{"link_name":"Operation Iraqi Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"rescue of Captain Richard Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maersk_Alabama_hijacking"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"USS Bainbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Bainbridge_(DDG-96)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kitfield2016-18"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"rescue two hostages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue_of_Jessica_Buchanan_and_Poul_Hagen_Thisted"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BuchananLandemalm2013-19"},{"link_name":"Tom Cruise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cruise"},{"link_name":"Mission: Impossible – Fallout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission:_Impossible_%E2%80%93_Fallout"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The first combat high-altitude jump took place during the Vietnam War on 28 November 1970, when a six-man MACV-SOG team from Recon Team Florida parachuted from a C-130 at 18,000 feet (5,500 m) into Laos.[11]\nOn 14 October 1990, while President George H. W. Bush was at Camp David, a team of operators from 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment–Delta conducted a successful low-level pull HALO drop on the White House as part of an exercise to test the Secret Service response to an attack on principal.[12]\nBJ Worth, a professional stuntman doubling as James Bond, is shown in the 1997 film Tomorrow Never Dies performing a HALO jump.[13][14][15]\nIn November 2001, a small team of U.S. troops from the 75th Ranger Regiment Regimental Reconnaissance Company freefall parachuted into Afghanistan in order to establish a landing strip.[16]\nIn 2002, United States Air Force Pararescue jumpers conducted a HALO jump in Afghanistan as a means of reaching a gravely wounded member of the Australian Special Air Service who was stranded in a minefield.[17]\nFree fall parachute insertions were utilized during Operation Iraqi Freedom, as a means of bypassing enemy early warning systems.[citation needed]\nIn 2009, during the rescue of Captain Richard Phillips off the coast of Somalia, a team of U.S. Navy SEALs carried out a nighttime HALO jump into the sea in order to reach USS Bainbridge which was towing a lifeboat containing Philips' hostage takers.[18]\nIn 2012, U.S. Navy SEALs used the technique to insert into Somalia to rescue two hostages being held by pirates near the town of Adow.[19]\nTom Cruise became the first actor to perform a HALO jump on camera for the 2018 film Mission: Impossible – Fallout.[20]","title":"Example of use"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of HALO/HAHO capable units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Civilian HALO Skydive from 30,000 ft. \| TEEM\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//jointheteem.com/skydiving-videos/civilian-halo-skydive-from-30000-ft/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Skydivers set to soar from 23,000 feet in Rochelle; unlike anywhere else in the Midwest\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rrstar.com/sports/20170713/skydivers-set-to-soar-from-23000-feet-in-rochelle-unlike-anywhere-else-in-midwest"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-globalsec_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-globalsec_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"High-Altitude Airdrop Missions (HAAMS) High Altitude-Low Opening (HALO) and High Altitude-High Opening (HAHO)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/airborne-halo-haho.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0316441438","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0316441438"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ejectsite_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"The Story of John Paul Stapp\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ejectionsite.com/stapp.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Ghostarchive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/T0gSkFs8aI8"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150218133620/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T0gSkFs8aI8"},{"link_name":"\"Secrets of SEAL Team Six. Part 2..wmv\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=T0gSkFs8aI8"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-JohnGeddes_7-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780099499466","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780099499466"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MFF_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MFF_8-1"},{"link_name":"\"Military Free-Fall (MFF)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/airborne-mff.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Operational Medical Issues in Hypo- and Hyperbaric Conditions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20221220152046/https://www.freebooksgood.com/2022/12/operational-medical-issues-in-hypo-and-hyperbaric-conditions.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.freebooksgood.com/2022/12/operational-medical-issues-in-hypo-and-hyperbaric-conditions.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Injury_Study_10-0"},{"link_name":"\"Military Medicine Free Fall Training Injuries\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//academic.oup.com/milmed/article/164/7/526/4832258"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/milmed/164.7.526","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fmilmed%2F164.7.526"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Haas1998_11-0"},{"link_name":"Apollo's Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=tEv4-55pnRAC&pg=PA298"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7881-4983-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-4983-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0316441438","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0316441438"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Tomorrow Never Dies (1997) - 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TEEM. 2015-06-10. Retrieved 2018-08-22.\n\n^ Taft, Jay. \"Skydivers set to soar from 23,000 feet in Rochelle; unlike anywhere else in the Midwest\". Rockford Register Star. Retrieved 2018-08-22.\n\n^ a b \"High-Altitude Airdrop Missions (HAAMS) High Altitude-Low Opening (HALO) and High Altitude-High Opening (HAHO)\". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2012-01-07.\n\n^ Jacobsen, Annie (14 May 2019). Surprise, Kill, Vanish: The Secret History of CIA Paramilitary Armies, Operators, and Assassins. Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0316441438.\n\n^ Spark, Nick T. \"The Story of John Paul Stapp\". The Ejection Site. Retrieved 2008-11-19.\n\n^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: \"Secrets of SEAL Team Six. Part 2..wmv\". YouTube. Retrieved 27 July 2012.\n\n^ John Geddes, Highway to Hell (An SAS Veteran's Bloody Account on the Private Army in Iraq) – Arrow Books, Random House, 2007, page 180. ISBN 9780099499466.\n\n^ a b \"Military Free-Fall (MFF)\". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 7 February 2022.\n\n^ \"Operational Medical Issues in Hypo- and Hyperbaric Conditions\". booksgood. 20 December 2022. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022.\n\n^ Glorioso, John; Batts, Kenneth; Ward, William (July 1999). \"Military Medicine Free Fall Training Injuries\". Military Medicine. 164 (7): 526–530. doi:10.1093/milmed/164.7.526. Retrieved 8 February 2022.\n\n^ Michael E. Haas (May 1998). Apollo's Warriors. DIANE Publishing. pp. 298–. ISBN 978-0-7881-4983-2.\n\n^ Jacobsen, Annie (14 May 2019). Surprise, Kill, Vanish: The Secret History of CIA Paramilitary Armies, Operators, and Assassins. Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0316441438.\n\n^ \"Tomorrow Never Dies (1997) - IMDb\". IMDb.\n\n^ \"Stuntmen who has played Ian Fleming's James Bond on film\".\n\n^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: \"Countdown To Tomorrow: Making of Tomorrow Never Dies - James Bond\". YouTube.\n\n^ \"RRC\". Regimental Reconnaissance Company. 2001-11-21. Retrieved 2018-02-18.\n\n^ Leigh Neville (3 May 2011). Special Operations Forces in Afghanistan. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 83–. ISBN 978-1-84908-825-1.\n\n^ James Kitfield (25 October 2016). Twilight Warriors: The Soldiers, Spies, and Special Agents Who Are Revolutionizing the American Way of War. Basic Books. pp. 252–. ISBN 978-0-465-06470-0.\n\n^ Jessica Buchanan; Erik Landemalm; Anthony Flacco (14 May 2013). Impossible Odds: The Kidnapping of Jessica Buchanan and Her Dramatic Rescue by SEAL Team Six. Simon and Schuster. pp. 235–. ISBN 978-1-4767-2519-2.\n\n^ \"Watch Tom Cruise Make History Doing a \"Halo Jump\" From 25,000 Feet in Mission: Impossible – Fallout\". Motion Picture Association of America. 2018-06-04. Retrieved 2018-12-17.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"United States Air Force Pararescuemen jump at half the height of a typical HALO/HAHO insertion","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PJ_HALO_drop.jpg/220px-PJ_HALO_drop.jpg"},{"image_text":"2eme REP Legionnaires HALO jump from a C-160.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Parachutistes_Balagne.jpg/220px-Parachutistes_Balagne.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Project Excelsior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Excelsior"},{"title":"John Stapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stapp"},{"title":"Billy Waugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Waugh"},{"title":"List of paratrooper forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_paratrooper_forces"},{"title":"Military Freefall Parachutist Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Freefall_Parachutist_Badge"}]	[{"reference":"\"Civilian HALO Skydive from 30,000 ft. \| TEEM\". 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IMDb.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120347/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast","url_text":"\"Tomorrow Never Dies (1997) - IMDb\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"Stuntmen who has played Ian Fleming's James Bond on film\".","urls":[{"url":"https://jamesbond007.se/eng/artiklar/stuntman-som-james-bond","url_text":"\"Stuntmen who has played Ian Fleming's James Bond on film\""}]},{"reference":"\"Countdown To Tomorrow: Making of Tomorrow Never Dies - James Bond\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TAp1Wn782w","url_text":"\"Countdown To Tomorrow: Making of Tomorrow Never Dies - James Bond\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"RRC\". Regimental Reconnaissance Company. 2001-11-21. Retrieved 2018-02-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanspecialops.com/rangers/rrc/","url_text":"\"RRC\""}]},{"reference":"Leigh Neville (3 May 2011). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daya_(singer)	Daya (singer)	["1 Early life","2 Music career","3 Discography","3.1 Studio albums","3.2 EPs","4 Personal life","5 Filmography","6 Awards and nominations","7 References","8 External links"]	American singer and songwriter DayaDaya performing in 2016Background informationBirth nameGrace Martine TandonBorn (1998-10-24) October 24, 1998 (age 25)Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.OriginMt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania, U.S.GenresPopsynthpopelectronicOccupation(s)SingersongwriterInstrument(s)VocalsYears active2015–presentLabelsArtbeatzZREDInterscopeSandlotAWALWebsitetheofficialdaya.comMusical artist Grace Martine Tandon (born October 24, 1998), known professionally as Daya (stylized DΛYΛ; pronounced /ˈdeɪ.ə/), is an American singer and songwriter from Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania. She is signed to Sandlot Records and AWAL, and released her self-titled debut extended play (EP), Daya, on September 4, 2015, which includes the song "Hide Away", which has peaked at number 23 on the Billboard Hot 100. She released her debut studio album Sit Still, Look Pretty on October 7, 2016. Early life Daya was born in Pittsburgh on October 24, 1998, and grew up in the suburb of Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania. Her paternal grandfather was a Punjabi Indian immigrant from Punjab, India. She has four siblings, Lou, Mariana, Celia, and Avery. Her stage name Daya ( ⓘ) is the Sanskrit word for "compassion" or "kindness". In grade school she attended St. Bernard School and later she attended Mt. Lebanon High School, where she graduated. At the age of three, Daya began to learn the piano, and started jazz piano at the age of eleven. By this time, she had also learned to play the guitar, ukulele, saxophone, and flute. Daya also spent a summer studying songwriting at Interlochen Arts Camp. At eleven, Daya enrolled as a student at the Accelerando Music Conservatory, owned by Christina Chirumbolo, in Pittsburgh. There, she met songwriter and producer Gino Barletta, a colleague of Chirumbolo who visited the school as a lecturer. Chirumbolo and Barletta founded INSIDE ACCESS, a music camp, the two worked with Daya eventually inviting her to Los Angeles in February 2015 to work on her original material. Music career Daya performing in Chicago in June 2016 Daya performing in Los Angeles in March 2017 Daya performing in San Francisco in March 2017 Daya's professional career began when her parents accompanied her to Los Angeles to work with Christina Chirumbolo and Gino Barletta, founders of INSIDE ACCESS by Accelerando, Brett McLaughlin, Britten Newbill and Noisecastle III at Paramount Recording Studios. It was during one of these writing sessions that her debut single "Hide Away" was written and recorded, and Barletta consequently introduced Daya to Steve Zap of Z Entertainment. Daya, who was a junior in high school at the time, said she didn't think anything would happen for a while, and went back to school the next day. A radio promotions veteran, Zap liked the song and was interested in helping to promote the singer, leading to forming an independent label with Barletta called Artbeatz. Daya released her song "Hide Away" on April 22, 2015. The song was well-received online, enjoyed support from a number of notable bloggers including Tyler Oakley and Perez Hilton, the latter commenting "There is something very special about Daya's voice". Jason Lipshutz of Billboard also featured the single on their official website, labelling it "a gorgeous debut". Daya made her television debut performing "Hide Away" on Today with Kathie Lee and Hoda on August 21, 2015, as Elvis Duran's Artist of the Month. She returned to Today for their summer concert series on June 28, 2016. Following a successful debut, Daya released her self-titled EP, Daya, which features six songs, including "Hide Away", on September 4, 2015. The EP was premiered in full a day early by Billboard, and debuted at number 161 on the Billboard 200, propelling "Hide Away" to number 40 on the Billboard Pop Songs chart. On October 30, 2015, Daya released the physical version of her debut EP through Target. In 2016, Daya was the opening act for American pop-rap duo Jack & Jack's US tour. In February 2016, she was featured on The Chainsmokers' song "Don't Let Me Down", which eventually peaked at number 3 on the Hot 100, becoming her second top 40 entry and her first top 10. This was the only song by Daya that reached the Billboard Hot 100 Decade-End Chart. She also released the second single from her self-titled EP, "Sit Still, Look Pretty", which debuted at number 100 and peaked at number 28, her third top 40. Daya was invited to perform at the 2016 White House Easter Egg Roll, where she and her family met President Barack Obama and the First Lady Michelle Obama. On November 15, 2016, Daya released her song "Words" as her third single from her debut album Sit Still, Look Pretty. On December 6, 2016, it was announced that "Don't Let Me Down" had been nominated for the 59th Annual Grammy Awards. On February 12, 2017, it won the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording making it the singer's first Grammy Award. In March 2017, she worked for Gryffin's song "Feel Good" along with Illenium. On October 11, 2017, she released a new single, "New", through Interscope Records. In March 2018, Daya was featured on RL Grime's song "I Wanna Know" which was released on March 16, 2018. On June 22, 2018, Daya released her single "Safe". On July 18, 2018, she released the video for the single. Daya released five singles in 2019. Two of the singles, "Insomnia" and "Left Me Yet", were originally intended to be on her second studio album. "Forward Motion" was intended for the movie Late Night. "Keeping It in the Dark" is on the soundtrack of the Netflix series 13 Reasons Why. "Wanted" is a collaboration with Swedish music production duo NOTD. On October 9, 2020, she released "First Time", which was rumored to be related to a new album. It ended up being on her EP The Difference, released on May 14, 2021, together with "Montana", which she released a little earlier, on April 30 and "Bad Girl", which already charted on the Mainstream Top 40. She released her next EP In Between Dreams on September 16, 2022. Discography Main article: Daya discography Studio albums Sit Still, Look Pretty (2016) EPs Daya (2015) The Difference (2021) In Between Dreams (2022) Personal life Daya came out publicly as bisexual in October 2018 for National Coming Out Day. On April 2, 2021, Daya went public on Instagram with her girlfriend of three years, Clyde Munroe, after releasing the single "Bad Girl" about her. Filmography Television roles Year Title Role Note 2016 School of Rock Herself "I Put a Spellon You"(Season 2: episode 5) Awards and nominations Year Award Category Work Result 2016 Radio Disney Music Awards Best New Artist Herself Nominated MTV Video Music Awards Best Electronic Video "Don't Let Me Down" Latin American Music Awards Favorite Dance Song American Music Awards Collaboration of the Year 2017 Grammy Awards Best Dance Recording Won iHeartRadio Music Awards Dance Song of the Year Nominated Best Collaboration Best Music Video Best New Pop Artist Herself Kids' Choice Awards Favorite New Artist WDM Radio Awards Best Electronic Vocalist Best Trending Track "Don't Let Me Down" Won Radio Disney Music Awards Best Dance Track (Best Song to Dance To) Nominated Song of the Year "Sit Still, Look Pretty" Breakout Artist of the Year Herself Billboard Music Awards Top Hot 100 Song "Don't Let Me Down" Top Selling Song Top Radio Song Top Collaboration Top Dance/Electronic Song 2020 Spotify Awards Most-Streamed EDM Female Artist Herself Nominated References ^ "Daya - Biography \| Billboard". Billboard.com. Retrieved June 12, 2017. ^ a b "Daya 106.9 The Q". 106.9 The Q. Archived from the original on October 7, 2015. Retrieved October 5, 2015. ^ "Daya – Hide Away – CBS Pittsburgh". CBS Pittsburgh. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved October 5, 2015. ^ "Z Entertainment Management". Archived from the original on October 6, 2015. Retrieved October 5, 2015. ^ a b "iTunes (U.S.) – Music – Daya – Daya – EP". iTunes (U.S.). September 4, 2015. Archived from the original on September 1, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2015. ^ Mervis, Scott (October 29, 2015). "Music preview: Mt. Lebanon singer Daya has shot at pop fame". post-gazette.com. Retrieved March 21, 2016. ^ a b "A Lebo Pop Princess". Lebo Mag. June 4, 2015. Retrieved October 5, 2015. ^ a b c Kelly Washere (September 20, 2016). "Mt. Lebanon's Daya is a rising pop star who remains grounded". South Hills Living. Archived from the original on October 6, 2016. Retrieved September 21, 2016. ^ "Accelerando". Accelerandopittsburgh.com. Archived from the original on October 1, 2018. Retrieved January 7, 2016. ^ "Daya's 'Hide Away' on iTunes! www.theofficialdaya.com - YouTube". YouTube. April 22, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2016. ^ "Listen To This: Fly As A Mother – Perez Hilton". Perez Hilton. June 5, 2015. Archived from the original on June 17, 2018. Retrieved October 5, 2015. ^ "Pop Playlist Summer 2015: 15 Awesome Songs You Might Have Missed – Billboard". Billboard. Retrieved October 5, 2015. ^ "Daya Performing "Hide Away" on The Today Show". YouTube. September 11, 2015. Retrieved October 5, 2015. ^ "Daya - Sit Still, Look Pretty - Live on Today Show". YouTube. June 28, 2016. Retrieved September 28, 2016. ^ "Daya EP Premiere: Stream – Billboard". Billboard. September 3, 2015. Retrieved October 5, 2015. ^ "Billboard – Daya – Chart History – Billboard 200". Billboard. September 26, 2015. Retrieved October 5, 2015. ^ "Daya's "Hide Away" Debut On Billboard". Headline Planet. September 9, 2015. Retrieved October 5, 2015. ^ "Daya – Daya (Only at Target)". Target. October 30, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2015. ^ "Q92". facebook. November 13, 2015. Retrieved April 6, 2016. ^ "Daya Reacts to First Grammy Nomination: 'This is Insane'". Billboard. Retrieved February 15, 2017. ^ a b Wilson, Winston-Cook (December 6, 2016). "Grammys 2017: Adele, Beyoncé, the Chainsmokers Dominate the Nominations". Spin. Retrieved December 6, 2016. ^ "Gryffin Talks New Track 'Feel Good' With Illenium & Daya, Dream Collabs & What's Next". Billboard. Retrieved August 15, 2018. ^ "Top 40/M Future Releases - Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates". AllAccess Music Group. October 17, 2017. Archived from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2017. ^ "RL Grime Goes Pop With Daya on 'I Wanna Know': Listen". Billboard. Retrieved September 13, 2018. ^ Rearick, Lauren. "Listen to Daya's Powerful New Song "Safe"". Teen Vogue. Retrieved August 15, 2018. ^ "Daya Seeks Comfort and Stability in New Music Video & Campaign for 'Safe'". Billboard. Retrieved August 15, 2018. ^ Das, Shaoni (October 17, 2020). "A New Relationship Has Got Daya Falling Hard In "First Time"". Music Talkers - Latest Music News & Artist Exposure. Retrieved November 4, 2022. ^ Lipshutz, Jason (April 30, 2021). "Allow Daya To Reintroduce Herself: Pop Singer Releases New Song 'Montana' & Prepares For 'Era of Rebirth'". Billboard. Retrieved November 4, 2022. ^ Major, Michael (September 16, 2022). "Daya Releases New EP 'In Between Dreams'". BroadwayWorld. Retrieved November 4, 2022. ^ "Pop singer Daya comes out as bisexual". Pinknews.co.uk. October 16, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2022. ^ "Daya Introduces Girlfriend of 3 Years Clyde Munroe: 'She's My Best Friend and My Whole World'". People.com. Retrieved June 6, 2021. ^ "Daya Studies Up for 'School of Rock' Acting Debut: Exclusive". Billboard. ^ "2017 iHeartRadio Music Awards: Complete List of Nominations". E! Online. January 3, 2017. ^ "2017 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards". Archived from the original on February 5, 2017. Retrieved February 4, 2017. ^ "WDM Radio Awards 2017". LOS40. Archived from the original on March 7, 2017. Retrieved February 21, 2017. ^ Reyes, Van (February 19, 2020). "Conoce a todos los nominados a los Spotify Awards 2020". nacionrex.com (in Spanish). Retrieved February 22, 2020. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Daya. Official website vteDaya Discography Studio albums Sit Still, Look Pretty Extended plays Daya Singles "Hide Away" "Sit Still, Look Pretty" "Words" "New" "Insomnia" "Wanted" Featured singles "Don't Let Me Down" "Feel Good" "I Wanna Know" Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Artists Grammy Awards MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"/ˈdeɪ.ə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt._Lebanon,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106.9_The_Q-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"AWAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWAL"},{"link_name":"extended play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"Daya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daya_(EP)"},{"link_name":"Hide Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hide_Away_(Daya_song)"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iTunes_1-5"},{"link_name":"Sit Still, Look Pretty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sit_Still,_Look_Pretty_(album)"}],"text":"Musical artistGrace Martine Tandon (born October 24, 1998),[1] known professionally as Daya (stylized DΛYΛ; pronounced /ˈdeɪ.ə/), is an American singer and songwriter from Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania.[2][3] She is signed to Sandlot Records and AWAL, and released her self-titled debut extended play (EP), Daya, on September 4, 2015, which includes the song \"Hide Away\", which has peaked at number 23 on the Billboard Hot 100.[4][5] She released her debut studio album Sit Still, Look Pretty on October 7, 2016.","title":"Daya (singer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt._Lebanon_Township,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Punjabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabis"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_India"},{"link_name":"[dɐˈjaː]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/Pronunciaci%C3%B3n_de_Daya_en_s%C3%A1nscrito_%28%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%29.ogg/Pronunciaci%C3%B3n_de_Daya_en_s%C3%A1nscrito_%28%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%29.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pronunciaci%C3%B3n_de_Daya_en_s%C3%A1nscrito_(%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE).ogg"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Mt. Lebanon High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt._Lebanon_School_District#Mt._Lebanon_High_School"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lebo_Mag-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-South_Hills_Living-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lebo_Mag-7"},{"link_name":"Interlochen Arts Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlochen_Center_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106.9_The_Q-2"}],"text":"Daya was born in Pittsburgh on October 24, 1998, and grew up in the suburb of Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania. Her paternal grandfather was a Punjabi Indian immigrant from Punjab, India. She has four siblings, Lou, Mariana, Celia, and Avery. Her stage name Daya ([dɐˈjaː] ⓘ) is the Sanskrit word for \"compassion\" or \"kindness\".[6] In grade school she attended St. Bernard School and later she attended Mt. Lebanon High School,[7] where she graduated.[8] At the age of three, Daya began to learn the piano, and started jazz piano at the age of eleven. By this time, she had also learned to play the guitar, ukulele, saxophone, and flute.[7] Daya also spent a summer studying songwriting at Interlochen Arts Camp.At eleven, Daya enrolled as a student at the Accelerando Music Conservatory, owned by Christina Chirumbolo,[9] in Pittsburgh. There, she met songwriter and producer Gino Barletta,[2] a colleague of Chirumbolo who visited the school as a lecturer. Chirumbolo and Barletta founded INSIDE ACCESS, a music camp, the two worked with Daya eventually inviting her to Los Angeles in February 2015 to work on her original material.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daya-singer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daya_03_09_2017_-9_(34216846791).jpg"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daya_Singing_SF.jpg"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Brett McLaughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Paramount Recording 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Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_%26_Jack"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"The Chainsmokers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chainsmokers"},{"link_name":"Don't Let Me Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Let_Me_Down_(The_Chainsmokers_song)"},{"link_name":"Sit Still, Look Pretty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sit_Still,_Look_Pretty"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Michelle Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Obama"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-South_Hills_Living-8"},{"link_name":"Words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words_(Daya_song)"},{"link_name":"Sit Still, Look Pretty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sit_Still,_Look_Pretty_(album)"},{"link_name":"Don't Let Me 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Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interscope_Records"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllAccess-23"},{"link_name":"RL Grime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RL_Grime"},{"link_name":"I Wanna Know","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Wanna_Know_(RL_Grime_song)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Insomnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia_(Daya_song)"},{"link_name":"Late Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Night_(film)"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"13 Reasons Why","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_Reasons_Why"},{"link_name":"Wanted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanted_(NOTD_and_Daya_song)"},{"link_name":"NOTD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOTD"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Mainstream Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Daya performing in Chicago in June 2016Daya performing in Los Angeles in March 2017Daya performing in San Francisco in March 2017Daya's professional career began when her parents accompanied her to Los Angeles to work with Christina Chirumbolo and Gino Barletta, founders of INSIDE ACCESS by Accelerando, Brett McLaughlin, Britten Newbill and Noisecastle III at Paramount Recording Studios. It was during one of these writing sessions that her debut single \"Hide Away\" was written and recorded, and Barletta consequently introduced Daya to Steve Zap of Z Entertainment. Daya, who was a junior in high school at the time, said she didn't think anything would happen for a while, and went back to school the next day.[8] A radio promotions veteran, Zap liked the song and was interested in helping to promote the singer, leading to forming an independent label with Barletta called Artbeatz.Daya released her song \"Hide Away\" on April 22, 2015.[10] The song was well-received online, enjoyed support from a number of notable bloggers including Tyler Oakley and Perez Hilton, the latter commenting \"There is something very special about Daya's voice\".[11] Jason Lipshutz of Billboard also featured the single on their official website, labelling it \"a gorgeous debut\".[12]Daya made her television debut performing \"Hide Away\" on Today with Kathie Lee and Hoda on August 21, 2015, as Elvis Duran's Artist of the Month.[13] She returned to Today for their summer concert series on June 28, 2016.[14]Following a successful debut, Daya released her self-titled EP, Daya, which features six songs, including \"Hide Away\", on September 4, 2015.[5] The EP was premiered in full a day early by Billboard, and debuted at number 161 on the Billboard 200, propelling \"Hide Away\" to number 40 on the Billboard Pop Songs chart.[15][16][17]On October 30, 2015, Daya released the physical version of her debut EP through Target.[18]In 2016, Daya was the opening act for American pop-rap duo Jack & Jack's US tour.[19] In February 2016, she was featured on The Chainsmokers' song \"Don't Let Me Down\", which eventually peaked at number 3 on the Hot 100, becoming her second top 40 entry and her first top 10. This was the only song by Daya that reached the Billboard Hot 100 Decade-End Chart. She also released the second single from her self-titled EP, \"Sit Still, Look Pretty\", which debuted at number 100 and peaked at number 28, her third top 40.Daya was invited to perform at the 2016 White House Easter Egg Roll, where she and her family met President Barack Obama and the First Lady Michelle Obama.[8] On November 15, 2016, Daya released her song \"Words\" as her third single from her debut album Sit Still, Look Pretty.On December 6, 2016, it was announced that \"Don't Let Me Down\" had been nominated for the 59th Annual Grammy Awards.[20] On February 12, 2017, it won the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording making it the singer's first Grammy Award.[21]In March 2017, she worked for Gryffin's song \"Feel Good\" along with Illenium.[22] On October 11, 2017, she released a new single, \"New\", through Interscope Records.[23]In March 2018, Daya was featured on RL Grime's song \"I Wanna Know\" which was released on March 16, 2018.[24]On June 22, 2018, Daya released her single \"Safe\".[25] On July 18, 2018, she released the video for the single.[26]Daya released five singles in 2019. Two of the singles, \"Insomnia\" and \"Left Me Yet\", were originally intended to be on her second studio album. \"Forward Motion\" was intended for the movie Late Night. \"Keeping It in the Dark\" is on the soundtrack of the Netflix series 13 Reasons Why. \"Wanted\" is a collaboration with Swedish music production duo NOTD.On October 9, 2020, she released \"First Time\", which was rumored to be related to a new album.[27] It ended up being on her EP The Difference, released on May 14, 2021, together with \"Montana\", which she released a little earlier, on April 30 and \"Bad Girl\", which already charted on the Mainstream Top 40.[28] She released her next EP In Between Dreams on September 16, 2022.[29]","title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sit Still, Look Pretty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sit_Still,_Look_Pretty_(album)"}],"sub_title":"Studio albums","text":"Sit Still, Look Pretty (2016)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daya_(EP)"}],"sub_title":"EPs","text":"Daya (2015)\nThe Difference (2021)\nIn Between Dreams (2022)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisexuality"},{"link_name":"National Coming Out Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Coming_Out_Day"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Daya came out publicly as bisexual in October 2018 for National Coming Out Day.[30] On April 2, 2021, Daya went public on Instagram with her girlfriend of three years, Clyde Munroe, after releasing the single \"Bad Girl\" about her.[31]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]	[{"image_text":"Daya performing in Chicago in June 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Daya-singer.jpg/220px-Daya-singer.jpg"},{"image_text":"Daya performing in Los Angeles in March 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Daya_03_09_2017_-9_%2834216846791%29.jpg/220px-Daya_03_09_2017_-9_%2834216846791%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Daya performing in San Francisco in March 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Daya_Singing_SF.jpg/220px-Daya_Singing_SF.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Daya - Biography \| Billboard\". Billboard.com. Retrieved June 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/6683644/daya/biography","url_text":"\"Daya - Biography \| Billboard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Daya 106.9 The Q\". 106.9 The Q. Archived from the original on October 7, 2015. Retrieved October 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151007045941/http://www.1069theq.com/artist/daya/","url_text":"\"Daya 106.9 The Q\""},{"url":"http://www.1069theq.com/artist/daya/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Daya – Hide Away – CBS Pittsburgh\". CBS Pittsburgh. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved October 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180614044711/http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/video/3267445-daya-hide-away/","url_text":"\"Daya – Hide Away – CBS Pittsburgh\""},{"url":"http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/video/3267445-daya-hide-away/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Z Entertainment Management\". Archived from the original on October 6, 2015. Retrieved October 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151006034126/http://zentertainmentla.com/managment.html","url_text":"\"Z Entertainment Management\""},{"url":"http://zentertainmentla.com/managment.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"iTunes (U.S.) – Music – Daya – Daya – EP\". iTunes (U.S.). September 4, 2015. Archived from the original on September 1, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160901145450/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/daya-ep/id1028772922","url_text":"\"iTunes (U.S.) – Music – Daya – Daya – EP\""},{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/daya-ep/id1028772922","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mervis, Scott (October 29, 2015). \"Music preview: Mt. Lebanon singer Daya has shot at pop fame\". post-gazette.com. Retrieved March 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.post-gazette.com/ae/music/2015/10/29/Music-preview-Mt-Lebanon-singer-Daya-has-shot-at-pop-fame/stories/201510290006","url_text":"\"Music preview: Mt. Lebanon singer Daya has shot at pop fame\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Lebo Pop Princess\". Lebo Mag. June 4, 2015. Retrieved October 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://lebomag.com/23527/a-lebo-pop-princess/","url_text":"\"A Lebo Pop Princess\""}]},{"reference":"Kelly Washere (September 20, 2016). \"Mt. Lebanon's Daya is a rising pop star who remains grounded\". South Hills Living. Archived from the original on October 6, 2016. Retrieved September 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161006014230/http://www.southhillsliving.net/article/20160920/PUBLICATIONS07/160929992","url_text":"\"Mt. Lebanon's Daya is a rising pop star who remains grounded\""},{"url":"http://www.southhillsliving.net/article/20160920/PUBLICATIONS07/160929992","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Accelerando\". Accelerandopittsburgh.com. Archived from the original on October 1, 2018. Retrieved January 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181001091606/https://www.accelerandopittsburgh.com/","url_text":"\"Accelerando\""},{"url":"http://www.accelerandopittsburgh.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Daya's 'Hide Away' on iTunes! www.theofficialdaya.com - YouTube\". YouTube. April 22, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Giv7Jg1CdoM","url_text":"\"Daya's 'Hide Away' on iTunes! www.theofficialdaya.com - YouTube\""}]},{"reference":"\"Listen To This: Fly As A Mother – Perez Hilton\". Perez Hilton. June 5, 2015. Archived from the original on June 17, 2018. 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Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7415701/daya-studies-up-school-of-rock-acting-debut","url_text":"\"Daya Studies Up for 'School of Rock' Acting Debut: Exclusive\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"2017 iHeartRadio Music Awards: Complete List of Nominations\". E! Online. January 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eonline.com/news/819406/2017-iheartradio-music-awards-complete-list-of-nominations","url_text":"\"2017 iHeartRadio Music Awards: Complete List of Nominations\""}]},{"reference":"\"2017 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards\". Archived from the original on February 5, 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Kyrgyz_Republic	National Library of the Kyrgyz Republic	["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 42°52′53″N 74°36′39″E / 42.881392°N 74.610824°E / 42.881392; 74.610824National Library of the Kyrgyz RepublicКыргыз Республикасынын улуттук китепканасы (Kyrgyz) Национальная библиотека Кыргызской Республики (Russian)Location Bishkek, KyrgyzstanTypeNational libraryEstablished1934 (90 years ago) (1934)CollectionItems collectedBooks, journals, newspapers, magazines, official publications, sheet music, sound and music recordings, databases, maps, postage stamps, prints, drawings, manuscripts and media.Legal depositYesOther informationWebsitenlkr.gov.kg The National Library of the Kyrgyz Republic is the legal deposit and copyright agency for Kyrgyzstan. It was founded in 1934. It has a collection of 6 million documents in 89 languages from around the world. Since 2005 the head of the Kyrgyz National Library is Dr. Jyldyz Bakashova. According to the website, some of the primary functions of the National Library in Kyrgyzstan are “preserving the cultural wealth and traditions of the peoples of our country, collecting and accumulating human knowledge.” History The Library was established in 1934 under Soviet Rule in the capital city of Frunze (modern day Bishkek). Formed from the joining of the Central City library and the Scientific Library it was then renamed the N.G. Chernyshevsky State Library of the Kyrgyz SSR. Nikolay Chernyshevsky was a radical Russian journalist in the mid 1800’s who is thought to be a forerunner to Lenin, so the library being named after him pays homage to the ideologies funding the project. In 1939, the Chernyshevsky Library started to function as a book depository, receiving mandatory copies of items published in the USSR, and then in 1940, also mandatory copies of domestic publications. Bibliographic work soon got underway, and in 1950, the Department of Local Studies and Kyrgyz Books was created. This division was established to identify, record, and promote the press of the Kyrgyz SSR and local history literature. The National Bibliography Department was formed in 1961, which supported the Soviet Centralized Bibliography. Lev Vladmirov, in his article published in the College & Research Libraries Journal, noted the vast scope and value of the “supranational” bibliography of the USSR. The National Bibliography supported the documentation of works being published in Kyrgyzstan, making those records accessible to citizens and the centralized authorities in Moscow. In 1984, the library moved into a large, 7 story building designed for the storage of 3 million storage units and named after Vladimir Lenin. This building is the current location. After the break from the Soviet Union, the library was renamed the National Library of the Kyrgyz Republic, and “classified as a particularly valuable object of national heritage, representing the historical and cultural heritage of Kyrgyzstan”. Today, the National Library is named after a Kyrgyz poet, Alykul Osmonov. The library has continued with displaying the collections, and uses social media to showcase these holdings in a broader way. On the Instagram page, the National Library of the Kyrgyz Republic posts photos of displays and collection holdings, complete with detailed descriptions of the post. This current trend shows the modernization of the library system, and its commitment to preserving the cultural history. In 2013, the library marked the 75th birthday of Kyrgyz poet Gulsaira Momunova with an exhibition of her works. References ^ История библиотеки. (n.d.). Национальная Библиотека Кыргызской Республики имени Алыкула Осмонова. Retrieved February 10, 2021, from http://nlkr.gov.kg/history-of-the-library/ ^ История библиотеки. (n.d.). Национальная Библиотека Кыргызской Республики имени Алыкула Осмонова. Retrieved February 10, 2021, from http://nlkr.gov.kg/history-of-the-library/ ^ Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2020, October 25). N.G. Chernyshevsky. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/N-G-Chernyshevsky ^ История библиотеки. (n.d.). Национальная Библиотека Кыргызской Республики имени Алыкула Осмонова. Retrieved February 10, 2021, from http://nlkr.gov.kg/history-of-the-library/ ^ VLADIMIROV, L. I., & Vladimirov, L. I. (1966). Soviet centralized bibliography. College & Research Libraries, 27, 185–190. https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/37981/crl_27_03_185_opt.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y ^ История библиотеки. (n.d.). Национальная Библиотека Кыргызской Республики имени Алыкула Осмонова. Retrieved February 10, 2021, from http://nlkr.gov.kg/history-of-the-library/ ^ "Instagram". ^ "Г.Момунова: Жакшы сөз айткым келет, кыргыз калкым! - BBC Kyrgyz - Маданий жаңылыктар". www.bbc.com (in Kyrgyz). Retrieved 2021-08-15. External links Official site Official site (Russian) vteNational libraries of AsiaSovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States withlimited recognition Abkhazia Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies andother territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau Category Asia portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany United States 42°52′53″N 74°36′39″E / 42.881392°N 74.610824°E / 42.881392; 74.610824	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The National Library of the Kyrgyz Republic is the legal deposit and copyright agency for Kyrgyzstan. It was founded in 1934. It has a collection of 6 million documents in 89 languages from around the world. Since 2005 the head of the Kyrgyz National Library is Dr. Jyldyz Bakashova. According to the website, some of the primary functions of the National Library in Kyrgyzstan are “preserving the cultural wealth and traditions of the peoples of our country, collecting and accumulating human knowledge.”[1]","title":"National Library of the Kyrgyz Republic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bishkek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nikolay Chernyshevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Chernyshevsky"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"College & Research Libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_%26_Research_Libraries"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Alykul Osmonov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alykul_Osmonov"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Gulsaira Momunova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulsaira_Momunova"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"}],"text":"The Library was established in 1934 under Soviet Rule in the capital city of Frunze (modern day Bishkek). Formed from the joining of the Central City library and the Scientific Library it was then renamed the N.G. Chernyshevsky State Library of the Kyrgyz SSR.[2] Nikolay Chernyshevsky was a radical Russian journalist in the mid 1800’s who is thought to be a forerunner to Lenin, so the library being named after him pays homage to the ideologies funding the project.[3] In 1939, the Chernyshevsky Library started to function as a book depository, receiving mandatory copies of items published in the USSR, and then in 1940, also mandatory copies of domestic publications. Bibliographic work soon got underway, and in 1950, the Department of Local Studies and Kyrgyz Books was created. This division was established to identify, record, and promote the press of the Kyrgyz SSR and local history literature. The National Bibliography Department was formed in 1961, which supported the Soviet Centralized Bibliography.[4] Lev Vladmirov, in his article published in the College & Research Libraries Journal, noted the vast scope and value of the “supranational” bibliography of the USSR.[5] The National Bibliography supported the documentation of works being published in Kyrgyzstan, making those records accessible to citizens and the centralized authorities in Moscow. In 1984, the library moved into a large, 7 story building designed for the storage of 3 million storage units and named after Vladimir Lenin. This building is the current location. After the break from the Soviet Union, the library was renamed the National Library of the Kyrgyz Republic, and “classified as a particularly valuable object of national heritage, representing the historical and cultural heritage of Kyrgyzstan”.[6] Today, the National Library is named after a Kyrgyz poet, Alykul Osmonov. The library has continued with displaying the collections, and uses social media to showcase these holdings in a broader way. On the Instagram page, the National Library of the Kyrgyz Republic posts photos of displays and collection holdings, complete with detailed descriptions of the post. This current trend shows the modernization of the library system, and its commitment to preserving the cultural history.[7] In 2013, the library marked the 75th birthday of Kyrgyz poet Gulsaira Momunova with an exhibition of her works.[8]","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Instagram\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/national.library.kg/","url_text":"\"Instagram\""}]},{"reference":"\"Г.Момунова: Жакшы сөз айткым келет, кыргыз калкым! - BBC Kyrgyz - Маданий жаңылыктар\". www.bbc.com (in Kyrgyz). Retrieved 2021-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/kyrgyz/entertainment/2013/01/130118_gulsayra_momunova","url_text":"\"Г.Момунова: Жакшы сөз айткым келет, кыргыз калкым! - BBC Kyrgyz - Маданий жаңылыктар\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Library_of_the_Kyrgyz_Republic&params=42.881392_N_74.610824_E_","external_links_name":"42°52′53″N 74°36′39″E / 42.881392°N 74.610824°E / 42.881392; 74.610824"},{"Link":"http://nlkr.gov.kg/","external_links_name":"nlkr.gov.kg"},{"Link":"http://nlkr.gov.kg/history-of-the-library/","external_links_name":"http://nlkr.gov.kg/history-of-the-library/"},{"Link":"http://nlkr.gov.kg/history-of-the-library/","external_links_name":"http://nlkr.gov.kg/history-of-the-library/"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/N-G-Chernyshevsky","external_links_name":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/N-G-Chernyshevsky"},{"Link":"http://nlkr.gov.kg/history-of-the-library/","external_links_name":"http://nlkr.gov.kg/history-of-the-library/"},{"Link":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/37981/crl_27_03_185_opt.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y","external_links_name":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/37981/crl_27_03_185_opt.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y"},{"Link":"http://nlkr.gov.kg/history-of-the-library/","external_links_name":"http://nlkr.gov.kg/history-of-the-library/"},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/national.library.kg/","external_links_name":"\"Instagram\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/kyrgyz/entertainment/2013/01/130118_gulsayra_momunova","external_links_name":"\"Г.Момунова: Жакшы сөз айткым келет, кыргыз калкым! - BBC Kyrgyz - Маданий жаңылыктар\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationallibraryofkyrgyzstan.org/","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"http://www.nlkr.gov.kg/","external_links_name":"Official site (Russian)"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/158576225","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/16342932-7","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no96035326","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Library_of_the_Kyrgyz_Republic&params=42.881392_N_74.610824_E_","external_links_name":"42°52′53″N 74°36′39″E / 42.881392°N 74.610824°E / 42.881392; 74.610824"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R597_road_(Ireland)	R597 road (Ireland)	["1 References"]	Road in Ireland R597 roadBóthar R597R597 above harbour at Glandore, County CorkRoute informationLength10.2 km (6.3 mi)Major junctionsFrom N71 at Leap, County CorkTo N71 at Newtown Rosscarbery LocationCountryIreland Highway system Roads in Ireland Motorways Primary Secondary Regional ← R 596→ R 598 The R597 road is a regional road in Ireland. It is a loop road from the N71 on the Haven Coast in west County Cork. The road forms part of the Wild Atlantic Way. The R597 travels south from the N71 at Leap to the port village of Glandore. After Glandore, the road travels east and passes the megalithic Drombeg stone circle. It rejoins the N71 at the town of Rosscarbery. The R597 is 10.2 km (6.3 mi) long. References ^ a b c d Google (9 June 2016). "N71 to R597" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 9 June 2016. ^ a b "S.I. No. 54/2012 – Roads Act 1993 (Classification of Regional Roads) Order 2012". Government of Ireland. 28 February 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2016. ^ a b c "Wild Atlantic Way: Haven Coast Driving Route". Fáilte Ireland. Retrieved 9 June 2016.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"regional road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"N71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N71_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"County Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cork"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoogleMaps-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statute-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WAW-3"},{"link_name":"Wild Atlantic Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Atlantic_Way"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WAW-3"},{"link_name":"Leap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap,_County_Cork"},{"link_name":"Glandore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glandore"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoogleMaps-1"},{"link_name":"Drombeg stone circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drombeg_stone_circle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WAW-3"},{"link_name":"Rosscarbery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosscarbery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoogleMaps-1"}],"text":"The R597 road is a regional road in Ireland. It is a loop road from the N71 on the Haven Coast in west County Cork.[1][2][3] The road forms part of the Wild Atlantic Way.[3]The R597 travels south from the N71 at Leap to the port village of Glandore.[1] After Glandore, the road travels east and passes the megalithic Drombeg stone circle.[3] It rejoins the N71 at the town of Rosscarbery. The R597 is 10.2 km (6.3 mi) long.[1]","title":"R597 road (Ireland)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Google (9 June 2016). \"N71 to R597\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 9 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.ie/maps/dir/51.5808516,-9.1433747/51.5761445,-9.0355928/@51.5835189,-9.1245869,13z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-9.1168409!2d51.5645885!3s0x4845ac176e500813:0xbb7bda6a2da4bc6b!1m0!3e0?hl=en","url_text":"\"N71 to R597\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"\"S.I. No. 54/2012 – Roads Act 1993 (Classification of Regional Roads) Order 2012\". Government of Ireland. 28 February 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2012/si/54/made/en/print","url_text":"\"S.I. No. 54/2012 – Roads Act 1993 (Classification of Regional Roads) Order 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wild Atlantic Way: Haven Coast Driving Route\". Fáilte Ireland. Retrieved 9 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wildatlanticway.com/itineraries/haven-coast/west-cork-driving-itinerary","url_text":"\"Wild Atlantic Way: Haven Coast Driving Route\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1ilte_Ireland","url_text":"Fáilte Ireland"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.ie/maps/dir/51.5808516,-9.1433747/51.5761445,-9.0355928/@51.5835189,-9.1245869,13z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-9.1168409!2d51.5645885!3s0x4845ac176e500813:0xbb7bda6a2da4bc6b!1m0!3e0?hl=en","external_links_name":"\"N71 to R597\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2012/si/54/made/en/print","external_links_name":"\"S.I. No. 54/2012 – Roads Act 1993 (Classification of Regional Roads) Order 2012\""},{"Link":"http://www.wildatlanticway.com/itineraries/haven-coast/west-cork-driving-itinerary","external_links_name":"\"Wild Atlantic Way: Haven Coast Driving Route\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Business_Journal	San Diego Business Journal	["1 History","2 Circulation","3 Regional editions","4 References","5 External links"]	Newspaper This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) San Diego Business JournalTypeWeekly newspaperFormatTabloidOwner(s)California Business JournalsPublisherHuntley Paton Armon Mills (publisher emeritus)EditorReo CarrManaging editorTony QuesadaFounded1980LanguageEnglishHeadquartersSan Diego Business Journal4909 Murphy Canyon Rd., Suite 200 San Diego, CA 92123Circulation15,610ISSN8750-6890Websitesdbj.com The San Diego Business Journal (SDBJ) is a weekly newspaper in San Diego, California covering local business news. The San Diego Business Journal covers economic news, demographics, and lifestyle profiles of San Diego. The company also has a daily newsletter sent out via email which covers news updates. Regular departments include Up Front, which highlights stories featuring San Diego businesses and their decision-makers, Media & Technology, which focuses on changes and innovations in the businesses that serve these fields, Small Business, which profiles growing small businesses; Investment and Finance, where San Diego’s public companies are profiled and analyzed; and The List, which ranks the top businesses in any given industry. Top businesses in the industry include, but are not limited to: Largest Private Companies, Fastest-Growing Private Companies, Highest Paid Executives, Highest Revenue Generators, Permanent Placement Services List, etc. Each of these surveys is then compiled into the San Diego Business Journal's resource – the annual Book of Lists. Reo Carr is the executive editor of the journal. History The San Diego Business Journal was established in 1980. In 1986, American City Business Journals acquired the SDBJ with the purchase of Scripps Howard Business Journals. In 1988, ACBJ sold the Los Angeles and San Diego Business Journals to a group led by Kansas City developer Larry Bridges. Armon Mills was named publisher in 2004. In August 2016, Huntley Paton was announced as the new publisher and president of the journal, effective September 1, 2016. Barbara Chodos is currently the President & Publisher and George Lurie is Editor in Chief - 2021. Circulation This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tabloid: Weekly Year Established: 1980 Audit: ABC, 2004 Total Circulation: 15,610; Qualified Paid: 8,517 Qualified Nonpaid: n/a; Non-Qualified: 7,093 Regional editions It has regional editions in Orange County, the San Fernando Valley, and Los Angeles San Diego Business Journal San Fernando Business Journal Orange County Business Journal Los Angeles Business Journal References ^ a b "San Diego Business Journal Online - San Diego California business news". Archived from the original on 2008-06-13. Retrieved 2008-06-13. ^ SAN DIEGO BUSINESS JOURNAL magazine subscription. Business Magazine Subscriptions - Subscription Management ^ a b c San Diego Business Journal - newspaper in San Diego, California USA covering local business news ^ Two Companies Merging Business Journal Divisions ^ Investor Group to Buy L.A., San Diego Business Journals ^ Business Publisher Resigns to Head Australian Venture ^ Jensen, Nels (August 21, 2016). "Huntley Paton Named Publisher of San Diego Business Journal". San Diego Business Journal. Retrieved 22 August 2016. External links California portal Official site vteCalifornia business journals Los Angeles Business Journal San Fernando Business Journal Orange County Business Journal San Diego Business Journal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-3"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-3"}],"text":"The San Diego Business Journal (SDBJ) is a weekly newspaper in San Diego, California covering local business news. The San Diego Business Journal covers economic news, demographics, and lifestyle profiles of San Diego.[3] The company also has a daily newsletter sent out via email which covers news updates.Regular departments include Up Front, which highlights stories featuring San Diego businesses and their decision-makers, Media & Technology, which focuses on changes and innovations in the businesses that serve these fields, Small Business, which profiles growing small businesses; Investment and Finance, where San Diego’s public companies are profiled and analyzed; and The List, which ranks the top businesses in any given industry. Top businesses in the industry include, but are not limited to: Largest Private Companies, Fastest-Growing Private Companies, Highest Paid Executives, Highest Revenue Generators, Permanent Placement Services List, etc. Each of these surveys is then compiled into the San Diego Business Journal's resource – the annual Book of Lists.[3]Reo Carr is the executive editor of the journal.[3]","title":"San Diego Business Journal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American City Business Journals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_City_Business_Journals"},{"link_name":"Scripps Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._W._Scripps_Company"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APTwo-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The San Diego Business Journal was established in 1980. In 1986, American City Business Journals acquired the SDBJ with the purchase of Scripps Howard Business Journals.[4] In 1988, ACBJ sold the Los Angeles and San Diego Business Journals to a group led by Kansas City developer Larry Bridges.[5][6]Armon Mills was named publisher in 2004. In August 2016, Huntley Paton was announced as the new publisher and president of the journal, effective September 1, 2016. Barbara Chodos is currently the President & Publisher and George Lurie is Editor in Chief - 2021.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Tabloid: Weekly \nYear Established: 1980 \nAudit: ABC, 2004 \nTotal Circulation: 15,610; Qualified Paid: 8,517 \nQualified Nonpaid: n/a; Non-Qualified: 7,093","title":"Circulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orange County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_California"},{"link_name":"San Fernando Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"San Fernando Business Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Fernando_Business_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Orange County Business Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County_Business_Journal"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Business Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Business_Journal"}],"text":"It has regional editions in Orange County, the San Fernando Valley, and Los AngelesSan Diego Business Journal\nSan Fernando Business Journal\nOrange County Business Journal\nLos Angeles Business Journal","title":"Regional editions"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"San Diego Business Journal Online - San Diego California business news\". Archived from the original on 2008-06-13. Retrieved 2008-06-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080613161710/http://sdbj.com/staff_editor.asp","url_text":"\"San Diego Business Journal Online - San Diego California business news\""},{"url":"http://www.sdbj.com/staff_editor.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jensen, Nels (August 21, 2016). \"Huntley Paton Named Publisher of San Diego Business Journal\". San Diego Business Journal. Retrieved 22 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sdbj.com/news/2016/aug/21/huntley-paton-named-publisher-san-diego-business-j/","url_text":"\"Huntley Paton Named Publisher of San Diego Business Journal\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Diego_Business_Journal&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:8750-6890","external_links_name":"8750-6890"},{"Link":"http://www.sdbj.com/","external_links_name":"sdbj.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080613161710/http://sdbj.com/staff_editor.asp","external_links_name":"\"San Diego Business Journal Online - San Diego California business news\""},{"Link":"http://www.sdbj.com/staff_editor.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.business-magazines.com/product.php?find=San+Diego&_pagesize=10&prd=130148","external_links_name":"SAN DIEGO BUSINESS JOURNAL magazine subscription. Business Magazine Subscriptions - Subscription Management"},{"Link":"http://www.mondotimes.com/1/world/us/5/315/15147","external_links_name":"San Diego Business Journal - newspaper in San Diego, California USA covering local business news"},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/d5a0a7025c80f572618f86dcebb1825c","external_links_name":"Two Companies Merging Business Journal Divisions"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1988-01-01/business/fi-8145_1_san-diego-business-journals","external_links_name":"Investor Group to Buy L.A., San Diego Business Journals"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1989-10-03/business/fi-704_1_business-journal","external_links_name":"Business Publisher Resigns to Head Australian Venture"},{"Link":"http://www.sdbj.com/news/2016/aug/21/huntley-paton-named-publisher-san-diego-business-j/","external_links_name":"\"Huntley Paton Named Publisher of San Diego Business Journal\""},{"Link":"http://www.sdbj.com/","external_links_name":"Official site"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Midshipman_Easy	Mr Midshipman Easy	["1 Plot summary","2 Film adaptations","3 External links"]	1836 novel by Frederick Marryat First edition title page Mr Midshipman Easy is an 1836 novel by Frederick Marryat, a retired captain in the British Royal Navy. The novel is set during the Napoleonic Wars, in which Marryat himself served with distinction. Plot summary Easy is the son of foolish parents, who spoiled him. His father regards himself as a philosopher, with a firm belief in the "rights of man, equality, and all that; how every person was born to inherit his share of the earth, a right at present only admitted to a certain length that is, about six feet, for we all inherit our graves, and are allowed to take possession without dispute." But no one would listen to Mr Easy's philosophy. The women would not acknowledge the rights of men, whom they declared always to be in the wrong; and, as the gentlemen who visited Mr Easy were all men of property, they could not perceive the advantages of sharing with those who had none. However, they allowed him to discuss the question, while they discussed his port wine. The wine was good, if the arguments were not, and we must take things as we find them in this world." By the time he is a teenager, Easy has adopted his father's point of view, to the point where he no longer believes in private property. Easy joins the navy, which his father believes to be the best example of an equal society, and Easy becomes friendly with a lower deck seaman named Mesty (Mephistopheles Faust), an escaped slave, who had been a prince in Africa. Mesty is sympathetic to Easy's philosophizing, which seems to offer him a way up from his lowly job of "boiling kettle for de young gentlemen"; but once Mesty is promoted to ship's corporal and put in charge of discipline, he changes his mind: "...now I tink a good deal lately, and by all de power, I tink equality all stuff." "All stuff, Mesty, why? you used to think otherwise." "Yes, Massa Easy, but den I boil de kettle for all young gentleman. Now dat I ship's corporal and hab cane, I tink so no longer." In some way Mesty is the real hero of the novel, as he pulls Easy out of several scrapes the impulsive 17-year-old gets himself into as he cruises the Mediterranean on several British ships. Easy becomes a competent officer, in spite of his notions. His mother dies, and he returns home to find his father is completely mad. Easy senior has developed an apparatus for reducing or enlarging phrenological bumps on the skull, but as he attempts to reduce his own bump which controls benevolence, the machine kills him. Easy throws out the criminal servants his father has employed and puts the estate to rights, demanding back rents from the tenants, and evicting those who will not pay. Using his new-found wealth, he formally quits the navy, rigs out his own privateering vessel, and returns to Sicily to claim his bride Agnes. As he is a wealthy gentleman now, no longer a junior midshipman, her family cannot refuse him, and he and Agnes live happily ever after. Film adaptations The novel was adapted as an adventure film twice in the UK: in 1915 as a silent film, Midshipman Easy directed by Maurice Elvey, and in 1935 with sound, Midshipman Easy directed by Carol Reed. External links Wikisource has original text related to this article: Mr Midshipman Easy Mr Midshipman Easy at Internet Archive (scanned books original editions color illustrated) Mr Midshipman Easy at Project Gutenberg Mr. Midshipman Easy public domain audiobook at LibriVox vteNovels by Frederick Marryat Newton Forster (1832) Peter Simple (1834) Mr Midshipman Easy (1836) The Phantom Ship (1839) Poor Jack (1840) Masterman Ready (1841) Percival Keene (1842) The Settlers in Canada (1844) The Children of the New Forest (1847)	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mr_Midshipman_Easy_1836.jpg"},{"link_name":"novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel"},{"link_name":"Frederick Marryat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Marryat"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Captain"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"}],"text":"First edition title pageMr Midshipman Easy is an 1836 novel by Frederick Marryat, a retired captain in the British Royal Navy. The novel is set during the Napoleonic Wars, in which Marryat himself served with distinction.","title":"Mr Midshipman Easy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phrenological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrenological"}],"text":"Easy is the son of foolish parents, who spoiled him. His father regards himself as a philosopher, with a firm belief in the \"rights of man, equality, and all that; how every person was born to inherit his share of the earth, a right at present only admitted to a certain length that is, about six feet, for we all inherit our graves, and are allowed to take possession without dispute.\" But no one would listen to Mr Easy's philosophy. The women would not acknowledge the rights of men, whom they declared always to be in the wrong; and, as the gentlemen who visited Mr Easy were all men of property, they could not perceive the advantages of sharing with those who had none. However, they allowed him to discuss the question, while they discussed his port wine. The wine was good, if the arguments were not, and we must take things as we find them in this world.\"By the time he is a teenager, Easy has adopted his father's point of view, to the point where he no longer believes in private property.Easy joins the navy, which his father believes to be the best example of an equal society, and Easy becomes friendly with a lower deck seaman named Mesty (Mephistopheles Faust), an escaped slave, who had been a prince in Africa. Mesty is sympathetic to Easy's philosophizing, which seems to offer him a way up from his lowly job of \"boiling kettle for de young gentlemen\"; but once Mesty is promoted to ship's corporal and put in charge of discipline, he changes his mind: \"...now I tink a good deal lately, and by all de power, I tink equality all stuff.\" \"All stuff, Mesty, why? you used to think otherwise.\" \"Yes, Massa Easy, but den I boil de kettle for all young gentleman. Now dat I ship's corporal and hab cane, I tink so no longer.\"In some way Mesty is the real hero of the novel, as he pulls Easy out of several scrapes the impulsive 17-year-old gets himself into as he cruises the Mediterranean on several British ships.Easy becomes a competent officer, in spite of his notions. His mother dies, and he returns home to find his father is completely mad. Easy senior has developed an apparatus for reducing or enlarging phrenological bumps on the skull, but as he attempts to reduce his own bump which controls benevolence, the machine kills him. Easy throws out the criminal servants his father has employed and puts the estate to rights, demanding back rents from the tenants, and evicting those who will not pay. Using his new-found wealth, he formally quits the navy, rigs out his own privateering vessel, and returns to Sicily to claim his bride Agnes. As he is a wealthy gentleman now, no longer a junior midshipman, her family cannot refuse him, and he and Agnes live happily ever after.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"adventure film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_film"},{"link_name":"silent film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"Midshipman Easy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midshipman_Easy_(1915_film)"},{"link_name":"Maurice Elvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Elvey"},{"link_name":"Midshipman Easy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midshipman_Easy"},{"link_name":"Carol Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Reed"}],"text":"The novel was adapted as an adventure film twice in the UK: in 1915 as a silent film, Midshipman Easy directed by Maurice Elvey, and in 1935 with sound, Midshipman Easy directed by Carol Reed.","title":"Film adaptations"}]	[{"image_text":"First edition title page","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mr_Midshipman_Easy_1836.jpg/200px-Mr_Midshipman_Easy_1836.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%22midshipman%20easy%22%20AND%20mediatype%3Atexts","external_links_name":"Mr Midshipman Easy"},{"Link":"https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/21553","external_links_name":"Mr Midshipman Easy"},{"Link":"https://librivox.org/search?title=Mr.+Midshipman+Easy&author=Marryat&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced","external_links_name":"Mr. Midshipman Easy"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.I._Hayakawa	S. I. Hayakawa	["1 Early life and education","2 Academic career","2.1 Student strike at San Francisco State College","3 Political career","4 Personal life","5 See also","6 Bibliography","7 References","8 External links"]	Canadian-American academic and politician (1906–1992) This article is about a United States Senator from California. For the actor and matinee idol from Japan, see Sessue Hayakawa. S. I. HayakawaHayakawa in 1977United States Senatorfrom CaliforniaIn officeJanuary 2, 1977 – January 3, 1983Preceded byJohn V. TunneySucceeded byPete Wilson9th President of San Francisco State UniversityIn officeNovember 26, 1968 – July 10, 1973Preceded byRobert SmithSucceeded byPaul Romberg Personal detailsBornSamuel Ichiye Hayakawa(1906-07-18)July 18, 1906Vancouver, British Columbia, CanadaDiedFebruary 27, 1992(1992-02-27) (aged 85)Greenbrae, California, U.S.Political partyRepublican (from 1973)Other politicalaffiliationsDemocratic (before 1973)SpouseMargedant PetersChildren3EducationUniversity of Manitoba (BA)McGill University (MA)University of Wisconsin, Madison (PhD)Academic backgroundThesisOliver Wendell Holmes: Physician, poet, essayist (1935)InfluencesAlfred KorzybskiAcademic workDisciplineEnglishSub-disciplineLinguisticsSemanticsInstitutionsUniversity of Wisconsin, MadisonArmour Institute of TechnologyUniversity of ChicagoSan Francisco State CollegeNotable worksLanguage in Thought and Action Samuel Ichiye Hayakawa (July 18, 1906 – February 27, 1992) was a Canadian-born American academic and politician of Japanese ancestry. A professor of English, he served as president of San Francisco State University and then as U.S. Senator from California from 1977 to 1983. Early life and education Born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Hayakawa was educated in the public schools of Calgary, Alberta, and Winnipeg, Manitoba, and graduated from the University of Manitoba in 1927. He received his MA in English from McGill University in 1928 and his PhD in the discipline from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1935. Academic career Professionally, Hayakawa was a linguist, psychologist, semanticist, teacher, and writer. He served as an instructor at the University of Wisconsin from 1936 to 1939 and at the Armour Institute of Technology (Illinois Institute of Technology as of 1940) from 1939 to 1948. His first book on semantics, Language in Thought and Action, expanded its forerunner (and Book-of-the-Month Club selection) Language in Action, written from 1938 to 1941. With five editions from 1949 to 1991, Language in Thought and Action helped to popularize Alfred Korzybski's general semantics and semantics in general, while semantics or theory of meaning was overwhelmed by mysticism, propagandism and even scientism. Hayakawa lectured at the University of Chicago from 1950 to 1955. He presented a talk at the 1954 Conference of Activity Vector Analysts at Lake George, New York, in which he discussed a theory of personality from the semantic point of view. It was later published as The Semantic Barrier. The definitive lecture discussed the Darwinism of the "survival of self" as contrasted with the "survival of self-concept." His ideas on general semantics influenced A. E. van Vogt's Null-A novels, The World of Null-A and The Pawns of Null-A. Van Vogt in The World of Null-A (i.e., non-Aristotelian) makes Hayakawa a character, introducing him as: "Professor Hayakawa is today's Mr. Null-A himself, the elected head of the International Society for General Semantics." Hayakawa was an English professor at San Francisco State College (now San Francisco State University) from 1955 to 1968. In the early 1960s, he helped organize the Anti Digit Dialing League, a San Francisco group that opposed the introduction of all-digit telephone exchange names. Among the students he trained were commune leader Stephen Gaskin and author Gerald Haslam. He was named acting president of San Francisco State College on November 26, 1968, during a student strike, when Ronald Reagan was governor of California and Joseph Alioto was mayor of San Francisco. On July 9, 1969, the California State Colleges Board of Trustees appointed Hayakawa the ninth president of San Francisco State. Hayakawa retired on July 10, 1973. Hayakawa wrote a column for the Register and Tribune Syndicate from 1970 to 1976. In 1973, Hayakawa changed his political affiliation from the Democratic Party to the Republican Party and became president emeritus at what became San Francisco State University. Student strike at San Francisco State College From November 1968 to March 1969, there was a student strike at San Francisco State College in order to establish an ethnic studies program. It was a major news event at the time and chapter in the radical history of the United States and the Bay Area. The strike was led by the Black Student Union, Third World Liberation Front supported by Students for a Democratic Society, the Black Panthers and the countercultural community. The students presented fifteen "non-negotiable demands", including a Black Studies department chaired by sociologist Nathan Hare independent of the university administration, open admission for all black students to "put an end to racism", and the unconditional, immediate end to the War in Vietnam and the university's involvement. It was threatened that if these demands were not immediately and completely satisfied the entire campus was to be forcibly shut down. Hayakawa became popular with conservative voters during this period after he pulled out the wires from the loudspeakers on a protesters' van at an outdoor rally. Hayakawa relented on December 6, 1968, and announced the creation of a Black Studies program at the University. Political career Hayakawa, while campaigning for US Senate in 1976 Hayakawa won an unexpected victory in the 1976 Republican Senate primary over three better-known career politicians: former HEW Secretary Robert Finch, long-time U.S. Representative Alphonzo Bell and former California Lieutenant Governor John L. Harmer. Much like Jimmy Carter, Hayakawa touted himself as a political outsider. On the Democratic side, incumbent Senator John Tunney faced a surprisingly strong challenge from another political outsider, Tom Hayden. Hayden's extremely liberal candidacy forced Tunney to run more to the left in the primary, which hurt him in the general election. Nevertheless, Tunney was favored to easily win re-election. Comfortably ahead in the polls, Tunney did not aggressively campaign until the final weeks before the election. But Hayakawa's position as a political outsider was popular in the wake of the Watergate scandal. In addition, Tunney had a high absenteeism rate while serving in the Senate and missed numerous votes. Hayakawa exploited this with a television ad that showed an empty chair in the U.S. Senate chamber. Hayakawa gradually closed the gap with Tunney, and ultimately defeated him by just over three percentage points. Hayakawa with President Reagan at the White House, 1981 During his Senate campaign, Hayakawa spoke about the proposal to transfer possession of the Panama Canal and Canal Zone from the United States to Panama. He said, "We should keep the Panama Canal. After all, we stole it fair and square." However, in 1978 he helped win Senate approval of the Torrijos–Carter Treaties, which transferred control of the zone and canal to Panama. He also supported a bill that led to the creation of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, which examined the causes and effects of the incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II. During his time in the Senate, Hayakawa was one of three Japanese Americans in the chamber, the other two being Daniel Inouye and Spark Matsunaga, both of Hawaii. Hayakawa was news media reporters' favorite fodder, as he was often found napping through important legislative voting. He planned to run for re-election in 1982 but trailed other Republican candidates badly in early polls and was short on money. He dropped out of the race early in the year and was ultimately succeeded by Republican San Diego Mayor Pete Wilson. To date, he is the only Japanese American Republican to have served in the U.S. Senate. Hayakawa and John Tanton founded the political lobbying organization U.S. English, which is dedicated to making English the official language of the United States. Despite his support for creating the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, Hayakawa, who lived in Chicago as a Canadian citizen during World War II and thus was not subject to confinement, argued that the internment of Japanese Americans was beneficial and that Japanese Americans should not be paid for "fulfilling their obligations" to submit to Executive Order 9066. Personal life Hayakawa was a resident of Mill Valley, California. His daughter, Wynne Hayakawa, is a painter. He had an abiding interest in traditional jazz and wrote extensively on that subject, including several erudite sets of album liner notes. Sometimes in his lectures on semantics, he was joined by the respected traditional jazz pianist Don Ewell, whom Hayakawa employed to demonstrate various points in which he analyzed semantic and musical principles. He died at a hospital in nearby Greenbrae, California, on February 27, 1992, at the age of 85, from complications of a stroke and bronchitis. See also List of Asian Americans and Pacific Islands Americans in the United States Congress List of United States senators born outside the United States Bibliography Hayakawa, S. I. Choose the Right Word: A Modern Guide to Synonyms and Related Words. 1968. Reprint. New York: Perennial Library, 1987. Originally published as Funk & Wagnalls Modern Guide to Synonyms and Related Words. Hayakawa, S. I. "Education Revisited". In The World Today, edited by Phineas J. Sparer. Memphis: Memphis State University Press, 1975. Hayakawa, S. I. Language in Thought and Action. 1939. Enlarged ed. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978. Originally published as Language in Action. Hayakawa, S. I. Symbol, Status, and Personality. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1963. Hayakawa, S. I. Through the Communication Barrier: On Speaking, Listening, and Understanding. Edited by Arthur Chandler. New York: Harper & Row, 1979. Hayakawa, S. I., ed. Language, Meaning, and Maturity. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1954. Hayakawa, S. I., ed. Our Language and Our World. 1959. Reprint. Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1971. Hayakawa, S. I., ed. The Use and Misuse of Language. Greenwich, CT: Fawcett Publications, 1964. Hayakawa, S. I., and William Dresser, eds. Dimensions of Meaning. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1970. Includes Hayakawa's essays "General Semantics and the Cold War Mentality" and "Semantics and Sexuality". Paris, Richard, and Janet Brown, eds. Quotations from Chairman S. I. Hayakawa. San Francisco: n.p., 1969. References ^ a b c "Hayakawa will retire". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). (Los Angeles Times). October 13, 1972. p. 1. ^ a b c d "S.I. Hayakawa, 85, dies; challenged '60s radicals". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). (Los Angeles Times). February 28, 1992. p. 7A. ^ Hayakawa, Samuel I. (1935). Oliver Wendell Holmes: Physician, poet, essayist (PhD). University of Wisconsin–Madison. OCLC 51566055 – via ProQuest. ^ "WebAVA". Retrieved February 8, 2015. ^ Alfred Elton Van Vogt (1977). The World of Null-A. New York: Berkley Books. p. 11. ISBN 9780425054543. ^ "Case 3: Prelude / Demands". On Strike! Shut it Down! (Exhibit 1999). Leonard Library, San Francisco State University. Archived from the original on August 31, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2017. ^ Reagan: A Life In Letters. Simon and Schuster. 2004. p. 187. ISBN 0743219678. ^ Bittlingmayer, George (July 17, 1973). "San Francisco State Faculty Protests Selection of Hayakawa's Successor". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved June 24, 2017. ^ "Guide to the Samuel I. Hayakawa Papers". Online Archive of California. Retrieved June 24, 2017. ^ Grigsby Bates, Karen; Meraji, Shereen Marisol (2019-03-21). "The Student Strike That Changed Higher Ed Forever". NPR. Retrieved 2020-05-26. ^ Hayward, Steven. The Age of Reagan, Volume I. Crown Forum. p. 446. ^ James M. Fallows (January 15, 1969). "Song of Hayakawa". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved February 8, 2015. ^ "The San Francisco State College Strike Collection, Chronology of events". Leonard Library. Archived from the original on May 10, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2015. ^ Hayakawa & angry demonstrations, Part I. KQED News. San Francisco Bay Area Television Archive. December 6, 1968. Retrieved February 8, 2015. ^ "We Should Keep The Panama Canal. After All, We Stole It Fair And Square. – S.I". Anvari.org. Retrieved 2014-08-17. ^ staff (February 28, 1992). "Ex-Sen. Hayakawa Dies; Unpredictable Iconoclast ..." Los Angeles Times. ^ a b Robinson, Greg. "S.I. Hayakawa". Densho Encyclopedia. Retrieved August 13, 2014. ^ Schudel, Matt (July 21, 2019). "John Tanton, architect of anti-immigration and English-only efforts, dies at 85". The Washington Post. Retrieved 3 February 2023. ^ Portes, Alejandro (Spring 2002). "English-only triumphs, but the costs are high". Contexts. 1: 10–15. doi:10.1525/ctx.2002.1.1.10. S2CID 62565233. Retrieved 3 February 2023. ^ Maki, Mitchell Takeshi; Kitano, Harry H. L.; Berthold, Sarah Megan (1999). Achieving the Impossible Dream: How Japanese Americans Obtained Redress. University of Illinois. pp. 104–105. ISBN 0252024583. ^ "Testimony of S.I. Hayakawa on Senate Bill 2116. Presented to Subcommittee on Appropriations". August 16, 1984 – via densho.org. ^ "From semantics to the U.S. Senate, S.I. Hayakawa". United States Congress. "S. I. Hayakawa (id: H000384)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Fox, R. F. (1991). A conversation with the Hayakawas. The English Journal, Vol. 80, No. 2 (Feb., 1991), pp. 36–40. Haslam, Gerald, and Janice E. Haslam. In Thought and Action: The Enigmatic Life of S. I. Hayakawa (U. of Nebraska Press; 2011) 427 pages; scholarly biography External links Wikiquote has quotations related to S. I. Hayakawa. Media related to S. I. Hayakawa at Wikimedia Commons Samuel I. Hayakawa papers at the Hoover Institution Archives Appearances on C-SPAN Australian General Semantics Society Academic offices Preceded byRobert Smith President of San Francisco State University 1968–1973 Succeeded byPaul Romberg Party political offices Preceded byGeorge Murphy Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from California(Class 1) 1976 Succeeded byPete Wilson U.S. Senate Preceded byJohn V. Tunney U.S. Senator (Class 1) from California 1977–1983 Served alongside: Alan Cranston Succeeded byPete Wilson vteUnited States senators from CaliforniaClass 1 Frémont Weller Broderick Haun Latham Conness Casserly Hager Booth Miller Hearst Williams Hearst Felton White Bard Flint Works Johnson Knowland Engle Salinger Murphy Tunney Hayakawa Wilson Seymour Feinstein Butler Class 3 Gwin McDougall Cole Sargent Farley Stanford Perkins Phelan Shortridge McAdoo Storke Downey Nixon Kuchel Cranston Boxer Harris Padilla Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Sweden Japan Czech Republic Korea Netherlands Poland Portugal Academics CiNii People Trove US Congress Other NARA SNAC 2 IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sessue Hayakawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sessue_Hayakawa"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_studies"},{"link_name":"San Francisco State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_State_University"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hwlret-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ergobtlat-2"}],"text":"This article is about a United States Senator from California. For the actor and matinee idol from Japan, see Sessue Hayakawa.Samuel Ichiye Hayakawa (July 18, 1906 – February 27, 1992) was a Canadian-born American academic and politician of Japanese ancestry. A professor of English, he served as president of San Francisco State University and then as U.S. Senator from California from 1977 to 1983.[1][2]","title":"S. I. Hayakawa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"University of Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"McGill University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD"},{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin–Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thesis-hayakawa-1935-3"}],"text":"Born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Hayakawa was educated in the public schools of Calgary, Alberta, and Winnipeg, Manitoba, and graduated from the University of Manitoba in 1927. He received his MA in English from McGill University in 1928 and his PhD in the discipline from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1935.[3]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"linguist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics"},{"link_name":"semanticist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Illinois Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Language in Thought and Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_in_Thought_and_Action"},{"link_name":"Book-of-the-Month Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book-of-the-Month_Club"},{"link_name":"Alfred Korzybski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Korzybski"},{"link_name":"general semantics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_semantics"},{"link_name":"mysticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism"},{"link_name":"propagandism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propagandism"},{"link_name":"scientism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientism"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lake George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_George_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Darwinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinism"},{"link_name":"self-concept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-concept"},{"link_name":"A. E. van Vogt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._E._van_Vogt"},{"link_name":"The World of Null-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_of_Null-A"},{"link_name":"The Pawns of Null-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pawns_of_Null-A"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"San Francisco State College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_State_University"},{"link_name":"telephone exchange names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_exchange_names"},{"link_name":"Stephen Gaskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Gaskin"},{"link_name":"Gerald Haslam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Haslam"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"governor of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_California"},{"link_name":"Joseph Alioto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Alioto"},{"link_name":"mayor of San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-on_strike-6"},{"link_name":"California State Colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_University"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hwlret-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Register and Tribune Syndicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_and_Tribune_Syndicate"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OAC-9"}],"text":"Professionally, Hayakawa was a linguist, psychologist, semanticist, teacher, and writer.[citation needed] He served as an instructor at the University of Wisconsin from 1936 to 1939 and at the Armour Institute of Technology (Illinois Institute of Technology as of 1940) from 1939 to 1948.[citation needed]His first book on semantics, Language in Thought and Action, expanded its forerunner (and Book-of-the-Month Club selection) Language in Action, written from 1938 to 1941. With five editions from 1949 to 1991, Language in Thought and Action helped to popularize Alfred Korzybski's general semantics and semantics in general, while semantics or theory of meaning was overwhelmed by mysticism, propagandism and even scientism.[clarification needed]Hayakawa lectured at the University of Chicago from 1950 to 1955. He presented a talk at the 1954 Conference of Activity Vector Analysts[4] at Lake George, New York, in which he discussed a theory of personality from the semantic point of view. It was later published as The Semantic Barrier. The definitive lecture discussed the Darwinism of the \"survival of self\" as contrasted with the \"survival of self-concept.\" His ideas on general semantics influenced A. E. van Vogt's Null-A novels, The World of Null-A and The Pawns of Null-A. Van Vogt in The World of Null-A (i.e., non-Aristotelian) makes Hayakawa a character, introducing him as: \"Professor Hayakawa is today's Mr. Null-A himself, the elected head of the International Society for General Semantics.\"[5]Hayakawa was an English professor at San Francisco State College (now San Francisco State University) from 1955 to 1968. In the early 1960s, he helped organize the Anti Digit Dialing League, a San Francisco group that opposed the introduction of all-digit telephone exchange names. Among the students he trained were commune leader Stephen Gaskin and author Gerald Haslam. He was named acting president of San Francisco State College on November 26, 1968, during a student strike, when Ronald Reagan was governor of California and Joseph Alioto was mayor of San Francisco.[6] On July 9, 1969, the California State Colleges Board of Trustees appointed Hayakawa the ninth president of San Francisco State.[7] Hayakawa retired on July 10, 1973.[1][8]Hayakawa wrote a column for the Register and Tribune Syndicate from 1970 to 1976. In 1973, Hayakawa changed his political affiliation from the Democratic Party to the Republican Party and became president emeritus at what became San Francisco State University.[9]","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"student strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_World_Liberation_Front_strikes_of_1968"},{"link_name":"ethnic studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_studies"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Third World Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_World_Liberation_Front"},{"link_name":"Students for a Democratic Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society_(1960_organization)"},{"link_name":"Black Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Panthers"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Black Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Studies"},{"link_name":"Nathan Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Hare"},{"link_name":"War in Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hwlret-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Student strike at San Francisco State College","text":"From November 1968 to March 1969, there was a student strike at San Francisco State College in order to establish an ethnic studies program.[10] It was a major news event at the time and chapter in the radical history of the United States and the Bay Area. The strike was led by the Black Student Union, Third World Liberation Front supported by Students for a Democratic Society, the Black Panthers and the countercultural community.[citation needed]The students presented fifteen \"non-negotiable demands\", including a Black Studies department chaired by sociologist Nathan Hare independent of the university administration, open admission for all black students to \"put an end to racism\", and the unconditional, immediate end to the War in Vietnam and the university's involvement. It was threatened that if these demands were not immediately and completely satisfied the entire campus was to be forcibly shut down.[11] Hayakawa became popular with conservative voters during this period after he pulled out the wires from the loudspeakers on a protesters' van at an outdoor rally.[1][12][13] Hayakawa relented on December 6, 1968, and announced the creation of a Black Studies program at the University.[14]","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Samuel_Ichiye_Hayakawa_waving_from_back_of_train_during_his_U.S._Senate_campaign_in_California,_1976.jpg"},{"link_name":"Robert Finch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Finch_(American_politician)"},{"link_name":"Alphonzo Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonzo_E._Bell_Jr."},{"link_name":"John L. Harmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._Harmer"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"John Tunney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_V._Tunney"},{"link_name":"Tom Hayden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hayden"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Watergate scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watergate_scandal"},{"link_name":"ultimately defeated him by just over three percentage points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_Senate_election_in_California"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Samuel_Ichiye_Hayakawa,_United_States_Senator_from_California_on_May_8,_1981_with_Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C1875_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"Canal Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Torrijos–Carter Treaties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrijos%E2%80%93Carter_Treaties"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT1-16"},{"link_name":"Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Wartime_Relocation_and_Internment_of_Civilians"},{"link_name":"incarceration of Japanese Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robinson-17"},{"link_name":"Japanese Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Americans"},{"link_name":"Daniel Inouye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Inouye"},{"link_name":"Spark Matsunaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_Matsunaga"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ergobtlat-2"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Pete Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Wilson"},{"link_name":"John Tanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tanton"},{"link_name":"U.S. English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._English_(organization)"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"official language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schudel_2019-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Portes_2002-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ergobtlat-2"},{"link_name":"internment of Japanese Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans"},{"link_name":"Executive Order 9066","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_9066"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robinson-17"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Hayakawa, while campaigning for US Senate in 1976Hayakawa won an unexpected victory in the 1976 Republican Senate primary over three better-known career politicians: former HEW Secretary Robert Finch, long-time U.S. Representative Alphonzo Bell and former California Lieutenant Governor John L. Harmer. Much like Jimmy Carter, Hayakawa touted himself as a political outsider.On the Democratic side, incumbent Senator John Tunney faced a surprisingly strong challenge from another political outsider, Tom Hayden. Hayden's extremely liberal candidacy forced Tunney to run more to the left in the primary, which hurt him in the general election.Nevertheless, Tunney was favored[by whom?] to easily win re-election. Comfortably ahead in the polls, Tunney did not aggressively campaign until the final weeks before the election. But Hayakawa's position as a political outsider was popular in the wake of the Watergate scandal. In addition, Tunney had a high absenteeism rate while serving in the Senate and missed numerous votes. Hayakawa exploited this with a television ad that showed an empty chair in the U.S. Senate chamber. Hayakawa gradually closed the gap with Tunney, and ultimately defeated him by just over three percentage points.[citation needed]Hayakawa with President Reagan at the White House, 1981During his Senate campaign, Hayakawa spoke about the proposal to transfer possession of the Panama Canal and Canal Zone from the United States to Panama. He said, \"We should keep the Panama Canal. After all, we stole it fair and square.\"[15] However, in 1978 he helped win Senate approval of the Torrijos–Carter Treaties, which transferred control of the zone and canal to Panama.[16] He also supported a bill that led to the creation of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, which examined the causes and effects of the incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II.[17] During his time in the Senate, Hayakawa was one of three Japanese Americans in the chamber, the other two being Daniel Inouye and Spark Matsunaga, both of Hawaii.[citation needed]Hayakawa was news media reporters' favorite fodder, as he was often found napping through important legislative voting.[2]He planned to run for re-election in 1982 but trailed other Republican candidates badly in early polls and was short on money. He dropped out of the race early in the year and was ultimately succeeded by Republican San Diego Mayor Pete Wilson. To date, he is the only Japanese American Republican to have served in the U.S. Senate.Hayakawa and John Tanton founded the political lobbying organization U.S. English, which is dedicated to making English the official language of the United States.[18][19][20] Despite his support for creating the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, Hayakawa, who lived in Chicago as a Canadian citizen during World War II and thus was not subject to confinement,[2] argued that the internment of Japanese Americans was beneficial and that Japanese Americans should not be paid for \"fulfilling their obligations\" to submit to Executive Order 9066.[17][21]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mill Valley, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_Valley,_California"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"traditional jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_jazz"},{"link_name":"liner notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liner_notes"},{"link_name":"jazz pianist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_piano"},{"link_name":"Don Ewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Ewell"},{"link_name":"Greenbrae, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenbrae,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ergobtlat-2"}],"text":"Hayakawa was a resident of Mill Valley, California. His daughter, Wynne Hayakawa, is a painter.[22]He had an abiding interest in traditional jazz and wrote extensively on that subject, including several erudite sets of album liner notes. Sometimes in his lectures on semantics, he was joined by the respected traditional jazz pianist Don Ewell, whom Hayakawa employed to demonstrate various points in which he analyzed semantic and musical principles.He died at a hospital in nearby Greenbrae, California, on February 27, 1992, at the age of 85, from complications of a stroke and bronchitis.[2]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Perennial Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_Library"},{"link_name":"Language in Thought and Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_in_Thought_and_Action"}],"text":"Hayakawa, S. I. Choose the Right Word: A Modern Guide to Synonyms and Related Words. 1968. Reprint. New York: Perennial Library, 1987. Originally published as Funk & Wagnalls Modern Guide to Synonyms and Related Words.\nHayakawa, S. I. \"Education Revisited\". In The World Today, edited by Phineas J. Sparer. Memphis: Memphis State University Press, 1975.\nHayakawa, S. I. Language in Thought and Action. 1939. Enlarged ed. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978. Originally published as Language in Action.\nHayakawa, S. I. Symbol, Status, and Personality. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1963.\nHayakawa, S. I. Through the Communication Barrier: On Speaking, Listening, and Understanding. Edited by Arthur Chandler. New York: Harper & Row, 1979.\nHayakawa, S. I., ed. Language, Meaning, and Maturity. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1954.\nHayakawa, S. I., ed. Our Language and Our World. 1959. Reprint. Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1971.\nHayakawa, S. I., ed. The Use and Misuse of Language. Greenwich, CT: Fawcett Publications, 1964.\nHayakawa, S. I., and William Dresser, eds. Dimensions of Meaning. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1970. Includes Hayakawa's essays \"General Semantics and the Cold War Mentality\" and \"Semantics and Sexuality\".\nParis, Richard, and Janet Brown, eds. Quotations from Chairman S. I. Hayakawa. San Francisco: n.p., 1969.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Hayakawa, while campaigning for US Senate in 1976","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Samuel_Ichiye_Hayakawa_waving_from_back_of_train_during_his_U.S._Senate_campaign_in_California%2C_1976.jpg/220px-Samuel_Ichiye_Hayakawa_waving_from_back_of_train_during_his_U.S._Senate_campaign_in_California%2C_1976.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hayakawa with President Reagan at the White House, 1981","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Samuel_Ichiye_Hayakawa%2C_United_States_Senator_from_California_on_May_8%2C_1981_with_Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C1875_%28cropped%29.jpg/261px-Samuel_Ichiye_Hayakawa%2C_United_States_Senator_from_California_on_May_8%2C_1981_with_Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C1875_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of Asian Americans and Pacific Islands Americans in the United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asian_Americans_and_Pacific_Islands_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress"},{"title":"List of United States senators born outside the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_born_outside_the_United_States"}]	[{"reference":"\"Hayakawa will retire\". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). (Los Angeles Times). October 13, 1972. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NM8RAAAAIBAJ&pg=3914%2C5372406","url_text":"\"Hayakawa will retire\""}]},{"reference":"\"S.I. Hayakawa, 85, dies; challenged '60s radicals\". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). (Los Angeles Times). February 28, 1992. p. 7A.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zk9WAAAAIBAJ&pg=6777%2C6007646","url_text":"\"S.I. Hayakawa, 85, dies; challenged '60s radicals\""}]},{"reference":"Hayakawa, Samuel I. (1935). Oliver Wendell Holmes: Physician, poet, essayist (PhD). University of Wisconsin–Madison. OCLC 51566055 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/301811415/","url_text":"Oliver Wendell Holmes: Physician, poet, essayist"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison","url_text":"University of Wisconsin–Madison"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51566055","url_text":"51566055"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest","url_text":"ProQuest"}]},{"reference":"\"WebAVA\". Retrieved February 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.webava.com/home.asp","url_text":"\"WebAVA\""}]},{"reference":"Alfred Elton Van Vogt (1977). The World of Null-A. New York: Berkley Books. p. 11. ISBN 9780425054543.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5WtbAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The World of Null-A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780425054543","url_text":"9780425054543"}]},{"reference":"\"Case 3: Prelude / Demands\". On Strike! Shut it Down! (Exhibit 1999). Leonard Library, San Francisco State University. Archived from the original on August 31, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160831043627/http://jpllweb.sfsu.edu/exhibits/strike/case3-text.html","url_text":"\"Case 3: Prelude / Demands\""},{"url":"http://jpllweb.sfsu.edu/exhibits/strike/case3-text.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Reagan: A Life In Letters. Simon and Schuster. 2004. p. 187. ISBN 0743219678.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MAJGPGqOJ8oC&q=%22Samuel+i+hayakawa%22+1973&pg=PA187","url_text":"Reagan: A Life In Letters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0743219678","url_text":"0743219678"}]},{"reference":"Bittlingmayer, George (July 17, 1973). \"San Francisco State Faculty Protests Selection of Hayakawa's Successor\". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved June 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1973/7/17/san-francisco-state-faculty-protests-selection/","url_text":"\"San Francisco State Faculty Protests Selection of Hayakawa's Successor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to the Samuel I. Hayakawa Papers\". Online Archive of California. Retrieved June 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt3199r7x0/admin/","url_text":"\"Guide to the Samuel I. Hayakawa Papers\""}]},{"reference":"Grigsby Bates, Karen; Meraji, Shereen Marisol (2019-03-21). \"The Student Strike That Changed Higher Ed Forever\". NPR. Retrieved 2020-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2019/03/21/704930088/the-student-strike-that-changed-higher-ed-forever","url_text":"\"The Student Strike That Changed Higher Ed Forever\""}]},{"reference":"Hayward, Steven. The Age of Reagan, Volume I. Crown Forum. p. 446.","urls":[]},{"reference":"James M. Fallows (January 15, 1969). \"Song of Hayakawa\". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved February 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fallows","url_text":"James M. Fallows"},{"url":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1969/1/15/song-of-hayakawa-pbibf-morris-abram/","url_text":"\"Song of Hayakawa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson","url_text":"The Harvard Crimson"}]},{"reference":"\"The San Francisco State College Strike Collection, Chronology of events\". Leonard Library. Archived from the original on May 10, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150510140936/http://www.library.sfsu.edu/about/collections/strike/choronology.html","url_text":"\"The San Francisco State College Strike Collection, Chronology of events\""},{"url":"http://www.library.sfsu.edu/about/collections/strike/choronology.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hayakawa & angry demonstrations, Part I. KQED News. San Francisco Bay Area Television Archive. December 6, 1968. Retrieved February 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://diva.sfsu.edu/collections/sfbatv/bundles/187205","url_text":"Hayakawa & angry demonstrations, Part I"}]},{"reference":"\"We Should Keep The Panama Canal. After All, We Stole It Fair And Square. – S.I\". Anvari.org. Retrieved 2014-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anvari.org/fortune/Miscellaneous_Collections/416905_we-should-keep-the-panama-canal-after-all-we-stole-it-fair-and-square-s-i.html","url_text":"\"We Should Keep The Panama Canal. After All, We Stole It Fair And Square. – S.I\""}]},{"reference":"staff (February 28, 1992). \"Ex-Sen. Hayakawa Dies; Unpredictable Iconoclast ...\" Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://articles.latimes.com/1992-02-28/news/mn-2960_1_state-college/2","url_text":"\"Ex-Sen. Hayakawa Dies; Unpredictable Iconoclast ...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Greg. \"S.I. Hayakawa\". Densho Encyclopedia. Retrieved August 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://encyclopedia.densho.org/S.I.%20Hayakawa/","url_text":"\"S.I. Hayakawa\""}]},{"reference":"Schudel, Matt (July 21, 2019). \"John Tanton, architect of anti-immigration and English-only efforts, dies at 85\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 3 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/john-tanton-architect-of-anti-immigration-and-english-only-efforts-dies-at-85/2019/07/21/2301f728-aa3f-11e9-86dd-d7f0e60391e9_story.html","url_text":"\"John Tanton, architect of anti-immigration and English-only efforts, dies at 85\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Portes, Alejandro (Spring 2002). \"English-only triumphs, but the costs are high\". Contexts. 1: 10–15. doi:10.1525/ctx.2002.1.1.10. S2CID 62565233. Retrieved 3 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1525/ctx.2002.1.1.10","url_text":"\"English-only triumphs, but the costs are high\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contexts","url_text":"Contexts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fctx.2002.1.1.10","url_text":"10.1525/ctx.2002.1.1.10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62565233","url_text":"62565233"}]},{"reference":"Maki, Mitchell Takeshi; Kitano, Harry H. L.; Berthold, Sarah Megan (1999). Achieving the Impossible Dream: How Japanese Americans Obtained Redress. University of Illinois. pp. 104–105. ISBN 0252024583.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780252024580","url_text":"Achieving the Impossible Dream: How Japanese Americans Obtained Redress"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780252024580/page/104","url_text":"104"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0252024583","url_text":"0252024583"}]},{"reference":"\"Testimony of S.I. Hayakawa on Senate Bill 2116. Presented to Subcommittee on Appropriations\". August 16, 1984 – via densho.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.densho.org/main.aspx","url_text":"\"Testimony of S.I. Hayakawa on Senate Bill 2116. Presented to Subcommittee on Appropriations\""}]},{"reference":"\"From semantics to the U.S. Senate, S.I. Hayakawa\".","urls":[{"url":"https://oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb5q2nb40v;NAAN=13030&chunk.id=div00208","url_text":"\"From semantics to the U.S. Senate, S.I. Hayakawa\""}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"S. I. Hayakawa (id: H000384)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000384","url_text":"\"S. I. Hayakawa (id: H000384)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/301811415/","external_links_name":"Oliver Wendell Holmes: Physician, poet, essayist"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NM8RAAAAIBAJ&pg=3914%2C5372406","external_links_name":"\"Hayakawa will retire\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zk9WAAAAIBAJ&pg=6777%2C6007646","external_links_name":"\"S.I. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosions_(Three_Days_Grace_album)	Explosions (Three Days Grace album)	["1 Background and recording","2 Promotion","3 Singles","4 Critical reception","5 Awards and nominations","6 Track listing","7 Personnel","8 Charts","9 Release history","10 References"]	2022 studio album by Three Days GraceExplosionsStudio album by Three Days GraceReleasedMay 6, 2022 (2022-05-06)RecordedMarch – November 2021Genre Hard rock post-grunge Length37:51LabelRCAProducer Howard Benson Three Days Grace Three Days Grace chronology Outsider(2018) Explosions(2022) Singles from Explosions "So Called Life"Released: November 29, 2021 "Lifetime"Released: April 11, 2022 "I Am the Weapon"Released: September 27, 2022 Explosions is the seventh studio album by Canadian rock band Three Days Grace. It was released on May 6, 2022, through RCA Records. The album was produced by Howard Benson and by members of the band. Background and recording The band announced their seventh studio album, Explosions, after the release of "So Called Life". They also announced tour dates for the spring that will take place in April and May 2022. In February 2022, the band officially revealed the track list and the cover art for the album. The group began writing the album in February 2020. According to bassist Brad Walst, the album is about, "That feeling inside, like you're gonna explode." He explained the process of recording the album, "We didn't see each other for the longest time. We recorded nine or ten songs separately, in different studios, and by ourselves, which we've never done before." According to Walst, the album has the heaviest songs they've ever written and reminded him of their debut album. Drummer Neil Sanderson talked about what inspired the record with Loudwire, "There is a common thread of theme going through it — the notion of just feeling like you have to self-center yourself in today's world, but then at the same time, you have to hear the opinions of everyone." Promotion In support of the album's release, the band embarked on a US spring tour from April and May 2022. The group also headlined the Explosions Tour from July to November 2022 in North America, with support from Wage War and Zero 9:36 for American dates, and The Warning and The Standstills for Canadian dates. They also toured in Europe from September and October 2022. The tour was a success with several shows selling out in Europe, most notably at TonHalle in Munich, Germany, grossing $70,195 from 2,000 tickets sold, according to Pollstar. They later joined Shinedown on the Revolutions Tour from April to May 2023. The tour was also a success, notably the concert at Angel of the Winds Arena in Everett, Washington grossing $522,870 off of 7,123 tickets sold. The group co-headlined a tour alongside Chevelle in the fall of 2023 with support from Loathe. Singles "So Called Life" is the first single released from the album. The song peaked at number one on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart for four consecutive weeks marking the band's 16th number one on the chart. "Neurotic" was released on February 17, 2022, as a promotional single, featuring Lukas Rossi. The second official single "Lifetime" was released on April 11, 2022. The song was dedicated to the people of Mayfield, Kentucky after an EF4 tornado hit the city in December 2021. The song peaked at number one, both on active and mainstream rock charts making it the bands 17th number one on the charts. The third single, "I Am the Weapon" was released on September 27, 2022. Critical reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicDistorted Sound7/10Metal Hammer4/7Rock N' Load9/10Ultimate Guitar6.7/10Wall of Sound7.5/10 Explosions has been received with positive reviews. Rock N' Load gave the album a 9/10 rating complimenting Matt Walst's vocals on songs such as "Lifetime" and "A Scar is Born". Timothy Monger of AllMusic remarked, "the album feels like a continuation of the gritty, aggressive rock that has been the group's hallmark since the beginning." Dan McHugh of Distorted Sound stated, "Three Days Grace know how to reel off a tonne of crowd pleasers. The only issue is that the high-energy floor fillers are all crammed into the front end and this allows for the injected adrenaline to wain and dissipate as Explosions progresses." Ricky Aarons of Wall of Sound noted that "some may argue it's 'safe', it also continues to deliver new variations of their signature style, to a fanbase that's literally in the millions, and always craving new material." To date, the album has sold 44,000 equivalent album units in the US. Awards and nominations Awards and nominations for Explosions Year Organization Award Result Ref(s) 2023 Juno Awards Rock Album of the Year Nominated Track listing All lyrics written by Three Days Grace and Ted Bruner, all music written by Three Days Grace and Ted Bruner, except when noted. No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."So Called Life" 3:262."I Am the Weapon"Matt WalstBrad WalstBarry StockNeil SandersonSimon Wilcox2:553."Neurotic" (featuring Lukas Rossi)SandersonLukas Rossi3:184."Lifetime" 2:575."A Scar Is Born" 3:336."Souvenirs" 3:107."No Tomorrow" 2:528."Redemption"Johnny AndrewsM WalstB WalstStockSanderson3:109."Champion"James WalstM WalstB WalstStockSanderson3:0110."Chain of Abuse" 3:0511."Someone to Talk To" (featuring Apocalyptica) 2:5312."Explosions" 3:27Total length:37:51 Japanese edition bonus trackNo.TitleWriter(s)Length13."Somebody That I Used to Know"Wally de Backer3:29Total length:41:20 Personnel Credits retrieved from album's liner notes. Three Days Grace Matt Walst – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, composer, lyricist, producer Barry Stock – lead guitar, composer, lyricist, producer Brad Walst – bass guitar, composer, lyricist, producer Neil Sanderson – drums, backing vocals, piano, composer, producer, programmer Additional musicians Lukas Rossi – guest vocals (3), composer, lyricist Eicca Toppinen – rhythm cello (11) Paavo Lötjönen – rhythm/bass cello (11) Perttu Kivilaakso – lead cello (11) Mikko Sirén – drums, percussion (11) Lenny Castro – percussion (1-2, 9-10, 12) Matt Kelly – steel guitar (12) Jet Sanderson – additional vocals (10) Additional personnel Howard Benson – producer, organ (7-9) Ted Jensen – mastering (Sterling Sound, Nashville, Tennessee) Dan Lancaster – mixing engineer Ted Bruner – composer, lyricist, programmer (1, 4, 6, 7, 12) Mike Plotnikoff – recording engineer Marc VanGool - guitar technician, assistant engineer Hatch Inagaki – assistant engineer Rhys May – assistant engineer Paul DeCarli - editor Darren Magierowski – additional production / engineer Jill Zimmermann – additional production / engineer Jay Wud – programming (8, 11) Charts Chart performance for Explosions Chart (2022) Peakposition Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) 37 Canadian Albums (Billboard) 30 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 28 Scottish Albums (OCC) 92 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 53 UK Album Sales (OCC) 42 UK Album Downloads (OCC) 43 UK Physical Albums (OCC) 47 UK Rock & Metal Albums (OCC) 8 US Billboard 200 102 US Top Alternative Albums (Billboard) 9 US Top Rock Albums (Billboard) 13 US Top Hard Rock Albums (Billboard) 4 Release history Release history and formats for Explosions Region Date Edition Format Label Ref. Various May 6, 2022 Standard CDdigital downloadLP RCA United Kingdom Vinyl Japan Japanese bonus track CD Sony Music Japan References ^ a b c Conor (May 5, 2022). "Three Days Grace // Explosions // Album Review". Rock N' Load. Retrieved May 13, 2022. ^ "Three Days Grace Announces New Music Video and Explosions Tour". Retrieved May 8, 2022. ^ "Three Days Grace – Explosions (Album Review)". 30 April 2022. ^ a b Childers, Chad (November 29, 2021). "Three Days Grace Seek Escape With Heavy New Song 'So Called Life', Announce New Album". Loudwire. Retrieved May 4, 2022. ^ a b Childers, Chad (February 17, 2022). "Three Days Grace Team With Lukas Rossi on Anthemic New Song 'Neurotic'". Loudwire. Retrieved March 4, 2022. ^ "Brad Walst, Three Days Grace – "Matt's Come a Long Way, so I'm Excited for the Future"". September 30, 2022. Retrieved October 16, 2022. ^ Aarons, Ricky (May 6, 2022). "Brad Walst – Three Days Grace 'Still Alive with Explosions'". Retrieved May 11, 2022. ^ Greg Prato (May 10, 2022). "Three Days Grace's Brad Walst − "Distinguished Gentleman Among Young"". Retrieved October 17, 2022. ^ Schaffner, Lauryn (December 3, 2021). "How Today's Social Climate Inspired Three Days Grace's New Album Explosions". Loudwire. Retrieved May 15, 2021. ^ Chad Childers (November 15, 2021). "Three Days Grace Book Spring 2022 US Tour Dates". Loudwire. Retrieved February 17, 2024. ^ "Three Days Grace Announces Summer/Fall 2022 North American Tour Dates". Blabbermouth.net. April 11, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2024. ^ James Weaver (April 2, 2022). "Three Days Grace Announce European Tour". Distorted Sound. Retrieved February 17, 2024. ^ a b Oscar Areliz (May 30, 2023). "Three Days Grace Announces Fall Tour With Chevelle". Pollstar. Retrieved February 17, 2024. ^ "Shinedown Announces April/May 2023 U.S. Tour With Three Days Grace". Blabbermouth.net. January 23, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2023. ^ Will Navidson (May 30, 2023). "Chevelle, Three Days Grace and Loathe Announce Fall 2023 Tour". Revolver. Retrieved July 9, 2023. ^ Rutherford, Kevin (February 1, 2022). "Three Days Grace Ties Shinedown for Most Mainstream Rock Airplay No. 1s". Billboard. Retrieved April 15, 2022. ^ a b Childers, Chad (April 11, 2022). "Three Days Grace Dedicate 'Lifetime' Video + U.S. Tour to Helping Mayfield Tornado Victims". Loudwire. Retrieved April 13, 2022. ^ a b Rutherford, Kevin (July 6, 2022). "Three Days Grace Ties Shinedown Again for Most Mainstream Rock Airplay No. 1s". Billboard. Retrieved July 17, 2022. ^ "Future Releases - Rock". All Access. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2022. ^ a b Monger, Timothy. "Explosions – Three Days Grace Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved June 8, 2022. ^ a b McHugh, Dan (May 5, 2022). "Album Review: Explosions – Three Days Grace". Distorted Sound Magazine. Retrieved May 8, 2022. ^ Weckmann, Matthias (May 6, 2022). "Kritik zu Three Days Grace Explosions". Metal Hammer (in German). Retrieved May 15, 2022. ^ Travis Lausch (June 12, 2022). "Explosions Review - Three Days Grace". Ultimate Guitar. Retrieved February 10, 2024. ^ a b Aarons, Ricky (April 30, 2022). "Three Days Grace – Explosions (Album Review)". Wall of Sound. Retrieved May 13, 2022. ^ Paul Grein (January 31, 2023). "The Weeknd Tops 2023 Juno Awards Nominations: Full List". Billboard. Retrieved February 1, 2023. ^ "エクスプロージョンズ" (in Japanese). Sony Music Entertainment Japan. Retrieved February 4, 2023. ^ Explosions (booklet). RCA. 2022. ^ "Austriancharts.at – Three Days Grace – Explosions" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved May 20, 2022. ^ "Three Days Grace Chart History (Canadian Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved May 17, 2022. ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Three Days Grace – Explosions" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved May 13, 2022. ^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 17, 2022. ^ "Swisscharts.com – Three Days Grace – Explosions". Hung Medien. Retrieved May 15, 2022. ^ "Official Albums Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. May 13, 2022. Retrieved May 13, 2022. ^ "Official Album Downloads Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 17, 2022. ^ "Official Physical Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. May 13, 2022. Retrieved May 13, 2022. ^ "Official Rock & Metal Albums Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 17, 2022. ^ "Three Days Grace Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved May 17, 2022. ^ "Three Days Grace Chart History (Top Alternative Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved May 17, 2022. ^ "Three Days Grace Chart History (Top Rock Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved May 17, 2022. ^ "Three Days Grace Chart History (Top Hard Rock Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved May 23, 2022. ^ "Explosions - Three Days Grace (CD - RCA #19439963432)". AllMusic. Retrieved February 25, 2024. ^ "Explosions - Three Days Grace (LP - RCA #19439963431)". AllMusic. Retrieved February 25, 2024. ^ "Explosions - Three Days Grace". HMV. Retrieved February 25, 2024. ^ "Explosions - Three Days Grace". Oricon. Retrieved February 25, 2024. vteThree Days Grace Matt Walst Barry Stock Brad Walst Neil Sanderson Adam Gontier Studio albums Three Days Grace One-X Life Starts Now Transit of Venus Human Outsider Explosions EPs Pain Never Too Late DVD Live at the Palace 2008 Singles "I Hate Everything About You" "Just Like You" "Home" "Wake Up" "Animal I Have Become" "Pain" "Never Too Late" "Riot" "Break" "The Good Life" "World So Cold" "Lost in You" "Chalk Outline" "The High Road" "Misery Loves My Company" "Painkiller" "I Am Machine" "Human Race" "Fallen Angel" "The Mountain" "Infra-Red" "Right Left Wrong" "Somebody That I Used to Know" "So Called Life" "Lifetime" "I Am the Weapon" Promotional singles "You Don't Get Me High Anymore" "I Am an Outsider" "Neurotic" Related articles Discography Awards and nominations "I Don't Care" Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Three Days Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Days_Grace"},{"link_name":"RCA Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Howard Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Benson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Explosions is the seventh studio album by Canadian rock band Three Days Grace. It was released on May 6, 2022, through RCA Records.[2] The album was produced by Howard Benson and by members of the band.[3]","title":"Explosions (Three Days Grace album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"So Called Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Called_Life"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loudwire-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loudwire-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loudwire2-5"},{"link_name":"Brad Walst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Walst"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"debut album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Days_Grace_(album)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Neil Sanderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sanderson"},{"link_name":"Loudwire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudwire"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The band announced their seventh studio album, Explosions, after the release of \"So Called Life\".[4] They also announced tour dates for the spring that will take place in April and May 2022.[4] In February 2022, the band officially revealed the track list and the cover art for the album.[5]The group began writing the album in February 2020. According to bassist Brad Walst, the album is about, \"That feeling inside, like you're gonna explode.\"[6] He explained the process of recording the album, \"We didn't see each other for the longest time. We recorded nine or ten songs separately, in different studios, and by ourselves, which we've never done before.\"[7] According to Walst, the album has the heaviest songs they've ever written and reminded him of their debut album.[8] Drummer Neil Sanderson talked about what inspired the record with Loudwire, \"There is a common thread of theme going through it — the notion of just feeling like you have to self-center yourself in today's world, but then at the same time, you have to hear the opinions of everyone.\"[9]","title":"Background and recording"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Wage War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage_War"},{"link_name":"The Warning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Warning_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Standstills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Standstills"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Munich, Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich,_Germany"},{"link_name":"Pollstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollstar"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pollstar-13"},{"link_name":"Shinedown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinedown"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Angel of the Winds Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_of_the_Winds_Arena"},{"link_name":"Everett, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pollstar-13"},{"link_name":"Chevelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevelle_(band)"},{"link_name":"Loathe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loathe_(band)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"In support of the album's release, the band embarked on a US spring tour from April and May 2022.[10] The group also headlined the Explosions Tour from July to November 2022 in North America, with support from Wage War and Zero 9:36 for American dates, and The Warning and The Standstills for Canadian dates.[11] They also toured in Europe from September and October 2022.[12] The tour was a success with several shows selling out in Europe, most notably at TonHalle in Munich, Germany, grossing $70,195 from 2,000 tickets sold, according to Pollstar.[13] They later joined Shinedown on the Revolutions Tour from April to May 2023.[14] The tour was also a success, notably the concert at Angel of the Winds Arena in Everett, Washington grossing $522,870 off of 7,123 tickets sold.[13] The group co-headlined a tour alongside Chevelle in the fall of 2023 with support from Loathe.[15]","title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"So Called Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Called_Life"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Mainstream Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Rock_(chart)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Neurotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotic_(song)"},{"link_name":"Lukas Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukas_Rossi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loudwire2-5"},{"link_name":"Lifetime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifetime_(Three_Days_Grace_song)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lifetime-17"},{"link_name":"Mayfield, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfield,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lifetime-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard1-18"},{"link_name":"I Am the Weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_the_Weapon"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"\"So Called Life\" is the first single released from the album. The song peaked at number one on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart for four consecutive weeks marking the band's 16th number one on the chart.[16] \"Neurotic\" was released on February 17, 2022, as a promotional single, featuring Lukas Rossi.[5] The second official single \"Lifetime\" was released on April 11, 2022.[17] The song was dedicated to the people of Mayfield, Kentucky after an EF4 tornado hit the city in December 2021.[17] The song peaked at number one, both on active and mainstream rock charts making it the bands 17th number one on the charts.[18] The third single, \"I Am the Weapon\" was released on September 27, 2022.[19]","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rocknloud-1"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Distorted_Sound-21"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wall_of_Sound-24"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard1-18"}],"text":"Explosions has been received with positive reviews. Rock N' Load gave the album a 9/10 rating complimenting Matt Walst's vocals on songs such as \"Lifetime\" and \"A Scar is Born\".[1] Timothy Monger of AllMusic remarked, \"the album feels like a continuation of the gritty, aggressive rock that has been the group's hallmark since the beginning.\"[20] Dan McHugh of Distorted Sound stated, \"Three Days Grace know how to reel off a tonne of crowd pleasers. The only issue is that the high-energy floor fillers are all crammed into the front end and this allows for the injected adrenaline to wain and dissipate as Explosions progresses.\"[21] Ricky Aarons of Wall of Sound noted that \"some may argue it's 'safe', it also continues to deliver new variations of their signature style, to a fanbase that's literally in the millions, and always craving new material.\"[24]To date, the album has sold 44,000 equivalent album units in the US.[18]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Three Days Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Days_Grace"},{"link_name":"Ted Bruner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Bruner"},{"link_name":"So Called Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Called_Life"},{"link_name":"I Am the Weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_the_Weapon"},{"link_name":"Matt Walst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Walst"},{"link_name":"Brad Walst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Walst"},{"link_name":"Barry Stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Stock"},{"link_name":"Neil Sanderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sanderson"},{"link_name":"Simon Wilcox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Wilcox"},{"link_name":"Neurotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotic_(song)"},{"link_name":"Lukas Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukas_Rossi"},{"link_name":"Lukas Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukas_Rossi"},{"link_name":"Lifetime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifetime_(Three_Days_Grace_song)"},{"link_name":"Apocalyptica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalyptica"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Somebody That I Used to Know","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somebody_That_I_Used_to_Know#Three_Days_Grace_version"},{"link_name":"Wally de Backer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotye"}],"text":"All lyrics written by Three Days Grace and Ted Bruner, all music written by Three Days Grace and Ted Bruner, except when noted.No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"So Called Life\" 3:262.\"I Am the Weapon\"Matt WalstBrad WalstBarry StockNeil SandersonSimon Wilcox2:553.\"Neurotic\" (featuring Lukas Rossi)SandersonLukas Rossi3:184.\"Lifetime\" 2:575.\"A Scar Is Born\" 3:336.\"Souvenirs\" 3:107.\"No Tomorrow\" 2:528.\"Redemption\"Johnny AndrewsM WalstB WalstStockSanderson3:109.\"Champion\"James WalstM WalstB WalstStockSanderson3:0110.\"Chain of Abuse\" 3:0511.\"Someone to Talk To\" (featuring Apocalyptica) 2:5312.\"Explosions\" 3:27Total length:37:51Japanese edition bonus track[26]No.TitleWriter(s)Length13.\"Somebody That I Used to Know\"Wally de Backer3:29Total length:41:20","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"liner notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liner_notes"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-booklet-27"},{"link_name":"Matt Walst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Walst"},{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"Barry Stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Stock"},{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"Brad Walst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Walst"},{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"Neil Sanderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sanderson"},{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"programmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_(music)"},{"link_name":"Lukas Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukas_Rossi"},{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"Eicca Toppinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eicca_Toppinen"},{"link_name":"Paavo Lötjönen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paavo_L%C3%B6tj%C3%B6nen"},{"link_name":"Perttu Kivilaakso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perttu_Kivilaakso"},{"link_name":"Mikko Sirén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikko_Sir%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Lenny Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenny_Castro"},{"link_name":"Howard Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Benson"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"Ted Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Jensen"},{"link_name":"mastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastering_(audio)"},{"link_name":"Sterling Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Sound_Studios"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Dan Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"mixing engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)"},{"link_name":"Ted Bruner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Bruner"},{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"programmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_(music)"},{"link_name":"recording engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineer"},{"link_name":"editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_editing"},{"link_name":"programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_(music)"}],"text":"Credits retrieved from album's liner notes.[27]Three Days Grace\n\nMatt Walst – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, composer, lyricist, producer\nBarry Stock – lead guitar, composer, lyricist, producer\nBrad Walst – bass guitar, composer, lyricist, producer\nNeil Sanderson – drums, backing vocals, piano, composer, producer, programmer\nAdditional musicians\n\nLukas Rossi – guest vocals (3), composer, lyricist\nEicca Toppinen – rhythm cello (11)\nPaavo Lötjönen – rhythm/bass cello (11)\nPerttu Kivilaakso – lead cello (11)\nMikko Sirén – drums, percussion (11)\nLenny Castro – percussion (1-2, 9-10, 12)\nMatt Kelly – steel guitar (12)\nJet Sanderson – additional vocals (10)\n\n\n\n\nAdditional personnel\n\nHoward Benson – producer, organ (7-9)\nTed Jensen – mastering (Sterling Sound, Nashville, Tennessee)\nDan Lancaster – mixing engineer\nTed Bruner – composer, lyricist, programmer (1, 4, 6, 7, 12)\nMike Plotnikoff – recording engineer\nMarc VanGool - guitar technician, assistant engineer\nHatch Inagaki – assistant engineer\nRhys May – assistant engineer\nPaul DeCarli - editor\nDarren Magierowski – additional production / engineer\nJill Zimmermann – additional production / engineer\nJay Wud – programming (8, 11)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Conor (May 5, 2022). \"Three Days Grace // Explosions // Album Review\". Rock N' Load. Retrieved May 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://rocknloadmag.com/news/three-days-grace-explosions-album-review/","url_text":"\"Three Days Grace // Explosions // Album Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Three Days Grace Announces New Music Video and Explosions Tour\". Retrieved May 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soec.ca/announcements/just-announced-three-days-grace-announces-new-music-video-and-explosions-tour/","url_text":"\"Three Days Grace Announces New Music Video and Explosions Tour\""}]},{"reference":"\"Three Days Grace – Explosions (Album Review)\". 30 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://wallofsoundau.com/2022/04/30/three-days-grace-explosions-album-review/","url_text":"\"Three Days Grace – Explosions (Album Review)\""}]},{"reference":"Childers, Chad (November 29, 2021). \"Three Days Grace Seek Escape With Heavy New Song 'So Called Life', Announce New Album\". Loudwire. Retrieved May 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://loudwire.com/three-days-grace-so-called-life-video-explosions-album/","url_text":"\"Three Days Grace Seek Escape With Heavy New Song 'So Called Life', Announce New Album\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudwire","url_text":"Loudwire"}]},{"reference":"Childers, Chad (February 17, 2022). \"Three Days Grace Team With Lukas Rossi on Anthemic New Song 'Neurotic'\". Loudwire. Retrieved March 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://loudwire.com/three-days-grace-lukas-rossi-neurotic-lyrics-video/","url_text":"\"Three Days Grace Team With Lukas Rossi on Anthemic New Song 'Neurotic'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudwire","url_text":"Loudwire"}]},{"reference":"\"Brad Walst, Three Days Grace – \"Matt's Come a Long Way, so I'm Excited for the Future\"\". September 30, 2022. Retrieved October 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metaltalk.net/brad-walst-three-days-grace-matts-come-a-long-way-so-im-excited-for-the-future.php","url_text":"\"Brad Walst, Three Days Grace – \"Matt's Come a Long Way, so I'm Excited for the Future\"\""}]},{"reference":"Aarons, Ricky (May 6, 2022). \"Brad Walst – Three Days Grace 'Still Alive with Explosions'\". Retrieved May 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://wallofsoundau.com/2022/05/06/brad-walst-three-days-grace-interview-2022/","url_text":"\"Brad Walst – Three Days Grace 'Still Alive with Explosions'\""}]},{"reference":"Greg Prato (May 10, 2022). \"Three Days Grace's Brad Walst − \"Distinguished Gentleman Among Young\"\". Retrieved October 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://bravewords.com/features/three-days-graces-brad-walst-distinguished-gentlemen-among-young","url_text":"\"Three Days Grace's Brad Walst − \"Distinguished Gentleman Among Young\"\""}]},{"reference":"Schaffner, Lauryn (December 3, 2021). \"How Today's Social Climate Inspired Three Days Grace's New Album Explosions\". Loudwire. Retrieved May 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://loudwire.com/how-social-climate-inspired-three-days-grace-album-explosions-interview/","url_text":"\"How Today's Social Climate Inspired Three Days Grace's New Album Explosions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudwire","url_text":"Loudwire"}]},{"reference":"Chad Childers (November 15, 2021). \"Three Days Grace Book Spring 2022 US Tour Dates\". Loudwire. Retrieved February 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://loudwire.com/three-days-grace-spring-2022-us-tour-dates/","url_text":"\"Three Days Grace Book Spring 2022 US Tour Dates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudwire","url_text":"Loudwire"}]},{"reference":"\"Three Days Grace Announces Summer/Fall 2022 North American Tour Dates\". Blabbermouth.net. April 11, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://blabbermouth.net/news/three-days-grace-announces-summer-fall-2022-north-american-tour-dates","url_text":"\"Three Days Grace Announces Summer/Fall 2022 North American Tour Dates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blabbermouth.net","url_text":"Blabbermouth.net"}]},{"reference":"James Weaver (April 2, 2022). \"Three Days Grace Announce European Tour\". Distorted Sound. Retrieved February 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://distortedsoundmag.com/three-days-grace-announce-european-tour/","url_text":"\"Three Days Grace Announce European Tour\""}]},{"reference":"Oscar Areliz (May 30, 2023). \"Three Days Grace Announces Fall Tour With Chevelle\". Pollstar. Retrieved February 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.pollstar.com/2023/05/30/three-days-grace-announces-fall-tour-with-chevelle/","url_text":"\"Three Days Grace Announces Fall Tour With Chevelle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollstar","url_text":"Pollstar"}]},{"reference":"\"Shinedown Announces April/May 2023 U.S. Tour With Three Days Grace\". Blabbermouth.net. January 23, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://blabbermouth.net/news/shinedown-announces-april-may-2023-u-s-tour-with-three-days-grace","url_text":"\"Shinedown Announces April/May 2023 U.S. Tour With Three Days Grace\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blabbermouth.net","url_text":"Blabbermouth.net"}]},{"reference":"Will Navidson (May 30, 2023). \"Chevelle, Three Days Grace and Loathe Announce Fall 2023 Tour\". Revolver. Retrieved July 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.revolvermag.com/events/chevelle-three-days-grace-and-loathe-announce-fall-2023-tour","url_text":"\"Chevelle, Three Days Grace and Loathe Announce Fall 2023 Tour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolver_(magazine)","url_text":"Revolver"}]},{"reference":"Rutherford, Kevin (February 1, 2022). \"Three Days Grace Ties Shinedown for Most Mainstream Rock Airplay No. 1s\". Billboard. Retrieved April 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/pro/three-days-grace-ties-shinedown-most-mainstream-rock-airplay-number-ones/","url_text":"\"Three Days Grace Ties Shinedown for Most Mainstream Rock Airplay No. 1s\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Childers, Chad (April 11, 2022). \"Three Days Grace Dedicate 'Lifetime' Video + U.S. Tour to Helping Mayfield Tornado Victims\". Loudwire. Retrieved April 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://loudwire.com/three-days-grace-lifetime-video-2022-us-tour-mayfield-tornado-victims/","url_text":"\"Three Days Grace Dedicate 'Lifetime' Video + U.S. Tour to Helping Mayfield Tornado Victims\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudwire","url_text":"Loudwire"}]},{"reference":"Rutherford, Kevin (July 6, 2022). \"Three Days Grace Ties Shinedown Again for Most Mainstream Rock Airplay No. 1s\". Billboard. Retrieved July 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/pro/three-days-grace-ties-shinedown-again-most-mainstream-rock-airplay-number-ones/","url_text":"\"Three Days Grace Ties Shinedown Again for Most Mainstream Rock Airplay No. 1s\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Future Releases - Rock\". All Access. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220922001041/https://www.allaccess.com/rock/future-releases","url_text":"\"Future Releases - Rock\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediabase","url_text":"All Access"},{"url":"https://www.allaccess.com/rock/future-releases","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Monger, Timothy. \"Explosions – Three Days Grace Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards\". AllMusic. Retrieved June 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/explosions-mw0003630377","url_text":"\"Explosions – Three Days Grace Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards\""}]},{"reference":"McHugh, Dan (May 5, 2022). \"Album Review: Explosions – Three Days Grace\". Distorted Sound Magazine. Retrieved May 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://distortedsoundmag.com/album-review-explosions-three-days-grace/","url_text":"\"Album Review: Explosions – Three Days Grace\""}]},{"reference":"Weckmann, Matthias (May 6, 2022). \"Kritik zu Three Days Grace Explosions\". Metal Hammer (in German). Retrieved May 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metal-hammer.de/reviews/three-days-grace-explosions/","url_text":"\"Kritik zu Three Days Grace Explosions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Hammer","url_text":"Metal Hammer"}]},{"reference":"Travis Lausch (June 12, 2022). \"Explosions Review - Three Days Grace\". Ultimate Guitar. Retrieved February 10, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultimate-guitar.com/reviews/compact_discs/three_days_grace/explosions/49405/","url_text":"\"Explosions Review - Three Days Grace\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Guitar","url_text":"Ultimate Guitar"}]},{"reference":"Aarons, Ricky (April 30, 2022). \"Three Days Grace – Explosions (Album Review)\". Wall of Sound. Retrieved May 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://wallofsoundau.com/2022/04/30/three-days-grace-explosions-album-review/","url_text":"\"Three Days Grace – Explosions (Album Review)\""}]},{"reference":"Paul Grein (January 31, 2023). \"The Weeknd Tops 2023 Juno Awards Nominations: Full List\". Billboard. Retrieved February 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2023-juno-awards-nominations-full-list-the-weeknd-leads-1235208326/","url_text":"\"The Weeknd Tops 2023 Juno Awards Nominations: Full List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"エクスプロージョンズ\" (in Japanese). Sony Music Entertainment Japan. Retrieved February 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sonymusic.co.jp/artist/threedaysgrace/discography/SICP-6457","url_text":"\"エクスプロージョンズ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment_Japan","url_text":"Sony Music Entertainment Japan"}]},{"reference":"Explosions (booklet). RCA. 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records","url_text":"RCA"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Albums Sales Chart Top 100\". Official Charts Company. May 13, 2022. Retrieved May 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/albums-sales-chart/20220513","url_text":"\"Official Albums Sales Chart Top 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Physical Albums Chart Top 100\". Official Charts Company. May 13, 2022. Retrieved May 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/physical-albums-chart/20220513","url_text":"\"Official Physical Albums Chart Top 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Three Days Grace Chart History (Top Hard Rock Albums)\". Billboard. Retrieved May 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/three-days-grace/chart-history/mtl/","url_text":"\"Three Days Grace Chart History (Top Hard Rock Albums)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Explosions - Three Days Grace (CD - RCA #19439963432)\". AllMusic. Retrieved February 25, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/release/explosions-mr0005545879","url_text":"\"Explosions - Three Days Grace (CD - RCA #19439963432)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Explosions - Three Days Grace (LP - RCA #19439963431)\". AllMusic. Retrieved February 25, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/release/explosions-mr0005545880","url_text":"\"Explosions - Three Days Grace (LP - RCA #19439963431)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Explosions - Three Days Grace\". HMV. Retrieved February 25, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://hmv.com/store/music/vinyl/explosions","url_text":"\"Explosions - Three Days Grace\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMV","url_text":"HMV"}]},{"reference":"\"Explosions - Three Days Grace\". Oricon. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bohn	Richard Bohn	["1 Published works","2 References"]	German architect Richard Bohn. Richard Bohn signature. Karl Theodor Richard Bohn (29 December 1849 – 22 August 1898 in Görlitz) was a German archaeological architect born in Berlin. Beginning in 1868, he studied architecture in Berlin, and in 1877 participated in the archaeological dig at Olympia with Friedrich Adler. In 1879 he surveyed the Propylaea in Athens, and later the same year, began work at the Pergamon excavation site. Among his duties at Pergamon, was ascertainment of the original architectural form and measurements of the Pergamon altar. In 1887 he was named managing director of the Baugewerkschule in Nienburg, and from 1895 onward, worked in the same capacity in Görlitz. Published works Der Tempel der Athena Polias zu Pergamon (Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Berlin 1881:4) (Berlin 1882) – The temple of Athena Polias at Pergamon. (doi:10.11588/diglit.1011) Die Propylaeen der Akropolis zu Athen (Berlin 1882) – The Propylaea of the Acropolis at Athens. (doi:10.11588/diglit.675) Der Tempel des Dionysos zu Pergamon (Berlin 1885) – The temple of Dionysus at Pergamon. Das Heiligtum der Athena Polias Nikephoros (Altertümer von Pergamon II) (Berlin 1886), with Hans Droysen - The sanctuary of Athena Polias at Pergamon. (doi:10.11588/diglit.913) Altertümer von Aegae (Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Ergänzungsheft 2) (Berlin 1889), with Carl Schuchhardt - Antiquities of Aegae. (doi:10.11588/diglit.676) Die Theater-Terrasse (Altertümer von Pergamon IV) (Berlin 1896) - The theatre terrace at Pergamon. (doi:10.11588/diglit.919) References Richard Bohn translated biography @ Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie ^ a b Bohn, Karl Theodor Richard @ NDB/ADB Deutsche Biographie Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Germany Italy Israel United States Greece Netherlands Vatican Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef This article about a German architect is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Bohn.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Bohn_signature.jpg"},{"link_name":"Görlitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz"},{"link_name":"archaeological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture"},{"link_name":"Olympia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympia,_Greece"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Adler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Adler_(architect)"},{"link_name":"Propylaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propylaea"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Pergamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ND-1"},{"link_name":"architectural form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_form"},{"link_name":"Pergamon altar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamon_Altar"},{"link_name":"Nienburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nienburg_(Weser)"},{"link_name":"Görlitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ND-1"}],"text":"Richard Bohn.Richard Bohn signature.Karl Theodor Richard Bohn (29 December 1849 – 22 August 1898 in Görlitz) was a German archaeological architect born in Berlin.Beginning in 1868, he studied architecture in Berlin, and in 1877 participated in the archaeological dig at Olympia with Friedrich Adler. In 1879 he surveyed the Propylaea in Athens, and later the same year, began work at the Pergamon excavation site.[1] Among his duties at Pergamon, was ascertainment of the original architectural form and measurements of the Pergamon altar.In 1887 he was named managing director of the Baugewerkschule in Nienburg, and from 1895 onward, worked in the same capacity in Görlitz.[1]","title":"Richard Bohn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Athena Polias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena_Polias"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.11588/diglit.1011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.11588%2Fdiglit.1011"},{"link_name":"Propylaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propylaea"},{"link_name":"Acropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acropolis"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.11588/diglit.675","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.11588%2Fdiglit.675"},{"link_name":"Dionysus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus"},{"link_name":"Athena Polias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena_Polias"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.11588/diglit.913","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.11588%2Fdiglit.913"},{"link_name":"Carl Schuchhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schuchhardt"},{"link_name":"Aegae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegae_(Achaea)"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.11588/diglit.676","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.11588%2Fdiglit.676"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.11588/diglit.919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.11588%2Fdiglit.919"}],"text":"Der Tempel der Athena Polias zu Pergamon (Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Berlin 1881:4) (Berlin 1882) – The temple of Athena Polias at Pergamon. (doi:10.11588/diglit.1011)\nDie Propylaeen der Akropolis zu Athen (Berlin 1882) – The Propylaea of the Acropolis at Athens. (doi:10.11588/diglit.675)\nDer Tempel des Dionysos zu Pergamon (Berlin 1885) – The temple of Dionysus at Pergamon.\nDas Heiligtum der Athena Polias Nikephoros (Altertümer von Pergamon II) (Berlin 1886), with Hans Droysen - The sanctuary of Athena Polias at Pergamon. (doi:10.11588/diglit.913)\nAltertümer von Aegae (Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Ergänzungsheft 2) (Berlin 1889), with Carl Schuchhardt - Antiquities of Aegae. (doi:10.11588/diglit.676)\nDie Theater-Terrasse (Altertümer von Pergamon IV) (Berlin 1896) - The theatre terrace at Pergamon. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_(tug)	Ottawa (tug)	["1 History","2 See also","3 References"]	Coordinates: 46°52′59.7″N 90°45′49.2″W / 46.883250°N 90.763667°W / 46.883250; -90.763667Tugboat that sank in Lake Superior The Ottawa History NameOttawa OwnerReid Wrecking Company, of Sarnia, Ontario (last owners) Port of registry United States BuilderBuilt in 1881 at Chicago Laid downNovember 13, 1909 Launched1881 FateBurned and sank 29 November 1909 Notes Wreck located between Basswood Island and the Bayfield Peninsula Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992 General characteristics TypeTugboat Tonnage610.8 gross tons Length151 feet (46 m) Beam28 feet Depth of hold13 feet Installed power600 horsepower engine NotesOriginally named the Boscobel, renamed Ottawa when sold. Ottawa (Tug) Shipwreck SiteU.S. National Register of Historic Places LocationRussell, WisconsinNearest cityRed Cliff, WisconsinCoordinates46°52′59.7″N 90°45′49.2″W / 46.883250°N 90.763667°W / 46.883250; -90.763667MPSGreat Lakes Shipwreck Sites of Wisconsin MPSNRHP reference No.92000594Added to NRHPJune 8, 1992 The Ottawa was a tugboat that sank in Lake Superior off the coast of Red Cliff in Russell, Bayfield County, Wisconsin. The wreckage site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. History Ottawa, originally named Boscobel, was built in Chicago, Illinois. It was the largest tug ever built in Chicago at the time and remained the largest and most powerful tug on the Great Lakes until its sinking in 1909. Originally the boat was used for rafting logs on Lake Michigan, but in 1901 was bought (and renamed) by the Reid Wrecking Company, based in Sarnia, Ontario. On November 13, 1909, a steamboat passing the Apostle Islands became stranded on a shoal two miles off of Outer Island during a storm. The ship's first mate and other members of the crew launched the lifeboat and went to land in order to get help. Four vessels tried for a week to aid the steamboat. Eventually, three more vessels, including Ottawa, were dispatched to the scene. On November 29, they were finally able to free the steamboat. That evening, the Ottawa's crew ate dinner and retired to bed. Less than 30 minutes later, they were woken by a fire that was already out of control. Ottawa was pushed away from the steamboat that they had earlier rescued by the other vessels in efforts to stop the spread of fire and another tugboat was sent to help Ottawa. Despite the efforts, Ottawa burned to the waterline and sank. All crew members were saved. The cause of the fire remains unknown. Theories include that the fire was a result of spontaneous combustion in the ship's coal bunkers, which contained 130 tons of fuel. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ottawa (ship, 1881). Apostle Islands List of shipwrecks in the Great Lakes References ^ "Ottawa (Tug) Shipwreck Site". Landmark Hunter.com. Retrieved 2012-01-23. ^ "Service History". Wisconsin Shipwrecks.org. Archived from the original on 2013-06-02. Retrieved 2012-01-23. ^ Keller, James M. (1984). The Unholy Apostles. pp. 117–120. ISBN 0-933577-001. ^ "Final Voyage page 1". Wisconsin Shipwrecks.org. Archived from the original on 2012-05-05. Retrieved 2012-01-23. ^ "Final Voyage page 2". Wisconsin Shipwrecks.org. Archived from the original on 2010-12-03. Retrieved 2012-01-23. vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1909Shipwrecks 5 Jan: Anglo-African 12 Jan: Sibyl Marston 24 Jan: Republic 4 Feb: Lobito 12 Feb: Penguin 6 Apr: HMS Blackwater 8 Apr: Mahratta 20 Apr: Eber Ward 30 Apr: Russia 29 May: Narara 11 Jun: Slavonia 12 Jul: John B. Cowle 14 Jul: HMS C11 25 Jul: Vigilancia July (unknown date): Waratah 5 Aug: Langton Grange, Lucania, Maori 11 Aug: USS Nezinscot 5 Sep: Eduard Bohlen 15 Sep: Francesco Morosini 16 Sep: Ocean Queen September (unknown date): USS Katahdin 3 Oct: Sangstad 5 Oct: HMS Lee 4 Nov: Avalon 5 Nov: Alligator 24 Nov: Alf 29 Nov: Ottawa 3 Dec: Ellan Vannin 8 Dec: Marquette & Bessemer No. 2 13 Dec: Governor Ames 26 Dec: Ada K. Damon Unknown date: USS Nicholson, USS O'Brien Other incidents 23 Jan: Republic, Florida 29 Feb: Kaiser Wilhelm II 14 Jul: HMS C16, HMS C17 21 Dec: Watt Unknown date: America, SMS Blücher 1908 1910 vteApostle IslandsIslands Madeline Island Stockton Island Gull Island Eagle Island Outer Island Oak Island Sand Island Basswood Island Bear Island Michigan Island Hermit Island Cat Island Otter Island Manitou Island Rocky Island Long Island Ironwood Island York Island Raspberry Island Devils Island South Twin Island North Twin Island Lighthouses Michigan Island Light Raspberry Island Light Outer Island Light Sand Island Light Devils Island Light Gull Island Light La Pointe Light Chequamegon Point Light Ashland Harbor Breakwater Light Shipwrecks Antelope Big Bay sloop City of Ashland D.R. Owen Lucerne Manistee Marquette Moonlight Noquebay Ottawa Pretoria R.G. Stewart Sevona Ira H. Owen T.H. Camp Related historic sites Hadland Fishing Camp Bass Island Brownstone Company Quarry La Pointe Indian Cemetery Manitou Camp Rocky Island Historic District Madeline Island Historical Museum Protected designations Apostle Islands National Lakeshore Big Bay State Park vteNational Register of Historic Places shipwrecks in Lake SuperiorMichigan Algoma America Chester A. Congdon Cumberland Emperor George M. Cox Glenlyon Henry Chisholm Kamloops Monarch Minnesota Amboy Benjamin Noble George Spencer Harriet B. Hesper Madeira Mayflower Niagara Onoko Robert Wallace Samuel P. Ely Thomas Wilson USS Essex Wisconsin Antelope Big Bay sloop Lucerne Marquette Moonlight Noquebay Pretoria R.G. Stewart Ottawa Sevona T.H. Camp Thomas Friant See also: List of Great Lakes shipwrecks on the National Register of Historic Places	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tugboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugboat"},{"link_name":"Lake Superior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Superior"},{"link_name":"Red Cliff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cliff,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Russell, Bayfield County, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell,_Bayfield_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Tugboat that sank in Lake SuperiorThe Ottawa was a tugboat that sank in Lake Superior off the coast of Red Cliff in Russell, Bayfield County, Wisconsin. The wreckage site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.[1]","title":"Ottawa (tug)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"rafting logs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_rafting"},{"link_name":"Lake Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Sarnia, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarnia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"steamboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamboat"},{"link_name":"Apostle Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostle_Islands"},{"link_name":"shoal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoal"},{"link_name":"Outer Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Island_(Wisconsin)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Ottawa, originally named Boscobel, was built in Chicago, Illinois. It was the largest tug ever built in Chicago at the time and remained the largest and most powerful tug on the Great Lakes until its sinking in 1909.[2]Originally the boat was used for rafting logs on Lake Michigan, but in 1901 was bought (and renamed) by the Reid Wrecking Company, based in Sarnia, Ontario.[3]On November 13, 1909, a steamboat passing the Apostle Islands became stranded on a shoal two miles off of Outer Island during a storm. The ship's first mate and other members of the crew launched the lifeboat and went to land in order to get help. Four vessels tried for a week to aid the steamboat. Eventually, three more vessels, including Ottawa, were dispatched to the scene. On November 29, they were finally able to free the steamboat.[4] That evening, the Ottawa's crew ate dinner and retired to bed. Less than 30 minutes later, they were woken by a fire that was already out of control.[5] Ottawa was pushed away from the steamboat that they had earlier rescued by the other vessels in efforts to stop the spread of fire and another tugboat was sent to help Ottawa. Despite the efforts, Ottawa burned to the waterline and sank. All crew members were saved.The cause of the fire remains unknown. Theories include that the fire was a result of spontaneous combustion in the ship's coal bunkers, which contained 130 tons of fuel.","title":"History"}]	[]	[{"title":"Ottawa (ship, 1881)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ottawa_(ship,_1881)"},{"title":"Apostle Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostle_Islands"},{"title":"List of shipwrecks in the Great Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_the_Great_Lakes"}]	[{"reference":"\"Ottawa (Tug) Shipwreck Site\". Landmark Hunter.com. Retrieved 2012-01-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://landmarkhunter.com/135473-ottawa-tug-shipwreck-site/","url_text":"\"Ottawa (Tug) Shipwreck Site\""}]},{"reference":"\"Service History\". Wisconsin Shipwrecks.org. Archived from the original on 2013-06-02. Retrieved 2012-01-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130602082431/http://www.wisconsinshipwrecks.org/explore_ottawa_intro.cfm","url_text":"\"Service History\""},{"url":"http://www.wisconsinshipwrecks.org/explore_ottawa_intro.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Keller, James M. (1984). The Unholy Apostles. pp. 117–120. ISBN 0-933577-001.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933577-001","url_text":"0-933577-001"}]},{"reference":"\"Final Voyage page 1\". Wisconsin Shipwrecks.org. Archived from the original on 2012-05-05. Retrieved 2012-01-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120505144152/http://www.wisconsinshipwrecks.org/explore_ottawa_final.cfm","url_text":"\"Final Voyage page 1\""},{"url":"http://www.wisconsinshipwrecks.org/explore_ottawa_final.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Final Voyage page 2\". Wisconsin Shipwrecks.org. Archived from the original on 2010-12-03. Retrieved 2012-01-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101203091315/http://wisconsinshipwrecks.org/explore_ottawa_final2.cfm","url_text":"\"Final Voyage page 2\""},{"url":"http://www.wisconsinshipwrecks.org/explore_ottawa_final2.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ottawa_(tug)&params=46_52_59.7_N_90_45_49.2_W_type:landmark_region:US","external_links_name":"46°52′59.7″N 90°45′49.2″W / 46.883250°N 90.763667°W / 46.883250; -90.763667"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ottawa_(tug)&params=46_52_59.7_N_90_45_49.2_W_type:landmark_region:US","external_links_name":"46°52′59.7″N 90°45′49.2″W / 46.883250°N 90.763667°W / 46.883250; -90.763667"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/92000594","external_links_name":"92000594"},{"Link":"http://landmarkhunter.com/135473-ottawa-tug-shipwreck-site/","external_links_name":"\"Ottawa (Tug) Shipwreck Site\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130602082431/http://www.wisconsinshipwrecks.org/explore_ottawa_intro.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Service History\""},{"Link":"http://www.wisconsinshipwrecks.org/explore_ottawa_intro.cfm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120505144152/http://www.wisconsinshipwrecks.org/explore_ottawa_final.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Final Voyage page 1\""},{"Link":"http://www.wisconsinshipwrecks.org/explore_ottawa_final.cfm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101203091315/http://wisconsinshipwrecks.org/explore_ottawa_final2.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Final Voyage page 2\""},{"Link":"http://www.wisconsinshipwrecks.org/explore_ottawa_final2.cfm","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_Menti	Romeo Menti	["1 Career","2 Honours","2.1 Club","3 References"]	Italian footballer Romeo Menti Personal informationDate of birth (1919-09-05)5 September 1919Place of birth Venice, ItalyDate of death 4 May 1949(1949-05-04) (aged 29)Place of death Superga, ItalyPosition(s) ForwardSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)1934–1938 L.R. Vicenza Virtus 82 (34)1938–1941 Fiorentina 75 (44)1941–1943 Torino 50 (23)1944 → Milan 9 (1)1944–1945 → Stabia ? (?)1945–1946 → Fiorentina 18 (7)1946–1949 Torino 81 (31)International career1947–1949 Italy 7 (5) Club domestic league appearances and goals Romeo Menti (Italian pronunciation: ; 5 September 1919 – 4 May 1949) was an Italian footballer who played as a forward. He scored 145 goals in a career that spanned fifteen years. Career Born in Vicenza, Menti debuted for his hometown's Serie C club in 1935, in the same stadium that was to be dedicated to him a few years later. His older brothers Mario Menti and Umberto Menti and nephew Luigi Menti (son of Mario) all played football professionally, with Umberto playing for Juventus FC, S.S.C. Napoli and A.C. Milan. To distinguish them, Mario was known as Menti I, Umberto as Menti II, Romeo as Menti III, and Luigi as Menti IV. In some sources, Mario was ignored and Umberto and Romeo were listed as Menti I and Menti II respectively. In 1938 he was sold to Fiorentina, where he played for three seasons before moving to Torino F.C. His abilities became evident also with national team, for which he received 5 caps with 7 goals. Menti played for the then almost unbeatable Torino (dubbed Grande Torino, "Great Torino") until his death, with the exception of the 1945–46 season, when he played again for Fiorentina. Menti died in 1949 with almost his entire team in the Superga air disaster, after scoring the last goal of "Grande Torino" in Lisboa. Honours Club Fiorentina Serie B: 1938–39 Coppa Italia: 1939–40 Torino Serie A: 1942–43, 1946–47, 1947–48, 1948–49 Coppa Italia: 1942–43 References ^ "Menti, Romeo". figc.it. 5 August 2020. vteSuperga air disaster4 May 1949Torino F.C. players and staff Agnisetta Bacigalupo A. Ballarin D. Ballarin Bongiorni Castigliano Civalleri Corina Erbstein Fadini Gabetto Grava Grezar Lievesley Loik Maroso Martelli Mazzola Menti Operto Ossola Rigamonti Schubert Others Biancardi Bonaiuti Casalbore Cavallero D'Inca Meroni Pangrazi Tosatti vteACF Fiorentina – Hall of Fame inducteesPlayers Albertosi Antognoni Astori Bandini Batistuta Borgonovo Bertoni Brizi Carpanesi Castelletti Cervato Chiappella Chiarugi Chiesa Contratto De Sisti Desolati Di Livio Dunga Esposito Ferrante Frey Galdiolo Galli Gratton Graziani Hamrin Julinho Magnini Maraschi Menti Merlo Montuori Orzan Pin Pizziolo Riganò Robotti Roggi Rosetta Sarti Segato Staccione Superchi Toldo Toni Valcareggi Virgili Volk Coaches Bernardini Csapkay Mazzoni Mondonico Pesaola Ranieri Executives A. Baccani O. Baccani Baglini Befani Franchi Mencucci Pandolfini Parenti Paroli Raveggi Righetti Ridolfi Vay da Verrazzano Ugolini Ambassadors Albertazzi Artusi Biagini Boni Ciuffi Fantappiè Germogli Mantovani Masieri Paloscia Parigi Tanturli Valenti Zeffirelli This biographical article relating to Italian football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[roˈmɛːo ˈmenti]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_people"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"}],"text":"Romeo Menti (Italian pronunciation: [roˈmɛːo ˈmenti]; 5 September 1919 – 4 May 1949) was an Italian footballer who played as a forward. He scored 145 goals in a career that spanned fifteen years.","title":"Romeo Menti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vicenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicenza"},{"link_name":"Serie C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C"},{"link_name":"stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadio_Romeo_Menti"},{"link_name":"Umberto Menti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Menti"},{"link_name":"Luigi Menti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Menti"},{"link_name":"Juventus FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventus_FC"},{"link_name":"S.S.C. Napoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli"},{"link_name":"A.C. Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Milan"},{"link_name":"Fiorentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C.F._Fiorentina"},{"link_name":"Torino F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torino_F.C."},{"link_name":"national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Grande Torino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Torino"},{"link_name":"Superga air disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superga_air_disaster"},{"link_name":"Lisboa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisboa"}],"text":"Born in Vicenza, Menti debuted for his hometown's Serie C club in 1935, in the same stadium that was to be dedicated to him a few years later.His older brothers Mario Menti and Umberto Menti and nephew Luigi Menti (son of Mario) all played football professionally, with Umberto playing for Juventus FC, S.S.C. Napoli and A.C. Milan. To distinguish them, Mario was known as Menti I, Umberto as Menti II, Romeo as Menti III, and Luigi as Menti IV. In some sources, Mario was ignored and Umberto and Romeo were listed as Menti I and Menti II respectively.In 1938 he was sold to Fiorentina, where he played for three seasons before moving to Torino F.C. His abilities became evident also with national team, for which he received 5 caps with 7 goals.[1]Menti played for the then almost unbeatable Torino (dubbed Grande Torino, \"Great Torino\") until his death, with the exception of the 1945–46 season, when he played again for Fiorentina. Menti died in 1949 with almost his entire team in the Superga air disaster, after scoring the last goal of \"Grande Torino\" in Lisboa.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serie B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_B"},{"link_name":"1938–39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938%E2%80%9339_Serie_B"},{"link_name":"Coppa Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppa_Italia"},{"link_name":"1939–40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939%E2%80%9340_Coppa_Italia"},{"link_name":"Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1942–43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942%E2%80%9343_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1946–47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946%E2%80%9347_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1947–48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947%E2%80%9348_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1948–49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948%E2%80%9349_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"Coppa Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppa_Italia"},{"link_name":"1942–43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942%E2%80%9343_Coppa_Italia"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"FiorentinaSerie B: 1938–39\nCoppa Italia: 1939–40TorinoSerie A: 1942–43, 1946–47, 1947–48, 1948–49\nCoppa Italia: 1942–43","title":"Honours"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Menti, Romeo\". figc.it. 5 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.figc.it/it/nazionali/nazionali-in-cifre/dettaglio-convocato/?calciatoreId=45180&squadraId=12","url_text":"\"Menti, Romeo\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.figc.it/it/nazionali/nazionali-in-cifre/dettaglio-convocato/?calciatoreId=45180&squadraId=12","external_links_name":"\"Menti, Romeo\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romeo_Menti&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona_-trinity_soul-	Persona: Trinity Soul	["1 Story","2 Characters","2.1 Kanzato family","2.2 Naginomori Gakuen","2.3 Ayanagi Police","2.4 Outsiders","2.5 Returning characters","2.6 Unknown characters","3 Production","4 Media","4.1 DVD","4.2 Novel","4.3 Visual Book","4.4 Manga","5 Reception","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]	Japanese anime television series Persona: Trinity SoulPersona Trinity Soul DVD Premium Edition cover released by NIS Americaペルソナ〜トリニティ・ソウル〜(Perusona ~Toriniti Sōru~) Anime television seriesDirected byAtsushi MatsumotoWritten byYasayuki MutōMusic byTaku IwasakiStudioA-1 PicturesLicensed byNA: NIS America (Formerly)Original networkTokyo MX, BS11, MBS, Animax, Chiba TV, CBC, TV Saitama, tvkOriginal run January 5, 2008 – June 28, 2008Episodes26 (List of episodes) Persona: Trinity Soul is a Japanese anime television series. It is a spin-off of the PlayStation 2 game Persona 3, taking place ten years after the game's events. Produced by Aniplex and animated by its subsidiary A-1 Pictures, the series aired in Japan on Tokyo MX from January 5 to June 28, 2008. It also features music by Taku Iwasaki. In February 2010, NIS America announced it would broadcast the series in North America with the original Japanese dub. According to the official Persona 3 Portable fanbook, Trinity Soul is considered to be an alternative entry in the series. Story See also: List of Persona: Trinity Soul episodes Persona: Trinity Soul takes place in 2020, approximately ten years after the end of Persona 3. It is set in Ayanagi City, a city located near the Sea of Japan, where the police force is investigating several "Reverse" cases, wherein the victims are turned inside-out. Ten years ago, Ayanagi City had been subjected to a sudden outbreak of Apathy Syndrome, which the city has since recovered from. In the midst of the crisis, two brothers named Shin and Jun Kanzato move back to Ayanagi to see their elder brother Ryō, who is now the Superintendent of the Ayanagi City Police. It has been ten years since the three siblings last met with each other. It was said that the mysterious incidents in Ayanagi City were linked to covert testing conducted under Keisuke Komatsubura's watch, which tried to locate all known Persona users and find the strongest by weeding them out via Persona experiments before it was disbanded. Characters Kanzato family Shin Kanzato (神郷慎, Kanzato Shin) Age: 17 Voiced by: Nobuhiko Okamoto The seventeen-year-old protagonist. He is a second-year student at Naginomori Gakuen High School on the beginning of the anime, becomes a third year student during it. After his parents and little sister died, he and his brothers were under the care of their relatives in Tokyo, and ten years later they returned to their home town Ayanagi. Shin also has an interest in art, making clay models and is frequently seen sketching. Strangely, his art pieces resemble Personas and in one case, Igor. His birthday is January 19. His persona has the power to eliminate (cleanse) other personas with its sword. When he was seven years old his persona cleansed both his parents personas before they were completely extracted by Ayane, who almost caused both a reverse case and a fusion of both parents. Shin was deeply traumatized until he got hypnotized by Komatsubara to forget about that incident. : Abel(アベル) Ryō Kanzato (神郷諒, Kanzato Ryō) Age: 28 Voiced by: Takehito Koyasu Shin and Jun's brother, eldest of the three at twenty-eight. His personality is stoic to the point of being cold, even towards his younger brothers. He entered the police in order to investigate the strange incidents, becoming the youngest superintendent in history. He keeps all important details on the recent 'Reverse' cases to himself, restricting them from others in the police force. His birthday is December 18. : Cain(カイン) Jun Kanzato (神郷洵, Kanzato Jun) Age: 14 Voiced by: Miyuki Sawashiro The youngest of the Kanzato brothers. A second-year student at Naginomori Gakuen Middle School on the beginning of the anime, becomes a third-year student as the story progress. He began to lose the will to live after an incident that happened at the time their parents disappeared ten years before the series began. He had a twin sister, Yuki, whose dress he keeps. Oddly, Ryō overheard Jun seemingly speaking to a girl, presumably Yuki. This might indicate a spiritual body sharing, or multiple-personality disorder. He also has a certain level of perception ability and can hear the inner voices of people around him. He carries a pendant in the shape of a feather, which is a reminder of Yuki. During his visit to the beach, the water's reflection showed his twin sister summoning her Persona but not Jun. His fringe hides a scar on his forehead that came from the surgery involving him and Yuki. His birthday is February 4. It is told later that after the accident ten years ago, part of his brain was replaced with Yuki's, in an effort to prevent them both from dying (the decision was made by Ryō). His Persona is an accidental fusion of his and Yuki's. : Seth(セト) Yuki Kanzato (神郷結祈, Kanzato Yuki) Age: deceased (would be 14) Voiced by: Miyuki Sawashiro The female twin of Jun. She died with her parents in a major accident ten years ago. She shares her Persona with Jun due to the fact that part of her brain was being used to replace his before her death. She sometimes takes control of Jun's body and had once been the sole inhabitant of their body after Jun's encounter with Ayane. Haruka Kanzato (神郷遥, Kanzato Haruka) Voiced by: Fumi Morisawa Mother of the Kanzato brothers. An artbook artist, she gave Yuki a 'Whale's Feather' as an amulet of happiness. She died in the Ayanagi City disaster when Ayane's Persona grabbed and nearly extracted her and Shigeru's personas, killing them. Shigeru Kanzato (神郷慈, Kanzato Shigeru) Voiced by: Takuma Takewaka Father of the Kanzato brothers. Like his wife, he was an artbook artist. He died alongside his wife Haruka when Ayane's Persona grabbed and nearly extracted his persona, killing him. It is revealed that they were involved in the same Persona research as Komatsubara. Naginomori Gakuen Takurō Sakakiba (榊葉拓朗, Sakakiba Takurō) Age: 17 Voiced by: Hideki Tasaka A classmate of Shin's who he becomes acquainted with him on the first day he attends school. He is an easy-going individual and sports a distinct afro. Surprisingly, he has a Persona, which awakens when Shin tries to do Shadow Extraction on him. Unfortunately, he showed very little ability in being able to control it, as it often flew off at random rather than fight when summoned (which became a recurring gag of sorts). Nonetheless, he does manage to master it by the end of the series. He also had a dream with Igor in it much like Shin did. He has a crush on Megumi. Takuro's father had disappeared during the Apathy Crisis in Ayanagi City, due to unknown reasons. Takuro stated that his father shoulder his friend's debts alone. He came back in a woman's body, although Takuro was unable to accept the possibility when meeting for the first time. : Spartacus Megumi Kayano (茅野めぐみ, Kayano Megumi) Age: 17 Voiced by: Kana Asumi A classmate of Shin's, though he actually saw her at a restaurant arguing with someone the night before he started school. She is a member of the Street Dance club and has a frank and straightforward character. She has a dislike for Shadow Extraction, and frequently scolds her friends for partaking in it. Megumi had her Persona awakened when she was still young during an accident after which her stepbrother died. Since then, she harbored a distrust towards it, believing it had chosen not to save her brother because of her inherent jealousy rather than not being fast enough. However, the growing crisis concerning Marebito eventually makes her recognize it as a protector, and she uses it for the rest of the series for the sake of her friends. : Diana Kanaru Morimoto (守本叶鳴, Morimoto Kanaru) Age: 17 Voiced by: Mai Nakahara A somewhat timid girl who is acquainted with Shin, Megumi, and Takurō. She is very interested in Shadow Extraction, and she asked Takurō to do a Shadow Extraction on her, which seems to be a forced invoking of a Persona to create a euphoria similar to taking a drug. She suffers from occasional memory loss where she sometimes cannot remember why she is at a place or even where she is at. In the past, she and Mayuri lived in a nursing facility. She becomes addicted to Shadow Extraction and this may have caused multiple personalities due to her sudden change in attitude and manner when talking to people, as well as suddenly saying things about what a Persona is without remembering what she said. She also demonstrates a romantic interest in Shin which is later confirmed by Yuki. She is eventually revealed to be a machine, much in the same nature as Aigis from Persona 3. Unfortunately, because of her artificial nature, her working lifespan is much shorter than a human's lifespan. After severing ties with Marebito, she peacefully dies in the company of Shin. Kanaru is unique in that she has the ability to invoke two Persona rather than the conventional one. However, the first one seen (Ashtoreth, in episode 20) proves to be the Persona of her "other personality" that is loyal to Marebito. She later invokes her own (Astarte) during a fierce fight between the Marebito and her friends, which briefly pacifies the battlefield in a stunning display of power. While most of the Persona in the series are humanoid, Kanaru's looks much simpler and resembles a jellyfish. Megumi comments that it is because Kanaru's is just a "baby Persona". Despite the death of its "master", her friends somehow manage to invoke this Persona one last time during the final battle. : Ashtoreth/Astarte Yumi Tasaka (田坂悠美, Tasaka Yumi) Voiced by: Fumie Mizusawa Megumi's senior in the Street Dance club. She was under police protection during the period of the 'Reverse' incidents. During that time she was attacked by the Outsiders and almost had her Persona forcefully extracted. She was rescued, but suffered Post-traumatic stress disorder and was hospitalized. Her Persona is damaged from the extraction attempt. Tōru Inui (戌井暢) Voiced by: Tomokazu Seki Caretaker of the student dormitory. He keeps an old dog although pets are prohibited in the dorms. He had taken footage of Personas in action with his camera. He also knows a great deal about persona users saying that there were a lot of them around him many years ago. He also carries a gun in his jacket which he never uses. He might be Ken Amada from Persona 3 under an "alias". Mayuri Yamasaki (山咲まゆり, Yamasaki Mayuri) Voiced by: Mayumi Sako A mysterious transfer student and a friend of Kanaru. She lived with Kanaru in a nursing facility in the past. Strange things started to happen after she transferred to Naginomori Gakuen High School. Her true identity is Saki Tachibana, a member of the Outsiders. Her favorite food seems to be beef bowls and she can quickly finish a big bowl in seconds; the feat contradicts her composed beauty image and greatly surprised Jun and Ryō. Ayanagi Police Eiko Nikaido (二階堂映子, Nikaido Eiko) Voiced by: Sanae Kobayashi A medical examiner from the North Japan Medical Examiner's Office. Currently at the Ayanagi Police Station. She is also a longtime family friend of the Kanzato siblings. In the third episode, she visited Jun at Ryō's house and went to pick up Shin at the Ayanagi City hospital. Shin has a childhood crush on her even when she admits that she loves Ryō. She is currently investigating the case of the mysterious disappearances that occurred at Toyama Bay. Kunio Itō (伊藤久仁雄, Itō Kunio) Voiced by: Hisao Egawa A sergeant and chief of the Ayanagi Criminal Affairs Department. He suspects Ryō to be hiding something about the recent "Reversed" cases before he decides to help investigate the true nature of the Apathy Syndrome crisis. Tomohiro Narasaki (楢崎智弘, Narasaki Tomohiro) Voiced by: Yoshihisa Kawahara An investigator of the Ayanagi Criminal Affairs Department. He is a tall person nearing two metres. He works with Itō and is keeping watch on Ryō's actions before being sent to monitor Jun and the others from Naginomori Gakuen. Kubo (クボ) Voiced by: Hiroshi Naka The vice chief of the Ayanagi Police Station. Outsiders A group of Persona-users (possibly a non-natural type, medically induced) who seem to use their special abilities to steal other people's Personas. The group is called "Marebito" in Japanese and carries the meaning of a "foreign stranger" and "outsider." Tōma Shikura (紫倉統馬, Shikura Tōma) Voiced by: Daisuke Namikawa A member of the Outsiders, he acts as the leader of the group. Tōma seems to be a cool and collected individual, but in the third episode he shows aggressive tendencies. He was killed in battle by Ryō, and afterwards an unknown chemical is discovered in his body. His death is kept in secret and was not publicised. However, there's some within his organization who claim that they have seen him walk about. : Nebuzaradan Yūji Kimoto (紀本祐史, Kimoto Yūji) Voiced by: Nobuo Tobita A member of the Outsiders, one of the executors of the Reverse incident. His Persona has the special ability to extract others' Personae, this ability is the cause of the 'Reverse' incidents. After being defeated by Shin's Persona, Yūji lost his Persona. He seems to be the most mentally unbalanced of the Outsiders and is often shown taking some kind of drug. He had a part-time job giving out balloons in a bear costume. Yūji is executed by Mariya after he went renegade by escaping from their compound. : Utnapishtim Sōtarō Senō (瀬能壮太郎, Senō Sōtarō) Age: 16 Voiced by: Motoki Takagi Another member of the Outsiders. He does not like working in groups and usually moves alone. His Persona also display the Persona extraction ability. Sōtarō attempted to fight Shin, but he ended up gravely injured after Shin's Persona countered his. Killed in episode 22. : Gukyo Saki Tachibana (橘花沙季, Tachibana Saki) Voiced by: Mayumi Sako Another member of the Outsiders, the only female member. Saki appears calm and quiet, and she moves quickly while fighting. She has an affection for Tōma. Similar to Yūji, she lost her Persona after her defeat by Shin, but before that her Persona had actually been taken in by Sōtarō's Persona. Afterwards she was seen in a mysterious device that reattachs her Persona. She appears in Naganomori Gakuen High School as transfer student named Mayuri Yamazaki, which could be her real identity. The strange incidents in school were caused by her half-berserk Persona due to overdosage of the drug. Interested in the Persona ability of Jun, she decides to keep going to school. Saki laters kidnaps Yuki, in Jun's body, and activates Kanaru's persona. Killed in episode 22. : Nebuchadnezzar Taiichi Udo Voiced by: Hiroki Yasumoto A tall man with shades and muscles. : Hermóðr Wakasa Kusu Voiced by: Tsubasa Yonaga The older twin between himself and Shiiba. He has a small ponytail and is always smiling. : Shinshukuho Shiiba Kusu Voiced by: Tsubasa Yonaga The younger twin between himself and Wakasa. He has short hair and is always frowning. : Koteitoku Mariya Kujou (マリヤ・クジョウ) Voiced by: Nobuyuki Katsube The man in the wheelchair who is regarded as the mastermind behind the Outsiders. He at some point died, and allowed his persona to devour him to extend his life span. He uses the Outsiders to gather "A-levels" and during the process he becomes interested in Shin's Persona ability. His original name was Keisuke Komatsubara. : Gozanze Returning characters Akihiko Sanada (真田明彦, Sanada Akihiko) Voiced by: Hikaru Midorikawa He is seen talking with Ryō on the phone in the beginning of the series. He knows about the Persona and Reverse cases as they are usually the conversation topic. He is currently working with the police force after prior events 10 years ago from Persona 3. He was one of the main character's companions in Persona 3. As of episode 14, Akihiko had officially entered the universe of Persona: Trinity Soul, seen entering the elevator of the police station behind Shin and then later talking with Inui as a member of Marebito loses control of his persona in the city square. He can't evoke his Persona anymore because he passed a certain age and doesn't take the drug which allows the forceful evoking of Persona that Ryō takes. Igor (イゴール, Igōru) Voiced by: Isamu Tanonaka An old man who appeared to Shin and Jun as a fortune teller in the first episode. He is a major character from the Persona game series, as the one who fused the main characters' Personas and aided the protagonists in each Persona game on their journeys. Unknown characters Ayane Komatsubara Voiced by: Mamiko Noto A ghostly girl with red hair that appears and disappears before the Kanzato siblings. Surrounding her are "whale feathers," an object from the last artbook of the Kanzato brothers' parents. When sliced or shot by the Kanzato brothers' persona, she disappears in a cloud of whale feathers. In recent episodes, it is revealed that she is the daughter of Keisuke Komatsubara who conducted persona experiments on her and was the culprit behind the Ayanagi City disaster when he summoned her persona that affected a part of the city and gave its victims Apathy Syndrome. Her name is first revealed to Jun during a "date". She is also responsible for removing Jun from his body and leaving Yuki unable to call their persona. Her power seems to draw from the "whale", as she refers to it, which causes the strange events isolated around the city. A clone of her, created by her father, was defeated by Jun/Yuki's Persona and the fate of Ayane is unknown, although she is presumed deceased, due to the experiments conducted on her. : Aditi/Devi Production A promo video had been on the show's official website, created by A-1 Pictures. Atsushi Matsumoto, known for his involvement in Blood+, was pitched to be director. Shigenori Soejima designed the original characters for Yuriko Ishii. Yasayuki Mutō was responsible for doing the script with Shinsuke Ōnishi, Shōgo Yasukawa and Saya Matsuda. The script was done by Yasayuki Mutō. According to a statement released by Yutaka Omatsu, he said the show is different from the Persona 3 game as the "divergence are the many different aspects that the characters and story share." The first opening theme song to the series is "Breakin' Through", performed by Shūhei Kita, as winner of the Animax Anison Grand Prix, while the first ending theme song was "Suicides Love Story", performed by Nana Kitade. The second opening theme and ending theme songs, from episode 14 onwards, were "Word of the Voice", performed by Flow, and "Found Me", by Yumi Kawamura, respectively. Trinity Soul's soundtrack was composed by Taku Iwasaki. The anime was made available in Japan via streaming services including Amazon Prime Video, Bandai Channel, Hulu, ABEMA, FOD, U-NEXT and d Anime Store. Media DVD Trinity Soul was sold by NIS America via DVD as an entry title with Toradora!, PandoraHearts, and Our Home's Fox Deity. Novel A novel adaptation was released on October 10, 2008 and on November 29, 2008. This adaptation centers more on the Marebito and their involvement in Ayanagi City in the Reverse cases. Visual Book The show's visual book was released on October 10, 2008. It contains more details on the story, characters and the personas used in the show. Manga Two manga adaptations were released. One was released via DNA Media Comics with the other one released via Bros Comix Ex Reception In an anime column by Mania.com, it said that the show was good in terms of having excellent animation though it noted the huge contrast of the distrust between the Kanzato brothers and the mysterious supernatural attacks on Ayanagi City. Japanator noted that the atmosphere is very dark, similar to Darker than Black. Notes ^ Persona: Trinity Soul (ペルソナ〜トリニティ・ソウル〜, Perusona ~Toriniti Sōru~) References ^ a b c "『ペルソナ3』から10年後の世界を舞台にしたアニメ『PERSONA-trinity soul-』が制作開始!" (in Japanese). Famitsu. 2007-11-07. Archived from the original on 2009-02-22. Retrieved 2007-11-15. ^ "NIS America Goes Anime". RPGLand. Archived from the original on 2012-12-09. Retrieved 2010-02-11. ^ Persona 3 Portable Official Fanbook. Atlus. 2010. p. 18. ^ "Meet the protagonist of Persona -trinity soul-". 9 November 2007. ^ Illness and Culture in Contemporary Japan: An Anthropological View, By Emiko, Page 39. Retrieved on February 11, 2008. ^ See Episode 18: Sinking Dream ^ a b c Persona -trinity soul- TV Anime Promo Video Posted. Retrieved on May 12, 2008. ^ a b c "Persona ~trinity soul~". Newtype USA. 7 (2) p. 11. February 2008. ISSN 1541-4817. ^ Persona -trinity soul-, Flash in Japan section, Anime Insider May 2008, Issue # 58, pages 22. ^ アニソングランプリ：優勝の喜多修平がデビューアニメ「ペルソナ」オープニング曲 (in Japanese). Mainichi Shimbun. 2008-02-27. Archived from the original on 2009-02-22. Retrieved 2009-03-06. ^ "27-Year-Old Canadian Wins Animax's Singing Contest". Anime News Network. 2007-05-31. Retrieved 2009-03-06. ^ a b "PERSONA -trinity soul-". ^ "2008年1月、悪魔が新たな舞台に降臨――Tvアニメ「ペルソナ」が放映開始！ - 電撃オンライン". ^ "【P25th】アニメ「ペルソナ」シリーズ、一挙配信決定！". ^ "NIS America to enter US anime market with Persona: Trinity Soul". ^ ペルソナ~トリニティ・ソウル~ノベル1 (日本語) 新書. ASIN 4863320728. ^ ペルソナ~トリニティ・ソウル~ノベル2 (日本語) 新書. ASIN 4863320736. ^ ペルソナ~トリニティ・ソウル~ビジュアルブック (日本語) 大型本. ASIN 4758004439. ^ ペルソナ~トリニティ・ソウル~コミックアンソロジー (IDコミックス DNAメディアコミックス) (日本語) コミック. ASIN 4758004439. ^ ペルソナ-トリニティ・ソウル- アンソロジーコミック (BROS.COMICS EX) (日本語) コミック. ASIN 4757742681. ^ PERSONA-TRINITY SOUL- Review. Archived 2008-05-06 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on May 12, 2008. ^ First Impressions: Persona -Trinity Soul-. Retrieved on May 12, 2008. External links Official website (in Japanese) Persona: Trinity Soul (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia vtePersonaMain Revelations: Persona Persona 2: Innocent Sin Persona 2: Eternal Punishment Persona 3 Reload Persona 4 Persona 5 Spin-offsArena Persona 4 Arena Persona 4 Arena Ultimax Persona Q Persona Q: Shadow of the Labyrinth Persona Q2: New Cinema Labyrinth Dancing Persona 4: Dancing All Night Persona 3: Dancing in Moonlight and Persona 5: Dancing in Starlight Other Persona: Ikū no Tō-hen Aegis: The First Mission Onsen Nozokimi Daisakusen Persona 5 Strikers Persona 5 Tactica Persona 5: The Phantom X CharactersPersona 3 Protagonist Mitsuru Kirijo Persona 4 Yu Narukami Chie Satonaka Kanji Tatsumi Naoto Shirogane Nanako Dojima Persona 5 Joker Ryuji Sakamoto Ann Takamaki Yusuke Kitagawa Makoto Niijima Futaba Sakura Haru Okumura Goro Akechi Suguru Kamoshida Animation Persona: Trinity Soul Episodes Persona 3 The Movie #1 Spring of Birth #2 Midsummer Knight's Dream #3 Falling Down #4 Winter of Rebirth Persona 4: The Animation Episodes Golden episodes Persona 5: The Animation Other media Persona Stalker Club Persona 3: The Weird Masquerade Related games Megami Tensei Catherine: Full Body BlazBlue: Cross Tag Battle Super Smash Bros. Ultimate Metaphor: ReFantazio People Katsura Hashino Kazuma Kaneko Shoji Meguro Kouji Okada Shigenori Soejima vteA-1 Pictures television series2006–2010 Zenmai Zamurai (2006–2010) Big Windup! (2007) Persona: Trinity Soul (2008) Birdy the Mighty: Decode (2008–2009) Black Butler (2008–2009) Kannagi: Crazy Shrine Maidens (2008) Valkyria Chronicles (2009) Fairy Tail (2009–2019) Sound of the Sky (2010) Big Windup! 2 (2010) Working!! (2010) Night Raid 1931 (2010) Black Butler II (2010) Occult Academy (2010) Togainu no Chi (2010) 2011–2015 Fractale (2011) Anohana: The Flower We Saw That Day (2011) Blue Exorcist (2011) Uta no Prince-sama: Maji Love 1000% (2011) The Idolmaster (2011) Working'!! (2011) Space Brothers (2012–2014) Tsuritama (2012) Sword Art Online (2012) From the New World (2012–2013) Chōsoku Henkei Gyrozetter (2012–2013) Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic (2012–2013) Oreshura (2013) Vividred Operation (2013) Uta no Prince-sama: Maji Love 2000% (2013) Ore no Imōto ga Konna ni Kawaii Wake ga Nai. (2013) Servant × Service (2013) Silver Spoon (2013–2014) Magi: The Kingdom of Magic (2013–2014) Galilei Donna (2013) World Conquest Zvezda Plot (2014) Nanana's Buried Treasure (2014) Sword Art Online II (2014) Aldnoah.Zero (2014–2015) Persona 4: The Golden Animation (2014) Black Butler: Book of Circus (2014) Magic Kaito 1412 (2014–2015) The Seven Deadly Sins (2014–2015) Your Lie in April (2014–2015) Saekano: How to Raise a Boring Girlfriend (2015) The Idolmaster Cinderella Girls (2015) Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha ViVid (2015) Ultimate Otaku Teacher (2015) Gunslinger Stratos: The Animation (2015) Uta no Prince-sama: Maji Love Revolutions (2015) Gate (2015–2016) Working!!! (2015) The Asterisk War (2015–2016) The Perfect Insider (2015) 2016–2020 Erased (2016) Grimgar of Fantasy and Ash (2016) Ace Attorney (2016) B-PROJECT: Kodō＊Ambitious (2016) Qualidea Code (2016) The Seven Deadly Sins: Signs of Holy War (2016) WWW.Working!! (2016) Uta no Prince-sama: Maji Love Legend Star (2016) Occultic;Nine (2016) Blue Exorcist: Kyoto Saga (2017) Interviews with Monster Girls (2017) Granblue Fantasy The Animation (2017) Eromanga Sensei (2017) Saekano: How to Raise a Boring Girlfriend Flat (2017) Fate/Apocrypha (2017) The Idolmaster SideM (2017) Blend S (2017) Record of Grancrest War (2018) Darling in the Franxx (2018) The Seven Deadly Sins: Revival of The Commandments (2018) Wotakoi: Love Is Hard for Otaku (2018) Sword Art Online: Alicization (2018–2020) Kaguya-sama: Love Is War (2019) 22/7 (2020) Kaguya-sama: Love Is War? (2020) Hypnosis Mic: Division Rap Battle: Rhyme Anima (2020) Warlords of Sigrdrifa (2020) 2021–present 86 (2021–2022) Visual Prison (2021) Kaguya-sama: Love Is War – Ultra Romantic (2022) Lycoris Recoil (2022) Engage Kiss (2022) Nier: Automata Ver1.1a (2023–present) Mashle: Magic and Muscles (2023–present) Hypnosis Mic: Division Rap Battle: Rhyme Anima+ (2023) My New Boss Is Goofy (2023) Solo Leveling (2024) Too Many Losing Heroines! (2024) Fate/strange Fake (TBA) Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"Persona 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona_3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAMITSUPTS-2"},{"link_name":"Aniplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniplex"},{"link_name":"A-1 Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-1_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Tokyo MX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_MX"},{"link_name":"Taku Iwasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taku_Iwasaki"},{"link_name":"NIS America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Ichi_Software"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trinitysoul-4"}],"text":"Persona: Trinity Soul[a] is a Japanese anime television series. It is a spin-off of the PlayStation 2 game Persona 3, taking place ten years after the game's events.[1]Produced by Aniplex and animated by its subsidiary A-1 Pictures, the series aired in Japan on Tokyo MX from January 5 to June 28, 2008. It also features music by Taku Iwasaki. In February 2010, NIS America announced it would broadcast the series in North America with the original Japanese dub.[2]According to the official Persona 3 Portable fanbook, Trinity Soul is considered to be an alternative entry in the series.[3]","title":"Persona: Trinity Soul"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Persona: Trinity Soul episodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Persona:_Trinity_Soul_episodes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAMITSUPTS-2"},{"link_name":"Sea of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAMITSUPTS-2"}],"text":"See also: List of Persona: Trinity Soul episodesPersona: Trinity Soul takes place in 2020, approximately ten years after the end of Persona 3.[4][1] It is set in Ayanagi City, a city located near the Sea of Japan, where the police force is investigating several \"Reverse\" cases, wherein the victims are turned inside-out. Ten years ago, Ayanagi City had been subjected to a sudden outbreak of Apathy Syndrome, which the city has since recovered from.In the midst of the crisis, two brothers named Shin and Jun Kanzato move back to Ayanagi to see their elder brother Ryō, who is now the Superintendent of the Ayanagi City Police.[1] It has been ten years since the three siblings last met with each other.It was said that the mysterious incidents in Ayanagi City were linked to covert testing conducted under Keisuke Komatsubura's watch, which tried to locate all known Persona users and find the strongest by weeding them out via Persona experiments before it was disbanded.","title":"Story"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nobuhiko Okamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobuhiko_Okamoto"},{"link_name":"Igor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Persona_3_characters#Igor"},{"link_name":"Abel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel"},{"link_name":"Takehito Koyasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takehito_Koyasu"},{"link_name":"Cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cain"},{"link_name":"Miyuki Sawashiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyuki_Sawashiro"},{"link_name":"Seth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth"},{"link_name":"Miyuki Sawashiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyuki_Sawashiro"},{"link_name":"Fumi Morisawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumi_Morisawa"},{"link_name":"Takuma Takewaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takuma_Takewaka"}],"sub_title":"Kanzato family","text":"Shin Kanzato (神郷慎, Kanzato Shin)\nAge: 17\nVoiced by: Nobuhiko Okamoto\nThe seventeen-year-old protagonist. He is a second-year student at Naginomori Gakuen High School on the beginning of the anime, becomes a third year student during it. After his parents and little sister died, he and his brothers were under the care of their relatives in Tokyo, and ten years later they returned to their home town Ayanagi. Shin also has an interest in art, making clay models and is frequently seen sketching. Strangely, his art pieces resemble Personas and in one case, Igor. His birthday is January 19. His persona has the power to eliminate (cleanse) other personas with its sword. When he was seven years old his persona cleansed both his parents personas before they were completely extracted by Ayane, who almost caused both a reverse case and a fusion of both parents. Shin was deeply traumatized until he got hypnotized by Komatsubara to forget about that incident.\n[Persona] : Abel(アベル)Ryō Kanzato (神郷諒, Kanzato Ryō)\nAge: 28\nVoiced by: Takehito Koyasu\nShin and Jun's brother, eldest of the three at twenty-eight. His personality is stoic to the point of being cold, even towards his younger brothers. He entered the police in order to investigate the strange incidents, becoming the youngest superintendent in history. He keeps all important details on the recent 'Reverse' cases to himself, restricting them from others in the police force. His birthday is December 18.\n[Persona] : Cain(カイン)Jun Kanzato (神郷洵, Kanzato Jun)\nAge: 14\nVoiced by: Miyuki Sawashiro\nThe youngest of the Kanzato brothers. A second-year student at Naginomori Gakuen Middle School on the beginning of the anime, becomes a third-year student as the story progress. He began to lose the will to live after an incident that happened at the time their parents disappeared ten years before the series began. He had a twin sister, Yuki, whose dress he keeps. Oddly, Ryō overheard Jun seemingly speaking to a girl, presumably Yuki. This might indicate a spiritual body sharing, or multiple-personality disorder. He also has a certain level of perception ability and can hear the inner voices of people around him. He carries a pendant in the shape of a feather, which is a reminder of Yuki. During his visit to the beach, the water's reflection showed his twin sister summoning her Persona but not Jun. His fringe hides a scar on his forehead that came from the surgery involving him and Yuki. His birthday is February 4. It is told later that after the accident ten years ago, part of his brain was replaced with Yuki's, in an effort to prevent them both from dying (the decision was made by Ryō). His Persona is an accidental fusion of his and Yuki's.\n[Persona] : Seth(セト)Yuki Kanzato (神郷結祈, Kanzato Yuki)\nAge: deceased (would be 14)\nVoiced by: Miyuki Sawashiro\nThe female twin of Jun. She died with her parents in a major accident ten years ago. She shares her Persona with Jun due to the fact that part of her brain was being used to replace his before her death. She sometimes takes control of Jun's body and had once been the sole inhabitant of their body after Jun's encounter with Ayane.Haruka Kanzato (神郷遥, Kanzato Haruka)\nVoiced by: Fumi Morisawa\nMother of the Kanzato brothers. An artbook artist, she gave Yuki a 'Whale's Feather' as an amulet of happiness. She died in the Ayanagi City disaster when Ayane's Persona grabbed and nearly extracted her and Shigeru's personas, killing them.Shigeru Kanzato (神郷慈, Kanzato Shigeru)\nVoiced by: Takuma Takewaka\nFather of the Kanzato brothers. Like his wife, he was an artbook artist. He died alongside his wife Haruka when Ayane's Persona grabbed and nearly extracted his persona, killing him. It is revealed that they were involved in the same Persona research as Komatsubara.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hideki Tasaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideki_Tasaka"},{"link_name":"Spartacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartacus"},{"link_name":"Kana Asumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana_Asumi"},{"link_name":"Diana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Mai Nakahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mai_Nakahara"},{"link_name":"Ashtoreth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtoreth"},{"link_name":"Astarte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarte"},{"link_name":"Fumie Mizusawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumie_Mizusawa"},{"link_name":"Post-traumatic stress disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder"},{"link_name":"Tomokazu Seki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomokazu_Seki"},{"link_name":"Mayumi Sako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayumi_Sako"}],"sub_title":"Naginomori Gakuen","text":"Takurō Sakakiba (榊葉拓朗, Sakakiba Takurō)\nAge: 17\nVoiced by: Hideki Tasaka\nA classmate of Shin's who he becomes acquainted with him on the first day he attends school. He is an easy-going individual and sports a distinct afro. Surprisingly, he has a Persona, which awakens when Shin tries to do Shadow Extraction on him. Unfortunately, he showed very little ability in being able to control it, as it often flew off at random rather than fight when summoned (which became a recurring gag of sorts). Nonetheless, he does manage to master it by the end of the series. He also had a dream with Igor in it much like Shin did. He has a crush on Megumi.Takuro's father had disappeared during the Apathy Crisis in Ayanagi City, due to unknown reasons. Takuro stated that his father shoulder his friend's debts alone. He came back in a woman's body, although Takuro was unable to accept the possibility when meeting for the first time.\n[Persona]: SpartacusMegumi Kayano (茅野めぐみ, Kayano Megumi)\nAge: 17\nVoiced by: Kana Asumi\nA classmate of Shin's, though he actually saw her at a restaurant arguing with someone the night before he started school. She is a member of the Street Dance club and has a frank and straightforward character. She has a dislike for Shadow Extraction, and frequently scolds her friends for partaking in it. Megumi had her Persona awakened when she was still young during an accident after which her stepbrother died. Since then, she harbored a distrust towards it, believing it had chosen not to save her brother because of her inherent jealousy rather than not being fast enough. However, the growing crisis concerning Marebito eventually makes her recognize it as a protector, and she uses it for the rest of the series for the sake of her friends.\n[Persona]: DianaKanaru Morimoto (守本叶鳴, Morimoto Kanaru)\nAge: 17\nVoiced by: Mai Nakahara\nA somewhat timid girl who is acquainted with Shin, Megumi, and Takurō. She is very interested in Shadow Extraction, and she asked Takurō to do a Shadow Extraction on her, which seems to be a forced invoking of a Persona to create a euphoria similar to taking a drug. She suffers from occasional memory loss where she sometimes cannot remember why she is at a place or even where she is at. In the past, she and Mayuri lived in a nursing facility. She becomes addicted to Shadow Extraction and this may have caused multiple personalities due to her sudden change in attitude and manner when talking to people, as well as suddenly saying things about what a Persona is without remembering what she said. She also demonstrates a romantic interest in Shin which is later confirmed by Yuki. She is eventually revealed to be a machine, much in the same nature as Aigis from Persona 3. Unfortunately, because of her artificial nature, her working lifespan is much shorter than a human's lifespan. After severing ties with Marebito, she peacefully dies in the company of Shin.Kanaru is unique in that she has the ability to invoke two Persona rather than the conventional one. However, the first one seen (Ashtoreth, in episode 20) proves to be the Persona of her \"other personality\" that is loyal to Marebito. She later invokes her own (Astarte) during a fierce fight between the Marebito and her friends, which briefly pacifies the battlefield in a stunning display of power. While most of the Persona in the series are humanoid, Kanaru's looks much simpler and resembles a jellyfish. Megumi comments that it is because Kanaru's is just a \"baby Persona\". Despite the death of its \"master\", her friends somehow manage to invoke this Persona one last time during the final battle.\n[Persona]: Ashtoreth/AstarteYumi Tasaka (田坂悠美, Tasaka Yumi)\nVoiced by: Fumie Mizusawa\nMegumi's senior in the Street Dance club. She was under police protection during the period of the 'Reverse' incidents. During that time she was attacked by the Outsiders and almost had her Persona forcefully extracted. She was rescued, but suffered Post-traumatic stress disorder and was hospitalized. Her Persona is damaged from the extraction attempt.Tōru Inui (戌井暢)\nVoiced by: Tomokazu Seki\nCaretaker of the student dormitory. He keeps an old dog although pets are prohibited in the dorms. He had taken footage of Personas in action with his camera. He also knows a great deal about persona users saying that there were a lot of them around him many years ago. He also carries a gun in his jacket which he never uses. He might be Ken Amada from Persona 3 under an \"alias\".Mayuri Yamasaki (山咲まゆり, Yamasaki Mayuri)\nVoiced by: Mayumi Sako\nA mysterious transfer student and a friend of Kanaru. She lived with Kanaru in a nursing facility in the past. Strange things started to happen after she transferred to Naginomori Gakuen High School. Her true identity is Saki Tachibana, a member of the Outsiders. Her favorite food seems to be beef bowls and she can quickly finish a big bowl in seconds; the feat contradicts her composed beauty image and greatly surprised Jun and Ryō.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sanae Kobayashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanae_Kobayashi"},{"link_name":"Hisao Egawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisao_Egawa"},{"link_name":"Hiroshi Naka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Naka"}],"sub_title":"Ayanagi Police","text":"Eiko Nikaido (二階堂映子, Nikaido Eiko)\nVoiced by: Sanae Kobayashi\nA medical examiner from the North Japan Medical Examiner's Office. Currently at the Ayanagi Police Station. She is also a longtime family friend of the Kanzato siblings. In the third episode, she visited Jun at Ryō's house and went to pick up Shin at the Ayanagi City hospital. Shin has a childhood crush on her even when she admits that she loves Ryō. She is currently investigating the case of the mysterious disappearances that occurred at Toyama Bay.Kunio Itō (伊藤久仁雄, Itō Kunio)\nVoiced by: Hisao Egawa\nA sergeant and chief of the Ayanagi Criminal Affairs Department. He suspects Ryō to be hiding something about the recent \"Reversed\" cases before he decides to help investigate the true nature of the Apathy Syndrome crisis.Tomohiro Narasaki (楢崎智弘, Narasaki Tomohiro)\nVoiced by: Yoshihisa Kawahara\nAn investigator of the Ayanagi Criminal Affairs Department. He is a tall person nearing two metres. He works with Itō and is keeping watch on Ryō's actions before being sent to monitor Jun and the others from Naginomori Gakuen.Kubo (クボ)\nVoiced by: Hiroshi Naka\nThe vice chief of the Ayanagi Police Station.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Daisuke Namikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisuke_Namikawa"},{"link_name":"Nebuzaradan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuzaradan"},{"link_name":"Nobuo Tobita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobuo_Tobita"},{"link_name":"Utnapishtim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utnapishtim"},{"link_name":"Motoki Takagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motoki_Takagi"},{"link_name":"Gukyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gukyo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mayumi Sako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayumi_Sako"},{"link_name":"Nebuchadnezzar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar"},{"link_name":"Hiroki Yasumoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroki_Yasumoto"},{"link_name":"Hermóðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herm%C3%B3%C3%B0r"},{"link_name":"Tsubasa Yonaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsubasa_Yonaga"},{"link_name":"Shinshukuho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shinshukuho&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tsubasa Yonaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsubasa_Yonaga"},{"link_name":"Koteitoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koteitoku&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nobuyuki Katsube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobuyuki_Katsube"},{"link_name":"Gozanze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gozanze"}],"sub_title":"Outsiders","text":"A group of Persona-users (possibly a non-natural type, medically induced) who seem to use their special abilities to steal other people's Personas. The group is called \"Marebito\" in Japanese and carries the meaning of a \"foreign stranger\" and \"outsider.\"[5]Tōma Shikura (紫倉統馬, Shikura Tōma)\nVoiced by: Daisuke Namikawa\nA member of the Outsiders, he acts as the leader of the group. Tōma seems to be a cool and collected individual, but in the third episode he shows aggressive tendencies. He was killed in battle by Ryō, and afterwards an unknown chemical is discovered in his body. His death is kept in secret and was not publicised. However, there's some within his organization who claim that they have seen him walk about.\n[Persona]: NebuzaradanYūji Kimoto (紀本祐史, Kimoto Yūji)\nVoiced by: Nobuo Tobita\nA member of the Outsiders, one of the executors of the Reverse incident. His Persona has the special ability to extract others' Personae, this ability is the cause of the 'Reverse' incidents. After being defeated by Shin's Persona, Yūji lost his Persona. He seems to be the most mentally unbalanced of the Outsiders and is often shown taking some kind of drug. He had a part-time job giving out balloons in a bear costume. Yūji is executed by Mariya after he went renegade by escaping from their compound.\n[Persona]: UtnapishtimSōtarō Senō (瀬能壮太郎, Senō Sōtarō)\nAge: 16\nVoiced by: Motoki Takagi\nAnother member of the Outsiders. He does not like working in groups and usually moves alone. His Persona also display the Persona extraction ability. Sōtarō attempted to fight Shin, but he ended up gravely injured after Shin's Persona countered his. Killed in episode 22.\n[Persona]: GukyoSaki Tachibana (橘花沙季, Tachibana Saki)\nVoiced by: Mayumi Sako\nAnother member of the Outsiders, the only female member. Saki appears calm and quiet, and she moves quickly while fighting. She has an affection for Tōma. Similar to Yūji, she lost her Persona after her defeat by Shin, but before that her Persona had actually been taken in by Sōtarō's Persona. Afterwards she was seen in a mysterious device that reattachs her Persona. She appears in Naganomori Gakuen High School as transfer student named Mayuri Yamazaki, which could be her real identity. The strange incidents in school were caused by her half-berserk Persona due to overdosage of the drug. Interested in the Persona ability of Jun, she decides to keep going to school. Saki laters kidnaps Yuki, in Jun's body, and activates Kanaru's persona. Killed in episode 22.\n[Persona]: NebuchadnezzarTaiichi Udo\nVoiced by: Hiroki Yasumoto\nA tall man with shades and muscles.\n[Persona]: HermóðrWakasa Kusu\nVoiced by: Tsubasa Yonaga\nThe older twin between himself and Shiiba. He has a small ponytail and is always smiling.\n[Persona]: ShinshukuhoShiiba Kusu\nVoiced by: Tsubasa Yonaga\nThe younger twin between himself and Wakasa. He has short hair and is always frowning.\n[Persona]: KoteitokuMariya Kujou (マリヤ・クジョウ)\nVoiced by: Nobuyuki Katsube\nThe man in the wheelchair who is regarded as the mastermind behind the Outsiders. He at some point died, and allowed his persona to devour him to extend his life span. He uses the Outsiders to gather \"A-levels\" and during the process he becomes interested in Shin's Persona ability. His original name was Keisuke Komatsubara.\n[Persona]: Gozanze","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hikaru Midorikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikaru_Midorikawa"},{"link_name":"Isamu Tanonaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isamu_Tanonaka"}],"sub_title":"Returning characters","text":"Akihiko Sanada (真田明彦, Sanada Akihiko)\nVoiced by: Hikaru Midorikawa\nHe is seen talking with Ryō on the phone in the beginning of the series. He knows about the Persona and Reverse cases as they are usually the conversation topic. He is currently working with the police force after prior events 10 years ago from Persona 3. He was one of the main character's companions in Persona 3. As of episode 14, Akihiko had officially entered the universe of Persona: Trinity Soul, seen entering the elevator of the police station behind Shin and then later talking with Inui as a member of Marebito loses control of his persona in the city square. He can't evoke his Persona anymore because he passed a certain age and doesn't take the drug which allows the forceful evoking of Persona that Ryō takes.Igor (イゴール, Igōru)\nVoiced by: Isamu Tanonaka\nAn old man who appeared to Shin and Jun as a fortune teller in the first episode. He is a major character from the Persona game series, as the one who fused the main characters' Personas and aided the protagonists in each Persona game on their journeys.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mamiko Noto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamiko_Noto"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Aditi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aditi"},{"link_name":"Devi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devi"}],"sub_title":"Unknown characters","text":"Ayane Komatsubara\nVoiced by: Mamiko Noto\nA ghostly girl with red hair that appears and disappears before the Kanzato siblings. Surrounding her are \"whale feathers,\" an object from the last artbook of the Kanzato brothers' parents. When sliced or shot by the Kanzato brothers' persona, she disappears in a cloud of whale feathers. In recent episodes, it is revealed that she is the daughter of Keisuke Komatsubara who conducted persona experiments on her and was the culprit behind the Ayanagi City disaster when he summoned her persona that affected a part of the city and gave its victims Apathy Syndrome.Her name is first revealed to Jun during a \"date\".[6] She is also responsible for removing Jun from his body and leaving Yuki unable to call their persona. Her power seems to draw from the \"whale\", as she refers to it, which causes the strange events isolated around the city. A clone of her, created by her father, was defeated by Jun/Yuki's Persona and the fate of Ayane is unknown, although she is presumed deceased, due to the experiments conducted on her.\n[Persona]: Aditi/Devi","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A-1 Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-1_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Production-8"},{"link_name":"Atsushi Matsumoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atsushi_Matsumoto"},{"link_name":"Blood+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood%2B"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Production-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newtype_USA_7_2_11-9"},{"link_name":"Shigenori Soejima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigenori_Soejima"},{"link_name":"Yuriko Ishii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yuriko_Ishii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newtype_USA_7_2_11-9"},{"link_name":"Yasayuki Mutō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yasayuki_Mut%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shinsuke Ōnishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shinsuke_%C5%8Cnishi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shōgo Yasukawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgo_Yasukawa"},{"link_name":"Saya Matsuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saya_Matsuda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Production-8"},{"link_name":"Yasayuki Mutō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yasayuki_Mut%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newtype_USA_7_2_11-9"},{"link_name":"Yutaka Omatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yutaka_Omatsu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Persona 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona_3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Shūhei Kita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sh%C5%ABhei_Kita&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Animax Anison Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animax_Anison_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mainichi1-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ann-anison2-12"},{"link_name":"Nana Kitade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_Kitade"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PTSM-13"},{"link_name":"Flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_(Japanese_band)"},{"link_name":"Yumi Kawamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yumi_Kawamura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PTSM-13"},{"link_name":"Taku Iwasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taku_Iwasaki"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"A promo video had been on the show's official website, created by A-1 Pictures.[7]Atsushi Matsumoto, known for his involvement in Blood+, was pitched to be director.[7][8] Shigenori Soejima designed the original characters for Yuriko Ishii.[8] Yasayuki Mutō was responsible for doing the script with Shinsuke Ōnishi, Shōgo Yasukawa and Saya Matsuda.[7] The script was done by Yasayuki Mutō.[8]According to a statement released by Yutaka Omatsu, he said the show is different from the Persona 3 game as the \"divergence are the many different aspects that the characters and story share.\"[9]The first opening theme song to the series is \"Breakin' Through\", performed by Shūhei Kita, as winner of the Animax Anison Grand Prix,[10][11] while the first ending theme song was \"Suicides Love Story\", performed by Nana Kitade.[12] The second opening theme and ending theme songs, from episode 14 onwards, were \"Word of the Voice\", performed by Flow, and \"Found Me\", by Yumi Kawamura, respectively.[12]Trinity Soul's soundtrack was composed by Taku Iwasaki.[13]The anime was made available in Japan via streaming services including Amazon Prime Video, Bandai Channel, Hulu, ABEMA, FOD, U-NEXT and d Anime Store.[14]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"DVD","text":"Trinity Soul was sold by NIS America via DVD as an entry title with Toradora!, PandoraHearts, and Our Home's Fox Deity.[15]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Novel","text":"A novel adaptation was released on October 10, 2008 and on November 29, 2008.[16][17] This adaptation centers more on the Marebito and their involvement in Ayanagi City in the Reverse cases.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Visual Book","text":"The show's visual book was released on October 10, 2008.[18] It contains more details on the story, characters and the personas used in the show.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Manga","text":"Two manga adaptations were released. One was released via DNA Media Comics[19] with the other one released via Bros Comix Ex[20]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"atmosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setting_(narrative)"},{"link_name":"Darker than Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darker_than_Black"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"In an anime column by Mania.com, it said that the show was good in terms of having excellent animation though it noted the huge contrast of the distrust between the Kanzato brothers and the mysterious supernatural attacks on Ayanagi City.[21] Japanator noted that the atmosphere is very dark, similar to Darker than Black.[22]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ Persona: Trinity Soul (ペルソナ〜トリニティ・ソウル〜, Perusona ~Toriniti Sōru~)","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"『ペルソナ3』から10年後の世界を舞台にしたアニメ『PERSONA-trinity soul-』が制作開始!\" (in Japanese). Famitsu. 2007-11-07. Archived from the original on 2009-02-22. Retrieved 2007-11-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090222123931/https://www.famitsu.com/anime/news/1211732_1558.html","url_text":"\"『ペルソナ3』から10年後の世界を舞台にしたアニメ『PERSONA-trinity soul-』が制作開始!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu","url_text":"Famitsu"},{"url":"http://www.famitsu.com/anime/news/1211732_1558.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NIS America Goes Anime\". RPGLand. Archived from the original on 2012-12-09. Retrieved 2010-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121209085131/http://rpgland.com/news/nis-america-goes-anime/","url_text":"\"NIS America Goes Anime\""},{"url":"http://rpgland.com/news/nis-america-goes-anime/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Persona 3 Portable Official Fanbook. Atlus. 2010. p. 18.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlus","url_text":"Atlus"}]},{"reference":"\"Meet the protagonist of Persona -trinity soul-\". 9 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.siliconera.com/meet-the-protagonist-of-persona-trinity-soul/","url_text":"\"Meet the protagonist of Persona -trinity soul-\""}]},{"reference":"アニソングランプリ：優勝の喜多修平がデビューアニメ「ペルソナ」オープニング曲 (in Japanese). Mainichi Shimbun. 2008-02-27. Archived from the original on 2009-02-22. Retrieved 2009-03-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090222114234/http://mainichi.jp/enta/mantan/archive/news/2008/02/27/20080227mog00m200007000c.html","url_text":"アニソングランプリ：優勝の喜多修平がデビューアニメ「ペルソナ」オープニング曲"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainichi_Shimbun","url_text":"Mainichi Shimbun"},{"url":"http://mainichi.jp/enta/mantan/archive/news/2008/02/27/20080227mog00m200007000c.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"27-Year-Old Canadian Wins Animax's Singing Contest\". Anime News Network. 2007-05-31. Retrieved 2009-03-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-09-22/27-year-old-canadian-wins-aniplex-singing-contest","url_text":"\"27-Year-Old Canadian Wins Animax's Singing Contest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"PERSONA -trinity soul-\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.persona-ts.net/music/index.html","url_text":"\"PERSONA -trinity soul-\""}]},{"reference":"\"2008年1月、悪魔が新たな舞台に降臨――Tvアニメ「ペルソナ」が放映開始！ - 電撃オンライン\".","urls":[{"url":"https://dengekionline.com/data/news/2007/11/9/45201e4cf30d50e2e62b01ea69b03c74.html","url_text":"\"2008年1月、悪魔が新たな舞台に降臨――Tvアニメ「ペルソナ」が放映開始！ - 電撃オンライン\""}]},{"reference":"\"【P25th】アニメ「ペルソナ」シリーズ、一挙配信決定！\".","urls":[{"url":"http://p-ch.jp/news/6548/","url_text":"\"【P25th】アニメ「ペルソナ」シリーズ、一挙配信決定！\""}]},{"reference":"\"NIS America to enter US anime market with Persona: Trinity Soul\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.engadget.com/2010-02-12-nis-america-to-enter-us-anime-market-with-persona-trinity-soul.html","url_text":"\"NIS America to enter US anime market with Persona: Trinity Soul\""}]},{"reference":"ペルソナ~トリニティ・ソウル~ノベル1 (日本語) 新書. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Loneliest_Planet	The Loneliest Planet	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Release","4 Reception","5 Accolades","6 References","7 External links"]	2011 film The Loneliest PlanetTheatrical release posterDirected byJulia LoktevScreenplay byJulia LoktevBased onExpensive Trips Nowhereby Tom BissellProduced by Helge Albers Marie-Therese Guirgis Lars Knudsen Jay Van Hoy Starring Gael García Bernal Hani Furstenberg CinematographyInti BrionesEdited by Julia Loktev Michael Taylor Music byRichard SkeltonDistributed by IFC Films (United States) Palace Films (Australia) Release dates August 11, 2011 (2011-08-11) (Locarno) October 26, 2012 (2012-10-26) (United States) Running time113 minutesCountries United States Georgia Germany Languages English Georgian Spanish The Loneliest Planet is a 2011 American drama thriller film written and directed by Julia Loktev, based on the short story Expensive Trips Nowhere by Tom Bissell, published in his collection God Lives in St. Petersburg. Starring Gael García Bernal and Hani Furstenberg, the film follows a young couple who travel with a local guide through a twisted backpacking trip across the Georgian wilderness. The Loneliest Planet premiered at the Locarno Film Festival on August 11, 2011, followed by its North American premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 12, 2011. The film was theatrically released in the United States on October 26, 2012, to positive reviews from critics. It went on to be screened at the New York Film Festival, the BFI London Film Festival, and the 2011 AFI Fest in Los Angeles, where it won the Grand Jury Prize. Plot Alex (Gael García Bernal) and Nica (Hani Furstenberg) are in love and engaged to be married. They are seasoned travelers on a trip in the country of Georgia, formerly a republic of the Soviet Union. They hire a local guide (Bidzina Gujabidze) to take them backpacking through the breathtaking scenery of the Caucasus Mountains. While on their journey, they meet an older man with two boys on their route; he is suspicious of the two foreigners. After a short conversation with their guide, the older man suddenly aims a hunting rifle aggressively at Alex and Nica at point-blank range. For a moment, Alex's reaction is to shield himself behind Nica. He immediately regains his composure and pushes himself in front of Nica to face the stranger's gun, while their guide in turn persuades the stranger to lower his gun and go on his way. A seemingly traumatized Nica walks away on her own. A few scenes show the couple not speaking or walking together while on their journey to the mountains, although Alex repeatedly attempts to reconnect with Nica. At one point, they cross a stream where Nica accidentally falls only to be saved by the local guide. Alex tries to offer a shivering Nica some help, but she rebuffs him. At night, the local guide tells Nica the story of his failed marriage, and they kiss. Soon after, Nica returns to Alex and the couple have sex. At dawn, the trio start packing up their camps, and it remains ambiguous as to whether or not the couple have finally reconciled. Cast Gael García Bernal as Alex Hani Furstenberg as Nica Bidzina Gujabidze as local guide Amiran Gudrshauri as kebab seller Release On October 11, 2011, it was announced that Sundance Selects, a division of IFC Films, had acquired North American distribution rights. Reception The film was well-received by critics. The film holds an approval rating of 70% on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, based on 62 reviews with an average of 6.9/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "The source material that inspired The Loneliest Planet may be brief, but this adaptation of a Tom Bissell short story compensates with studious, finely detailed filmmaking, haunting visuals, and thought-provoking subtext." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 76 out of 100, based on 19 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". A.O. Scott of The New York Times called The Loneliest Planet, "gripping and haunting, but also coy and elusive". Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it two out of four and wrote: "All of this grows tiresome. We're given no particular reason at the outset of The Loneliest Planet to care about these people, our interest doesn't grow along the way, the landscape grows repetitive...." Accolades The Loneliest Planet was awarded the Golden Lady at the Las Palmas de Gran Canaria International Film Festival, where Furstenberg also won for Best Actress. It won the Golden Tulip International Competition at the International Istanbul Film Festival. References ^ Felperin, Leslie (August 12, 2011). "The Loneliest Planet". Variety. Retrieved February 25, 2020. ^ "A Filmmaker's Shock and Awe: Russian-born Julia Loktev's haunting new The Loneliest Planet sends beautiful youth into the wilderness". October 26, 2012. Retrieved October 26, 2012. ^ "Locarno Film Festival". ^ "2011 Toronto International Film Festival Programmer's Note". Retrieved November 2, 2011. ^ "NYFF Spotlight: The Loneliest Planet". September 12, 2011. ^ "BFI London Film Festival – 6 to 17 October 2021". ^ "AFI Fest Awards Grand Jury Prize to The Loneliest Planet". Movieline Newswire. November 10, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2012. ^ "Sundance Selects Nabs North American Rights To Julia Loktev's The Loneliest Planet". AMC Networks Press Release. October 11, 2011. Retrieved November 2, 2011. ^ "The Loneliest Planet (2012)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved March 22, 2013. ^ "The Loneliest Planet Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved February 21, 2018. ^ Scott, A.O. "Two Hikers Who Need to Watch Their Steps". New York Times. Retrieved February 21, 2018. ^ Ebert, Roger. "The long, long walk home". RogerEbert.com. Ebert Digital LLC. Retrieved February 2, 2022. ^ "The Loneliest Planet wins Lady Harimaguada de Oro". March 24, 2012. Retrieved May 23, 2012. ^ "31st Istanbul Film Festival Awards Presented". April 14, 2012. Retrieved May 23, 2012. External links The Loneliest Planet at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drama thriller film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_film"},{"link_name":"Julia Loktev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Loktev"},{"link_name":"Tom Bissell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Bissell"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gael García Bernal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gael_Garc%C3%ADa_Bernal"},{"link_name":"Hani Furstenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hani_Furstenberg"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Locarno Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locarno_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Toronto International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"New York Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"BFI London Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BFI_London_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"AFI Fest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFI_Fest"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Loneliest Planet is a 2011 American drama thriller film written and directed by Julia Loktev, based on the short story Expensive Trips Nowhere by Tom Bissell, published in his collection God Lives in St. Petersburg.[2] Starring Gael García Bernal and Hani Furstenberg, the film follows a young couple who travel with a local guide through a twisted backpacking trip across the Georgian wilderness.The Loneliest Planet premiered at the Locarno Film Festival on August 11, 2011,[3] followed by its North American premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 12, 2011.[4] The film was theatrically released in the United States on October 26, 2012, to positive reviews from critics.It went on to be screened at the New York Film Festival,[5] the BFI London Film Festival,[6] and the 2011 AFI Fest in Los Angeles, where it won the Grand Jury Prize.[7]","title":"The Loneliest Planet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gael García Bernal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gael_Garc%C3%ADa_Bernal"},{"link_name":"Hani Furstenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hani_Furstenberg"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"}],"text":"Alex (Gael García Bernal) and Nica (Hani Furstenberg) are in love and engaged to be married. They are seasoned travelers on a trip in the country of Georgia, formerly a republic of the Soviet Union. They hire a local guide (Bidzina Gujabidze) to take them backpacking through the breathtaking scenery of the Caucasus Mountains.While on their journey, they meet an older man with two boys on their route; he is suspicious of the two foreigners. After a short conversation with their guide, the older man suddenly aims a hunting rifle aggressively at Alex and Nica at point-blank range. For a moment, Alex's reaction is to shield himself behind Nica. He immediately regains his composure and pushes himself in front of Nica to face the stranger's gun, while their guide in turn persuades the stranger to lower his gun and go on his way. A seemingly traumatized Nica walks away on her own.A few scenes show the couple not speaking or walking together while on their journey to the mountains, although Alex repeatedly attempts to reconnect with Nica. At one point, they cross a stream where Nica accidentally falls only to be saved by the local guide. Alex tries to offer a shivering Nica some help, but she rebuffs him. At night, the local guide tells Nica the story of his failed marriage, and they kiss. Soon after, Nica returns to Alex and the couple have sex. At dawn, the trio start packing up their camps, and it remains ambiguous as to whether or not the couple have finally reconciled.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gael García Bernal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gael_Garc%C3%ADa_Bernal"},{"link_name":"Hani Furstenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hani_Furstenberg"}],"text":"Gael García Bernal as Alex\nHani Furstenberg as Nica\nBidzina Gujabidze as local guide\nAmiran Gudrshauri as kebab seller","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sundance Selects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundance_Selects"},{"link_name":"IFC Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFC_Films"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"On October 11, 2011, it was announced that Sundance Selects, a division of IFC Films, had acquired North American distribution rights.[8]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"A.O. Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.O._Scott"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sun-Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The film was well-received by critics. The film holds an approval rating of 70% on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, based on 62 reviews with an average of 6.9/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"The source material that inspired The Loneliest Planet may be brief, but this adaptation of a Tom Bissell short story compensates with studious, finely detailed filmmaking, haunting visuals, and thought-provoking subtext.\"[9] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 76 out of 100, based on 19 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[10]A.O. Scott of The New York Times called The Loneliest Planet, \"gripping and haunting, but also coy and elusive\".[11]\nRoger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it two out of four and wrote: \"All of this grows tiresome. We're given no particular reason at the outset of The Loneliest Planet to care about these people, our interest doesn't grow along the way, the landscape grows repetitive....\"[12]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"International Istanbul Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Istanbul_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The Loneliest Planet was awarded the Golden Lady at the Las Palmas de Gran Canaria International Film Festival, where Furstenberg also won for Best Actress.[13] It won the Golden Tulip International Competition at the International Istanbul Film Festival.[14]","title":"Accolades"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Felperin, Leslie (August 12, 2011). \"The Loneliest Planet\". Variety. Retrieved February 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2011/film/reviews/the-loneliest-planet-1117945802/","url_text":"\"The Loneliest Planet\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Filmmaker's Shock and Awe: Russian-born Julia Loktev's haunting new The Loneliest Planet sends beautiful youth into the wilderness\". October 26, 2012. Retrieved October 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-arts-and-culture/114850/a-filmmakers-shock-and-awe?all=1","url_text":"\"A Filmmaker's Shock and Awe: Russian-born Julia Loktev's haunting new The Loneliest Planet sends beautiful youth into the wilderness\""}]},{"reference":"\"Locarno Film Festival\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pardolive.ch/programme/film?id=568164","url_text":"\"Locarno Film Festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"2011 Toronto International Film Festival Programmer's Note\". Retrieved November 2, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://tiff.net/filmsandschedules/tiff/2011/loneliestplanet","url_text":"\"2011 Toronto International Film Festival Programmer's Note\""}]},{"reference":"\"NYFF Spotlight: The Loneliest Planet\". September 12, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmlinc.com/blog/entry/the-loneliest-planet","url_text":"\"NYFF Spotlight: The Loneliest Planet\""}]},{"reference":"\"BFI London Film Festival – 6 to 17 October 2021\".","urls":[{"url":"https://whatson.bfi.org.uk/lff/Online/default.asp","url_text":"\"BFI London Film Festival – 6 to 17 October 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"AFI Fest Awards Grand Jury Prize to The Loneliest Planet\". Movieline Newswire. November 10, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.movieline.com/2011/11/10/afi-fest-awards-grand-jury-prize-to-the-loneliest-planet","url_text":"\"AFI Fest Awards Grand Jury Prize to The Loneliest Planet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sundance Selects Nabs North American Rights To Julia Loktev's The Loneliest Planet\". AMC Networks Press Release. October 11, 2011. Retrieved November 2, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.amcnetworks.com/release_release_press.jsp?nodeid=6425","url_text":"\"Sundance Selects Nabs North American Rights To Julia Loktev's The Loneliest Planet\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Loneliest Planet (2012)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved March 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_loneliest_planet/","url_text":"\"The Loneliest Planet (2012)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandango_Media","url_text":"Fandango Media"}]},{"reference":"\"The Loneliest Planet Reviews\". Metacritic. Retrieved February 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-loneliest-planet","url_text":"\"The Loneliest Planet Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"Scott, A.O. \"Two Hikers Who Need to Watch Their Steps\". New York Times. Retrieved February 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.O._Scott","url_text":"Scott, A.O."},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/26/movies/the-loneliest-planet-directed-by-julia-loktev.html","url_text":"\"Two Hikers Who Need to Watch Their Steps\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Ebert, Roger. \"The long, long walk home\". RogerEbert.com. Ebert Digital LLC. Retrieved February 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert","url_text":"Ebert, Roger"},{"url":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-loneliest-planet-2012","url_text":"\"The long, long walk home\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Loneliest Planet wins Lady Harimaguada de Oro\". March 24, 2012. Retrieved May 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.lpafilmfestival.com/the-loneliest-planet-lady-harimaguada-de-oro","url_text":"\"The Loneliest Planet wins Lady Harimaguada de Oro\""}]},{"reference":"\"31st Istanbul Film Festival Awards Presented\". April 14, 2012. Retrieved May 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://film.iksv.org/en/archive/newsarchive/p/1/525","url_text":"\"31st Istanbul Film Festival Awards Presented\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://variety.com/2011/film/reviews/the-loneliest-planet-1117945802/","external_links_name":"\"The Loneliest Planet\""},{"Link":"http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-arts-and-culture/114850/a-filmmakers-shock-and-awe?all=1","external_links_name":"\"A Filmmaker's Shock and Awe: Russian-born Julia Loktev's haunting new The Loneliest Planet sends beautiful youth into the wilderness\""},{"Link":"http://www.pardolive.ch/programme/film?id=568164","external_links_name":"\"Locarno Film Festival\""},{"Link":"http://tiff.net/filmsandschedules/tiff/2011/loneliestplanet","external_links_name":"\"2011 Toronto International Film Festival Programmer's Note\""},{"Link":"http://www.filmlinc.com/blog/entry/the-loneliest-planet","external_links_name":"\"NYFF Spotlight: The Loneliest Planet\""},{"Link":"https://whatson.bfi.org.uk/lff/Online/default.asp","external_links_name":"\"BFI London Film Festival – 6 to 17 October 2021\""},{"Link":"http://www.movieline.com/2011/11/10/afi-fest-awards-grand-jury-prize-to-the-loneliest-planet","external_links_name":"\"AFI Fest Awards Grand Jury Prize to The Loneliest Planet\""},{"Link":"http://www.amcnetworks.com/release_release_press.jsp?nodeid=6425","external_links_name":"\"Sundance Selects Nabs North American Rights To Julia Loktev's The Loneliest Planet\""},{"Link":"http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_loneliest_planet/","external_links_name":"\"The Loneliest Planet (2012)\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-loneliest-planet","external_links_name":"\"The Loneliest Planet Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/26/movies/the-loneliest-planet-directed-by-julia-loktev.html","external_links_name":"\"Two Hikers Who Need to Watch Their Steps\""},{"Link":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-loneliest-planet-2012","external_links_name":"\"The long, long walk home\""},{"Link":"http://blog.lpafilmfestival.com/the-loneliest-planet-lady-harimaguada-de-oro","external_links_name":"\"The Loneliest Planet wins Lady Harimaguada de Oro\""},{"Link":"http://film.iksv.org/en/archive/newsarchive/p/1/525","external_links_name":"\"31st Istanbul Film Festival Awards Presented\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1695405/","external_links_name":"The Loneliest Planet"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuentelespino_de_Moya	Fuentelespino de Moya	[]	Coordinates: 39°55′N 1°28′W / 39.917°N 1.467°W / 39.917; -1.467Municipality in Castile-La Mancha, SpainFuentelespino de MoyaMunicipalityPartial view of Fuentelespino de Moya (Cuenca), with detail of the pylon corresponding to Station XIII of the Viacrucis: Jesus is taken down from the cross. 2016Fuentelespino de MoyaShow map of SpainFuentelespino de MoyaShow map of Castilla-La ManchaCoordinates: 39°55′N 1°28′W / 39.917°N 1.467°W / 39.917; -1.467CountrySpainAutonomous communityCastile-La ManchaProvinceCuencaPopulation (2018) • Total105Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST) Fuentelespino de Moya is a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 149. vteMunicipalities in the province of Cuenca Abia de la Obispalía Alarcón Albaladejo del Cuende Albalate de las Nogueras Albendea Alcalá de la Vega Alcantud Alcohujate Alconchel de la Estrella Alcázar del Rey Algarra Aliaguilla Almendros Almodóvar del Pinar Almonacid del Marquesado Altarejos Arandilla del Arroyo Arcas Arcos de la Sierra Arguisuelas Arrancacepas Atalaya del Cañavate Barajas de Melo Barchín del Hoyo Bascuñana de San Pedro Beamud Belinchón Belmonte Belmontejo Beteta Boniches Buciegas Buenache de Alarcón Buenache de la Sierra Buendía Campillo de Altobuey Campillos-Paravientos Campillos-Sierra Campos del Paraíso Cañada Juncosa Cañada del Hoyo Canalejas del Arroyo Cañamares Cañaveras Cañaveruelas Cañete Cañizares Carboneras de Guadazaón Cardenete Carrascosa Carrascosa de Haro Casas de Benítez Casas de Fernando Alonso Casas de Garcimolina Casas de Guijarro Casas de Haro Casas de los Pinos Casasimarro Castejón Castillejo de Iniesta Castillejo-Sierra Castillo de Garcimuñoz Castillo-Albaráñez Cervera del Llano Chillarón de Cuenca Chumillas Cuenca Cueva del Hierro El Acebrón El Cañavate El Herrumblar El Hito El Pedernoso El Peral El Picazo El Pozuelo El Provencio El Valle de Altomira Enguídanos Fresneda de Altarejos Fresneda de la Sierra Fuente de Pedro Naharro Fuentelespino de Haro Fuentelespino de Moya Fuentenava de Jábaga Fuentes Fuertescusa Gabaldón Garaballa Gascueña Graja de Campalbo Graja de Iniesta Henarejos Honrubia Hontanaya Hontecillas Horcajo de Santiago Huelves Huerta de la Obispalía Huerta del Marquesado Huete Huélamo Huérguina Iniesta La Alberca de Záncara La Almarcha La Cierva La Frontera La Hinojosa La Parra de las Vegas La Peraleja La Pesquera Laguna del Marquesado Lagunaseca Landete Las Majadas Las Mesas Las Pedroñeras Las Valeras Ledaña Leganiel Los Hinojosos Los Valdecolmenas Mariana Masegosa Minglanilla Mira Monreal del Llano Montalbanejo Montalbo Monteagudo de las Salinas Mota de Altarejos Mota del Cuervo Motilla del Palancar Moya Narboneta Olivares de Júcar Olmeda de la Cuesta Olmeda del Rey Olmedilla de Alarcón Olmedilla de Eliz Osa de la Vega Pajaroncillo Pajarón Palomares del Campo Palomera Paracuellos Paredes Pinarejo Pineda de Gigüela Piqueras del Castillo Portalrubio de Guadamejud Portilla Poyatos Pozoamargo Pozorrubielos de la Mancha Pozorrubio Priego Puebla de Almenara Puebla del Salvador Quintanar del Rey Rada de Haro Reíllo Rozalén del Monte Saceda-Trasierra Saelices Salinas del Manzano Salmeroncillos Salvacañete San Clemente San Lorenzo de la Parrilla San Martín de Boniches San Pedro Palmiches Santa Cruz de Moya Santa María de los Llanos Santa María del Campo Rus Santa María del Val Sisante Solera de Gabaldón Sotorribas Talayuelas Tarancón Tébar Tejadillos Tinajas Torralba Torrejoncillo del Rey Torrubia del Campo Torrubia del Castillo Tragacete Tresjuncos Tribaldos Uclés Uña Valdemeca Valdemorillo de la Sierra Valdemoro-Sierra Valdeolivas Valdetórtola Valhermoso de la Fuente Valsalobre Valverde de Júcar Valverdejo Vara de Rey Vega del Codorno Vellisca Villaconejos de Trabaque Villaescusa de Haro Villagarcía del Llano Villalba de la Sierra Villalba del Rey Villalgordo del Marquesado Villalpardo Villamayor de Santiago Villanueva de Guadamejud Villanueva de la Jara Villar de Cañas Villar de Domingo García Villar de Olalla Villar de la Encina Villar del Humo Villar del Infantado Villar y Velasco Villarejo de Fuentes Villarejo de la Peñuela Villarejo-Periesteban Villares del Saz Villarrubio Villarta Villas de la Ventosa Villaverde y Pasaconsol Vindel Víllora Yémeda Zafra de Záncara Zafrilla Zarza de Tajo Zarzuela Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States This article about a location in the Province of Cuenca in Spain is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte ^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.	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Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"Algarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algarra"},{"link_name":"Aliaguilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliaguilla"},{"link_name":"Almendros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almendros"},{"link_name":"Almodóvar del Pinar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almod%C3%B3var_del_Pinar"},{"link_name":"Almonacid del Marquesado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almonacid_del_Marquesado"},{"link_name":"Altarejos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altarejos"},{"link_name":"Arandilla del Arroyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arandilla_del_Arroyo"},{"link_name":"Arcas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcas,_Cuenca"},{"link_name":"Arcos de la 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Alonso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casas_de_Fernando_Alonso"},{"link_name":"Casas de Garcimolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casas_de_Garcimolina"},{"link_name":"Casas de Guijarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casas_de_Guijarro"},{"link_name":"Casas de Haro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casas_de_Haro"},{"link_name":"Casas de los Pinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casas_de_los_Pinos"},{"link_name":"Casasimarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casasimarro"},{"link_name":"Castejón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castej%C3%B3n,_Cuenca"},{"link_name":"Castillejo de Iniesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castillejo_de_Iniesta"},{"link_name":"Castillejo-Sierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castillejo-Sierra"},{"link_name":"Castillo de 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Pedernoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pedernoso"},{"link_name":"El Peral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Peral"},{"link_name":"El Picazo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Picazo"},{"link_name":"El Pozuelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pozuelo"},{"link_name":"El Provencio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Provencio"},{"link_name":"El Valle de Altomira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Valle_de_Altomira"},{"link_name":"Enguídanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engu%C3%ADdanos"},{"link_name":"Fresneda de Altarejos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresneda_de_Altarejos"},{"link_name":"Fresneda de la Sierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresneda_de_la_Sierra"},{"link_name":"Fuente de Pedro Naharro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuente_de_Pedro_Naharro"},{"link_name":"Fuentelespino de Haro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuentelespino_de_Haro"},{"link_name":"Fuentelespino de 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Mancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozorrubielos_de_la_Mancha"},{"link_name":"Pozorrubio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozorrubio,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Priego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priego"},{"link_name":"Puebla de Almenara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puebla_de_Almenara"},{"link_name":"Puebla del Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puebla_del_Salvador"},{"link_name":"Quintanar del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintanar_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"Rada de Haro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rada_de_Haro"},{"link_name":"Reíllo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C3%ADllo"},{"link_name":"Rozalén del Monte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozal%C3%A9n_del_Monte"},{"link_name":"Saceda-Trasierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saceda-Trasierra"},{"link_name":"Saelices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saelices"},{"link_name":"Salinas del Manzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinas_del_Manzano"},{"link_name":"Salmeroncillos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmeroncillos"},{"link_name":"Salvacañete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvaca%C3%B1ete"},{"link_name":"San Clemente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Clemente,_Cuenca"},{"link_name":"San Lorenzo de la Parrilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Lorenzo_de_la_Parrilla"},{"link_name":"San Martín de Boniches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Boniches"},{"link_name":"San Pedro Palmiches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro_Palmiches"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz de Moya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Moya"},{"link_name":"Santa María de los Llanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_los_Llanos"},{"link_name":"Santa María del Campo Rus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_del_Campo_Rus"},{"link_name":"Santa María del Val","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_del_Val"},{"link_name":"Sisante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisante"},{"link_name":"Solera de Gabaldón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solera_de_Gabald%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Sotorribas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotorribas"},{"link_name":"Talayuelas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talayuelas"},{"link_name":"Tarancón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taranc%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Tébar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9bar"},{"link_name":"Tejadillos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tejadillos"},{"link_name":"Tinajas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinajas,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Torralba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torralba,_Cuenca"},{"link_name":"Torrejoncillo del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrejoncillo_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"Torrubia del Campo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrubia_del_Campo"},{"link_name":"Torrubia del Castillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrubia_del_Castillo"},{"link_name":"Tragacete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragacete"},{"link_name":"Tresjuncos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tresjuncos"},{"link_name":"Tribaldos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribaldos"},{"link_name":"Uclés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucl%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Uña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Valdemeca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdemeca"},{"link_name":"Valdemorillo de la Sierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdemorillo_de_la_Sierra"},{"link_name":"Valdemoro-Sierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdemoro-Sierra"},{"link_name":"Valdeolivas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdeolivas"},{"link_name":"Valdetórtola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdet%C3%B3rtola"},{"link_name":"Valhermoso de la Fuente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valhermoso_de_la_Fuente"},{"link_name":"Valsalobre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valsalobre"},{"link_name":"Valverde de Júcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valverde_de_J%C3%BAcar"},{"link_name":"Valverdejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valverdejo"},{"link_name":"Vara de Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vara_de_Rey"},{"link_name":"Vega del Codorno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_del_Codorno"},{"link_name":"Vellisca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellisca"},{"link_name":"Villaconejos de Trabaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villaconejos_de_Trabaque"},{"link_name":"Villaescusa de Haro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villaescusa_de_Haro"},{"link_name":"Villagarcía del Llano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villagarc%C3%ADa_del_Llano"},{"link_name":"Villalba de la Sierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villalba_de_la_Sierra"},{"link_name":"Villalba del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villalba_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"Villalgordo del Marquesado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villalgordo_del_Marquesado"},{"link_name":"Villalpardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villalpardo"},{"link_name":"Villamayor de Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villamayor_de_Santiago"},{"link_name":"Villanueva de Guadamejud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villanueva_de_Guadamejud"},{"link_name":"Villanueva de la Jara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villanueva_de_la_Jara"},{"link_name":"Villar de Cañas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villar_de_Ca%C3%B1as"},{"link_name":"Villar de Domingo García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villar_de_Domingo_Garc%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Villar de Olalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villar_de_Olalla"},{"link_name":"Villar de la Encina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villar_de_la_Encina"},{"link_name":"Villar del Humo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villar_del_Humo"},{"link_name":"Villar del Infantado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villar_del_Infantado"},{"link_name":"Villar y Velasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villar_y_Velasco"},{"link_name":"Villarejo de Fuentes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villarejo_de_Fuentes"},{"link_name":"Villarejo de la Peñuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villarejo_de_la_Pe%C3%B1uela"},{"link_name":"Villarejo-Periesteban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villarejo-Periesteban"},{"link_name":"Villares del Saz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villares_del_Saz"},{"link_name":"Villarrubio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villarrubio"},{"link_name":"Villarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villarta"},{"link_name":"Villas de la Ventosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villas_de_la_Ventosa"},{"link_name":"Villaverde y Pasaconsol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villaverde_y_Pasaconsol"},{"link_name":"Vindel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindel,_Cuenca"},{"link_name":"Víllora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADllora"},{"link_name":"Yémeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A9meda"},{"link_name":"Zafra de Záncara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zafra_de_Z%C3%A1ncara"},{"link_name":"Zafrilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zafrilla"},{"link_name":"Zarza de Tajo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarza_de_Tajo"},{"link_name":"Zarzuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarzuela,_Cuenca"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bandera_Castilla-La_Mancha.svg"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1916233#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/149111125"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007465495405171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n99262107"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Escudo_de_la_Provincia_de_Cuenca.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuentelespino_de_Moya&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cuenca-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cuenca-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cuenca-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"National Statistics Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Statistics_Institute_(Spain)"}],"text":"Municipality in Castile-La Mancha, SpainFuentelespino de Moya is a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 149.vteMunicipalities in the province of Cuenca\nAbia de la Obispalía\nAlarcón\nAlbaladejo del Cuende\nAlbalate de las Nogueras\nAlbendea\nAlcalá de la Vega\nAlcantud\nAlcohujate\nAlconchel de la Estrella\nAlcázar del Rey\nAlgarra\nAliaguilla\nAlmendros\nAlmodóvar del Pinar\nAlmonacid del Marquesado\nAltarejos\nArandilla del Arroyo\nArcas\nArcos de la Sierra\nArguisuelas\nArrancacepas\nAtalaya del Cañavate\nBarajas de Melo\nBarchín del Hoyo\nBascuñana de San Pedro\nBeamud\nBelinchón\nBelmonte\nBelmontejo\nBeteta\nBoniches\nBuciegas\nBuenache de Alarcón\nBuenache de la Sierra\nBuendía\nCampillo de Altobuey\nCampillos-Paravientos\nCampillos-Sierra\nCampos del Paraíso\nCañada Juncosa\nCañada del Hoyo\nCanalejas del Arroyo\nCañamares\nCañaveras\nCañaveruelas\nCañete\nCañizares\nCarboneras de Guadazaón\nCardenete\nCarrascosa\nCarrascosa de Haro\nCasas de Benítez\nCasas de Fernando Alonso\nCasas de Garcimolina\nCasas de Guijarro\nCasas de Haro\nCasas de los Pinos\nCasasimarro\nCastejón\nCastillejo de Iniesta\nCastillejo-Sierra\nCastillo de Garcimuñoz\nCastillo-Albaráñez\nCervera del Llano\nChillarón de Cuenca\nChumillas\nCuenca\nCueva del Hierro\nEl Acebrón\nEl Cañavate\nEl Herrumblar\nEl Hito\nEl Pedernoso\nEl Peral\nEl Picazo\nEl Pozuelo\nEl Provencio\nEl Valle de Altomira\nEnguídanos\nFresneda de Altarejos\nFresneda de la Sierra\nFuente de Pedro Naharro\nFuentelespino de Haro\nFuentelespino de Moya\nFuentenava de Jábaga\nFuentes\nFuertescusa\nGabaldón\nGaraballa\nGascueña\nGraja de Campalbo\nGraja de Iniesta\nHenarejos\nHonrubia\nHontanaya\nHontecillas\nHorcajo de Santiago\nHuelves\nHuerta de la Obispalía\nHuerta del Marquesado\nHuete\nHuélamo\nHuérguina\nIniesta\nLa Alberca de Záncara\nLa Almarcha\nLa Cierva\nLa Frontera\nLa Hinojosa\nLa Parra de las Vegas\nLa Peraleja\nLa Pesquera\nLaguna del Marquesado\nLagunaseca\nLandete\nLas Majadas\nLas Mesas\nLas Pedroñeras\nLas Valeras\nLedaña\nLeganiel\nLos Hinojosos\nLos Valdecolmenas\nMariana\nMasegosa\nMinglanilla\nMira\nMonreal del Llano\nMontalbanejo\nMontalbo\nMonteagudo de las Salinas\nMota de Altarejos\nMota del Cuervo\nMotilla del Palancar\nMoya\nNarboneta\nOlivares de Júcar\nOlmeda de la Cuesta\nOlmeda del Rey\nOlmedilla de Alarcón\nOlmedilla de Eliz\nOsa de la Vega\nPajaroncillo\nPajarón\nPalomares del Campo\nPalomera\nParacuellos\nParedes\nPinarejo\nPineda de Gigüela\nPiqueras del Castillo\nPortalrubio de Guadamejud\nPortilla\nPoyatos\nPozoamargo\nPozorrubielos de la Mancha\nPozorrubio\nPriego\nPuebla de Almenara\nPuebla del Salvador\nQuintanar del Rey\nRada de Haro\nReíllo\nRozalén del Monte\nSaceda-Trasierra\nSaelices\nSalinas del Manzano\nSalmeroncillos\nSalvacañete\nSan Clemente\nSan Lorenzo de la Parrilla\nSan Martín de Boniches\nSan Pedro Palmiches\nSanta Cruz de Moya\nSanta María de los Llanos\nSanta María del Campo Rus\nSanta María del Val\nSisante\nSolera de Gabaldón\nSotorribas\nTalayuelas\nTarancón\nTébar\nTejadillos\nTinajas\nTorralba\nTorrejoncillo del Rey\nTorrubia del Campo\nTorrubia del Castillo\nTragacete\nTresjuncos\nTribaldos\nUclés\nUña\nValdemeca\nValdemorillo de la Sierra\nValdemoro-Sierra\nValdeolivas\nValdetórtola\nValhermoso de la Fuente\nValsalobre\nValverde de Júcar\nValverdejo\nVara de Rey\nVega del Codorno\nVellisca\nVillaconejos de Trabaque\nVillaescusa de Haro\nVillagarcía del Llano\nVillalba de la Sierra\nVillalba del Rey\nVillalgordo del Marquesado\nVillalpardo\nVillamayor de Santiago\nVillanueva de Guadamejud\nVillanueva de la Jara\nVillar de Cañas\nVillar de Domingo García\nVillar de Olalla\nVillar de la Encina\nVillar del Humo\nVillar del Infantado\nVillar y Velasco\nVillarejo de Fuentes\nVillarejo de la Peñuela\nVillarejo-Periesteban\nVillares del Saz\nVillarrubio\nVillarta\nVillas de la Ventosa\nVillaverde y Pasaconsol\nVindel\nVíllora\nYémeda\nZafra de Záncara\nZafrilla\nZarza de Tajo\nZarzuelaAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nIsrael\nUnited StatesThis article about a location in the Province of Cuenca in Spain is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.","title":"Fuentelespino de Moya"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Statistics_Institute_(Spain)","url_text":"National Statistics Institute"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fuentelespino_de_Moya&params=39_55_N_1_28_W_region:ES_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"39°55′N 1°28′W / 39.917°N 1.467°W / 39.917; -1.467"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fuentelespino_de_Moya&params=39_55_N_1_28_W_region:ES_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"39°55′N 1°28′W / 39.917°N 1.467°W / 39.917; -1.467"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/149111125","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007465495405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n99262107","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuentelespino_de_Moya&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jocasta_(band)	Jocasta (band)	["1 History","2 Discography","2.1 Albums","2.2 Singles","3 References"]	Jocasta were a Britpop band formed in London in 1994. They had two minor hit singles and released one album before splitting up in the late 1990s. History The band comprised Tim Arnold (vocals, guitar and piano), Jack Reynolds (lead guitar), Adrian Meehan (drums) and Andy Lewis (bass guitar). Arnold and Reynolds had attended school together. In 1994 they met up again in Soho where they both worked. Arnold worked as a chef by day and a doorman by night in an illegal drinking bar. By 1995, Jocasta had signed a worldwide record deal with Sony via Sony LRD. Jocasta's management set up their own label, V4 records and were distributed by Sony for their first two singles "Go" and "Change Me". In early 1996, Sony moved them over to Epic Records to be looked after by the head of the company, Rob Stringer. Epic released the single "Something to Say" and upon poor sales, decided to re-release the band's previous singles. At the start of 1997, "Go" was 'A listed' by BBC Radio One and championed by Jo Whiley as 'single of the week'. It also featured on TV shows, including the BBC Saturday morning show, Alive and Kicking and ITV's Video Tec. After a short European tour, Epic re-released "Change Me" which became Mark Radcliffe's single of the week, again at Radio One. The reissues of "Go" and "Change Me" both placed on the UK Singles Chart. The debut album, No Coincidence, released in June 1997, was recorded with the London Symphony Orchestra. Sony terminated the contract on the day the album was released. The band split up after the album's release, with Arnold going on to record as a solo artist. Discography Albums No Coincidence (1997), Epic "Laughing" "Go" "Life In A Day" "Change Me" "Actress" "Leave The Light On" "Something To Say" "Single As Hell" "Perfect" "Face You" "Crackbaby" "Inside Out" Singles "Go" (1996), V4 "Change Me" (1996), V4 "Something to Say" (1996), Epic "Go" (1997), Epic - UK No. 50 "Change Me" (1997), Epic - UK No. 60 References ^ a b Strong, Martin C. (2003) The Great Indie Discography, Canongate, ISBN 1-84195-335-0, p. 815 ^ a b c Larkin, Colin (1998) The Virgin Encyclopedia of Indie & New Wave, Virgin Books, ISBN 0-7535-0231-3, p. 229 ^ "Jocasta On Page". NME. 16 May 1995. ^ a b Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 284. ISBN 1-904994-10-5. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Jocasta (band)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tim Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Arnold_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strong-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-2"},{"link_name":"Soho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soho"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME-3"},{"link_name":"Sony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony"},{"link_name":"Epic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Records"},{"link_name":"Rob Stringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Stringer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strong-1"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_One"},{"link_name":"Jo Whiley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Whiley"},{"link_name":"Alive and Kicking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alive_and_Kicking_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_Network"},{"link_name":"Mark Radcliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Radcliffe_(radio_broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-4"},{"link_name":"London Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra"}],"text":"The band comprised Tim Arnold (vocals, guitar and piano), Jack Reynolds (lead guitar), Adrian Meehan (drums) and Andy Lewis (bass guitar).[1] Arnold and Reynolds had attended school together.[2] In 1994 they met up again in Soho where they both worked.[2] Arnold worked as a chef by day and a doorman by night in an illegal drinking bar.[2][3]By 1995, Jocasta had signed a worldwide record deal with Sony via Sony LRD. Jocasta's management set up their own label, V4 records and were distributed by Sony for their first two singles \"Go\" and \"Change Me\". In early 1996, Sony moved them over to Epic Records to be looked after by the head of the company, Rob Stringer.[1]Epic released the single \"Something to Say\" and upon poor sales, decided to re-release the band's previous singles. At the start of 1997, \"Go\" was 'A listed' by BBC Radio One and championed by Jo Whiley as 'single of the week'. It also featured on TV shows, including the BBC Saturday morning show, Alive and Kicking and ITV's Video Tec. After a short European tour, Epic re-released \"Change Me\" which became Mark Radcliffe's single of the week, again at Radio One. The reissues of \"Go\" and \"Change Me\" both placed on the UK Singles Chart.[4]The debut album, No Coincidence, released in June 1997, was recorded with the London Symphony Orchestra. Sony terminated the contract on the day the album was released. The band split up after the album's release, with Arnold going on to record as a solo artist.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"No Coincidence (1997), Epic\"Laughing\"\n\"Go\"\n\"Life In A Day\"\n\"Change Me\"\n\"Actress\"\n\"Leave The Light On\"\n\"Something To Say\"\n\"Single As Hell\"\n\"Perfect\"\n\"Face You\"\n\"Crackbaby\"\n\"Inside Out\"","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-4"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"\"Go\" (1996), V4\n\"Change Me\" (1996), V4\n\"Something to Say\" (1996), Epic\n\"Go\" (1997), Epic - UK No. 50\n\"Change Me\" (1997), Epic - UK No. 60[4]","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Jocasta On Page\". NME. 16 May 1995.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 284. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904994-10-5","url_text":"1-904994-10-5"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000091161248","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/133312728","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/6d18d2d1-3249-43b9-b4ab-d1eaf20a193d","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Pikalov	Vladimir Pikalov	["1 Life","2 Recognition","3 Cultural depictions","4 See also","5 References"]	Soviet general (1924–2003) Vladimir Karpovich PikalovBorn(1924-09-15)15 September 1924Armavir, South-East, Russian SFSR, Soviet UnionDied29 March 2003(2003-03-29) (aged 78)Moscow, RussiaBuriedDonskoye CemeteryAllegiance Soviet Union (1941-1991) Russia (1991-1992)Years of service1941–1989RankColonel GeneralCommands heldChemical Troops of the USSR Battles/warsBattle of Stalingrad Battle of Moscow Battle of Kursk Chernobyl disasterAwardsHero of the Soviet Union (1986) Vladimir Karpovich Pikalov (Russian: Владимир Карпович Пикалов; 15 September 1924 – 29 March 2003) was a Soviet general. He commanded the Chemical Troops of the USSR from 1968 to 1988. During World War II, Pikalov took part in the battles of Moscow, Stalingrad and Kursk. He was wounded several times. He was in charge of the specialized military units at the site of the Chernobyl disaster. Pikalov arrived at the scene on the afternoon of 26 April 1986, and assumed command at Chernobyl. Life Pikalov was born on 15 September 1924 in Armavir, now in Krasnodar Krai, into the family of a civil servant. From 1931 until May 1941 he studied in Kislovodsk secondary school number 7. Mariya Maksimovna Pikalova, his mother, died in 1973, and was buried in Moscow. His father, Karp Ivanovich Pikalov, died in 1974 and was buried in Armavir. At the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, Pikalov was in 9th grade. In May 1941, he entered the 1st Artillery School in Rostov-on-Don, at which he graduated from an accelerated course in February 1942. He took part in the Second World War, seeing combat with the Western, Don, Stalingrad, the Steppe and the 2nd Belorussian fronts, participating in the liberation of Kursk, Minsk, Poznań, and as well as the storming of Berlin. He was wounded three times. He fought in artillery as a platoon commander, battery commander, assistant chief of staff of artillery division on reconnaissance, adjutant of a senior artillery division, reconnaissance officer of the regiment. In August 1945 he entered the Voroshilov Higher Military Artillery School, from which he graduated in 1952 with a diploma of military engineer-chemist. He served as chief of the chemical service of the division, senior officer, deputy and chief of chemical troops of the military district, deputy chief of the military academy of education and research. A member of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) since 1949. From August 1966 to June 1968 Pikalov attended the Military Academy of the General Staff. From March 1968 to December 1988 he served as head of the Chemical Troops of the USSR Ministry of Defense. Pikalov arrived at the disaster site at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant a few hours after the April 1986 explosion as head of the Ministry of Defense task force, personally made a circuit around the nuclear power plant with radiation instruments (receiving an exposure of 137 rems), and organized the arrival in the accident zone of the troops necessary for the most urgent work. He headed the Ministry of Defense relief work at the Chernobyl site until Army General Ivan Gerasymov, Commander-in-Chief of the Troops of the Southwestern Direction, relieved him. Pikalov died on 29 March 2003. He was buried with his family in the columbarium of the Donskoye Cemetery. Recognition In December 1986, he was awarded the title of the Hero of the Soviet Union, for his role in the containment of the fallout from the Chernobyl catastrophe. Cultural depictions Pikalov is portrayed by actor Mark Lewis Jones in Chernobyl. See also Individual involvement in the Chernobyl disaster References ^ "Commemorative Decoration Colonel General Pikalov" (PDF). www.omsa.org. Retrieved 12 June 2019. ^ Zhores Medvedev: The Legacy of Chernobyl ^ Soviet Military Review, Issue 12 (1987) ^ "Пикалов Владимир Карпович". www.warheroes.ru. Retrieved 11 June 2019. vteChernobyl disasterEffects Comparison with other radioactivity releases Comparison with Fukushima Cultural impact Deaths Elephant's Foot Groundwater contamination TORCH report Individuals Aleksandr Akimov Anatoly Dyatlov Vasily Ignatenko Valery Khodemchuk Boris Shcherbina Valery Legasov Mykola Melnyk Vassili Nesterenko Vladimir Pikalov Volodymyr Pravyk Nikolai Tarakanov Leonid Telyatnikov Leonid Toptunov Locations Exclusion Zone Chernihiv–Ovruch railway Chernobyl power plant Kopachi Opachychi Poliske Red Forest Tarasy Velyki Klishchi Vilcha Yaniv Polesie Reserve Aravichy Dzernavichy Pripyat amusement park Azure swimming pool Avanhard stadium FC Stroitel Energetik cultural palace Jupiter factory Polissya hotel Slavutych Organisations Chernobyl Children International Children of Chernobyl Benefit Concert Chernobyl Forum Chernobyl Recovery and Development Programme Chernobyl Shelter Fund Friends of Chernobyl's Children State Institution for Radiation Monitoring and Radiation Safety Related topics 2022 Russian capture of Chernobyl Chernobyl: Abyss (2021 film) Chernobyl (2019 miniseries) Chernobyl liquidators Chernobyl necklace Chernobylite Sarcophagus New Safe Confinement Samosely National Chernobyl Museum Category List Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Chemical Troops of the USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_Troops_of_the_USSR"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"battles of Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Stalingrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad"},{"link_name":"Kursk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Chernobyl disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Vladimir Karpovich Pikalov (Russian: Владимир Карпович Пикалов; 15 September 1924 – 29 March 2003) was a Soviet general. He commanded the Chemical Troops of the USSR [ru] from 1968 to 1988.During World War II, Pikalov took part in the battles of Moscow, Stalingrad and Kursk. He was wounded several times.[1]He was in charge of the specialized military units at the site of the Chernobyl disaster. Pikalov arrived at the scene on the afternoon of 26 April 1986, and assumed command at Chernobyl.[2]","title":"Vladimir Pikalov"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armavir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armavir,_Russia"},{"link_name":"Krasnodar Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai"},{"link_name":"Kislovodsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kislovodsk"},{"link_name":"Axis invasion of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"1st Artillery School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rostov_Military_Institute_of_Missile_Forces&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA"},{"link_name":"Rostov-on-Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostov-on-Don"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Front"},{"link_name":"Stalingrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalingrad_Front"},{"link_name":"Steppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe_Front"},{"link_name":"2nd Belorussian fronts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Belorussian_Front"},{"link_name":"Kursk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk"},{"link_name":"Minsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk_offensive"},{"link_name":"Poznań","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pozna%C5%84_(1945)"},{"link_name":"storming of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Voroshilov Higher Military Artillery School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Protection_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Military Academy of the General Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Academy_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"USSR Ministry of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Ivan Gerasymov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Gerasymov"},{"link_name":"Donskoye Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donskoye_Cemetery"}],"text":"Pikalov was born on 15 September 1924 in Armavir, now in Krasnodar Krai, into the family of a civil servant. From 1931 until May 1941 he studied in Kislovodsk secondary school number 7. Mariya Maksimovna Pikalova, his mother, died in 1973, and was buried in Moscow. His father, Karp Ivanovich Pikalov, died in 1974 and was buried in Armavir.At the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, Pikalov was in 9th grade. In May 1941, he entered the 1st Artillery School [ru] in Rostov-on-Don, at which he graduated from an accelerated course in February 1942. He took part in the Second World War, seeing combat with the Western, Don, Stalingrad, the Steppe and the 2nd Belorussian fronts, participating in the liberation of Kursk, Minsk, Poznań, and as well as the storming of Berlin. He was wounded three times. He fought in artillery as a platoon commander, battery commander, assistant chief of staff of artillery division on reconnaissance, adjutant of a senior artillery division, reconnaissance officer of the regiment.In August 1945 he entered the Voroshilov Higher Military Artillery School, from which he graduated in 1952 with a diploma of military engineer-chemist. He served as chief of the chemical service of the division, senior officer, deputy and chief of chemical troops of the military district, deputy chief of the military academy of education and research. A member of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) since 1949.From August 1966 to June 1968 Pikalov attended the Military Academy of the General Staff. From March 1968 to December 1988 he served as head of the Chemical Troops of the USSR Ministry of Defense. Pikalov arrived at the disaster site at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant a few hours after the April 1986 explosion as head of the Ministry of Defense task force, personally made a circuit around the nuclear power plant with radiation instruments (receiving an exposure of 137 rems), and organized the arrival in the accident zone of the troops necessary for the most urgent work. He headed the Ministry of Defense relief work at the Chernobyl site until Army General Ivan Gerasymov, Commander-in-Chief of the Troops of the Southwestern Direction, relieved him.Pikalov died on 29 March 2003. He was buried with his family in the columbarium of the Donskoye Cemetery.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hero of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In December 1986, he was awarded the title of the Hero of the Soviet Union, for his role in the containment of the fallout from the Chernobyl catastrophe.[3][4]","title":"Recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark Lewis Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lewis_Jones"},{"link_name":"Chernobyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_(miniseries)"}],"text":"Pikalov is portrayed by actor Mark Lewis Jones in Chernobyl.","title":"Cultural depictions"}]	[]	[{"title":"Individual involvement in the Chernobyl disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_involvement_in_the_Chernobyl_disaster"}]	[{"reference":"\"Commemorative Decoration Colonel General Pikalov\" (PDF). www.omsa.org. 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Retrieved 11 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=4745","url_text":"\"Пикалов Владимир Карпович\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.omsa.org/files/jomsa_arch/Splits/2012/648115_JOMSA_Vol63_4_37.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Commemorative Decoration Colonel General Pikalov\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PKzjsnd4dPwC&dq=%22Vladimir+Pikalov%22&pg=PA49","external_links_name":"The Legacy of Chernobyl"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pOneAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Vladimir+Pikalov%22+hero+of+the+soviet+union","external_links_name":"Soviet Military Review, Issue 12 (1987)"},{"Link":"http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=4745","external_links_name":"\"Пикалов Владимир Карпович\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/53403143","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrcqCD8vyD83JRbYHVjYP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n95098434","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Ferling	Holly Ferling	["1 Cricket","2 Netball","3 Media work","4 Personal life","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]	Australian cricketer Holly FerlingFerling bowling for ACT Meteors in September 2022Personal informationFull nameHolly Lee FerlingBorn (1995-12-22) 22 December 1995 (age 28)Kingaroy, Queensland, AustraliaNicknameBambiHeight1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)BattingRight-handedBowlingRight-arm fast-mediumRoleBowlerWebsitehollyferling.comInternational information National sideAustraliaTest debut (cap 163)11 August 2013 v EnglandLast Test11 August 2015 v EnglandODI debut (cap 125)1 February 2013 v PakistanLast ODI20 November 2016 v South AfricaT20I debut (cap 37)29 August 2013 v EnglandLast T20I31 January 2016 v India Domestic team information YearsTeam2012/13–2021/22Queensland2015/16Northern Districts2015/16–2017/18Brisbane Heat2018/19–2020/21Melbourne Stars2021/22Melbourne Renegades2022/23–presentAustralian Capital Territory2022/23Perth Scorchers Career statistics Competition WTest WODI WT20I WBBL Matches 3 22 9 64 Runs scored 5 9 0 66 Batting average – 3.00 0.00 6.60 100s/50s 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 Top score 5* 4 0 10* Balls bowled 396 721 162 906 Wickets 3 24 5 43 Bowling average 64.33 22.00 28.40 23.90 5 wickets in innings 0 0 0 0 10 wickets in match 0 0 0 0 Best bowling 2/59 3/4 2/14 4/8 Catches/stumpings 0/– 9/– 0/– 13/–Source: Cricinfo Cricket Australia, 29 April 2021 Holly Lee Ferling (born 22 December 1995) is an Australian professional cricketer who made her debut for the Australia national women's cricket team in 2013 and currently plays for Australian Capital Territory in Australia's domestic competitions. She is a right-arm fast-medium bowler and right-handed batter. Cricket Ferling fielding for Brisbane Heat during WBBL\|02 A right-arm fast-medium paced bowler, Ferling made four appearances during the 2013 Women's Cricket World Cup, taking nine wickets at an average of 10.55; placing her second on the bowling averages tables. She was named as the twelfth player in the team of the tournament, selected by an ICC panel. At the age of 14, Ferling made her debut in men's grade cricket in Queensland, and took a hat-trick with her first three balls. She later became the first woman to be named as the Queensland Junior Cricketer of the Year. Ferling developed her game playing alongside men, something she feels has helped her to teach her where to bowl. In June 2015, she was named as one of Australia's touring party for the 2015 Women's Ashes in England, after a period of injury. In July 2015, Ferling was named as the first signing for the Brisbane Heat in the inaugural Women's Big Bash League. She also played for Northern Districts Spirit in New Zealand during the 2015–16 season. Ferling was dropped from the Australian squad in November 2016, and subsequently required surgery on an elbow injury that ruled her out of contention for a recall ahead of the 2017 World Cup. In November 2018, she was named in the Melbourne Stars' squad for the 2018–19 Women's Big Bash League season. In August 2021, she joined their local rivals, the Melbourne Renegades. Netball Ferling was also an accomplished netball player. Predominantly known as a defensive player, she rose to represent the Wide Bay Thundercats in the Queensland State Netball League. Media work Ferling presents a podcast on women in sport called Girls & Glory, launched in 2020. In January 2021, Ferling was a guest presenter on Channel Seven's coverage of the Fourth Test between Australia and India at The Gabba, with the regular commentary team unable to be present on the ground due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Her performance attracted widespread praise from viewers. Personal life Ferling's nickname is "Bambi". In 2015, she explained to The Saturday Paper: "It's because I fall over all the time." References ^ "ICC Women's World Cup, 2012/13 / Records / Best averages". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 14 April 2013. ^ "ICC names ICC Women's World Cup India 2013 Team of the Tournament". International Cricket Council. 18 February 2013. Archived from the original on 23 February 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2013. ^ Purohit, Abhishek (8 February 2013). "Ferling overcomes her nerves". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 14 April 2013. ^ Craddock, Robert (16 February 2013). "Matthew Hayden not surprised by Holly Ferling's rapid rise for Australia at women's World Cup". The Daily Telegraph. News Limited. Retrieved 14 April 2013. ^ "Women's Ashes: Australia include three potential Test debututants". BBC. 1 June 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015. ^ Hogan, Jesse (10 July 2015). "First WBBL signings unveiled as Ten commits to broadcasts". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 12 August 2015. ^ "ND News - ND Cricket". Northern Districts Cricket. 3 October 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2018. ^ Mitchell, Brittany (10 October 2017). "Injury-ridden Holly Ferling up for comeback challenge". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 29 January 2021. ^ "WBBL04: All you need to know guide". Cricket Australia. Retrieved 30 November 2018. ^ "The full squads for the WBBL". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 30 November 2018. ^ "Holly Ferling swaps Stars for Renegades ahead of Women's Big Bash". The Cricketer. 5 August 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021. ^ "Cougars, Lynx claw down Thundercats". Fraser Coast Chronicle. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2018. ^ "Thundercats lift but remain winless". Fraser Coast Chronicle. 20 May 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2018. ^ Ferling, Holly (2 March 2020). "Holly hits wicket on head in female-focused podcast". The Chronicle. Toowoomba. Retrieved 28 January 2021. ^ Goodwin, Sam (19 January 2021). "'Absolute gun': Cricket fans rave over Holly Ferling commentary cameo". Yahoo! Sport. Retrieved 28 January 2021. ^ Staff writer (9 August 2013). "Introducing the players out to defend the Ashes as the Southern Stars get ready for England test". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 9 January 2021. ^ Cooke, Richard (18 April 2015). "The natural: Holly Ferling, 19, cricketer". The Saturday Paper. Retrieved 9 January 2021. Further reading Burnett, Adam (20 June 2022). "Holly trinity: How Ferling found her new beginning". Cricket.com.au. Retrieved 20 June 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Holly Ferling. Holly Ferling at ESPNcricinfo Holly Ferling at CricketArchive (subscription required) Holly Ferling at Cricket Australia Official website vteACT Meteors – current squad 2 Mack (c) 5 Burton 6 Genford 7 Rafferty 9 Ferling 11 Sutcliffe 12 Lyons 19 Bowdler 25 Wikman 28 Dignam 32 Carter 33 Porter 51 Ferdus 61 Moscript 74 Leeson 77 Hunter 99 Bates Head Coach: Osborne vteAustralia squad – 2014 Women's World Twenty20 – Champions (3rd title) 1 Blackwell 2 Bolton 3 Cameron 4 Coyte 5 Farrell 6 Ferling 7 Healy (wk) 8 Hunter 9 Jonassen 10 Kimmince 11 Lanning (c) 12 Mooney 13 Osborne 14 Perry 15 Villani Coach: Fitzpatrick vteAustralia squad – 2016 Women's World Twenty20 runners-up 17 Lanning (c) 2 Blackwell (vc) 14 Beams 1 Cheatle 13 Coyte 5 Ferling 48 Harris 77 Healy 21 Jonassen 6 Mooney 25 Osborne 8 Perry 3 Schutt 4 Villani Coach: Mott	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Australia national women's cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_women%27s_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Australian Capital Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_Meteors"},{"link_name":"fast-medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_bowling"},{"link_name":"bowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"batter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_(cricket)"}],"text":"Holly Lee Ferling (born 22 December 1995) is an Australian professional cricketer who made her debut for the Australia national women's cricket team in 2013 and currently plays for Australian Capital Territory in Australia's domestic competitions. She is a right-arm fast-medium bowler and right-handed batter.","title":"Holly Ferling"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016%E2%80%9317_WBBL_PS_v_BH_16-12-17_Ferling.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brisbane Heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Heat_(WBBL)"},{"link_name":"WBBL\|02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Women%27s_Big_Bash_League_season"},{"link_name":"2013 Women's Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Women%27s_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"grade cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_cricket"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"hat-trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat-trick_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Brisbane Heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Heat_Women"},{"link_name":"Women's Big Bash League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Big_Bash_League"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Northern Districts Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Districts_Spirit"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"2017 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Women%27s_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Stars_(WBBL)"},{"link_name":"2018–19 Women's Big Bash League season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Women%27s_Big_Bash_League_season"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Renegades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Renegades_(WBBL)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Ferling fielding for Brisbane Heat during WBBL\|02A right-arm fast-medium paced bowler, Ferling made four appearances during the 2013 Women's Cricket World Cup, taking nine wickets at an average of 10.55; placing her second on the bowling averages tables.[1] She was named as the twelfth player in the team of the tournament, selected by an ICC panel.[2]At the age of 14, Ferling made her debut in men's grade cricket in Queensland, and took a hat-trick with her first three balls. She later became the first woman to be named as the Queensland Junior Cricketer of the Year.[3] Ferling developed her game playing alongside men, something she feels has helped her to teach her where to bowl.[4]In June 2015, she was named as one of Australia's touring party for the 2015 Women's Ashes in England, after a period of injury.[5]In July 2015, Ferling was named as the first signing for the Brisbane Heat in the inaugural Women's Big Bash League.[6] She also played for Northern Districts Spirit in New Zealand during the 2015–16 season.[7]Ferling was dropped from the Australian squad in November 2016, and subsequently required surgery on an elbow injury that ruled her out of contention for a recall ahead of the 2017 World Cup.[8]In November 2018, she was named in the Melbourne Stars' squad for the 2018–19 Women's Big Bash League season.[9][10] In August 2021, she joined their local rivals, the Melbourne Renegades.[11]","title":"Cricket"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"netball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netball"},{"link_name":"Queensland State Netball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_State_Netball_League"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Ferling was also an accomplished netball player. Predominantly known as a defensive player, she rose to represent the Wide Bay Thundercats in the Queensland State Netball League.[12][13]","title":"Netball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Channel Seven's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Network"},{"link_name":"Fourth Test between Australia and India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cricket_team_in_Australia_in_2020%E2%80%9321"},{"link_name":"The Gabba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gabba"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Ferling presents a podcast on women in sport called Girls & Glory, launched in 2020.[14]In January 2021, Ferling was a guest presenter on Channel Seven's coverage of the Fourth Test between Australia and India at The Gabba, with the regular commentary team unable to be present on the ground due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Her performance attracted widespread praise from viewers.[15]","title":"Media work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nickname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nicknames_used_in_cricket"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dt_2013-08-09-16"},{"link_name":"The Saturday Paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saturday_Paper"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tsp_2015-04-18-17"}],"text":"Ferling's nickname is \"Bambi\".[16] In 2015, she explained to The Saturday Paper: \"It's because I fall over all the time.\"[17]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Holly trinity: How Ferling found her new beginning\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cricket.com.au/news/feature/holly-ferling-act-meteors-queensland-fire-bowling-media-core-values-career-lessons/2022-06-20"}],"text":"Burnett, Adam (20 June 2022). \"Holly trinity: How Ferling found her new beginning\". Cricket.com.au. Retrieved 20 June 2022.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Ferling fielding for Brisbane Heat during WBBL\|02","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/2016%E2%80%9317_WBBL_PS_v_BH_16-12-17_Ferling.jpg/170px-2016%E2%80%9317_WBBL_PS_v_BH_16-12-17_Ferling.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"ICC Women's World Cup, 2012/13 / Records / Best averages\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 14 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/icc-womens-world-cup-2013/engine/records/bowling/best_career_bowling_average.html?id=7741;type=tournament","url_text":"\"ICC Women's World Cup, 2012/13 / Records / Best averages\""}]},{"reference":"\"ICC names ICC Women's World Cup India 2013 Team of the Tournament\". International Cricket Council. 18 February 2013. Archived from the original on 23 February 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130223020720/http://www.wwc13.com/news/2013/icc-media-releases/774/icc-names-icc-womens-world-cup-india-2013-team-of-the-tournament","url_text":"\"ICC names ICC Women's World Cup India 2013 Team of the Tournament\""},{"url":"http://www.wwc13.com/news/2013/icc-media-releases/774/icc-names-icc-womens-world-cup-india-2013-team-of-the-tournament","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Purohit, Abhishek (8 February 2013). \"Ferling overcomes her nerves\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 14 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-womens-world-cup-2013/content/story/604213.html","url_text":"\"Ferling overcomes her nerves\""}]},{"reference":"Craddock, Robert (16 February 2013). \"Matthew Hayden not surprised by Holly Ferling's rapid rise for Australia at women's World Cup\". The Daily Telegraph. News Limited. Retrieved 14 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/sport/cricket/matthew-hayden-not-surprised-by-holly-ferlings-rapid-rise-for-austraila-at-womens-world-cup/story-e6frey50-1226579330962","url_text":"\"Matthew Hayden not surprised by Holly Ferling's rapid rise for Australia at women's World Cup\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph_(Sydney)","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Limited","url_text":"News Limited"}]},{"reference":"\"Women's Ashes: Australia include three potential Test debututants\". BBC. 1 June 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/32964816","url_text":"\"Women's Ashes: Australia include three potential Test debututants\""}]},{"reference":"Hogan, Jesse (10 July 2015). \"First WBBL signings unveiled as Ten commits to broadcasts\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 12 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/sport/cricket/big-bash/first-wbbl-signings-unveiled-as-ten-commits-to-broadcasts-20150710-gi9pyj.html","url_text":"\"First WBBL signings unveiled as Ten commits to broadcasts\""}]},{"reference":"\"ND News - ND Cricket\". Northern Districts Cricket. 3 October 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndcricket.co.nz/news/northern-spirit-team-named-for-first-round-of-women-s-domestic-cricket-competition","url_text":"\"ND News - ND Cricket\""}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Brittany (10 October 2017). \"Injury-ridden Holly Ferling up for comeback challenge\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 29 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/injury-ridden-holly-ferling-up-for-comeback-challenge-1123184","url_text":"\"Injury-ridden Holly Ferling up for comeback challenge\""}]},{"reference":"\"WBBL04: All you need to know guide\". Cricket Australia. Retrieved 30 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cricket.com.au/news/wbbl-04-all-you-need-to-know-guide-tv-schedule-squads-when-fantasy-best-players/2018-11-30","url_text":"\"WBBL04: All you need to know guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"The full squads for the WBBL\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 30 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25412608/the-full-squads-wbbl","url_text":"\"The full squads for the WBBL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Holly Ferling swaps Stars for Renegades ahead of Women's Big Bash\". The Cricketer. 5 August 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecricketer.com/Topics/news/holly_ferling_swaps_stars_for_renegades_ahead_of_women's_big_bash.html","url_text":"\"Holly Ferling swaps Stars for Renegades ahead of Women's Big Bash\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cougars, Lynx claw down Thundercats\". Fraser Coast Chronicle. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.frasercoastchronicle.com.au/news/cats-cop-weekend-mauling/1805988/","url_text":"\"Cougars, Lynx claw down Thundercats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thundercats lift but remain winless\". Fraser Coast Chronicle. 20 May 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.frasercoastchronicle.com.au/news/cats-lift-but-remain-winless/1873506/","url_text":"\"Thundercats lift but remain winless\""}]},{"reference":"Ferling, Holly (2 March 2020). \"Holly hits wicket on head in female-focused podcast\". The Chronicle. Toowoomba. Retrieved 28 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thechronicle.com.au/news/toowoomba/holly-hits-the-wicket-on-the-head-in-new-female-focussed-podcast/news-story/3872903c031a76e9a020c589e77fedf8","url_text":"\"Holly hits wicket on head in female-focused podcast\""}]},{"reference":"Goodwin, Sam (19 January 2021). \"'Absolute gun': Cricket fans rave over Holly Ferling commentary cameo\". Yahoo! Sport. Retrieved 28 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://au.sports.yahoo.com/australia-india-cricket-fans-rave-holly-ferling-cameo-004859074.html","url_text":"\"'Absolute gun': Cricket fans rave over Holly Ferling commentary cameo\""}]},{"reference":"Staff writer (9 August 2013). \"Introducing the players out to defend the Ashes as the Southern Stars get ready for England test\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 9 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/sport/cricket/introducing-the-players-out-to-defend-the-ashes-as-the-southern-stars-get-ready-for-england-test-/news-story/c7e3c9b89c1577fbf123436a33d877fd","url_text":"\"Introducing the players out to defend the Ashes as the Southern Stars get ready for England test\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph_(Sydney)","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Cooke, Richard (18 April 2015). \"The natural: Holly Ferling, 19, cricketer\". The Saturday Paper. Retrieved 9 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thesaturdaypaper.com.au/sport/cricket/2015/04/18/the-natural-holly-ferling-19-cricketer/14292792001748#hrd","url_text":"\"The natural: Holly Ferling, 19, cricketer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saturday_Paper","url_text":"The Saturday Paper"}]},{"reference":"Burnett, Adam (20 June 2022). \"Holly trinity: How Ferling found her new beginning\". Cricket.com.au. Retrieved 20 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cricket.com.au/news/feature/holly-ferling-act-meteors-queensland-fire-bowling-media-core-values-career-lessons/2022-06-20","url_text":"\"Holly trinity: How Ferling found her new beginning\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://hollyferling.com/","external_links_name":"hollyferling.com"},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/holly-ferling-381266","external_links_name":"Cricinfo"},{"Link":"https://www.cricket.com.au/players/holly-ferling/jgqwcC9NzUCwFUjccQLeJA","external_links_name":"Cricket Australia"},{"Link":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/icc-womens-world-cup-2013/engine/records/bowling/best_career_bowling_average.html?id=7741;type=tournament","external_links_name":"\"ICC Women's World Cup, 2012/13 / Records / Best averages\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130223020720/http://www.wwc13.com/news/2013/icc-media-releases/774/icc-names-icc-womens-world-cup-india-2013-team-of-the-tournament","external_links_name":"\"ICC names ICC Women's World Cup India 2013 Team of the Tournament\""},{"Link":"http://www.wwc13.com/news/2013/icc-media-releases/774/icc-names-icc-womens-world-cup-india-2013-team-of-the-tournament","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-womens-world-cup-2013/content/story/604213.html","external_links_name":"\"Ferling overcomes her nerves\""},{"Link":"http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/sport/cricket/matthew-hayden-not-surprised-by-holly-ferlings-rapid-rise-for-austraila-at-womens-world-cup/story-e6frey50-1226579330962","external_links_name":"\"Matthew Hayden not surprised by Holly Ferling's rapid rise for Australia at women's World Cup\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/32964816","external_links_name":"\"Women's Ashes: Australia include three potential Test debututants\""},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/sport/cricket/big-bash/first-wbbl-signings-unveiled-as-ten-commits-to-broadcasts-20150710-gi9pyj.html","external_links_name":"\"First WBBL signings unveiled as Ten commits to broadcasts\""},{"Link":"https://www.ndcricket.co.nz/news/northern-spirit-team-named-for-first-round-of-women-s-domestic-cricket-competition","external_links_name":"\"ND News - ND Cricket\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/injury-ridden-holly-ferling-up-for-comeback-challenge-1123184","external_links_name":"\"Injury-ridden Holly Ferling up for comeback challenge\""},{"Link":"https://www.cricket.com.au/news/wbbl-04-all-you-need-to-know-guide-tv-schedule-squads-when-fantasy-best-players/2018-11-30","external_links_name":"\"WBBL04: All you need to know guide\""},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25412608/the-full-squads-wbbl","external_links_name":"\"The full squads for the WBBL\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecricketer.com/Topics/news/holly_ferling_swaps_stars_for_renegades_ahead_of_women's_big_bash.html","external_links_name":"\"Holly Ferling swaps Stars for Renegades ahead of Women's Big Bash\""},{"Link":"https://www.frasercoastchronicle.com.au/news/cats-cop-weekend-mauling/1805988/","external_links_name":"\"Cougars, Lynx claw down Thundercats\""},{"Link":"https://www.frasercoastchronicle.com.au/news/cats-lift-but-remain-winless/1873506/","external_links_name":"\"Thundercats lift but remain winless\""},{"Link":"https://www.thechronicle.com.au/news/toowoomba/holly-hits-the-wicket-on-the-head-in-new-female-focussed-podcast/news-story/3872903c031a76e9a020c589e77fedf8","external_links_name":"\"Holly hits wicket on head in female-focused podcast\""},{"Link":"https://au.sports.yahoo.com/australia-india-cricket-fans-rave-holly-ferling-cameo-004859074.html","external_links_name":"\"'Absolute gun': Cricket fans rave over Holly Ferling commentary cameo\""},{"Link":"https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/sport/cricket/introducing-the-players-out-to-defend-the-ashes-as-the-southern-stars-get-ready-for-england-test-/news-story/c7e3c9b89c1577fbf123436a33d877fd","external_links_name":"\"Introducing the players out to defend the Ashes as the Southern Stars get ready for England test\""},{"Link":"https://www.thesaturdaypaper.com.au/sport/cricket/2015/04/18/the-natural-holly-ferling-19-cricketer/14292792001748#hrd","external_links_name":"\"The natural: Holly Ferling, 19, cricketer\""},{"Link":"https://www.cricket.com.au/news/feature/holly-ferling-act-meteors-queensland-fire-bowling-media-core-values-career-lessons/2022-06-20","external_links_name":"\"Holly trinity: How Ferling found her new beginning\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/381266.html","external_links_name":"Holly Ferling"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/955/955088/955088.html","external_links_name":"Holly Ferling"},{"Link":"https://www.cricket.com.au/players/holly-ferling/jgqwcC9NzUCwFUjccQLeJA","external_links_name":"Holly Ferling"},{"Link":"http://hollyferling.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moinuddin_Ahmed_Chowdhury	Moinuddin Ahmed Chowdhury	["1 Ghugudanga Estate","2 Birth, descent and pedigree","3 Education","4 Family","5 Politics and other activities","6 Death","7 References"]	Indian politician This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Moinuddin Ahmed Chowdhury" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Moinuddin Ahmed Chowdhury (1 February 1921 – 24 December 1998) was a politician in East Pakistan, social benefactor, and member of the Ghugudanga Zamindar family. He was a member of the East Pakistan Provincial Assembly and also became elected to the post of Parliamentary Secretary. He was also the President and sometimes an active Member of the executive committee of a number of social welfare organisations of Dinajpur. Ghugudanga Estate During the last part of the British rule, Ghugudanga Estate was the most important amongst the Muslim Zemindars within undivided Dinajpur district comprising 30 police stations. It is known that the annual lease amount of this Estate stood to the tune of Taka one lakh that time. There were 41 Tehsils and about 80 Peyadas (Process Servers) and Barkandaz (Footmen) within Ghugudanga Estate area covering 11 Police Stations. There once stood two old office buildings (Kuthibari) in Eidgah Residential Area just to the east of Dinajpur Bara Maidan of Dinajpur Town; but the main residential building of Zeminder family was built at Ghugudanga village situated on the left bank of the river Punarbhaba which is 6 miles to the south of Dinajpur Town. After the partition of India in 1947, most of the Ghugudanga Estate areas fell within Indian territory. Due to the promulgation of the State Acquisition Act, the financial stability of this Zemindar family started declining gradually. Consequent to the help, co-operation, and shelter afforded to the freedom-fighters by the members of Ghugudanga Zemindar families during the liberation War, raiders completely destroyed the main residential building of the Zemindar by air-raid bombing. Afterwards, most of the Ghugudanga Zemindar families started living by constructing their own houses in Eidgah Residential Area of Dinajpur Town. Birth, descent and pedigree Moinuddin Ahmed Chowdhury was born on 1 February 1921, in the Zemindar family at Ghugudanga village of Auliapur Union No. 6 under Kotwali Police station of Dinajpur district. The name of his father is Mohiuddin Ahmed Chowdhury and that of mother is Ahimunnessa Chowdhurani. Moinuddin Ahmed Chowdhury was the eldest son of his parents. The names of the grandfather and great-grandfather of Moinuddin Ahmed Chowdhury were Hajee Jamiruddin Chowdhury and Ful Mohammad Chowdhury respectively. Nabir Mohammad, the father of Ful Mohammad Chowdhury, happened to be the first progenitor of Ghugudanga Zemindar family. He came from Jalpaiguri by river, built his house at a place named Patharghata a bit upstream from Ghugudanga, and started trading in rice and paddy. He also came to Kolkata by river and established a business centre at Chitpur. Subsequently, his son Ful Mohammad Chowdhury purchased many Zemindari's gradually and, after shifting himself from Patharghata, he built a Zemindar's Lodge at Ghugudanga for permanent habitation. Education Moinuddin Ahmed Chowdhury passed his matriculation examination from Dinajpur Zilla School in the 1937 and acquired his B.A. degree in 1942 from Ripon College, Kolkata, Later, he acquired a master's degree in Islamic History from the University of Calcutta in 1945. Family Moinuddin Ahmed Chowdhury's married Fatema Begum, the eldest daughter of late Md. Ishaque of Rankin Street, Kolkata in 1947. Fatema Begum happened to be a student in English medium courses. The couple had one son and two daughters. Their only son Dr. Chowdhury Mosaddequl Isdani once acted as the Chief Medical Officer of Dinajpur Regional Diabetics Hospital. Moinuddin Ahmed Chowdhury and his son Dr. Chowdhury Mosaddequl Isdani contributed to the shaping of the institution. Among their two daughters, Raheli Zannat is the eldest. Her husband late Nurul Islam was an Engineer. The youngest daughter is Maleka Parveen. Her husband is Mr. Lutfor Rahman Mintu a noted businessman of Dinajpur, a social worker and President of District B.N.P. They both are residing at Dinajpur. Politics and other activities At the time of British rule in colonial India, he had anti-British sentiments and affiliated himself with the Pakistan movement of the then—Muslim League. From 1949 to 1954, he served as an honorary magistrate in Magistrate's Court at Dinajpur. In 1962, he was elected as the Chairman of No. 6 Auliapur Union Council his own area. Between 1962 and 1970, he was a Member of the East Pakistan Provincial Assembly. He also held the situations of Parliamentary Secretary of the Ministry of Commerce, Industries and Home Affairs. The then government of Pakistan awarded him with the Tamgha-e-Pakistan (T-Pk), the fourth-highest civil decoration. Consequent to the starting of widespread carnage on the night of 25 March 1971 by Pakistani raiders, he helped in setting up of a camp for the freedom fighters at Ghugudanga Zemindar's Lodge and, arranged for their food and shelter. The Pakistani army completely destroyed the Ghugudanga Zemindar's Lodge. During the liberation war, Moinuddin Ahmed Chowdhury along with the members of his family stayed at Cheragipara village of West Dinajpur (now South Dinajpur) of West Bengal, India. At that time he presided over an assemblage of Bangladeshis living abroad at a place named Mohipal Dighi under Kusumundi Police Station of the then West Dinajpur, India. In that gathering, Prof Yusuf Ali – who later became the Education Minister of Bangladesh – read out the proclamation document for independent Bangladesh. In 1977–78 he was elected as a Member of Development Board, Rajshahi Division. He was Founder-President of National Heart Foundation (Dinajpur Branch), Dinajpur Adarsha College, Homoeopathic Medical College, Collegiate High School, F.P.A.B. Dinajpur, Ghugudanga Palli Mangal Samitee and Probeen Hitaishi Sangha Dinajpur. He was the vice-president of Diabetics Association (Dinajpur Branch) and was also involved with a number of other social and welfare organisations. Death Moinuddin Ahmed Chowdhury died on 24 December 1998, at his residence in Eidgah Residential Area. He was laid to rest at the family graveyard adjacent to Ghugudanga Zeminder's Lodge. A resolution was taken in the thirteenth sitting of the Bangladesh National Assembly in its opening session on 6 June 1999, mourning the former Member's demise. References ^ 'Dinajpur Ghugdanga Zamidar Bongser Kriti Sontan, Moinuddin Ahmed Chowdhury' Written by Julfikar Khan Bacchu, published in Dainik Tista dated 24 December 2006, Dinajpur. ^ 'Ghughudangar Zamidar' written by Azharul Azad Jewel, published by Subachan, (2007 AD) Dinajpur ^ A condolence-resolution has been raised up by the honorable speaker Mr. Humayun Rashid Chowdhury at the opening of thirteen session of seventh Bangladesh National Assembly on 6 June 1999 AD	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Ghugudanga Zamindar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghughu-danga_Zamindar_Bari"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Secretary"},{"link_name":"Dinajpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinajpur_District_(Bangladesh)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Moinuddin Ahmed Chowdhury (1 February 1921 – 24 December 1998) was a politician in East Pakistan, social benefactor, and member of the Ghugudanga Zamindar family.He was a member of the East Pakistan Provincial Assembly and also became elected to the post of Parliamentary Secretary. He was also the President and sometimes an active Member of the executive committee of a number of social welfare organisations of Dinajpur.[1]","title":"Moinuddin Ahmed Chowdhury"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dinajpur district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinajpur_District_(Bangladesh)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"partition of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India"},{"link_name":"State Acquisition Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bengal_State_Acquisition_and_Tenancy_Act_of_1950"},{"link_name":"liberation War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"During the last part of the British rule, Ghugudanga Estate was the most important amongst the Muslim Zemindars within undivided Dinajpur district comprising 30 police stations. It is known that the annual lease amount of this Estate stood to the tune of Taka one lakh that time. There were 41 Tehsils and about 80 Peyadas (Process Servers) and Barkandaz (Footmen) within Ghugudanga Estate area covering 11 Police Stations. There once stood two old office buildings (Kuthibari) in Eidgah Residential Area just to the east of Dinajpur Bara Maidan of Dinajpur Town; but the main residential building of Zeminder family was built at Ghugudanga village situated on the left bank of the river Punarbhaba which is 6 miles to the south of Dinajpur Town.[citation needed]After the partition of India in 1947, most of the Ghugudanga Estate areas fell within Indian territory. Due to the promulgation of the State Acquisition Act, the financial stability of this Zemindar family started declining gradually. Consequent to the help, co-operation, and shelter afforded to the freedom-fighters by the members of Ghugudanga Zemindar families during the liberation War, raiders completely destroyed the main residential building of the Zemindar by air-raid bombing. Afterwards, most of the Ghugudanga Zemindar families started living by constructing their own houses in Eidgah Residential Area of Dinajpur Town.[citation needed]","title":"Ghugudanga Estate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patharghata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patharghata"},{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"link_name":"Chitpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitpur"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Moinuddin Ahmed Chowdhury was born on 1 February 1921, in the Zemindar family at Ghugudanga village of Auliapur Union No. 6 under Kotwali Police station of Dinajpur district. The name of his father is Mohiuddin Ahmed Chowdhury and that of mother is Ahimunnessa Chowdhurani. Moinuddin Ahmed Chowdhury was the eldest son of his parents. The names of the grandfather and great-grandfather of Moinuddin Ahmed Chowdhury were Hajee Jamiruddin Chowdhury and Ful Mohammad Chowdhury respectively. Nabir Mohammad, the father of Ful Mohammad Chowdhury, happened to be the first progenitor of Ghugudanga Zemindar family. He came from Jalpaiguri by river, built his house at a place named Patharghata a bit upstream from Ghugudanga, and started trading in rice and paddy. He also came to Kolkata by river and established a business centre at Chitpur. Subsequently, his son Ful Mohammad Chowdhury purchased many Zemindari's gradually and, after shifting himself from Patharghata, he built a Zemindar's Lodge at Ghugudanga for permanent habitation.[citation needed]","title":"Birth, descent and pedigree"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"matriculation examination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriculation_examination"},{"link_name":"B.A. degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"Ripon College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surendranath_College"},{"link_name":"University of Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calcutta"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Moinuddin Ahmed Chowdhury passed his matriculation examination from Dinajpur Zilla School in the 1937 and acquired his B.A. degree in 1942 from Ripon College, Kolkata, Later, he acquired a master's degree in Islamic History from the University of Calcutta in 1945.[citation needed]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Moinuddin Ahmed Chowdhury's married Fatema Begum, the eldest daughter of late Md. Ishaque of Rankin Street, Kolkata in 1947. Fatema Begum happened to be a student in English medium courses. The couple had one son and two daughters. Their only son Dr. Chowdhury Mosaddequl Isdani once acted as the Chief Medical Officer of Dinajpur Regional Diabetics Hospital. Moinuddin Ahmed Chowdhury and his son Dr. Chowdhury Mosaddequl Isdani contributed to the shaping of the institution.[citation needed]Among their two daughters, Raheli Zannat is the eldest. Her husband late Nurul Islam was an Engineer. The youngest daughter is Maleka Parveen. Her husband is Mr. Lutfor Rahman Mintu a noted businessman of Dinajpur, a social worker and President of District B.N.P. They both are residing at Dinajpur.[citation needed]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_rule_of_India"},{"link_name":"Tamgha-e-Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishan-e-Pakistan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"South Dinajpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dinajpur"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Yusuf Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Ali_Chowdhury"},{"link_name":"Education Minister of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Bangladesh)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"At the time of British rule in colonial India, he had anti-British sentiments and affiliated himself with the Pakistan movement of the then—Muslim League. From 1949 to 1954, he served as an honorary magistrate in Magistrate's Court at Dinajpur. In 1962, he was elected as the Chairman of No. 6 Auliapur Union Council his own area. Between 1962 and 1970, he was a Member of the East Pakistan Provincial Assembly. He also held the situations of Parliamentary Secretary of the Ministry of Commerce, Industries and Home Affairs. The then government of Pakistan awarded him with the Tamgha-e-Pakistan (T-Pk), the fourth-highest civil decoration.[citation needed]Consequent to the starting of widespread carnage on the night of 25 March 1971 by Pakistani raiders, he helped in setting up of a camp for the freedom fighters at Ghugudanga Zemindar's Lodge and, arranged for their food and shelter. The Pakistani army completely destroyed the Ghugudanga Zemindar's Lodge. During the liberation war, Moinuddin Ahmed Chowdhury along with the members of his family stayed at Cheragipara village of West Dinajpur (now South Dinajpur) of West Bengal, India. At that time he presided over an assemblage of Bangladeshis living abroad at a place named Mohipal Dighi under Kusumundi Police Station of the then West Dinajpur, India. In that gathering, Prof Yusuf Ali – who later became the Education Minister of Bangladesh – read out the proclamation document for independent Bangladesh.[citation needed]In 1977–78 he was elected as a Member of Development Board, Rajshahi Division.[citation needed]He was Founder-President of National Heart Foundation (Dinajpur Branch), Dinajpur Adarsha College, Homoeopathic Medical College, Collegiate High School, F.P.A.B. Dinajpur, Ghugudanga Palli Mangal Samitee and Probeen Hitaishi Sangha Dinajpur. He was the vice-president of Diabetics Association (Dinajpur Branch) and was also involved with a number of other social and welfare organisations.[2]","title":"Politics and other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bangladesh National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_National_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Moinuddin Ahmed Chowdhury died on 24 December 1998, at his residence in Eidgah Residential Area. He was laid to rest at the family graveyard adjacent to Ghugudanga Zeminder's Lodge.A resolution was taken in the thirteenth sitting of the Bangladesh National Assembly in its opening session on 6 June 1999, mourning the former Member's demise.[3]","title":"Death"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Moinuddin+Ahmed+Chowdhury%22","external_links_name":"\"Moinuddin Ahmed Chowdhury\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Moinuddin+Ahmed+Chowdhury%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Moinuddin+Ahmed+Chowdhury%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Moinuddin+Ahmed+Chowdhury%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Moinuddin+Ahmed+Chowdhury%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Moinuddin+Ahmed+Chowdhury%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOTUS_S:_The_Series	SOTUS S: The Series	["1 Synopsis","2 Cast and characters","2.1 Main","2.2 Supporting","3 Awards and nominations","4 References","5 External links"]	2017–2018 Thai television series SOTUS S: The SeriesGenreBoys' loveRomantic comedyDramaCreated byGMMTVBased onSOTUS S : โซตัส เอสby BitterSweetDirected byJane BottaStarringPerawat SangpotiratPrachaya RuangrojOpening theme"ล้มลุกคลุกคลาน" (Lom Look Kloog Klahn) by Tachaya PrathumwanEnding theme"คำตอบอยู่ที่หัวใจ" (Kam Tob You Tee Hua Jai) by Thanasit JaturaputCountry of originThailandOriginal languageThaiNo. of episodes13ProductionProducerBear House ProductionRunning time50 minutesProduction companiesGMMTVBear House ProductionOriginal releaseNetworkOne31LINE TVRelease9 December 2017 (2017-12-09) –10 March 2018 (2018-03-10)Related SOTUS: The Series Our Skyy (Ep. 5)Friend.ship with Krist-Singto SOTUS S: The Series is a 2017–2018 Thai BL television series starring Perawat Sangpotirat (Krist) and Prachaya Ruangroj (Singto). Like its prequel, it is an adaptation of the novel with same name by Bittersweet. Directed by Jane Botta and produced by GMMTV together with Bear House Production, the series was one of the six television series for 2017 showcased by GMMTV in their "6 Natures+" event on 2 March 2017. It premiered on One31 and LINE TV on 9 December 2017, airing on Saturdays at 22:15 ICT (previously, at 22:00 ICT for the first four episodes) and 23:15 ICT (previously, at 23:00 ICT for the first four episodes), respectively. The series concluded on 10 March 2018. The fifth episode of Our Skyy is a spin-off of the said series. Synopsis Fast forward 2 years from the events in SOTUS: The Series, Kongphop (Prachaya Ruangroj) is now the head hazer in his faculty, while Arthit (Perawat Sangpotirat) works at a company called Ocean Electric. During Kongphop's final year, he needs to find an internship company and requests to work alongside Arthit over his family's company, unbeknownst to Arthit. After an outing with the company, tensions rise between the two, and both will have to decide their future. Cast and characters Main Prachaya Ruangroj (Singto) as Kongphop Suttilak Perawat Sangpotirat (Krist) as Arthit Rojnapat Supporting Korn Khunatipapisiri (Oaujun) as Tew Pattadon Janngeon (Fiat) as Dae Krittanai Arsalprakit (Nammon) as Nai Weerawat Sivakorn Lertchuchot (Guy) as Yong Neen Suwanamas as May Thitipoom Techaapaikhun (New) as Em Kunchanuj Kengkarnka (Kan) as Todd Oranicha Krinchai (Proud) as Earth Napasorn Weerayuttvilai (Puimek) as Khao Fang Nachat Juntapun (Nicky) as John Korawit Boonsri (Gun) as Cherry Suttatip Wutchaipradit (Ampere) as Somoh Chanagun Arpornsutinan (Gunsmile) as Prem Jumpol Adulkittiporn (Off) as Bright Maripha Siripool (Wawa) as Maprang Ittikorn Kraicharoen (Ice) as Knot Natthawaranthorn Khamchoo as Tutah Ployshompoo Supasap (Jan) as Praepailin Naradon Namboonjit (Prince) as Oak Nararak Jaibumrung (Oak) as Durian Awards and nominations Year Award Ceremony Category Recipient Result 2018 7th Attitude Magazine Awards Most Favorite TV Series of the Year SOTUS S: The Series Won 12th KAZZ Awards Most Favorite Couple of the Year Perawat Sangpotirat and Prachaya Ruangroj Won Most Popular Teen Actor – Male Prachaya Ruangroj Won 4th Maya Awards Star Couple of the Year Perawat Sangpotirat and Prachaya Ruangroj Won Male Rising Star (TV) Prachaya Ruangroj Won 1st Great Stars Social Awards Social Super Star of the Year – Couple Perawat Sangpotirat and Prachaya Ruangroj Won 1st LINE TV Awards Best Couple Perawat Sangpotirat and Prachaya Ruangroj Won Sanook! Top Vote of the Year Best Couple Perawat Sangpotirat and Prachaya Ruangroj Won 12th OK! Awards Best Couple Perawat Sangpotirat and Prachaya Ruangroj Won 2nd Great Stars Social Awards Couple of the Year Perawat Sangpotirat and Prachaya Ruangroj Won 2019 15th Kom Chad Luek Awards Most Popular Actor Prachaya Ruangroj Won Most Popular Thai Series SOTUS S: The Series Won References ^ "SOTUS S : โซตัส เอส ". dek-d.com (in Thai). Dek-D. Retrieved 29 June 2020. ^ "เปิดตัว 6 ซีรีส์สุดฟินปี 2017 จาก GMMTV". campus-star.com (in Thai). Campus Star. 3 March 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2020. ^ "Sotus S The Series ตอนที่ 2". komchadluek.net (in Thai). Kom Chad Luek. 16 December 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2020. ^ "หรือจะมีคนเปลี่ยน"ก้องภพ" "สิงโต"อึ้ง"ปุยเมฆ"ส่งสัญญาณมีใจ". dailynews.co.th (in Thai). Daily News. 6 January 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2020. ^ "ง้อให้สุด คริส-สิงโต ถามถึงใช้อนาคตร่วมกัน Sotus S The Series ตอนจบ". sanook.com (in Thai). Sanook.com. 11 March 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2020. ^ "สายวายต้องพร้อมพายเรือ ! โปรเจกต์สุดพิเศษ "Our Skyy" 5 เรื่อง 5 คู่ 5 ตอน". springnews.co.th (in Thai). Spring News. 19 November 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2020. ^ Fukkhiao, Pimmy. ""KazzAwards2018" ประกาศอันดับครั้งที่3 : มาร่วมโหวตและเป็นกำลังใจให้กับดาราและศิลปินที่คุณชื่นชอบได้แล้ววันนี้ \| KAZZ Magazine" (in Thai). Retrieved 16 September 2019. ^ "ผลรางวัลงาน MAYA Awards 2018 ใครได้อะไรติดมือกลับบ้านบ้างต้องดู!". SUDSAPDA (สุดสัปดาห์) - TREND LIFESTYLE AND INSPIRATION. 9 August 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2019. ^ GREAT STARS SOCIAL SUPER STAR OF THE YEAR 2017 \| คู่จิ้นแห่งปี, retrieved 16 September 2019 ^ Sirirat, Phraophraew. "GREAT STARS SOCIAL SUPER STAR OF THE YEAR 2017 \| รอบ 3". Retrieved 16 September 2019. ^ Boonprasop, Sarunyoo. "ฟินเว่อร์เบอร์แรง คริส – สิงโต คว้าคู่จิ้นแห่งปี 2017 จาก Great Stars สมใจกองเชียร์ #ทีมพีรญา". Retrieved 16 September 2019. ^ "คริส – สิงโต – ก็อต – ต่อ – สกาย ตบเท้ารับรางวัล LINE TV NEXPLOSION". SpringNews (in Thai). 21 February 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2019. ^ "Sanook! สุดยอด VOTE OF THE YEAR 2017 ครั้งแรก! ชวนร่วมโหวต "ศิลปินดัง/เรื่องราวเด่น"". www.sanook.com/news (in Thai). Retrieved 16 September 2019. ^ "Vote OK! Awards 2018". OK Magazine Thailand. Retrieved 16 September 2019. ^ "ส่งตรงจากงาน! เกาะติดทุกโมเมนต์ของ OK! Awards 2018 ผ่าน FB Live". OK Magazine Thailand. 18 October 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2019. ^ Sirirat, Phraophraew. "โค้งสุดท้าย กับ "GREAT STARS SOCIAL AWARDS 2018" รอบสุดท้าย พร้อมร่วมโหวต 3 รายชื่อผู้เข้าชิง". Retrieved 16 September 2019. External links SOTUS S: The Series on GMM 25 website (in Thai) SOTUS S: The Series Archived 13 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine on LINE TV GMMTV vteGMMTV filmographyTelevision series and dramaCurrent A Love So Beautiful (Mondays – Tuesdays, 20:30 ICT) We Are (Wednesdays, 20:30 ICT) My Love Mix-Up! (Fridays, 20:30 ICT) Wandee Goodday (Saturdays, 20:30 ICT) Only Boo! (Sundays, 20:30 ICT) Former2014 Room Alone 401-410 2015 Wifi Society Ugly Duckling Wonder Teacher Room Alone 2 Love Flight 2016 Kiss: The Series Senior Secret Love U-Prince Series Lovey Dovey SOTUS: The Series Senior Secret Love: My Lil Boy 2 2017 Senior Secret Love: Puppy Honey 2 Water Boyy: The Series Slam Dance My Dear Loser Teenage Mom: The Series Secret Seven Fabulous 30: The Series SOTUS S: The Series 2018 Wake Up Ladies: The Series Love Bipolar Kiss Me Again YOUniverse 'Cause You're My Boy Mint To Be The Gifted Love at First Hate Happy Birthday Friend Zone Our Skyy 2019 Wolf He's Coming to Me Boy For Rent Love Beyond Frontier Theory of Love 3 Will Be Free Endless Love The Sand Princess Dark Blue Kiss Blacklist A Gift For Whom You Hate One Night Steal 2020 Angel Beside Me Turn Left Turn Right 2gether: The Series Girl Next Room Who Are You The Shipper Still 2gether The Gifted: Graduation My Gear and Your Gown I'm Tee, Me Too Friend Zone 2: Dangerous Area Tonhon Chonlatee Wake Up Ladies: Very Complicated 2021 A Tale of Thousand Stars Girl2K Nabi, My Stepdarling Mr. Lipstick Fish upon the Sky An Eye for an Eye Oh My Boss The Comments 46 Days Irresistible Bad Buddy Series Baker Boys 55:15 Never Too Late Not Me F4 Thailand: Boys Over Flowers The Player 2022 Enchanté The War of Flowers Cupid's Last Wish Drag, I Love You Star & Sky Devil Sister Astrophile Mama Gogo: The Series Oops! Mr. Superstar Hit on Me Vice Versa P.S. I Hate You My Dear Donovan The Eclipse Good Old Days The Three GentleBros My School President The Warp Effect Never Let Me Go 10 Years Ticket 2023 Midnight Series A Boss and a Babe Midnight Museum UMG Double Savage Our Skyy 2 Be My Favorite Loneliness Society Home School Hidden Agenda Enigma The Jungle Only Friends Dangerous Romance Wednesday Club Faceless Love Last Twilight Cooking Crush Cherry Magic Find Yourself 2024 Beauty Newbie 23.5 My Precious The Series Ploy's Yearbook Upcoming Break up service (2024) Enigma 2 (2024) Friendshit Forever (2024) Hide & Sis (2024) High School Frenemy (2024) Kidnap (2024) Leap Day (2024) My Golden Blood (2024) Ossan's Love Thailand (2024) Peaceful Property (2024) Perfect10 Liners (2024) Pluto (2024) Revamp The Undead Story (2024) Scarlet Heart Thailand (2024) Summer Night (2024) Sweet Tooth, Good Dentist (2024) Thame•Po Heart That Skips a Beat (2024) The Dark Dice (2024) The Ex-Morning (2024) The Heart Killers (2024) The Trainee (2024) Us (2024) FilmsReleased Little Big Dream (2016) 2gether: The Movie (2021) My Precious (2023) Congrats My Ex! (2023) (as co-production) Love You to Debt (2024)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boys%27_love"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_television_soap_opera"},{"link_name":"Perawat Sangpotirat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perawat_Sangpotirat"},{"link_name":"Prachaya Ruangroj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prachaya_Ruangroj"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"GMMTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMMTV"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"One31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One31"},{"link_name":"LINE TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_TV"},{"link_name":"ICT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B07:00"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Our Skyy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Skyy"},{"link_name":"spin-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-off_(media)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"SOTUS S: The Series is a 2017–2018 Thai BL television series starring Perawat Sangpotirat (Krist) and Prachaya Ruangroj (Singto). Like its prequel, it is an adaptation of the novel with same name by Bittersweet.[1]Directed by Jane Botta and produced by GMMTV together with Bear House Production, the series was one of the six television series for 2017 showcased by GMMTV in their \"6 Natures+\" event on 2 March 2017.[2] It premiered on One31 and LINE TV on 9 December 2017, airing on Saturdays at 22:15 ICT (previously, at 22:00 ICT for the first four episodes) and 23:15 ICT (previously, at 23:00 ICT for the first four episodes), respectively.[3][4] The series concluded on 10 March 2018.[5]The fifth episode of Our Skyy is a spin-off of the said series.[6]","title":"SOTUS S: The Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SOTUS: The Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOTUS:_The_Series"}],"text":"Fast forward 2 years from the events in SOTUS: The Series, Kongphop (Prachaya Ruangroj) is now the head hazer in his faculty, while Arthit (Perawat Sangpotirat) works at a company called Ocean Electric. During Kongphop's final year, he needs to find an internship company and requests to work alongside Arthit over his family's company, unbeknownst to Arthit. After an outing with the company, tensions rise between the two, and both will have to decide their future.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prachaya Ruangroj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prachaya_Ruangroj"},{"link_name":"Perawat Sangpotirat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perawat_Sangpotirat"}],"sub_title":"Main","text":"Prachaya Ruangroj (Singto) as Kongphop Suttilak\nPerawat Sangpotirat (Krist) as Arthit Rojnapat","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korn Khunatipapisiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korn_Khunatipapisiri"},{"link_name":"Pattadon Janngeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattadon_Janngeon"},{"link_name":"Thitipoom Techaapaikhun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thitipoom_Techaapaikhun"},{"link_name":"Jumpol Adulkittiporn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumpol_Adulkittiporn"}],"sub_title":"Supporting","text":"Korn Khunatipapisiri (Oaujun) as Tew\nPattadon Janngeon (Fiat) as Dae\nKrittanai Arsalprakit (Nammon) as Nai Weerawat\nSivakorn Lertchuchot (Guy) as Yong\nNeen Suwanamas as May\nThitipoom Techaapaikhun (New) as Em\nKunchanuj Kengkarnka (Kan) as Todd\nOranicha Krinchai (Proud) as Earth\nNapasorn Weerayuttvilai (Puimek) as Khao Fang\nNachat Juntapun (Nicky) as John\nKorawit Boonsri (Gun) as Cherry\nSuttatip Wutchaipradit (Ampere) as Somoh\nChanagun Arpornsutinan (Gunsmile) as Prem\nJumpol Adulkittiporn (Off) as Bright\nMaripha Siripool (Wawa) as Maprang\nIttikorn Kraicharoen (Ice) as Knot\nNatthawaranthorn Khamchoo as Tutah\nPloyshompoo Supasap (Jan) as Praepailin\nNaradon Namboonjit (Prince) as Oak\nNararak Jaibumrung (Oak) as Durian","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"SOTUS S : โซตัส เอส [Yaoi]\". dek-d.com (in Thai). Dek-D. Retrieved 29 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://my.dek-d.com/a/writer/view.php?id=1736032","url_text":"\"SOTUS S : โซตัส เอส [Yaoi]\""}]},{"reference":"\"เปิดตัว 6 ซีรีส์สุดฟินปี 2017 จาก GMMTV\". campus-star.com (in Thai). Campus Star. 3 March 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://campus.campus-star.com/variety/31226.html","url_text":"\"เปิดตัว 6 ซีรีส์สุดฟินปี 2017 จาก GMMTV\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sotus S The Series ตอนที่ 2\". komchadluek.net (in Thai). Kom Chad Luek. 16 December 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.komchadluek.net/news/ent/305783","url_text":"\"Sotus S The Series ตอนที่ 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom_Chad_Luek","url_text":"Kom Chad Luek"}]},{"reference":"\"หรือจะมีคนเปลี่ยน\"ก้องภพ\" \"สิงโต\"อึ้ง\"ปุยเมฆ\"ส่งสัญญาณมีใจ\". dailynews.co.th (in Thai). Daily News. 6 January 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailynews.co.th/entertainment/619775","url_text":"\"หรือจะมีคนเปลี่ยน\"ก้องภพ\" \"สิงโต\"อึ้ง\"ปุยเมฆ\"ส่งสัญญาณมีใจ\""}]},{"reference":"\"ง้อให้สุด คริส-สิงโต ถามถึงใช้อนาคตร่วมกัน Sotus S The Series ตอนจบ\". sanook.com (in Thai). Sanook.com. 11 March 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sanook.com/movie/76277/","url_text":"\"ง้อให้สุด คริส-สิงโต ถามถึงใช้อนาคตร่วมกัน Sotus S The Series ตอนจบ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanook.com","url_text":"Sanook.com"}]},{"reference":"\"สายวายต้องพร้อมพายเรือ ! โปรเจกต์สุดพิเศษ \"Our Skyy\" 5 เรื่อง 5 คู่ 5 ตอน\". springnews.co.th (in Thai). Spring News. 19 November 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.springnews.co.th/entertain/fiction/385227","url_text":"\"สายวายต้องพร้อมพายเรือ ! โปรเจกต์สุดพิเศษ \"Our Skyy\" 5 เรื่อง 5 คู่ 5 ตอน\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_News","url_text":"Spring News"}]},{"reference":"Fukkhiao, Pimmy. \"\"KazzAwards2018\" ประกาศอันดับครั้งที่3 : มาร่วมโหวตและเป็นกำลังใจให้กับดาราและศิลปินที่คุณชื่นชอบได้แล้ววันนี้ \| KAZZ Magazine\" (in Thai). Retrieved 16 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://kazz-magazine.com/19764-2/","url_text":"\"\"KazzAwards2018\" ประกาศอันดับครั้งที่3 : มาร่วมโหวตและเป็นกำลังใจให้กับดาราและศิลปินที่คุณชื่นชอบได้แล้ววันนี้ \| KAZZ Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"ผลรางวัลงาน MAYA Awards 2018 ใครได้อะไรติดมือกลับบ้านบ้างต้องดู!\". SUDSAPDA (สุดสัปดาห์) - TREND LIFESTYLE AND INSPIRATION. 9 August 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://sudsapda.com/top-lists/114635.html","url_text":"\"ผลรางวัลงาน MAYA Awards 2018 ใครได้อะไรติดมือกลับบ้านบ้างต้องดู!\""}]},{"reference":"GREAT STARS SOCIAL SUPER STAR OF THE YEAR 2017 \| คู่จิ้นแห่งปี, retrieved 16 September 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Ms2_d2A2-Y","url_text":"GREAT STARS SOCIAL SUPER STAR OF THE YEAR 2017 \| คู่จิ้นแห่งปี"}]},{"reference":"Sirirat, Phraophraew. \"GREAT STARS SOCIAL SUPER STAR OF THE YEAR 2017 \| รอบ 3\". Retrieved 16 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.greatstarsdigital.com/news/24263","url_text":"\"GREAT STARS SOCIAL SUPER STAR OF THE YEAR 2017 \| รอบ 3\""}]},{"reference":"Boonprasop, Sarunyoo. \"ฟินเว่อร์เบอร์แรง คริส – สิงโต คว้าคู่จิ้นแห่งปี 2017 จาก Great Stars สมใจกองเชียร์ #ทีมพีรญา\". Retrieved 16 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.greatstarsdigital.com/news/30410","url_text":"\"ฟินเว่อร์เบอร์แรง คริส – สิงโต คว้าคู่จิ้นแห่งปี 2017 จาก Great Stars สมใจกองเชียร์ #ทีมพีรญา\""}]},{"reference":"\"คริส – สิงโต – ก็อต – ต่อ – สกาย ตบเท้ารับรางวัล LINE TV NEXPLOSION\". SpringNews (in Thai). 21 February 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.springnews.co.th/news/201962","url_text":"\"คริส – สิงโต – ก็อต – ต่อ – สกาย ตบเท้ารับรางวัล LINE TV NEXPLOSION\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sanook! สุดยอด VOTE OF THE YEAR 2017 ครั้งแรก! ชวนร่วมโหวต \"ศิลปินดัง/เรื่องราวเด่น\"\". www.sanook.com/news (in Thai). Retrieved 16 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sanook.com/news/5200398/","url_text":"\"Sanook! สุดยอด VOTE OF THE YEAR 2017 ครั้งแรก! ชวนร่วมโหวต \"ศิลปินดัง/เรื่องราวเด่น\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vote OK! Awards 2018\". OK Magazine Thailand. Retrieved 16 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.okmagazine-thai.com/okawards2018/","url_text":"\"Vote OK! Awards 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"ส่งตรงจากงาน! เกาะติดทุกโมเมนต์ของ OK! Awards 2018 ผ่าน FB Live\". OK Magazine Thailand. 18 October 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.okmagazine-thai.com/ok-awards-2018-fb-live/","url_text":"\"ส่งตรงจากงาน! เกาะติดทุกโมเมนต์ของ OK! Awards 2018 ผ่าน FB Live\""}]},{"reference":"Sirirat, Phraophraew. \"โค้งสุดท้าย กับ \"GREAT STARS SOCIAL AWARDS 2018\" รอบสุดท้าย พร้อมร่วมโหวต 3 รายชื่อผู้เข้าชิง\". Retrieved 16 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.greatstarsdigital.com/news/55778","url_text":"\"โค้งสุดท้าย กับ \"GREAT STARS SOCIAL AWARDS 2018\" รอบสุดท้าย พร้อมร่วมโหวต 3 รายชื่อผู้เข้าชิง\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://my.dek-d.com/a/writer/view.php?id=1736032","external_links_name":"\"SOTUS S : โซตัส เอส [Yaoi]\""},{"Link":"https://campus.campus-star.com/variety/31226.html","external_links_name":"\"เปิดตัว 6 ซีรีส์สุดฟินปี 2017 จาก GMMTV\""},{"Link":"https://www.komchadluek.net/news/ent/305783","external_links_name":"\"Sotus S The Series ตอนที่ 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.dailynews.co.th/entertainment/619775","external_links_name":"\"หรือจะมีคนเปลี่ยน\"ก้องภพ\" \"สิงโต\"อึ้ง\"ปุยเมฆ\"ส่งสัญญาณมีใจ\""},{"Link":"https://www.sanook.com/movie/76277/","external_links_name":"\"ง้อให้สุด คริส-สิงโต ถามถึงใช้อนาคตร่วมกัน Sotus S The Series ตอนจบ\""},{"Link":"https://www.springnews.co.th/entertain/fiction/385227","external_links_name":"\"สายวายต้องพร้อมพายเรือ ! โปรเจกต์สุดพิเศษ \"Our Skyy\" 5 เรื่อง 5 คู่ 5 ตอน\""},{"Link":"https://kazz-magazine.com/19764-2/","external_links_name":"\"\"KazzAwards2018\" ประกาศอันดับครั้งที่3 : มาร่วมโหวตและเป็นกำลังใจให้กับดาราและศิลปินที่คุณชื่นชอบได้แล้ววันนี้ \| KAZZ Magazine\""},{"Link":"https://sudsapda.com/top-lists/114635.html","external_links_name":"\"ผลรางวัลงาน MAYA Awards 2018 ใครได้อะไรติดมือกลับบ้านบ้างต้องดู!\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Ms2_d2A2-Y","external_links_name":"GREAT STARS SOCIAL SUPER STAR OF THE YEAR 2017 \| คู่จิ้นแห่งปี"},{"Link":"https://www.greatstarsdigital.com/news/24263","external_links_name":"\"GREAT STARS SOCIAL SUPER STAR OF THE YEAR 2017 \| รอบ 3\""},{"Link":"https://www.greatstarsdigital.com/news/30410","external_links_name":"\"ฟินเว่อร์เบอร์แรง คริส – สิงโต คว้าคู่จิ้นแห่งปี 2017 จาก Great Stars สมใจกองเชียร์ #ทีมพีรญา\""},{"Link":"https://www.springnews.co.th/news/201962","external_links_name":"\"คริส – สิงโต – ก็อต – ต่อ – สกาย ตบเท้ารับรางวัล LINE TV NEXPLOSION\""},{"Link":"https://www.sanook.com/news/5200398/","external_links_name":"\"Sanook! สุดยอด VOTE OF THE YEAR 2017 ครั้งแรก! ชวนร่วมโหวต \"ศิลปินดัง/เรื่องราวเด่น\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.okmagazine-thai.com/okawards2018/","external_links_name":"\"Vote OK! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_of_Spain	Sofía of Spain	[]	Sofía of Spain may refer to: Queen Sofía of Spain (b. 2 November 1938) Infanta Sofía of Spain (b. 29 April 2007) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Sofía of Spain.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen Sofía of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Sof%C3%ADa_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Infanta Sofía of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Sof%C3%ADa_of_Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Sof%C3%ADa_of_Spain&namespace=0"}],"text":"Queen Sofía of Spain (b. 2 November 1938)\nInfanta Sofía of Spain (b. 29 April 2007)Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Sofía of Spain.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Sofía of Spain"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Sof%C3%ADa_of_Spain&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Scudder_(priest)	Henry Scudder (priest)	["1 Life","2 Works","3 References","4 Sources"]	English Presbyterian minister Henry Scudder, 1674 engraving by William Sherwin. Henry Scudder (d. 1659?) was an English minister of presbyterian views, known as a devotional writer, and member of the Westminster Assembly. Life He was a graduate of Christ's College, Cambridge, with a Cambridge Master of Arts (MA Cantab) from 1606. He was minister at Drayton in Oxfordshire 1607–19, and in 1633 was presented by the king to the living of Collingbourne-Ducis, near Marlborough, Wiltshire. In June 1643 he was summoned to the Westminster Assembly of divines. When in June 1645 an order came from the House of Commons to pray for the forces, Scudder was one of the four preachers assigned to Aldgate. He was minister at the London church of St Mildred Poultry in 1645–6. On 6 April 1647 he reported on some of the proofs of the Westminster Confession of Faith, and on 9 February 1648 his name was added to the Assembly's committee for the scriptures. Scudder preached before the House of Commons in October 1644, on a fast day, at St. Margaret's, Westminster, and his sermon was printed by request of the house. He died before the Restoration, and his successor at Collingbourne-Ducis was instituted in 1660. He was buried in the church there, in a tomb that has been removed. He married Elizabeth, daughter of George Hunt, for fifty years rector of Collingbourne-Ducis. She died when little over twenty. Her sister married William Whately, Scudder's fellow student at Christ's College, and subsequently vicar of Banbury, whose life Scudder wrote in 1639–40. A daughter married John Grayle in 1645. Works Scudder was author of a devotional work entitled The Christian's Daily Walke in Holy Securitie and Peace. The sixth edition, issued in 1635, has an 'Epistle to the Reader,' by John Davenport, dated from Coleman Street, 25 April 1627. The title-page describes it as first intended for private use. A German translation by Theodore Haak appeared at Frankfurt in 1636. The book was frequently reissued, The editions of 1690 and 1761 have commendations by John Owen and Richard Baxter. A fifteenth edition was issued in 1813. The edition of 1820, containing Davenport's epistle and Owen and Baxter's recommendations, has an introductory essay by Thomas Chalmers. Scudder also published: 'A Key of Heaven: the Lord's Prayer opened and applied,' 1682; dedicated to 'Mr. Thomas Crew, and to all his hopeful children,' and has a preface by Richard Sibbes. 'Prototypes, or the Primarie Precedent Presidents out of the Booke of Genesis. With Mr. Whatelye's Life and Death,' 1640, fol., and 1647. Scudder had the assistance of Edward Leigh, like himself one of Whately's executors. References ^ a b "Scudder, Henry (SCDR602H)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. Sources This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Scudder, Henry". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. vteThe Westminster AssemblyDocuments Westminster Confession of Faith Westminster Larger Catechism Westminster Shorter Catechism Directory for Public Worship Form of Presbyterial Church Government People John Arrowsmith Simeon Ashe Robert Baillie Thomas Baylie Robert Blair Samuel Bolton John Bond William Bridge Ralph Brownrigg Anthony Burges Cornelius Burges Jeremiah Burroughs Adoniram Byfield Richard Byfield Edmund Calamy Archibald Campbell John Campbell Richard Capel Joseph Caryl Thomas Case Daniel Cawdry William Cecil Francis Cheynell John Clotworthy Thomas Coleman John Conant Edward Conway John Cook Edward Corbet Robert Crosse Robert Devereux Robert Douglas Calybute Downing John Dury John Earle John Elphinstone Daniel Featley Basil Feilding Nathaniel Fiennes William Fiennes Thomas Ford Thomas Gataker George Gillespie John Glynne Thomas Goodwin William Gouge William Greenhill William Grey John Hacket Matthew Hale Henry Hammond Robert Harley John Harris Robert Harris Arthur Haselrig Alexander Henderson Philip Herbert Charles Herle Thomas Hill Richard Holdsworth Edward Howard Joshua Hoyle Archibald Johnston John Ley John Lightfoot Richard Love William Lyford John Maitland Stephen Marshall John Maynard William Mew Edward Montagu George Morley Matthew Newcomen William Nicholson Philip Nye Herbert Palmer Algernon Percy Andrew Perne William Pierrepont John Pym Edward Reynolds Robert Reynolds Henry Rich Francis Rous Benjamin Rudyerd Samuel Rutherford Robert Sanderson Henry Scudder Lazarus Seaman Obadiah Sedgwick John Selden Josias Shute Sidrach Simpson William Spurstowe Edmund Staunton Peter Sterry Oliver St John (1580–1646) Oliver St John (1598–1673) William Strode William Strong Zouch Tate Henry Tozer Anthony Tuckney William Twisse Henry Vane the Elder Henry Vane the Younger Richard Vines George Walker Samuel Ward Thomas Westfield Philip Wharton Jeremiah Whitaker John White Bulstrode Whitelocke John Wilde Henry Wilkinson Walter Yonge Thomas Young Westminster Abbey Jerusalem Chamber Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Korea	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Scudder.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Sherwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sherwin_(engraver)"},{"link_name":"presbyterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism"},{"link_name":"Westminster Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Assembly"}],"text":"Henry Scudder, 1674 engraving by William Sherwin.Henry Scudder (d. 1659?) was an English minister of presbyterian views, known as a devotional writer, and member of the Westminster Assembly.","title":"Henry Scudder (priest)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christ's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Master of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxbridge_and_Dublin)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Venn-1"},{"link_name":"Drayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drayton,_Cherwell"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Collingbourne-Ducis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingbourne-Ducis"},{"link_name":"Marlborough, Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough,_Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"Aldgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldgate"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"St Mildred Poultry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mildred_Poultry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Venn-1"},{"link_name":"Westminster Confession of Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith"},{"link_name":"fast day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasting#Anglicanism"},{"link_name":"St. Margaret's, Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Margaret%27s,_Westminster"},{"link_name":"Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Restoration"},{"link_name":"William Whately","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Whately"},{"link_name":"John Grayle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Grayle"}],"text":"He was a graduate of Christ's College, Cambridge, with a Cambridge Master of Arts (MA Cantab) from 1606.[1] He was minister at Drayton in Oxfordshire 1607–19, and in 1633 was presented by the king to the living of Collingbourne-Ducis, near Marlborough, Wiltshire. In June 1643 he was summoned to the Westminster Assembly of divines. When in June 1645 an order came from the House of Commons to pray for the forces, Scudder was one of the four preachers assigned to Aldgate. He was minister at the London church of St Mildred Poultry in 1645–6.[1] On 6 April 1647 he reported on some of the proofs of the Westminster Confession of Faith, and on 9 February 1648 his name was added to the Assembly's committee for the scriptures.Scudder preached before the House of Commons in October 1644, on a fast day, at St. Margaret's, Westminster, and his sermon was printed by request of the house. He died before the Restoration, and his successor at Collingbourne-Ducis was instituted in 1660. He was buried in the church there, in a tomb that has been removed. He married Elizabeth, daughter of George Hunt, for fifty years rector of Collingbourne-Ducis. She died when little over twenty. Her sister married William Whately, Scudder's fellow student at Christ's College, and subsequently vicar of Banbury, whose life Scudder wrote in 1639–40. A daughter married John Grayle in 1645.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Davenport_(Puritan)"},{"link_name":"Theodore Haak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Haak"},{"link_name":"John Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Owen_(theologian)"},{"link_name":"Richard Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Baxter"},{"link_name":"Thomas Chalmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Chalmers"},{"link_name":"Richard Sibbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sibbes"},{"link_name":"Edward Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Leigh_(writer)"}],"text":"Scudder was author of a devotional work entitled The Christian's Daily Walke in Holy Securitie and Peace. The sixth edition, issued in 1635, has an 'Epistle to the Reader,' by John Davenport, dated from Coleman Street, 25 April 1627. The title-page describes it as first intended for private use. A German translation by Theodore Haak appeared at Frankfurt in 1636. The book was frequently reissued, The editions of 1690 and 1761 have commendations by John Owen and Richard Baxter. A fifteenth edition was issued in 1813. The edition of 1820, containing Davenport's epistle and Owen and Baxter's recommendations, has an introductory essay by Thomas Chalmers.Scudder also published:'A Key of Heaven: the Lord's Prayer opened and applied,' 1682; dedicated to 'Mr. Thomas Crew, and to all his hopeful children,' and has a preface by Richard Sibbes.\n'Prototypes, or the Primarie Precedent Presidents out of the Booke of Genesis. With Mr. Whatelye's Life and Death,' 1640, fol., and 1647. Scudder had the assistance of Edward Leigh, like himself one of Whately's executors.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Scudder, Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Scudder,_Henry"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Westminster_Assembly"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Westminster_Assembly"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Westminster_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Westminster Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Documents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Standards"},{"link_name":"Westminster Confession of Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith"},{"link_name":"Westminster Larger Catechism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Larger_Catechism"},{"link_name":"Westminster Shorter Catechism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Shorter_Catechism"},{"link_name":"Directory for Public Worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_for_Public_Worship"},{"link_name":"Form of Presbyterial Church Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Form_of_Presbyterial_Church_Government"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Westminster_Assembly"},{"link_name":"John Arrowsmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Arrowsmith_(scholar)"},{"link_name":"Simeon Ashe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_Ashe"},{"link_name":"Robert Baillie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Baillie"},{"link_name":"Thomas Baylie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Baylie"},{"link_name":"Robert Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Blair_(moderator)"},{"link_name":"Samuel Bolton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Bolton"},{"link_name":"John Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bond_(jurist)"},{"link_name":"William Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Ralph Brownrigg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Brownrigg"},{"link_name":"Anthony Burges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Burges"},{"link_name":"Cornelius Burges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Burges"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah Burroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Burroughs"},{"link_name":"Adoniram Byfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoniram_Byfield"},{"link_name":"Richard Byfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Byfield"},{"link_name":"Edmund Calamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Calamy_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Archibald Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Campbell,_1st_Marquess_of_Argyll"},{"link_name":"John Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Campbell,_1st_Earl_of_Loudoun"},{"link_name":"Richard Capel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Capel"},{"link_name":"Joseph Caryl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Caryl"},{"link_name":"Thomas Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Case"},{"link_name":"Daniel Cawdry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Cawdry"},{"link_name":"William Cecil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil,_2nd_Earl_of_Salisbury"},{"link_name":"Francis Cheynell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Cheynell"},{"link_name":"John Clotworthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Clotworthy,_1st_Viscount_Massereene"},{"link_name":"Thomas Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Coleman"},{"link_name":"John Conant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Conant"},{"link_name":"Edward Conway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Conway,_2nd_Viscount_Conway"},{"link_name":"John Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cook_(regicide)"},{"link_name":"Edward Corbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Corbet"},{"link_name":"Robert Crosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Crosse"},{"link_name":"Robert Devereux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Devereux,_3rd_Earl_of_Essex"},{"link_name":"Robert Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Douglas_(minister)"},{"link_name":"Calybute Downing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calybute_Downing"},{"link_name":"John Dury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dury"},{"link_name":"John Earle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Earle_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"John Elphinstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Elphinstone,_2nd_Lord_Balmerino"},{"link_name":"Daniel Featley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Featley"},{"link_name":"Basil Feilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Feilding,_2nd_Earl_of_Denbigh"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Fiennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Fiennes"},{"link_name":"William Fiennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fiennes,_1st_Viscount_Saye_and_Sele"},{"link_name":"Thomas Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Ford_(minister)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Gataker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gataker"},{"link_name":"George Gillespie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gillespie"},{"link_name":"John Glynne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Glynne_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Goodwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Goodwin"},{"link_name":"William 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Maitland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maitland,_1st_Duke_of_Lauderdale"},{"link_name":"Stephen Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Marshall_(English_clergyman)"},{"link_name":"John Maynard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maynard_(1604%E2%80%931690)"},{"link_name":"William Mew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mew"},{"link_name":"Edward Montagu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Montagu,_2nd_Earl_of_Manchester"},{"link_name":"George Morley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Morley_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Matthew Newcomen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Newcomen"},{"link_name":"William Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Nicholson_(bishop_of_Gloucester)"},{"link_name":"Philip Nye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Nye"},{"link_name":"Herbert Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Palmer_(Puritan)"},{"link_name":"Algernon Percy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algernon_Percy,_10th_Earl_of_Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Andrew Perne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Perne_(Puritan)"},{"link_name":"William Pierrepont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pierrepont_(politician)"},{"link_name":"John Pym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pym"},{"link_name":"Edward Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Robert Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Reynolds_(Attorney_General)"},{"link_name":"Henry Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Rich,_1st_Earl_of_Holland"},{"link_name":"Francis Rous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Rous"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Rudyerd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Rudyerd"},{"link_name":"Samuel Rutherford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Rutherford"},{"link_name":"Robert 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(1598–1673)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_St_John"},{"link_name":"William Strode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Strode"},{"link_name":"William Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Strong_(priest,_died_1654)"},{"link_name":"Zouch Tate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zouch_Tate"},{"link_name":"Henry Tozer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Tozer_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Anthony Tuckney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Tuckney"},{"link_name":"William Twisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Twisse"},{"link_name":"Henry Vane the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Henry Vane the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Richard Vines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Vines_(minister)"},{"link_name":"George Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Walker_(Puritan)"},{"link_name":"Samuel Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Ward_(scholar)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Westfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Westfield"},{"link_name":"Philip Wharton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Wharton,_4th_Baron_Wharton"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah Whitaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Whitaker"},{"link_name":"John White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_White_(colonist_priest)"},{"link_name":"Bulstrode Whitelocke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulstrode_Whitelocke"},{"link_name":"John Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilde_(jurist)"},{"link_name":"Henry Wilkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wilkinson_(1610%E2%80%931675)"},{"link_name":"Walter Yonge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Yonge_(died_1649)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young_(theologian)"},{"link_name":"Westminster 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Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.vteThe Westminster AssemblyDocuments\nWestminster Confession of Faith\nWestminster Larger Catechism\nWestminster Shorter Catechism\nDirectory for Public Worship\nForm of Presbyterial Church Government\nPeople\nJohn Arrowsmith\nSimeon Ashe\nRobert Baillie\nThomas Baylie\nRobert Blair\nSamuel Bolton\nJohn Bond\nWilliam Bridge\nRalph Brownrigg\nAnthony Burges\nCornelius Burges\nJeremiah Burroughs\nAdoniram Byfield\nRichard Byfield\nEdmund Calamy\nArchibald Campbell\nJohn Campbell\nRichard Capel\nJoseph Caryl\nThomas Case\nDaniel Cawdry\nWilliam Cecil\nFrancis Cheynell\nJohn Clotworthy\nThomas Coleman\nJohn Conant\nEdward Conway\nJohn Cook\nEdward Corbet\nRobert Crosse\nRobert Devereux\nRobert Douglas\nCalybute Downing\nJohn Dury\nJohn Earle\nJohn Elphinstone\nDaniel Featley\nBasil Feilding\nNathaniel Fiennes\nWilliam Fiennes\nThomas Ford\nThomas Gataker\nGeorge Gillespie\nJohn Glynne\nThomas Goodwin\nWilliam Gouge\nWilliam Greenhill\nWilliam Grey\nJohn Hacket\nMatthew Hale\nHenry Hammond\nRobert Harley\nJohn Harris\nRobert Harris\nArthur Haselrig\nAlexander Henderson\nPhilip Herbert\nCharles Herle\nThomas Hill\nRichard Holdsworth\nEdward Howard\nJoshua Hoyle\nArchibald Johnston\nJohn Ley\nJohn Lightfoot\nRichard Love\nWilliam Lyford\nJohn Maitland\nStephen Marshall\nJohn Maynard\nWilliam Mew\nEdward Montagu\nGeorge Morley\nMatthew Newcomen\nWilliam Nicholson\nPhilip Nye\nHerbert Palmer\nAlgernon Percy\nAndrew Perne\nWilliam Pierrepont\nJohn Pym\nEdward Reynolds\nRobert Reynolds\nHenry Rich\nFrancis Rous\nBenjamin Rudyerd\nSamuel Rutherford\nRobert Sanderson\nHenry Scudder\nLazarus Seaman\nObadiah Sedgwick\nJohn Selden\nJosias Shute\nSidrach Simpson\nWilliam Spurstowe\nEdmund Staunton\nPeter Sterry\nOliver St John (1580–1646)\nOliver St John (1598–1673)\nWilliam Strode\nWilliam Strong\nZouch Tate\nHenry Tozer\nAnthony Tuckney\nWilliam Twisse\nHenry Vane the Elder\nHenry Vane the Younger\nRichard Vines\nGeorge Walker\nSamuel Ward\nThomas Westfield\nPhilip Wharton\nJeremiah Whitaker\nJohn White\nBulstrode Whitelocke\nJohn Wilde\nHenry Wilkinson\nWalter Yonge\nThomas Young\n\nWestminster Abbey\nJerusalem ChamberAuthority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nKorea","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Henry Scudder, 1674 engraving by William Sherwin.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Henry_Scudder.jpg/200px-Henry_Scudder.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Scudder, Henry (SCDR602H)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.","urls":[{"url":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=SCDR602H&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","url_text":"\"Scudder, Henry (SCDR602H)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scudder, Henry\". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Scudder,_Henry","url_text":"Scudder, Henry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=SCDR602H&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","external_links_name":"\"Scudder, Henry (SCDR602H)\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000029133131","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/50281967","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrwWVvWtBQ37MKhyF384q","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/128520272","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007388383805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85828798","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018O2114","external_links_name":"Korea"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsten_Greve	Karsten Greve	["1 Life and career","2 Significance in the art world","3 Philanthropy","4 References","5 External links"]	German art dealer and publisher Not to be confused with Karsten Grove. Karsten Greve (born 15 September 1946 in Dahme, Brandenburg, Germany) is a German art dealer, publisher and owner of Galerie Karsten Greve in Cologne, St Moritz, Paris and formerly Milan, specialized in the international postwar avant-garde, contemporary art and photography.Karsten GreveBorn (1946-09-15) September 15, 1946 (age 77)Dahme, Brandenburg, GermanyNationalityGermanEducationUniversity of Geneva, University of Lausanne, University of CologneOccupation(s)Art dealer, publisherKnown forOwner of Galerie Karsten GreveSpouseClaudia GreveChildren3Websitewww.galerie-karsten-greve.com In 2014, Greve was listed as one of Artnet News’ Most Admired Art Dealers and was included in Blouin's Art + Auction 2012 and 2013 Power 100 list and has been referred to as one of Europe's most influential art dealers. Life and career Karsten Greve was born in Dahme, Germany. The middle child of three sons of a medical doctor, he attended school in Berlin and Siegen. He studied Law and Art History in Cologne, Lausanne and Geneva. As a student, he began to build his own art collection, acquiring his first painting by Cy Twombly in 1966. By the age of 23 he had bought works by Twombly, Beuys, Fontana, Yves Klein, de Kooning, Cornell, and Kounellis. In 1970, together with Rolf Möllenhof (born 1939, Chemnitz), he directed the Möllenhof/Greve Galerie. In 1972, he became the sole proprietor of Galerie Karsten Greve in its original Cologne Lindenstraße location, debuting with an Yves Klein solo exhibition of his Anthropometry series. In 1989, Karsten Greve opened a second space in Paris, in 1994 a third location in Milan (closed 2002) and another in St Moritz in 1999. Karsten Greve has an interest in vintage design furniture and is an avid collector of items by the likes of Robert Mallet-Stevens, Le Corbusier and Pierre Chareau. He acquired a part of the Hôtel Martel in rue Mallet-Stevens . Karsten Greve is married and the father of three children. Significance in the art world Karsten Greve was among the first to set up an exhibition space in the Marais in Paris during the late 1980s and was also the first to open a gallery in St Moritz. During a career of 40 years as an international art dealer, Karsten Greve significantly contributed to the worldwide recognition of artists such as Louise Bourgeois – as the first to exhibit her in Europe - John Chamberlain, Lucio Fontana, Jannis Kounellis, Piero Manzoni and Cy Twombly, of which up to two thirds of the works in today's market were sold by him initially. His intimate friendships with these artists provided the basis for his programme, which is defined by the international avant-garde after 1945. Karsten Greve on meeting Cy Twombly for the first time: "It was 1969. I was 23 and had just opened a gallery in Cologne. He was living in Rome, in a 16th-century palace that had no names on the door. I eventually figured out where he lived. I went to his apartment a couple of times and rang the bell but he never answered. Eventually, he heard from others that a crazy young German wanted to meet him and he let me in." Karsten Greve earned a reputation for his carefully curated presentations at art fairs and museum quality exhibitions and has been lauded for his ability to recognize the relevance of artist's work long before their rise to international recognition. Greve curated a Cy Twombly solo show at the 1996 São Paulo Biennale. From 1997 to 2003 he was chair of the Art Cologne jury. He was also part of the Art Basel selection committee and the FIAC selection committee. Greve holds the Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana (Cavaliere Ufficiale), which he received in December 1998. Philanthropy Karsten Greve supports the Jewish National Fund (קרן קימת לישראל, Keren Kayemet LeYisrael) in its environmental efforts and afforestation project. In 2013 he made a donation of 1 Mio. Eur to enable the expansion of the Deutsches Romantik-Museum in Frankfurt am Main, after the City of Frankfurt surprisingly dropped out as a donor. In 2015 he was one of the donors who gifted the Leiko Ikemura sculpture Usagi Kannon to the Museum für Ostasiatische Kunst in Cologne. He gifted the Lucio Fontana work Natura to the Museum Ludwig and Pierre Chareau furniture to the Museum für Angewandte Kunst in Cologne. References ^ "The Most Admired Art Dealers of 2014". artnet News. 24 December 2014. ^ "Power Dealers, Blouin art+auction Power 100 2012". ^ "Power Dealers, Blouin art+auction Power 100 2013". ^ Clewing, Ulrich (30 November 2013). "Wenn Neutrale aggressiv werden". Süddeutsche Zeitung. ^ a b c Knapp-Voith, Valentina (June 2016). "Ich mag Aussenseiter". St. Moritz Magazin. ^ Groß, Roland (7 December 2000). "Da prallen provinz- und Weltniveau aufeinander". Saarbrücker Zeitung. ^ "You Could Get A Lichtenstein Graphic At That Time For 80 Or 90 Marks". Silatec publication: Art Protect Prevent Colour From Fading Away. 2014. ^ a b Ribeyre. "Mallet Stevens : Enchères". www.malletstevens.com. Retrieved 2017-02-15. ^ Hôtel Martel. ^ "PSS / Villa-Atelier Martel (Paris, France)". www.pss-archi.eu. Retrieved 2017-02-15. ^ "Maison rue Mallet-Stevens - Faubourg Conseil Immobilier". Faubourg Conseil Immobilier (in French). 2014-12-10. Archived from the original on 2017-02-16. Retrieved 2017-02-15. ^ "Front page". www.museum-folkwang.de (in German). Retrieved 2017-02-15. ^ ""Der Kunstmarkt lebt, aber die Mitarbeiter leiden": Der Galerist Karsten Greve über die deutsche und internationale Messelandschaft und die Probleme der Galeriearbeit. Schanghai ist attraktiver als Berlin - WELT". DIE WELT. Retrieved 2017-02-15. ^ Francoise-Claire, Prodhon (January–February 1993). Flash Art. Vol. XXVI, no. 168. Only rarely has Bourgeois' work been exhibited in France; the large-scale retrospective at the Musée de Lyon in 1990 and this outing at Karsten Greve both went down as something of an event. By presenting prevalently recent pieces alongside a selection of older works, the show affords an insight into the work in all its complexity and ambivalence, ." {{cite news}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help) ^ Groß, R. (7 August 2003). "Ein Galerist der Weltgeltungskünstler". Der Standard. ^ a b Genocchio, Benjamin (December 2013). "Q&A with Karsten Greve". Blouin art+auction. ^ Muf (7 August 2001). "M.O.RITZ – neue Arbeiten von John Chamberlain". Engadiner Post. „Inspiriert wurde Chamberlain zu dieser Arbeit vergangenen Februar. Er war – zur Erholung nach einer Operation – Gast seines Galeristen in St. Moritz. Weil es ihm und seiner Frau hier so gut gefallen hat, begann er unter diesem Eindruck die Arbeit an „Candied Delights" oder M.O.RITZ, wie er die Objekte auch nennt." ^ Smolik, Noemi (9 February 2015). "Joel Shapiro Triumphs at Galerie Karsten Greve". artnet News. ^ a b Wirth, Heidrun (15 October 2009). "Königsmacher mit Spürsinn". Kölnische Rundschau. ^ Thon, Ute (15 June 2016). "Art Basel 2016 - Basler Leckerli". art Magazin. Archived from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2017. ^ Kliemann, Thomas (April 2016). "Die alte Tante macht sich fein". General Anzeiger Bonn. ^ Wirth, Heidrun (16 November 2011). "Verborgene Zeichen, Museumsreif: Galerie Greve zeigt Brassai-Dubuffet". Kölnische Rundschau. ^ Raap, Jürgen (4 April 1994). "Räume der Angst". Kölner Illustrierte. „Ein museumsreifes Programm von John Chamberlain bis Picasso macht schon seit längerem das Profil der Galerie Greve aus, und auch jetzt gibt es Hochkarätiges zu sehen: Zeichnungen und frühe Skulpturen von Louise Bourgeois in den Räumen am Wallrafplatz " ^ Henle, Susanne (2 August 1997). "Vorm Paradies drückt man sich die Nase platt". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. „Greves Offerte erreicht hier museales Niveau. Insgesamt ist die Schau, die sich in den diesjährigen Sommermonaten auch an die internationalen, von der documenta angelockten art people wendet, als strategisch eingesetzte Kunstmarktoffensive zu werten." ^ Groß, R. (August 2003). "Ein Galerist der Weltgeltungskünstler". Der Standard. ^ ""Art Cologne": Der Kunstmarkt rotiert" (in German). Retrieved 2017-02-15. ^ Blomberg, Katja (2000-11-06). "Art Cologne: Die Schmerzgrenze ist erreicht". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. ISSN 0174-4909. Retrieved 2017-02-15. ^ FIAC, Paris Archived 2015-11-16 at the Wayback Machine. ^ web, Segretariato generale della Presidenza della Repubblica-Servizio sistemi informatici- reparto. "Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana". Quirinale. Retrieved 2017-02-08. ^ Michels, Claudia (10 September 2013). "Versuch's mal bei Privat". Frankfurter Rundschau. ^ Murr, Günter (14 June 2016). "Spatenstich mit Stiefeln". Frankfurter Neue Presse. ^ "Katalog zur Ausstellung "Leiko Ikemura – All about Girls and Tigers"". issuu. Retrieved 2017-02-15. ^ "Pierre Chareau exhibition uncorrected proofs - essays". issuu. Retrieved 2017-02-15. External links Groß, Roland (30 June 2007). "Der Kunstmarkt lebt, aber die Mitarbeiter leiden". Die Welt (in German). Retrieved 15 October 2011. Interview with Greve. Galerie Karsten Greve website Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany People Deutsche Biographie	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karsten Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsten_Grove"},{"link_name":"Dahme, Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahme,_Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"art dealer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_dealer"},{"link_name":"publisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publisher"},{"link_name":"Galerie Karsten Greve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Karsten_Greve"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"link_name":"St Moritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Moritz"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"contemporary art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_art"},{"link_name":"photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography"},{"link_name":"Artnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artnet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Karsten Grove.Karsten Greve (born 15 September 1946 in Dahme, Brandenburg, Germany) is a German art dealer, publisher and owner of Galerie Karsten Greve in Cologne, St Moritz, Paris and formerly Milan, specialized in the international postwar avant-garde, contemporary art and photography.In 2014, Greve was listed as one of Artnet News’ Most Admired Art Dealers [1] and was included in Blouin's Art + Auction 2012 [2] and 2013 [3] Power 100 list and has been referred to as one of Europe's most influential art dealers.[4][5][6]","title":"Karsten Greve"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dahme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahme,_Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Siegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegen"},{"link_name":"Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law"},{"link_name":"Art History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_History"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cologne"},{"link_name":"Lausanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Lausanne"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Geneva"},{"link_name":"Cy Twombly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cy_Twombly"},{"link_name":"de Kooning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Kooning"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"Chemnitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemnitz"},{"link_name":"Yves Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Klein"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Robert Mallet-Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mallet-Stevens"},{"link_name":"Le Corbusier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Corbusier"},{"link_name":"Pierre Chareau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Chareau"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"Hôtel Martel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_Martel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Martel"},{"link_name":"rue Mallet-Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rue_Mallet-Stevens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/rue_Mallet-Stevens"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Karsten Greve was born in Dahme, Germany.[5] The middle child of three sons of a medical doctor, he attended school in Berlin and Siegen. He studied Law and Art History in Cologne, Lausanne and Geneva. As a student, he began to build his own art collection, acquiring his first painting by Cy Twombly in 1966. By the age of 23 he had bought works by Twombly, Beuys, Fontana, Yves Klein, de Kooning, Cornell, and Kounellis.[7] In 1970, together with Rolf Möllenhof (born 1939, Chemnitz), he directed the Möllenhof/Greve Galerie. In 1972, he became the sole proprietor of Galerie Karsten Greve in its original Cologne Lindenstraße location, debuting with an Yves Klein solo exhibition of his Anthropometry series. In 1989, Karsten Greve opened a second space in Paris, in 1994 a third location in Milan (closed 2002) and another in St Moritz in 1999.Karsten Greve has an interest in vintage design furniture and is an avid collector of items by the likes of Robert Mallet-Stevens, Le Corbusier and Pierre Chareau.[8] He acquired a part of the Hôtel Martel [fr] in rue Mallet-Stevens [fr].[9][8][10][11] Karsten Greve is married and the father of three children.[12][13]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Marais"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Louise Bourgeois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"John Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Chamberlain_(sculptor)"},{"link_name":"Lucio Fontana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucio_Fontana"},{"link_name":"Jannis Kounellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jannis_Kounellis"},{"link_name":"Piero Manzoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_Manzoni"},{"link_name":"Cy Twombly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cy_Twombly"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wirth-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wirth-19"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"São Paulo Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Art_Biennial"},{"link_name":"Art Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Cologne"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Art Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Basel"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordine_al_Merito_della_Repubblica_Italiana"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Karsten Greve was among the first to set up an exhibition space in the Marais in Paris during the late 1980s and was also the first to open a gallery in St Moritz.[5]During a career of 40 years as an international art dealer, Karsten Greve significantly contributed to the worldwide recognition of artists such as Louise Bourgeois – as the first to exhibit her in Europe [14] - John Chamberlain, Lucio Fontana, Jannis Kounellis, Piero Manzoni and Cy Twombly, of which up to two thirds of the works in today's market were sold by him initially.[15][16] His intimate friendships with these artists[17] provided the basis for his programme, which is defined by the international avant-garde after 1945.Karsten Greve on meeting Cy Twombly for the first time: \"It was 1969. I was 23 and had just opened a gallery in Cologne. He was living in Rome, in a 16th-century palace that had no names on the door. I eventually figured out where he lived. I went to his apartment a couple of times and rang the bell but he never answered. Eventually, he heard from others that a crazy young German wanted to meet him and he let me in.\"[16]Karsten Greve earned a reputation for his carefully curated presentations at art fairs and museum quality exhibitions [18][19][20][21][22][23][24] and has been lauded for his ability to recognize the relevance of artist's work long before their rise to international recognition.[19][25]Greve curated a Cy Twombly solo show at the 1996 São Paulo Biennale. From 1997 to 2003 he was chair of the Art Cologne jury.[26][27] He was also part of the Art Basel selection committee and the FIAC selection committee.[28]Greve holds the Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana (Cavaliere Ufficiale), which he received in December 1998.[29]","title":"Significance in the art world"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jewish National Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Leiko Ikemura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiko_Ikemura"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Museum Ludwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_Ludwig"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Museum für Angewandte Kunst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Angewandte_Kunst_(Cologne)"}],"text":"Karsten Greve supports the Jewish National Fund (קרן קימת לישראל, Keren Kayemet LeYisrael) in its environmental efforts and afforestation project. In 2013 he made a donation of 1 Mio. Eur to enable the expansion of the Deutsches Romantik-Museum in Frankfurt am Main, after the City of Frankfurt surprisingly dropped out as a donor.[30][31] In 2015 he was one of the donors who gifted the Leiko Ikemura sculpture Usagi Kannon to the Museum für Ostasiatische Kunst [32] in Cologne. He gifted the Lucio Fontana work Natura to the Museum Ludwig and Pierre Chareau furniture [33] to the Museum für Angewandte Kunst in Cologne.","title":"Philanthropy"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Most Admired Art Dealers of 2014\". artnet News. 24 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.artnet.com/market/the-most-admired-art-dealers-of-2014-202850","url_text":"\"The Most Admired Art Dealers of 2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"Power Dealers, Blouin art+auction Power 100 2012\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blouinartinfo.com/news/story/843915/artauctions-power-2012-part-5-power-dealers","url_text":"\"Power Dealers, Blouin art+auction Power 100 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"Power Dealers, Blouin art+auction Power 100 2013\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blouinartinfo.com/power100-2013#prettyPhoto%5bgallery4%5d/2/","url_text":"\"Power Dealers, Blouin art+auction Power 100 2013\""}]},{"reference":"Clewing, Ulrich (30 November 2013). \"Wenn Neutrale aggressiv werden\". Süddeutsche Zeitung.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Knapp-Voith, Valentina (June 2016). \"Ich mag Aussenseiter\". St. Moritz Magazin.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/engadinstmoritz/docs/web_pdf_st.moritz_0116_de?e=6913350/35276614","url_text":"\"Ich mag Aussenseiter\""}]},{"reference":"Groß, Roland (7 December 2000). \"Da prallen provinz- und Weltniveau aufeinander\". Saarbrücker Zeitung.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"You Could Get A Lichtenstein Graphic At That Time For 80 Or 90 Marks\". Silatec publication: Art Protect Prevent Colour From Fading Away. 2014.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ribeyre. \"Mallet Stevens : Enchères\". www.malletstevens.com. Retrieved 2017-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.malletstevens.com/encheres.htm","url_text":"\"Mallet Stevens : Enchères\""}]},{"reference":"\"PSS / Villa-Atelier Martel (Paris, France)\". www.pss-archi.eu. Retrieved 2017-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pss-archi.eu/immeubles/FR-75056-28684.html","url_text":"\"PSS / Villa-Atelier Martel (Paris, France)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maison rue Mallet-Stevens - Faubourg Conseil Immobilier\". Faubourg Conseil Immobilier (in French). 2014-12-10. Archived from the original on 2017-02-16. Retrieved 2017-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170216051604/http://barretimmobilier.com/maison-rue-mallet-stevens/","url_text":"\"Maison rue Mallet-Stevens - Faubourg Conseil Immobilier\""},{"url":"http://barretimmobilier.com/maison-rue-mallet-stevens/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Front page\". www.museum-folkwang.de (in German). Retrieved 2017-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.museum-folkwang.de/index.php?id=5071&L=0&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=301&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&cHash=a9b33d68e906488ccc156548b6e37fb0","url_text":"\"Front page\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Der Kunstmarkt lebt, aber die Mitarbeiter leiden\": Der Galerist Karsten Greve über die deutsche und internationale Messelandschaft und die Probleme der Galeriearbeit. Schanghai ist attraktiver als Berlin - WELT\". DIE WELT. Retrieved 2017-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.welt.de/welt_print/article986770/Der-Kunstmarkt-lebt-aber-die-Mitarbeiter-leiden.html","url_text":"\"\"Der Kunstmarkt lebt, aber die Mitarbeiter leiden\": Der Galerist Karsten Greve über die deutsche und internationale Messelandschaft und die Probleme der Galeriearbeit. Schanghai ist attraktiver als Berlin - WELT\""}]},{"reference":"Francoise-Claire, Prodhon (January–February 1993). Flash Art. Vol. XXVI, no. 168. Only rarely has Bourgeois' work been exhibited in France; the large-scale retrospective at the Musée de Lyon in 1990 and this outing at Karsten Greve both went down as something of an event. By presenting prevalently recent pieces alongside a selection of older works, the show affords an insight into the work in all its complexity and ambivalence, […].\"","urls":[]},{"reference":"Groß, R. (7 August 2003). \"Ein Galerist der Weltgeltungskünstler\". Der Standard.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Genocchio, Benjamin (December 2013). \"Q&A with Karsten Greve\". Blouin art+auction.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Muf (7 August 2001). \"M.O.RITZ – neue Arbeiten von John Chamberlain\". Engadiner Post. „Inspiriert wurde Chamberlain zu dieser Arbeit vergangenen Februar. Er war – zur Erholung nach einer Operation – Gast seines Galeristen in St. Moritz. Weil es ihm und seiner Frau hier so gut gefallen hat, begann er unter diesem Eindruck die Arbeit an „Candied Delights\" oder M.O.RITZ, wie er die Objekte auch nennt.\"","urls":[]},{"reference":"Smolik, Noemi (9 February 2015). \"Joel Shapiro Triumphs at Galerie Karsten Greve\". artnet News.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.artnet.com/market/joel-shapiro-triumphs-at-galerie-karsten-greve-cologne-246161","url_text":"\"Joel Shapiro Triumphs at Galerie Karsten Greve\""}]},{"reference":"Wirth, Heidrun (15 October 2009). \"Königsmacher mit Spürsinn\". Kölnische Rundschau.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Thon, Ute (15 June 2016). \"Art Basel 2016 - Basler Leckerli\". art Magazin. Archived from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170208034756/http://www.art-magazin.de/szene/kunstmarkt/16225-rtkl-art-basel-2016-baseler-laeckerli-regentage","url_text":"\"Art Basel 2016 - Basler Leckerli\""},{"url":"http://www.art-magazin.de/szene/kunstmarkt/16225-rtkl-art-basel-2016-baseler-laeckerli-regentage","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kliemann, Thomas (April 2016). \"Die alte Tante macht sich fein\". General Anzeiger Bonn.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.general-anzeiger-bonn.de/news/kultur-und-medien/region/Die-alte-Tante-macht-sich-fein-article3231567.html","url_text":"\"Die alte Tante macht sich fein\""}]},{"reference":"Wirth, Heidrun (16 November 2011). \"Verborgene Zeichen, Museumsreif: Galerie Greve zeigt Brassai-Dubuffet\". Kölnische Rundschau.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Raap, Jürgen (4 April 1994). \"Räume der Angst\". Kölner Illustrierte. „Ein museumsreifes Programm von John Chamberlain bis Picasso macht schon seit längerem das Profil der Galerie Greve aus, und auch jetzt gibt es Hochkarätiges zu sehen: Zeichnungen und frühe Skulpturen von Louise Bourgeois in den Räumen am Wallrafplatz […]\"","urls":[]},{"reference":"Henle, Susanne (2 August 1997). \"Vorm Paradies drückt man sich die Nase platt\". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. „Greves Offerte erreicht hier museales Niveau. Insgesamt ist die Schau, die sich in den diesjährigen Sommermonaten auch an die internationalen, von der documenta angelockten art people wendet, als strategisch eingesetzte Kunstmarktoffensive zu werten.\"","urls":[]},{"reference":"Groß, R. (August 2003). \"Ein Galerist der Weltgeltungskünstler\". Der Standard.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"\"Art Cologne\": Der Kunstmarkt rotiert\" (in German). Retrieved 2017-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/art-cologne-der-kunstmarkt-rotiert/178074.html?mobile=false","url_text":"\"\"Art Cologne\": Der Kunstmarkt rotiert\""}]},{"reference":"Blomberg, Katja (2000-11-06). \"Art Cologne: Die Schmerzgrenze ist erreicht\". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. ISSN 0174-4909. Retrieved 2017-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/art-cologne-die-schmerzgrenze-ist-erreicht-11294067.html","url_text":"\"Art Cologne: Die Schmerzgrenze ist erreicht\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0174-4909","url_text":"0174-4909"}]},{"reference":"web, Segretariato generale della Presidenza della Repubblica-Servizio sistemi informatici- reparto. \"Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana\". Quirinale. Retrieved 2017-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/Onorificenze.aspx?pag=1843&qIdOnorificenza=&cognome=&nome=&daAnno=1800&aAnno=2014&luogoNascita=&testo=&ordinamento=2","url_text":"\"Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana\""}]},{"reference":"Michels, Claudia (10 September 2013). \"Versuch's mal bei Privat\". Frankfurter Rundschau.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fr-online.de/frankfurt/deutsches-romantik-museum-versuch-s-mal-bei-privat,1472798,24266922.html","url_text":"\"Versuch's mal bei Privat\""}]},{"reference":"Murr, Günter (14 June 2016). \"Spatenstich mit Stiefeln\". Frankfurter Neue Presse.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fnp.de/lokales/frankfurt/Spatenstich-mit-Stiefeln;art675,2057301","url_text":"\"Spatenstich mit Stiefeln\""}]},{"reference":"\"Katalog zur Ausstellung \"Leiko Ikemura – All about Girls and Tigers\"\". issuu. 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Retrieved 15 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.welt.de/welt_print/article986770/Der_Kunstmarkt_lebt_aber_die_Mitarbeiter_leiden.html","url_text":"\"Der Kunstmarkt lebt, aber die Mitarbeiter leiden\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Welt","url_text":"Die Welt"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.galerie-karsten-greve.com/","external_links_name":"www.galerie-karsten-greve.com"},{"Link":"https://news.artnet.com/market/the-most-admired-art-dealers-of-2014-202850","external_links_name":"\"The Most Admired Art Dealers of 2014\""},{"Link":"http://www.blouinartinfo.com/news/story/843915/artauctions-power-2012-part-5-power-dealers","external_links_name":"\"Power Dealers, Blouin art+auction Power 100 2012\""},{"Link":"http://www.blouinartinfo.com/power100-2013#prettyPhoto%5bgallery4%5d/2/","external_links_name":"\"Power Dealers, Blouin art+auction Power 100 2013\""},{"Link":"https://issuu.com/engadinstmoritz/docs/web_pdf_st.moritz_0116_de?e=6913350/35276614","external_links_name":"\"Ich mag Aussenseiter\""},{"Link":"http://www.malletstevens.com/encheres.htm","external_links_name":"\"Mallet Stevens : Enchères\""},{"Link":"http://galerie54.com/diaporama/hotel-martel-historique","external_links_name":"Hôtel Martel"},{"Link":"http://www.pss-archi.eu/immeubles/FR-75056-28684.html","external_links_name":"\"PSS / Villa-Atelier Martel (Paris, France)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170216051604/http://barretimmobilier.com/maison-rue-mallet-stevens/","external_links_name":"\"Maison rue Mallet-Stevens - Faubourg Conseil Immobilier\""},{"Link":"http://barretimmobilier.com/maison-rue-mallet-stevens/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.museum-folkwang.de/index.php?id=5071&L=0&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=301&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&cHash=a9b33d68e906488ccc156548b6e37fb0","external_links_name":"\"Front page\""},{"Link":"https://www.welt.de/welt_print/article986770/Der-Kunstmarkt-lebt-aber-die-Mitarbeiter-leiden.html","external_links_name":"\"\"Der Kunstmarkt lebt, aber die Mitarbeiter leiden\": Der Galerist Karsten Greve über die deutsche und internationale Messelandschaft und die Probleme der Galeriearbeit. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centroblasts	Centroblast	["1 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Centroblast" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Histopathology of a centroblast in a follicular lymphoma, H&E stain. They are relatively large cells containing vesicular nuclei with one to three basophilic nucleoli apposing the nuclear membrane. Model of centroblast development Histologic comparison of cell types in a germinal center, H&E stain:- Centrocytes are small to medium size with angulated, elongated, cleaved, or twisted nuclei.- Centroblasts are larger cells containing vesicular nuclei with one to three basophilic nucleoli apposing the nuclear membrane.- Follicular dendritic cells have round nuclei, centrally located nucleoli, bland and dispersed chromatin, and flattening of adjacent nuclear membrane. A centroblast generally refers to an activated B cell that is enlarged (12–18 micrometer) and is rapidly proliferating in the germinal center of a lymphoid follicle. They are specifically located in the dark zone of the germinal center. Centroblasts form from naive B cells being exposed to follicular dendritic cell cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-15, 8D6, and BAFF. Stimulation from helper T cells is also required for centroblast development. Interaction between CD40 ligand on an activated T helper cell and the B cell CD40 receptor induces centroblasts to express activation-induced cytidine deaminase, leading to somatic hypermutation, allowing the B cell receptor to potentially gain stronger affinity for an antigen. In the absence of FDC and helper T cell stimulation, centroblasts are unable to differentiate and will undergo CD95-mediated apoptosis. Morphologically, centroblasts are large lymphoid cells containing a moderate amount of cytoplasm, round to oval vesicular (i.e. containing small fluid-filled sacs) nuclei, vesicular chromatin, and 2–3 small nucleoli often located adjacent to the nuclear membrane. They are derived from B cells. Immunoblasts are distinguished from centroblasts by being B cell-derived lymphoid cells that have moderate-to-abundant basophilic cytoplasm and a prominent, centrally located, trapezoid-shaped single nucleolus which often has fine strands of chromatin attached to the nuclear membrane (‘spider legs’). In some cases, immunoblasts can show some morphologic features of plasma cells. Centroblasts do not express immunoglobulins and are unable to respond to the follicular dendritic cell antigens present in the secondary lymphoid follicles. However, they are able to promote the secretion of immunoglobulins though CD27/CD70 interactions. B cells begin expressing CD27 at the beginning of the centroblast stage and lose the cell marker after differentiating into centrocytes. CD27 is an important marker for germinal center formation in the lymphoid follicle and is produced by centroblasts interacting with CD28+ helper T cells. The production of the germinal center is important for the production of antibody secreting plasma cells and memory B cells. After proliferation, centroblasts migrate to the light zone of the germinal center and eventually give rise to centrocytes. References ^ Victora, Gabriel D.; Nussenzweig, Michel C. (2012-01-01). "Germinal centers". Annual Review of Immunology. 30: 429–457. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-075032. ISSN 1545-3278. PMID 22224772. ^ Allen, Christopher D. C.; Okada, Takaharu; Cyster, Jason G. (2007-08-24). "Germinal-Center Organization and Cellular Dynamics". Immunity. 27 (2): 190–202. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2007.07.009. ISSN 1074-7613. PMC 2242846. PMID 17723214. ^ Boulianne, Bryant; Rojas, Olga L.; Haddad, Dania; Zaheen, Ahmad; Kapelnikov, Anat; Nguyen, Thanh; Li, Conglei; Hakem, Razq; Gommerman, Jennifer L.; Martin, Alberto (2013-12-15). "AID and Caspase 8 Shape the Germinal Center Response through Apoptosis". The Journal of Immunology. 191 (12): 5840–5847. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1301776. ISSN 0022-1767. PMID 24244021. ^ Choe, Jongseon; Li, Li; Zhang, Xin; Gregory, Christopher D.; Choi, Yong Sung (2000-01-01). "Distinct Role of Follicular Dendritic Cells and T Cells in the Proliferation, Differentiation, and Apoptosis of a Centroblast Cell Line, L3055". The Journal of Immunology. 164 (1): 56–63. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.164.1.56. ISSN 0022-1767. PMID 10604993. ^ Li S, Young KH, Medeiros LJ (January 2018). "Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma". Pathology. 50 (1): 74–87. doi:10.1016/j.pathol.2017.09.006. PMID 29167021. ^ Xiao, Yanling; Hendriks, Jenny; Langerak, Petra; Jacobs, Heinz; Borst, Jannie (2004-06-15). "CD27 Is Acquired by Primed B Cells at the Centroblast Stage and Promotes Germinal Center Formation". The Journal of Immunology. 172 (12): 7432–7441. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.172.12.7432. ISSN 0022-1767. PMID 15187121. ^ Allen, Christopher D. C.; Okada, Takaharu; Cyster, Jason G. (2007-08-24). "Germinal-Center Organization and Cellular Dynamics". Immunity. 27 (2): 190–202. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2007.07.009. ISSN 1074-7613. PMC 2242846. PMID 17723214. ^ Mak, Tak W.; Saunders, Mary E. (2006), "Hematopoietic Cancers", The Immune Response, Elsevier, pp. 1025–1063, doi:10.1016/b978-012088451-3.50032-6, ISBN 978-0-12-088451-3 This immunology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Histopathology_of_a_centroblast_in_follicular_lymphoma.jpg"},{"link_name":"follicular lymphoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicular_lymphoma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Model_of_Centroblast_Development.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Centrocyte,_centroblast_and_follicular_dendritic_cell_in_a_follicular_lymphoma.jpg"},{"link_name":"germinal center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal_center"},{"link_name":"Centrocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrocyte"},{"link_name":"Follicular dendritic cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicular_dendritic_cell"},{"link_name":"B cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_cell"},{"link_name":"germinal center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal_center"},{"link_name":"lymphoid follicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphoid_follicle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"follicular dendritic cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicular_dendritic_cell"},{"link_name":"cytokines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine"},{"link_name":"IL-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_6"},{"link_name":"IL-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_15"},{"link_name":"8D6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8D6&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"BAFF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-cell_activating_factor"},{"link_name":"helper T cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helper_T_cell"},{"link_name":"CD40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD40"},{"link_name":"activation-induced cytidine deaminase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activation-induced_cytidine_deaminase"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"somatic hypermutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_hypermutation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Morphologically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)"},{"link_name":"cytoplasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasm"},{"link_name":"chromatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin"},{"link_name":"nucleoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoli"},{"link_name":"nuclear membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_membrane"},{"link_name":"Immunoblasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoblast"},{"link_name":"basophilic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basophilic"},{"link_name":"nucleolus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleolus"},{"link_name":"plasma cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_cell"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid29167021-5"},{"link_name":"immunoglobulins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin"},{"link_name":"antigens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-6"},{"link_name":"CD27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD27"},{"link_name":"centrocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrocyte"},{"link_name":"CD28+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD28"},{"link_name":"plasma cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_cell"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Histopathology of a centroblast in a follicular lymphoma, H&E stain. They are relatively large cells containing vesicular nuclei with one to three basophilic nucleoli apposing the nuclear membrane.Model of centroblast developmentHistologic comparison of cell types in a germinal center, H&E stain:- Centrocytes are small to medium size with angulated, elongated, cleaved, or twisted nuclei.- Centroblasts are larger cells containing vesicular nuclei with one to three basophilic nucleoli apposing the nuclear membrane.- Follicular dendritic cells have round nuclei, centrally located nucleoli, bland and dispersed chromatin, and flattening of adjacent nuclear membrane.A centroblast generally refers to an activated B cell that is enlarged (12–18 micrometer) and is rapidly proliferating in the germinal center of a lymphoid follicle.[1] They are specifically located in the dark zone of the germinal center.[2] Centroblasts form from naive B cells being exposed to follicular dendritic cell cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-15, 8D6, and BAFF. Stimulation from helper T cells is also required for centroblast development. Interaction between CD40 ligand on an activated T helper cell and the B cell CD40 receptor induces centroblasts to express activation-induced cytidine deaminase,[3] leading to somatic hypermutation, allowing the B cell receptor to potentially gain stronger affinity for an antigen. In the absence of FDC and helper T cell stimulation, centroblasts are unable to differentiate and will undergo CD95-mediated apoptosis.[4]Morphologically, centroblasts are large lymphoid cells containing a moderate amount of cytoplasm, round to oval vesicular (i.e. containing small fluid-filled sacs) nuclei, vesicular chromatin, and 2–3 small nucleoli often located adjacent to the nuclear membrane. They are derived from B cells. Immunoblasts are distinguished from centroblasts by being B cell-derived lymphoid cells that have moderate-to-abundant basophilic cytoplasm and a prominent, centrally located, trapezoid-shaped single nucleolus which often has fine strands of chromatin attached to the nuclear membrane (‘spider legs’). In some cases, immunoblasts can show some morphologic features of plasma cells.[5]Centroblasts do not express immunoglobulins and are unable to respond to the follicular dendritic cell antigens present in the secondary lymphoid follicles. However, they are able to promote the secretion of immunoglobulins though CD27/CD70 interactions.[6] B cells begin expressing CD27 at the beginning of the centroblast stage and lose the cell marker after differentiating into centrocytes. CD27 is an important marker for germinal center formation in the lymphoid follicle and is produced by centroblasts interacting with CD28+ helper T cells. The production of the germinal center is important for the production of antibody secreting plasma cells and memory B cells.[7] After proliferation, centroblasts migrate to the light zone of the germinal center and eventually give rise to centrocytes.[8]","title":"Centroblast"}]	[{"image_text":"Histopathology of a centroblast in a follicular lymphoma, H&E stain. They are relatively large cells containing vesicular nuclei with one to three basophilic nucleoli apposing the nuclear membrane.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Histopathology_of_a_centroblast_in_follicular_lymphoma.jpg/220px-Histopathology_of_a_centroblast_in_follicular_lymphoma.jpg"},{"image_text":"Model of centroblast development","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Model_of_Centroblast_Development.png/220px-Model_of_Centroblast_Development.png"},{"image_text":"Histologic comparison of cell types in a germinal center, H&E stain:- Centrocytes are small to medium size with angulated, elongated, cleaved, or twisted nuclei.- Centroblasts are larger cells containing vesicular nuclei with one to three basophilic nucleoli apposing the nuclear membrane.- Follicular dendritic cells have round nuclei, centrally located nucleoli, bland and dispersed chromatin, and flattening of adjacent nuclear membrane.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Centrocyte%2C_centroblast_and_follicular_dendritic_cell_in_a_follicular_lymphoma.jpg/220px-Centrocyte%2C_centroblast_and_follicular_dendritic_cell_in_a_follicular_lymphoma.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Victora, Gabriel D.; Nussenzweig, Michel C. 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The Journal of Immunology. 164 (1): 56–63. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.164.1.56. ISSN 0022-1767. PMID 10604993.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.164.1.56","url_text":"\"Distinct Role of Follicular Dendritic Cells and T Cells in the Proliferation, Differentiation, and Apoptosis of a Centroblast Cell Line, L3055\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.164.1.56","url_text":"10.4049/jimmunol.164.1.56"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1767","url_text":"0022-1767"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10604993","url_text":"10604993"}]},{"reference":"Li S, Young KH, Medeiros LJ (January 2018). \"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma\". Pathology. 50 (1): 74–87. doi:10.1016/j.pathol.2017.09.006. PMID 29167021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pathol.2017.09.006","url_text":"10.1016/j.pathol.2017.09.006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29167021","url_text":"29167021"}]},{"reference":"Xiao, Yanling; Hendriks, Jenny; Langerak, Petra; Jacobs, Heinz; Borst, Jannie (2004-06-15). \"CD27 Is Acquired by Primed B Cells at the Centroblast Stage and Promotes Germinal Center Formation\". The Journal of Immunology. 172 (12): 7432–7441. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.172.12.7432. ISSN 0022-1767. PMID 15187121.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.172.12.7432","url_text":"\"CD27 Is Acquired by Primed B Cells at the Centroblast Stage and Promotes Germinal Center Formation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.172.12.7432","url_text":"10.4049/jimmunol.172.12.7432"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1767","url_text":"0022-1767"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15187121","url_text":"15187121"}]},{"reference":"Allen, Christopher D. C.; Okada, Takaharu; Cyster, Jason G. (2007-08-24). \"Germinal-Center Organization and Cellular Dynamics\". Immunity. 27 (2): 190–202. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2007.07.009. ISSN 1074-7613. PMC 2242846. PMID 17723214.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2242846","url_text":"\"Germinal-Center Organization and Cellular Dynamics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.immuni.2007.07.009","url_text":"10.1016/j.immuni.2007.07.009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1074-7613","url_text":"1074-7613"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2242846","url_text":"2242846"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17723214","url_text":"17723214"}]},{"reference":"Mak, Tak W.; Saunders, Mary E. (2006), \"Hematopoietic Cancers\", The Immune Response, Elsevier, pp. 1025–1063, doi:10.1016/b978-012088451-3.50032-6, ISBN 978-0-12-088451-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-012088451-3.50032-6","url_text":"10.1016/b978-012088451-3.50032-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-088451-3","url_text":"978-0-12-088451-3"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Centroblast%22","external_links_name":"\"Centroblast\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Centroblast%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Centroblast%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Centroblast%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Centroblast%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Centroblast%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-immunol-020711-075032","external_links_name":"10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-075032"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1545-3278","external_links_name":"1545-3278"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22224772","external_links_name":"22224772"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2242846","external_links_name":"\"Germinal-Center Organization and Cellular Dynamics\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.immuni.2007.07.009","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.immuni.2007.07.009"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1074-7613","external_links_name":"1074-7613"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2242846","external_links_name":"2242846"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17723214","external_links_name":"17723214"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.1301776","external_links_name":"\"AID and Caspase 8 Shape the Germinal Center Response through Apoptosis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.1301776","external_links_name":"10.4049/jimmunol.1301776"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1767","external_links_name":"0022-1767"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24244021","external_links_name":"24244021"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.164.1.56","external_links_name":"\"Distinct Role of Follicular Dendritic Cells and T Cells in the Proliferation, Differentiation, and Apoptosis of a Centroblast Cell Line, L3055\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.164.1.56","external_links_name":"10.4049/jimmunol.164.1.56"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1767","external_links_name":"0022-1767"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10604993","external_links_name":"10604993"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pathol.2017.09.006","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.pathol.2017.09.006"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29167021","external_links_name":"29167021"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.172.12.7432","external_links_name":"\"CD27 Is Acquired by Primed B Cells at the Centroblast Stage and Promotes Germinal Center Formation\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.172.12.7432","external_links_name":"10.4049/jimmunol.172.12.7432"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1767","external_links_name":"0022-1767"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15187121","external_links_name":"15187121"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2242846","external_links_name":"\"Germinal-Center Organization and Cellular Dynamics\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.immuni.2007.07.009","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.immuni.2007.07.009"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1074-7613","external_links_name":"1074-7613"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2242846","external_links_name":"2242846"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17723214","external_links_name":"17723214"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-012088451-3.50032-6","external_links_name":"10.1016/b978-012088451-3.50032-6"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centroblast&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Colegio_de_Mexico	El Colegio de México	["1 History","2 Academics","2.1 Students","2.2 Research Centers","3 Exchange and cooperation arrangements (2021)","4 Daniel Cosío Villegas Library","5 Notable people","5.1 Faculty and staff","5.2 Alumni","6 References","7 Publications","8 External links"]	Coordinates: 19°18′14″N 99°12′28″W / 19.30389°N 99.20778°W / 19.30389; -99.20778El Colegio de MéxicoTypePublicEstablishedOctober 8, 1940EndowmentUS $47.46 million (2011)PresidentSilvia Giorguli SaucedoAcademic staff178Students440Undergraduates110Postgraduates330LocationMexico City, Mexico19°18′14″N 99°12′28″W / 19.30389°N 99.20778°W / 19.30389; -99.20778CampusUrbanColorsCrimson WebsiteColmex.mx El Colegio de México, A.C. (commonly known as Colmex, English: The College of Mexico) is a Mexican institute of higher education, specializing in teaching and research in social sciences and humanities. The college was founded in 1940 by the Mexican Federal Government, the Bank of Mexico (Banco de México), the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), and the Fondo de Cultura Económica. In the late 1930s, following the end of the Spanish Civil War, Mexican president Lázaro Cardenas created the House of Spain in Mexico (1938–1940) to host Spanish intellectuals in exile in Mexico; Mexico was the only country that in 1939 welcomed Spanish refugees. Under the direction of intellectual Alfonso Reyes, the House of Spain became a higher education center, and was renamed El Colegio de México in 1940. The College now operates under a 1961 charter that allows the institution to provide college-level teaching in the fields of humanistic knowledge and social and political sciences. In 1976, the university's campus was moved from the Colonia Roma (a historic neighborhood just west of the city's center) to its current location in the southern portion of the capital; the main building of the campus was designed by the Mexican architect Teodoro González de León. The college contains seven separate academic centers collectively offering three undergraduate degrees, seven master's degrees and eight doctoral degrees. El Colegio de México received the Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences in 2001. Colmex's library (Biblioteca Daniel Cosío Villegas), one of the largest academic libraries in Mexico, contains one of the most important Latin American collections in the fields of the social sciences and humanities. History Colmex arose from an organization of Spanish civil war exiles called "Casa de España en México" (House of Spain in Mexico). In March 1939, Lázaro Cárdenas named Alfonso Reyes to the presidency of the "Casa de España en México". Reyes would be president of the "Colegio" until his death. Historian Daniel Cosío Villegas played an important role in its institutionalization and the Colegio's library bears his name. Academics Students Demographics of El Colegio de México Undergraduate Graduate Ph.D. Men 57% 49% 44% Women 43% 51% 56% International Students 4% 12% 30% Colmex's student population includes 74 undergraduate and 369 graduate students representing diverse geographic and linguistic backgrounds. Of the entire student population, 83.5% are from Mexico, while 16.05% are from outside the country (including the United States, France, Italy and China). International students hail from about 24 different countries, with Colombians comprising about one third of all international students in the entering class of 2011. Undergraduate and graduate admission to Colmex is very selective. El Colegio de México received 936 applications for admission to the Class of 2014 and 181 were admitted (18.1%). 87% of students graduate within 4 years. Research Centers The college at night. In the 2010–2011 school year, El Colegio de México offered 19 academic programs in seven academic centers, of which 16 are doctoral and master's graduate degree programs. Despite strong increases in university enrollment across Mexico, El Colegio de México has upheld a student-faculty ratio of 2.5:1. There are nearly 181 tenured or tenure-track professors and 50 adjunct and visiting professors teaching at the college. 21% of all students are enrolled in the Centre for International Studies, Colmex's largest academic unit. Of the other larger centers, the Centre for Demographic, Urban and Environmental Studies enrolls 19%, the Centre for Historical Studies enrolls 15%, the Centre for Linguistic and Literary Studies enrolls 13%, the Centre for Economic Studies and the Centre for Sociological Studies enroll about 10% each. The remainder of all students are enrolled in Colmex's smaller schools, including the Centre of Asian and African Studies, founded by Flora Botton; the Gender Studies Program, founded by Lourdes Arizpe, Botton, and Elena Urrutia; and the Daniel Cosío Villegas Library, which is also one of the richest libraries in North America, with sources in many languages. Since 1991, El Colegio de México is the host institution of LEAD-Mexico (Leadership for Environment and Development), a program established by The Rockefeller Foundation to bring together and train mid-career leaders from all parts of the world in improving their leadership skills around the issues of sustainable development . Led primarily by renowned Colmex professor Boris Graizbord, Lead Mexico responds to calls for acting as consultant, advisor, and policy evaluator at federal and local level. In 2021 a Centre for Gender Studies was inaugurated. Centers of El Colegio de México Centre for Historical Studies Centre for Linguistic and Literary Studies Centre for Studies of Asia and Africa Centre for Economic Studies Centre for Demographic, Urban and Environmental Studies Centre for International Studies Centre for Sociological Studies Centre for Gender Studies Daniel Cosío Villegas Library Exchange and cooperation arrangements (2021) Canada Glendon College Queen's University Université du Québec à Montréal University of British Columbia Université de Montréal United States Yale University Tulane University American University Johns Hopkins University State University of New York University of Chicago The University of Texas at San Antonio Korea Dongguk University Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Seoul National University Busan University of Foreign Studies India University of Delhi Jadavpur University Jawaharlal Nehru University Israel Hebrew University of Jerusalem Japan Ritsumeikan University Hitotsubashi University Tsukuba University Keio University Waseda University Institute of Developing Economies Kyoto University of Foreign Studies Tokio University Germany Humboldt University of Berlin Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich University of Cologne Heidelberg University University of Hamburg Leipzig University Free University of Berlin University of Bamberg Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Social Law Netherlands Leiden University United Kingdom University College London Switzerland Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies Daniel Cosío Villegas Library The Daniel Cosío Villegas Library is a public academic library situated in the center of El Colegio de México's campus, contains around 700,000 volumes, and comprises 30% of the total building real estate. The library is composed of eighteen academic librarians, three IT professionals, and eighty clerical staff and paraprofessionals. The library's curatorial efforts have transformed the collection into one of the most important Latin America collections in its areas of specialty and its staff has played an important role both for the campus and the national academic library practices by driving various initiatives such as the migration to online OPAC systems in the 90's, which spurred other institutions in Mexico to follow. Notable people Presidents of El Colegio de México Alfonso Reyes 1940–1958 Daniel Cosío Villegas 1958–1963 Silvio Zavala 1963–1966 Víctor Luis Urquidi Bingham 1966–1985 Mario Ojeda Gómez 1985–1994 Andrés Lira 1994–2005 Francisco Javier Garciadiego Dantán 2005–2015 Silvia Giorguli Saucedo 2015–present Faculty and staff See also: Category:Academic staff of El Colegio de México Prominent scholars and intellectuals have been among the faculty of the various centers, such as Alfonso Reyes, Daniel Cosío Villegas, Silvio Zavala, Mario Ojeda Gómez, Raimundo Lida, José Gaos, Víctor Urquidi, Luis González y González, Luis Unikel and Rafael Segovia Canosa. For 2020, from a total of 173 faculty and staff members, 91% were affiliated with the National System of Researchers (abbreviated as SNI, in Spanish) of the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (the National Council of Science and Technology of Mexico). Among the best-known faculty of El Colegio de México are Lorenzo Meyer, Mauricio Merino, Antonio Alatorre; political leaders Jesús Silva Herzog Flores, Carlos Tello Macías, Manuel Camacho Solís, Natividad González Parás, Porfirio Muñoz Ledo, Bernardo Sepúlveda, José Ramón Cossío; scholars Sergio Aguayo, Josefina Zoraida Vázquez, Carlos Marichal, Clara Lida, Carlos Urzúa, Soledad Loaeza, Jacqueline Peschard, Brígida García Guzmán, Fernando Escalante Gonzalbo, Jorge Alberto Lozoya, Gabriela Cano Ortega, Ruy Mauro Marini, José Luis Lezama, Orlandina de Oliveira, Rodolfo Stavenhagen, Luis F. Aguilar Villanueva, Pilar Gonzalbo Aizpuru, Francisco Gil Villegas, Margit Frenk, Francisco Segovia, Saurabh Dube, Joseph Hodara, Gustavo Garza, Robert Pastor, Martha Schteingart; and diplomats such as Mauricio de María y Campos and Fernando de Mateo. Alumni See also: Category:El Colegio de México alumni This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Among the people who have attended El Colegio de México are Mexican political leaders Marcelo Ebrard, Secretary of Foreign Affairs, former Head of Government of Mexico City; economist Arturo Herrera Gutiérrez cabinet member under the Andrés Manuel López Obrador administration; economist Graciela Márquez Colín former Secretary of Economy, under the Andrés Manuel López Obrador administration; economist Jaime Serra Puche, cabinet member under the Carlos Salinas and Ernesto Zedillo administrations; Jesús Seade Andrés Manuel López Obrador's representative in the renegotiation of NAFTA; Sócrates Rizzo, former Governor of Nuevo León, Marco Antonio Mena Rodríguez Governor of Tlaxcala and Enrique Alfaro Ramírez Governor of Jalisco. Diplomats: Patricia Espinosa, executive director of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, former Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Arturo Sarukhán, former Mexican ambassador to the United States, Enrique Berruga, former Permanent Representative of Mexico to the United Nations; Claude Heller, ambassador of Mexico to the UN, Adolfo Aguilar Zínser, former ambassador of Mexico to the UN Security Council, senator Rosario Green, Secretary of Foreign Affairs during the Zedillo administration, Bruno Figueroa Fischer Ambassador or Mexico to the Republic of Korea. Intellectuals and academics: historians Enrique Krauze, Andrés Reséndez; and Javier Garciadiego member of El Colegio Nacional (Mexico) and director of Academia Mexicana de la Historia; sociologist Julio Boltvinik and Pablo González Casanova rector at Autonomous National University of Mexico; writers such as Pablo Soler Frost, Silvio Zavala, Héctor Aguilar Camín, and Margarita Peña; Secretary of State of the Mexican State of Nuevo León and former Senior Vice President of Cemex Javier Trevino; economists Gustavo Garza Villarreal; political scientists Soledad Loaeza and Francisco Gil Villegas; political analyst and writer Denise Dresser; current president of Salisbury University in Salisbury, Maryland, Janet Dudley-Eshbach; and narratologist Lauro Zavala. References ^ "SHCP El Colegio de México, Portal de transparencia" (PDF). IFAI. Retrieved July 30, 2012. ^ "El Colegio de México, Informe de actividades 2016" (PDF). COLMEX. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 5, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2018. ^ "Historia de El Colegio de México". El Colegio de México. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016. Retrieved December 21, 2011. ^ "Biblioteca Daniel Cosío Villegas". El Colegio de México. Retrieved December 21, 2011. ^ "Informe Anual de actividades: 2010". El Colegio de México. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved December 21, 2011. ^ a b c d "Informes de actividades". El Colegio de México. Archived from the original on 2012-10-12. Retrieved 2012-09-23. ^ "Programas académicos". El Colegio de México. Archived from the original on 2012-09-19. Retrieved 2012-09-23. ^ "Crece matrícula de universidades: SEP". El Universal. Retrieved 2012-09-23. ^ "Informe académico 2011" (PDF). El Colegio de México. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-19. Retrieved 2012-09-23. ^ Bermejo Mora, Edgardo (26 October 2019). "Flora Botton y China" . La Crónica de Hoy (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2022. ^ Cornejo, Romer (2012). "Introducción". In Cornejo, Romer (ed.). China: estudios y ensayos en honor de Flora Botton Beja (in Spanish) (Primeraición ed.). Mexico City, Mexico: El Colegio de México. pp. i–xi. ISBN 978-607-462-346-8. ^ Poy Solano, Laura (11 March 2021). "Reconoce el Colmex a tres pioneras de los estudios de género" . La Jornada (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico. Archived from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2022. ^ "Lead-Mexico" (PDF). Lead Mexico. Retrieved 2012-09-23. ^ "El Colmex hará realidad su Centro de Estudios de Género". El Economista. June 8, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2023. ^ a b c Martínez, Alberto Santiago. «Constructing a Model for Mexican Libraries in the 21st Century». En Dynamic Research Support in Academic Libraries. Facet Publishing, 2016. ^ El Colegio de México. ""Informe de Actividades, 2020"" (PDF). colmex.mx. Colmex. Retrieved 1 July 2021. Publications de la Torre Villar, Ernesto (1981). de la Torre Villar, Ernesto (ed.). Asia and Colonial Latin America: XXX International Congress of Human Sciences in Asia and North Africa. Contributors Ernesto de la Torre Villar, El Colegio de México (illustrated ed.). El Colegio de México. ISBN 9681201140. Retrieved 24 April 2014. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to COLMEX. El Colegio de México vteLaureates of the Prince or Princess of Asturias Award for Social SciencesPrince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences 1981: Román Perpiñá Grau 1982: Antonio Domínguez Ortiz 1983: Julio Caro Baroja 1984: Eduardo García de Enterría 1985: Ramón Carande Thovar 1986: José Luis Pinillos 1987: Juan José Linz 1988: Luis Díez del Corral and Luis Sánchez Agesta 1989: Enrique Fuentes Quintana 1990: Rodrigo Uría González 1991: Miguel Artola Gallego 1992: Juan Velarde Fuertes 1993: Silvio Zavala 1994: Aurelio Menéndez Menéndez 1995: Joaquim Veríssimo Serrão and Miquel Batllori i Munné 1996: John H. Elliott 1997: Martí de Riquer i Morera 1998: Pierre Werner and Jacques Santer 1999: Raymond Carr 2000: Carlo Maria Martini 2001: El Colegio de México and Juan Iglesias Santos 2002: Anthony Giddens 2003: Jürgen Habermas 2004: Paul Krugman 2005: Giovanni Sartori 2006: Mary Robinson 2007: Ralf Dahrendorf 2008: Tzvetan Todorov 2009: David Attenborough 2010: The archaeological team of the Terra Cotta Warriors and Horses of Xi'an 2011: Howard Gardner 2012: Martha Nussbaum 2013: Saskia Sassen 2014: Joseph Pérez Princess of Asturias Award for Social Sciences 2015: Esther Duflo 2016: Mary Beard 2017: Karen Armstrong 2018: Michael Sandel 2019: Alejandro Portes 2020: Dani Rodrik 2021: Amartya Sen 2022: Eduardo Matos Moctezuma 2023: Hélène Carrère d'Encausse 2024: Michael Ignatieff vteColleges and universities in Mexico CityPublic universities CIDE Colegio de Bachilleres Colmex IPN UACM UNAM UAM UPN Private universities AIU ITESM CCM Santa Fe UIA UVM UNITEC ITAM Military academies H. Colegio Militar Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Spain France BnF data Catalonia Israel United States Czech Republic 2 Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"higher education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education"},{"link_name":"social sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciences"},{"link_name":"humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities"},{"link_name":"Bank of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"National Autonomous University of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Fondo de Cultura Económica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondo_de_Cultura_Econ%C3%B3mica"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Lázaro Cardenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_Cardenas"},{"link_name":"House of Spain in Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_of_Spain_in_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alfonso Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Reyes"},{"link_name":"Colonia Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_Roma"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"Teodoro González de León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_of_El_Colegio_de_M%C3%A9xico-3"},{"link_name":"Prince of Asturias Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias_Award"},{"link_name":"Daniel Cosío Villegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Cos%C3%ADo_Villegas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daniel_Cos%C3%ADo_Villegas_Library-4"}],"text":"El Colegio de México, A.C. (commonly known as Colmex, English: The College of Mexico) is a Mexican institute of higher education, specializing in teaching and research in social sciences and humanities.The college was founded in 1940 by the Mexican Federal Government, the Bank of Mexico (Banco de México), the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), and the Fondo de Cultura Económica. In the late 1930s, following the end of the Spanish Civil War, Mexican president Lázaro Cardenas created the House of Spain in Mexico (1938–1940) to host Spanish intellectuals in exile in Mexico; Mexico was the only country that in 1939 welcomed Spanish refugees. Under the direction of intellectual Alfonso Reyes, the House of Spain became a higher education center, and was renamed El Colegio de México in 1940. The College now operates under a 1961 charter that allows the institution to provide college-level teaching in the fields of humanistic knowledge and social and political sciences. In 1976, the university's campus was moved from the Colonia Roma (a historic neighborhood just west of the city's center) to its current location in the southern portion of the capital; the main building of the campus was designed by the Mexican architect Teodoro González de León.[3] The college contains seven separate academic centers collectively offering three undergraduate degrees, seven master's degrees and eight doctoral degrees.El Colegio de México received the Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences in 2001. Colmex's library (Biblioteca Daniel Cosío Villegas), one of the largest academic libraries in Mexico, contains one of the most important Latin American collections in the fields of the social sciences and humanities.[4]","title":"El Colegio de México"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lázaro Cárdenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas"},{"link_name":"Alfonso Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Reyes"},{"link_name":"Daniel Cosío Villegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Cos%C3%ADo_Villegas"}],"text":"Colmex arose from an organization of Spanish civil war exiles called \"Casa de España en México\" (House of Spain in Mexico). In March 1939, Lázaro Cárdenas named Alfonso Reyes to the presidency of the \"Casa de España en México\". Reyes would be president of the \"Colegio\" until his death. Historian Daniel Cosío Villegas played an important role in its institutionalization and the Colegio's library bears his name.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"undergraduate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate"},{"link_name":"graduate students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_student"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Academic_Reports-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Academic_Reports-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Academic_Reports-6"}],"sub_title":"Students","text":"Colmex's student population includes 74 undergraduate and 369 graduate students representing diverse geographic and linguistic backgrounds. Of the entire student population, 83.5% are from Mexico, while 16.05% are from outside the country (including the United States, France, Italy and China). International students hail from about 24 different countries, with Colombians comprising about one third of all international students in the entering class of 2011.[6]Undergraduate and graduate admission to Colmex is very selective.[6] El Colegio de México received 936 applications for admission to the Class of 2014 and 181 were admitted (18.1%). 87% of students graduate within 4 years.[6]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colmex008.JPG"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-programs-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"tenured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenure"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Academic_Reports-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Flora Botton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Botton"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Lourdes Arizpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lourdes_Arizpe"},{"link_name":"Elena Urrutia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Urrutia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"LEAD-Mexico (Leadership for Environment and Development)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lead.colmex.mx/"},{"link_name":"Rockefeller Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Research Centers","text":"The college at night.In the 2010–2011 school year, El Colegio de México offered 19 academic programs in seven academic centers, of which 16 are doctoral and master's graduate degree programs.[7] Despite strong increases in university enrollment across Mexico,[8] El Colegio de México has upheld a student-faculty ratio of 2.5:1. There are nearly 181 tenured or tenure-track professors and 50 adjunct and visiting professors teaching at the college.[6]21% of all students are enrolled in the Centre for International Studies, Colmex's largest academic unit. Of the other larger centers, the Centre for Demographic, Urban and Environmental Studies enrolls 19%, the Centre for Historical Studies enrolls 15%, the Centre for Linguistic and Literary Studies enrolls 13%, the Centre for Economic Studies and the Centre for Sociological Studies enroll about 10% each.[9] The remainder of all students are enrolled in Colmex's smaller schools, including the Centre of Asian and African Studies, founded by Flora Botton;[10][11] the Gender Studies Program, founded by Lourdes Arizpe, Botton, and Elena Urrutia;[12] and the Daniel Cosío Villegas Library, which is also one of the richest libraries in North America, with sources in many languages.Since 1991, El Colegio de México is the host institution of LEAD-Mexico (Leadership for Environment and Development), a program established by The Rockefeller Foundation to bring together and train mid-career leaders from all parts of the world in improving their leadership skills around the issues of sustainable development . Led primarily by renowned Colmex professor Boris Graizbord, Lead Mexico responds to calls for acting as consultant, advisor, and policy evaluator at federal and local level.[13]In 2021 a Centre for Gender Studies was inaugurated.[14]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glendon College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendon_College"},{"link_name":"Queen's University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston"},{"link_name":"Université du Québec à Montréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec_%C3%A0_Montr%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"University of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Université de Montréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"Tulane University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulane_University"},{"link_name":"American University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"},{"link_name":"State University of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_University_of_Texas_at_San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"Dongguk University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongguk_University"},{"link_name":"Hankuk University of Foreign Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankuk_University_of_Foreign_Studies"},{"link_name":"Seoul National University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_National_University"},{"link_name":"Busan University of Foreign Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busan_University_of_Foreign_Studies"},{"link_name":"University of Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Jadavpur University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadavpur_University"},{"link_name":"Jawaharlal Nehru University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_University"},{"link_name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Ritsumeikan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritsumeikan_University"},{"link_name":"Hitotsubashi University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitotsubashi_University"},{"link_name":"Tsukuba University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukuba_University"},{"link_name":"Keio University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keio_University"},{"link_name":"Waseda University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waseda_University"},{"link_name":"Institute of Developing Economies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Developing_Economies"},{"link_name":"Kyoto University of Foreign Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_University_of_Foreign_Studies"},{"link_name":"Tokio University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio_University"},{"link_name":"Humboldt University of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich"},{"link_name":"University of Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cologne"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg_University"},{"link_name":"University of Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Leipzig University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig_University"},{"link_name":"Free University of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_University_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"University of Bamberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bamberg"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Heine_University_D%C3%BCsseldorf"},{"link_name":"Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Social Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Foreign_and_International_Social_Law"},{"link_name":"Leiden University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden_University"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_Institute_of_International_and_Development_Studies"}],"text":"CanadaGlendon College\nQueen's University\nUniversité du Québec à Montréal\nUniversity of British Columbia\nUniversité de MontréalUnited StatesYale University\nTulane University\nAmerican University\nJohns Hopkins University\nState University of New York\nUniversity of Chicago\nThe University of Texas at San AntonioKoreaDongguk University\nHankuk University of Foreign Studies\nSeoul National University\nBusan University of Foreign StudiesIndiaUniversity of Delhi\nJadavpur University\nJawaharlal Nehru UniversityIsraelHebrew University of JerusalemJapanRitsumeikan University\nHitotsubashi University\nTsukuba University\nKeio University\nWaseda University\nInstitute of Developing Economies\nKyoto University of Foreign Studies\nTokio UniversityGermanyHumboldt University of Berlin\nLudwig Maximilian University of Munich\nUniversity of Cologne\nHeidelberg University\nUniversity of Hamburg\nLeipzig University\nFree University of Berlin\nUniversity of Bamberg\nHeinrich Heine University Düsseldorf\nMax Planck Institute for Foreign and International Social LawNetherlandsLeiden UniversityUnited KingdomUniversity College LondonSwitzerlandGraduate Institute of International and Development Studies","title":"Exchange and cooperation arrangements (2021)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-model-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-model-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-model-15"}],"text":"The Daniel Cosío Villegas Library is a public academic library situated in the center of El Colegio de México's campus, contains around 700,000 volumes, and comprises 30% of the total building real estate.[15] The library is composed of eighteen academic librarians, three IT professionals, and eighty clerical staff and paraprofessionals.[15] The library's curatorial efforts have transformed the collection into one of the most important Latin America collections in its areas of specialty and its staff has played an important role both for the campus and the national academic library practices by driving various initiatives such as the migration to online OPAC systems in the 90's, which spurred other institutions in Mexico to follow.[15]","title":"Daniel Cosío Villegas Library"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Academic staff of El Colegio de México","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_El_Colegio_de_M%C3%A9xico"},{"link_name":"Alfonso Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Reyes"},{"link_name":"Daniel Cosío Villegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Cos%C3%ADo_Villegas"},{"link_name":"Silvio Zavala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Zavala"},{"link_name":"Mario Ojeda Gómez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Ojeda_G%C3%B3mez"},{"link_name":"Raimundo Lida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raimundo_Lida"},{"link_name":"José Gaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gaos"},{"link_name":"Víctor Urquidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Urquidi"},{"link_name":"Luis González y González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Gonz%C3%A1lez_y_Gonz%C3%A1lez"},{"link_name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consejo_Nacional_de_Ciencia_y_Tecnolog%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Informe_de_Actividades_Colmex-16"},{"link_name":"Antonio Alatorre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Alatorre"},{"link_name":"Jesús Silva Herzog Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Silva_Herzog_Flores"},{"link_name":"Carlos Tello Macías","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Tello_Mac%C3%ADas"},{"link_name":"Manuel Camacho Solís","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Camacho_Sol%C3%ADs"},{"link_name":"Natividad González Parás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natividad_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Par%C3%A1s"},{"link_name":"Porfirio Muñoz Ledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfirio_Mu%C3%B1oz_Ledo"},{"link_name":"Bernardo Sepúlveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Sep%C3%BAlveda_Amor"},{"link_name":"José Ramón Cossío","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ram%C3%B3n_Coss%C3%ADo"},{"link_name":"Sergio Aguayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Aguayo"},{"link_name":"Josefina Zoraida Vázquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josefina_Zoraida_V%C3%A1zquez"},{"link_name":"Carlos Marichal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Marichal"},{"link_name":"Clara Lida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Lida"},{"link_name":"Carlos Urzúa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Manuel_Urz%C3%BAa_Mac%C3%ADas"},{"link_name":"Soledad Loaeza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Loaeza"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Peschard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Peschard"},{"link_name":"Brígida García Guzmán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%ADgida_Garc%C3%ADa_Guzm%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Fernando Escalante Gonzalbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Escalante_Gonzalbo"},{"link_name":"Jorge Alberto Lozoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Alberto_Lozoya"},{"link_name":"Gabriela Cano Ortega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriela_Cano_Ortega"},{"link_name":"Ruy Mauro Marini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_Mauro_Marini"},{"link_name":"José Luis Lezama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Lezama"},{"link_name":"Orlandina de Oliveira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlandina_de_Oliveira"},{"link_name":"Rodolfo Stavenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolfo_Stavenhagen"},{"link_name":"Pilar Gonzalbo Aizpuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilar_Gonzalbo_Aizpuru"},{"link_name":"Francisco Gil Villegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Gil_Villegas"},{"link_name":"Saurabh Dube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saurabh_Dube"},{"link_name":"Joseph Hodara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Hodara"},{"link_name":"Gustavo Garza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Garza_Villarreal"},{"link_name":"Robert Pastor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pastor"},{"link_name":"Mauricio de María y Campos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricio_de_Mar%C3%ADa_y_Campos"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Faculty and staff","text":"See also: Category:Academic staff of El Colegio de MéxicoProminent scholars and intellectuals have been among the faculty of the various centers, such as Alfonso Reyes, Daniel Cosío Villegas, Silvio Zavala, Mario Ojeda Gómez, Raimundo Lida, José Gaos, Víctor Urquidi, Luis González y González, Luis Unikel and Rafael Segovia Canosa.For 2020, from a total of 173 faculty and staff members, 91% were affiliated with the National System of Researchers (abbreviated as SNI, in Spanish) of the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (the National Council of Science and Technology of Mexico).[16]Among the best-known faculty of El Colegio de México are Lorenzo Meyer, Mauricio Merino, Antonio Alatorre; political leaders Jesús Silva Herzog Flores, Carlos Tello Macías, Manuel Camacho Solís, Natividad González Parás, Porfirio Muñoz Ledo, Bernardo Sepúlveda, José Ramón Cossío; scholars Sergio Aguayo, Josefina Zoraida Vázquez, Carlos Marichal, Clara Lida, Carlos Urzúa, Soledad Loaeza, Jacqueline Peschard, Brígida García Guzmán, Fernando Escalante Gonzalbo, Jorge Alberto Lozoya, Gabriela Cano Ortega, Ruy Mauro Marini, José Luis Lezama, Orlandina de Oliveira, Rodolfo Stavenhagen, Luis F. Aguilar Villanueva, Pilar Gonzalbo Aizpuru, Francisco Gil Villegas, Margit Frenk, Francisco Segovia, Saurabh Dube, Joseph Hodara, Gustavo Garza, Robert Pastor, Martha Schteingart; and diplomats such as Mauricio de María y Campos and Fernando de Mateo.[citation needed]","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:El Colegio de México alumni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:El_Colegio_de_M%C3%A9xico_alumni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colmex007.JPG"},{"link_name":"Marcelo Ebrard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_Ebrard"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Head of Government of Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_Government_of_Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Arturo Herrera Gutiérrez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Herrera_Guti%C3%A9rrez"},{"link_name":"Andrés Manuel López Obrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador"},{"link_name":"Graciela Márquez Colín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graciela_M%C3%A1rquez_Col%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_Economy"},{"link_name":"Andrés Manuel López Obrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador"},{"link_name":"Jaime Serra Puche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Serra_Puche"},{"link_name":"Carlos Salinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Salinas"},{"link_name":"Ernesto Zedillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Zedillo"},{"link_name":"Jesús Seade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Seade"},{"link_name":"NAFTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAFTA"},{"link_name":"Sócrates Rizzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3crates_Rizzo"},{"link_name":"Governor of Nuevo León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Marco Antonio Mena Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Antonio_Mena_Rodr%C3%ADguez"},{"link_name":"Tlaxcala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala"},{"link_name":"Enrique Alfaro Ramírez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Alfaro_Ram%C3%ADrez"},{"link_name":"Jalisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalisco"},{"link_name":"Patricia Espinosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Espinosa"},{"link_name":"United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Arturo Sarukhán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Sarukh%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Enrique Berruga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Berruga"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Claude Heller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Heller"},{"link_name":"Adolfo Aguilar Zínser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Aguilar_Z%C3%ADnser"},{"link_name":"UN Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"Rosario Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosario_Green"},{"link_name":"Zedillo administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Zedillo"},{"link_name":"Bruno Figueroa Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Figueroa_Fischer"},{"link_name":"Republic of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Korea"},{"link_name":"Enrique Krauze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Krauze"},{"link_name":"Andrés Reséndez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Res%C3%A9ndez"},{"link_name":"Javier Garciadiego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Garciadiego"},{"link_name":"El Colegio Nacional (Mexico)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Colegio_Nacional_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Academia Mexicana de la Historia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Mexicana_de_la_Historia"},{"link_name":"Julio Boltvinik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Boltvinik"},{"link_name":"Autonomous National University of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_National_University_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Pablo Soler Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Soler_Frost"},{"link_name":"Silvio Zavala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Zavala"},{"link_name":"Héctor Aguilar Camín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Aguilar_Cam%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Margarita Peña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarita_Pe%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Cemex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemex"},{"link_name":"Javier Trevino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Trevino"},{"link_name":"Gustavo Garza Villarreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Garza_Villarreal"},{"link_name":"Soledad Loaeza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Loaeza"},{"link_name":"Francisco Gil Villegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Gil_Villegas"},{"link_name":"Denise Dresser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denise_Dresser"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_president"},{"link_name":"Salisbury University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury_University"},{"link_name":"Salisbury, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Janet Dudley-Eshbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Dudley-Eshbach"},{"link_name":"Lauro Zavala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauro_Zavala"}],"sub_title":"Alumni","text":"See also: Category:El Colegio de México alumniAmong the people who have attended El Colegio de México are Mexican political leaders Marcelo Ebrard, Secretary of Foreign Affairs, former Head of Government of Mexico City; economist Arturo Herrera Gutiérrez cabinet member under the Andrés Manuel López Obrador administration; economist Graciela Márquez Colín former Secretary of Economy, under the Andrés Manuel López Obrador administration; economist Jaime Serra Puche, cabinet member under the Carlos Salinas and Ernesto Zedillo administrations; Jesús Seade Andrés Manuel López Obrador's representative in the renegotiation of NAFTA; Sócrates Rizzo, former Governor of Nuevo León, Marco Antonio Mena Rodríguez Governor of Tlaxcala and Enrique Alfaro Ramírez Governor of Jalisco.Diplomats: Patricia Espinosa, executive director of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, former Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Arturo Sarukhán, former Mexican ambassador to the United States, Enrique Berruga, former Permanent Representative of Mexico to the United Nations; Claude Heller, ambassador of Mexico to the UN, Adolfo Aguilar Zínser, former ambassador of Mexico to the UN Security Council, senator Rosario Green, Secretary of Foreign Affairs during the Zedillo administration, Bruno Figueroa Fischer Ambassador or Mexico to the Republic of Korea.Intellectuals and academics: historians Enrique Krauze, Andrés Reséndez; and Javier Garciadiego member of El Colegio Nacional (Mexico) and director of Academia Mexicana de la Historia; sociologist Julio Boltvinik and Pablo González Casanova rector at Autonomous National University of Mexico; writers such as Pablo Soler Frost, Silvio Zavala, Héctor Aguilar Camín, and Margarita Peña; Secretary of State of the Mexican State of Nuevo León and former Senior Vice President of Cemex Javier Trevino; economists Gustavo Garza Villarreal; political scientists Soledad Loaeza and Francisco Gil Villegas; political analyst and writer Denise Dresser; current president of Salisbury University in Salisbury, Maryland, Janet Dudley-Eshbach; and narratologist Lauro Zavala.","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asia and Colonial Latin America: XXX International Congress of Human Sciences in Asia and North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=GkBrAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9681201140","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9681201140"}],"text":"de la Torre Villar, Ernesto (1981). de la Torre Villar, Ernesto (ed.). Asia and Colonial Latin America: XXX International Congress of Human Sciences in Asia and North Africa. Contributors Ernesto de la Torre Villar, El Colegio de México (illustrated ed.). El Colegio de México. ISBN 9681201140. Retrieved 24 April 2014.","title":"Publications"}]	[{"image_text":"The college at night.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Colmex008.JPG/300px-Colmex008.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Colmex007.JPG/300px-Colmex007.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"SHCP El Colegio de México, Portal de transparencia\" (PDF). IFAI. Retrieved July 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.apartados.hacienda.gob.mx/presupuesto/temas/pef/2012/temas/tomos/11/r11_l8k_feie.pdf","url_text":"\"SHCP El Colegio de México, Portal de transparencia\""}]},{"reference":"\"El Colegio de México, Informe de actividades 2016\" (PDF). COLMEX. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 5, 2018. 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Retrieved 2012-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/635058.html","url_text":"\"Crece matrícula de universidades: SEP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Informe académico 2011\" (PDF). El Colegio de México. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-19. Retrieved 2012-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130919150904/http://colmex.mx/PDFs/informeAcademico2011.pdf","url_text":"\"Informe académico 2011\""},{"url":"http://www.colmex.mx/PDFs/informeAcademico2011.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bermejo Mora, Edgardo (26 October 2019). \"Flora Botton y China\" [Flora Botton and China]. La Crónica de Hoy (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cronica.com.mx/notas-flora_botton_y_china-1135549-2019.html","url_text":"\"Flora Botton y China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Cr%C3%B3nica_de_Hoy","url_text":"La Crónica de Hoy"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220325203918/https://www.cronica.com.mx/notas-flora_botton_y_china-1135549-2019.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cornejo, Romer (2012). \"Introducción\". In Cornejo, Romer (ed.). China: estudios y ensayos en honor de Flora Botton Beja [China: Studies and Essays in Honor of Flora Botton Beja] (in Spanish) (Primeraición ed.). Mexico City, Mexico: El Colegio de México. pp. i–xi. 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Retrieved 11 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jornada.com.mx/notas/2021/03/11/politica/reconoce-el-colmex-a-tres-pioneras-de-los-estudios-de-genero/","url_text":"\"Reconoce el Colmex a tres pioneras de los estudios de género\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Jornada","url_text":"La Jornada"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210311205652/https://www.jornada.com.mx/notas/2021/03/11/politica/reconoce-el-colmex-a-tres-pioneras-de-los-estudios-de-genero/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lead-Mexico\" (PDF). Lead Mexico. Retrieved 2012-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lead.colmex.mx/docs/PROGRAMA%20LEAD_informacion%20pag%20web040609.pdf","url_text":"\"Lead-Mexico\""}]},{"reference":"\"El Colmex hará realidad su Centro de Estudios de Género\". El Economista. June 8, 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyca_Productions	Lyca Productions	["1 History","2 Produced films","3 Distributed films","4 Lyca Music","5 See also","6 References"]	Indian film studio founded in 2014 "Lyca" redirects here. For the song, see Swarmz. Lyca ProductionsCompany typePrivateIndustryEntertainmentFounded2014; 10 years ago (2014) in Chennai, IndiaFounderSubaskaran AllirajahHeadquartersChennai, IndiaKey peopleG.K.M. Tamil KumaranProductsFilmsParentLycamobileWebsitelycaproductions.in Lyca Productions is an Indian entertainment company, which was established by Subaskaran Allirajah in 2014. A subgroup of Lycamobile, (Part of Lyca Family) the production studio has been involved in the production and distribution of Tamil films, Hindi films,Telugu films and Malayalam films made in India. It has produced some of Tamil cinema's biggest budget films, such as 2.0 (2018), Ponniyin Selvan: I (2022) and Ponniyin Selvan: II (2023) History Pirivom Santhippom (2008) was the first film produced by A. Subhaskaran under Gnanam films. Lyca Productions chose to collaborate with Ayngaran International to produce and signed on AR Murugadoss and Vijay to be a part of their debut project. A social drama tackling the issue of farmers committing suicide due to corporate encroachment, Kaththi was shot throughout early 2014 with Samantha and Neil Nitin Mukesh signed on for other pivotal roles. As the film announced its release plans, several pro-Tamil pressure groups demanded all references to Lyca Productions to be removed from the title and other publicity material. The groups felt it was unacceptable that a business house, allegedly reported to be connected to Mahinda Rajapaksa, would be allowed to produce a Tamil movie in Tamil Nadu when the Tamil Nadu Assembly, citing human rights violations during the civil war in the island nation, had already passed a resolution seeking severance of business ties with Sri Lanka. Unable to reach a compromise with the pressure groups, and fearing a boycott and violence, Lyca Productions chose to remove its name from the copies released in India. Kaththi consequently managed to release in October 2014 to positive reviews, with Rediff.com stating that the film "entertains with a message", while Sify.com similarly stated that it was a "well made entertainer with a powerful message". The film became a very profitable venture at the box office for Lyca Productions, grossing over 100 crore rupees within two weeks of release. In late 2015, Lyca Productions agreed a deal with Dhanush for the worldwide distribution rights of two of his productions, Naanum Rowdydhaan (2015) and Visaranai (2016). The movie was also met with protests, though Naanum Rowdydhaan released without any problems and also became a profitable venture for the studio. Also throughout 2015, Lyca Productions worked on the pre-production of 2.0, a sequel to Shankar's earlier Enthiran (2010), and signed on Rajinikanth and Amy Jackson to feature in key roles. Believed to be the most expensive Indian production of all time, the team also negotiated for several months with Arnold Schwarzenegger for a role in the film, but eventually did not sign him. The studio also launched another film titled Enakku Innoru Per Irukku with G. V. Prakash Kumar in the lead role during December 2015. Produced films Key † Denotes films that have not yet been released List of Lyca productions Year Title Language Director Cast Synopsis Ref. 2014 Kaththi Tamil AR Murugadoss Vijay, Samantha, Neil Nitin Mukesh Two look-a-likes eventually come together to tackle the burning issues of farmers committing suicide due to corporate encroachment. 2016 Enakku Innoru Per Irukku Tamil Sam Anton G. V. Prakash Kumar, Anandhi, Saravanan A simpleton is mistakenly earmarked as the successor of an ageing notorious don after falling in love with the don's daughter. 2017 Khaidi No. 150 Telugu V. V. Vinayak Chiranjeevi, Kajal Aggarwal, Tarun Arora Two look-a-likes eventually come together to tackle the burning issues of farmers committing suicide due to corporate encroachment. Yaman Tamil Jeeva Shankar Vijay Antony, Miya, Thiagarajan A young man enters politics to fight corruption and avenge the murder of his father. Ippadai Vellum Tamil Gaurav Narayanan Udhayanidhi Stalin, Manjima Mohan, Daniel Balaji Two innocent men are mistaken for members of a terrorist organisation. 2018 Diya Tamil A. L. Vijay Sai Pallavi, Naga Shourya, RJ Balaji After an abortion, a woman's life takes an unexpected turn when she is visited by the foetus, who is now grown up and is visible to her. Kolamavu Kokila Tamil Nelson Dilipkumar Nayanthara, Yogi Babu, Saranya A young woman gets involved with a drug smuggling gang to pay for her mother's cancer treatment. Chekka Chivantha Vaanam Tamil Mani Ratnam Arvind Swami, STR, Vijay Sethupathi, Arun Vijay A family of gangsters go through a power struggle as they attempt to find the assassin who targeted their father. Vada Chennai Tamil Vetrimaaran Dhanush, Andrea Jeremiah, Aishwarya Rajesh Set in North Chennai, a young man is drawn into a gang war. 2.0 Tamil S. Shankar Rajinikanth, Akshay Kumar, Amy Jackson Scientists help the government investigate a threat beyond understanding. 2019 Vantha Rajavathaan Varuven Tamil Sundar C STR, Megha Akash, Catherine Tresa The heir of a billionaire tries to unite his estranged aunt with his family again. Kaappaan Tamil K.V. Anand Suriya, Mohanlal, Arya, Sayyeshaa An SPG Commander cum organic farmer tries to save the nation from an evil businessman 2020 Darbar Tamil AR Murugadoss Rajinikanth, Nayanthara, Sunil Shetty A daredevil cop is on a rampage to eliminate a drug syndicate in Mumbai Mafia: Chapter 1 Tamil Karthick Naren Arun Vijay, Priya Bhavani Shankar, Prasanna An NCB Officer and his batch mates, bring down a drug lord who is also a successful entrepreneur. 2022 Don Tamil Cibi Chakaravarthi Sivakarthikeyan, S. J. Suryah, Priyanka Arul Mohan A reluctant engineering student repeatedly clashing with the college discipline mentor, while still trying to discover his passion in life and prove his eligibility to his father. Panni Kutty Tamil Anucharan Murugaiyan Yogi Babu, Karunakaran Good Luck Jerry Hindi Sidharth Sengupta Janhvi Kapoor A young woman gets involved with a drug smuggling gang to pay for her mother's cancer treatment. Ponniyin Selvan: I Tamil Mani Ratnam Vikram, Karthi, Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Jayam Ravi, Trisha, Jayaram, Aishwarya Lekshmi, Sobhita Dhulipala, Vikram Prabhu Set in the 10th century, it tells the story of early life of chola emperor Arunmozhi Varman. Ram Setu Hindi Abhishek Sharma Akshay Kumar Aryan Kulshrestha, an Atheist Archaeologist, sets out on a journey to unveil and prove the mysterious secrets of Ram Setu, a man-made structure built by Lord Rama Pattathu Arasan Tamil A. Sarkunam Atharvaa, Rajkiran Naai Sekar Returns Tamil Suraj Vadivelu Raangi Tamil M. Saravanan Trisha, Anaswara Rajan A brave journalist, tries to solve an issue of a minor girl, but eventually trapped into an international issue. 2023 Thiruvin Kural Tamil Harish Prabhu Arulnithi, Bharathiraja, Aathmika Ponniyin Selvan: II Tamil Mani Ratnam Vikram, Karthi, Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Jayam Ravi, Trisha, Jayaram, Aishwarya Lekshmi, Sobhita Dhulipala, Vikram Prabhu Set in the 10th century, it tells the story of early life of chola emperor Arunmozhi Varman. Theera Kaadhal Tamil Rohin Venkatesan Jai, Aishwarya Rajesh, Sshivada A mild mannered man's life turns upside town, when he meets a woman from his past. Chandramukhi 2 Tamil P.Vasu Raghava Lawrence, Kangana Ranaut, Vadivelu A family tries to install a god's temple, but their plans are thwarted by a woman's spirit. 2024 Mission: Chapter 1 Tamil A. L. Vijay Arun Vijay, Amy Jackson, Nimisha Sajayan Lal Salaam Tamil Aishwarya Rajinikanth Rajinikanth Vishnu Vishal Vikranth Indian 2† Tamil S Shankar Kamal Hassan , Siddharth SJ Surya , Kajal Aggarval Post Production Vidaa Muyarchi† Tamil Magizh Thirumeni Ajith Kumar , Arjun ,Trisha Krishnan , Regina Cassandra, Aarav Filming L2: Empuraan† Malayalam Prithviraj Sukumaran Mohanlal Vettaiyan† Tamil TJ Gnanavel Rajinikanth Distributed films In addition to the films produced by Lyca Productions since 2014, the following filmsfrom other banners were distributed by the company: † Denotes films that have not yet been released Year Title Language Director Cast Synopsis Ref. 2015 Naanum Rowdy Dhaan Tamil Vignesh Shivan Vijay Sethupathi, Nayanthara, RJ Balaji and Radhika Sarathkumar Pandiyan, a policeman's son, falls in love with Kadhambari, a girl with hearing impairment. She agrees to have a relationship with him only if he helps her kill a gangster who murdered her parents. 2016 Visaranai Vetrimaaran Dinesh, Samuthirakani, Anandhi and Aadukalam Murugadoss Four labourers are tortured by the police to confess to a theft they have not committed. Just when they feel relieved after being saved by an honest policeman, they find that the worst is yet to come. Vetrivel Vasantha Mani Sasikumar, Miya, Prabhu and Nikhila Vimal In a bid to help his younger brother unite with the girl he loves, Vetrivel and his friends decide to kidnap her. Things take an ugly turn when their plan goes wrong and results in messy situations. 2017 Spyder A. R. Murugadoss Mahesh Babu, Rakul Preet Singh and S. J. Surya Shiva, an intelligence officer, develops a phone software that helps him track those in need of help. He sets out to save the people of Hyderabad when he realises that a serial killer is on the loose. 2018 Kaala Pa. Ranjith Rajinikanth, Nana Patekar, Eswari Rao, Samuthirakani and Huma Qureshi Karikaalan consistently fights to keep the people of Dharavi, a slum in Mumbai, safe from the clutches of mighty politicians and the land mafia don, Hari Dhadha. Irumbu Thirai P. S. Mithran Vishal, Arjun and Samantha Ruth Prabhu A military officer borrows money from a bank using fake papers for his sister's marriage. However, when the money goes missing from his account, he begins an investigation that leads him to a hacker. Sandakozhi 2 N. Linguswamy Vishal, Keerthy Suresh, Rajkiran and Varalaxmi Sarathkumar Balu returns from New York and sets out to protect his family from an evil-minded man. Complications further arise as he falls in love with a woman, who reminds him of his ex-lover. 2021 Pushpa: The Rise Tamil dubbed Sukumar Allu Arjun, Rashmika Mandanna, Fahadh Faasil, Jagadeesh Prathap Bandari, Rao Ramesh and Anasuya Bharadwaj Violence erupts between red sandalwood smugglers and the police charged with bringing down their organisation in the Seshachalam Hills of Andhra Pradesh state. 2022 RRR S. S. Rajamouli N. T. Rama Rao Jr., Ram Charan, Ajay Devgn, Alia Bhatt, Shriya Saran, Olivia Morris, Samuthirakani, Alison Doody and Ray Stevenson A tale of two legendary revolutionaries and their journey far away from home. After their journey they return home to start fighting back against British colonialists in the 1920s. Sita Ramam Hanu Raghavapudi Dulquer Salmaan, Mrunal Thakur, Rashmika Mandanna and Sumanth To not get rusticated A rebellious student leaves to India to fulfill her dead grandfather's wish, to deliver a letter the visit leads her to a love story between an orphan Indian Army soldier and a woman unbeknownst to him a rich heiress in the 60s. Will she deliver the letter to her? Baba (Re-release) Tamil Suresh Krissna Rajinikanth, Manisha Koirala and Goundamani The film's story is about a carefree young non-believer of supreme power, Baba, who is a reincarnation of a great saint from the Himalayas. 2023 Thunivu H. Vinoth Ajith Kumar Radha, a dreaded gangster, and his men plot to rob "Your Bank", one of the biggest privately-owned bank in Chennai, only to realise that another gang led a by mysterious person, nicknamed Dark Devil, has already hijacked the bank. The police, led by DGP Dayalan, is trying to figure out a way to capture Dark Devil, only to realize that his motive is to actually expose the privately-owned banks involved in financial fraud. Merry Christmas Tamil Sriram Raghavan Katrina Kaif and Vijay Sethupathi 2024 Captain Miller Tamil Arun Matheswaran Dhanush, Priyanka Mohan, Shivarajkumar Lyca Music Year Title Language Music Director 2016 Enakku Innoru Per Irukku Tamil G. V. Prakash Kumar 2018 Yaman Vijay Antony Ippadai Vellum D. Imman Diya Sam C. S. 2.0 A. R. Rahman See also Tamil Cinema Lycamobile Lyca Kovai Kings References ^ "AR Murugadoss – Vijay – Superstars plan for the future – Top 10 News". ^ "Sword hangs over Kaththi". The Hindu. 21 October 2014. ^ "Vijay: All issues over release of Kaththi resolved – Rediff.com Movies". ^ "Review: Kaththi entertains with a message". ^ "Review : (2014)". Sify. Archived from the original on 3 March 2015. ^ "'Kaththi' crosses Rs.100 crore mark". The Hindu. 3 November 2014. ^ "'Kaththi' mints Rs.15.4 crore on release day". The Hindu. 23 October 2014. ^ "Lyca Productions' new film in trouble". The Hindu. 22 October 2015. ^ "Lyca Productions making a comeback". The Hindu. 6 September 2015. ^ "Deep in the no-returns market". The Hindu. 10 December 2015. ^ "GV Prakash and Sam Anton's next titled as Enakku Innoru Peru Irukku". 14 December 2015. ^ "Kaththi review: Beneath the flab, some solid masala moments". The Hindu. 22 October 2014. ^ Rangan, Baradwaj (17 June 2016). "Enakku Innoru Per Irukku: A new don". The Hindu – via www.thehindu.com. ^ Dundoo, Sangeetha Devi (11 January 2017). "Khaidi No.150: Chiranjeevi returns in style". The Hindu – via www.thehindu.com. ^ Menon, Vishal (25 February 2017). "Yaman review: Yaman of the moment". The Hindu – via www.thehindu.com. ^ "Ippadai Vellum Review {2.5/5}: Gaurav manages to balance the seriousness of the plot with the comedy that arises out of mistaken identity", The Times of India, retrieved 24 October 2019 ^ Menon, Vishal (28 April 2018). "Nothing but ordinary". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 26 March 2020. ^ Menon, Vishal (17 August 2018). "'Kolamavu Kokila' review: a quirky, ridiculous and fun film". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 26 March 2020. ^ Ramanujam, Srinivasa (27 September 2018). "Chekka Chivantha Vaanam review: Guns, greed and glory". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 26 March 2020. ^ S, Srivatsan (17 October 2018). "'Vada Chennai' review: a masterful tale of power and deceit". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 26 March 2020. ^ Ramanujam, Srinivasa (29 November 2018). "'2.0' review: Grandeur on the big screen". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 26 March 2020. ^ "STR-starrer Vandha Rajavathan Varuven earns Rs 8 cr in Tamil Nadu; F2 makes Rs 75 cr worldwide". Firstpost. 6 February 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2020. ^ "Suriya's Kaappaan gets new release date". The Indian Express. 5 August 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2020. ^ "'Darbar' pre-release business: Rajinikanth starrer crosses 200 crore mark?". The Times of India. Retrieved 14 January 2020. ^ "Arun Vijay and Karthick Naren's Mafia kicks off today". The Times of India. Retrieved 14 January 2020. ^ "Sivakarthikeyan's next is 'DON' with debutante director Cibi Chakaravarthi". The Times of India. ^ "Panni Kutty – Lyca Productions". Retrieved 18 August 2022. ^ "First look of Good Luck Jerry starring Janhvi Kapoor unveiled, film goes on floors today in Punjab". Bollywood Hungama. 11 January 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021. ^ Cr, Sharanya. "Mani Ratnam's 'Ponniyin Selvan' starts rolling in Thailand". The Times of India. Retrieved 14 January 2020. ^ Balachandran, Logesh. "Arulnithi stars in emotional drama with Bharathirajaa". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 5 April 2023. ^ https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prithivaraj-sukumaran-launches-lucifer-sequel-starring-mohanlal-film-to-start-shooting-from-october-5-2442784-2023-09-30 ^ https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/oct/06/mohanlal-prithviraj-film-empuraan-starts-rolling-2621183.html ^ "Naanum Rowdy Dhaan: A thoroughly entertaining black comedy". The Hindu. 22 October 2015. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 22 October 2015. ^ "'Visaranai' falls out of the Oscar race". Times of India. 16 December 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016. ^ "Review : Vetrivel Review: Watchable". Sify. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2017. ^ Srivatsan (1 August 2017). "Spyder movie review: Mahesh Babu's film is engaging in parts". India Today. Retrieved 18 December 2019. ^ "It's Kaala time at last!". Deccan Chronicle. 7 June 2018. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2018. ^ "Vishal-Samantha's 'Irumbu Thirai' to release on May 11". The Times of India. ^ "Sandakozhi 2 – getting ready for another fight ..." www.behindwoods.com. ^ "Lyca Productions Grabs Tamil Nadu Theatrical Rights of Allu Arjun's Pushpa: The Rise". News18. 18 November 2021. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2021. ^ "BREAKING: Ram Charan and Jr NTR starrer RRR to release in theatres on March 25". Bollywood Hungama. 31 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022. ^ "Theatrical distribution rights of SS Rajamouli's RRR acquired by Lyca Productions". The Indian Express. 17 February 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2021. ^ "Superstar Rajinikanth's Baba to be re-released in theatres. Deets inside". ^ "Rajinikanth-Suresh Krissna's Baba to hit theatres once again". Cinema Express.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swarmz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarmz"},{"link_name":"Subaskaran Allirajah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaskaran_Allirajah"},{"link_name":"Lycamobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycamobile"},{"link_name":"Tamil films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_cinema"},{"link_name":"Hindi films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_films"},{"link_name":"Telugu films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_films"},{"link_name":"Malayalam films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_films"},{"link_name":"2.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2.0_(film)"},{"link_name":"Ponniyin Selvan: I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponniyin_Selvan:_I"},{"link_name":"Ponniyin Selvan: II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponniyin_Selvan:_II"}],"text":"\"Lyca\" redirects here. For the song, see Swarmz.Lyca Productions is an Indian entertainment company, which was established by Subaskaran Allirajah in 2014. A subgroup of Lycamobile, (Part of Lyca Family) the production studio has been involved in the production and distribution of Tamil films, Hindi films,Telugu films and Malayalam films made in India. It has produced some of Tamil cinema's biggest budget films, such as 2.0 (2018), Ponniyin Selvan: I (2022) and Ponniyin Selvan: II (2023)","title":"Lyca Productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pirivom Santhippom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirivom_Santhippom"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ayngaran International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayngaran_International"},{"link_name":"AR Murugadoss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AR_Murugadoss"},{"link_name":"Vijay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"farmers committing suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmers%27_suicides_in_India"},{"link_name":"Kaththi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaththi"},{"link_name":"Samantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Ruth_Prabhu"},{"link_name":"Neil Nitin Mukesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Nitin_Mukesh"},{"link_name":"Mahinda Rajapaksa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahinda_Rajapaksa"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Dhanush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanush"},{"link_name":"Naanum Rowdydhaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naanum_Rowdydhaan"},{"link_name":"Visaranai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visaranai"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2.0_(film)"},{"link_name":"Shankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Shankar"},{"link_name":"Enthiran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthiran"},{"link_name":"Rajinikanth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajinikanth"},{"link_name":"Amy Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Arnold Schwarzenegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ent2-10"},{"link_name":"Enakku Innoru Per Irukku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enakku_Innoru_Per_Irukku"},{"link_name":"G. V. Prakash Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._V._Prakash_Kumar"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eipi-11"}],"text":"Pirivom Santhippom (2008) was the first film produced by A. Subhaskaran under Gnanam films.[citation needed] Lyca Productions chose to collaborate with Ayngaran International to produce and signed on AR Murugadoss and Vijay to be a part of their debut project.[1] A social drama tackling the issue of farmers committing suicide due to corporate encroachment, Kaththi was shot throughout early 2014 with Samantha and Neil Nitin Mukesh signed on for other pivotal roles. As the film announced its release plans, several pro-Tamil pressure groups demanded all references to Lyca Productions to be removed from the title and other publicity material. The groups felt it was unacceptable that a business house, allegedly reported to be connected to Mahinda Rajapaksa, would be allowed to produce a Tamil movie in Tamil Nadu when the Tamil Nadu Assembly, citing human rights violations during the civil war in the island nation, had already passed a resolution seeking severance of business ties with Sri Lanka.[2] Unable to reach a compromise with the pressure groups, and fearing a boycott and violence, Lyca Productions chose to remove its name from the copies released in India.[3] Kaththi consequently managed to release in October 2014 to positive reviews, with Rediff.com stating that the film \"entertains with a message\", while Sify.com similarly stated that it was a \"well made entertainer with a powerful message\".[4][5] The film became a very profitable venture at the box office for Lyca Productions, grossing over 100 crore rupees within two weeks of release.[6][7]In late 2015, Lyca Productions agreed a deal with Dhanush for the worldwide distribution rights of two of his productions, Naanum Rowdydhaan (2015) and Visaranai (2016). The movie was also met with protests, though Naanum Rowdydhaan released without any problems and also became a profitable venture for the studio.[8][9] Also throughout 2015, Lyca Productions worked on the pre-production of 2.0, a sequel to Shankar's earlier Enthiran (2010), and signed on Rajinikanth and Amy Jackson to feature in key roles. Believed to be the most expensive Indian production of all time, the team also negotiated for several months with Arnold Schwarzenegger for a role in the film, but eventually did not sign him.[10] The studio also launched another film titled Enakku Innoru Per Irukku with G. V. Prakash Kumar in the lead role during December 2015.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Produced films"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In addition to the films produced by Lyca Productions since 2014, the following filmsfrom other banners were distributed by the company:","title":"Distributed films"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Lyca Music"}]	[]	[{"title":"Tamil Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Cinema"},{"title":"Lycamobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycamobile"},{"title":"Lyca Kovai Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyca_Kovai_Kings"}]	[{"reference":"\"AR Murugadoss – Vijay – Superstars plan for the future – Top 10 News\".","urls":[{"url":"http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/superstars-plan-for-the-future-top-10-news/ar-murugadoss-vijay.html","url_text":"\"AR Murugadoss – Vijay – Superstars plan for the future – Top 10 News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sword hangs over Kaththi\". The Hindu. 21 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-society/sword-hangs-over-kaththi/article6520427.ece","url_text":"\"Sword hangs over Kaththi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vijay: All issues over release of Kaththi resolved – Rediff.com Movies\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/vijay-all-issues-over-release-of-kaththi-resolved/20141021.htm","url_text":"\"Vijay: All issues over release of Kaththi resolved – Rediff.com Movies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Review: Kaththi entertains with a message\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-kaththi-entertains-with-a-message/20141022.htm","url_text":"\"Review: Kaththi entertains with a message\""}]},{"reference":"\"Review : (2014)\". Sify. Archived from the original on 3 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150303203935/http://www.sify.com/movies/kaththi-review-tamil-pcmbz6hbbiced.html","url_text":"\"Review : (2014)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sify","url_text":"Sify"},{"url":"http://www.sify.com/movies/kaththi-review-tamil-pcmbz6hbbiced.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Kaththi' crosses Rs.100 crore mark\". The Hindu. 3 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/kaththi-crosses-rs100-crore-mark/article6560165.ece","url_text":"\"'Kaththi' crosses Rs.100 crore mark\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Kaththi' mints Rs.15.4 crore on release day\". The Hindu. 23 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/kaththi-mints-rs154-crore-on-release-day/article6528124.ece","url_text":"\"'Kaththi' mints Rs.15.4 crore on release day\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lyca Productions' new film in trouble\". The Hindu. 22 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/lyca-productions-new-film-in-trouble/article7791435.ece","url_text":"\"Lyca Productions' new film in trouble\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lyca Productions making a comeback\". The Hindu. 6 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/lyca-productions-making-a-comeback/article7621552.ece","url_text":"\"Lyca Productions making a comeback\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deep in the no-returns market\". The Hindu. 10 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/deep-in-the-no-returns-market/article7970833.ece","url_text":"\"Deep in the no-returns market\""}]},{"reference":"\"GV Prakash and Sam Anton's next titled as Enakku Innoru Peru Irukku\". 14 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/gv-prakash-and-sam-antons-next-titled-as-enakku-innoru-peru-irukku.html","url_text":"\"GV Prakash and Sam Anton's next titled as Enakku Innoru Peru Irukku\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kaththi review: Beneath the flab, some solid masala moments\". The Hindu. 22 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/kaththi-review-beneath-the-flab-some-solidmasalamoments/article6527130.ece","url_text":"\"Kaththi review: Beneath the flab, some solid masala moments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"}]},{"reference":"Rangan, Baradwaj (17 June 2016). \"Enakku Innoru Per Irukku: A new don\". The Hindu – via www.thehindu.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Enakku-Innoru-Per-Irukku-A-new-don/article14428091.ece","url_text":"\"Enakku Innoru Per Irukku: A new don\""}]},{"reference":"Dundoo, Sangeetha Devi (11 January 2017). \"Khaidi No.150: Chiranjeevi returns in style\". The Hindu – via www.thehindu.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Khaidi-No.150-Chiranjeevi-returns-in-style/article17022568.ece","url_text":"\"Khaidi No.150: Chiranjeevi returns in style\""}]},{"reference":"Menon, Vishal (25 February 2017). \"Yaman review: Yaman of the moment\". The Hindu – via www.thehindu.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/yaman-of-the-moment/article17363762.ece","url_text":"\"Yaman review: Yaman of the moment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ippadai Vellum Review {2.5/5}: Gaurav manages to balance the seriousness of the plot with the comedy that arises out of mistaken identity\", The Times of India, retrieved 24 October 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/ippadai-vellum/movie-review/61577728.cms","url_text":"\"Ippadai Vellum Review {2.5/5}: Gaurav manages to balance the seriousness of the plot with the comedy that arises out of mistaken identity\""}]},{"reference":"Menon, Vishal (28 April 2018). \"Nothing but ordinary\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 26 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/nothing-but-ordinary/article23704715.ece","url_text":"\"Nothing but ordinary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]},{"reference":"Menon, Vishal (17 August 2018). \"'Kolamavu Kokila' review: a quirky, ridiculous and fun film\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 26 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kolamavu-kokila-review-a-quirky-ridiculous-and-fun-film/article24717280.ece","url_text":"\"'Kolamavu Kokila' review: a quirky, ridiculous and fun film\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]},{"reference":"Ramanujam, Srinivasa (27 September 2018). \"Chekka Chivantha Vaanam review: Guns, greed and glory\". The Hindu. 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trouble\""},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/lyca-productions-making-a-comeback/article7621552.ece","external_links_name":"\"Lyca Productions making a comeback\""},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/deep-in-the-no-returns-market/article7970833.ece","external_links_name":"\"Deep in the no-returns market\""},{"Link":"http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/gv-prakash-and-sam-antons-next-titled-as-enakku-innoru-peru-irukku.html","external_links_name":"\"GV Prakash and Sam Anton's next titled as Enakku Innoru Peru Irukku\""},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/kaththi-review-beneath-the-flab-some-solidmasalamoments/article6527130.ece","external_links_name":"\"Kaththi review: Beneath the flab, some solid masala moments\""},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Enakku-Innoru-Per-Irukku-A-new-don/article14428091.ece","external_links_name":"\"Enakku Innoru Per Irukku: A new 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date\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/darbar-pre-release-business-rajinikanth-starrer-crosses-200-crore-mark/articleshow/73133998.cms","external_links_name":"\"'Darbar' pre-release business: Rajinikanth starrer crosses 200 crore mark?\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arun-vijay-and-karthick-narens-mafia-kicks-off-today/articleshow/70104881.cms","external_links_name":"\"Arun Vijay and Karthick Naren's Mafia kicks off today\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyans-next-is-don-with-debutante-director-cibi-chakaravarthi/articleshow/80475122.cms","external_links_name":"\"Sivakarthikeyan's next is 'DON' with debutante director Cibi Chakaravarthi\""},{"Link":"https://lycaproductions.in/movie/pannikutty/","external_links_name":"\"Panni Kutty – Lyca 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Rise\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211124140054/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/lyca-productions-grabs-tamil-nadu-theatrical-rights-of-allu-arjuns-pushpa-the-rise-4458074.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-ram-charan-jr-ntr-starrer-rrr-release-theatres-march-25/","external_links_name":"\"BREAKING: Ram Charan and Jr NTR starrer RRR to release in theatres on March 25\""},{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/lyca-productions-acquires-theatrical-distribution-rights-of-rrr-for-tamil-nadu-7192586/","external_links_name":"\"Theatrical distribution rights of SS Rajamouli's RRR acquired by Lyca Productions\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/superstar-rajinikanths-baba-to-be-re-released-in-theatres-deets-inside-2300063-2022-11-21","external_links_name":"\"Superstar Rajinikanth's Baba to be re-released in theatres. Deets inside\""},{"Link":"https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/nov/21/rajinikanth-suresh-krissnas-baba-to-hit-theatres-once-again-36843.html","external_links_name":"\"Rajinikanth-Suresh Krissna's Baba to hit theatres once again\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(I%27m_Not_Your)_Stepping_Stone	(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone	["1 Monkees version","2 Other versions","3 References"]	Song written by Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart "I'm Not Your Steppin' Stone" redirects here. For the manga, see I'm Not Your Steppin' Stone: Shameless. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) "(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone"Song by Paul Revere & the Raidersfrom the album Midnight Ride GenreRockSongwriter(s)Tommy Boyce and Bobby HartProducer(s)Terry Melcher "(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone" is a rock song written by Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart. It was first recorded by the English band the Liverpool Five in early 1966 but remained unreleased before summer of that same year. In the meantime, the American band Paul Revere & the Raiders recorded the song which appeared on their album Midnight Ride, released in May 1966. The song is simple musically, with a repeating verse chord progression of E major, G major, A major, and C major, and a repeating bridge in cut time of E major, G major, A major, and G major. Monkees version "(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone"US picture sleeve (reverse)Single by the Monkeesfrom the album More of the Monkees A-side"I'm a Believer"Released12 November 1966Recorded26 July 1966Western Recorders Studio #1Hollywood, CAGenreGarage rockproto-punkLength2:23LabelColgemsSongwriter(s) Tommy Boyce Bobby Hart Producer(s) Tommy Boyce Bobby Hart The Monkees singles chronology "Last Train to Clarksville" (1966) "(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone" (1966) "A Little Bit Me, a Little Bit You" (1967) "(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone" is best known as a hit for the Monkees. Released in November 1966, the song became the first Monkees B-side to chart, reaching #20 on the Billboard Hot 100. Musicians featured on the recording are Micky Dolenz (lead vocal), Tommy Boyce (backing vocal), Wayne Erwin and Gerry McGee (rhythm guitar), Louis Shelton (lead guitar), Bobby Hart (Vox Continental organ), Larry Taylor (bass), Billy Lewis (drums) and Henry Lewy (percussion). The single, stereo album, and mono album versions contain several differences. In the stereo version, the track's title is sung just before the second verse, whereas on the single and mono album versions, this segment is left instrumental. The stereo version has an edit in the fadeout , but the mono album version does not have this edit and therefore has a longer coda. The single also does not have the edit, but it fades out earlier than does the mono album. All Monkees hits compilations through the mid-1980s used the stereo version, and afterward typically used the single version. The Monkees' version is featured in the "romp" segments of several episodes of the group's television series. It has also been heard in episodes of shows such as The Queen's Gambit and Zoo. Other versions The song has been covered by many artists. Among the more notable is Modern Rocketry's version in 1983, which reached number 7 on the U.S. Hot Dance/Disco chart, and PJ & Duncan's version in 1996, which reached number 11 on the UK Singles Chart. A baggy version by The Farm was hugely popular in clubs in 1990 and eventually reached number 58 in the UK. The punk bands the Sex Pistols, State of Alert, the Trashmen, the Queers, and Minor Threat have also recorded versions of the song. It was also covered by Fereydoon Foroughi with Persian lyrics in a song titled "Hoqqe" (حقه), also known as "Mashti Mashalla" or "Mashdi Mashalla". References ^ a b Kim Cooper; David Smay (May 2001). Bubblegum Music is the Naked Truth: The Dark History of Prepubescent Pop, from the Banana Splits to Britney Spears. Feral House. p. 76. ISBN 9780922915699. ^ Segretto, Mike (2022). "1967". 33 1/3 Revolutions Per Minute - A Critical Trip Through the Rock LP Era, 1955–1999. Backbeat. pp. 141–142. ISBN 9781493064601. ^ Whitburn, Joel (1997). Top Pop Singles 1955–1996. Record Research Inc. ISBN 0-89820-122-5. ^ Warwick, Kutner, & Brown, The Complete Book Of The British Charts: Singles and Albums, Omnibus Press 2004, and Xit 86 (2013). ISBN 1-84449-058-0 ^ Fereydoon Foroughi. "حقه" (video). YouTube (in Persian). Taraneh Enterprise. vtePaul Revere & the Raiders Drake Levin Mark Lindsay Mike Smith Paul Revere Jim Valley Phil Volk Freddy Weller Ron Foos Doug Heath Danny Krause Albums Here They Come! Just Like Us! Midnight Ride The Spirit of '67 Revolution! Goin' to Memphis Something Happening Hard 'N' Heavy (with Marshmallow) Alias Pink Puzz Collage Indian Reservation Singles "Like, Long Hair" "Louie, Louie" "Louie, Go Home" "Just Like Me" "Kicks" "(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone" "Hungry" "Him or Me – What's It Gonna Be?" "Mr. Sun, Mr. Moon" "Let Me" "Indian Reservation (The Lament of the Cherokee Reservation Indian)" "Birds of a Feather" Show Happening '68 Related articles Discography vteThe Monkees Micky Dolenz Davy Jones Michael Nesmith Peter Tork Studio albums The Monkees More of the Monkees Headquarters Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd. The Birds, The Bees & The Monkees Head Instant Replay The Monkees Present Changes Pool It! Justus Good Times! Christmas Party Box sets Listen to the Band The Headquarters Sessions Music Box The Monkees: Original Album Series Compilationalbums Greatest Hits (Colgems) Barrel Full of Monkees Re-Focus Greatest Hits (Arista) Monkeemania (40 Timeless Hits) More Greatest Hits of The Monkees Monkee Business Monkee Flips Hit Factory Then & Now... The Best of The Monkees Missing Links Missing Links Volume Two Greatest Hits (Rhino) Barrelful of Monkees: Monkees Songs for Kids! Missing Links Volume Three I'm a Believer and Other Hits Daydream Believer and Other Hits The Monkees Anthology The Definitive Monkees The Best of The Monkees Monkeemania (The Very Best of the Monkees) Live albums Live 1967 20th Anniversary Tour 1986 Summer 1967: The Complete U.S. Concert Recordings 2001: Live in Las Vegas Extended Versions The Mike & Micky Show Singles "(Theme From) The Monkees" "Last Train to Clarksville" "I'm a Believer" "A Little Bit Me, a Little Bit You" "Pleasant Valley Sunday" "Daydream Believer" "Valleri" "D. W. Washburn" "Porpoise Song" "Tear Drop City" "Listen to the Band" "Good Clean Fun" "Oh My My" "Do It in the Name of Love" "Christmas Is My Time of Year" "That Was Then, This Is Now" Film/television The Monkees (episodes) Head 33⅓ Revolutions per Monkee Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees Production/management Don Kirshner Bob Rafelson Bert Schneider Ward Sylvester Lester Sill Raybert Productions Chip Douglas Hank Cicalo Related articles Daydream Believers: The Monkees' Story Discography Dolenz, Jones, Boyce & Hart An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour The Monkees (book) The Monkeemobile New Monkees Songs Category vteSex Pistols Johnny Rotten Steve Jones Glen Matlock Paul Cook Sid Vicious Studio album Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols Compilationsand soundtracks Spunk The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle Some Product: Carri on Sex Pistols Flogging a Dead Horse Kiss This Early Daze Spunk/This Is Crap Jubilee Sex Pistols Silver Jubilee Live albums Anarchy in the U.K: Live at the 76 Club Live at Chelmsford Top Security Prison Filthy Lucre Live Live at Winterland 1978 Raw and Live Live & Filthy Singles "Anarchy in the U.K." "God Save the Queen" "Pretty Vacant" "Holidays in the Sun" "No One Is Innocent"/"My Way" "Something Else" "Silly Thing" "C'mon Everybody" "The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle" "(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone" "Pretty Vacant" (live) Other notable songs "Belsen Was a Gas" "Bodies" "E.M.I." Films The Punk Rock Movie Who Killed Bambi? D.O.A.: A Rite of Passage The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle Sid and Nancy The Filth and the Fury There'll Always Be an England Pistol Related articles Discography Nancy Spungen Malcolm McLaren Wally Nightingale Ronnie Biggs Edward Tudor-Pole Jamie Reid Rich Kids Vicious White Kids Public Image Ltd The Professionals Ex Pistols Neurotic Outsiders Bromley Contingent vteThe Farm Peter Hooton Steve Grimes Carl Hunter Roy Boulter Keith Mullin Ben Leach Phil Strongman Andy McVann Anthony Evans Steve Levy George Maher John Melvin Studio albums Spartacus Love See No Colour Hullabaloo Compilation albums Best of The Farm The Very Best of The Farm Singles "Stepping Stone" "Groovy Train" "All Together Now" "Don't Let Me Down" "Mind" "Don't You Want Me" vteAnt & Dec Anthony McPartlin Declan Donnelly Studio albums Psyche (1994) Top Katz (1995) The Cult of Ant & Dec (1997) Singles "Tonight I'm Free" "Why Me?" "Let's Get Ready to Rhumble" "If I Give You My Number" "Eternal Love" "Our Radio Rocks" "Stuck On U" "U Krazy Katz" "Perfect" "Stepping Stone" "All I Have to Do Is Dream" "Better Watch Out" "When I Fall in Love" "Shout" "Falling" "We're on the Ball" Television PokerFace Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway Ant & Dec's Push the Button Related articles Ant & Dec discography Authority control databases MusicBrainz work	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I'm Not Your Steppin' Stone: Shameless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Not_Your_Steppin%27_Stone:_Shameless"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyce_and_Hart"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Five"},{"link_name":"Paul Revere & the Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere_%26_the_Raiders"},{"link_name":"Midnight Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Ride_(album)"},{"link_name":"chord progression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_progression"},{"link_name":"cut time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alla_breve"}],"text":"\"I'm Not Your Steppin' Stone\" redirects here. For the manga, see I'm Not Your Steppin' Stone: Shameless.\"(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone\" is a rock song written by Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart. It was first recorded by the English band the Liverpool Five in early 1966 but remained unreleased before summer of that same year. In the meantime, the American band Paul Revere & the Raiders recorded the song which appeared on their album Midnight Ride, released in May 1966.The song is simple musically, with a repeating verse chord progression of E major, G major, A major, and C major, and a repeating bridge in cut time of E major, G major, A major, and G major.","title":"(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Monkees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monkees"},{"link_name":"B-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-side"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Micky Dolenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micky_Dolenz"},{"link_name":"Louis Shelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Shelton"},{"link_name":"Vox Continental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Continental"},{"link_name":"Larry Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Henry Lewy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Lewy"},{"link_name":"stereo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereophonic_sound"},{"link_name":"mono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophonic_sound"},{"link_name":"coda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coda_(music)"},{"link_name":"hits compilations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_hits_album"},{"link_name":"romp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montage_(filmmaking)"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monkees_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Queen's Gambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Gambit_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo_(American_TV_series)"}],"text":"\"(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone\" is best known as a hit for the Monkees. Released in November 1966, the song became the first Monkees B-side to chart, reaching #20 on the Billboard Hot 100.[3] Musicians featured on the recording are Micky Dolenz (lead vocal), Tommy Boyce (backing vocal), Wayne Erwin and Gerry McGee (rhythm guitar), Louis Shelton (lead guitar), Bobby Hart (Vox Continental organ), Larry Taylor (bass), Billy Lewis (drums) and Henry Lewy (percussion).The single, stereo album, and mono album versions contain several differences. In the stereo version, the track's title is sung just before the second verse, whereas on the single and mono album versions, this segment is left instrumental. The stereo version has an edit in the fadeout , but the mono album version does not have this edit and therefore has a longer coda. The single also does not have the edit, but it fades out earlier than does the mono album. All Monkees hits compilations through the mid-1980s used the stereo version, and afterward typically used the single version.The Monkees' version is featured in the \"romp\" segments of several episodes of the group's television series. It has also been heard in episodes of shows such as The Queen's Gambit and Zoo.","title":"Monkees version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"covered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"Modern Rocketry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modern_Rocketry&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"U.S. Hot Dance/Disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Dance/Disco"},{"link_name":"PJ & Duncan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PJ_%26_Duncan"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"The Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Farm_(British_band)"},{"link_name":"the Sex Pistols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sex_Pistols"},{"link_name":"State of Alert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Alert"},{"link_name":"the Trashmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trashmen"},{"link_name":"the Queers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queers"},{"link_name":"Minor Threat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Threat"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Fereydoon Foroughi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fereydoon_Foroughi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The song has been covered by many artists. Among the more notable is Modern Rocketry's version in 1983, which reached number 7 on the U.S. Hot Dance/Disco chart, and PJ & Duncan's version in 1996, which reached number 11 on the UK Singles Chart. A baggy version by The Farm was hugely popular in clubs in 1990 and eventually reached number 58 in the UK. The punk bands the Sex Pistols, State of Alert, the Trashmen, the Queers, and Minor Threat have also recorded versions of the song.[4] It was also covered by Fereydoon Foroughi with Persian lyrics in a song titled \"Hoqqe\" (حقه), also known as \"Mashti Mashalla\" or \"Mashdi Mashalla\".[5]","title":"Other versions"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Kim Cooper; David Smay (May 2001). Bubblegum Music is the Naked Truth: The Dark History of Prepubescent Pop, from the Banana Splits to Britney Spears. Feral House. p. 76. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Late_Great_Planet_Earth	The Late Great Planet Earth	["1 Description","2 Film adaptation","3 Reception of the film","3.1 Critical","3.2 Box office","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	1970 nonfiction book The Late Great Planet Earth CoverAuthorsHal LindseyCarole C. CarlsonLanguageEnglishSubjectEschatologyPublisherZondervanPublication date1970Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (Hardback and paperback)Pages242 The Late Great Planet Earth is a 1970 book by Hal Lindsey, with contributions by Carole C. Carlson, first published by Zondervan. The New York Times declared it to be the bestselling "nonfiction" book of the 1970s. The book was first featured on a primetime television special featuring Hal Lindsey in 1974 and 1975 with an audience of 17 million and produced by Alan Hauge of GMT Productions. It was adapted by Rolf Forsberg and Robert Amram into a 1978 film narrated by Orson Welles and released by Pacific International Enterprises. Description The Late Great Planet Earth is a treatment of literalist, premillennial, dispensational eschatology. As such, it compared end-time prophecies in the Bible with then-current events in an attempt to predict future scenarios resulting in the rapture of believers before the tribulation and Second Coming of Jesus to establish his thousand-year (i.e. millennial) kingdom on Earth. Emphasizing various passages in the books of Daniel, Ezekiel and Revelation, Lindsey originally suggested the possibility that these climactic events might occur during the 1980s, which he interpreted as one generation from the foundation of modern Israel during 1948, a major event according to some conservative evangelical schools of eschatological thought. Cover art of the Bantam edition suggested that the 1970s were the "era of the Antichrist as foretold by Moses and Jesus," and termed the book "a penetrating look at incredible ancient prophecies involving this generation." Descriptions of alleged "fulfilled" prophecy were offered as proof of the infallibility of God's word, and evidence that "unfulfilled" prophecies would soon find their denouement in God's plan for the planet. He cited an increase in the frequency of famines, wars and earthquakes, as major events just prior to the end of the world. He also foretold a Soviet invasion of Israel (War of Gog and Magog). Lindsey also predicted that the European Economic Community, which preceded the European Union, was destined (according to Biblical prophecy) to become a "United States of Europe", which in turn he says is destined to become a "Revived Roman Empire" ruled by the Antichrist. Lindsey wrote that he had concluded, since there was no apparent mention of America in the books of Daniel or Revelation, that America would not be a major geopolitical power by the time the tribulations of the end times arrived. He found little in the Bible that could represent the U.S., but he suggested that Ezekiel 38:13 could be speaking of the U.S. in part. Although Lindsey did not claim to know the dates of future events with any certainty, he suggested that Matthew 24:32-34 indicated that Jesus' return might be within "one generation" of the rebirth of the state of Israel, and the rebuilding of the Jewish Temple, and Lindsey asserted that "in the Bible" one generation is forty years. Some readers accepted this as an indication that the Tribulation or the Rapture would occur no later than 1988. In his 1980 work The 1980s: Countdown to Armageddon, Lindsey predicted that "the decade of the 1980s could very well be the last decade of history as we know it". The Late Great Planet Earth was the first Christian prophecy book to be published by a secular publisher (Bantam, 1973) and sell many copies. 28 million copies had sold by 1990. Film adaptation The film version was narrated by Orson Welles and released in theaters in January 1978. Welles opens by providing background information on the importance of prophets such as Jeremiah, Isaiah, Ezekiel and Amos in foretelling the arrival of Jesus as the Messiah. He also describes the visions of John of Patmos. Hal Lindsey makes multiple appearances providing Biblical context to historical and then-current events, linking them to Biblical prophecy. He focuses on three key events prior to the arrival of the Antichrist: The establishment of Israel in 1948. Jerusalem's return to Israeli hands in 1967. The restoration of the Temple of Solomon at some point in the near future. Additional interviewees detail then-current and anticipated future crises facing humanity: International relations Aurelio Pecci; President, The Club of Rome George Wald; Scientist, Nobel Prize winner Norman Borlaug; Nobel Peace Prize winner Emile Benoit; Economist, Columbia University Desmond Morris; author of The Naked Ape Natural disasters John Gribbin; author of The Jupiter Effect Paul Ehrlich; author of The Population Bomb William Paddock; author of Famine 1975! Nuclear war (international and via terrorism) Joseph Waggoner, Jr.; US Congressman George Kistiakowsky; Atomic scientist, Harvard University George Rathjens; Professor of Political Science, MIT Chaim Herzog; Israeli ambassador to the UN Pollution, genetic engineering, plague Jacques Piccard; Institut International d'Ecologie Albert Rosenfield; author of The Second Genesis New Age/alternative religions Babetta; witch Erin Cameron; astrologer Tal Brooke; author of Lord of the Air Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Civil unrest Robert Nisbet; Sociologist, Columbia University Computers/"Mark of the Beast" Peter Hamilton; computer security expert Warfare Elmo Zumwalt; Former Chief of Naval Operations Reception of the film Critical People magazine said, "Lindsey splices Bible prophecies of doom with contemporary signs. For instance, he says the Bible pinpoints Israel's rebirth as a nation as the catalyst to Judgment Day, which will probably occur by 1988. The intervening years will see the emergence of a 10-nation confederacy (prophet Daniel's dreadful 10-horned beast) or, as Lindsey sees it, the European Common Market. Eventually Russia (biblical Magog) will attack Israel and precipitate a global nuclear war. Only Jesus' followers will be spared. Hence, Lindsey advises, "the only thing you need to understand is that God offers you in Jesus Christ a full pardon." Marc Jacobson wrote in The Village Voice, "Therein lies the major fault of The Late Great Planet Earth. To me, the Apocalypse is an intensely personal thing. I really don't need some self-help creep handing out a cover version. Every thinking human can and should conjure up his own version of doom, just like the graybeards in the Bible did. Screw ecologists. I stand with Carl Sandburg-a factory is as beautiful as a tree. Nuclear power doesn't scare me either. Not at all. I like watching slow-motion films of mushroom clouds; they have a restful, narcotic effect on me. Some day I hope to watch a four-hour VTR tape of A-bomb explosions on a seven-foot TV screen as I drink beer. In fact, I think it's fair to say I have a love-hate relationship with nuclear holocaust." Box office Franklin Harris of Splice Today wrote, "Coming nine years after Lindsey's book, the movie version of The Late Great Planet Earth was late to its own party". The Omen had already turned the Apocalypse into big-budget summer spectacle in 1976, and the steam was running out of the pseudo-historical documentary genre pioneered by Sunn Classic Pictures, which released In Search of Noah's Ark, The Bermuda Triangle, and The Lincoln Conspiracy. But The Omen was the No. 4 movie at the domestic box office in 1976, raking in $60.1 million. The No. 5 movie was, improbably, In Search of Noah's Ark, with a domestic tally of $55.7 million. So, the producers of The Late Great Planet Earth figured there was still money to be made. There was, although not nearly as much: in 1978, The Late Great Planet Earth grossed $19.5 million domestically against an estimated budget of $11 million." Another account said it made $5.25 million. The New York Times noted, "The efficacy of the film's scare tactics is minimized by its applying biblical predictions too generally, and almost cavalierly at times – the most memorable sequence shows a computer conducting a numerological analysis of various politicians' names, to figure out if Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan or Ted Kennedy is the Antichrist. And Hal Lindsey, who co-wrote the book upon which the film is based and who appears with Mr. Welles as a co-narrator, speaks coolly, almost enthusiastically, about the prospect of worldwide destruction." See also 2012 phenomenon Apocalyptic literature Bible prophecy Death from the Skies, book Left Behind Human extinction Rapture Unfulfilled Christian religious predictions References ^ Frazier, T. L. (1999). A second look at the second coming : sorting through speculations. Ben Lomond, CA: Conciliar Press. ISBN 1-888212-14-4. OCLC 46868499. ^ a b "The Late Great Planet Earth (1978)" – via www.imdb.com. ^ Bart D. Ehrman, M.Div., Ph.D. Historical Jesus. 'Prophet of the New Millennium.' The Teaching Company, 2000, Lecture 24. ^ "The Late Great Planet Earth Made the Apocalypse a Popular Concern". The National Endowment for the Humanities. ^ Kenneth Turan, This 'Late Great Planet,' New-Style 'Revelations', The Washington Post, January 19, 1978 ^ Marmon, Lucretia (July 4, 1977). "Hal Lindsey Says the Wave of the Future is Armageddon, and 14 Million Buy It". People Magazine. 8. ^ Jacobson, Marc (January 29, 1979). "Apocalypse, Nu?". The Village Voice. ^ Harris, Franklin (July 18, 2018). "Doomsday was Yesterday". Splice Today. ^ Donahue, Suzanne Mary (1987). American film distribution : the changing marketplace. UMI Research Press. p. 293. Please note figures are for rentals in US and Canada ^ Maslin, Janet (January 18, 1979). "Film: A "Planet" Doomed". The New York Times. External links David Kordahl, Apocalypse Ha! The Homing Pigeon Experience. January 8, 2011. Micro-Brewed Reviews, L is for The Late, Great Planet Earth (1979). October 27, 2019. The Voice Archives, Orson Welles Picks Up a Paycheck for the Apocalypse. The Village Voice. October 30, 2018. Review, The Late Great Planet Earth (1979); Kino Lorber/Scorpion Blu-Ray Release. William Martin, Waiting for the End; The growing interest in apocalyptic prophesy. The Atlantic. June 1982.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hal Lindsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Lindsey"},{"link_name":"Carole C. Carlson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_C._Carlson"},{"link_name":"Zondervan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zondervan"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Rolf Forsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Forsberg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imdb-2"},{"link_name":"Orson Welles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles"},{"link_name":"Pacific International Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_International_Enterprises"}],"text":"The Late Great Planet Earth is a 1970 book by Hal Lindsey, with contributions by Carole C. Carlson, first published by Zondervan. The New York Times declared it to be the bestselling \"nonfiction\" book of the 1970s.[1] The book was first featured on a primetime television special featuring Hal Lindsey in 1974 and 1975 with an audience of 17 million and produced by Alan Hauge of GMT Productions. It was adapted by Rolf Forsberg and Robert Amram[2] into a 1978 film narrated by Orson Welles and released by Pacific International Enterprises.","title":"The Late Great Planet Earth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"premillennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premillennialism"},{"link_name":"dispensational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispensationalism"},{"link_name":"eschatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschatology"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"rapture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture"},{"link_name":"tribulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribulation"},{"link_name":"Second Coming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Coming"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Daniel"},{"link_name":"Ezekiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel"},{"link_name":"Revelation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Revelation"},{"link_name":"foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Antichrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antichrist"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"famines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine"},{"link_name":"wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War"},{"link_name":"earthquakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"War of Gog and Magog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Ezekiel_38%E2%80%9339"},{"link_name":"European Economic Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Community"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"United States of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Federation"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ezekiel 38:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Ezekiel#Chapter_38"},{"link_name":"Matthew 24:32-34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#Chapter_24"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Late Great Planet Earth is a treatment of literalist, premillennial, dispensational eschatology. As such, it compared end-time prophecies in the Bible with then-current events in an attempt to predict future scenarios resulting in the rapture of believers before the tribulation and Second Coming of Jesus to establish his thousand-year (i.e. millennial) kingdom on Earth. Emphasizing various passages in the books of Daniel, Ezekiel and Revelation, Lindsey originally suggested the possibility that these climactic events might occur during the 1980s, which he interpreted as one generation from the foundation of modern Israel during 1948, a major event according to some conservative evangelical schools of eschatological thought. Cover art of the Bantam edition suggested that the 1970s were the \"era of the Antichrist as foretold by Moses and Jesus,\" and termed the book \"a penetrating look at incredible ancient prophecies involving this generation.\" Descriptions of alleged \"fulfilled\" prophecy were offered as proof of the infallibility of God's word, and evidence that \"unfulfilled\" prophecies would soon find their denouement in God's plan for the planet.He cited an increase in the frequency of famines, wars and earthquakes, as major events just prior to the end of the world. He also foretold a Soviet invasion of Israel (War of Gog and Magog). Lindsey also predicted that the European Economic Community, which preceded the European Union, was destined (according to Biblical prophecy) to become a \"United States of Europe\", which in turn he says is destined to become a \"Revived Roman Empire\" ruled by the Antichrist. Lindsey wrote that he had concluded, since there was no apparent mention of America in the books of Daniel or Revelation, that America would not be a major geopolitical power by the time the tribulations of the end times arrived. He found little in the Bible that could represent the U.S., but he suggested that Ezekiel 38:13 could be speaking of the U.S. in part.Although Lindsey did not claim to know the dates of future events with any certainty, he suggested that Matthew 24:32-34 indicated that Jesus' return might be within \"one generation\" of the rebirth of the state of Israel, and the rebuilding of the Jewish Temple, and Lindsey asserted that \"in the Bible\" one generation is forty years. Some readers accepted this as an indication that the Tribulation or the Rapture would occur no later than 1988. In his 1980 work The 1980s: Countdown to Armageddon, Lindsey predicted that \"the decade of the 1980s could very well be the last decade of history as we know it\".The Late Great Planet Earth was the first Christian prophecy book to be published by a secular publisher (Bantam, 1973) and sell many copies. 28 million copies had sold by 1990.[3][4]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orson Welles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imdb-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah"},{"link_name":"Isaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah"},{"link_name":"Ezekiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezekiel"},{"link_name":"Amos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_(prophet)"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"Messiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah"},{"link_name":"John of Patmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Patmos"},{"link_name":"Hal Lindsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Lindsey"},{"link_name":"Antichrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antichrist"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Temple of Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple"},{"link_name":"Aurelio Pecci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelio_Peccei"},{"link_name":"The Club of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"George Wald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wald"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize"},{"link_name":"Norman Borlaug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Borlaug"},{"link_name":"Nobel Peace Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Desmond Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Morris"},{"link_name":"The Naked Ape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Naked_Ape"},{"link_name":"John Gribbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gribbin"},{"link_name":"The Jupiter Effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jupiter_Effect"},{"link_name":"Paul Ehrlich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich"},{"link_name":"The Population Bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb"},{"link_name":"Famine 1975!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine_1975!"},{"link_name":"Joseph Waggoner, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Waggonner"},{"link_name":"George Kistiakowsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Kistiakowsky"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"MIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Chaim Herzog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaim_Herzog"},{"link_name":"UN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Jacques Piccard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Piccard"},{"link_name":"witch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft"},{"link_name":"astrologer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology"},{"link_name":"Tal Brooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_Counterfeits_Project"},{"link_name":"Maharishi Mahesh Yogi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi"},{"link_name":"Robert Nisbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nisbet"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Elmo Zumwalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmo_Zumwalt"},{"link_name":"Chief of Naval Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations"}],"text":"The film version was narrated by Orson Welles and released in theaters in January 1978.[2][5]Welles opens by providing background information on the importance of prophets such as Jeremiah, Isaiah, Ezekiel and Amos in foretelling the arrival of Jesus as the Messiah. He also describes the visions of John of Patmos.Hal Lindsey makes multiple appearances providing Biblical context to historical and then-current events, linking them to Biblical prophecy. He focuses on three key events prior to the arrival of the Antichrist:The establishment of Israel in 1948.\nJerusalem's return to Israeli hands in 1967.\nThe restoration of the Temple of Solomon at some point in the near future.Additional interviewees detail then-current and anticipated future crises facing humanity:International relations\nAurelio Pecci; President, The Club of Rome\nGeorge Wald; Scientist, Nobel Prize winner\nNorman Borlaug; Nobel Peace Prize winner\nEmile Benoit; Economist, Columbia University\nDesmond Morris; author of The Naked ApeNatural disasters\nJohn Gribbin; author of The Jupiter Effect\nPaul Ehrlich; author of The Population Bomb\nWilliam Paddock; author of Famine 1975!Nuclear war (international and via terrorism)\nJoseph Waggoner, Jr.; US Congressman\nGeorge Kistiakowsky; Atomic scientist, Harvard University\nGeorge Rathjens; Professor of Political Science, MIT\nChaim Herzog; Israeli ambassador to the UNPollution, genetic engineering, plague\nJacques Piccard; Institut International d'Ecologie\nAlbert Rosenfield; author of The Second GenesisNew Age/alternative religions\nBabetta; witch\nErin Cameron; astrologer\nTal Brooke; author of Lord of the Air\nMaharishi Mahesh YogiCivil unrest\nRobert Nisbet; Sociologist, Columbia UniversityComputers/\"Mark of the Beast\"\nPeter Hamilton; computer security expertWarfare\nElmo Zumwalt; Former Chief of Naval Operations","title":"Film adaptation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception of the film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"People magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"European Common Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Community"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The Village Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice"},{"link_name":"Carl Sandburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Sandburg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Critical","text":"People magazine said, \"Lindsey splices Bible prophecies of doom with contemporary signs. For instance, he says the Bible pinpoints Israel's rebirth as a nation as the catalyst to Judgment Day, which will probably occur by 1988. The intervening years will see the emergence of a 10-nation confederacy (prophet Daniel's dreadful 10-horned beast) or, as Lindsey sees it, the European Common Market. Eventually Russia (biblical Magog) will attack Israel and precipitate a global nuclear war. Only Jesus' followers will be spared. Hence, Lindsey advises, \"the only thing you need to understand is that God offers you in Jesus Christ a full pardon.\"[6]Marc Jacobson wrote in The Village Voice, \"Therein lies the major fault of The Late Great Planet Earth. To me, the Apocalypse is an intensely personal thing. I really don't need some self-help creep handing out a cover version. Every thinking human can and should conjure up his own version of doom, just like the graybeards in the Bible did. Screw ecologists. I stand with Carl Sandburg-a factory is as beautiful as a tree. Nuclear power doesn't scare me either. Not at all. I like watching slow-motion films of mushroom clouds; they have a restful, narcotic effect on me. Some day I hope to watch a four-hour VTR tape of A-bomb explosions on a seven-foot TV screen as I drink beer. In fact, I think it's fair to say I have a love-hate relationship with nuclear holocaust.\"[7]","title":"Reception of the film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Omen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Omen"},{"link_name":"Sunn Classic Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunn_Classic_Pictures"},{"link_name":"In Search of Noah's Ark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Search_of_Noah%27s_Ark"},{"link_name":"The Lincoln Conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lincoln_Conspiracy_(film)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Ted Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"Franklin Harris of Splice Today wrote, \"Coming nine years after Lindsey's book, the movie version of The Late Great Planet Earth was late to its own party\". The Omen had already turned the Apocalypse into big-budget summer spectacle in 1976, and the steam was running out of the pseudo-historical documentary genre pioneered by Sunn Classic Pictures, which released In Search of Noah's Ark, The Bermuda Triangle, and The Lincoln Conspiracy. But The Omen was the No. 4 movie at the domestic box office in 1976, raking in $60.1 million. The No. 5 movie was, improbably, In Search of Noah's Ark, with a domestic tally of $55.7 million. So, the producers of The Late Great Planet Earth figured there was still money to be made. There was, although not nearly as much: in 1978, The Late Great Planet Earth grossed $19.5 million domestically against an estimated budget of $11 million.\"[8]Another account said it made $5.25 million.[9]The New York Times noted, \"The efficacy of the film's scare tactics is minimized by its applying biblical predictions too generally, and almost cavalierly at times – the most memorable sequence shows a computer conducting a numerological analysis of various politicians' names, to figure out if Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan or Ted Kennedy is the Antichrist. And Hal Lindsey, who co-wrote the book upon which the film is based and who appears with Mr. Welles as a co-narrator, speaks coolly, almost enthusiastically, about the prospect of worldwide destruction.\"[10]","title":"Reception of the film"}]	[]	[{"title":"2012 phenomenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_phenomenon"},{"title":"Apocalyptic literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature"},{"title":"Bible prophecy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_prophecy"},{"title":"Death from the Skies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_from_the_Skies"},{"title":"Left Behind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Behind"},{"title":"Human extinction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_extinction"},{"title":"Rapture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture"},{"title":"Unfulfilled Christian religious predictions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfulfilled_Christian_religious_predictions"}]	[{"reference":"Frazier, T. L. (1999). A second look at the second coming : sorting through speculations. Ben Lomond, CA: Conciliar Press. ISBN 1-888212-14-4. OCLC 46868499.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46868499","url_text":"A second look at the second coming : sorting through speculations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-888212-14-4","url_text":"1-888212-14-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46868499","url_text":"46868499"}]},{"reference":"\"The Late Great Planet Earth (1978)\" – via www.imdb.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0079445/fullcredits","url_text":"\"The Late Great Planet Earth (1978)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Late Great Planet Earth Made the Apocalypse a Popular Concern\". 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Splice Today.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.splicetoday.com/moving-pictures/doomsday-was-yesterday","url_text":"\"Doomsday was Yesterday\""}]},{"reference":"Donahue, Suzanne Mary (1987). American film distribution : the changing marketplace. UMI Research Press. p. 293.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americanfilmdist0000dona/page/293/mode/1up","url_text":"American film distribution : the changing marketplace"}]},{"reference":"Maslin, Janet (January 18, 1979). \"Film: A \"Planet\" Doomed\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1979/01/18/archives/film-a-planet-doomed.html","url_text":"\"Film: A \"Planet\" Doomed\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46868499","external_links_name":"A second look at the second coming : sorting through speculations"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46868499","external_links_name":"46868499"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0079445/fullcredits","external_links_name":"\"The Late Great Planet Earth (1978)\""},{"Link":"http://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/historical-jesus.html","external_links_name":"Historical Jesus. 'Prophet of the New Millennium.'"},{"Link":"https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2017/winter/feature/the-late-great-planet-earth-made-the-apocalypse-popular-concern","external_links_name":"\"The Late Great Planet Earth Made the Apocalypse a Popular Concern\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1978/01/19/this-late-great-planet-new-style-revelations/dabcd704-4b36-4e95-b06c-0bb81cf917b4/","external_links_name":"This 'Late Great Planet,' New-Style 'Revelations'"},{"Link":"https://people.com/archive/hal-lindsey-says-the-wave-of-the-future-is-armageddon-and-14-million-buy-it-vol-8-no-1/","external_links_name":"\"Hal Lindsey Says the Wave of the Future is Armageddon, and 14 Million Buy It\""},{"Link":"https://www.villagevoice.com/2018/10/30/orson-welles-picks-up-a-paycheck-for-the-apocalypse/","external_links_name":"\"Apocalypse, Nu?\""},{"Link":"https://www.splicetoday.com/moving-pictures/doomsday-was-yesterday","external_links_name":"\"Doomsday was Yesterday\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/americanfilmdist0000dona/page/293/mode/1up","external_links_name":"American film distribution : the changing marketplace"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1979/01/18/archives/film-a-planet-doomed.html","external_links_name":"\"Film: A \"Planet\" Doomed\""},{"Link":"https://homingpigeonexperience.wordpress.com/2011/01/08/apocalypse-hal/","external_links_name":"David Kordahl, Apocalypse Ha! The Homing Pigeon Experience. January 8, 2011."},{"Link":"http://microbrewreviews.blogspot.com/2019/10/hubrisween-2019-l-is-for-late-great.html","external_links_name":"Micro-Brewed Reviews, L is for The Late, Great Planet Earth (1979). October 27, 2019."},{"Link":"https://www.villagevoice.com/2018/10/30/orson-welles-picks-up-a-paycheck-for-the-apocalypse/","external_links_name":"The Voice Archives, Orson Welles Picks Up a Paycheck for the Apocalypse. The Village Voice. October 30, 2018."},{"Link":"https://cinemaretro.com/index.php?/archives/10379-REVIEW-THE-LATE-GREAT-PLANET-EARTH-1979;-KINO-LORBERSCORPION-BLU-RAY-RELEASE.html","external_links_name":"Review, The Late Great Planet Earth (1979); Kino Lorber/Scorpion Blu-Ray Release."},{"Link":"https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1982/06/waiting-for-the-end/308707/","external_links_name":"William Martin, Waiting for the End; The growing interest in apocalyptic prophesy. The Atlantic. June 1982."}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivesj%C3%A4rvi	Kivesjärvi	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 64°27′N 27°25′E / 64.450°N 27.417°E / 64.450; 27.417For the village, see Kivesjärvi (village). Lake in PaltamoKivesjärviKivesjärviLocationPaltamoCoordinates64°27′N 27°25′E / 64.450°N 27.417°E / 64.450; 27.417TypeLakePrimary inflowsIsokoski rapidsPrimary outflowsVarisjoki, AlanteenjokiCatchment areaOulujokiBasin countriesFinlandSurface area25.743 km2 (9.939 sq mi)Average depth4.09 m (13.4 ft)Max. depth12.5 m (41 ft)Water volume0.105 km3 (85,000 acre⋅ft)Shore length188.74 km (55.14 mi)Surface elevation135.1 m (443 ft)IslandsPoronsaari, HangonsaariSettlementsPaltamo, Kivesjärvi (village)References1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. Kivesjärvi is a medium-sized lake in Paltamo, Finland. Curiously, the name Kivesjärvi literally means "testicle lake". Some say that the name derive from old giant-related folklore around the region, some say that the name originally related to the ancient word for gillnet weight, "kives", and only later became associated with the modern meaning of the word. Its average depth is four metres and the deepest point is sixteen metres deep. There is a village of the same name on the coast of the lake. The lake's area is 27 square kilometres. It is the 136th biggest lake in Finland. The lake has many islands and islets. Kivesjärvi is a bifurcation lake, because there are two outflows: the original route is river Alanteenjoki to the lake Alanteenjärvi. In the 19th century the timber rafting workers needed a shorter route to the Oulujärvi. They made a new river named Varisjoki, and most of the outflow started to flow via it, although Kivesjärvi is still a bifurcation lake. References ^ a b Kivesjärvi. Kivesjärvi in Järviwiki Web Service. Finnish Environment Institute. Retrieved 2014-03-07. (in English) ^ Citizen´s Map Place. Retrieved 2014-03-07. (in Finnish) ^ Kuusisto, Esko (1984). Suomen vesistöjen bifurkaatiot. Terra 96:4, p. 255.(in Finnish)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kivesjärvi (village)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivesj%C3%A4rvi_(village)"},{"link_name":"lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake"},{"link_name":"Paltamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paltamo"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"testicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicle"},{"link_name":"giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"gillnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillnet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jw-1"},{"link_name":"islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island"},{"link_name":"islets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islet"},{"link_name":"bifurcation lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifurcation_lake"},{"link_name":"timber rafting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_rafting"},{"link_name":"Oulujärvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouluj%C3%A4rvi"},{"link_name":"Varisjoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Varisjoki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For the village, see Kivesjärvi (village).Lake in PaltamoKivesjärvi is a medium-sized lake in Paltamo, Finland. Curiously, the name Kivesjärvi literally means \"testicle lake\". Some say that the name derive from old giant-related folklore around the region, some say that the name originally related to the ancient word for gillnet weight, \"kives\", and only later became associated with the modern meaning of the word. Its average depth is four metres and the deepest point is sixteen metres deep. There is a village of the same name on the coast of the lake. The lake's area is 27 square kilometres. It is the 136th biggest lake in Finland.[1] The lake has many islands and islets.Kivesjärvi is a bifurcation lake, because there are two outflows: the original route is river Alanteenjoki to the lake Alanteenjärvi. In the 19th century the timber rafting workers needed a shorter route to the Oulujärvi. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Badia	José Badia	["1 Life","2 Career","3 Honors","4 References"]	Monegasque politician José BadiaMember of the National Council Personal detailsBorn2 January 1945Monaco José Badia (born 2 January 1945, Monaco) is a Monegasque politician. Since 2018, he is a member of the National Council of Monaco from Priority Monaco (Primo!) political group and the president of the External Relations Commission. Life José Badia was born on 2 January 1945 in Monaco. He obtained a degree in Civil Engineering from the Marseille School of Engineering. From 1985 until 2000, Badia was a president of the Amateurs of Monaco Filmmakers and Photographers CINEAM. Badia is married and has three children. Career In 1990-1995, he served as a Director General of the Department of the Interior, Director General of the Department of Public Works and Social Affairs and became Government Councilor, Minister for Public Works and Social Affairs. Between 1995 and 2000 Badia was a founding president of the Association of Pilots and Aircraft Owners of Monaco (AOPA). In the same years, from 1995 to 2000, he was a Commissioner General in charge of the Monaco Pavilion at the Lisbon 98 and Hanover 2000 World Fairs, and from 1995 to 1998, he was President of the Monaco Scientific Centre. In 1997-1998 Badia was a Secretary General of World Association of Children’s Friends (AMADE), and in 1998-2000 served as a vice-president of the Association of Audiovisual Archives of Monaco. From 2000 to 2005, Badia served as Government Councilor, Minister of Public Works and Social Affairs. In 2005-2007 Badia was an Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of His Serene Highness the Sovereign Prince of Monaco to His Majesty the King of Spain, and in 2007-2010 – an Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of His Serene Highness the Sovereign Prince of Monaco to His Majesty the King of the Belgians, Her Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands and His Royal Highness the Grand Duke of Luxembourg, as well as Head of the Mission of Monaco to the European Communities. On 1 January 2011, Badia took his duties as a Government Councilor, Minister for External Relations. In May 2011, he led a Monegasque delegation at United Nations Conference on Least developed countries (LDCs) in Istanbul. Badia held the position of Government Counselor for External Relations and International Cooperation of the Principality of Monaco until 2015 when he was appointed a Minister Plenipotentiary of the Principality of Monaco. In November 2017, Badia lost his title of Minister Plenipotentiary as he chose to join Priority Monaco (Primo!) political group for the national elections. From 2018 Badia is a member of the National Council of Monaco from Priority Monaco (Primo!) political group and the president of the External Relations Commission. He is a representative of Monaco in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) since March 2018. Badia is also a Deputy Head of the Delegation of Monaco at Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Parliamentary Assembly (OSCEPA). Honors Officer of the Order of Saint-Charles Officer of the Legion of Honor of the French Republic Grand Cross of the Order pro merito Melitensi (Sovereign Military Order of Malta) Commander of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland Commander of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George References ^ a b c d e f g "Embassy of the Principality of Monaco to the United States of America". monacodc.org. Retrieved 2020-08-10. ^ a b c d e f g h i "José BADIA". Conseil National (in French). Retrieved 2020-08-10. ^ "José Badia soutient les PMA". Monaco Hebdo (in French). 2011-05-24. Retrieved 2020-08-10. ^ "L'ancien conseiller de gouvernement José Badia, engagé en politique, perd son titre de ministre plénipotentiaire". Monaco-Matin (in French). 2017-11-17. Retrieved 2020-08-10. ^ "Mr José BADIA". Parliamentary Assembly. Retrieved 2020-08-10. ^ "Mr. José Badia". www.oscepa.org. Retrieved 2020-08-10. Wikimedia Commons has media related to José Badia.	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in Civil Engineering from the Marseille School of Engineering.[1] From 1985 until 2000, Badia was a president of the Amateurs of Monaco Filmmakers and Photographers CINEAM.[2]Badia is married and has three children.[1]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Lisbon 98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_%2798"},{"link_name":"Hanover 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_2000"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"World Association of Children’s Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_of_Children%27s_Friends"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Prince of Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco"},{"link_name":"King of 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Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In 1990-1995, he served as a Director General of the Department of the Interior, Director General of the Department of Public Works and Social Affairs and became Government Councilor, Minister for Public Works and Social Affairs.[1]Between 1995 and 2000 Badia was a founding president of the Association of Pilots and Aircraft Owners of Monaco (AOPA).[2] In the same years, from 1995 to 2000, he was a Commissioner General in charge of the Monaco Pavilion at the Lisbon 98 and Hanover 2000 World Fairs, and from 1995 to 1998, he was President of the Monaco Scientific Centre.[1]In 1997-1998 Badia was a Secretary General of World Association of Children’s Friends (AMADE), and in 1998-2000 served as a vice-president of the Association of Audiovisual Archives of Monaco.[2]From 2000 to 2005, Badia served as Government Councilor, Minister of Public Works and Social Affairs.[1]In 2005-2007 Badia was an Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of His Serene Highness the Sovereign Prince of Monaco to His Majesty the King of Spain, and in 2007-2010 – an Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of His Serene Highness the Sovereign Prince of Monaco to His Majesty the King of the Belgians, Her Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands and His Royal Highness the Grand Duke of Luxembourg, as well as Head of the Mission of Monaco to the European Communities.[2]On 1 January 2011, Badia took his duties as a Government Councilor, Minister for External Relations.[1] In May 2011, he led a Monegasque delegation at United Nations Conference on Least developed countries (LDCs) in Istanbul.[3]Badia held the position of Government Counselor for External Relations and International Cooperation of the Principality of Monaco until 2015 when he was appointed a Minister Plenipotentiary of the Principality of Monaco.[2]In November 2017, Badia lost his title of Minister Plenipotentiary as he chose to join Priority Monaco (Primo!) political group for the national elections.[4] From 2018 Badia is a member of the National Council of Monaco from Priority Monaco (Primo!) political group and the president of the External Relations Commission.[2]He is a representative of Monaco in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) since March 2018.[5] Badia is also a Deputy Head of the Delegation of Monaco at Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Parliamentary Assembly (OSCEPA).[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of Saint-Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint-Charles"},{"link_name":"Legion of Honor of the French 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Finnsburg	Battle of Finnsburg	["1 Sources","1.1 Finnsburg Fragment","1.2 Episode in Beowulf","1.3 Other sources","2 Background","3 Battle phases","3.1 Phase One: The siege battle","3.2 Interim: Swearing of oaths","3.3 Phase Two: The Frisian slaughter","4 Eotena","4.1 Jutes or giants?","4.2 Arguments for giants","5 See also","6 Notes and references","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]	This article is about the battle. For the Anglo-Saxon poem, see Finnesburg Fragment. Battle of FinnsburgPart of the legends of the Germanic heroic ageThe Frisian lands, and neighbouring kingdoms, in the 5th century, showing an approximate territorial boundary within which the battle took placeDatec. 450 ADLocationFinnsburg, FrisiaResult Short lived peace treaty, followed by Danish victoryBelligerents Frisians, and possibly Jutes Danish Hocings, with others such as a Secgan lordCommanders and leaders King Finn † of Frisia Prince Hnæf † of the Danish Hocings; HengestStrength Unknown 60 menCasualties and losses Heavy losses in both phases Unknown, at least one death in phase one The Battle of Finnsburg (or Finnsburh) was a conflict in the Germanic heroic age between Frisians with a possible Jutish contingent, and a primarily Danish party. Described only in later Anglo-Saxon poetry, if the conflict had an historical basis it most likely occurred around 450 AD. In the story, the young prince Hnæf, described as a Hocing, Half-Dane, and Scylding, was staying as an invited guest of the Frisian king Finn. For reasons unknown, a battle broke out between the two parties, probably started by the Frisian side, and Hnæf was killed. Hnæf's retainer Hengest took command, and the sides engaged in a peace treaty; but Hengest and the Danes later avenged Hnæf's death and slaughtered the Frisians. The primary descriptive sources of the events are the Finnsburg Fragment, and an allusive section of Beowulf. Since the battle is well represented amongst such a small corpus of Anglo-Saxon heroic poetry, it was probably significant and once widely known. Due to the fragmentary and allusive condition of the sources, however, the story is difficult to reconstruct. Sources Finnsburg Fragment Main article: Finnsburg Fragment In 1705 a fragment of Anglo-Saxon epic poetry discovered in Lambeth Palace by George Hickes was published. Because of the fragmentary state of the manuscript, the action starts in medias res. It describes a young prince called Hnæf spurring his 60 men into battle, besieged inside a great hall. Some of his men are then named and their actions in battle followed. Two characters from the attacking force are also named, and one of these dies along with others in his force. The killed attacker is said to be of the Frisian Islands, hinting at a location for the battle, and the specific location is identified as Finnsburg. The action closes with prince Hnæf and his men having been besieged for five days of battle, without any fatalities on their side. The Finnsburg Fragment is short, at around 50 lines long, and almost entirely lacking in internal context. Most of the context must instead be derived from the parallel episode in Beowulf, which describes events that take place mainly after the action narrated in the Finnsburg Fragment. Episode in Beowulf Wealhþeow, who "came forth / in her golden crown" after the Beowulf scop was finished narrating the Finnsburg story in Beowulf. Beowulf as a poem primarily follows the exploits of its eponymous hero. After one of Beowulf's victories, a scop or court-poet narrates an old tale to the assembled guests. This tale narrates the events that follow after the story found in the Finnesburg Fragment. The Beowulf poet, however, makes his scop give the account in an extremely compact and allusive way. The audience of the poem were probably expected to already know about the episode in some detail. Because of this, summarising the scenario described in Beowulf will necessarily involve an element of either fragmentation or interpretative reconstruction. The scop's story of the Freswæle (English: Frisian slaughter) begins with Hildeburh, daughter of Hoc, lamenting the loss of her son and brother. Both factions involved in the battle are said to have suffered heavy losses, but especially the þegnas (English: thanes or barons) of Finn. Because of this, Finn enters into a peace treaty with the besieged party led now by Hengest. Finn was to honour the Danes with feasts and gifts of treasure. Hnæf and his unnamed nephew, said also to be Hildeburh's son, are placed on a funeral pyre. After this most of the Danish warriors leave, but Hengest and probably some of the Danes stay throughout winter. Eventually a figure referred to as the son of Hunlaf places a sword on Hengest's lap to remind him of his loyalties. Other Danes also return, and probably together they wreak havoc on the Frisians and slay king Finn. The Danes take the unnamed Frisian queen back to what appear to be her own people in Denmark, identifying the Frisian queen as probably Danish. Other sources The Anglo-Saxon poem fragment Widsith mentions a Finn who is referred to by the patronymic Folcwalding, probably explaining the patronymic allusion in Beowulf to "Folcwald's son" as a reference to Finn. Widsith also mentions a Hnæf who is said to have ruled the Hocings. Since Hildeburh is said in Beowulf to be the daughter of Hoc and the sister of Hnæf, and since Widsith mentions a Hnæf ruling the people of Hoc, it seems clear that Widsith refers to the same Hnæf of the Battle of Finnsburg. It also mentions a Sæferð or Sasferth who can be identified with one of Hnæf's men, Sigeferth. The only other source to perhaps allude to the battle is the Skáldskaparmál, where Snorri Sturluson mentions a coat of mail called Finnsleif (English: Finn's legacy). The names of some of the characters in the Battle of Finnsburg are mentioned in other sources, usually in genealogies such as the reference to Folcwald and Finn in the Historia Brittonum. Hengest is mentioned in several works, but his identity and exploits are unclear. One argument, still supported by some recent scholars, is that he is the same figure as the Anglo-Saxon founder of the Kingdom of Kent. Background See also: Hildeburh Since the unnamed Frisian queen in Beowulf is probably said to be of the Danish people, it seems very likely that Hildeburh is this Frisian queen. This means that Hnæf was probably staying as an invited guest of Finn at his home, Finnsburg (English: fortified stronghold of Finn), in Frisia, with Hildeburh connecting the two factions together: She was clearly a Danish (or at least 'half-Danish') princess, who had married Finn, prince of the Frisians, doubtless a political move to secure peace between Danes and Frisians. Hildeburh had a brother, Hnæf, who apparently went to Finn with his Danish retinue in friendship. Though the identification of Hnæf and Finn being brothers-in-law makes the situation much clearer, it shifts the emphasis of explanation onto the reason behind the subsequent battle. The battle may reflect a reoccurrence of the tensions which Hildeburh's marriage may have been a diplomatic move to quell. If the identification between the characters holds, moreover, then the son of Hildeburh and nephew of Hnæf who dies in the battle is probably therefore the son of Finn; he may even have been heir to the Frisian kingdom. In this respect it is especially notable that Hildeburh's son is laid on Hnæf's pyre. Tolkien suggested that Hildeburh's son was raised by Hnæf, and was being brought back to Finn at his coming of age; even that Hildeburh's son was one of the party besieged with Hnæf inside the great hall. Such a theory would add an extra layer of complexity, of a feeling of possible responsibility for filicide, to the already complicated psychological motivations of Finn. Battle phases Phase One: The siege battle But awake now, my warriors!take up your shields, think of valorfight in the vanguard, and be resolute!— Liuzza (2000), Hnæf, Finnsburg Fragment, p.163 The siege is described primarily in the Finnsburg Fragment. Hnæf rouses his troops with a short but powerful speech. Two of his men, Sigeferth and Eaha go to one door (Door A), and another two of his men Ordlaf and Guthlaf go to another door (Door B) of the great hall in which they were trapped at Finnsburg. In Beowulf the pair "Guthlaf and Oslaf" are mentioned returning later to their home, so that Oslaf in Beowulf is probably to be identified with Ordlaf from the Finnsburg Fragment. Hengest follows Ordlaf/Oslaf and Guthlaf to Door B. Outside the great hall, Garulf is planning to launch the first attack. Guthere counsels him not to do so, saying that Garulf's life is too valuable. Garulf proceeds anyway, and asks who holds that door. Sigeferth replies to Garulf's taunt from within, showing that the attack is being mounted at Door A. Sigeferth is said to be a lord of the Secgena; in Widsith a Sæferð or Sasferth is said to be lord of the Sycges or Secgan, apparently referring to the same character. The two sides fight at that door, and Garulf and many of the attackers die. It is not clear what happens to Guthere whom he was counselled by. Garulf is said to be Guthlaf's son; it is not clear whether or not this is the same Guthlaf who holds the door as a defender at Door B. The battle continues for five days, and none of the besieged defenders of Hnæf and his men are killed. Then one of the defenders is wounded, and Hnæf asks the unnamed wounded defender how the other men are coping. There the Finnsburg Fragment ends. The narrative continues in Beowulf after the battle has ended; immediately Hnæf and his nephew are said to have been slain. On the attackers' side, the Beowulf scop says that "all of the thanes of Finn, except a few" were slain. Hengest is now the commander of the defenders. Interim: Swearing of oaths They swore their pledges then on either side,a firm compact of peace. With unfeigned zealFinn swore his oaths to Hengest— Liuzza (2000), Beowulf, p.87 Since Finn had lost most of his thanes, he was unable to fight Hengest, and the Beowulf poet says that for this reason they drew up a peace treaty. Nicola Zocco clarifies that the "Frisians offer to come to terms with the Danes because they need to resolve the situation in a bloodless way, given that they cannot afford a military victory." This gives the motivation for the attackers to enter into a peace bargain, but not for the motivation of the defenders. Perhaps the toll on them would also have been too large, that Hengest and his men would not have been able to break the deadlock of the siege. The peace treaty must have been reasonable to both commanders as the best way out of the stalemate. The fact that the two sides did not fight to the death may indicate that Finn felt some remorse for the rules of hospitality having been broken against his brother-in-law Hnæf and his men. Seiichi Suzuki points out that the Beowulf poet implies twice that Finn was to blame and was blamed. Still, Finn may not have been a primary belligerent, only responsible in the capacity of a figurehead; and the picture is made more complex by the role of the eotena (see below). The Beowulf poet seems to allude to Finn's sincerity about the peace treaty when he says that Finn swore oaths to Hengest "with unfeigned zeal". Not only were the peace terms probably offered by the Frisians to the Danes, but the Frisians were very submissive in the deal. Though under the treaty the Danes are not to complain about the death of Hnæf, Finn more extremely swears that any Frisian who provokes further violence would be, in the language of the poet, settled with the edge of the sword. The defenders are also to be given half of a new building, which, confusingly they are to share with Finn and the eotena sons (see below), and also to be given feasts and treasure by Finn. The concessions by Finn may reflect his remorse at the events, or it may have been seen as a suitable weregild for the defenders not avenging the killing of Hnæf. The Beowulf poet describes how Finn stuck to his oath by giving treasure. Meanwhile, Hnæf and his nephew are placed on the funeral pyre and Hildeburh laments. Later most of the warriors go home, "to seek their native lands, / bereft of friends, to behold Frisia, / their homes and high fortresses." Hengest, and some retainers, stayed however with Finn over the winter; it is not clear why they do so. Donald K. Fry contends that Hengest stayed "by his own choice, by his own design." Phase Two: The Frisian slaughter So he did not refuse the world's customwhen the son of Hunlaf placed a glinting sword,the best of battle-flames, upon his lap— Liuzza (2000), Beowulf, p.88 Eventually a man described as the son of Hunlaf, but given no more specific name or description, places a sword on the lap of Hengest. The sword, a hildeleoma (English: battle-light) which may either be the name of the sword or a description of it, is said to be renowned to the eotenum (see eotena below). Olivieri suggests that probably "Hunlaf had died in the fight at the castle — the sword had been used with the Jutes — and his son asked for revenge." Meanwhile, Guthlaf and Oslaf/Ordlaf, presumably the same pair who held Door A in the siege, go back to the Danish people and tell them what has occurred. The Beowulf poet says that as a consequence, without naming the antecedents, Finn and all the Frisians were slaughtered. Most likely the antecedents are both of the actions described above, that Hengest and a returning faction of Danes banded together in force to slaughter Finn and the remnants of his forces, avenge Hnæf, pillage Finnsburg, and return to the Danish people with Hildeburh. This is usually understood to mean that Hengest had been brooding over whether fealty or oaths were strongest, and that he and the Danes broke the terms of the peace treaty, though Zocco argues otherwise. Eotena Jutes or giants? Illustration by J. R. Skelton (1908) of the giant Grendel from earlier in Beowulf. See also a list of artistic depictions of Grendel. The words eotena and eotenum in the Beowulf episode appear in several places to describe the opponents of the Danes: At the beginning of the episode, Hildeburh is said to have "had no need to praise" the eotena good faith (lines 1071–2). When a hall is cleared out for Hengest and his men to inhabit as part of the peace treaty terms, he is to share it with Folcwalda's son (Finn), and the eotena sons (line 1088). Hengest broods on revenge against the eotena sons, wanting to remind them of his sword (line 1141). When the hunlafing sword is placed on Hengest's lap, it is said to be "not unknown" to the eotenum (line 1145). This has given rise to three basic theories about the term eoten- in Beowulf: The term is a corrupted declension of Eotan (English: Jutes). The term is a pun, meaning eoten (English: giant) but referring to Jutes. The term is a metaphor, meaning eoten but referring to Frisians. The first theory was held by Tolkien in the early 20th century, and is now widely accepted amongst scholars. But the second and third theories have seen increasing popularity; more recent dissenters include Williams, Kaske, Gwara, and Vickrey. As three Beowulf editors wrote in 2008: The terms for Frisians and Jutes seem to be used interchangeably in the Episode (see Beo 1088 and 1093), but it is impossible to be certain, given the fragmentary and allusive nature of the evidence, and the alternate ways of construing the term eotenas that has been thought to designate the Jutes. Historically, scholarship has favored the assumption that MS eotena and eotenum refer to Jutes , though quite a few scholars, especially in recent years, have seen here common nouns referring to giants Arguments for giants The dissatisfaction with the first theory, of the Eotan or Jutes, can be perceived along two axes: morphological and semantic. Vickrey summarises the morphological evidence for a reading of giants, the numbers referring to Beowulf line numbers: the form eotena, the expected genitive plural of eoten 'giant' (eotena 421, 883), is anomalous as a declensional form of Eote, Eotan 'Jutes'; and the form eotenum, along with eotenum 902, the expected dative plural of eoten 'giant,' a disyllabic masculine noun with a short first syllable, is, as a dative plural of Eote, *Eotan 'Jutes,' without parallel elsewhere in the poem either in weak nouns or i-nouns. On philological grounds, then, it is more likely that eoten- meant 'giant' and not 'Jute' in the Finn Episode: if 'Jute,' eoten- is suspect and doubtful; if 'giant,' expected and normal. Vickrey's point about eotenum refers to line 1145, where the dative plural eotenum is used. The dative plural for Jutes would be eotum, whereas eotenum is the correct dative plural for the sense of giants; despite this, the word in this line is still often translated "Jutes" in accordance with the first theory. Williams argued of eoten that "it is not fact but only possibility that the scribe confused therewith the tribal name, or that this tribal name had a dative Éotenum. A possibility cannot upset a fact!" Understanding whether the references are to Jutes or giants has a large bearing on the presented social dynamic of the battle. In a more cautious appraisal Fry summarises that "Whoever the eoten- are, they are probably not Danes and not subject to Hengest." See also Wikisource has original text related to this article: Finnesburg Fragment Wikisource has original text related to this article: Beowulf Anglo-Saxons Battle of Brunanburh Battle of Maldon Germanic hero Germanic Iron Age Germanic kingship List of legendary kings of Denmark Migration Period Old English literature Tribes of Widsith Notes and references ^ The modern equivalent of Finnsburg is unknown. ^ Blair 2003, p. 15 dates it to "c. 400–450" AD, whereas Tolkien 2006, p. 167 dates it to precisely 452 AD. Both suggestions depend on identifying Hengest in the Battle of Finnsburg with the founder of the Kingdom of Kent, an association which is uncertain. ^ Zocco 2007, p. 67, "in the most generally accepted reconstruction the first assault is from the part of the Frisians in a treacherous onslaught which excites the Danish strenuous defence". The term Frisian side avoids imputing specific responsibility to either Finn, Frisians, Jutes, or others. ^ Beowulf and the Finnsburg Fragment have the story of the battle, Widsith mentions some of the figures, and Deor and Waldere have no reference to it. ^ a b Zocco 2007, pp. 66–7. "It seems to be generally accepted that the Fragment reports facts which happened before those told in the Episode" ^ Beowulf, lines 1162–63. ^ Some translations, such as Liuzza 2000, p. 86, have "her sons and brothers" for Beowulf, line 1074. All English translations of Beowulf are from Liuzza 2000, pp. 86–9. ^ a b Zocco 2007, p. 69. ^ Beowulf, line 1090. ^ Some translations, however, have "the people" rather than "her people". ^ Widsith, line 27. ^ Beowulf, line 1089. ^ Widsith, line 29. ^ Sturluson 2005, p. 105 and 159. ^ Gwara 2008, p. 163, argues that Hengest is not Danish; and that "it seems certain that Hengest is the originary Germanic settler of Kent, as stated in Bede." The problem is a complex one. ^ Marsden 2004, p. 273. The identification of Hildeburh as the Frisian queen is a rarity in that it appears to be universally held despite the lack of direct evidence from the sources. ^ Beowulf, line 1114. ^ Leonard Neidorf, 'Youth and Age in the Finnsburg Fragment', in: ANQ: AQuarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews (2020), 1-5 ^ Beowulf, line 1081. ^ Suzuki 2000, p. 118. ^ Beowulf, line 1096. ^ Beowulf, lines 1104–06. ^ The "óðer flet" with "healle ond héahsetl". Beowulf, lines 1086–87. ^ There were perhaps only two great halls at Finnsburg, and the main one was made uninhabitable because of the siege. ^ It is not clear why the returning defenders were to "behold Frisia"; did some of the defenders come from Frisia? Or were they just beholding Frisia on their way back home? ^ Fry 1974, p. 22. ^ Zocco 2007, p. 67. Translation of the Italian original, Olivieri 1934, pp. lii–liii. ^ Zocco 2007, p. 79. ^ The term eoten is cognate to the later English word "ettins". ^ Gwara 2008, p. 164 says "Richard North extended Tolkien's observations , which seem now to have been widely accepted." ^ Williams 1974, pp. 139–40; Kaske via Fry 1974, p. 15; Gwara 2008, p. 164; and Vickrey 2009, p. 43. ^ Bjork, Fulk & Niles 2008, p. 275. ^ Vickrey 2009, p. 34. p.34. Cf. i-nouns. ^ Gwara 2008, p. 163. ^ Williams 1974, pp. 139–40 ^ Fry 1974, p. 14 Bibliography Bjork; Fulk; Niles, eds. (2008), Klaeber's Beowulf and The Fight at Finnsburg, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 9780802098436 Blair, Peter Hunter (2003), An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521537773 Fry, Donald K. (1974), Finnsburh: Fragment and Episode, Taylor & Francis Gwara, Scott (2008), Heroic Identity in the World of Beowulf, BRILL, ISBN 978-9004171701 Liuzza, R. M. (2000), Beowulf: a New Verse Translation, Broadview Marsden, Richard (2004), The Cambridge Old English Reader, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521456128 Olivieri, Federico (1934), Beowulf, Torino: Edizioni Dell'Erma Slade, Benjamin, Explanatory Notes on Beowulf Sturluson, Snorri (2005), Jesse L. Byock (ed.), The Prose Edda, Penguin Suzuki, Seiichi (2000), The Quoit Brooch Style and Anglo-Saxon Settlement: a Casting and Recasting, Boydell & Brewer, ISBN 9780851157498 Tolkien, J. R. R. (2006), Alan Bliss (ed.), Finn and Hengest, Harper Collins Vickrey, John F. (2009), Beowulf and the Illusion of History, University of Delaware Press, ISBN 9780980149661 Williams, R. A. (1974), The Finn Episode in Beowulf Zocco, Nicola (2007), "The Episode of Finn in Beowulf. Discharging Hengest" (PDF), Linguistica e Filologia, 24: 65–83 External links Diacritically-Marked Text of The Battle at Finnesburh Understanding The Battle at Finnesburgh through stick figures vteBeowulf Old English Alliterative verse Kenning Clans(characters) Geats Beowulf Heardred Hygd Hygelac Hundings Scyldings Æschere Healfdene Heorogar Hroðgar Unferð Scylfings Eadgils Eanmund Ohthere Onela Ongentheow Waegmundings Ecgþeow Weohstan Wiglaf Wulfings Wealhtheow Monsters Grendel Grendel's mother The Dragon TranslatingBeowulf List of translations Seamus Heaney Beowulf: A New Verse Translation J. R. R. Tolkien Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary "Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics" Beowulf and the Critics "On Translating Beowulf" "Sellic Spell" Finn and Hengest Scholars Nora K. Chadwick Michael D. C. Drout Robert D. Fulk Kevin Kiernan Leonard Neidorf John D. Niles Geoffrey Russom Tom Shippey Related Adaptations Anglo-Saxon paganism Battle of Finnsburg Beowulf and Middle-Earth Heorot Hrunting Nægling Nowell Codex	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finnesburg Fragment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnesburg_Fragment"},{"link_name":"Germanic heroic age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_heroic_age"},{"link_name":"Frisians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisians"},{"link_name":"Jutish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutes"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_poetry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hnæf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hn%C3%A6f"},{"link_name":"Hocing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoc_(Beowulf)"},{"link_name":"Scylding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scylding"},{"link_name":"Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finn_(Frisian)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hengest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengest"},{"link_name":"peace treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty"},{"link_name":"Finnsburg Fragment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnsburg_Fragment"},{"link_name":"Beowulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"This article is about the battle. For the Anglo-Saxon poem, see Finnesburg Fragment.The Battle of Finnsburg (or Finnsburh) was a conflict in the Germanic heroic age between Frisians with a possible Jutish contingent, and a primarily Danish party. Described only in later Anglo-Saxon poetry, if the conflict had an historical basis it most likely occurred around 450 AD.[2]In the story, the young prince Hnæf, described as a Hocing, Half-Dane, and Scylding, was staying as an invited guest of the Frisian king Finn. For reasons unknown, a battle broke out between the two parties, probably started by the Frisian side,[3] and Hnæf was killed. Hnæf's retainer Hengest took command, and the sides engaged in a peace treaty; but Hengest and the Danes later avenged Hnæf's death and slaughtered the Frisians.The primary descriptive sources of the events are the Finnsburg Fragment, and an allusive section of Beowulf. Since the battle is well represented amongst such a small corpus of Anglo-Saxon heroic poetry,[4] it was probably significant and once widely known. Due to the fragmentary and allusive condition of the sources, however, the story is difficult to reconstruct.","title":"Battle of Finnsburg"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"epic poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_poetry"},{"link_name":"Lambeth Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeth_Palace"},{"link_name":"George Hickes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hickes_(divine)"},{"link_name":"in medias res","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_medias_res"},{"link_name":"great hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mead_hall"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BeowulfAfterFragment-5"}],"sub_title":"Finnsburg Fragment","text":"In 1705 a fragment of Anglo-Saxon epic poetry discovered in Lambeth Palace by George Hickes was published. Because of the fragmentary state of the manuscript, the action starts in medias res. It describes a young prince called Hnæf spurring his 60 men into battle, besieged inside a great hall. Some of his men are then named and their actions in battle followed. Two characters from the attacking force are also named, and one of these dies along with others in his force.The killed attacker is said to be of the Frisian Islands, hinting at a location for the battle, and the specific location is identified as Finnsburg. The action closes with prince Hnæf and his men having been besieged for five days of battle, without any fatalities on their side. The Finnsburg Fragment is short, at around 50 lines long, and almost entirely lacking in internal context. Most of the context must instead be derived from the parallel episode in Beowulf, which describes events that take place mainly after the action narrated in the Finnsburg Fragment.[5]","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wealhtheow.PNG"},{"link_name":"Wealhþeow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealh%C3%BEeow"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"scop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scop"},{"link_name":"Finnesburg Fragment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnesburg_Fragment"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BeowulfAfterFragment-5"},{"link_name":"Hildeburh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildeburh"},{"link_name":"Hoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoc_(Beowulf)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zocco69-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Episode in Beowulf","text":"Wealhþeow, who \"came forth / in her golden crown\" after the Beowulf scop was finished narrating the Finnsburg story in Beowulf.[6]Beowulf as a poem primarily follows the exploits of its eponymous hero. After one of Beowulf's victories, a scop or court-poet narrates an old tale to the assembled guests. This tale narrates the events that follow after the story found in the Finnesburg Fragment.[5] The Beowulf poet, however, makes his scop give the account in an extremely compact and allusive way. The audience of the poem were probably expected to already know about the episode in some detail. Because of this, summarising the scenario described in Beowulf will necessarily involve an element of either fragmentation or interpretative reconstruction.The scop's story of the Freswæle (English: Frisian slaughter) begins with Hildeburh, daughter of Hoc, lamenting the loss of her son and brother.[7] Both factions involved in the battle are said to have suffered heavy losses, but especially the þegnas (English: thanes or barons) of Finn. Because of this, Finn enters into a peace treaty with the besieged party led now by Hengest.[8] Finn was to honour the Danes with feasts and gifts of treasure.[9]Hnæf and his unnamed nephew, said also to be Hildeburh's son, are placed on a funeral pyre. After this most of the Danish warriors leave, but Hengest and probably some of the Danes stay throughout winter. Eventually a figure referred to as the son of Hunlaf places a sword on Hengest's lap to remind him of his loyalties. Other Danes also return, and probably together they wreak havoc on the Frisians and slay king Finn. The Danes take the unnamed Frisian queen back to what appear to be her own people in Denmark,[10] identifying the Frisian queen as probably Danish.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Widsith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widsith"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Skáldskaparmál","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A1ldskaparm%C3%A1l"},{"link_name":"Snorri Sturluson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Historia Brittonum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Brittonum"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Other sources","text":"The Anglo-Saxon poem fragment Widsith mentions a Finn who is referred to by the patronymic Folcwalding,[11] probably explaining the patronymic allusion in Beowulf to \"Folcwald's son\" as a reference to Finn.[12] Widsith also mentions a Hnæf who is said to have ruled the Hocings.[13] Since Hildeburh is said in Beowulf to be the daughter of Hoc and the sister of Hnæf, and since Widsith mentions a Hnæf ruling the people of Hoc, it seems clear that Widsith refers to the same Hnæf of the Battle of Finnsburg. It also mentions a Sæferð or Sasferth who can be identified with one of Hnæf's men, Sigeferth.The only other source to perhaps allude to the battle is the Skáldskaparmál, where Snorri Sturluson mentions a coat of mail called Finnsleif (English: Finn's legacy).[14] The names of some of the characters in the Battle of Finnsburg are mentioned in other sources, usually in genealogies such as the reference to Folcwald and Finn in the Historia Brittonum. Hengest is mentioned in several works, but his identity and exploits are unclear. One argument, still supported by some recent scholars, is that he is the same figure as the Anglo-Saxon founder of the Kingdom of Kent.[15]","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hildeburh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildeburh"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"brothers-in-law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother-in-law"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"filicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filicide"}],"text":"See also: HildeburhSince the unnamed Frisian queen in Beowulf is probably said to be of the Danish people, it seems very likely that Hildeburh is this Frisian queen. This means that Hnæf was probably staying as an invited guest of Finn at his home, Finnsburg (English: fortified stronghold of Finn), in Frisia, with Hildeburh connecting the two factions together:She was clearly a Danish (or at least 'half-Danish') princess, who had married Finn, prince of the Frisians, doubtless a political move to secure peace between Danes and Frisians. Hildeburh had a brother, Hnæf, who apparently went to Finn with his Danish retinue in friendship.[16]Though the identification of Hnæf and Finn being brothers-in-law makes the situation much clearer, it shifts the emphasis of explanation onto the reason behind the subsequent battle. The battle may reflect a reoccurrence of the tensions which Hildeburh's marriage may have been a diplomatic move to quell. If the identification between the characters holds, moreover, then the son of Hildeburh and nephew of Hnæf who dies in the battle is probably therefore the son of Finn; he may even have been heir to the Frisian kingdom. In this respect it is especially notable that Hildeburh's son is laid on Hnæf's pyre.[17] Tolkien suggested that Hildeburh's son was raised by Hnæf, and was being brought back to Finn at his coming of age; even that Hildeburh's son was one of the party besieged with Hnæf inside the great hall. Such a theory would add an extra layer of complexity, of a feeling of possible responsibility for filicide, to the already complicated psychological motivations of Finn.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Battle phases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liuzza (2000)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLiuzza2000"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Phase One: The siege battle","text":"But awake now, my warriors!take up your shields, think of valorfight in the vanguard, and be resolute!— Liuzza (2000), Hnæf, Finnsburg Fragment, p.163The siege is described primarily in the Finnsburg Fragment. Hnæf rouses his troops with a short but powerful speech. Two of his men, Sigeferth and Eaha go to one door (Door A), and another two of his men Ordlaf and Guthlaf go to another door (Door B) of the great hall in which they were trapped at Finnsburg. In Beowulf the pair \"Guthlaf and Oslaf\" are mentioned returning later to their home, so that Oslaf in Beowulf is probably to be identified with Ordlaf from the Finnsburg Fragment. Hengest follows Ordlaf/Oslaf and Guthlaf to Door B.Outside the great hall, Garulf is planning to launch the first attack. Guthere counsels him not to do so, saying that Garulf's life is too valuable.[18] Garulf proceeds anyway, and asks who holds that door. Sigeferth replies to Garulf's taunt from within, showing that the attack is being mounted at Door A. Sigeferth is said to be a lord of the Secgena; in Widsith a Sæferð or Sasferth is said to be lord of the Sycges or Secgan, apparently referring to the same character. The two sides fight at that door, and Garulf and many of the attackers die. It is not clear what happens to Guthere whom he was counselled by. Garulf is said to be Guthlaf's son; it is not clear whether or not this is the same Guthlaf who holds the door as a defender at Door B.The battle continues for five days, and none of the besieged defenders of Hnæf and his men are killed. Then one of the defenders is wounded, and Hnæf asks the unnamed wounded defender how the other men are coping. There the Finnsburg Fragment ends. The narrative continues in Beowulf after the battle has ended; immediately Hnæf and his nephew are said to have been slain. On the attackers' side, the Beowulf scop says that \"all of the thanes of Finn, except a few\" were slain.[19] Hengest is now the commander of the defenders.","title":"Battle phases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liuzza (2000)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLiuzza2000"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zocco69-8"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"eotena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Eotena"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"weregild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weregild"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Interim: Swearing of oaths","text":"They swore their pledges then on either side,a firm compact of peace. With unfeigned zealFinn swore his oaths to Hengest— Liuzza (2000), Beowulf, p.87Since Finn had lost most of his thanes, he was unable to fight Hengest, and the Beowulf poet says that for this reason they drew up a peace treaty. Nicola Zocco clarifies that the \"Frisians offer to come to terms with the Danes because they need to resolve the situation in a bloodless way, given that they cannot afford a military victory.\"[8] This gives the motivation for the attackers to enter into a peace bargain, but not for the motivation of the defenders. Perhaps the toll on them would also have been too large, that Hengest and his men would not have been able to break the deadlock of the siege. The peace treaty must have been reasonable to both commanders as the best way out of the stalemate.The fact that the two sides did not fight to the death may indicate that Finn felt some remorse for the rules of hospitality having been broken against his brother-in-law Hnæf and his men. Seiichi Suzuki points out that the Beowulf poet implies twice that Finn was to blame and was blamed.[20] Still, Finn may not have been a primary belligerent, only responsible in the capacity of a figurehead; and the picture is made more complex by the role of the eotena (see below). The Beowulf poet seems to allude to Finn's sincerity about the peace treaty when he says that Finn swore oaths to Hengest \"with unfeigned zeal\".[21]Not only were the peace terms probably offered by the Frisians to the Danes, but the Frisians were very submissive in the deal. Though under the treaty the Danes are not to complain about the death of Hnæf, Finn more extremely swears that any Frisian who provokes further violence would be, in the language of the poet, settled with the edge of the sword.[22] The defenders are also to be given half of a new building,[23] which, confusingly they are to share with Finn and the eotena sons (see below),[24] and also to be given feasts and treasure by Finn. The concessions by Finn may reflect his remorse at the events, or it may have been seen as a suitable weregild for the defenders not avenging the killing of Hnæf. The Beowulf poet describes how Finn stuck to his oath by giving treasure.Meanwhile, Hnæf and his nephew are placed on the funeral pyre and Hildeburh laments. Later most of the warriors go home, \"to seek their native lands, / bereft of friends, to behold Frisia, / their homes and high fortresses.\"[25] Hengest, and some retainers, stayed however with Finn over the winter; it is not clear why they do so. Donald K. Fry contends that Hengest stayed \"by his own choice, by his own design.\"[26]","title":"Battle phases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liuzza (2000)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLiuzza2000"},{"link_name":"eotena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Eotena"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Phase Two: The Frisian slaughter","text":"So he did not refuse the world's customwhen the son of Hunlaf placed a glinting sword,the best of battle-flames, upon his lap— Liuzza (2000), Beowulf, p.88Eventually a man described as the son of Hunlaf, but given no more specific name or description, places a sword on the lap of Hengest. The sword, a hildeleoma (English: battle-light) which may either be the name of the sword or a description of it, is said to be renowned to the eotenum (see eotena below). Olivieri suggests that probably \"Hunlaf had died in the fight at the castle — the sword had been used with the Jutes — and his son asked for revenge.\"[27] Meanwhile, Guthlaf and Oslaf/Ordlaf, presumably the same pair who held Door A in the siege, go back to the Danish people and tell them what has occurred.The Beowulf poet says that as a consequence, without naming the antecedents, Finn and all the Frisians were slaughtered. Most likely the antecedents are both of the actions described above, that Hengest and a returning faction of Danes banded together in force to slaughter Finn and the remnants of his forces, avenge Hnæf, pillage Finnsburg, and return to the Danish people with Hildeburh. This is usually understood to mean that Hengest had been brooding over whether fealty or oaths were strongest, and that he and the Danes broke the terms of the peace treaty, though Zocco argues otherwise.[28]","title":"Battle phases"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Eotena"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stories_of_beowulf_grendel.jpg"},{"link_name":"list of artistic depictions of Grendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artistic_depictions_of_Grendel"},{"link_name":"declension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declension"},{"link_name":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction"},{"link_name":"pun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"metaphor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphor"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Jutes or giants?","text":"Illustration by J. R. Skelton (1908) of the giant Grendel from earlier in Beowulf. See also a list of artistic depictions of Grendel.The words eotena and eotenum in the Beowulf episode appear in several places to describe the opponents of the Danes:At the beginning of the episode, Hildeburh is said to have \"had no need to praise\" the eotena good faith (lines 1071–2).\nWhen a hall is cleared out for Hengest and his men to inhabit as part of the peace treaty terms, he is to share it with Folcwalda's son (Finn), and the eotena sons (line 1088).\nHengest broods on revenge against the eotena sons, wanting to remind them of his sword (line 1141).\nWhen the hunlafing sword is placed on Hengest's lap, it is said to be \"not unknown\" to the eotenum (line 1145).This has given rise to three basic theories about the term eoten- in Beowulf:The term is a corrupted declension of Eotan (English: Jutes).\nThe term is a pun, meaning eoten (English: giant) but referring to Jutes.[29]\nThe term is a metaphor, meaning eoten but referring to Frisians.The first theory was held by Tolkien in the early 20th century, and is now widely accepted amongst scholars.[30] But the second and third theories have seen increasing popularity; more recent dissenters include Williams, Kaske, Gwara, and Vickrey.[31] As three Beowulf editors wrote in 2008:The terms for Frisians and Jutes seem to be used interchangeably in the Episode (see Beo 1088 and 1093), but it is impossible to be certain, given the fragmentary and allusive nature of the evidence, and the alternate ways of construing the term eotenas that has been thought to designate the Jutes. Historically, scholarship has favored the assumption that MS eotena and eotenum refer to Jutes […], though quite a few scholars, especially in recent years, have seen here common nouns referring to giants[32]","title":"Eotena"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"morphological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"genitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive"},{"link_name":"plural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural"},{"link_name":"dative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative"},{"link_name":"disyllabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable"},{"link_name":"masculine noun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_gender"},{"link_name":"weak nouns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_noun"},{"link_name":"i-nouns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thematic_stem"},{"link_name":"philological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philology"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Arguments for giants","text":"The dissatisfaction with the first theory, of the Eotan or Jutes, can be perceived along two axes: morphological and semantic. Vickrey summarises the morphological evidence for a reading of giants, the numbers referring to Beowulf line numbers:the form eotena, the expected genitive plural of eoten 'giant' (eotena 421, 883), is anomalous as a declensional form of Eote, Eotan 'Jutes'; and the form eotenum, along with eotenum 902, the expected dative plural of eoten 'giant,' a disyllabic masculine noun with a short first syllable, is, as a dative plural of Eote, Eotan 'Jutes,' without parallel elsewhere in the poem either in weak nouns or i-nouns. […] On philological grounds, then, it is more likely that eoten- meant 'giant' and not 'Jute' in the Finn Episode: if 'Jute,' eoten- is suspect and doubtful; if 'giant,' expected and normal.[33]Vickrey's point about eotenum refers to line 1145, where the dative plural eotenum is used. The dative plural for Jutes would be eotum,[34] whereas eotenum is the correct dative plural for the sense of giants; despite this, the word in this line is still often translated \"Jutes\" in accordance with the first theory. Williams argued of eoten that \"it is not fact but only possibility that the scribe confused therewith the tribal name, or that this tribal name had a dative Éotenum. A possibility cannot upset a fact!\"[35]Understanding whether the references are to Jutes or giants has a large bearing on the presented social dynamic of the battle. In a more cautious appraisal Fry summarises that \"Whoever the eoten- are, they are probably not Danes and not subject to Hengest.\"[36]","title":"Eotena"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Blair 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBlair2003"},{"link_name":"Tolkien 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTolkien2006"},{"link_name":"Hengest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengest"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Zocco 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZocco2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Widsith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widsith"},{"link_name":"Deor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deor"},{"link_name":"Waldere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldere"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BeowulfAfterFragment_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BeowulfAfterFragment_5-1"},{"link_name":"Zocco 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZocco2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Liuzza 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLiuzza2000"},{"link_name":"Liuzza 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLiuzza2000"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Zocco69_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Zocco69_8-1"},{"link_name":"Zocco 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZocco2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Sturluson 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSturluson2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Gwara 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGwara2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Marsden 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMarsden2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Leonard Neidorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Neidorf"},{"link_name":"Youth and Age in the Finnsburg Fragment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.researchgate.net/publication/339582512_Youth_and_Age_in_the_Finnsburg_Fragment"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Suzuki 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSuzuki2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Fry 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFry1974"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Zocco 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZocco2007"},{"link_name":"Olivieri 1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFOlivieri1934"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"Zocco 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZocco2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"cognate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognate"},{"link_name":"ettins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ettin"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"Gwara 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGwara2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"Williams 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWilliams1974"},{"link_name":"Fry 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFry1974"},{"link_name":"Gwara 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGwara2008"},{"link_name":"Vickrey 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVickrey2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"Bjork, Fulk & Niles 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBjorkFulkNiles2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"Vickrey 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVickrey2009"},{"link_name":"i-nouns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Old_English_i-stem_nouns"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"Gwara 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGwara2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"Williams 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWilliams1974"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"Fry 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFry1974"}],"text":"^ The modern equivalent of Finnsburg is unknown.\n\n^ Blair 2003, p. 15 dates it to \"c. 400–450\" AD, whereas Tolkien 2006, p. 167 dates it to precisely 452 AD. Both suggestions depend on identifying Hengest in the Battle of Finnsburg with the founder of the Kingdom of Kent, an association which is uncertain.\n\n^ Zocco 2007, p. 67, \"in the most generally accepted reconstruction the first assault is from the part of the Frisians in a treacherous onslaught which excites the Danish strenuous defence\". The term Frisian side avoids imputing specific responsibility to either Finn, Frisians, Jutes, or others.\n\n^ Beowulf and the Finnsburg Fragment have the story of the battle, Widsith mentions some of the figures, and Deor and Waldere have no reference to it.\n\n^ a b Zocco 2007, pp. 66–7. \"It seems to be generally accepted that the Fragment reports facts which happened before those told in the Episode\"\n\n^ Beowulf, lines 1162–63.\n\n^ Some translations, such as Liuzza 2000, p. 86, have \"her sons and brothers\" for Beowulf, line 1074. All English translations of Beowulf are from Liuzza 2000, pp. 86–9.\n\n^ a b Zocco 2007, p. 69.\n\n^ Beowulf, line 1090.\n\n^ Some translations, however, have \"the people\" rather than \"her people\".\n\n^ Widsith, line 27.\n\n^ Beowulf, line 1089.\n\n^ Widsith, line 29.\n\n^ Sturluson 2005, p. 105 and 159.\n\n^ Gwara 2008, p. 163, argues that Hengest is not Danish; and that \"it seems certain that Hengest is the originary Germanic settler of Kent, as stated in Bede.\" The problem is a complex one.\n\n^ Marsden 2004, p. 273. The identification of Hildeburh as the Frisian queen is a rarity in that it appears to be universally held despite the lack of direct evidence from the sources.\n\n^ Beowulf, line 1114.\n\n^ Leonard Neidorf, 'Youth and Age in the Finnsburg Fragment', in: ANQ: AQuarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews (2020), 1-5\n\n^ Beowulf, line 1081.\n\n^ Suzuki 2000, p. 118.\n\n^ Beowulf, line 1096.\n\n^ Beowulf, lines 1104–06.\n\n^ The \"óðer flet\" with \"healle ond héahsetl\". Beowulf, lines 1086–87.\n\n^ There were perhaps only two great halls at Finnsburg, and the main one was made uninhabitable because of the siege.\n\n^ It is not clear why the returning defenders were to \"behold Frisia\"; did some of the defenders come from Frisia? Or were they just beholding Frisia on their way back home?\n\n^ Fry 1974, p. 22.\n\n^ Zocco 2007, p. 67. Translation of the Italian original, Olivieri 1934, pp. lii–liii.\n\n^ Zocco 2007, p. 79.\n\n^ The term eoten is cognate to the later English word \"ettins\".\n\n^ Gwara 2008, p. 164 says \"Richard North extended Tolkien's observations [that eotena refers to Jutes], which seem now to have been widely accepted.\"\n\n^ Williams 1974, pp. 139–40; Kaske via Fry 1974, p. 15; Gwara 2008, p. 164; and Vickrey 2009, p. 43.\n\n^ Bjork, Fulk & Niles 2008, p. 275.\n\n^ Vickrey 2009, p. 34. p.34. Cf. i-nouns.\n\n^ Gwara 2008, p. 163.\n\n^ Williams 1974, pp. 139–40\n\n^ Fry 1974, p. 14","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Klaeber's Beowulf and The Fight at Finnsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=8ek3p6ILv8wC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780802098436","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802098436"},{"link_name":"An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=9eN87VsPaw0C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780521537773","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521537773"},{"link_name":"Finnsburh: Fragment and Episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=jQMOAAAAQAAJ"},{"link_name":"Heroic Identity in the World of Beowulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=weARAmKExOkC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-9004171701","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004171701"},{"link_name":"The Cambridge Old English Reader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=OE4Vqj3IYrcC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780521456128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521456128"},{"link_name":"Explanatory Notes on Beowulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.heorot.dk/beowulf-rede-notes.html#r1072"},{"link_name":"The Quoit Brooch Style and Anglo-Saxon Settlement: a Casting and Recasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=jLUfFfK4qEoC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780851157498","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780851157498"},{"link_name":"Beowulf and the Illusion of History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=F02x05e2JGUC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780980149661","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780980149661"},{"link_name":"\"The Episode of Finn in Beowulf. Discharging Hengest\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aisberg.unibg.it/retrieve/handle/10446/111/1064/LeF24%282007%29Zocco.pdf"}],"text":"Bjork; Fulk; Niles, eds. (2008), Klaeber's Beowulf and The Fight at Finnsburg, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 9780802098436\nBlair, Peter Hunter (2003), An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521537773\nFry, Donald K. (1974), Finnsburh: Fragment and Episode, Taylor & Francis\nGwara, Scott (2008), Heroic Identity in the World of Beowulf, BRILL, ISBN 978-9004171701\nLiuzza, R. M. (2000), Beowulf: a New Verse Translation, Broadview\nMarsden, Richard (2004), The Cambridge Old English Reader, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521456128\nOlivieri, Federico (1934), Beowulf, Torino: Edizioni Dell'Erma\nSlade, Benjamin, Explanatory Notes on Beowulf\nSturluson, Snorri (2005), Jesse L. Byock (ed.), The Prose Edda, Penguin\nSuzuki, Seiichi (2000), The Quoit Brooch Style and Anglo-Saxon Settlement: a Casting and Recasting, Boydell & Brewer, ISBN 9780851157498\nTolkien, J. R. R. (2006), Alan Bliss (ed.), Finn and Hengest, Harper Collins\nVickrey, John F. (2009), Beowulf and the Illusion of History, University of Delaware Press, ISBN 9780980149661\nWilliams, R. A. (1974), The Finn Episode in Beowulf\nZocco, Nicola (2007), \"The Episode of Finn in Beowulf. Discharging Hengest\" (PDF), Linguistica e Filologia, 24: 65–83","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Wealhþeow, who \"came forth / in her golden crown\" after the Beowulf scop was finished narrating the Finnsburg story in Beowulf.[6]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Wealhtheow.PNG/220px-Wealhtheow.PNG"},{"image_text":"Illustration by J. R. Skelton (1908) of the giant Grendel from earlier in Beowulf. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_Hemony	Pieter and François Hemony	["1 Life","2 Carillons","2.1 Pieter and François in Zutphen 1642–1657","2.2 François in Amsterdam 1657–1664","2.3 Pieter in Ghent 1657–1664","2.4 Pieter and François in Amsterdam 1664–1667","2.5 Pieter in Amsterdam 1667–1680","3 Variances","4 References"]	17th-century European bellfounders This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Hemony brothers1875 drawing of the brothers with Jacob van EyckOccupationBellfoundersYears active1641–1680Known forDeveloping the tuned carillon with Van EyckPieter HemonyBornPierre Hemony1619 (1619)Levécourt, FranceDied20 February 1680 (aged 60–61)Amsterdam, Dutch Republic François HemonyBornc. 1609Levécourt, FranceDied(1667-05-24)24 May 1667 (aged c. 57–58)Amsterdam, Dutch Republic Pieter Hemony (born Pierre Hemony; 1619 – 20 February 1680) and his brother François Hemony (c. 1609 – 24 May 1667) were the greatest bellfounders in the history of the Low Countries. They developed the carillon, in collaboration with Jacob van Eyck, into a full-fledged musical instrument by casting the first tuned carillon in 1644. The brothers' skill was unequaled in their time; after their death, their guarded trade secrets were lost, and not until the 19th century were bells of comparable tuning quality cast. Even today, most Hemony bells sound pure and clear. Life The brothers Hemony were born in Levécourt (in present-day Champagne-Ardenne, France) into a family of bell founders who travelled throughout Europe to cast bells. It is likely that they relocated their business to Germany during the Thirty Years' War, where François cast his first swinging bell. In 1641, they first cast swinging bells in the Netherlands for the Reformed Church in Goor, but their career reached a watershed when they settled in Zutphen and cast the world's first tuned carillon, installed in Zutphen's Wijnhuistoren tower, in 1644. That instrument was lost to fire in 1920. François and Pieter developed their ability to build and tune carillons in close cooperation with Jacob van Eyck, a musician and composer who developed a method of precisely identifying the overtones of bells. Van Eyck, appointed city carillonneur of Utrecht in 1642, had drawn the attention of leading scientists of his day, such as Christiaan Huygens (his relative) and René Descartes, with his ability to isolate five partials of a bell by whistling to create sympathetic resonance. When struck, a bell produces a number of partials which, if imprecisely tuned, can create an unpleasant sound and which prevents it from harmonizing in accordance with other bells. To address this problem, the Hemony brothers gave their bells a particular profile and thickened it in certain places. The bells were then tuned by hollowing ridges from specific parts of the inner wall until the first few partials were acceptably in tune. The foundry of the Hemony brothers in Amsterdam; on the corner of Keizersgracht/Leidsegracht, around 1660 In 1657, the brothers parted ways. François moved to Amsterdam, at the invitation of the city government, to establish a foundry. He cast twenty carillons as well as statues for various sculptors, such as Artus I Quellinus. Pieter travelled through the southern Netherlands, with much time spent in Ghent in present-day Belgium, where he cast the great carillon for the Belfry of Ghent. However, following conflicts with the city of Ghent over the quality of his work, Pieter in 1664 rejoined his brother in Amsterdam where, together, they cast some of their finest carillons, including that of the Dom Tower of Utrecht and the Town Hall (now the Royal Palace on Dam square). Bell production temporarily ceased following the outbreak of the Second Anglo-Dutch War in 1665 as they devoted their foundry to casting artillery. A few days after writing his will, François Hemony died on May 24, 1667. For his funeral at the Nieuwe Kerk in Amsterdam, a bell of his own casting was tolled for three and a half hours. Although Pieter would resume casting carillons in 1670, the foundry's best production had come to an end. Pieter died on February 20, 1680. Carillons In total, the brothers cast 51 carillons for towers in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, and other countries, Here follows the complete list. Pieter and François in Zutphen 1642–1657 The Hemony carillon of the Zuiderkerk in Amsterdam was installed in 1656 Wijnhuistoren, Zutphen Nieuwe Toren in Kampen just after the restoration in 2011 Wijnhuistoren in Zutphen (1644–46). First ever made well tuned carillon. Was lost in a tower fire in 1920 Grote or Lebuinus kerk in Deventer (1647) latest renovation of the carillon in 2011 Zuider of St. Pancrastoren Enkhuizen 1647–1649 – François 1664 enlarged – Pieter 1674 enlarged again; latest renovation in 1992. New baton keyboard in 2013. Stadhuis (Town Hall) in 's-Hertogenbosch Cast in 1649; put in the tower and first use in 1657. Nicolaïkerk in Utrecht (1649) restoration round 1990 Eusebiustoren in Arnhem 1650–1651 François 1661 enlargement. Was lost in 1944 during a bombing raid. Some bells survived. Jacobitoren in Utrecht. François and Pieter 1651 Pieter 1668 enlargement. Was lost in a storm in 1674. Some bells survived as swinging bells. Munttoren in Amsterdam One of the towers of the former Regulierspoort city gate. The remaining tower was enlarged by Hendrick de Keyser. François en Pieter cast it in 1651. It was the first carillon (22 bells) for Amsterdam made for the tower of the Beurs (Stock Exchange building) also by Hendrick de Keyser. It was moved in 1668 to the Munttoren and made larger by Pieter Hemony with bass and treble bells (33 bells). Restoration in 1959 by Petit & Fritsen Gasthuistoren in Zaltbommel. Cast by François en Pieter in 1654. Bells were buried in a garden during world war two. Renovation and retuning by Eijsbouts in 1959. Barbaratoren in Culemborg (1654/55) Just 9 bass bells by Hemony. other bells by Eijsbouts 1952 tuned in meantone temperament like all Hemony carillons. Martinitoren in Doesburg. Cast by François en Pieter 1654/55. Was lost in World War II when the Nazis blew up the tower in 1945. It was situated outside on top of the tower on one side of the spire. The new carillon is inside the tower. Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekathedraal in Antwerp and Church- or Kapittelbeiaard 1654/55. Was lent to St. Catharin church at Hoogstraten. Some bells missing in Hoogstraten are lent to other parishes and some disappeared. Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekathedraal in Antwerp. Stads- (city) of Kermisbeiaard (Pleasure fair Carillon) by François en Pieter 1655 enlarged by them 1658. Latest renovation 2014. Automatic drumm part will follow soon. St. Michielsabdij in Antwerp. Cast by François en Pieter 1655. Lost in 1797 during the French period, during religious wars (Protestants against the Roman Catholics). Zuidertoren in Amsterdam (1656). Due to the success of the Beurs carillon, François was invited to cast a new carillon for the Zuidertoren as a replacement of the old Waghevens chime. After this François was invited to be the 'City Bell Founder' and to do the same job in the Westertoren and Oudekerkstoren. Pieter Hemony left for Gent in Flanders around that time. François in Amsterdam 1657–1664 Oude Kerk in Amsterdam (1658) Westertoren in Amsterdam (1658) Onze Lieve Vrouwetoren in Amersfoort (1659/1662/1663) Nieuwe Toren in Kampen (1659) Nieuwe Kerk Delft (1659/60) Pieter 1678 enlarged. Grote of Sint-Catharijnekerk in Brielle (South Holland) (1660) Bells were taken away in world war two by the Nazis, but during the transport, the ship was sabotaged and sunk in the deepest part of the lake IJsselmeer. So the Hemony carillon was saved and after the war it returned to Brielle. It was enlarged with a bass octave by Eijsbouts and now inside the tower; in the past it was in the window on the east side of the tower. Laurenstoren Rotterdam (1660). The bells were almost devastated in the second world war but thanks to a new constructed concrete floor under the bell chamber all Hemony bells were saved. Beurstoren Rotterdam (1660). This carillon was till 1829 in the former town hall. Destroyed in 1940 during the bombing of Rotterdam by Nazi Germany. Averbode Abdijtoren (1659–1662) 19 bells from 1661/62 in this carillon are in 1819 sold by A.J. van den Gheyn to Huy in Wallonia and still there in the northern of Sint-Materne tower of the Collegiale Onze Lieve-Vrouwekerk. Mainz Liebfrauenstift (1660/or 1661) Devastated by a fire in a war between French and Germans in 1793. Grote Kerk, Haarlem (1660-1661-1662-1664) enlargement by Pieter in 1670. Part of the bells are in the Bakenesserkerk. New bells by Eijsbouts in the Grote Kerk for them and enlarged to 4 octaves. St. Nicolaïtoren Hamburg 1661 enlargement by François en Pieter in 1665. Devastated in a fire in 1842. Sint Hyppolytustoren Middelstum François (1661–1662) Belfort Brussels François (1662–1663?) Devastated in a fire by shooting of French soldiers in 1695. Grote or Sint-Stephanuskerk / Stadstoren (City tower) Hasselt, Overijssel in the Netherlands François 1662. Devastated in a fire in 1725. Martinitoren in Groningen François (1662/63) enlargement by Pieter in 1671. Der Aa-kerk Groningen François 1662 (1663?) Devastated in a storm by fire in 1671. Bakenessertoren Haarlem François 1663 (en 1662-1661?) Carillon was sold to get money for the city in 1795. Some of the bells are possibly in Huy in Belgium. The present Hemony bells in Bakenessertoren in Haarlem are from the tower of the Grote- or Sint-Bavokerk. Pieter in Ghent 1657–1664 Abdijtoren Tongerlo. Pieter 1657/58 This carillon was lost during the French Revolution. Belfort Ghent Pieter 1659/60. In 1948 part of the carillon from Beaudelootoren was used in this carillon. Renovation and restoration took many years but it finished in 1982. The famous cracked 'Klokke Roeland', which was on the square beside the building, is welded now and can be rung now in a concrete construction on the same square waiting for its return to the belfry. Sint-Salvatorabdij/Abdijtoren Ename near Oudenaarde Pieter 1660, enlarged by him in 1677. Was stolen by the French during the French Revolution. A part of the bells was traded subsequently in France. Eric Sutter, a French carillon specialist, has been able to locate 10 of the 40 bells in 7 different churches throughout the northern part of France. Boudelo-abdij-toren Ghent Pieter 1661. In 1948 part of this carillon was used to enlarge the Belfort carillon. Pieter and François in Amsterdam 1664–1667 Domtoren Utrecht François en Pieter 1663/64. The carillon was restored in 1972. Sint-Gertrudtoren Stockholm. François en Pieter 1663/65. Devastated in a fire in 1878. Stadhuis Amsterdam, now Royal Palace on Dam square. François en Pieter 1664. It was renovated by Eijsbouts in 1965. Only 9 bells by François and Pieter Hemony remained. 38 new bells by Eijsbouts were made and tuned in meantone temperament. The old corroded Hemony bells are kept inside the palace. The Town Hall in Maastricht – This carillon is one of the last which has been cast by the two brothers together, just before the death of François (1664). The bells were made for the city of Diest, but this city in Belgium did not want it at that time. So the carillon was sold by Pieter for the town hall in Maastricht. During the restoration of the carillon in 1962, 11 bells from 1664 by Hemony were removed from the carillon for sound technical reasons, these were replaced by new bells made by Eijsbouts in Asten. One of those deprecated Hemony bells can still be seen in the Carillon museum 'Klok en Peel' in Asten. The other 10 deprecated Hemony bells are still missing. Pieter in Amsterdam 1667–1680 Willibrorduskerk (basilica) Hulst Pieter 1670. Carillon was lost in a fire in 1876. Residenzschloss (Ducal Palace) Darmstadt Pieter 1670. After restoration attempts of the carillon, where it was tuned in a wrong way, again include 1937, the bells were destroyed in the second world war during a bombing raid in 1943. Sint Sulpitiuskerk Diest Pieter 1671. Grote- or Sint Cyriacuskerk Hoorn Pieter 1671. In 1838 this carillon was destroyed in a fire. Plummers had an accident on the roof of the church with their lead smelter. Town Hall Ostend Pieter 1671. This carillon was devastated in 1706 by acts of war. Grote or Sint-Laurenskerk Weesp Pieter 1671 The bells were purchased by Weesp in 1676 after earlier attempts by Hemony to offer them to Bruges (Abdij ter Duinen (Abbaye dunes)), Emden and Cambrai (St. Aubert Abbey). Drommedaris (Dromedary tower) Enkhuizen Pieter 1671/74/75/77. Carillon was in stock by Pieter Hemony and was exchanged with the probably larger bells (Chime) by Geert van Wou which came from the St Pancras or Zuidertoren in Enkhuizen. It is the smallest carillon made by Pieter Hemony. Between 2011 and 2015 the cupola was renovated and the carillon rehung. A new baton keyboard was installed. Sint-Romboutstoren Mechelen Pieter 1674, based on the older present bass bells The carillon was rehung in 1980/81 in a lower bell room. Since a new carillon by Eijsbouts appeared in this large tower it was seldom used and the carillon fell in disrepair, but in 2010 this instrument was repaired by tower guard / clockmaker Nick Vanhaute. He also made the large drum one of the best automatic playing in Europe. Today the bells can be heard automatically on the drum only. The baton keyboard is almost never in use. Sint Janskerk in Gouda has the final remaining carillon by Peter Hemony from 1677/78 and the only Hemony carillon with complete basses. (included C# and Eflat) Restoration by Eijsbouts round 2000 Town Hall Leiden Pieter 1677/78 and after his death his pupil and nephew Mammes Fremy made the basses in 1680. Was devastated in 1929 in a big fire. Variances In August 2002, divers made a remarkable discovery in a 17th-century shipwreck near the island of Texel, Netherlands. They found a perfectly preserved bell which, according to the text engraved on it, had been cast at the Amsterdam foundry of François Hemony in 1658. The bell weighs 132 kg and is 59.5 cm in diameter. In the Netherlands, several places have a street named after the Hemonies: Amsterdam, Middelstum, Venray, Assen, Zutphen and Arnhem. References Lehr, André (1959), De klokkengieters François en Pieter Hemony, Asten. (in Dutch) Lehr, André (1991), The Art of the Carillon in the Low Countries, Tielt: Lannoo, ISBN 90-209-1917-2. Taylor, Nigel, "Tuning", Kirnberger. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hemony bells. vteBellsBackground and terminology Bell Bell-cot Bellfounding Bell-gable Bell pattern Bell tower / Campanile Bell-ringer Bell shrine Belfry Bourdon Campanology (index) Peal Ring of bells Strike tone Striking clock Zvonnitsa Types Agogô Altar bell Aluphone Babendil Bell tree Bianzhong Bicycle bell Bonshō Call bell Cat bell Church bell Cowbell Crotal bell Dead bell Doorbell Dōtaku Ghanta Handbell Jingle bell Kane Mini-ring Ship's bell Servant bell Standing bell Suzu Tintinnabulum Tubular bells Ringing styles Chiming Carillon Chime Canpanò Ellacombe apparatus Russian Orthodox bell ringing Blagovest Full circle ringing Change ringing Call changes Method ringing Bolognese bell ringing Veronese bell ringing Notable bells List of heaviest bells Balangiga bells Bell of Good Luck Bell of King Seongdeok Big Ben Freedom Bell Great Bell of Dhammazedi Great Tom Ivan the Great Bell Tower Japanese Peace Bell Justice Bell Liberty Bell Maria Gloriosa Mingun Bell Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris Olympic Bell Petersglocke Sigismund Bell Swan Bells Temple Bell (Boston) Tsar Bell World Peace Bells Kentucky Yongle Big Bell Bell founders and foundries Bergholtz Bilbie family Andrey Chokhov Cockey Royal Eijsbouts Kashpir Ganusov Vanden Gheyn Gillett & Johnston Grassmayr Miles Graye Hatch Pieter and François Hemony Christopher Hodson Franciscus Illenfeld Juutila Marinelli McShane Meneely John Murphy Olsen Nauen Glockengießerei Otto Paccard Petit & Fritsen Richard Phelps Rudhall John and William Rufford Saarlouiser Glockengießerei Schilling Taylor Hugh Watts Warner Whitechapel Geert van Wou Related Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers Glockenmuseum Stiftskirche Herrenberg Liberty Bell Memorial Museum Liberty Bell Museum National Bell Festival Ringing organizations Freedom Bell, American Legion All the Bells	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bellfounders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellfounder"},{"link_name":"Low Countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries"},{"link_name":"carillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carillon"},{"link_name":"Jacob van Eyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Eyck"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Pieter Hemony (born Pierre Hemony; 1619 – 20 February 1680) and his brother François Hemony (c. 1609 – 24 May 1667) were the greatest bellfounders in the history of the Low Countries. They developed the carillon, in collaboration with Jacob van Eyck, into a full-fledged musical instrument by casting the first tuned carillon in 1644.The brothers' skill was unequaled in their time; after their death, their guarded trade secrets were lost, and not until the 19th century were bells of comparable tuning quality cast[citation needed]. Even today, most Hemony bells sound pure and clear.","title":"Pieter and François Hemony"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Levécourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev%C3%A9court"},{"link_name":"Champagne-Ardenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne-Ardenne"},{"link_name":"Thirty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Goor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goor"},{"link_name":"Zutphen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zutphen"},{"link_name":"Jacob van Eyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Eyck"},{"link_name":"overtones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone"},{"link_name":"carillonneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carillonneur"},{"link_name":"Utrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_(city)"},{"link_name":"Christiaan Huygens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens"},{"link_name":"René Descartes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"partials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_series_(music)#Partial"},{"link_name":"partials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtones"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hemony.jpg"},{"link_name":"Keizersgracht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keizersgracht"},{"link_name":"Leidsegracht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leidsegracht"},{"link_name":"Artus I Quellinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artus_I_Quellinus"},{"link_name":"Belfry of Ghent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfry_of_Ghent"},{"link_name":"Dom Tower of Utrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_Tower_of_Utrecht"},{"link_name":"Second Anglo-Dutch War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War"},{"link_name":"Nieuwe Kerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuwe_Kerk_(Amsterdam)"}],"text":"The brothers Hemony were born in Levécourt (in present-day Champagne-Ardenne, France) into a family of bell founders who travelled throughout Europe to cast bells. It is likely that they relocated their business to Germany during the Thirty Years' War, where François cast his first swinging bell. In 1641, they first cast swinging bells in the Netherlands for the Reformed Church in Goor, but their career reached a watershed when they settled in Zutphen and cast the world's first tuned carillon, installed in Zutphen's Wijnhuistoren tower, in 1644. That instrument was lost to fire in 1920.François and Pieter developed their ability to build and tune carillons in close cooperation with Jacob van Eyck, a musician and composer who developed a method of precisely identifying the overtones of bells. Van Eyck, appointed city carillonneur of Utrecht in 1642, had drawn the attention of leading scientists of his day, such as Christiaan Huygens (his relative) and René Descartes[citation needed], with his ability to isolate five partials of a bell by whistling to create sympathetic resonance.When struck, a bell produces a number of partials which, if imprecisely tuned, can create an unpleasant sound and which prevents it from harmonizing in accordance with other bells. To address this problem, the Hemony brothers gave their bells a particular profile and thickened it in certain places. The bells were then tuned by hollowing ridges from specific parts of the inner wall until the first few partials were acceptably in tune.The foundry of the Hemony brothers in Amsterdam; on the corner of Keizersgracht/Leidsegracht, around 1660In 1657, the brothers parted ways. François moved to Amsterdam, at the invitation of the city government, to establish a foundry. He cast twenty carillons as well as statues for various sculptors, such as Artus I Quellinus. Pieter travelled through the southern Netherlands, with much time spent in Ghent in present-day Belgium, where he cast the great carillon for the Belfry of Ghent. However, following conflicts with the city of Ghent over the quality of his work, Pieter in 1664 rejoined his brother in Amsterdam where, together, they cast some of their finest carillons, including that of the Dom Tower of Utrecht and the Town Hall (now the Royal Palace on Dam square). Bell production temporarily ceased following the outbreak of the Second Anglo-Dutch War in 1665 as they devoted their foundry to casting artillery.A few days after writing his will, François Hemony died on May 24, 1667. For his funeral at the Nieuwe Kerk in Amsterdam, a bell of his own casting was tolled for three and a half hours. Although Pieter would resume casting carillons in 1670, the foundry's best production had come to an end. Pieter died on February 20, 1680.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In total, the brothers cast 51 carillons for towers in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, and other countries, Here follows the complete list.","title":"Carillons"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1294-Amsterdam.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zuiderkerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuiderkerk_(Amsterdam)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zutphen,_de_Wijnhuistoren_RM41486_IMG_5575_2018-07-15_08.57.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nieuwe_toren,_Kampen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zutphen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zutphen"},{"link_name":"Grote or Lebuinus kerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebu%C3%AFnuskerk,_Deventer"},{"link_name":"Enkhuizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkhuizen"},{"link_name":"'s-Hertogenbosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27s-Hertogenbosch"},{"link_name":"Utrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht"},{"link_name":"Eusebiustoren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Eusebius%27_Church,_Arnhem"},{"link_name":"Arnhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnhem"},{"link_name":"Jacobitoren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobikerk"},{"link_name":"Munttoren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munttoren"},{"link_name":"Hendrick de Keyser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrick_de_Keyser"},{"link_name":"Petit & Fritsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit_%26_Fritsen"},{"link_name":"Zaltbommel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaltbommel"},{"link_name":"Culemborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culemborg"},{"link_name":"Martinitoren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinikerk_(Doesburg)"},{"link_name":"Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekathedraal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_(Antwerp)"},{"link_name":"Hoogstraten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoogstraten"},{"link_name":"Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekathedraal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_(Antwerp)"},{"link_name":"check spelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Typo_help_inline"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Zuidertoren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuiderkerk"}],"sub_title":"Pieter and François in Zutphen 1642–1657","text":"The Hemony carillon of the Zuiderkerk in Amsterdam was installed in 1656Wijnhuistoren, ZutphenNieuwe Toren in Kampen just after the restoration in 2011Wijnhuistoren in Zutphen (1644–46). First ever made well tuned carillon. Was lost in a tower fire in 1920\nGrote or Lebuinus kerk in Deventer (1647) latest renovation of the carillon in 2011\nZuider of St. Pancrastoren Enkhuizen 1647–1649 – François 1664 enlarged – Pieter 1674 enlarged again; latest renovation in 1992. New baton keyboard in 2013.\nStadhuis (Town Hall) in 's-Hertogenbosch Cast in 1649; put in the tower and first use in 1657.\nNicolaïkerk in Utrecht (1649) restoration round 1990\nEusebiustoren in Arnhem 1650–1651 François 1661 enlargement. Was lost in 1944 during a bombing raid. Some bells survived.\nJacobitoren in Utrecht. François and Pieter 1651 Pieter 1668 enlargement. Was lost in a storm in 1674. Some bells survived as swinging bells.\nMunttoren in Amsterdam One of the towers of the former Regulierspoort city gate. The remaining tower was enlarged by Hendrick de Keyser. François en Pieter cast it in 1651. It was the first carillon (22 bells) for Amsterdam made for the tower of the Beurs (Stock Exchange building) also by Hendrick de Keyser. It was moved in 1668 to the Munttoren and made larger by Pieter Hemony with bass and treble bells (33 bells). Restoration in 1959 by Petit & Fritsen\nGasthuistoren in Zaltbommel. Cast by François en Pieter in 1654. Bells were buried in a garden during world war two. Renovation and retuning by Eijsbouts in 1959.\nBarbaratoren in Culemborg (1654/55) Just 9 bass bells by Hemony. other bells by Eijsbouts 1952 tuned in meantone temperament like all Hemony carillons.\nMartinitoren in Doesburg. Cast by François en Pieter 1654/55. Was lost in World War II when the Nazis blew up the tower in 1945. It was situated outside on top of the tower on one side of the spire. The new carillon is inside the tower.\nOnze-Lieve-Vrouwekathedraal in Antwerp and Church- or Kapittelbeiaard 1654/55. Was lent to St. Catharin church at Hoogstraten. Some bells missing in Hoogstraten are lent to other parishes and some disappeared.\nOnze-Lieve-Vrouwekathedraal in Antwerp. Stads- (city) of Kermisbeiaard (Pleasure fair Carillon) by François en Pieter 1655 enlarged by them 1658. Latest renovation 2014. Automatic drumm[check spelling] part will follow soon.\nSt. Michielsabdij in Antwerp. Cast by François en Pieter 1655. Lost in 1797 during the French period, during religious wars (Protestants against the Roman Catholics).\nZuidertoren in Amsterdam (1656). Due to the success of the Beurs carillon, François was invited to cast a new carillon for the Zuidertoren as a replacement of the old Waghevens chime. After this François was invited to be the 'City Bell Founder' and to do the same job in the Westertoren and Oudekerkstoren. Pieter Hemony left for Gent in Flanders around that time.","title":"Carillons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oude Kerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oude_Kerk_(Amsterdam)"},{"link_name":"Westertoren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerkerk"},{"link_name":"Onze Lieve Vrouwetoren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onze_Lieve_Vrouwetoren"},{"link_name":"Nieuwe Toren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuwe_Toren,_Kampen"},{"link_name":"Nieuwe Kerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuwe_Kerk_(Delft)"},{"link_name":"Brielle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brielle"},{"link_name":"Laurenstoren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_of_Sint-Laurenskerk_(Rotterdam)"},{"link_name":"Huy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huy"},{"link_name":"Wallonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonia"},{"link_name":"Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz"},{"link_name":"Grote Kerk, Haarlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_Kerk,_Haarlem"},{"link_name":"Bakenesserkerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakenesserkerk"},{"link_name":"St. Nicolaïtoren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Nicholas%27_Church,_Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Middelstum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelstum"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Hasselt, Overijssel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasselt,_Overijssel"},{"link_name":"Martinitoren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinitoren"},{"link_name":"Der Aa-kerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Aa-kerk"},{"link_name":"Bakenessertoren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakenesserkerk"}],"sub_title":"François in Amsterdam 1657–1664","text":"Oude Kerk in Amsterdam (1658)\nWestertoren in Amsterdam (1658)\nOnze Lieve Vrouwetoren in Amersfoort (1659/1662/1663)\nNieuwe Toren in Kampen (1659)\nNieuwe Kerk Delft (1659/60) Pieter 1678 enlarged.\nGrote of Sint-Catharijnekerk in Brielle (South Holland) (1660) Bells were taken away in world war two by the Nazis, but during the transport, the ship was sabotaged and sunk in the deepest part of the lake IJsselmeer. So the Hemony carillon was saved and after the war it returned to Brielle. It was enlarged with a bass octave by Eijsbouts and now inside the tower; in the past it was in the window on the east side of the tower.\nLaurenstoren Rotterdam (1660). The bells were almost devastated in the second world war but thanks to a new constructed concrete floor under the bell chamber all Hemony bells were saved.\nBeurstoren Rotterdam (1660). This carillon was till 1829 in the former town hall. Destroyed in 1940 during the bombing of Rotterdam by Nazi Germany.\nAverbode Abdijtoren (1659–1662) 19 bells from 1661/62 in this carillon are in 1819 sold by A.J. van den Gheyn to Huy in Wallonia and still there in the northern of Sint-Materne tower of the Collegiale Onze Lieve-Vrouwekerk.\nMainz Liebfrauenstift (1660/or 1661) Devastated by a fire in a war between French and Germans in 1793.\nGrote Kerk, Haarlem (1660-1661-1662-1664) enlargement by Pieter in 1670. Part of the bells are in the Bakenesserkerk. New bells by Eijsbouts in the Grote Kerk for them and enlarged to 4 octaves.\nSt. Nicolaïtoren Hamburg 1661 enlargement by François en Pieter in 1665. Devastated in a fire in 1842.\nSint Hyppolytustoren Middelstum François (1661–1662)\nBelfort Brussels François (1662–1663?) Devastated in a fire by shooting of French soldiers in 1695.\nGrote or Sint-Stephanuskerk / Stadstoren (City tower) Hasselt, Overijssel in the Netherlands François 1662. Devastated in a fire in 1725.\nMartinitoren in Groningen François (1662/63) enlargement by Pieter in 1671.\nDer Aa-kerk Groningen François 1662 (1663?) Devastated in a storm by fire in 1671.\nBakenessertoren Haarlem François 1663 (en 1662-1661?) Carillon was sold to get money for the city in 1795. Some of the bells are possibly in Huy in Belgium. The present Hemony bells in Bakenessertoren in Haarlem are from the tower of the Grote- or Sint-Bavokerk.","title":"Carillons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abdijtoren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongerlo_Abbey"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Belfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfry_of_Ghent"},{"link_name":"Ename","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ename"},{"link_name":"Oudenaarde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudenaarde"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Boudelo-abdij-toren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klein-Sinaai"}],"sub_title":"Pieter in Ghent 1657–1664","text":"Abdijtoren Tongerlo. Pieter 1657/58 This carillon was lost during the French Revolution.\nBelfort Ghent Pieter 1659/60. In 1948 part of the carillon from Beaudelootoren was used in this carillon. Renovation and restoration took many years but it finished in 1982. The famous cracked 'Klokke Roeland', which was on the square beside the building, is welded now and can be rung now in a concrete construction on the same square waiting for its return to the belfry.\nSint-Salvatorabdij/Abdijtoren Ename near Oudenaarde Pieter 1660, enlarged by him in 1677. Was stolen by the French during the French Revolution. A part of the bells was traded subsequently in France. Eric Sutter, a French carillon specialist, has been able to locate 10 of the 40 bells in 7 different churches throughout the northern part of France.\nBoudelo-abdij-toren Ghent Pieter 1661. In 1948 part of this carillon was used to enlarge the Belfort carillon.","title":"Carillons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Domtoren Utrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_Tower_of_Utrecht"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Stadhuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleis_op_de_Dam"},{"link_name":"Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam_(Amsterdam)"},{"link_name":"meantone temperament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meantone_temperament"},{"link_name":"Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht"},{"link_name":"Eijsbouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eijsbouts"},{"link_name":"Asten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asten,_Netherlands"}],"sub_title":"Pieter and François in Amsterdam 1664–1667","text":"Domtoren Utrecht François en Pieter 1663/64. The carillon was restored in 1972.\nSint-Gertrudtoren Stockholm. François en Pieter 1663/65. Devastated in a fire in 1878.\nStadhuis Amsterdam, now Royal Palace on Dam square. François en Pieter 1664. It was renovated by Eijsbouts in 1965. Only 9 bells by François and Pieter Hemony remained. 38 new bells by Eijsbouts were made and tuned in meantone temperament. The old corroded Hemony bells are kept inside the palace.\nThe Town Hall in Maastricht – This carillon is one of the last which has been cast by the two brothers together, just before the death of François (1664). The bells were made for the city of Diest, but this city in Belgium did not want it at that time. So the carillon was sold by Pieter for the town hall in Maastricht. During the restoration of the carillon in 1962, 11 bells from 1664 by Hemony were removed from the carillon for sound technical reasons, these were replaced by new bells made by Eijsbouts in Asten. One of those deprecated Hemony bells can still be seen in the Carillon museum 'Klok en Peel' in Asten. The other 10 deprecated Hemony bells are still missing.","title":"Carillons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hulst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulst"},{"link_name":"Residenzschloss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residential_Palace_Darmstadt"},{"link_name":"Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt"},{"link_name":"Diest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diest"},{"link_name":"Hoorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoorn"},{"link_name":"Ostend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostend"},{"link_name":"Weesp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weesp"},{"link_name":"Enkhuizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkhuizen"},{"link_name":"Chime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chime_(bell_instrument)"},{"link_name":"Geert van Wou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geert_van_Wou"},{"link_name":"Sint-Romboutstoren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Rumbold%27s_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Eijsbouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eijsbouts"},{"link_name":"Sint Janskerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Janskerk"},{"link_name":"Leiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden"}],"sub_title":"Pieter in Amsterdam 1667–1680","text":"Willibrorduskerk (basilica) Hulst Pieter 1670. Carillon was lost in a fire in 1876.\nResidenzschloss (Ducal Palace) Darmstadt Pieter 1670. After restoration attempts of the carillon, where it was tuned in a wrong way, again include 1937, the bells were destroyed in the second world war during a bombing raid in 1943.\nSint Sulpitiuskerk Diest Pieter 1671.\nGrote- or Sint Cyriacuskerk Hoorn Pieter 1671. In 1838 this carillon was destroyed in a fire. Plummers had an accident on the roof of the church with their lead smelter.\nTown Hall Ostend Pieter 1671. This carillon was devastated in 1706 by acts of war.\nGrote or Sint-Laurenskerk Weesp Pieter 1671 The bells were purchased by Weesp in 1676 after earlier attempts by Hemony to offer them to Bruges (Abdij ter Duinen (Abbaye dunes)), Emden and Cambrai (St. Aubert Abbey).\nDrommedaris (Dromedary tower) Enkhuizen Pieter 1671/74/75/77. Carillon was in stock by Pieter Hemony and was exchanged with the probably larger bells (Chime) by Geert van Wou which came from the St Pancras or Zuidertoren in Enkhuizen. It is the smallest carillon made by Pieter Hemony. Between 2011 and 2015 the cupola was renovated and the carillon rehung. A new baton keyboard was installed.\nSint-Romboutstoren Mechelen Pieter 1674, based on the older present bass bells The carillon was rehung in 1980/81 in a lower bell room. Since a new carillon by Eijsbouts appeared in this large tower it was seldom used and the carillon fell in disrepair, but in 2010 this instrument was repaired by tower guard / clockmaker Nick Vanhaute. He also made the large drum one of the best automatic playing in Europe. Today the bells can be heard automatically on the drum only. The baton keyboard is almost never in use.\nSint Janskerk in Gouda has the final remaining carillon by Peter Hemony from 1677/78 and the only Hemony carillon with complete basses. (included C# and Eflat) Restoration by Eijsbouts round 2000\nTown Hall Leiden Pieter 1677/78 and after his death his pupil and nephew Mammes Fremy made the basses in 1680. Was devastated in 1929 in a big fire.","title":"Carillons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texel"},{"link_name":"Venray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venray"},{"link_name":"Assen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assen"}],"text":"In August 2002, divers made a remarkable discovery in a 17th-century shipwreck near the island of Texel, Netherlands. They found a perfectly preserved bell which, according to the text engraved on it, had been cast at the Amsterdam foundry of François Hemony in 1658. The bell weighs 132 kg and is 59.5 cm in diameter.In the Netherlands, several places have a street named after the Hemonies: Amsterdam, Middelstum, Venray, Assen, Zutphen and Arnhem.","title":"Variances"}]	[{"image_text":"The foundry of the Hemony brothers in Amsterdam; on the corner of Keizersgracht/Leidsegracht, around 1660","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Hemony.jpg/220px-Hemony.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Hemony carillon of the Zuiderkerk in Amsterdam was installed in 1656","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/1294-Amsterdam.jpg/220px-1294-Amsterdam.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wijnhuistoren, Zutphen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Zutphen%2C_de_Wijnhuistoren_RM41486_IMG_5575_2018-07-15_08.57.jpg/220px-Zutphen%2C_de_Wijnhuistoren_RM41486_IMG_5575_2018-07-15_08.57.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nieuwe Toren in Kampen just after the restoration in 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Nieuwe_toren%2C_Kampen.jpg/220px-Nieuwe_toren%2C_Kampen.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Lehr, André (1959), De klokkengieters François en Pieter Hemony, Asten","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lehr, André (1991), The Art of the Carillon in the Low Countries, Tielt: Lannoo, ISBN 90-209-1917-2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-209-1917-2","url_text":"90-209-1917-2"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Nigel, \"Tuning\", Kirnberger","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kirnberger.fsnet.co.uk/bells.htm","url_text":"\"Tuning\""},{"url":"http://www.kirnberger.fsnet.co.uk/","url_text":"Kirnberger"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.kirnberger.fsnet.co.uk/bells.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tuning\""},{"Link":"http://www.kirnberger.fsnet.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Kirnberger"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Foucan	Sébastien Foucan	["1 Freerunning","2 Filmography","3 References","4 External links"]	French freerunner Sébastien FoucanBorn (1974-05-27) 27 May 1974 (age 50)Paris, FranceOccupation(s)Actor, freerunning instructor, public speakerYears active2005–presentWebsitefoucan.com Sébastien Foucan (born 27 May 1974 in Paris) is a French freerunner. He is the founder of freerunning and considered an early developer of parkour. Known for his views on the philosophy of parkour and freerunning, Foucan stresses the need for training in the basics of both for individual safety and to maintain a positive public perception of the activities. In 2002, Foucan featured in a television advertisement for the Nike Presto running shoe. He became known in the United Kingdom after Mike Christie's Channel 4 documentary Jump London in September 2003 and the subsequent documentary Jump Britain. In addition to those programmes, Foucan appeared as Mollaka in the James Bond film Casino Royale. He spent three months in the Bahamas on the film. Foucan appeared in the music video for Madonna's 2005 single "Jump", accompanying the singer on her 2006 "Confessions Tour". He helped K-Swiss develop the Ariake, the first in a line of five freerunning-shoe models. Foucan appeared in a trailer for the game Mirror's Edge. It was reported on 3 January 2012 that Foucan would be among 15 celebrities in the seventh series of Dancing on Ice. On 19 February he was eliminated in a double Ultimate Skills skate-off with Heidi Range. Foucan has also won World Chase Tag PRO 2 GO Europe with the team he founded and created, Blacklist. He was the star of the tournament, defeating teams from around the continent. Blacklist also finished 3rd/4th in World Chase Tag 4, mainly due to Foucan. Freerunning A saut de bras Foucan attributed the name free running to Guillaume Pelletier, who he had worked with at the time of Jump London. The word "freerunning" was coined during the filming of Jump London to present Parkour to the English-speaking world. Since then it has come to represent Foucan's methodology, which focuses on innovation and expression rather than Parkour's speed and efficiency. Foucan explains freerunning: Freerunning, for me, is my Parkour evolution. I can't say any more that I do Parkour, because if I want to be free to do flips, or let's say I'm learning breakdancing, and I would like to incorporate it into my Parkour expression...Not to say I am doing capoeira, breakdancing, Parkour and anything else. Freerunning is the way I choose to name my own expression. Now people recognize Parkour with flips (acrobatics) as freerunning. But only the action of doing Parkour and flips is not freerunning. It's the action of adding more stuff into your expression. That's the Freerunning attitude. Foucan has described the core value Follow your way; Always practise; Respect others in their practise; Be an inspiration for others; Be positive and look for positive environments; Respect your environment; Feel free to try other disciplines; Don't take it too seriously; The journey is more important than the goal; There is no good or bad, right or wrong but what is important is what you learn from experiences through practise; Freerunning is not an elite discipline, but for the people who love and continue to move; Channel your energy in a good way, a way to be better. He defines Freerunning as a discipline for self-development, following one's own way. Foucan's dissatisfaction with Parkour's limited creativity and self-expression motivated him to develop a similar art of movement which became known as freerunning. He reported that he was forced to define free running as a discipline separate from parkour because others had rejected his practice as not being within their definition of parkour. For example, David Belle and other Parkour enthusiasts have criticized Foucan and freerunning: Free Running? A kind of demonstration mixing parkour techniques, and acrobatics to be more spectacular and serve the medias and marketing, but also a sport. The term Parkour has been invented by David Belle and Hubert Koundé in 1998 and the word Free Running has been created much later by Sebastien Foucan for the purpose of spreading Parkour in a marketing fashion (they thought the word "parkour" wasn't international enough and Sebastien Foucan proposed them this word). The problem is that they fully mixed acrobatics to impress people. This is where Freerunning becomes different from Parkour. To make a comparison, Free Running is like artistic katas in martial arts, the goal is only to be spectacular. So it is related to parkour but doesn't answer to the same philosophy. I mean, when you practice to show how spectacular your jump is gonna be, people aren't focused anymore on the difficulty, on the obstacle but on you. This showing-off attitude isn't the parkour philosophy which preaches for humility. In this, Free Running and Parkour are fundamentally opposite even if the first one is related to the second one. Like the traditional way and the freestyle way. Foucan has described freerunning as a process of movement aimed at self-development through physical activity, play, and creativity. He regards it as an act symbolic of leaving "fixed path and social systems". Foucan appeared in series 4 and 5 of Ninja Warrior UK. Filmography Acting Casino Royale (2006) as Mollaka The Tournament (2009) as Anton Bogart The Antwerp Dolls (2015) as Marco Creators: The Past (2020) as Tammuz Stunts The Tournament 55 Degrees North (TV series) Episode #1.1 freerunning performer (2004) References ^ Kidder, Jeffrey L. (20 April 2017). Parkour and the City: Risk, Masculinity, and Meaning in a Postmodern Sport. Rutgers University Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-8135-7197-3. ^ IMDb, Casino Royale (2006) ^ "Curtis – Sébastien's stunt double". theurbanheroes.com. 29 November 2006. Archived from the original on 22 May 2007. Retrieved 14 May 2007. Curtis was hired to be a stunt double in the recent James Bond Film 'Casino Royale'. He was on location in the Bahamas for 13 weeks working closely with Gary Powell the stunt coordinator to help plan and execute the opening chase scene. ^ Confessions Tour details – Mad-Eyes – Madonna tour schedule, setlist, equestrian, bedouin, disco. Mad-Eyes. ^ Archived 10 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Blacklist vs UGen (Final". Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. ^ a b c Worldwide Jam. Parkour and Free Running Resource. Worldwidejam.tv. ^ 'Ask Seb' Episode 1 – Sébastien Foucan. YouTube (2 November 2010). ^ a b Free Running founder Sebastien Foucan to be interviewed by Worldwide JAM. Worldwide Jam.tv. ^ a b Home « Sébastien Foucan: the official website \| Sébastien Foucan: the official website. Foucan.com (16 August 2012). ^ a b Freerunning: Find Your Way: Amazon.co.uk: Sebastien Foucan: Books. Amazon.co.uk. ^ Foucan. Foucan (16 August 2012). ^ Sébastien Foucan: Founder of free running \| Life and style. the guardian.com. External links Official website Sébastien Foucan at IMDb Sébastien Foucan in British Documentary "Jump Britain" at Google Video vteParkour and FreerunningGroups Yamakasi World Freerunning and Parkour Federation Australian Parkour Association Practitioners David Belle Sébastien Foucan Jérôme Ben Aoues John Hennigan Cyril Raffaelli Daniel Ilabaca Ryan Doyle Tim Shieff Damien Walters Films Yamakasi The Sons of the Wind District 13 District 13: Ultimatum Brick Mansions Choose Not to Fall Freerunner Jump Britain Jump London Tracers Video games Free Running Assassin's Creed Mirror's Edge Mirror's Edge Catalyst Other Jackie Chan Jump City: Seattle Obstacle racing Red Bull Art of Motion Tricking Ultimate Parkour Challenge Vault Worldwide Jam Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"freerunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freerunning"},{"link_name":"parkour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkour"},{"link_name":"Nike Presto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presto_(Nike)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mike Christie's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Christie_(director)"},{"link_name":"Jump London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump_London"},{"link_name":"Jump Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump_Britain"},{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond"},{"link_name":"Casino Royale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino_Royale_(2006_film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump_(Madonna_song)"},{"link_name":"Confessions Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessions_Tour"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"K-Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-Swiss"},{"link_name":"Mirror's Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror%27s_Edge"},{"link_name":"Dancing on Ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_on_Ice"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Heidi Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidi_Range"},{"link_name":"World Chase Tag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chase_Tag"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"World Chase Tag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chase_Tag"}],"text":"Sébastien Foucan (born 27 May 1974 in Paris) is a French freerunner.He is the founder of freerunning and considered an early developer of parkour. Known for his views on the philosophy of parkour and freerunning, Foucan stresses the need for training in the basics of both for individual safety and to maintain a positive public perception of the activities.In 2002, Foucan featured in a television advertisement for the Nike Presto running shoe.[1] He became known in the United Kingdom after Mike Christie's Channel 4 documentary Jump London in September 2003 and the subsequent documentary Jump Britain. In addition to those programmes, Foucan appeared as Mollaka in the James Bond film Casino Royale.[2] He spent three months in the Bahamas on the film.[3] Foucan appeared in the music video for Madonna's 2005 single \"Jump\", accompanying the singer on her 2006 \"Confessions Tour\".[4] He helped K-Swiss develop the Ariake, the first in a line of five freerunning-shoe models. Foucan appeared in a trailer for the game Mirror's Edge.It was reported on 3 January 2012 that Foucan would be among 15 celebrities in the seventh series of Dancing on Ice.[5] On 19 February he was eliminated in a double Ultimate Skills skate-off with Heidi Range.Foucan has also won World Chase Tag PRO 2 GO Europe [6] with the team he founded and created, Blacklist. He was the star of the tournament, defeating teams from around the continent. Blacklist also finished 3rd/4th in World Chase Tag 4, mainly due to Foucan.","title":"Sébastien Foucan"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parkour-MontrealPK-Oct02-2005094.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldwidejam2-7"},{"link_name":"Jump London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump_London"},{"link_name":"acrobatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrobatics"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youtube1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldwidejam1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foucan.com-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amazon1-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldwidejam1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foucan.com-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amazon1-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldwidejam2-7"},{"link_name":"David Belle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Belle"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldwidejam2-7"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian1-13"},{"link_name":"Ninja Warrior UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja_Warrior_UK"}],"text":"A saut de brasFoucan attributed the name free running to Guillaume Pelletier, who he had worked with at the time of Jump London.[7] The word \"freerunning\" was coined during the filming of Jump London to present Parkour to the English-speaking world. Since then it has come to represent Foucan's methodology, which focuses on innovation and expression rather than Parkour's speed and efficiency.Foucan explains freerunning:Freerunning, for me, is my Parkour evolution. I can't say any more that I do Parkour, because if I want to be free to do flips, or let's say I'm learning breakdancing, and I would like to incorporate it into my Parkour expression...Not to say I am doing capoeira, breakdancing, Parkour and anything else. Freerunning is the way I choose to name my own expression. Now people recognize Parkour with flips (acrobatics) as freerunning. But only the action of doing Parkour and flips is not freerunning. It's the action of adding more stuff into your expression. That's the Freerunning attitude.[8]Foucan has described the core valueFollow your way; Always practise; Respect others in their practise; Be an inspiration for others; Be positive and look for positive environments; Respect your environment; Feel free to try other disciplines; Don't take it too seriously; The journey is more important than the goal; There is no good or bad, right or wrong but what is important is what you learn from experiences through practise; Freerunning is not an elite discipline, but for the people who love and continue to move; Channel your energy in a good way, a way to be better.[9][10][11]He defines Freerunning as a discipline for self-development, following one's own way.[9][10][11] Foucan's dissatisfaction with Parkour's limited creativity and self-expression motivated him to develop a similar art of movement which became known as freerunning.[12]He reported that he was forced to define free running as a discipline separate from parkour because others had rejected his practice as not being within their definition of parkour.[7] For example, David Belle and other Parkour enthusiasts have criticized Foucan and freerunning:Free Running? A kind of demonstration mixing parkour techniques, and acrobatics to be more spectacular and serve the medias and marketing, but also a sport. The term Parkour has been invented by David Belle and Hubert Koundé in 1998 and the word Free Running has been created much later by Sebastien Foucan for the purpose of spreading Parkour in a marketing fashion (they thought the word \"parkour\" wasn't international enough and Sebastien Foucan proposed them this word). The problem is that they fully mixed acrobatics to impress people. This is where Freerunning becomes different from Parkour. To make a comparison, Free Running is like artistic katas in martial arts, the goal is only to be spectacular. So it is related to parkour but doesn't answer to the same philosophy. I mean, when you practice to show how spectacular your jump is gonna be, people aren't focused anymore on the difficulty, on the obstacle but on you. This showing-off attitude isn't the parkour philosophy which preaches for humility. In this, Free Running and Parkour are fundamentally opposite even if the first one is related to the second one. Like the traditional way and the freestyle way.[7]Foucan has described freerunning as a process of movement aimed at self-development through physical activity, play, and creativity. He regards it as an act symbolic of leaving \"fixed path and social systems\".[13]Foucan appeared in series 4 and 5 of Ninja Warrior UK.","title":"Freerunning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Casino Royale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino_Royale_(2006_film)"},{"link_name":"The Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tournament_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"The Antwerp Dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Antwerp_Dolls"},{"link_name":"Creators: The Past","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creators:_The_Past"},{"link_name":"The Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tournament_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"55 Degrees North (TV series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55_Degrees_North"}],"text":"ActingCasino Royale (2006) as Mollaka\nThe Tournament (2009) as Anton Bogart\nThe Antwerp Dolls (2015) as Marco\nCreators: The Past (2020) as TammuzStuntsThe Tournament\n55 Degrees North (TV series) Episode #1.1 freerunning performer (2004)","title":"Filmography"}]	[{"image_text":"A saut de bras","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Parkour-MontrealPK-Oct02-2005094.jpg/220px-Parkour-MontrealPK-Oct02-2005094.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Kidder, Jeffrey L. 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He was on location in the Bahamas for 13 weeks working closely with Gary Powell the stunt coordinator to help plan and execute the opening chase scene.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070522081308/http://www.theurbanheroes.com/client.php?client=1","url_text":"\"Curtis – Sébastien's stunt double\""},{"url":"http://www.theurbanheroes.com/client.php?client=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Blacklist vs UGen (Final\". Archived from the original on 13 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KtXZh4FnxiQ","url_text":"\"Blacklist vs UGen (Final\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/KtXZh4FnxiQ","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.foucan.com/","external_links_name":"foucan.com"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4JJrDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT33","external_links_name":"Parkour and the City: Risk, Masculinity, and Meaning in a Postmodern Sport"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0381061/","external_links_name":"IMDb, Casino Royale (2006)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070522081308/http://www.theurbanheroes.com/client.php?client=1","external_links_name":"\"Curtis – Sébastien's stunt double\""},{"Link":"http://www.theurbanheroes.com/client.php?client=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mad-eyes.net/tours/confessions-tour/details.htm#performers","external_links_name":"Confessions Tour details – Mad-Eyes – Madonna tour schedule, setlist, equestrian, bedouin, disco"},{"Link":"http://tvnewsroom.co.uk/tv-talk/dancing-on-ice/dancing-on-ice-2012-celebrities-revealed-40250/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120110061625/http://tvnewsroom.co.uk/tv-talk/dancing-on-ice/dancing-on-ice-2012-celebrities-revealed-40250/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KtXZh4FnxiQ","external_links_name":"\"Blacklist vs UGen (Final\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/KtXZh4FnxiQ","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.worldwidejam.tv/foucan.jam.parkour.html","external_links_name":"Worldwide Jam. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHL_Sportsman_of_the_Year	CHL Sportsman of the Year	["1 Winners","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Canadian hockey award CHL Sportsman of the Year AwardSportIce hockeyAwarded forAnnually to the most sportsmanlike player in the Canadian Hockey LeagueHistoryFirst award1990Most recentBrayden Yager The CHL Sportsman of the Year Award is given out annually to the most sportsmanlike player in the Canadian Hockey League. It is chosen from the winner of the William Hanley Trophy of the Ontario Hockey League, the Frank J. Selke Memorial Trophy of the Quebec Maritimes Junior Hockey League, or the Brad Hornung Trophy of the Western Hockey League. Winners List of winners of the CHL Sportsman of the Year Award. Season Winner Team League 1989–90 Andrew McKim Hull Olympiques QMJHL 1990–91 Pat Falloon Spokane Chiefs WHL 1991–92 Martin Gendron Saint-Hyacinthe Laser QMJHL 1992–93 Rick Girard Swift Current Broncos WHL 1993–94 Yanick Dube Laval Titan Collège Français QMJHL 1994–95 Eric Daze Beauport Harfangs QMJHL 1995–96 Hnat Domenichelli Kamloops Blazers WHL 1996–97 Kelly Smart Brandon Wheat Kings WHL 1997–98 Cory Cyrenne Brandon Wheat Kings WHL 1998–99 Matt Kinch Calgary Hitmen WHL 1999–2000 Jonathan Roy Moncton Wildcats QMJHL 2000–01 Brandon Reid Val-d'Or Foreurs QMJHL 2001–02 Brad Boyes Erie Otters OHL 2002–03 Kyle Wellwood Windsor Spitfires OHL 2003–04 Benoit Mondou Shawinigan Cataractes QMJHL 2004–05 Jeff Carter Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds OHL 2005–06 Kris Russell Medicine Hat Tigers WHL 2006–07 David Desharnais Chicoutimi Saguenéens QMJHL 2007–08 Cedric Lalonde-McNicoll Shawinigan Cataractes QMJHL 2008–09 Cedric Lalonde-McNicoll Shawinigan Cataractes QMJHL 2009–10 Jason Bast Moose Jaw Warriors WHL 2010–11 Philip-Michael Devos Gatineau Olympiques QMJHL 2011–12 Mark Stone Brandon Wheat Kings WHL 2012–13 Tyler Graovac Belleville Bulls OHL 2013–14 Sam Reinhart Kootenay Ice WHL 2014–15 Rourke Chartier Kelowna Rockets WHL 2015–16 Samuel Girard Shawinigan Cataractes QMJHL 2016–17 Nick Suzuki Owen Sound Attack OHL 2017–18 Aleksi Heponiemi Swift Current Broncos WHL 2018–19 Justin Almeida Moose Jaw Warriors WHL 2019–20 Nick Robertson Peterborough Petes OHL 2021–22 Jordan Dumais Halifax Mooseheads QMJHL 2022–23 Evan Vierling Barrie Colts OHL 2023–24 Brayden Yager Moose Jaw Warriors WHL See also List of Canadian Hockey League awards References ^ "CHL Awards". chl.ca. Canadian Hockey League. Retrieved 2017-12-24. ^ "CHL announces 2021-22 Award winners". Canadian Hockey League. June 28, 2022. Retrieved 2022-06-29. External links CHL Awards – CHL vteCanadian Hockey LeagueLeagues Western Hockey League Ontario Hockey League Quebec Maritimes Junior Hockey League Presidents Ed Chynoweth (1975–1995) David Branch (1996–2019) Dan MacKenzie (2019–present) History Canadian Amateur Hockey Association Canadian Hockey Association (1968–1970) Canadian Hockey League Players' Association Open Ice Summit World Hockey Summit Annual events Memorial Cup (list of champions) CHL/NHL Top Prospects Game CHL Canada/Russia Series CHL Import Draft Teddy bear toss Awards Brian Kilrea Coach of the Year Award David Branch Player of the Year Award CHL Top Scorer Award CHL Goaltender of the Year CHL Defenceman of the Year CHL Rookie of the Year CHL Top Draft Prospect Award CHL Scholastic Player of the Year CHL Sportsman of the Year CHL Humanitarian of the Year CHL Executive of the Year CHL All-Star team Canadian Hockey League web site	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sportsmanlike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportsmanship"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"William Hanley Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hanley_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Ontario Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Frank J. Selke Memorial Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_J._Selke_Memorial_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Quebec Maritimes Junior Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Maritimes_Junior_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Brad Hornung Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Hornung_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Western Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hockey_League"}],"text":"The CHL Sportsman of the Year Award is given out annually to the most sportsmanlike player in the Canadian Hockey League. It is chosen from the winner of the William Hanley Trophy of the Ontario Hockey League, the Frank J. Selke Memorial Trophy of the Quebec Maritimes Junior Hockey League, or the Brad Hornung Trophy of the Western Hockey League.","title":"CHL Sportsman of the Year"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chlawards-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"List of winners of the CHL Sportsman of the Year Award.[1][2]","title":"Winners"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Canadian Hockey League awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_Hockey_League_awards"}]	[{"reference":"\"CHL Awards\". chl.ca. Canadian Hockey League. Retrieved 2017-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://chl.ca/chl-awards","url_text":"\"CHL Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"CHL announces 2021-22 Award winners\". Canadian Hockey League. June 28, 2022. Retrieved 2022-06-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://chl.ca/article/chl-announces-2021-22-award-winners","url_text":"\"CHL announces 2021-22 Award winners\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://chl.ca/chl-awards","external_links_name":"\"CHL Awards\""},{"Link":"https://chl.ca/article/chl-announces-2021-22-award-winners","external_links_name":"\"CHL announces 2021-22 Award winners\""},{"Link":"http://chl.ca/chl-awards","external_links_name":"CHL Awards – CHL"},{"Link":"http://chl.ca/","external_links_name":"Canadian Hockey League web site"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943_in_Iceland	1943 in Iceland	["1 Incumbents","2 Events","3 Births","4 Deaths","5 References"]	List of events ← 1942 1941 1940 1943 in Iceland → 1944 1945 1946 Decades: 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s See also:Other events in 1943 · Timeline of Icelandic history The following lists the events that happened in 1943 in Iceland. Incumbents Monarch - Kristján X Prime Minister – Björn Þórðarson Events This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2016) Births Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, President of Iceland 13 February – Tómas Ingi Olrich, politician. 15 April – Reynir Jónsson, footballer 14 May – Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, politician 29 June – Baldvin Baldvinsson, footballer 19 August – Þór Whitehead, historian 18 October – Friðrik Klemenz Sophusson, politician 26 December – Jón Bjarnason, politician Deaths Main article: Deaths in 1943 Further information: Category:1943 deaths References ^ "Tómas Ingi Olrich". Alþingi (in Icelandic). Retrieved 20 July 2016. vteYears in Iceland19th century 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 20th century 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 21st century 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 vte1943 in EuropeSovereign states Albania Andorra Baden Belgium Bulgaria Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Liechtenstein Luxembourg Monaco Netherlands Norway Portugal Prussia Romania San Marino Slovakia Soviet Union Armenian SSR Azerbaijan SSR Byelorussian SSR Estonian SSR Georgian SSR Kazakh SSR Latvian SSR Lithuanian SSR Moldavian SSR Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Vatican City Yugoslavia Dependencies, coloniesand other territories Åland Cyprus Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Malta	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"}],"text":"The following lists the events that happened in 1943 in Iceland.","title":"1943 in Iceland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Iceland"},{"link_name":"Kristján X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_X_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iceland"},{"link_name":"Björn Þórðarson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_%C3%9E%C3%B3r%C3%B0arson"}],"text":"Monarch - Kristján X\nPrime Minister – Björn Þórðarson","title":"Incumbents"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%93lafur_Ragnar_Gr%C3%ADmsson,_September_2011_(cropped).jpeg"},{"link_name":"Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93lafur_Ragnar_Gr%C3%ADmsson"},{"link_name":"Tómas Ingi Olrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3mas_Ingi_Olrich"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Reynir Jónsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reynir_J%C3%B3nsson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93lafur_Ragnar_Gr%C3%ADmsson"},{"link_name":"Baldvin Baldvinsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldvin_Baldvinsson"},{"link_name":"Þór Whitehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B3r_Whitehead"},{"link_name":"Friðrik Klemenz Sophusson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fri%C3%B0rik_Klemenz_Sophusson"},{"link_name":"Jón Bjarnason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3n_Bjarnason"}],"text":"Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, President of Iceland13 February – Tómas Ingi Olrich, politician.[1]\n15 April – Reynir Jónsson, footballer\n14 May – Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, politician\n29 June – Baldvin Baldvinsson, footballer\n19 August – Þór Whitehead, historian\n18 October – Friðrik Klemenz Sophusson, politician\n26 December – Jón Bjarnason, politician","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:1943 deaths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1943_deaths"}],"text":"Further information: Category:1943 deaths","title":"Deaths"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Iceland_%281918%E2%80%931944%29.svg/90px-Flag_of_Iceland_%281918%E2%80%931944%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, President of Iceland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%C3%93lafur_Ragnar_Gr%C3%ADmsson%2C_September_2011_%28cropped%29.jpeg/100px-%C3%93lafur_Ragnar_Gr%C3%ADmsson%2C_September_2011_%28cropped%29.jpeg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Tómas Ingi Olrich\". Alþingi (in Icelandic). Retrieved 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.althingi.is/altext/cv/is/?nfaerslunr=579","url_text":"\"Tómas Ingi Olrich\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1943_in_Iceland&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"http://www.althingi.is/altext/cv/is/?nfaerslunr=579","external_links_name":"\"Tómas Ingi Olrich\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Bay	Anna Bay	["1 Gallery","2 Notes","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 32°46′S 152°05′E / 32.767°S 152.083°E / -32.767; 152.083 Suburb of Port Stephens Council, New South Wales, AustraliaAnna BayNew South WalesNorth-eastern end of Stockton Beach at Anna BayAnna BayCoordinates32°46′S 152°05′E / 32.767°S 152.083°E / -32.767; 152.083Population4,221 (2021 census) • Density182.73/km2 (473.3/sq mi) Postcode(s)2316Area23.1 km2 (8.9 sq mi)Time zoneAEST (UTC+10) • Summer (DST)AEDT (UTC+11)Location 200 km (124 mi) NNE of Sydney 51 km (32 mi) NE of Newcastle 34 km (21 mi) E of Raymond Terrace LGA(s)Port Stephens CouncilRegionHunterCountyGloucesterParishTomareeState electorate(s)Port StephensFederal division(s)Paterson Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall 27.3 °C 81 °F 8.4 °C 47 °F 1,348.9 mm 53.1 in Suburbs around Anna Bay: Port Stephens, Taylors Beach Taylors Beach, Salamander Bay Nelson Bay Bobs Farm Anna Bay One Mile, Boat Harbour Tasman Sea Tasman Sea, Fishermans Bay Boat Harbour, Fishermans Bay Anna Bay is the name of a suburb, a town and a bay in the Port Stephens local government area in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia. The suburb and town are immediately adjacent to the north-eastern end of Stockton Beach and provide one of the major entry points to the beach at Birubi Point. Both were named after the bay of the same name which is located in the adjacent suburb of One Mile. According to legend to it was originally called Hannah Bay after an alleged shipwreck in 1851 but the vessel has never been identified. The name was changed by post service on 15 May 1896 as many locals were already referring to it as Anna Bay. The Worimi people are the traditional owners of the Port Stephens area. During World War II Stockton Beach was heavily fortified against a possible amphibious assault by Imperial Japanese forces and a line of tank traps was installed to prevent entry to the local area through the town. Many of the tank traps were removed after the war and now feature significantly around the car parking areas at Birubi Point. From here many tourists partake in organised beach tours and camel rides. Gallery Tank trap at the northern end of Stockton Beach Part of tank trap at the northern end of Stockton Beach showing the World War II date stamp Tank traps along the roadway between the upper and lower car parks at the northern end of Stockton Beach World War II tank traps surrounding lower car park at the northern end of Stockton Beach Notes ^ ABS Quickstats are not available for the geographically recognised suburb of Anna Bay or for just the township itself. The population figure stated in this article is for much of Anna Bay but includes some residents from adjacent Bobs Farm. ^ The population density provided here is for much of Anna Bay but includes some residents from adjacent Bobs Farm. See Note 1 above for more information. ^ The area calculation is based on NSW GNB maps for the whole suburb of Anna Bay. The area of Anna Bay and adjacent parts of Bobs Farm that was used to calculate the population density (see Notes 1 & 2 for further information) is 18.2 square kilometres (7.0 sq mi). Most of Anna Bay consists of unpopulated beaches and wetlands and sparsely populated rural areas. However, there are also some other residential areas, mainly on Nelson Bay Road, for which data is not available. For this reason the population density provided cannot be assumed to be representative of the whole suburb. References ^ a b c "Suburb Search - Local Council Boundaries - Hunter (HT) - Port Stephens". NSW Office of Local Government. Archived from the original on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2008. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Anna Bay (State Suburb)". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 13 October 2012. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). "2011 Community Profiles: Anna Bay (State Suburb)". 2011 Census of Population and Housing. Retrieved 13 October 2012. ^ a b c "Anna Bay (suburb)". Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales. Retrieved 19 May 2008. ^ a b c "Anna Bay (town)". Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales. Retrieved 19 May 2008. ^ "Port Stephens". New South Wales Electoral Commission. Retrieved 23 November 2019. ^ "Paterson". Australian Electoral Commission. 19 October 2007. Archived from the original on 29 October 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009. ^ a b c "Nelson Bay (Nelson Head)". Climate statistics for Australian locations. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 2 June 2008. ^ "Anna Bay (bay)". Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales. Retrieved 23 May 2008. ^ "Anna Bay". Land and Property Management Authority - Spatial Information eXchange. New South Wales Land and Property Information. Retrieved 19 May 2008. ^ a b "Anna Bay". Port Stephens Australia. Retrieved 15 October 2020. ^ "Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people". Port Stephens Council. 8 September 2020. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anna Bay, New South Wales. Anna Bay at Australian Explorer vteTowns, suburbs and localities of Port Stephens Council, New South WalesTowns, suburbsand localities Anna Bay Boat Harbour Bobs Farm Brandy Hill Campvale Corlette Duns Creek Eagleton East Seaham Fern Bay Ferodale Fingal Bay Fishermans Bay Fullerton Cove Glen Oak Heatherbrae Hinton Karuah Lemon Tree Passage Mallabula Medowie Nelson Bay Nelsons Plains One Mile Osterley Raymond Terrace Salamander Bay Salt Ash Seaham Shoal Bay Soldiers Point Tanilba Bay Taylors Beach Tomago Wallalong Williamtown Woodville Other places andpoints of interest Grahamstown Dam Hunter River Karuah River Newcastle Airport Paterson River Port Stephens RAAF Base Williamtown Stockton Beach Tomaree National Park Williams River	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbs_and_localities_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Port Stephens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Stephens_Council"},{"link_name":"local government area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Hunter Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Region"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lga-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnbsuburb-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnbtown-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnbbay-12"},{"link_name":"Stockton Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton_Beach"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"One Mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Mile,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"Worimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worimi"},{"link_name":"traditional owners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_owners"},{"link_name":"Port Stephens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Stephens_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army"},{"link_name":"tank traps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon%27s_teeth_(fortification)"}],"text":"Suburb of Port Stephens Council, New South Wales, AustraliaAnna Bay is the name of a suburb, a town and a bay in the Port Stephens local government area in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia.[1][4][5][9] The suburb and town are immediately adjacent to the north-eastern end of Stockton Beach and provide one of the major entry points to the beach at Birubi Point.[10] Both were named after the bay of the same name which is located in the adjacent suburb of One Mile. According to legend to it was originally called Hannah Bay after an alleged shipwreck in 1851 but the vessel has never been identified.[11] The name was changed by post service on 15 May 1896 as many locals were already referring to it as Anna Bay.[11]The Worimi people are the traditional owners of the Port Stephens area.[12]During World War II Stockton Beach was heavily fortified against a possible amphibious assault by Imperial Japanese forces and a line of tank traps was installed to prevent entry to the local area through the town. Many of the tank traps were removed after the war and now feature significantly around the car parking areas at Birubi Point. From here many tourists partake in organised beach tours and camel rides.","title":"Anna Bay"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tank_traps_at_Anna_Bay_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stockton Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton_Beach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tank_traps_at_Anna_Bay_002.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stockton Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton_Beach"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tank_traps_at_Anna_Bay_003.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stockton Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton_Beach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tank_traps_at_Anna_Bay_004.jpg"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Stockton Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton_Beach"}],"text":"Tank trap at the northern end of Stockton Beach\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPart of tank trap at the northern end of Stockton Beach showing the World War II date stamp\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTank traps along the roadway between the upper and lower car parks at the northern end of Stockton Beach\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWorld War II tank traps surrounding lower car park at the northern end of Stockton Beach","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Bobs Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobs_Farm,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"GNB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_Names_Board_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"^ ABS Quickstats are not available for the geographically recognised suburb of Anna Bay or for just the township itself. The population figure stated in this article is for much of Anna Bay but includes some residents from adjacent Bobs Farm.\n\n^ The population density provided here is for much of Anna Bay but includes some residents from adjacent Bobs Farm. See Note 1 above for more information.\n\n^ The area calculation is based on NSW GNB maps for the whole suburb of Anna Bay. The area of Anna Bay and adjacent parts of Bobs Farm that was used to calculate the population density (see Notes 1 & 2 for further information) is 18.2 square kilometres (7.0 sq mi).[3] Most of Anna Bay consists of unpopulated beaches and wetlands and sparsely populated rural areas. However, there are also some other residential areas, mainly on Nelson Bay Road, for which data is not available. For this reason the population density provided cannot be assumed to be representative of the whole suburb.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Suburb Search - Local Council Boundaries - Hunter (HT) - Port Stephens\". NSW Office of Local Government. Archived from the original on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080720225851/http://www.dlg.nsw.gov.au/dlg/dlghome/dlg_Regions.asp?regiontype=2&slacode=6400&region=HT","url_text":"\"Suburb Search - Local Council Boundaries - Hunter (HT) - Port Stephens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Local_Government_(New_South_Wales)","url_text":"NSW Office of Local Government"},{"url":"http://www.dlg.nsw.gov.au/dlg/dlghome/dlg_Regions.asp?regiontype=2&slacode=6400&region=HT","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). \"Anna Bay (State Suburb)\". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 13 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2016/SSC10038","url_text":"\"Anna Bay (State Suburb)\""}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). \"2011 Community Profiles: Anna Bay (State Suburb)\". 2011 Census of Population and Housing. Retrieved 13 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2011/SSC10038","url_text":"\"2011 Community Profiles: Anna Bay (State Suburb)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anna Bay (suburb)\". Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales. Retrieved 19 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://proposals.gnb.nsw.gov.au/public/geonames/MnqwlMWAMn","url_text":"\"Anna Bay (suburb)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_Names_Board_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Geographical Names Board of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Anna Bay (town)\". Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales. Retrieved 19 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://proposals.gnb.nsw.gov.au/public/geonames/MawGjz","url_text":"\"Anna Bay (town)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_Names_Board_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Geographical Names Board of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Port Stephens\". New South Wales Electoral Commission. Retrieved 23 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elections.nsw.gov.au/District-profiles/port-stephens","url_text":"\"Port Stephens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Electoral_Commission","url_text":"New South Wales Electoral Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Paterson\". Australian Electoral Commission. 19 October 2007. Archived from the original on 29 October 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091029100345/http://apps.aec.gov.au/esearch/LocalitySearchResults.aspx?filter=Paterson&filterby=Electorate","url_text":"\"Paterson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Electoral_Commission","url_text":"Australian Electoral Commission"},{"url":"http://apps.aec.gov.au/esearch/LocalitySearchResults.aspx?filter=Paterson&filterby=Electorate","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nelson Bay (Nelson Head)\". Climate statistics for Australian locations. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 2 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_061054.shtml","url_text":"\"Nelson Bay (Nelson Head)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology","url_text":"Bureau of Meteorology"}]},{"reference":"\"Anna Bay (bay)\". Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales. Retrieved 23 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://proposals.gnb.nsw.gov.au/public/geonames/MawGXt","url_text":"\"Anna Bay (bay)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_Names_Board_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Geographical Names Board of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Anna Bay\". Land and Property Management Authority - Spatial Information eXchange. New South Wales Land and Property Information. Retrieved 19 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.six.nsw.gov.au/?search=%7B%22name%22:%22Suburb%22,%22fields%22:{%22suburbname%22:%22Anna%20Bay%22%7D%7D","url_text":"\"Anna Bay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Land_and_Property_Information","url_text":"New South Wales Land and Property Information"}]},{"reference":"\"Anna Bay\". Port Stephens Australia. Retrieved 15 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://portstephens-australia.com/port-stephens-destinations/anna-bay/","url_text":"\"Anna Bay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people\". Port Stephens Council. 8 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.portstephens.nsw.gov.au/live/community/our-community/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-people","url_text":"\"Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Anna_Bay&params=32_46_S_152_05_E_type:city_region:AU-NSW","external_links_name":"32°46′S 152°05′E / 32.767°S 152.083°E / -32.767; 152.083"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Anna_Bay&params=32_46_S_152_05_E_type:city_region:AU-NSW","external_links_name":"32°46′S 152°05′E / 32.767°S 152.083°E / -32.767; 152.083"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080720225851/http://www.dlg.nsw.gov.au/dlg/dlghome/dlg_Regions.asp?regiontype=2&slacode=6400&region=HT","external_links_name":"\"Suburb Search - Local Council Boundaries - Hunter (HT) - Port Stephens\""},{"Link":"http://www.dlg.nsw.gov.au/dlg/dlghome/dlg_Regions.asp?regiontype=2&slacode=6400&region=HT","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2016/SSC10038","external_links_name":"\"Anna Bay (State Suburb)\""},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2011/SSC10038","external_links_name":"\"2011 Community Profiles: Anna Bay (State Suburb)\""},{"Link":"https://proposals.gnb.nsw.gov.au/public/geonames/MnqwlMWAMn","external_links_name":"\"Anna Bay (suburb)\""},{"Link":"https://proposals.gnb.nsw.gov.au/public/geonames/MawGjz","external_links_name":"\"Anna Bay (town)\""},{"Link":"https://www.elections.nsw.gov.au/District-profiles/port-stephens","external_links_name":"\"Port Stephens\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091029100345/http://apps.aec.gov.au/esearch/LocalitySearchResults.aspx?filter=Paterson&filterby=Electorate","external_links_name":"\"Paterson\""},{"Link":"http://apps.aec.gov.au/esearch/LocalitySearchResults.aspx?filter=Paterson&filterby=Electorate","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_061054.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Nelson Bay (Nelson Head)\""},{"Link":"https://proposals.gnb.nsw.gov.au/public/geonames/MawGXt","external_links_name":"\"Anna Bay (bay)\""},{"Link":"https://maps.six.nsw.gov.au/?search=%7B%22name%22:%22Suburb%22,%22fields%22:{%22suburbname%22:%22Anna%20Bay%22%7D%7D","external_links_name":"\"Anna Bay\""},{"Link":"https://portstephens-australia.com/port-stephens-destinations/anna-bay/","external_links_name":"\"Anna Bay\""},{"Link":"https://www.portstephens.nsw.gov.au/live/community/our-community/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-people","external_links_name":"\"Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people\""},{"Link":"http://www.australianexplorer.com/anna_bay.htm","external_links_name":"Anna Bay at Australian Explorer"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_Australian_Football_League_coaches	List of current Australian Football League coaches	["1 Coaches","2 See also","3 Notes","4 References"]	John Longmire is currently the longest-serving coach in the Australian Football League. This list includes the appointment date and performance record of current Australian Football League senior coaches. The league consists of 18 clubs across Australia, with at least two clubs in every state/territory apart from Tasmania, the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory. John Longmire, the senior coach of the Sydney Swans since September 2010, is currently the longest-serving coach in the league. He has won (1) premiership alongside active coaches. Chris Scott, the senior coach of the Geelong since October 2010, has won the most matches (200) and has a winning percentage of 70.28%. Six coaches have won at least one AFL premiership during their current term: Chris Scott in 2011 and 2022; John Longmire in 2012; Luke Beveridge in 2016; Adam Simpson in 2018; Simon Goodwin in 2021; & Craig McRae in 2023. Coaches Key Prem Premiership wins W Wins L Losses D Draws GC Games coached Win% Winning percentage Statistics are correct to the end of the 2022 AFL season Team Name Appointed Time as coach Prem W L D GC Win% Prem W L D GC Win% Played for Past Clubs as an assistant or senior coach Source Current Career Adelaide Matthew Nicks 15 October 2019 4 years, 243 days 0 29 55 0 84 34.52% 0 29 55 0 84 34.52% Sydney Port AdelaideGreater Western Sydney Brisbane Lions Chris Fagan 3 October 2016 7 years, 255 days 0 73 62 0 135 54.07% 0 73 62 0 135 54.07% N/A HawthornMelbourne Carlton Michael Voss 23 September 2021 2 years, 265 days 0 11 10 0 21 52.38% 0 54 75 1 130 41.79% Brisbane BearsBrisbane Lions Brisbane LionsPort Adelaide Collingwood Craig McRae 1 September 2021 2 years, 287 days 1 17 8 0 25 68.00% 1 17 8 0 25 68.00% Brisbane BearsBrisbane Lions RichmondBrisbane LionsCollingwoodHawthorn Essendon Brad Scott 29 September 2022 1 year, 259 days 0 - - - - - 0 106 105 0 211 50.24% HawthornBrisbane Lions CollingwoodNorth Melbourne Fremantle Justin Longmuir 30 September 2019 4 years, 258 days 0 31 29 1 61 51.64% 0 31 29 1 61 51.64% Fremantle CollingwoodWest Coast Geelong Chris Scott 18 October 2010 13 years, 240 days 2 200 84 2 286 70.28% 2 200 84 2 286 70.28% Brisbane BearsBrisbane Lions Fremantle Gold Coast Damien Hardwick 21 August 2023 298 days 0 0 0 0 0 0.0% 3 170 131 6 307 56.3% EssendonPort Adelaide Richmond Greater Western Sydney Adam Kingsley 22 August 2022 1 year, 297 days 0 - - - - - - - - - - - Port Adelaide Port AdelaideSt KildaRichmond Hawthorn Sam Mitchell 22 August 2021 2 years, 297 days 0 8 14 0 22 36.36% 0 8 14 0 0 36.36% HawthornWest Coast West CoastHawthorn Melbourne Simon Goodwin 28 August 2016 7 years, 291 days 1 77 57 1 135 57.41% 1 77 57 1 135 57.41% Adelaide Essendon North Melbourne Alastair Clarkson 19 August 2022 1 year, 300 days 0 - - - - - 4 228 158 4 390 58.97% North MelbourneMelbourne St KildaPort AdelaideHawthorn Port Adelaide Ken Hinkley 5 October 2012 11 years, 253 days 0 131 92 0 223 58.74% 0 131 92 0 223 58.74% FitzroyGeelong St KildaGeelongGold Coast Richmond Adem Yze 21 September 2023 267 days 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 - Melbourne MelbourneHawthorn St Kilda Ross Lyon 24 October 2022 1 year, 234 days 0 - - - - - 0 172 128 5 305 - FitzroyBrisbane Bears St KildaFremantle Sydney John Longmire 12 September 2010 13 years, 276 days 1 177 104 2 283 62.90% 1 177 104 2 283 62.90% North Melbourne Sydney West Coast Adam Simpson 3 October 2013 10 years, 255 days 1 116 86 1 203 57.39% 1 116 86 1 203 57.39% North Melbourne Hawthorn Western Bulldogs Luke Beveridge 14 November 2014 9 years, 213 days 1 104 79 0 183 56.83% 1 104 79 0 183 56.83% MelbourneWestern BulldogsSt Kilda CollingwoodHawthorn See also Sports portalAustralia portal List of current AFL Women's coaches Notes ^ Appointment date of current term at the team. ^ Coaching statistics from the current term with the team; coaching statistics from previous term with the team are not included. ^ Coaching statistics for career in the AFL, records in other leagues are not included. ^ Simon Goodwin was named as the succession coach of Melbourne in 2014, he took over as senior coach from Paul Roos after the conclusion of the 2016 AFL season. ^ John Longmire was named as the succession coach of Sydney in 2009, he took over as senior coach from Paul Roos after the club lost the semi-final in 2010. References ^ Australian Associated Press (3 October 2016). "Brisbane Lions appoint Hawthorn football chief Chris Fagan as AFL coach". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 November 2017. ^ McClure, Sam (23 September 2021). "'No stone unturned': Voss appointed Carlton coach". The Age. ^ Ryan, Peter (1 September 2021). "'I'm pretty pumped': McRae determined to build culture and success at Pies". The Age. Melbourne, VIC. ^ Matthews, Bruce (18 October 2011). "Fremantle coach Mark Harvey praises appointment of Dockers assistant Chris Scott as Cats coach". Herald Sun. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 27 November 2017. ^ "Alastair Clarkson to depart Hawthorn as Sam Mitchell succession plans falls apart". Sporting News. 30 August 2021. ^ "Simon Goodwin welcomed as Paul Roos's successor at Melbourne Demons". ABC Online. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 18 September 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2017. ^ Morris, Tom (14 September 2016). "Newly installed Melbourne coach Simon Goodwin already looking towards 2017". Fox Sports Australia. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 27 November 2017. ^ Rucci, Michelangelo (5 October 2012). "Gold Coast Suns assistant Ken Hinkley wins Port Adelaide coaching job for AFL season 2013". The Advertiser. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 27 November 2017. ^ Australian Associated Press (12 August 2009). "Paul Roos retires as John Longmire takes over Sydney coaching job". The Courier Mail. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 27 November 2017. ^ "Adam Simpson named West Coast Eagles head coach". ABC Online. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 3 October 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2017. ^ Landsberger, Sam (14 November 2014). "Luke Beveridge named Western Bulldogs senior coach after lengthy search". Herald Sun. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 27 November 2017. vteCurrent AFL coaches Matthew Nicks (Adelaide) Chris Fagan (Brisbane Lions) Michael Voss (Carlton) Craig McRae (Collingwood) Brad Scott (Essendon) Justin Longmuir (Fremantle) Chris Scott (Geelong) Damien Hardwick (Gold Coast) Adam Kingsley (Greater Western Sydney) Sam Mitchell (Hawthorn) Simon Goodwin (Melbourne) Alastair Clarkson (North Melbourne) Ken Hinkley (Port Adelaide) Adem Yze (Richmond) Ross Lyon (St Kilda) John Longmire (Sydney) Adam Simpson (West Coast) Luke Beveridge (Western Bulldogs) Italics denote caretaker coach vteVFL/AFL and AFL Women's coaches Adelaide Brisbane Bears Brisbane Lions Carlton Collingwood Essendon Fitzroy Fremantle Geelong Gold Coast Greater Western Sydney Hawthorn Melbourne North Melbourne Port Adelaide Richmond St Kilda Sydney University West Coast Western Bulldogs vteAustralian Football LeagueClubsCurrent Adelaide Brisbane Lions Carlton Collingwood Essendon Fremantle Geelong Gold Coast Greater Western Sydney Hawthorn Melbourne North Melbourne Port Adelaide Richmond St Kilda Sydney West Coast Western Bulldogs Future Tasmania Former Brisbane Bears Fitzroy University Seasons 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Grand finals 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Venues Adelaide Oval Bellerive Oval Carrara Stadium Cazaly's Stadium Docklands Stadium Eureka Stadium The Gabba Kardinia Park Manuka Oval Marrara Oval Melbourne Cricket Ground Perth Stadium Stadium Australia Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney Showground Stadium Traeger Park York Park Awards AFL Coaches Association awards AFL Players Association awards Leigh Matthews Trophy AFL Rising Star All-Australian team Brownlow Medal (winners) Coleman Medal Goal of the Year Mark of the Year Norm Smith Medal Major recurringevents AFL Draft AFL finals series AFL Futures match AFL Grand Final Anzac Day Eve match Anzac Day match Dreamtime at the 'G Easter Monday clash E. J. Whitten Legends Game Gather Round King's Birthday match Len Hall Tribute game Opening game QClash Showdown Sydney Derby Western Derby Second-tier andjunior competitionsCurrent AFL National Championships Talent League South Australian National Football League Victorian Football League West Australian Football League Former AFL reserves AFL under-19s North East Australian Football League Related articles AFL Coaches Association AFL Commission AFL Players Association AFL Record AFL Umpires Association AFL Women's AFLX Carlton salary cap breach Current coaches Essendon supplements saga Games records 200-game players for one club Goalkicking records Grand final location debate Grand Final pre-match performances History Individual match awards International Rules Series McClelland Trophy Melbourne tanking scandal Minor premiers Premiers Premiership captains/coaches Premiership/grand final statistics Proposed clubs Tasmanian AFL bid Records Reserves affiliations Rivalries Television shows Video games Wooden spoons Known as the Victorian Football League from 1897–1989; no grand finals were held in 1897 and 1924	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Longmire_2017.2.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Longmire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Longmire"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Australian Capital Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"John Longmire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Longmire"},{"link_name":"Sydney Swans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Swans"},{"link_name":"Chris Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Scott_(Australian_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Geelong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"AFL premiership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_Football_League_premiers"},{"link_name":"Chris Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Scott_(Australian_footballer)"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_AFL_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_AFL_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"John Longmire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Longmire"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_AFL_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"Luke Beveridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Beveridge"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_AFL_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"Adam Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Simpson"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_AFL_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"Simon Goodwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Goodwin"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_AFL_Grand_Final"}],"text":"John Longmire is currently the longest-serving coach in the Australian Football League.This list includes the appointment date and performance record of current Australian Football League senior coaches. The league consists of 18 clubs across Australia, with at least two clubs in every state/territory apart from Tasmania, the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory.John Longmire, the senior coach of the Sydney Swans since September 2010, is currently the longest-serving coach in the league. He has won (1) premiership alongside active coaches. Chris Scott, the senior coach of the Geelong since October 2010, has won the most matches (200) and has a winning percentage of 70.28%. Six coaches have won at least one AFL premiership during their current term: Chris Scott in 2011 and 2022; John Longmire in 2012; Luke Beveridge in 2016; Adam Simpson in 2018; Simon Goodwin in 2021; & Craig McRae in 2023.","title":"List of current Australian Football League coaches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2022 AFL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_AFL_season"}],"text":"KeyStatistics are correct to the end of the 2022 AFL season","title":"Coaches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Paul Roos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Roos_(Australian_rules_footballer)"},{"link_name":"2016 AFL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_AFL_season"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Paul Roos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Roos_(Australian_rules_footballer)"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_AFL_finals_series#First_semi-final_(Western_Bulldogs_v_Sydney)"}],"text":"^ Appointment date of current term at the team.\n\n^ Coaching statistics from the current term with the team; coaching statistics from previous term with the team are not included.\n\n^ Coaching statistics for career in the AFL, records in other leagues are not included.\n\n^ Simon Goodwin was named as the succession coach of Melbourne in 2014, he took over as senior coach from Paul Roos after the conclusion of the 2016 AFL season.\n\n^ John Longmire was named as the succession coach of Sydney in 2009, he took over as senior coach from Paul Roos after the club lost the semi-final in 2010.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"John Longmire is currently the longest-serving coach in the Australian Football League.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/John_Longmire_2017.2.jpg/200px-John_Longmire_2017.2.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Sports portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sports"},{"title":"Australia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Australia"},{"title":"List of current AFL Women's coaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_AFL_Women%27s_coaches"}]	[{"reference":"Australian Associated Press (3 October 2016). \"Brisbane Lions appoint Hawthorn football chief Chris Fagan as AFL coach\". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/oct/04/brisbane-lions-appoint-hawthorn-football-chief-chris-fagan-as-afl-coach","url_text":"\"Brisbane Lions appoint Hawthorn football chief Chris Fagan as AFL coach\""}]},{"reference":"McClure, Sam (23 September 2021). \"'No stone unturned': Voss appointed Carlton coach\". The Age.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theage.com.au/sport/afl/voss-named-carlton-coach-20210923-p58u4p.html","url_text":"\"'No stone unturned': Voss appointed Carlton coach\""}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Peter (1 September 2021). \"'I'm pretty pumped': McRae determined to build culture and success at Pies\". The Age. Melbourne, VIC.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theage.com.au/sport/afl/coach-locked-in-collingwood-to-name-mcrae-as-buckley-s-successor-20210901-p58npm.html","url_text":"\"'I'm pretty pumped': McRae determined to build culture and success at Pies\""}]},{"reference":"Matthews, Bruce (18 October 2011). \"Fremantle coach Mark Harvey praises appointment of Dockers assistant Chris Scott as Cats coach\". Herald Sun. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 27 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foxsports.com.au/afl/fremantle-coach-mark-harvey-praises-geelong-appointment-of-dockers-assistant-chris-scott-as-cats-coach/news-story/bdf2508a6bbd9093e66a789dd3e0b488?sv=1b2fac6f97fe362943db9724d7cd7ca5","url_text":"\"Fremantle coach Mark Harvey praises appointment of Dockers assistant Chris Scott as Cats coach\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alastair Clarkson to depart Hawthorn as Sam Mitchell succession plans falls apart\". Sporting News. 30 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportingnews.com/au/afl/news/alastair-clarkson-hawthorn-sam-mitchell-coaching-split/cf2nwrtzrbjb1mlnwu1ut9f52","url_text":"\"Alastair Clarkson to depart Hawthorn as Sam Mitchell succession plans falls apart\""}]},{"reference":"\"Simon Goodwin welcomed as Paul Roos's successor at Melbourne Demons\". ABC Online. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 18 September 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-18/demons-appoint-goodwin-to-coaching-panel/5753060","url_text":"\"Simon Goodwin welcomed as Paul Roos's successor at Melbourne Demons\""}]},{"reference":"Morris, Tom (14 September 2016). \"Newly installed Melbourne coach Simon Goodwin already looking towards 2017\". Fox Sports Australia. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 27 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foxsports.com.au/afl/teams/melbourne-demons/newly-installed-melbourne-coach-simon-goodwin-already-looking-towards-2017/news-story/a1a59a1d9e462c8751a3dbbbd11624f1","url_text":"\"Newly installed Melbourne coach Simon Goodwin already looking towards 2017\""}]},{"reference":"Rucci, Michelangelo (5 October 2012). \"Gold Coast Suns assistant Ken Hinkley wins Port Adelaide coaching job for AFL season 2013\". The Advertiser. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 27 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foxsports.com.au/afl/gold-coast-suns-assistant-ken-hinkley-wins-port-adelaide-coaching-job-for-afl-season-2013/news-story/c402a3f0059277b06d38c5e002e368bc?sv=24549436dba4ff8cf82886937ac1c3b","url_text":"\"Gold Coast Suns assistant Ken Hinkley wins Port Adelaide coaching job for AFL season 2013\""}]},{"reference":"Australian Associated Press (12 August 2009). \"Paul Roos retires as John Longmire takes over Sydney coaching job\". The Courier Mail. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 27 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.couriermail.com.au/sport/afl/paul-roos-retires-as-john-longmire-takes-over-sydney-coaching-job/news-story/be793cdb3bc7c49645d4025ffefafea1","url_text":"\"Paul Roos retires as John Longmire takes over Sydney coaching job\""}]},{"reference":"\"Adam Simpson named West Coast Eagles head coach\". ABC Online. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 3 October 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-10-03/adam-simpson-named-west-coast-eagles-coach-afl/4997590","url_text":"\"Adam Simpson named West Coast Eagles head coach\""}]},{"reference":"Landsberger, Sam (14 November 2014). \"Luke Beveridge named Western Bulldogs senior coach after lengthy search\". Herald Sun. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 27 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/afl/teams/western-bulldogs/luke-beveridge-named-western-bulldogs-senior-coach-after-lengthy-search/news-story/b26348ade21f97db6b1c2314a675f6a3","url_text":"\"Luke Beveridge named Western Bulldogs senior coach after lengthy search\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/oct/04/brisbane-lions-appoint-hawthorn-football-chief-chris-fagan-as-afl-coach","external_links_name":"\"Brisbane Lions appoint Hawthorn football chief Chris Fagan as AFL coach\""},{"Link":"https://www.theage.com.au/sport/afl/voss-named-carlton-coach-20210923-p58u4p.html","external_links_name":"\"'No stone unturned': Voss appointed Carlton coach\""},{"Link":"https://www.theage.com.au/sport/afl/coach-locked-in-collingwood-to-name-mcrae-as-buckley-s-successor-20210901-p58npm.html","external_links_name":"\"'I'm pretty pumped': McRae determined to build culture and success at Pies\""},{"Link":"https://www.foxsports.com.au/afl/fremantle-coach-mark-harvey-praises-geelong-appointment-of-dockers-assistant-chris-scott-as-cats-coach/news-story/bdf2508a6bbd9093e66a789dd3e0b488?sv=1b2fac6f97fe362943db9724d7cd7ca5","external_links_name":"\"Fremantle coach Mark Harvey praises appointment of Dockers assistant Chris Scott as Cats coach\""},{"Link":"https://www.sportingnews.com/au/afl/news/alastair-clarkson-hawthorn-sam-mitchell-coaching-split/cf2nwrtzrbjb1mlnwu1ut9f52","external_links_name":"\"Alastair Clarkson to depart Hawthorn as Sam Mitchell succession plans falls apart\""},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-18/demons-appoint-goodwin-to-coaching-panel/5753060","external_links_name":"\"Simon Goodwin welcomed as Paul Roos's successor at Melbourne Demons\""},{"Link":"https://www.foxsports.com.au/afl/teams/melbourne-demons/newly-installed-melbourne-coach-simon-goodwin-already-looking-towards-2017/news-story/a1a59a1d9e462c8751a3dbbbd11624f1","external_links_name":"\"Newly installed Melbourne coach Simon Goodwin already looking towards 2017\""},{"Link":"https://www.foxsports.com.au/afl/gold-coast-suns-assistant-ken-hinkley-wins-port-adelaide-coaching-job-for-afl-season-2013/news-story/c402a3f0059277b06d38c5e002e368bc?sv=24549436dba4ff8cf82886937ac1c3b","external_links_name":"\"Gold Coast Suns assistant Ken Hinkley wins Port Adelaide coaching job for AFL season 2013\""},{"Link":"http://www.couriermail.com.au/sport/afl/paul-roos-retires-as-john-longmire-takes-over-sydney-coaching-job/news-story/be793cdb3bc7c49645d4025ffefafea1","external_links_name":"\"Paul Roos retires as John Longmire takes over Sydney coaching job\""},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-10-03/adam-simpson-named-west-coast-eagles-coach-afl/4997590","external_links_name":"\"Adam Simpson named West Coast Eagles head coach\""},{"Link":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/afl/teams/western-bulldogs/luke-beveridge-named-western-bulldogs-senior-coach-after-lengthy-search/news-story/b26348ade21f97db6b1c2314a675f6a3","external_links_name":"\"Luke Beveridge named Western Bulldogs senior coach after lengthy search\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOROS_230	TOROS artillery rocket system	["1 Description","2 Specifications","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Turkish long-range multiple launch rocket system This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "TOROS artillery rocket system" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) TOROS TypeMultiple rocket launcherService historyUsed bySee UsersProduction historyDesignerTÜBİTAK-SAGEManufacturerTÜBİTAK-SAGEVariantsSee VariantsSpecificationsMaximum firing range110 km (68 mi) TOROS artillery rocket system (Turkish: Topçu Roket Sistemi; Turkish pronunciation: , lit. "Gunner") is a Turkish rocket artillery multiple rocket launcher system that has been developed in both 230 and 260 mm calibre. The system was developed by TÜBİTAK-SAGE, and is used by the Turkish Army. The larger calibre rockets have a maximum range of 110 km (68 mi) deliver a 145 kg (320 lb) high-explosive fragmentation warhead containing 30,000 steel balls. It is developed by the Turkish Defense Industry. Description This system is in general copy of Military Technical Institute Belgrade M-87 Orkan with some minor modification in rocket design, different fuel for rocket and tubes. It is developed through reverse engineering and plans obtained for Orkan M-87 including launcher M-87 and rocket 262mm used in that process all obtained from BNT Bratstvo Novi Travnik from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sage is also known for reverse engendering of M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System 227mm rocket under designation SAGE 227 a program started because the United States' reluctancy to share technology with Turkey. 230mm rocket is continuation of SAGE 227 rocket program and 260mm rocket is based on 262mm Orkan M-87 rockets. The 230 mm calibre system consists of six TOROS-230 unguided medium range rockets in a disposable launcher pod. The 260 mm calibre system consists of four TOROS-260 rockets in a disposable launcher pod. The launcher vehicle is designed to accept two TOROS-230 or TOROS-260 launcher pods. Both rockets use an HTPB/AP solid propellent, and are stabilised in flight by four wrap-around fins. Sabots are fitted to the front of the rocket which fall away shortly after launch. Both rockets use a fin detent system to reduce wind dispersion, and are reported as having a dispersion of between one and two percent of their range. A variety of warheads have been proposed for the system including the basic blast fragmentation warhead, an electronic warfare warhead and a bunker busting warhead. The launcher pods and advanced fire control system enable fast supply, loading, unloading, positioning and orientation operations. The unloading and reloading operations for two launch pods can be completed in less than twelve minutes. The system can be moved into position, oriented to target, and fired, all without the crew leaving the armoured cab. The launcher has a crew of three, but can be operated by a single person if needed. Dispersion is reduced by helical rails which provide high roll rate during launch. The system consists of four vehicles: Launcher vehicle 6×6 Logistics vehicle 6×6 Maintenance vehicle 6×6 Fire Command-Control vehicle 4×4 Specifications SAGE-230A SAGE-260A Diameter 230 mm 260 mm Length 4.1 m (13 ft) 4.8 m (16 ft) Mass 326/197 kg 485/280 kg Operational temperature -30/+55 °C -30/+55 °C Range 20–65 km (12–40 mi) 25–110 km (16–68 mi) Dispersion 2% 2% Propellant HTPB/AP HTPB/AP Shelf life 10 year 10 year Launcher pods TOROS-230 TOROS-260 Number of tubes 6 4 Length 4.2 m (14 ft) 4.9 m (16 ft) Width 1.0 m (3.3 ft) 0.9 m (3.0 ft) Height 0.8 m (2.6 ft) 0.9 m (3.0 ft) Empty mass 552 kg (1,217 lb) 647 kg (1,426 lb) Loaded mass 2,442 kg (5,384 lb) 2,441 kg (5,381 lb) See also M-87 Orkan - Yugoslavian multiple rocket launcher system. References ^ a b "Vojni program". Archived from the original on 2015-10-14. Retrieved 2015-11-14. ^ "TOROS 260 (Turkey) - Military Pictures - Air Force Army Navy Missiles Defense". www.defencetalk.com. Archived from the original on 2013-06-15. ^ Archived at Video Ghostarchive and the Video Wayback Machine Bosanska Haubica / Potpisan ugovor vrijedan 10 miliona KM. YouTube. ^ Image SAGE personnel in front of Orkan M-87 launcher vehicle obtained from BiH Novi Travnih factory with two pods of quadruple TOROS 260A launcher pod ^ "Royal Artillery". ^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-04-30. Retrieved 2014-04-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Jane's Armour and Artillery 2005-2006 External links TUBITAK-SAGE	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"[topˈtʃu]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish"},{"link_name":"Gunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunner_(artillery)"},{"link_name":"rocket artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_artillery"},{"link_name":"multiple rocket launcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_rocket_launcher"},{"link_name":"TÜBİTAK-SAGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%9CB%C4%B0TAK_Defense_Industries_Research_and_Development_Institute"},{"link_name":"Turkish Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Army"},{"link_name":"warhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warhead"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"TOROS artillery rocket system (Turkish: Topçu Roket Sistemi; Turkish pronunciation: [topˈtʃu], lit. \"Gunner\") is a Turkish rocket artillery multiple rocket launcher system that has been developed in both 230 and 260 mm calibre. The system was developed by TÜBİTAK-SAGE, and is used by the Turkish Army. The larger calibre rockets have a maximum range of 110 km (68 mi) deliver a 145 kg (320 lb) high-explosive fragmentation warhead containing 30,000 steel balls. It is developed by the Turkish Defense Industry.[1][2][3]","title":"TOROS artillery rocket system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Military Technical Institute Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Technical_Institute_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"M-87 Orkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-87_Orkan"},{"link_name":"reverse engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_engineering"},{"link_name":"Novi Travnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Travnik"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M270_Multiple_Launch_Rocket_System"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"This system is in general copy of Military Technical Institute Belgrade M-87 Orkan with some minor modification in rocket design, different fuel for rocket and tubes. It is developed through reverse engineering and plans obtained for Orkan M-87 including launcher M-87 and rocket 262mm used in that process all obtained from BNT Bratstvo Novi Travnik from Bosnia and Herzegovina.[1][4] Sage is also known for reverse engendering of M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System 227mm rocket under designation SAGE 227 a program started because the United States' reluctancy to share technology with Turkey.[5] 230mm rocket is continuation of SAGE 227 rocket program and 260mm rocket is based on 262mm Orkan M-87 rockets.The 230 mm calibre system consists of six TOROS-230 unguided medium range rockets in a disposable launcher pod. The 260 mm calibre system consists of four TOROS-260 rockets in a disposable launcher pod. The launcher vehicle is designed to accept two TOROS-230 or TOROS-260 launcher pods.[citation needed]Both rockets use an HTPB/AP solid propellent, and are stabilised in flight by four wrap-around fins. Sabots are fitted to the front of the rocket which fall away shortly after launch. Both rockets use a fin detent system to reduce wind dispersion, and are reported as having a dispersion of between one and two percent of their range. A variety of warheads have been proposed for the system including the basic blast fragmentation warhead, an electronic warfare warhead and a bunker busting warhead.[citation needed]The launcher pods and advanced fire control system enable fast supply, loading, unloading, positioning and orientation operations. The unloading and reloading operations for two launch pods can be completed in less than twelve minutes. The system can be moved into position, oriented to target, and fired, all without the crew leaving the armoured cab. The launcher has a crew of three, but can be operated by a single person if needed.[citation needed]Dispersion is reduced by helical rails which provide high roll rate during launch.The system consists of four vehicles:Launcher vehicle 6×6\nLogistics vehicle 6×6\nMaintenance vehicle 6×6\nFire Command-Control vehicle 4×4","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Specifications"}]	[]	[{"title":"M-87 Orkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-87_Orkan"},{"title":"Yugoslavian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"title":"multiple rocket launcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_rocket_launcher"}]	[{"reference":"\"Vojni program\". Archived from the original on 2015-10-14. Retrieved 2015-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151014233644/http://www.bnt-tmh.com.ba/vojni_program.htm","url_text":"\"Vojni program\""},{"url":"http://www.bnt-tmh.com.ba/vojni_program.htm/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"TOROS 260 (Turkey) - Military Pictures - Air Force Army Navy Missiles Defense\". www.defencetalk.com. Archived from the original on 2013-06-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130615151234/http://www.defencetalk.com/pictures/g3763-toros-260-turkey.html","url_text":"\"TOROS 260 (Turkey) - Military Pictures - Air Force Army Navy Missiles Defense\""},{"url":"http://www.defencetalk.com/pictures/g3763-toros-260-turkey.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bosanska Haubica / Potpisan ugovor vrijedan 10 miliona KM. YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ioYqQlQ2sxc","url_text":"Bosanska Haubica / Potpisan ugovor vrijedan 10 miliona KM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Royal Artillery\".","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U3QsvhRetkcC&q=SAGE+227+rocket&pg=PA91","url_text":"\"Royal Artillery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2014-04-30. Retrieved 2014-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140430014437/http://www.ssm.gov.tr/katalog2007/data/396/images/Toros-teknik.jpg","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.ssm.gov.tr/katalog2007/data/396/images/Toros-teknik.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22TOROS+artillery+rocket+system%22","external_links_name":"\"TOROS artillery rocket system\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22TOROS+artillery+rocket+system%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22TOROS+artillery+rocket+system%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22TOROS+artillery+rocket+system%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22TOROS+artillery+rocket+system%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22TOROS+artillery+rocket+system%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151014233644/http://www.bnt-tmh.com.ba/vojni_program.htm","external_links_name":"\"Vojni program\""},{"Link":"http://www.bnt-tmh.com.ba/vojni_program.htm/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130615151234/http://www.defencetalk.com/pictures/g3763-toros-260-turkey.html","external_links_name":"\"TOROS 260 (Turkey) - Military Pictures - Air Force Army Navy Missiles Defense\""},{"Link":"http://www.defencetalk.com/pictures/g3763-toros-260-turkey.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/ioYqQlQ2sxc","external_links_name":"Video"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160310085305/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ioYqQlQ2sxc","external_links_name":"Video"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ioYqQlQ2sxc","external_links_name":"Bosanska Haubica / Potpisan ugovor vrijedan 10 miliona KM"},{"Link":"http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/sites/default/files/gallery/s.gurov/11/01/14/toros_260a.jpg","external_links_name":"Image"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U3QsvhRetkcC&q=SAGE+227+rocket&pg=PA91","external_links_name":"\"Royal Artillery\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140430014437/http://www.ssm.gov.tr/katalog2007/data/396/images/Toros-teknik.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.ssm.gov.tr/katalog2007/data/396/images/Toros-teknik.jpg","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.sage.tubitak.gov.tr/","external_links_name":"TUBITAK-SAGE"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGD_Paulding_(CG-17)	USS Paulding	["1 Construction and commissioning","2 United States Navy","3 United States Coast Guard","4 Final disposition","5 Honors and awards","6 References"]	Paulding-class destroyer USS Paulding (DD-22) port side, camouflaged, Queenstown, Ireland, 1918 History United States NamePaulding NamesakeRear Admiral Hiram A. Paulding BuilderBath Iron Works Bath, Maine Cost$652,928.16 Laid down24 July 1909 Launched12 April 1910 Sponsored byMiss Emma Paulding Commissioned29 September 1910 DecommissionedAugust 1919 Stricken28 June 1934 Identification Hull symbol:DD-22 Code letters:NON FateTransferred to the United States Coast Guard, returned 1930 and scrapped in 1934 United States NamePaulding Acquired28 April 1924 Commissioned23 January 1925 Decommissioned18 October 1930 IdentificationHull symbol:CG-17 FateTransferred back to the United States Navy, 18 October 1930 General characteristics Class and typePaulding-class destroyer Displacement 742 long tons (754 t) normal 887 long tons (901 t) full load Length293 ft 10 in (89.56 m) Beam27 ft (8.2 m) Draft8 ft 4 in (2.54 m) (mean) Installed power12,000 ihp (8,900 kW) Propulsion 4 × boilers 3 × Parsons Direct Drive Turbines 3 × shafts Speed 29.5 kn (33.9 mph; 54.6 km/h) 30.80 kn (35.44 mph; 57.04 km/h) (Speed on Trial) Complement4 officers 87 enlisted Armament 5 × 3 in (76 mm)/50 caliber guns 6 × 18 inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes (3 × 2) USS Paulding (DD-22) was the lead ship of Paulding-class destroyers in the United States Navy. She was named for Rear Admiral Hiram A. Paulding (1797-1878). She was in commission from 1910 to 1919 and saw service in World War I. After her Navy service, Paulding served in the United States Coast Guard as USCGC Paulding (CG-17) from 1924 to 1930. Construction and commissioning Paulding was laid down by the Bath Iron Works Corporation at Bath, Maine, on 24 July 1909. She was launched on 12 April 1910, sponsored by Miss Emma Paulding, and commissioned on 29 September 1910, Lieutenant Commander Yates Stirling Jr. in command. She was the first American destroyer solely fueled by fuel oil. United States Navy Assigned to the Atlantic Torpedo Fleet, Paulding operated primarily off the United States East Coast until after the United States entered World War I on 6 April 1917. During April 1917, she patrolled off the New England coast and in May 1917 she prepared for distant service. On 21 May 1917, she got underway for the United Kingdom, arriving at Queenstown, Ireland, to escort convoys and protect them from Imperial German Navy U-boats. She served on that duty through the end of the war. On 24 February 1918, Paulding was proceeding in a scouting line with the destroyers USS Davis and USS Trippe in the Atlantic Ocean off the south coast of Ireland bound for Queenstown when she sighted the British Royal Navy submarine HMS L2′s periscope. Mistaking L2 for a German U-boat, she headed for the periscope at flank speed and opened gunfire. L2 had sighted the destroyers and, assuming that the destroyers had not seen her periscope, submerged to 90 feet (27 m), but upon hearing Paulding open fire, she dove to 200 feet (61 m). Paulding dropped two depth charges, the first of which shook L2 severely and jammed her diving planes in a hard-upward position. This caused L2 to take on a tremendous inclination, and her stern struck the seabed at a depth of 300 feet (91 m). Four more depth charges exploded, again shaking the submarine. L2′s commanding officer gave the order to blow the number 5 and 6 ballast tanks, and L2 surfaced bow-first. Davis dropped a depth charge near her, and then all three destroyers opened gunfire on her from a range of about 1,500 yards (1,370 m). One round struck L2′s pressure hull just abaft her conning tower. Some of L2's crew emerged from her conning tower, waved their hands and a White Ensign, and fired a smoke grenade. The destroyers ceased fire immediately. L-2 did not sustain serious damage, and Davis escorted her to Berehaven, Ireland. The force commander of British submarines, Captain Martin Dunbar-Nasmith, commended L2 and the destroyers for the action in his report on the friendly fire incident. Admiral Lewis Bayly, the Royal Navy′s Commander-in-Chief, Coast of Ireland, in his endorsement of Nasmith′s report, wrote, "Had L-2 not been very skillfully and coolly handled, she would have been lost. The U. S. destroyers deserve great credit for their smartness in attack, and for their quickness in recognizing the submarine as British." Paulding returned to the United States after the Armistice with Germany brought World War I to an end on 11 November 1918. She was decommissioned in August 1919 and placed in the Reserve Fleet. United States Coast Guard The U.S. Navy loaned Paulding to the United States Coast Guard from 28 April 1924 to 18 October 1930. As USCGC Paulding, she served on the Rum Patrol during Prohibition with her home port at Boston, Massachusetts. Paulding was sent to find the Coast Guard cutter USCGC CG-238 during a gale in February 1927 off Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The 75 ft (23 m) vessel had already foundered, and Paulding spent two days in the storm, losing much topside equipment, including one of her stacks. On 17 December 1927, Paulding accidentally rammed and sank the U.S. Navy submarine USS S-4 (SS-109) while S-4 was surfacing. S-4 sank with the loss of all hands. An inquiry absolved the Coast Guard of blame. Final disposition Returned to the U.S. Navy on 18 October 1930, Paulding again joined the Reserve Fleet and was laid up at League Island in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 28 June 1934 and sold for scrap in accordance with the terms of the London Naval Treaty. Honors and awards World War I Victory Medal with DESTROYER clasp References Wikimedia Commons has media related to USS Paulding (DD-22). ^ "Table 21 - Ships on Navy List June 30, 1919". Congressional Serial Set. U.S. Government Printing Office: 762. 1921. ^ a b c d Record of Movements Vessels of the United States Coast Guard 1790 -December 31, 1933 (PDF). Washington: TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 1989. p. 436. ^ "USS Paulding (DD-22)". Navsource.org. Retrieved June 16, 2015. ^ a b "Table 11 - Ships on Navy List June 30, 1919". Congressional Serial Set. U.S. Government Printing Office: 731. 1921. ^ a b Doughty, Leonard Jr., Lieutenant Commander, "Mistaken Attacks in the World War," Proceedings, October 1934. ^ "Navy and Marine Corps Awards Manual , Pt. 4 - Campaign and Service Medals". www.history.navy.mil. Naval History and Heritage Command. 1953. p. 51. Retrieved 14 February 2024. This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here. vtePaulding-class destroyers United States Navy Ammen Beale Burrows Drayton Fanning Henley Jarvis Jenkins Jouett Mayrant McCall Monaghan Patterson Paulding Perkins Roe Sterett Terry Trippe Walke Warrington United States Coast Guard Ammen Beale Burrows Fanning Henley Jouett McCall Monaghan Patterson Paulding Roe Terry Trippe Preceded by: Smith class Followed by: Cassin class List of destroyers of the United States Navy vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in February 1918Shipwrecks 1 Feb: HMS E50 4 Feb: Aurania, UC-50 5 Feb: Tuscania 6 Feb: Glenartney 8 Feb: HMS Boxer, UB-38 11 Feb: Diane 12 Feb: U-89 21 Feb: USS Gallup, U-23 23 Feb: Florizel 26 Feb: USS Cherokee, HMHS Glenart Castle Unknown date: Bernoulli Other incidents 15 Feb: SMS G102 24 Feb: USS Davis, HMS L2, USS Paulding, USS Trippe 1917 1918 1919 January 1918 March 1918 vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1927Shipwrecks 25 Feb: Artemis 11 Mar: El Sol 27 Jun: Craster Hall 5 Aug: Chiyoda, O-2 18 Aug: Hennepin 22 Aug: Prince Rupert 24 Aug: Warabi 21 Oct: Irene 25 Oct: Principessa Mafalda 28 Oct: Fortuna 3 Nov: Greycliffe 21 Nov: Georgia 7 Dec: Kamloops 17 Dec: USS S-4 30 Dec: Seneca Other incidents 29 Jan: Celtic 6 Mar: USCGC Seminole 11 Mar: Sac City 1 May: USS Colorado 2 May: Astoria 5 Jul: RMS Ebro 15 Jul: Veendam 24 Aug: Jintsū 25 Sep: Minnekahda 6 Oct: Domala 19 Oct: Irene 20 Oct: Irene, HMS L4, HMS L5 3 Nov: Tahiti 8 Nov: Catala 20 Nov: Pierre Chailley 27 Nov: Wahehe November (unknown date): Hougomont 12 Dec: Fylgia 16 Dec: Equity 17 Dec: USCGD Paulding 29 Dec: Galatée 29 Dec: J. A. Moffett Jr. 31 Dec: Consul Horn Unknown date: America Unknown date: Pelican 1926 1928	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lead ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_ship"},{"link_name":"Paulding-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulding-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Rear Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Hiram A. Paulding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_Paulding"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"United States Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"}],"text":"USS Paulding (DD-22) was the lead ship of Paulding-class destroyers in the United States Navy. She was named for Rear Admiral Hiram A. Paulding (1797-1878). She was in commission from 1910 to 1919 and saw service in World War I.After her Navy service, Paulding served in the United States Coast Guard as USCGC Paulding (CG-17) from 1924 to 1930.","title":"USS Paulding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"laid down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel-laying"},{"link_name":"Bath Iron Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_Iron_Works"},{"link_name":"Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_ship_launching"},{"link_name":"sponsored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_sponsor"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_commander_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Yates Stirling Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yates_Stirling_Jr."},{"link_name":"fuel oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil"}],"text":"Paulding was laid down by the Bath Iron Works Corporation at Bath, Maine, on 24 July 1909. She was launched on 12 April 1910, sponsored by Miss Emma Paulding, and commissioned on 29 September 1910, Lieutenant Commander Yates Stirling Jr. in command. She was the first American destroyer solely fueled by fuel oil.","title":"Construction and commissioning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlantic Torpedo Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Torpedo_Fleet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United States East Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_East_Coast"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Queenstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobh"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"convoys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy"},{"link_name":"Imperial German Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy"},{"link_name":"U-boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat"},{"link_name":"USS Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Davis_(DD-65)"},{"link_name":"USS Trippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Trippe_(DD-33)"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"HMS L2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_L2"},{"link_name":"periscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periscope"},{"link_name":"U-boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat"},{"link_name":"flank speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flank_speed"},{"link_name":"depth charges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_charge"},{"link_name":"diving planes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_plane"},{"link_name":"stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern"},{"link_name":"seabed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabed"},{"link_name":"commanding officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commanding_officer"},{"link_name":"ballast tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballast_tank"},{"link_name":"bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_(ship)"},{"link_name":"pressure hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_hull"},{"link_name":"conning tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conning_tower"},{"link_name":"White Ensign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Ensign"},{"link_name":"smoke grenade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_grenade"},{"link_name":"Berehaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berehaven"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-proceedingsmistakenattacks-5"},{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"Martin Dunbar-Nasmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Dunbar-Nasmith"},{"link_name":"friendly fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_fire"},{"link_name":"Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"Lewis Bayly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Bayly_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"Commander-in-Chief, Coast of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Coast_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-proceedingsmistakenattacks-5"},{"link_name":"Armistice with Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918"},{"link_name":"Reserve Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_Fleet"}],"text":"Assigned to the Atlantic Torpedo Fleet, Paulding operated primarily off the United States East Coast until after the United States entered World War I on 6 April 1917. During April 1917, she patrolled off the New England coast and in May 1917 she prepared for distant service. On 21 May 1917, she got underway for the United Kingdom, arriving at Queenstown, Ireland, to escort convoys and protect them from Imperial German Navy U-boats. She served on that duty through the end of the war.On 24 February 1918, Paulding was proceeding in a scouting line with the destroyers USS Davis and USS Trippe in the Atlantic Ocean off the south coast of Ireland bound for Queenstown when she sighted the British Royal Navy submarine HMS L2′s periscope. Mistaking L2 for a German U-boat, she headed for the periscope at flank speed and opened gunfire. L2 had sighted the destroyers and, assuming that the destroyers had not seen her periscope, submerged to 90 feet (27 m), but upon hearing Paulding open fire, she dove to 200 feet (61 m). Paulding dropped two depth charges, the first of which shook L2 severely and jammed her diving planes in a hard-upward position. This caused L2 to take on a tremendous inclination, and her stern struck the seabed at a depth of 300 feet (91 m). Four more depth charges exploded, again shaking the submarine. L2′s commanding officer gave the order to blow the number 5 and 6 ballast tanks, and L2 surfaced bow-first. Davis dropped a depth charge near her, and then all three destroyers opened gunfire on her from a range of about 1,500 yards (1,370 m). One round struck L2′s pressure hull just abaft her conning tower. Some of L2's crew emerged from her conning tower, waved their hands and a White Ensign, and fired a smoke grenade. The destroyers ceased fire immediately. L-2 did not sustain serious damage, and Davis escorted her to Berehaven, Ireland.[5] The force commander of British submarines, Captain Martin Dunbar-Nasmith, commended L2 and the destroyers for the action in his report on the friendly fire incident. Admiral Lewis Bayly, the Royal Navy′s Commander-in-Chief, Coast of Ireland, in his endorsement of Nasmith′s report, wrote, \"Had L-2 not been very skillfully and coolly handled, she would have been lost. The U. S. destroyers deserve great credit for their smartness in attack, and for their quickness in recognizing the submarine as British.\"[5]Paulding returned to the United States after the Armistice with Germany brought World War I to an end on 11 November 1918. She was decommissioned in August 1919 and placed in the Reserve Fleet.","title":"United States Navy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"Rum Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum_Patrol"},{"link_name":"Prohibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"home port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_port"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"cutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Cutter"},{"link_name":"USCGC CG-238","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USCGC_CG-238&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"gale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale"},{"link_name":"Cape Cod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod"},{"link_name":"stacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funnel_(ship)"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"USS S-4 (SS-109)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_S-4"}],"text":"The U.S. Navy loaned Paulding to the United States Coast Guard from 28 April 1924 to 18 October 1930. As USCGC Paulding, she served on the Rum Patrol during Prohibition with her home port at Boston, Massachusetts.Paulding was sent to find the Coast Guard cutter USCGC CG-238 during a gale in February 1927 off Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The 75 ft (23 m) vessel had already foundered, and Paulding spent two days in the storm, losing much topside equipment, including one of her stacks.On 17 December 1927, Paulding accidentally rammed and sank the U.S. Navy submarine USS S-4 (SS-109) while S-4 was surfacing. S-4 sank with the loss of all hands. An inquiry absolved the Coast Guard of blame.","title":"United States Coast Guard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"League Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_Island"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Naval Vessel Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register"},{"link_name":"London Naval Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty"}],"text":"Returned to the U.S. Navy on 18 October 1930, Paulding again joined the Reserve Fleet and was laid up at League Island in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 28 June 1934 and sold for scrap in accordance with the terms of the London Naval Treaty.","title":"Final disposition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"World War I Victory Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"World War I Victory Medal with DESTROYER clasp[6]","title":"Honors and awards"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Table 21 - Ships on Navy List June 30, 1919\". Congressional Serial Set. U.S. Government Printing Office: 762. 1921.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mZEqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA762","url_text":"\"Table 21 - Ships on Navy List June 30, 1919\""}]},{"reference":"Record of Movements Vessels of the United States Coast Guard 1790 -December 31, 1933 (PDF). Washington: TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 1989. p. 436.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uscg.mil/history/articles/RecordofMovements.pdf","url_text":"Record of Movements Vessels of the United States Coast Guard 1790 -December 31, 1933"}]},{"reference":"\"USS Paulding (DD-22)\". Navsource.org. Retrieved June 16, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/05/022.htm","url_text":"\"USS Paulding (DD-22)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Table 11 - Ships on Navy List June 30, 1919\". Congressional Serial Set. U.S. Government Printing Office: 731. 1921.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mZEqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA762","url_text":"\"Table 11 - Ships on Navy List June 30, 1919\""}]},{"reference":"\"Navy and Marine Corps Awards Manual [Rev. 1953], Pt. 4 - Campaign and Service Medals\". www.history.navy.mil. Naval History and Heritage Command. 1953. p. 51. Retrieved 14 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/n/navy-mc-awards-manual-rev1953/pt4-campaign-service-medals.html","url_text":"\"Navy and Marine Corps Awards Manual [Rev. 1953], Pt. 4 - Campaign and Service Medals\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mZEqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA762","external_links_name":"\"Table 21 - Ships on Navy List June 30, 1919\""},{"Link":"http://www.uscg.mil/history/articles/RecordofMovements.pdf","external_links_name":"Record of Movements Vessels of the United States Coast Guard 1790 -December 31, 1933"},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/05/022.htm","external_links_name":"\"USS Paulding (DD-22)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mZEqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA762","external_links_name":"\"Table 11 - Ships on Navy List June 30, 1919\""},{"Link":"https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1934/december/mistaken-attacks-world-war","external_links_name":"Doughty, Leonard Jr., Lieutenant Commander, \"Mistaken Attacks in the World War,\" Proceedings, October 1934."},{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/n/navy-mc-awards-manual-rev1953/pt4-campaign-service-medals.html","external_links_name":"\"Navy and Marine Corps Awards Manual [Rev. 1953], Pt. 4 - Campaign and Service Medals\""},{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/p/paulding.html","external_links_name":"here"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micropontiidae	Micropontiidae	["1 References"]	Family of crustaceans Micropontiidae Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Copepoda Order: Siphonostomatoida Family: Micropontiidae Micropontiidae is a family of copepods belonging to the order Siphonostomatoida. Genera: Micropontius Gooding, 1957 References ^ a b "Micropontiidae". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 5 June 2021. Taxon identifiersMicropontiidae Wikidata: Q15728555 Wikispecies: Micropontiidae CoL: 7NJSW EoL: 7057 GBIF: 9183 iNaturalist: 480577 IRMNG: 107748 ITIS: 610017 NBN: NHMSYS0021052556 Open Tree of Life: 2945246 WoRMS: 135528 This copepod-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"copepods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copepods"},{"link_name":"Siphonostomatoida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siphonostomatoida"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBIF-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBIF-1"},{"link_name":"Micropontius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micropontius&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Micropontiidae is a family of copepods belonging to the order Siphonostomatoida.[1]Genera:[1]Micropontius Gooding, 1957","title":"Micropontiidae"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Micropontiidae\". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 5 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gbif.org/species/9183","url_text":"\"Micropontiidae\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/9183","external_links_name":"\"Micropontiidae\""},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7NJSW","external_links_name":"7NJSW"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/7057","external_links_name":"7057"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/9183","external_links_name":"9183"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/480577","external_links_name":"480577"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=107748","external_links_name":"107748"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=610017","external_links_name":"610017"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0021052556","external_links_name":"NHMSYS0021052556"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=2945246","external_links_name":"2945246"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=135528","external_links_name":"135528"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micropontiidae&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Greece	2024 European Parliament election in Greece	["1 Background","2 Parties participating","2.1 Slogans","3 Controversies","4 Opinion polling","5 Results","6 References"]	2024 European Parliament election in Greece ← 2019 9 June 2024 (2024-06-09) 2029 → 21 seats in the European ParliamentTurnout41.39% First party Second party Third party Leader Kyriakos Mitsotakis Stefanos Kasselakis Nikos Androulakis Party ND Syriza PASOK–KINAL Alliance EPP The Left S&D Last election 33.12%, 8 seats 23.75%, 6 seats 7,72%, 2 seats Seats won 7 4 3 Seat change 1 2 1 Popular vote 1,125,602 593,133 508,399 Percentage 28.31% 14.92% 12.79% Swing 4.81 8.83 5.07 Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party Leader Kyriakos Velopoulos Dimitris Koutsoumpas Dimitris Natsios Party EL KKE NIKI Alliance ECR ECA–NI NI Last election 4,18%, 1 seat 5,35%, 2 seats New Seats won 2 2 1 Seat change 1 Popular vote 369,727 367.796 173.574 Percentage 9.30% 9.25% 4.37% Swing 5.12 3.9% New Seventh party Eighth party Leader Zoe Konstantopoulou Afroditi Latinopoulou Party PE FL Alliance NI ECR Last election 1,61%, 0 seats New Seats won 1 1 Seat change 1 New Popular vote 135.310 120.753 Percentage 3.4% 3.04% Swing 1.81% New The 2024 European Parliament election in Greece was held on 9 June 2024 as part of the 2024 European Parliament election. This was the first to take place after Brexit. Background Main article: List of members of the European Parliament for Greece, 2019–2024 Greece will elect 21 Members of the European Parliament. Parties participating The parties and party coalitions participating in the election (in alphabetical order): Antarsya Assembly of Greeks Communist Party of Greece Conservatives Course of Freedom Democrats Diaspora Network of Greeks in Europe Greek Solution Green Movement I PARTICIPATE for National Sovereignty and for Cyprus Kosmos Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Greece MeRA25 Movement 21 National Front National Independence Movement New Democracy New Left NIKI OAKKE OKDE Party of Friendship, Equality and Peace Party of Greek Hunters - AKKEL - TOGETHER for a Free Greece Popular Orthodox Rally PASOK – Movement for Change Patriots Recreation Syriza Union of Centrists United Popular Front Voice of Reason Slogans Party or alliance Original slogan English translation ND «Σταθερά πιο κοντά στην Ευρώπη» "Steadily closer to Europe" SYRIZA «Καλύτερη ζωή τώρα» "Better life now" PASOK-KINAL «Μπορούμε και αξίζουμε περισσότερα στην Ελλάδα και την Ευρώπη» "We can and deserve more in Greece and Europe" KKE «Με ΚΚΕ πολύ πιο δυνατό για πανευρωπαϊκή αντεπίθεση» "With a much stronger KKE for a pan-European counter-attack" EL «Πρώτα η Ελλάδα! Πρώτα οι Έλληνες!» "Greece first! Greeks first!" MeRA25 «Ενόχλησέ τους!» "Bother them!" PE «Θέλεις Ζωή και στην Ευρωβουλή;» "Do you want Life (Zoe) in the European Parliament as well?" NA «Δώσε φωνή στο δίκιο σου» "Give voice to your right" NIKI «Διεκδικούμε την Ελλάδα που μας αξίζει στην Ευρώπη που θέλουμε» "We claim the Greece we deserve in the Europe we want" FL «Στις ευρωεκλογές στείλε μήνυμα» "In the European elections send a message" DIMO «Η ώρα της κοινής λογικής» "The time of common sense" KOS «Γιατί η ζωή μας έχει σημασία» "Because our life matters" Controversies At the beginning of March 2024, Greeks living abroad received a promotional email from MEP and New Democracy candidate Anna-Michelle Assimakopoulou, which triggered a wave of criticism that the law on the protection of personal data had been violated and that data on postal voters had been illegally passed on by the Ministry of the Interior. Opinion polling See also: Opinion polling for the 2024 European Parliament election and Opinion polling for the next Greek legislative election Polling firm/Commissioner Fieldwork date Sample size NDEPP SYRIZALeft PASOKS&D KKENI XANI ELECR MeRA25Left PENI RNI AntarsyaNI SPNI NIKINI FLECR NALeft DIMORenew KOSG/EFA PATNI Other Lead Alco/Alpha 13–15 May 2024 1,000 32.5 16.0 13.0 9.0 — 10.0 2.2 3.3 — — — 3.5 2.4 2.9 2.5 — — 3.0 16.5 Pulse RC/Skai 13–15 May 2024 1,104 33.0 16.0 12.5 8.0 — 9.0 3.0 3.5 — — — 3.5 2.4 3.0 2.1 — 1.2 2.8 17.0 MARC/ANT1 10–15 May 2024 1,209 33.8 15.2 12.2 8.0 — 8.3 3.0 4.5 — — — 3.2 2.8 3.0 2.5 — — 3.3 18.6 MRB/Open 10–14 May 2024 1,100 32.3 16.0 14.0 8.0 — 9.9 2.2 3.4 — — — 2.9 2.8 3.8 2.4 — — 2.2 16.3 Interview/Politic 8–13 May 2024 2,405 33.3 17.2 12.2 6.7 — 7.8 — 2.7 — — — 3.4 — 5.0 — — — 11.8 16.1 Good Affairs/To Vima — — 31.8 16.1 11.8 8.3 — 10.3 2.3 3.1 — — — 4.2 2.1 2.8 2.6 1.1 — 15.7 Marc/Proto Thema 18–25 Apr 2024 1,049 33.4 14.7 11.4 8.5 — 9.8 2.4 5.4 — — 2.4 3.4 2.2 2.5 1.7 — — 2.2 18.7 GPO/Parapolitika 17–22 Apr 2024 1,400 33.6 16.3 13.5 8.8 — 9.1 2.1 3.1 — — 2.4 3.4 — 2.7 2.2 — — 2.8 17.3 Metron Analysis/Mega 10–16 Apr 2024 1,304 32.3 15.4 12.0 9.8 — 8.3 1.6 4.2 — — 2.5 3.6 1.4 3.1 2.0 1.0 — 2.8 16.9 Prorata/Attica 5–10 Apr 2024 1,000 29.5 15.0 12.7 9.2 — 9.8 2.3 4.6 — — 1.7 3.5 1.7 4.0 1.7 1.2 — 3.0 14.5 Opinion Poll/Action 24 8–10 Apr 2024 1,006 32.1 15.0 12.4 8.5 — 10.7 1.3 3.7 — — 2.6 3.7 1.4 3.2 3.0 — — 2.3 17.1 Interview/Politic 4–8 Apr 2024 2,355 27.7 16.1 12.7 6.9 — 11.8 2.4 2.8 1.7 — 1.2 4.3 2.3 4.7 2.2 — — 3.2 11.6 Alco/Alpha 2–5 Apr 2024 1,000 29.9 14.3 13.3 9.4 — 9.6 2.3 4.1 — — 2.7 4.2 1.4 3.0 2.2 — — 3.5 15.6 Palmos Analysis/Eleftheros Typos 1–4 Apr 2024 1,008 31.8 14.1 13.0 9.4 — 10.3 — 4.2 — — 3.3 3.5 — 4.0 — — — 6.6 17.7 GPO/Parapolitika 1–3 Apr 2024 1,000 33.4 15.9 14.2 9.0 — 9.5 1.8 3.0 — — 2.2 3.3 — 2.2 2.2 — — 3.3 17.5 MRB/Open 1–3 Apr 2024 1,000 31.5 15.9 13.4 8.1 — 9.9 1.9 4.3 — — 2.1 3.6 1.8 3.8 1.6 — — 2.3 15.6 Pulse RC/Skai 1–3 Apr 2024 1,105 33.0 15.0 12.5 8.5 — 9.0 2.5 3.5 — — 3.0 3.5 1.8 3.0 1.8 — — 2.9 18.0 Opinion Poll/Action24 15–20 Mar 2024 1,010 34.4 13.4 12.5 9.4 — 10.1 1.9 2.9 — — 2.5 4.3 — 2.9 2.8 — — 2.8 21.0 Metron Analysis/Mega 12–19 Mar 2024 1,317 31.4 15.1 13.0 10.1 — 9.7 1.9 4.3 — 0.6 2.0 3.2 2.4 3.0 1.0 0.6 — 1.7 16.3 Good Affairs/To Vima 12–14 Mar 2024 3,229 30.8 13.1 12.9 8.2 — 9.8 2.2 2.1 — — 2.2 3.6 — 2.5 2.9 — — 1.5 17.7 Marc/Proto Thema 11–14 Mar 2024 1,086 36.2 13.4 12.6 9.4 — 9.2 2.4 3.1 — — 2.6 2.8 — 2.6 2.1 — — 3.7 22.8 GPO/Star 11–13 Mar 2024 1,200 34.8 14.3 13.9 9.5 — 8.0 2.3 2.9 — — 1.8 3.4 — 3.0 2.6 — — 3.5 20.5 Interview/Politic 7–11 Mar 2024 2,250 29.1 14.4 12.4 7.1 — 12.0 — 2.5 — — 1.8 4.6 — 4.9 — — — 11.3 14.7 Alco/Alpha 1–6 Mar 2024 1,000 32.8 12.7 14.1 10.8 — 7.9 2.8 3.6 — — 2.9 4.5 — 3.4 — — — 4.0 18.7 Ipsos/Euronews 23 Feb–5 Mar 2024 1,000 35.0 13.6 13.4 9.0 — 8.7 <3.0 3.2 — — 2.9 4.0 — 3.3 — — — 3.9 21.4 Pulse RC/Skai 27 Feb–1 Mar 2024 1,106 35.5 14.0 14.0 9.0 — 8.5 2.5 3.0 — — 3.0 4.0 — 3.0 — — — 3.5 21.5 GPO/Parapolitika 26–29 Feb 2024 1,000 36.4 13.5 14.4 10.7 — 8.2 2.4 2.7 — — 2.2 3.4 — 2.9 — — — 3.2 22.0 Opinion Poll/Action24 21–27 Feb 2024 1,504 33.9 11.9 13.9 10.1 — 10.2 2.6 3.5 — — 2.7 4.2 — 3.3 — — — 3.7 20.0 Opinion Poll/Action24 13–16 Feb 2024 1,004 34.3 12.5 14.6 9.4 — 9.5 2.4 3.7 — — 2.7 3.8 — 3.3 — — — 3.8 19.7 Interview/Politic 6–12 Feb 2024 2,155 33.3 14.2 12.8 8.3 — 9.1 — 2.6 — — 2.1 5.1 — 5.1 — — — 9.7 19.1 Alco/Alpha 1–7 Feb 2024 1,201 34.5 12.6 15.0 11.2 — 7.5 2.2 3.1 — — 2.8 3.9 — 2.6 — — — 4.3 19.5 GPO/Star 20–25 Jan 2024 1,100 38.8 14.0 14.2 9.6 — 7.2 2.7 2.6 — — 2.2 3.3 — 3.0 — — — 2.4 24.6 MRB/Open 22–24 Jan 2024 1,000 36.1 12.1 12.1 9.3 — 9.5 2.8 4.0 — — 2.8 3.7 — 2.7 — — — 4.8 24.0 Marc/Ant1 17–23 Jan 2024 1,092 37.1 12.6 16.8 9.4 — 7.0 2.9 3.0 — — 3.1 3.1 — 2.4 — — — 2.6 20.3 Interview/Politic 10–15 Jan 2024 2,388 31.5 14.1 14.2 10.8 — 8.0 — 2.3 — — 2.6 5.2 — 4.1 — — — 7.2 17.3 Prorata/Attica 5–9 Jan 2024 1,000 36.6 12.8 15.9 11.0 — 6.1 1.8 3.0 — — 3.7 3.7 — 3.7 — — — 1.8 20.7 Alco/Alpha 2–5 Jan 2024 1,002 35.3 13.8 14.3 11.3 — 6.9 2.4 3.3 — — 3.2 3.3 — 2.7 — — — 3.6 21.0 Interview/Politic 4–8 Dec 2023 2,356 34.0 16.1 14.4 7.9 — 7.6 — 3.0 — — 2.3 3.8 — 2.9 — — — 7.9 17.9 GPO/Parapolitika 5–7 Dec 2023 1,000 41.7 12.1 13.5 10.3 — 6.6 1.9 2.1 — — 3.4 2.4 — 3.7 — — — 2.3 28.3 2019 election 26 May 2019 – 33.1 23.8 7.7 5.4 4.9 4.2 3.0 1.6 0.7 0.4 1.5 — — — — — — 13.7 9.3 ^ De facto banned, popular former XA member Ilias Kasidiaris supported Spartans for the 2023 Greek legislative election. ^ 49 votes below the 3% threshold. ^ Alongside Union of Centrists. Results Results, showing the winning party in each municipal unit. ND (916) PASOK (55) KKE (16) KIEF (15) SYRIZA (14) EL (5) MERA25 (1) NA (1) PK (1) PartyVotes%Seats+/–New Democracy1,125,60228.317–1Syriza – Progressive Alliance593,13314.924–2PASOK – Movement for Change508,39912.793+1Greek Solution369,7279.302+1Communist Party of Greece367,7969.2520Democratic Patriotic Movement "Niki"173,5744.371NewCourse of Freedom135,3103.401+1Voice of Reason120,7533.041NewMeRA25101,1272.5400New Left97,5542.450NewDemocrats57,4961.450NewPatriots – Prodromos Emfietzoglou56,1001.410NewKosmos42,7621.080NewI PARTICIPATE for National Sovereignty and Cyprus30,6000.770NewParty of Friendship, Equality and Peace28,4700.7200Green Movement26,5550.670NewTogether for a Free Greece (KEKA – AKKEL)20,8160.5200Antarsya – Anti-Capitalist Cooperation20,6030.5200Creation14,0240.3500United Popular Front13,8160.3500Movement 2112,4490.310NewUnion of Centrists10,9330.2700Conservatives10,1460.260NewPopular Orthodox Rally9,9360.2500National Front7,5720.1900Assembly of Greeks6,9800.1800Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Greece6,8360.1700National Independence Movement2,4650.060NewOrganisation of Internationalist Communists of Greece1,9730.0500Organization for the Reconstruction of the KKE1,6150.0400Diaspora Network of European Greeks9630.020NewTotal3,976,085100.00210Valid votes3,976,08597.88Invalid votes55,2931.36Blank votes30,7140.76Total votes4,062,092100.00Registered voters/turnout9,814,68541.39Source: Ministry Of The Interior References ^ "European Elections 2024 \| News \| European Parliament". www.europarl.europa.eu. 20 December 2023. 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Proto Thema (in Greek). 28 April 2024. ^ "Δημοσκόπηση GPO για τα "Παραπολιτικά": Ισχυρό προβάδισμα της ΝΔ έναντι του ΣΥΡΙΖΑ - Το κυβερνών κόμμα ανακάμπτει και συσπειρώνεται". Parapolitika (in Greek). 27 April 2024. ^ "Δημοσκόπηση Metron Analysis για το MEGA: Πρώτη η ΝΔ στην εκτίμηση ψήφου για τις ευρωεκλογές – Δημοφιλέστερος ο «Κανένας»". Mega (in Greek). 18 April 2024. ^ "Δημοσκόπηση Prorata: Η ΝΔ χάνει προς «Ελληνική Λύση», απώλειες στο ΠΑΣΟΚ, «κλειδώνει» τη 2η θέση ο ΣΥΡΙΖΑ". ieidiseis.gr (in Greek). 15 April 2024. ^ "Δημοσκόπηση Opinion Poll: Στις 17,1 μονάδες η διαφορά ΝΔ με τον ΣΥΡΙΖΑ και κυριαρχία Μητσοτάκη". Proto Thema (in Greek). 11 April 2024. ^ Ιατρίδου, Έλενα (12 March 2024). "Δημοσκόπηση Interview για την POLITIC Ι Με απώλειες αλλά σταθερά μπροστά η ΝΔ - Ένας στους δύο θα «στείλει μήνυμα» στις ευρωεκλογές". Ειδήσεις απο τη Θεσσαλονίκη, την Ελλάδα και όλο τον Κόσμο (in Greek). Retrieved 9 April 2024. ^ "Δημοσκόπηση Interview: Προβάδισμα ΝΔ με 12,9%, δεύτερος ο ΣΥΡΙΖΑ". ProtoThema (in Greek). 9 April 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024. ^ "Δημοσκόπηση ALCO: Μπροστά με διαφορά η ΝΔ, παλεύουν ΣΥΡΙΖΑ και ΠΑΣΟΚ για τη δεύτερη θέση". Newsbomb (in Greek). 8 April 2024. ^ "Δημοσκόπηση Palmos Analysis στον ΕΤ: Σαρωτική υπεροχή για Μητσοτάκη και Νέα Δημοκρατία". Eleftheros Typos (in Greek). 7 April 2024. ^ "Δημοσκόπηση GPO για τα "Παραπολιτικά": Ισχυρό προβάδισμα της ΝΔ έναντι του ΣΥΡΙΖΑ - Στις 17,5 μονάδες η διαφορά". Parapolitika (in Greek). 7 April 2024. ^ "Δημοσκόπηση MRB: "Βυθίστηκε" σχεδόν 5% η ΝΔ μέσα σε ένα μήνα – Άλμα 4,5% για τον ΣΥΡΙΖΑ". To pontiki (in Greek). 4 April 2024. ^ "Δημοσκόπηση ΣΚΑΪ: Στις 18 μονάδες η διαφορά της ΝΔ από τον δεύτερο ΣΥΡΙΖΑ - Τι ποσοστό θέλει πρόωρες εκλογές". 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CNN gr (in Greek). 25 January 2024. ^ "Δημοσκόπηση MARC για τον ΑΝΤ1: Η πρόθεση ψήφου στις Ευρωεκλογές – Τι λένε οι πολίτες για την ακρίβεια και τα μη κρατικά ΑΕΙ". enikos.gr (in Greek). 25 January 2024. ^ "Δημοσκόπηση Interview για την Politic: Αδιαπραγμάτευτη η πρωτιά της ΝΔ. Όλα πιθανά για τη 2η θέση – Στο παιχνίδι και το ΚΚΕ". politic.gr (in Greek). 16 January 2024. ^ "Δημοσκόπηση Prorata: Κυριαρχία της ΝΔ, "ναι" στα μη κρατικά πανεπιστήμια με αυστηρούς όρους". protothema.gr (in Greek). 11 January 2024. ^ "Δημοσκόπηση ALCO: Άνετο προβάδισμα ΝΔ ενόψει ευρωκάλπης, μεγάλη απαισιοδοξία για τα οικογενειακά οικονομικά". protothema.gr (in Greek). 8 January 2024. ^ "Δημοσκόπηση Interview για την POLITIC: "Επιστρέφει" ο ΣΥΡΙΖΑ στη δεύτερη θέση – "Εκτός" βουλής η Νέα Αριστερά". politic.gr (in Greek). 11 December 2023. ^ "Δημοσκόπηση της GPO για τα Παραπολιτικά: Στο 2,5% το ποσοστό της Νέας Αριστεράς, κάτω από το 10% ο ΣΥΡΙΖΑ - Απόλυτη κυριαρχία για τη ΝΔ". Parapolitika (in Greek). 11 December 2023. vte Elections to the European Parliament1979 Belgium Denmark (including Greenland) France Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands United Kingdom West Germany 1984 Belgium Denmark (including Greenland) France Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands United Kingdom West Germany 1989 Belgium Denmark France Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Portugal Spain United Kingdom West Germany 1994 Belgium Denmark France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Portugal Spain United Kingdom 1999 Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom 2004 Austria Belgium Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom (including Gibraltar) 2009 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom (including Gibraltar) 2014 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom (including Gibraltar) 2019 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom (including Gibraltar) 2024 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Off-year Greece (1981) Portugal (1987) Spain (1987) Sweden (1995) Austria (1996) Finland (1996) Bulgaria (2007) Romania (2007) Croatia (2013) UK by-elections (1979–1998) vte Elections and referendums in GreeceParliamentary elections 1823 1826 1829 1843 1844 1847 1850 1853 1856 1859 1861 1862 1865 1868 1869 1872 1873 1874 1875 1879 1881 1885 1887 1890 1892 1895 1899 1902 1905 1906 1910 (Aug) 1910 (Nov) 1912 1915 (May) 1915 (Dec) 1920 1923 1926 1928 1929 1932 1933 1935 1936 1946 1950 1951 1952 1956 1958 1961 1963 1964 1974 1977 1981 1985 1989 (Jun) 1989 (Nov) 1990 1993 1996 2000 2004 2007 2009 2012 (May) 2012 (Jun) 2015 (Jan) 2015 (Sep) 2019 2023 (May) 2023 (Jun) Head of state elections 1862 (King) 1926 (President) Local elections 1834 1835 1837 1841 1847 1850 1866 1870 1874 1879 1883 1887 1891 1895 1899 1903 1907 1914 1925 1929 1934 1951 1954 1959 1964 1975 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2019 2023 European elections 1981 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 2024 Referendums 1920 1924 1935 1946 1968 1973 1974 2015 See also: Template:Greek presidential elections	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"2024 European Parliament election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election"},{"link_name":"Brexit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The 2024 European Parliament election in Greece was held on 9 June 2024 as part of the 2024 European Parliament election. This was the first to take place after Brexit.[1]","title":"2024 European Parliament election in Greece"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece_(European_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Members of the European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Greece will elect 21 Members of the European Parliament.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antarsya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarsya"},{"link_name":"Assembly of Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_of_Greeks"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Course of Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Course_of_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrats_(Greece,_2024)"},{"link_name":"Greek Solution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Solution"},{"link_name":"Kosmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_(political_party)"},{"link_name":"Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Communist_Party_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"MeRA25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeRA25"},{"link_name":"National Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Front_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"New Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"New Left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Left_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"NIKI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_(Greek_political_party)"},{"link_name":"OAKKE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_the_Reconstruction_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"OKDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Internationalist_Communists_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Party of Friendship, Equality and Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_of_Friendship,_Equality_and_Peace"},{"link_name":"Party of Greek Hunters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_of_Greek_Hunters"},{"link_name":"AKKEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Livestock_Party_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Popular Orthodox Rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Orthodox_Rally"},{"link_name":"PASOK – Movement for Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PASOK_%E2%80%93_Movement_for_Change"},{"link_name":"Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriots_%E2%80%93_Prodromos_Emfietzoglou"},{"link_name":"Recreation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreate_Greece"},{"link_name":"Syriza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriza"},{"link_name":"Union of Centrists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Centrists"},{"link_name":"United Popular Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Popular_Front"}],"text":"The parties and party coalitions participating in the election (in alphabetical order):Antarsya\nAssembly of Greeks\nCommunist Party of Greece\nConservatives\nCourse of Freedom\nDemocrats\nDiaspora Network of Greeks in Europe\nGreek Solution\nGreen Movement\nI PARTICIPATE for National Sovereignty and for Cyprus\nKosmos\nMarxist–Leninist Communist Party of Greece\nMeRA25\nMovement 21\nNational Front\nNational Independence Movement\nNew Democracy\nNew Left\nNIKI\nOAKKE\nOKDE\nParty of Friendship, Equality and Peace\nParty of Greek Hunters - AKKEL - TOGETHER for a Free Greece\nPopular Orthodox Rally\nPASOK – Movement for Change\nPatriots\nRecreation\nSyriza\nUnion of Centrists\nUnited Popular Front\nVoice of Reason","title":"Parties participating"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Slogans","title":"Parties participating"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"Anna-Michelle Assimakopoulou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna-Michelle_Assimakopoulou"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"At the beginning of March 2024, Greeks living abroad received a promotional email from MEP and New Democracy candidate Anna-Michelle Assimakopoulou, which triggered a wave of criticism that the law on the protection of personal data had been violated and that data on postal voters had been illegally passed on by the Ministry of the Interior.[3]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Opinion polling for the 2024 European Parliament election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2024_European_Parliament_election"},{"link_name":"Opinion polling for the next Greek legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_next_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Ilias Kasidiaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilias_Kasidiaris"},{"link_name":"Spartans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartans_(Greek_political_party)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"49 votes below the 3% threshold.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_close_election_results#List_of_parties_close_to_the_threshold_in_proportional_races"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EK_46-0"},{"link_name":"Union of Centrists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Centrists"}],"text":"See also: Opinion polling for the 2024 European Parliament election and Opinion polling for the next Greek legislative election^ De facto banned, popular former XA member Ilias Kasidiaris supported Spartans for the 2023 Greek legislative election.\n\n^ 49 votes below the 3% threshold.\n\n^ Alongside Union of Centrists.","title":"Opinion polling"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2024_Greek_European_election_-_Municipal_Units_Results.png"},{"link_name":"ND","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"PASOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PASOK"},{"link_name":"KKE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"KIEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_of_Friendship,_Equality_and_Peace"},{"link_name":"SYRIZA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYRIZA"},{"link_name":"EL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Solution"},{"link_name":"MERA25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MERA25"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastos"},{"link_name":"NA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Left_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisyros"},{"link_name":"PK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_Movement_(Greece)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melivoia"}],"text":"Results, showing the winning party in each municipal unit. ND (916) PASOK (55) KKE (16) KIEF (15) SYRIZA (14) EL (5) MERA25 (1) NA (1) PK (1)","title":"Results"}]	[{"image_text":"Results, showing the winning party in each municipal unit. ND (916) PASOK (55) KKE (16) KIEF (15) SYRIZA (14) EL (5) MERA25 (1) NA (1) PK (1)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/2024_Greek_European_election_-_Municipal_Units_Results.png/220px-2024_Greek_European_election_-_Municipal_Units_Results.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"European Elections 2024 \| News \| European Parliament\". www.europarl.europa.eu. 20 December 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/press-tool-kit/0/european-elections-2024","url_text":"\"European Elections 2024 \| News \| European Parliament\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greece - How to vote\". European elections 2024: all you need to know. Retrieved 16 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://elections.europa.eu/en/how-to-vote/gr/","url_text":"\"Greece - How to vote\""}]},{"reference":"\"Σάλος σε Έλληνες του εξωτερικού από email της Άννας Μισέλ Ασημακοπούλου\". efsyn.gr. 1 March 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.efsyn.gr/politiki/paraskinia/424384_salos-se-ellines-toy-exoterikoy-apo-email-tis-annas-misel-asimakopoyloy","url_text":"\"Σάλος σε Έλληνες του εξωτερικού από email της Άννας Μισέλ Ασημακοπούλου\""}]},{"reference":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Pulse: 17 μονάδες μπροστά η ΝΔ από τον ΣΥΡΙΖΑ – Με ποια κριτήρια θα ψηφίσουν οι πολίτες\". newsit (in Greek). 15 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsit.gr/politikh/eyroekloges-2024-dimoskopisi-Alco-provadisma-16-5-monadon-stin-ektimisi-psifou-gia-ti-nd/4084830/","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Pulse: 17 μονάδες μπροστά η ΝΔ από τον ΣΥΡΙΖΑ – Με ποια κριτήρια θα ψηφίσουν οι πολίτες\""}]},{"reference":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Pulse: 17 μονάδες μπροστά η ΝΔ από τον ΣΥΡΙΖΑ – Με ποια κριτήρια θα ψηφίσουν οι πολίτες\". newsit (in Greek). 15 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsit.gr/politikh/dimoskopisi-Pulse-17-monades-mprosta-i-nd-apo-ton-syriza-me-poia-kritiria-tha-psifisoun-oi-polites/4084877/","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Pulse: 17 μονάδες μπροστά η ΝΔ από τον ΣΥΡΙΖΑ – Με ποια κριτήρια θα ψηφίσουν οι πολίτες\""}]},{"reference":"\"Δημοσκόπηση MARC: Με πάνω από 18% προηγείται η ΝΔ στην εκτίμηση αποτελέσματος Ευρωεκλογών\". ethnos (in Greek). 15 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsit.gr/politikh/dimoskopisi-MARC-me-pano-apo-18-proigeitai-i-nd-stin-ektimisi-apotelesmatos-eyroeklogon/4084834/","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση MARC: Με πάνω από 18% προηγείται η ΝΔ στην εκτίμηση αποτελέσματος Ευρωεκλογών\""}]},{"reference":"\"Δημοσκόπηση OPEN για ευρωεκλογές 2024: Τα ποσοστά των κομμάτων – Τι λένε για συγκέντρωση Ράμα και συνάντηση Μητσοτάκη με Ερντογάν\". ethnos (in Greek). 15 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ethnos.gr/Politics/article/315242/dhmoskophshopengiaeyroekloges2024taposostatonkommatontilenegiasygkentroshramakaisynanthshmhtsotakhmeerntogan","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση OPEN για ευρωεκλογές 2024: Τα ποσοστά των κομμάτων – Τι λένε για συγκέντρωση Ράμα και συνάντηση Μητσοτάκη με Ερντογάν\""}]},{"reference":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Interview για την POLITIC: Σε τροχιά ανόδου η ΝΔ – Τα πρόσωπα που μπαίνουν στην Ευρωβουλή\". politic.gr (in Greek). 14 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://politic.gr/kyria-arthra/dimoskopisi-interview-gia-tin-politic-se-trochia-anodou-i-nd-ta-prosopa-pou-bainoun-stin-evrovouli/","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Interview για την POLITIC: Σε τροχιά ανόδου η ΝΔ – Τα πρόσωπα που μπαίνουν στην Ευρωβουλή\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ευρωεκλογές – Δημοσκόπηση: Ποιοι προηγούνται στη μάχη του σταυρού, ποια κόμματα μπαίνουν στην Ευρωβουλή\". tovima.gr (in Greek). 11 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tovima.gr/2024/05/11/politics/eyroekloges-poioi-proigountai-sti-maxi-tou-stayrou-nea-dimoskopisi/","url_text":"\"Ευρωεκλογές – Δημοσκόπηση: Ποιοι προηγούνται στη μάχη του σταυρού, ποια κόμματα μπαίνουν στην Ευρωβουλή\""}]},{"reference":"\"Γκάλοπ Marc για το ΘΕΜΑ: Περνάει τον πήχη του 33% η ΝΔ, στο Κέντρο η μάχη για τους αναποφάσιστους\". Proto Thema (in Greek). 28 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.protothema.gr/politics/article/1492400/galop-marc-gia-to-thema-pernaei-ton-pihi-tou-33-i-nd-sto-kedro-i-mahi-gia-tous-anapofasistous/","url_text":"\"Γκάλοπ Marc για το ΘΕΜΑ: Περνάει τον πήχη του 33% η ΝΔ, στο Κέντρο η μάχη για τους αναποφάσιστους\""}]},{"reference":"\"Δημοσκόπηση GPO για τα \"Παραπολιτικά\": Ισχυρό προβάδισμα της ΝΔ έναντι του ΣΥΡΙΖΑ - Το κυβερνών κόμμα ανακάμπτει και συσπειρώνεται\". Parapolitika (in Greek). 27 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parapolitika.gr/politiki/article/1384021/dimoskopisi-gpo-gia-ta-parapolitika-ishuro-provadisma-tis-nd-enadi-tou-suriza-to-kuvernon-komma-anakabtei-kai-suspeironetai/","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση GPO για τα \"Παραπολιτικά\": Ισχυρό προβάδισμα της ΝΔ έναντι του ΣΥΡΙΖΑ - Το κυβερνών κόμμα ανακάμπτει και συσπειρώνεται\""}]},{"reference":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Metron Analysis για το MEGA: Πρώτη η ΝΔ στην εκτίμηση ψήφου για τις ευρωεκλογές – Δημοφιλέστερος ο «Κανένας»\". Mega (in Greek). 18 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.megatv.com/2024/04/18/dimoskopisi-metron-analysis-gia-to-mega-proti-i-nd-stin-ektimisi-psifou-gia-tis-eyroekloges-dimofilesteros-o-kanenas/","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Metron Analysis για το MEGA: Πρώτη η ΝΔ στην εκτίμηση ψήφου για τις ευρωεκλογές – Δημοφιλέστερος ο «Κανένας»\""}]},{"reference":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Prorata: Η ΝΔ χάνει προς «Ελληνική Λύση», απώλειες στο ΠΑΣΟΚ, «κλειδώνει» τη 2η θέση ο ΣΥΡΙΖΑ\". ieidiseis.gr (in Greek). 15 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ieidiseis.gr/politiki/243285/dimoskopisi-prorata-i-nd-xanei-pros-elliniki-lysi-apoleies-sto-pasok-kleidonei-ti-2i-thesi-o-syriza","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Prorata: Η ΝΔ χάνει προς «Ελληνική Λύση», απώλειες στο ΠΑΣΟΚ, «κλειδώνει» τη 2η θέση ο ΣΥΡΙΖΑ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Opinion Poll: Στις 17,1 μονάδες η διαφορά ΝΔ με τον ΣΥΡΙΖΑ και κυριαρχία Μητσοτάκη\". Proto Thema (in Greek). 11 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.protothema.gr/politics/article/1486780/dimoskopisi-opinion-poll-stis-171-monades-i-diafora-nd-me-ton-suriza-kai-kuriarhia-mitsotaki/","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Opinion Poll: Στις 17,1 μονάδες η διαφορά ΝΔ με τον ΣΥΡΙΖΑ και κυριαρχία Μητσοτάκη\""}]},{"reference":"Ιατρίδου, Έλενα (12 March 2024). \"Δημοσκόπηση Interview για την POLITIC Ι Με απώλειες αλλά σταθερά μπροστά η ΝΔ - Ένας στους δύο θα «στείλει μήνυμα» στις ευρωεκλογές\". Ειδήσεις απο τη Θεσσαλονίκη, την Ελλάδα και όλο τον Κόσμο (in Greek). Retrieved 9 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://politic.gr/dimoskopiseis/dimoskopisi-interview-gia-tin-politic-i-me-apoleies-alla-stathera-brosta-i-nd-enas-stous-dyo-tha-steilei-minyma-stis-evroekloges/","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Interview για την POLITIC Ι Με απώλειες αλλά σταθερά μπροστά η ΝΔ - Ένας στους δύο θα «στείλει μήνυμα» στις ευρωεκλογές\""}]},{"reference":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Interview: Προβάδισμα ΝΔ με 12,9%, δεύτερος ο ΣΥΡΙΖΑ\". ProtoThema (in Greek). 9 April 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.protothema.gr/politics/article/1485738/dimoskopisi-interview-provadisma-nd-me-129-deuteros-o-suriza/","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Interview: Προβάδισμα ΝΔ με 12,9%, δεύτερος ο ΣΥΡΙΖΑ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Δημοσκόπηση ALCO: Μπροστά με διαφορά η ΝΔ, παλεύουν ΣΥΡΙΖΑ και ΠΑΣΟΚ για τη δεύτερη θέση\". Newsbomb (in Greek). 8 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsbomb.gr/politikh/story/1538732/dimoskopisi-alco-brosta-me-diafora-i-nd-paleyoun-syriza-kai-pasok/","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση ALCO: Μπροστά με διαφορά η ΝΔ, παλεύουν ΣΥΡΙΖΑ και ΠΑΣΟΚ για τη δεύτερη θέση\""}]},{"reference":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Palmos Analysis στον ΕΤ: Σαρωτική υπεροχή για Μητσοτάκη και Νέα Δημοκρατία\". Eleftheros Typos (in Greek). 7 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://eleftherostypos.gr/politiki/dimoskopisi-palmos-analysis-ston-et-sarotiki-yperochi-gia-mitsotaki-kai-nea-dimokratia-deite-ta-grafimata","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Palmos Analysis στον ΕΤ: Σαρωτική υπεροχή για Μητσοτάκη και Νέα Δημοκρατία\""}]},{"reference":"\"Δημοσκόπηση GPO για τα \"Παραπολιτικά\": Ισχυρό προβάδισμα της ΝΔ έναντι του ΣΥΡΙΖΑ - Στις 17,5 μονάδες η διαφορά\". Parapolitika (in Greek). 7 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parapolitika.gr/politiki/article/1374317/dimoskopisi-gpo-gia-ta-parapolitika-ishuro-provadisma-tis-nd-enadi-tou-suriza-stis-175-monades-i-diafora/","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση GPO για τα \"Παραπολιτικά\": Ισχυρό προβάδισμα της ΝΔ έναντι του ΣΥΡΙΖΑ - Στις 17,5 μονάδες η διαφορά\""}]},{"reference":"\"Δημοσκόπηση MRB: \"Βυθίστηκε\" σχεδόν 5% η ΝΔ μέσα σε ένα μήνα – Άλμα 4,5% για τον ΣΥΡΙΖΑ\". To pontiki (in Greek). 4 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.topontiki.gr/2024/04/04/dimoskopisi-mrb-vithistike-schedon-5-i-nd-mesa-se-ena-mina-alma-45-gia-ton-siriza/","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση MRB: \"Βυθίστηκε\" σχεδόν 5% η ΝΔ μέσα σε ένα μήνα – Άλμα 4,5% για τον ΣΥΡΙΖΑ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Δημοσκόπηση ΣΚΑΪ: Στις 18 μονάδες η διαφορά της ΝΔ από τον δεύτερο ΣΥΡΙΖΑ - Τι ποσοστό θέλει πρόωρες εκλογές\". Skai (in Greek). 3 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skai.gr/news/politics/dimoskopisi-skai-ta-pososta-ton-kommaton-posoi-theloun-proores-ekloges","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση ΣΚΑΪ: Στις 18 μονάδες η διαφορά της ΝΔ από τον δεύτερο ΣΥΡΙΖΑ - Τι ποσοστό θέλει πρόωρες εκλογές\""}]},{"reference":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Opinion Poll: Κάτω από 30% το ποσοστό της ΝΔ\". npress.gr (in Greek). 22 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npress.gr/politics/dimoskopisi-opinion-poll-kato-apo-30-to-pososto-ti/","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Opinion Poll: Κάτω από 30% το ποσοστό της ΝΔ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Metron: Κυβερνητική \"βουτιά\" 5 μονάδων σε ένα μήνα - Πληγώνουν τα Τέμπη\". ieidiseis.gr (in Greek). 21 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ieidiseis.gr/politiki/240168/dimoskopisi-metron-kyvernitiki-voutia-5-monadon-pligonoun-ta-tempi","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Metron: Κυβερνητική \"βουτιά\" 5 μονάδων σε ένα μήνα - Πληγώνουν τα Τέμπη\""}]},{"reference":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Good Affairs: Το προβάδισμα της ΝΔ και το ντέρμπι της 2ης θέσης\". tovima.gr (in Greek). 14 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tovima.gr/2024/03/15/politics/dimoskopisi-good-affairs-to-provadisma-tis-nd-kai-to-ntermpi-tis-2is-thesis/","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Good Affairs: Το προβάδισμα της ΝΔ και το ντέρμπι της 2ης θέσης\""}]},{"reference":"\"Στο 35% η Ν.Δ. - Τρεις μονάδες έχασε το ΠΑΣΟΚ σε 50 ημέρες - Δείτε όλο το γκάλοπ της Marc για το \"Πρώτο ΘΕΜΑ\"\". Proto Thema (in Greek). 17 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.protothema.gr/politics/article/1478069/olo-to-galop-tis-marc-gia-to-proto-thema-sto-35-i-nd-treis-monades-ehase-to-pasok-se-50-imeres/","url_text":"\"Στο 35% η Ν.Δ. - Τρεις μονάδες έχασε το ΠΑΣΟΚ σε 50 ημέρες - Δείτε όλο το γκάλοπ της Marc για το \"Πρώτο ΘΕΜΑ\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Δημοσκόπηση GPO στο Star: Προβάδισμα 18,5 μονάδων στη ΝΔ\". star.gr (in Greek). 14 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.star.gr/eidiseis/politiki/651686/dhmoskophsh-gpo-star-185-mprosta-h-nd","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση GPO στο Star: Προβάδισμα 18,5 μονάδων στη ΝΔ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Interview: Σταθερά μπροστά η ΝΔ -Τρίτο κόμμα το ΠΑΣΟΚ\". iefimerida.gr (in Greek). 12 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iefimerida.gr/politiki/dimoskopisi-interview-stathera-mprosta-i-nd","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Interview: Σταθερά μπροστά η ΝΔ -Τρίτο κόμμα το ΠΑΣΟΚ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Η μεγάλη δημοσκόπηση του ALPHA\". Alpha TV (in Greek). 7 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alphatv.gr/news/koinonia/article/158306/i-megali-dimoskopisi-tou-alpha/","url_text":"\"Η μεγάλη δημοσκόπηση του ALPHA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Européennes : vers une progression de la droite radicale au Parlement européen ?\". ipsos.com (in French). 10 March 2024. p. 21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ipsos.com/fr-fr/europeennes-vers-une-progression-de-la-droite-radicale-au-parlement-europeen","url_text":"\"Européennes : vers une progression de la droite radicale au Parlement européen ?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Pulse: Κυριαρχία ΝΔ με 17,5 μονάδες έναντι ΠΑΣΟΚ και ΣΥΡΙΖΑ, αποδυναμωμένοι Κασσελάκης και Τσίπρας\". newsit.gr (in Greek). 4 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsit.gr/politikh/dimoskopisi-Pulse-kyriarxia-nd-me-17-5-monades-enanti-pasok-kai-syriza-apodynamomenoi-kasselakis-kai-tsipras/","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Pulse: Κυριαρχία ΝΔ με 17,5 μονάδες έναντι ΠΑΣΟΚ και ΣΥΡΙΖΑ, αποδυναμωμένοι Κασσελάκης και Τσίπρας\""}]},{"reference":"\"Δημοσκόπηση GPO για τα \"Παραπολιτικά\": Χωρίς αντίπαλο παραμένει η ΝΔ - Στις 22 μονάδες η διαφορά με το ΠΑΣΟΚ\". Parapolitika (in Greek). 4 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parapolitika.gr/politiki/article/1357926/dimoskopisi-gpo-gia-ta-parapolitika-horis-adipalo-paramenei-i-nd-stis-22-monades-i-diafora-me-to-pasok/","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση GPO για τα \"Παραπολιτικά\": Χωρίς αντίπαλο παραμένει η ΝΔ - Στις 22 μονάδες η διαφορά με το ΠΑΣΟΚ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Opinion Poll\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iefimerida.gr/politiki/dimoskopisi-opinion-nd-elliniki-lysi","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Opinion Poll\""}]},{"reference":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Opinion Poll: Προβάδισμα ΝΔ με 18,5 μονάδες στις ευρωεκλογές και 21,2 στις εθνικές – Δεύτερο το ΠΑΣΟΚ\". newsit.gr (in Greek). 19 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsit.gr/politikh/dimoskopisi-Opinion-Poll-provadisma-nd-me-18-5-monades-stis-eyroekloges-kai-21-2-stis-ethnikes-deytero-to-pasok/","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Opinion Poll: Προβάδισμα ΝΔ με 18,5 μονάδες στις ευρωεκλογές και 21,2 στις εθνικές – Δεύτερο το ΠΑΣΟΚ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Interview για την POLITIC: Ο Μητσοτάκης \"κρατά\" τα ποσοστά της ΝΔ – \"Οι βουλευτές να ψηφίσουν κατά συνείδηση για το γάμο των ομόφυλων ζευγαριών\"\". politic.gr (in Greek). 13 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://politic.gr/dimoskopiseis/dimoskopisi-interview-gia-tin-politic-o-mitsotakis-krata-ta-pososta-tis-nd-oi-vouleftes-na-psifisoun-kata-syneidisi-gia-to-gamo-ton-omofylon/","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Interview για την POLITIC: Ο Μητσοτάκης \"κρατά\" τα ποσοστά της ΝΔ – \"Οι βουλευτές να ψηφίσουν κατά συνείδηση για το γάμο των ομόφυλων ζευγαριών\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Alco: Μπροστά με 16 μονάδες η ΝΔ, δεύτερο το ΠΑΣΟΚ, νέα πτώση ΣΥΡΙΖΑ -Τι λένε οι πολίτες για ακρίβεια-αγρότες\". iefimerida (in Greek). 8 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iefimerida.gr/politiki/dimoskopisi-alco-probadisma-16-monadon-gia-nd","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Alco: Μπροστά με 16 μονάδες η ΝΔ, δεύτερο το ΠΑΣΟΚ, νέα πτώση ΣΥΡΙΖΑ -Τι λένε οι πολίτες για ακρίβεια-αγρότες\""}]},{"reference":"\"Δημοσκόπηση GPO στο Star: Προβάδισμα 20,3% της ΝΔ στην πρόθεση ψήφου\". Star (in Greek). 25 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.star.gr/eidiseis/politiki/646996/dhmoskophsh-gpo-sto-star-mprosta-h-nd-me-203","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση GPO στο Star: Προβάδισμα 20,3% της ΝΔ στην πρόθεση ψήφου\""}]},{"reference":"\"Δημοσκόπηση MRB: Χωρισμένη στα δύο η χώρα για ομόφυλους γάμους - Ξεκάθαρο \"όχι\" στην τεκνοθεσία\". CNN gr (in Greek). 25 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.gr/politiki/story/402504/dimoskopisi-mrb-xorismeni-sta-dyo-i-xora-gia-omofylous-gamous-ksekatharo-oxi-stin-teknothesia","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση MRB: Χωρισμένη στα δύο η χώρα για ομόφυλους γάμους - Ξεκάθαρο \"όχι\" στην τεκνοθεσία\""}]},{"reference":"\"Δημοσκόπηση MARC για τον ΑΝΤ1: Η πρόθεση ψήφου στις Ευρωεκλογές – Τι λένε οι πολίτες για την ακρίβεια και τα μη κρατικά ΑΕΙ\". enikos.gr (in Greek). 25 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.enikos.gr/politics/dimoskopisi-marc-gia-ton-ant1-i-prothesi-psifou-stis-evroekloges-ti-lene-oi-polites-gia-tin-akriveia-kai-ta-mi-kratika-aei/2097264/","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση MARC για τον ΑΝΤ1: Η πρόθεση ψήφου στις Ευρωεκλογές – Τι λένε οι πολίτες για την ακρίβεια και τα μη κρατικά ΑΕΙ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Interview για την Politic: Αδιαπραγμάτευτη η πρωτιά της ΝΔ. Όλα πιθανά για τη 2η θέση – Στο παιχνίδι και το ΚΚΕ\". politic.gr (in Greek). 16 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://politic.gr/kyria-arthra/dimoskopisi-interview-gia-tin-politic-adiapragmatefti-i-protia-tis-nd-ola-pithana-gia-ti-2i-thesi-sto-paichnidi-kai-to-kke/","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Interview για την Politic: Αδιαπραγμάτευτη η πρωτιά της ΝΔ. Όλα πιθανά για τη 2η θέση – Στο παιχνίδι και το ΚΚΕ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Prorata: Κυριαρχία της ΝΔ, \"ναι\" στα μη κρατικά πανεπιστήμια με αυστηρούς όρους\". protothema.gr (in Greek). 11 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.protothema.gr/politics/article/1454762/dimoskopisi-prorata-kuriarhia-tis-nd-nai-sta-mi-kratika-panepistimia-me-austirous-orous/","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Prorata: Κυριαρχία της ΝΔ, \"ναι\" στα μη κρατικά πανεπιστήμια με αυστηρούς όρους\""}]},{"reference":"\"Δημοσκόπηση ALCO: Άνετο προβάδισμα ΝΔ ενόψει ευρωκάλπης, μεγάλη απαισιοδοξία για τα οικογενειακά οικονομικά\". protothema.gr (in Greek). 8 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.protothema.gr/politics/article/1453579/dimoskopisi-alco-aneto-provadisma-nd-enopsei-eurokalpis-megali-apaisiodoxia-gia-ta-oikogeneiaka-oikonomika/","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση ALCO: Άνετο προβάδισμα ΝΔ ενόψει ευρωκάλπης, μεγάλη απαισιοδοξία για τα οικογενειακά οικονομικά\""}]},{"reference":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Interview για την POLITIC: \"Επιστρέφει\" ο ΣΥΡΙΖΑ στη δεύτερη θέση – \"Εκτός\" βουλής η Νέα Αριστερά\". politic.gr (in Greek). 11 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://politic.gr/kyria-arthra/dimoskopisi-interview-gia-tin-politic-epistrefei-o-syriza-sti-defteri-thesi-ektos-voulis-i-nea-aristera/","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Interview για την POLITIC: \"Επιστρέφει\" ο ΣΥΡΙΖΑ στη δεύτερη θέση – \"Εκτός\" βουλής η Νέα Αριστερά\""}]},{"reference":"\"Δημοσκόπηση της GPO για τα Παραπολιτικά: Στο 2,5% το ποσοστό της Νέας Αριστεράς, κάτω από το 10% ο ΣΥΡΙΖΑ - Απόλυτη κυριαρχία για τη ΝΔ\". Parapolitika (in Greek). 11 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parapolitika.gr/politiki/article/1326649/dimoskopisi-tis-gpo-gia-ta-parapolitika/","url_text":"\"Δημοσκόπηση της GPO για τα Παραπολιτικά: Στο 2,5% το ποσοστό της Νέας Αριστεράς, κάτω από το 10% ο ΣΥΡΙΖΑ - Απόλυτη κυριαρχία για τη ΝΔ\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://ekloges.ypes.gr/current/e/home/parties/","external_links_name":"Ministry Of The Interior"},{"Link":"https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/press-tool-kit/0/european-elections-2024","external_links_name":"\"European Elections 2024 \| News \| European Parliament\""},{"Link":"https://elections.europa.eu/en/how-to-vote/gr/","external_links_name":"\"Greece - How to vote\""},{"Link":"https://www.efsyn.gr/politiki/paraskinia/424384_salos-se-ellines-toy-exoterikoy-apo-email-tis-annas-misel-asimakopoyloy","external_links_name":"\"Σάλος σε Έλληνες του εξωτερικού από email της Άννας Μισέλ Ασημακοπούλου\""},{"Link":"https://newsit.gr/politikh/eyroekloges-2024-dimoskopisi-Alco-provadisma-16-5-monadon-stin-ektimisi-psifou-gia-ti-nd/4084830/","external_links_name":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Pulse: 17 μονάδες μπροστά η ΝΔ από τον ΣΥΡΙΖΑ – Με ποια κριτήρια θα ψηφίσουν οι πολίτες\""},{"Link":"https://newsit.gr/politikh/dimoskopisi-Pulse-17-monades-mprosta-i-nd-apo-ton-syriza-me-poia-kritiria-tha-psifisoun-oi-polites/4084877/","external_links_name":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Pulse: 17 μονάδες μπροστά η ΝΔ από τον ΣΥΡΙΖΑ – Με ποια κριτήρια θα ψηφίσουν οι πολίτες\""},{"Link":"https://newsit.gr/politikh/dimoskopisi-MARC-me-pano-apo-18-proigeitai-i-nd-stin-ektimisi-apotelesmatos-eyroeklogon/4084834/","external_links_name":"\"Δημοσκόπηση MARC: Με πάνω από 18% προηγείται η ΝΔ στην εκτίμηση αποτελέσματος Ευρωεκλογών\""},{"Link":"https://ethnos.gr/Politics/article/315242/dhmoskophshopengiaeyroekloges2024taposostatonkommatontilenegiasygkentroshramakaisynanthshmhtsotakhmeerntogan","external_links_name":"\"Δημοσκόπηση OPEN για ευρωεκλογές 2024: Τα ποσοστά των κομμάτων – Τι λένε για συγκέντρωση Ράμα και συνάντηση Μητσοτάκη με Ερντογάν\""},{"Link":"https://politic.gr/kyria-arthra/dimoskopisi-interview-gia-tin-politic-se-trochia-anodou-i-nd-ta-prosopa-pou-bainoun-stin-evrovouli/","external_links_name":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Interview για την POLITIC: Σε τροχιά ανόδου η ΝΔ – Τα πρόσωπα που μπαίνουν στην Ευρωβουλή\""},{"Link":"https://www.tovima.gr/2024/05/11/politics/eyroekloges-poioi-proigountai-sti-maxi-tou-stayrou-nea-dimoskopisi/","external_links_name":"\"Ευρωεκλογές – Δημοσκόπηση: Ποιοι προηγούνται στη μάχη του σταυρού, ποια κόμματα μπαίνουν στην Ευρωβουλή\""},{"Link":"https://www.protothema.gr/politics/article/1492400/galop-marc-gia-to-thema-pernaei-ton-pihi-tou-33-i-nd-sto-kedro-i-mahi-gia-tous-anapofasistous/","external_links_name":"\"Γκάλοπ Marc για το ΘΕΜΑ: Περνάει τον πήχη του 33% η ΝΔ, στο Κέντρο η μάχη για τους αναποφάσιστους\""},{"Link":"https://www.parapolitika.gr/politiki/article/1384021/dimoskopisi-gpo-gia-ta-parapolitika-ishuro-provadisma-tis-nd-enadi-tou-suriza-to-kuvernon-komma-anakabtei-kai-suspeironetai/","external_links_name":"\"Δημοσκόπηση GPO για τα \"Παραπολιτικά\": Ισχυρό προβάδισμα της ΝΔ έναντι του ΣΥΡΙΖΑ - Το κυβερνών κόμμα ανακάμπτει και συσπειρώνεται\""},{"Link":"https://www.megatv.com/2024/04/18/dimoskopisi-metron-analysis-gia-to-mega-proti-i-nd-stin-ektimisi-psifou-gia-tis-eyroekloges-dimofilesteros-o-kanenas/","external_links_name":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Metron Analysis για το MEGA: Πρώτη η ΝΔ στην εκτίμηση ψήφου για τις ευρωεκλογές – Δημοφιλέστερος ο «Κανένας»\""},{"Link":"https://www.ieidiseis.gr/politiki/243285/dimoskopisi-prorata-i-nd-xanei-pros-elliniki-lysi-apoleies-sto-pasok-kleidonei-ti-2i-thesi-o-syriza","external_links_name":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Prorata: Η ΝΔ χάνει προς «Ελληνική Λύση», απώλειες στο ΠΑΣΟΚ, «κλειδώνει» τη 2η θέση ο ΣΥΡΙΖΑ\""},{"Link":"https://www.protothema.gr/politics/article/1486780/dimoskopisi-opinion-poll-stis-171-monades-i-diafora-nd-me-ton-suriza-kai-kuriarhia-mitsotaki/","external_links_name":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Opinion Poll: Στις 17,1 μονάδες η διαφορά ΝΔ με τον ΣΥΡΙΖΑ και κυριαρχία Μητσοτάκη\""},{"Link":"https://politic.gr/dimoskopiseis/dimoskopisi-interview-gia-tin-politic-i-me-apoleies-alla-stathera-brosta-i-nd-enas-stous-dyo-tha-steilei-minyma-stis-evroekloges/","external_links_name":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Interview για την POLITIC Ι Με απώλειες αλλά σταθερά μπροστά η ΝΔ - Ένας στους δύο θα «στείλει μήνυμα» στις ευρωεκλογές\""},{"Link":"https://www.protothema.gr/politics/article/1485738/dimoskopisi-interview-provadisma-nd-me-129-deuteros-o-suriza/","external_links_name":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Interview: Προβάδισμα ΝΔ με 12,9%, δεύτερος ο ΣΥΡΙΖΑ\""},{"Link":"https://www.newsbomb.gr/politikh/story/1538732/dimoskopisi-alco-brosta-me-diafora-i-nd-paleyoun-syriza-kai-pasok/","external_links_name":"\"Δημοσκόπηση ALCO: Μπροστά με διαφορά η ΝΔ, παλεύουν ΣΥΡΙΖΑ και ΠΑΣΟΚ για τη δεύτερη θέση\""},{"Link":"https://eleftherostypos.gr/politiki/dimoskopisi-palmos-analysis-ston-et-sarotiki-yperochi-gia-mitsotaki-kai-nea-dimokratia-deite-ta-grafimata","external_links_name":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Palmos Analysis στον ΕΤ: Σαρωτική υπεροχή για Μητσοτάκη και Νέα Δημοκρατία\""},{"Link":"https://www.parapolitika.gr/politiki/article/1374317/dimoskopisi-gpo-gia-ta-parapolitika-ishuro-provadisma-tis-nd-enadi-tou-suriza-stis-175-monades-i-diafora/","external_links_name":"\"Δημοσκόπηση GPO για τα \"Παραπολιτικά\": Ισχυρό προβάδισμα της ΝΔ έναντι του ΣΥΡΙΖΑ - 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Ξεκάθαρο \"όχι\" στην τεκνοθεσία\""},{"Link":"https://www.enikos.gr/politics/dimoskopisi-marc-gia-ton-ant1-i-prothesi-psifou-stis-evroekloges-ti-lene-oi-polites-gia-tin-akriveia-kai-ta-mi-kratika-aei/2097264/","external_links_name":"\"Δημοσκόπηση MARC για τον ΑΝΤ1: Η πρόθεση ψήφου στις Ευρωεκλογές – Τι λένε οι πολίτες για την ακρίβεια και τα μη κρατικά ΑΕΙ\""},{"Link":"https://politic.gr/kyria-arthra/dimoskopisi-interview-gia-tin-politic-adiapragmatefti-i-protia-tis-nd-ola-pithana-gia-ti-2i-thesi-sto-paichnidi-kai-to-kke/","external_links_name":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Interview για την Politic: Αδιαπραγμάτευτη η πρωτιά της ΝΔ. Όλα πιθανά για τη 2η θέση – Στο παιχνίδι και το ΚΚΕ\""},{"Link":"https://www.protothema.gr/politics/article/1454762/dimoskopisi-prorata-kuriarhia-tis-nd-nai-sta-mi-kratika-panepistimia-me-austirous-orous/","external_links_name":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Prorata: Κυριαρχία της ΝΔ, \"ναι\" στα μη κρατικά πανεπιστήμια με αυστηρούς όρους\""},{"Link":"https://www.protothema.gr/politics/article/1453579/dimoskopisi-alco-aneto-provadisma-nd-enopsei-eurokalpis-megali-apaisiodoxia-gia-ta-oikogeneiaka-oikonomika/","external_links_name":"\"Δημοσκόπηση ALCO: Άνετο προβάδισμα ΝΔ ενόψει ευρωκάλπης, μεγάλη απαισιοδοξία για τα οικογενειακά οικονομικά\""},{"Link":"https://politic.gr/kyria-arthra/dimoskopisi-interview-gia-tin-politic-epistrefei-o-syriza-sti-defteri-thesi-ektos-voulis-i-nea-aristera/","external_links_name":"\"Δημοσκόπηση Interview για την POLITIC: \"Επιστρέφει\" ο ΣΥΡΙΖΑ στη δεύτερη θέση – \"Εκτός\" βουλής η Νέα Αριστερά\""},{"Link":"https://www.parapolitika.gr/politiki/article/1326649/dimoskopisi-tis-gpo-gia-ta-parapolitika/","external_links_name":"\"Δημοσκόπηση της GPO για τα Παραπολιτικά: Στο 2,5% το ποσοστό της Νέας Αριστεράς, κάτω από το 10% ο ΣΥΡΙΖΑ - Απόλυτη κυριαρχία για τη ΝΔ\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Outsider_(2014_film)	The Outsider (2014 film)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Legal action","4 References","5 External links"]	2014 American film by Brian A. Miller This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Outsider" 2014 film – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The OutsiderDVD coverDirected byBrian A. MillerWritten byBrian A. MillerStory byCraig FairbrassProduced byPhilip B. GoldfineChristine HolderMark HolderStarring Craig Fairbrass James Caan Shannon Elizabeth Jason Patric Melissa Ordway Johnny Messner CinematographyEduardo Enrique MayénEdited byBob MoriMusic byPatrick SavageHoleg SpiesProductioncompaniesOak Street FilmsZero Gravity ManagementRelease date February 7, 2014 (2014-02-07) Running time94 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish The Outsider is a 2014 American action crime drama film directed by Brian A. Miller and written by Craig Fairbrass. The film stars Craig Fairbrass, James Caan, Shannon Elizabeth, Jason Patric, Melissa Ordway, and Johnny Messner. Plot An investigation of a dead daughter begins when a military contractor Lex Walker (Craig Fairbrass) arrives in Los Angeles and he finds the body is not his daughter's. Lex Walker, a British mercenary battling in Afghanistan who drops everything to hurry to Los Angeles when he is informed that his daughter Samantha, who he has not seen in many years, has been found dead. When he arrives at the morgue to identify the body, he is for some reason unsurprised to discover that it is not hers. So he begins a one-man investigation into her whereabouts, trailed by the suspicious detective (Jason Patric) assigned to the case. He soon makes his way to Samantha's boss, Karl Schuster (James Caan), the millionaire CEO of a high-tech company who offers sympathy but little help. It quickly becomes obvious that Schuster is hiding something, since he displays no hesitation about shooting one of his henchmen to death in his own office. Aided by a sexy barmaid (Shannon Elizabeth) enticed by his offer of a $10,000 finder's fee, the take-no-prisoners Lex sets out getting to the bottom of the mystery, beating up or shooting the myriad human obstacles who get in his way. It all leads to his discovery of a massive identity-theft scheme engineered by Schuster about which Lex's very much alive daughter (Melissa Ordway) has the goods. Cast Craig Fairbrass as Lex Walker James Caan as Karl Schuster Shannon Elizabeth as Margo Jason Patric as Detective Michael Klein Tim Fields as Detective Kennedy Melissa Ordway as Samantha Johnny Messner as Ricky William deVry as Nick Miller Brittney Alger as Girl 1 Stephen Conroy as Gunman 1 Zack Tiegen as Holden Garrett Saia as Construction Worker William Hayden as Main gunman Mark Oliver as Hassellbring Chelsea Bruland as Marissa Philippe Radelet as Bar Patron Mike Sealas as Bruce Legal action In July 2014, star Craig Fairbrass and director Brian Miller sued the film's producers, including both their managers, for non-payment of deferred fees. References ^ "British TV Star Sues Hollywood Managers". External links The Outsider at IMDb The Outsider at Rotten Tomatoes	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_film"},{"link_name":"crime drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_drama"},{"link_name":"Craig Fairbrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Fairbrass"},{"link_name":"James Caan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Caan"},{"link_name":"Shannon Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Elizabeth"},{"link_name":"Jason Patric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Patric"},{"link_name":"Melissa Ordway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Ordway"},{"link_name":"Johnny Messner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Messner_(actor)"}],"text":"The Outsider is a 2014 American action crime drama film directed by Brian A. Miller and written by Craig Fairbrass. The film stars Craig Fairbrass, James Caan, Shannon Elizabeth, Jason Patric, Melissa Ordway, and Johnny Messner.","title":"The Outsider (2014 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"}],"text":"An investigation of a dead daughter begins when a military contractor Lex Walker (Craig Fairbrass) arrives in Los Angeles and he finds the body is not his daughter's. Lex Walker, a British mercenary battling in Afghanistan who drops everything to hurry to Los Angeles when he is informed that his daughter Samantha, who he has not seen in many years, has been found dead. When he arrives at the morgue to identify the body, he is for some reason unsurprised to discover that it is not hers. So he begins a one-man investigation into her whereabouts, trailed by the suspicious detective (Jason Patric) assigned to the case. He soon makes his way to Samantha's boss, Karl Schuster (James Caan), the millionaire CEO of a high-tech company who offers sympathy but little help. It quickly becomes obvious that Schuster is hiding something, since he displays no hesitation about shooting one of his henchmen to death in his own office. Aided by a sexy barmaid (Shannon Elizabeth) enticed by his offer of a $10,000 finder's fee, the take-no-prisoners Lex sets out getting to the bottom of the mystery, beating up or shooting the myriad human obstacles who get in his way. It all leads to his discovery of a massive identity-theft scheme engineered by Schuster about which Lex's very much alive daughter (Melissa Ordway) has the goods.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Craig Fairbrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Fairbrass"},{"link_name":"James Caan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Caan"},{"link_name":"Shannon Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Elizabeth"},{"link_name":"Jason Patric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Patric"},{"link_name":"Melissa Ordway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Ordway"},{"link_name":"Johnny Messner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Messner_(actor)"},{"link_name":"William deVry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_deVry"}],"text":"Craig Fairbrass as Lex Walker\nJames Caan as Karl Schuster\nShannon Elizabeth as Margo\nJason Patric as Detective Michael Klein\nTim Fields as Detective Kennedy\nMelissa Ordway as Samantha\nJohnny Messner as Ricky\nWilliam deVry as Nick Miller\nBrittney Alger as Girl 1\nStephen Conroy as Gunman 1\nZack Tiegen as Holden\nGarrett Saia as Construction Worker\nWilliam Hayden as Main gunman\nMark Oliver as Hassellbring\nChelsea Bruland as Marissa\nPhilippe Radelet as Bar Patron\nMike Sealas as Bruce","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In July 2014, star Craig Fairbrass and director Brian Miller sued the film's producers, including both their managers, for non-payment of deferred fees.[1]","title":"Legal action"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"British TV Star Sues Hollywood Managers\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.courthousenews.com/british-tv-star-sues-hollywood-managers/","url_text":"\"British TV Star Sues Hollywood Managers\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22The+Outsider%22+2014+film","external_links_name":"\"The Outsider\" 2014 film"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22The+Outsider%22+2014+film+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22The+Outsider%22+2014+film&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22The+Outsider%22+2014+film+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22The+Outsider%22+2014+film","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22The+Outsider%22+2014+film&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.courthousenews.com/british-tv-star-sues-hollywood-managers/","external_links_name":"\"British TV Star Sues Hollywood Managers\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2198241/","external_links_name":"The Outsider"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_outsider_2014","external_links_name":"The Outsider"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Tour_de_France	1988 Tour de France	["1 Teams","2 Pre-race favourites","3 Route and stages","4 Race overview","4.1 Doping","5 Classification leadership and minor prizes","6 Final standings","6.1 General classification","6.2 Points classification","6.3 Mountains classification","6.4 Young rider classification","6.5 Combination classification","6.6 Intermediate sprints classification","6.7 Team classification","6.8 Team points classification","6.9 Combativity classification","7 References","8 Bibliography","9 Further reading","10 External links"]	Cycling race 1988 Tour de FranceRoute of the 1988 Tour de FranceRace detailsDates2–24 July 1988Stages22 + PrologueDistance3,286 km (2,042 mi)Winning time84h 27' 53"Results Winner Pedro Delgado (ESP) (Reynolds) Second Steven Rooks (NED) (PDM–Ultima–Concorde) Third Fabio Parra (COL) (Kelme) Points Eddy Planckaert (BEL) (AD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia) Mountains Steven Rooks (NED) (PDM–Ultima–Concorde) Youth Erik Breukink (NED) (Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu) Combination Steven Rooks (NED) (PDM–Ultima–Concorde) Sprints Frans Maassen (NED) (Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago) Combativity Jérôme Simon (FRA) (Z–Peugeot) Team PDM–Ultima–Concorde Team points PDM–Ultima–Concorde ← 1987 1989 → The 1988 Tour de France was the 75th edition of the Tour de France, taking place from 4 to 24 July. It consisted of 22 stages over 3,286 km (2,042 mi). The race was won by Pedro Delgado with the top three positions at the end of the race being occupied by specialist climbers. This Tour was nearly 1,000 km shorter than the previous few editions, which were over 4,000 km, but by no means easier as it included five consecutive mountain stages including a mountain time trial. The points classification was won by Eddy Planckaert, while Steven Rooks won the mountains classification and the combination classification. The young rider classification was won by Erik Breukink, and Frans Maassen won the intermediate sprints classification. Both team classifications were won by the PDM team. During the race, Delgado failed a doping test, but because the product was not yet on the doping list from the Union Cycliste International, he was not penalised. Teams For a more comprehensive list, see List of teams and cyclists in the 1988 Tour de France. The UCI had also introduced a rule that limited the number of cyclists in a race to 200. In 1987, the Tour had started with 207 cyclists, so because of this rule, the number of teams in the 1988 Tour was reduced from 23 to 22, of 9 riders, a total of 198. 22 teams were announced two weeks before the Tour. The Tour organisation named three reserve teams, in case one of the 22 teams was unable to start: Postobón–Ryalcao, Roland–Colnago and TVM–Van Schilt. Of the 198 cyclists starting the race, 42 were riding the Tour de France for the first time. The average age of riders in the race was 27.56 years, ranging from the 21-year-old Jean-Claude Colotti (RMO–Cycles Méral–Mavic) to the 39-year-old Hennie Kuiper (Sigma–Fina). The Caja Rural–Orbea cyclists had the youngest average age while the riders on AD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia had the oldest. The teams entering the race were: 7-Eleven–Hoonved AD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia BH Café de Colombia Caja Rural–Orbea Carrera Jeans–Vagabond Chateau d'Ax Fagor–MBK Hitachi–Bosal–B.C.E. Snooker Kas–Canal 10 Kelme Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu PDM–Ultima–Concorde Reynolds RMO–Cycles Méral–Mavic Sigma–Fina Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago Système U–Gitane Teka Toshiba–Look Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster Z–Peugeot Pre-race favourites The winner of the 1987 Tour de France, Stephen Roche, was unable to defend his title as he was coming back from knee surgeries. The winner from 1986, Greg LeMond, had still not fully recovered from the hunting accident that caused him to miss the 1987 Tour, and did not start this Tour. Remaining favourites were Pedro Delgado, who had finished in second place in 1987, and Andrew Hampsten, the winner of the 1988 Giro d'Italia, several weeks before the Tour. Route and stages The Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) introduced the rule that a cycling race could not span three weekends. The Tour de France could therefore only start on Monday 4 July, and the prologue was removed. The Tour organisers were not happy with this, and they extended the Tour by adding a 'prelude' or 'preface' to the race, circumventing the rule by making it unofficial. Each team would ride for 3.8 kilometres (2.4 mi), and one cyclist per team would then finish one kilometre on his own. The recorded times were not used for the rest of the Tour, but the cyclist with the fastest time would wear the yellow jersey in the next stage. The total length of this Tour was 3,286 kilometres (2,042 mi), which was the shortest since 1906. Since 1910, Belgian cyclists had won at least one stage in every Tour, but in 1988 they did not win any stages. There was one rest day, during which the cyclists were transferred from Villard-de-Lans to Blagnac. The highest point of elevation in the race was 2,115 m (6,939 ft) at the summit of the Col du Tourmalet mountain pass on stage 15. Stage characteristics and winners Stage Date Course Distance Type Winner P 3 July Pornichet to La Baule 3.8 km (2.4 mi) Individual time trial Guido Bontempi (ITA) 1 4 July Pontchâteau to Machecoul 92 km (57 mi) Plain stage Steve Bauer (CAN) 2 4 July La Haie-Fouassière to Ancenis 48 km (30 mi) Team time trial Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu 3 5 July Nantes to Le Mans 213 km (132 mi) Plain stage Jean-Paul van Poppel (NED) 4 6 July Le Mans to Évreux 158 km (98 mi) Plain stage Acácio da Silva (POR) 5 7 July Neufchâtel-en-Bray to Liévin 148 km (92 mi) Plain stage Jelle Nijdam (NED) 6 8 July Liévin to Wasquehal 52 km (32 mi) Individual time trial Sean Yates (GBR) 7 9 July Wasquehal to Reims 225 km (140 mi) Plain stage Valerio Tebaldi (ITA) 8 10 July Reims to Nancy 219 km (136 mi) Plain stage Rolf Gölz (FRG) 9 11 July Nancy to Strasbourg 161 km (100 mi) Hilly stage Jérôme Simon (FRA) 10 12 July Belfort to Besançon 149 km (93 mi) Hilly stage Jean-Paul van Poppel (NED) 11 13 July Besançon to Morzine 232 km (144 mi) Stage with mountain(s) Fabio Parra (COL) 12 14 July Morzine to Alpe d'Huez 227 km (141 mi) Stage with mountain(s) Steven Rooks (NED) 13 15 July Grenoble to Villard-de-Lans 38 km (24 mi) Mountain time trial Pedro Delgado (ESP) 16 July Blagnac Rest day 14 17 July Blagnac to Guzet-Neige 163 km (101 mi) Stage with mountain(s) Massimo Ghirotto (ITA) 15 18 July Saint-Girons to Luz Ardiden 187 km (116 mi) Stage with mountain(s) Laudelino Cubino (ESP) 16 19 July Luz Ardiden to Pau 35 km (22 mi) Plain stage Adri van der Poel (NED) 17 19 July Pau to Bordeaux 198 km (123 mi) Plain stage Jean-Paul van Poppel (NED) 18 20 July Ruelle-sur-Touvre to Limoges 94 km (58 mi) Plain stage Gianni Bugno (ITA) 19 21 July Limoges to Puy-de-Dôme 188 km (117 mi) Hilly stage Johnny Weltz (DEN) 20 22 July Clermont-Ferrand to Chalon-sur-Saône 223 km (139 mi) Plain stage Thierry Marie (FRA) 21 23 July Santenay 46 km (29 mi) Individual time trial Juan Martinéz (ESP) 22 24 July Nemours to Paris (Champs-Élysées) 173 km (107 mi) Plain stage Jean-Paul van Poppel (NED) Total 3,286 km (2,042 mi) Race overview Main articles: 1988 Tour de France, Prelude to Stage 11 and 1988 Tour de France, Stage 12 to Stage 22 Pedro Delgado (pictured at the 1993 Tour), winner of the general classification The prelude was won by Guido Bontempi, and the first official stage was won by Steve Bauer. Bauer lost the lead in the next stage, a Team Time Trial, to Teun van Vliet. The favourites for the overall victory did not lose time in the first stages. The individual time trial of stage six did not change that, although some outsiders (Sean Kelly and Laurent Fignon) lost two minutes. In the eleventh stage, in hilly conditions, the first serious attacks were seen. Most contenders were able to stay in the main group, but Laurent Fignon and Jean-François Bernard lost a lot of time and were no longer seen as contenders. The twelfth stage included higher climbs. Delgado escaped on the climb of the Glandon, and he was joined by Steven Rooks. On the descent, they were joined by Gert-Jan Theunisse and Fabio Parra; the other cyclists were unable to get to them. Close to the finish, Rooks escaped and won the stage, and Delgado became the new leader of the general classification. Delgado won the next stage, an uphill individual time trial, and solidified his lead. In the fourteenth stage, the favourites stayed together, and other cyclists were allowed to go for the stage victory. Philippe Bouvatier and Robert Millar, who had led over the previous two cols, were in the uphill sprint to win, until Bouvatier allowed himself to be misdirected by a gendarme 200 metres before the finish (at the point where the team cars were separated from the cyclists) followed by Millar, and the victory went to Massimo Ghirotto. Ghirotto offered his prize (a new car) to Bouvatier though Millar maintained he would have overhauled Bouvatier to win and told CyclingNews in 2010 that "I don't know if the gendarme was to blame, I don't think he was, I know I would have come round Bouvatier in the sprint but then I ought to have dropped him before we got to that stage". In the fifteenth stage, Delgado increased his lead. He let Laudelino Cubino get away and claim the victory, because Cubino was no threat for the general classification, and finished in third place, gaining time on all his direct competitors. Delgado further increased his lead in the nineteenth stage, by leaving the other cyclists behind him on the final climb of the day. Delgado was aiming to win the twenty-first stage, an individual time trial, and was leading at all the intermediate check points, but lost time in the final part of the stage, finishing in fourth place. This was more than enough to secure the overall victory. Doping During the race, it was announced that doping tests of Pedro Delgado and Gert-Jan Theunisse indicated they had used doping products. In Delgado's case, it was probenecid. Probenecid was a doping product according to the International Olympic Committee not yet on the doping list of the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), so Delgado was not sanctioned, and he remained the winner of the Tour. Tour director Louy tried to convince Delgado to leave the race voluntarily, but Delgado refused. Delgado admits that he took probenecid, but with the intention to assist the kidneys, not to mask anabolic steroids. Theunisse was found to have a high testosterone-level, which was on the UCI doping list. Theunisse received a penalty of ten minutes, which dropped him from fifth place to eleventh place in the general classification. One other cyclist was penalised during this Tour: Spanish cyclist Roque de la Cruz failed a doping test after the sixth stage, and was given the same penalty as Theunisse. In 2013, a notebook from the team doctor of the PDM team showed that all but one of the PDM cyclist were given doping in the 1988 Tour de France. The owners of the Tour de France thought that director Louy had handled the Delgado affair in the wrong way, and they fired him later that year. They appointed Jean-Marie Leblanc as his replacement. Classification leadership and minor prizes Pedro Delgado's yellow jersey of the 1988 Tour There were several classifications in the 1988 Tour de France, six of them awarding jerseys to their leaders. The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey; the winner of this classification is considered the winner of the Tour. Additionally, there was a points classification, where cyclists were given points for finishing among the best in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a green jersey. There was also a mountains classification. The organisation had categorised some climbs as either hors catégorie, first, second, third, or fourth-category; points for this classification were won by the first cyclists that reached the top of these climbs first, with more points available for the higher-categorised climbs. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and wore a white jersey with red polka dots. There was also a combination classification. This classification was calculated as a combination of the other classifications, its leader wore the combination jersey. Another classification was the intermediate sprints classification. This classification had similar rules as the points classification, but only points were awarded on intermediate sprints. Its leader wore a red jersey. The sixth individual classification was the young rider classification. This was decided the same way as the general classification, but only riders under 25 years were eligible, and the leader wore a white jersey. For the team classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time. The riders in the team that led this classification were identified by yellow caps. For the last time, there was also a team points classification. Cyclists received points according to their finishing position on each stage, with the first rider receiving one point. The first three finishers of each team had their points combined, and the team with the fewest points led the classification. The riders of the team leading this classification wore green caps. In addition, there was a combativity award given after each mass-start stage to the cyclist considered most combative. The decision was made by a jury composed of journalists who gave points. The cyclist with the most points from votes in all stages led the combativity classification. Jérôme Simon won this classification, and was given overall the super-combativity award. The Souvenir Henri Desgrange was given in honour of Tour founder Henri Desgrange to the first rider to pass the summit of the Col du Tourmalet on stage 15. This prize was won by Laudelino Cubino. Classification leadership table Stage Stage winner General classification Points classification Mountains classification Young rider classification Combination classification Intermediate sprints classification Team classifications Combativity award By time By points P Guido Bontempi no award no award no award no award no award no award no award no award no award 1 Steve Bauer Steve Bauer Steve Bauer Nico Verhoeven Wiebren Veenstra Nico Verhoeven Søren Lilholt Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster Hitachi–Bosal–B.C.E. Snooker Søren Lilholt 2 Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu Teun van Vliet Erik Breukink Teun van Vliet Teun van Vliet Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu no award 3 Jean-Paul van Poppel Eric Vanderaerden Roger Ilegems 4 Acácio da Silva Eddy Planckaert Bruno Cornillet Frans Maassen Stefano Giuliani 5 Jelle Nijdam Henk Lubberding Frans Maassen PDM–Ultima–Concorde Jérôme Simon 6 Sean Yates Jelle Nijdam Eric Vanderaerden Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago no award 7 Valerio Tebaldi Philippe Casado Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu Michel Vermote 8 Rolf Gölz Steve Bauer Michel Vermote 9 Jérôme Simon Jérôme Simon Frédéric Vichot Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster Federico Echave 10 Jean-Paul van Poppel Patrice Esnault 11 Fabio Parra Pascal Simon Ludo Peeters 12 Steven Rooks Pedro Delgado Steven Rooks Raúl Alcalá Steven Rooks Eddy Planckaert PDM–Ultima–Concorde Pedro Delgado 13 Pedro Delgado no award 14 Massimo Ghirotto Philippe Bouvatier 15 Laudelino Cubino Erik Breukink Laudelino Cubino 16 Adri van der Poel Adri van der Poel 17 Jean-Paul van Poppel Frans Maassen Jean-Paul van Poppel 18 Gianni Bugno Gianni Bugno 19 Johnny Weltz Johnny Weltz 20 Thierry Marie Dag Otto Lauritzen 21 Juan Martinéz no award 22 Jean-Paul van Poppel no award Final Pedro Delgado Eddy Planckaert Steven Rooks Erik Breukink Steven Rooks Frans Maassen PDM–Ultima–Concorde PDM–Ultima–Concorde Jérôme Simon ^ a b The prologue was unofficial, but the winner Bontempi received a yellow jersey, and second-placed Peter Stevenhaagen received the green jersey. ^ a b c In stage 10, 11 and 12, Steven Rooks wore the technicolour jersey. Final standings Legend Denotes the winner of the general classification Denotes the winner of the points classification Denotes the winner of the mountains classification Denotes the winner of the young rider classification Denotes the winner of the combination classification Denotes the winner of the intermediate sprints classification General classification Final general classification (1–10) Rank Rider Team Time 1 Pedro Delgado (ESP) Reynolds 84h 27' 53" 2 Steven Rooks (NED) PDM–Ultima–Concorde + 7' 13" 3 Fabio Parra (COL) Kelme + 9' 58" 4 Steve Bauer (CAN) Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster + 12' 15" 5 Éric Boyer (FRA) Système U–Gitane + 14' 04" 6 Luis Herrera (COL) Café de Colombia + 14' 36" 7 Ronan Pensec (FRA) Z–Peugeot + 16' 52" 8 Álvaro Pino (ESP) BH + 18' 36" 9 Peter Winnen (NED) Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu + 19' 12" 10 Denis Roux (FRA) Z–Peugeot + 20' 08" Final general classification (11–151) Rank Rider Team Time 11 Gert-Jan Theunisse (NED) PDM–Ultima–Concorde + 22' 46" 12 Erik Breukink (NED) Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu + 23' 06" 13 Laudelino Cubino (ESP) BH + 23' 46" 14 Claude Criquielion (BEL) Hitachi–Bosal–B.C.E. Snooker + 24' 32" 15 Andrew Hampsten (USA) 7-Eleven–Hoonved + 26' 00" 16 Marino Lejarreta (ESP) Caja Rural–Orbea + 26' 36" 17 Pascal Simon (FRA) Système U–Gitane + 28' 39" 18 Éric Caritoux (FRA) Kas–Canal 10 + 29' 04" 19 Jérôme Simon (FRA) Z–Peugeot + 30' 55" 20 Raúl Alcalá (MEX) 7-Eleven–Hoonved + 31' 14" 21 Gerhard Zadrobilek (AUT) Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster + 32' 09" 22 Roberto Visentini (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Vagabond + 33' 23" 23 Thierry Claveyrolat (FRA) RMO–Cycles Méral–Mavic + 37' 49" 24 Jaanus Kuum (NOR) AD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia + 38' 53" 25 Federico Echave (ESP) BH + 39' 17" 26 Jørgen V. Pedersen (DEN) BH + 39' 24" 27 Jörg Müller (SUI) PDM–Ultima–Concorde + 40' 53" 28 Frédéric Vichot (FRA) Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster + 42' 00" 29 Peter Stevenhaagen (NED) PDM–Ultima–Concorde + 45' 27" 30 Eduardo Chozas (ESP) Kelme + 45' 45" 31 Samuel Cabrera (COL) Café de Colombia + 46' 06" 32 Philippe Bouvatier (FRA) BH + 48' 14" 33 Marc Sergeant (BEL) Hitachi–Bosal–B.C.E. Snooker + 49' 24" 34 Dag Otto Lauritzen (NOR) 7-Eleven–Hoonved + 50' 08" 35 Jesus Blanco (ESP) Teka + 55' 28" 36 Gilbert Duclos-Lassalle (FRA) Z–Peugeot + 57' 21" 37 Jean-Philippe Vandenbrande (BEL) Hitachi–Bosal–B.C.E. Snooker + 57' 57" 38 Guy Nulens (BEL) Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu + 59' 13" 39 Jean-Claude Bagot (FRA) Fagor–MBK + 59' 47" 40 Charly Berard (FRA) Fagor–MBK + 1h 00' 08" 41 Edgar Corredor (COL) Café de Colombia + 1h 01' 20" 42 Julio-César Cadena (COL) Café de Colombia + 1h 01' 28" 43 Niki Rüttimann (SUI) Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster + 1h 01' 43" 44 Henrie Abadie (FRA) Z–Peugeot + 1h 01' 59" 45 Gerard Veldscholten (NED) Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster + 1h 02' 32" 46 Sean Kelly (IRE) Kas–Canal 10 + 1h 02' 54" 47 Miguel Induráin (ESP) Reynolds + 1h 03' 15" 48 Dominique Arnaud (FRA) Reynolds + 1h 07' 31" 49 Israel Corredor (COL) Café de Colombia + 1h 07' 50" 50 Michael Wilson (AUS) Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster + 1h 09' 31" 51 José Patrocinio Jiménez (COL) Café de Colombia + 1h 09' 55" 52 Jesús Rodríguez (ESP) Reynolds + 1h 11' 17" 53 Jon Unzaga (ESP) Kas–Canal 10 + 1h 12' 17" 54 Johnny Weltz (DEN) Fagor–MBK + 1h 12' 49" 55 Jean-Claude Colotti (FRA) RMO–Cycles Méral–Mavic + 1h 15' 00" 56 Jos Haex (BEL) Hitachi–Bosal–B.C.E. Snooker + 1h 15' 16" 57 Mariano Sánchez Martinez (ESP) Teka + 1h 16' 06" 58 Jean-Claude Leclercq (FRA) Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster + 1h 17' 21" 59 Sean Yates (GBR) Fagor–MBK + 1h 17' 25" 60 Julián Gorospe (ESP) Reynolds + 1h 17' 33" 61 Jan Nevens (BEL) Sigma–Fina + 1h 18' 11" 62 Gianni Bugno (ITA) Chateau d'Ax + 1h 19' 09" 63 Jokin Mújika (ESP) Caja Rural–Orbea + 1h 19' 15" 64 Enrique Aja (ESP) Teka + 1h 19' 52" 65 Philippe Leleu (FRA) Toshiba–Look + 1h 21' 51" 66 Marc Madiot (FRA) Toshiba–Look + 1h 22' 34" 67 Christophe Lavainne (FRA) Système U–Gitane + 1h 22' 34" 68 Toni Rominger (SUI) Chateau d'Ax + 1h 23' 41" 69 Ron Kiefel (USA) 7-Eleven–Hoonved + 1h 23' 58" 70 Roland Le Clerc (FRA) Caja Rural–Orbea + 1h 25' 17" 71 Martial Gayant (FRA) Toshiba–Look + 1h 25' 30" 72 Jacques Decrion (FRA) Système U–Gitane + 1h 26' 44" 73 Marco Antonio León (COL) Café de Colombia + 1h 26' 58" 74 Eric Van Lancker (BEL) Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu + 1h 28' 37" 75 Vicente Belda (ESP) Kelme + 1h 29' 29" 76 Marc van Orsouw (NED) PDM–Ultima–Concorde + 1h 30' 36" 77 Bruno Leali (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Vagabond + 1h 30' 50" 78 Patrice Esnault (FRA) RMO–Cycles Méral–Mavic + 1h 30' 59" 79 Alessandro Pozzi (ITA) Chateau d'Ax + 1h 32' 19" 80 Dirk De Wolf (BEL) Hitachi–Bosal–B.C.E. Snooker + 1h 33' 25" 81 Frédéric Brun (FRA) Z–Peugeot + 1h 33' 32" 82 Luis Javier Lukin (ESP) Reynolds + 1h 34' 00" 83 Raimund Dietzen (FRG) Teka + 1h 34' 25" 84 Adri van der Poel (NED) PDM–Ultima–Concorde + 1h 34' 43" 85 Massimo Ghirotto (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Vagabond + 1h 35' 02" 86 Ennio Vanotti (ITA) Chateau d'Ax + 1h 36' 03" 87 Rudy Dhaenens (BEL) PDM–Ultima–Concorde + 1h 36' 16" 88 Michel Bibollet (FRA) RMO–Cycles Méral–Mavic + 1h 38' 14" 89 Ludo Peeters (BEL) Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago + 1h 42' 47" 90 Malcolm Elliott (GBR) Fagor–MBK + 1h 44' 27" 91 Rolf Gölz (FRG) Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago + 1h 44' 47" 92 Acácio da Silva (POR) Kas–Canal 10 + 1h 45' 26" 93 Dominique Garde (FRA) Système U–Gitane + 1h 46' 44" 94 Régis Clère (FRA) Teka + 1h 47' 13" 95 Hennie Kuiper (NED) Sigma–Fina + 1h 49' 37" 96 Jan Wijnants (BEL) Hitachi–Bosal–B.C.E. Snooker + 1h 49' 56" 97 Arsenio Gonzalez (ESP) Teka + 1h 50' 13" 98 Thierry Marie (FRA) Système U–Gitane + 1h 51' 11" 99 Søren Lilholt (DEN) Sigma–Fina + 1h 51' 58" 100 Dante Rezze (FRA) RMO–Cycles Méral–Mavic + 1h 53' 03" 101 Stefan Morjean (BEL) Hitachi–Bosal–B.C.E. Snooker + 1h 54' 56" 102 Alfons De Wolf (BEL) AD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia + 1h 55' 56" 103 Etienne De Wilde (BEL) Sigma–Fina + 1h 57' 17" 104 Roque de la Cruz (ESP) Caja Rural–Orbea + 1h 57' 52" 105 Davis Phinney (USA) 7-Eleven–Hoonved + 1h 58' 08" 106 Guido Bontempi (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Vagabond + 1h 59' 07" 107 Vicente-Juan Ridaura (ESP) Caja Rural–Orbea + 2h 01' 31" 108 Frédéric Garnier (FRA) Toshiba–Look + 2h 02' 52" 109 Marco Bergamo (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Vagabond + 2h 05' 43" 110 Andreas Kappes (FRG) Toshiba–Look + 2h 06' 02" 111 José Salvador Sanchis (ESP) Caja Rural–Orbea + 2h 07' 00" 112 Iñaki Gastón (ESP) Kelme + 2h 07' 49" 113 Jens Veggerby (DEN) 7-Eleven–Hoonved + 2h 09' 27" 114 Javier Murguialday (ESP) BH + 2h 09' 32" 115 Eddy Planckaert (BEL) AD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia + 2h 09' 34" 116 Angel Camarillo (ESP) Teka + 2h 10' 29" 117 Celestino Prieto (ESP) Kas–Canal 10 + 2h 11' 16" 118 Herminio Diaz (ESP) Reynolds + 2h 11' 42" 119 Jacques Hanegraaf (NED) Toshiba–Look + 2h 12' 11" 120 Joël Pelier (FRA) Système U–Gitane + 2h 13' 28" 121 Francisco-José Antequera (ESP) BH + 2h 13' 55" 122 Jelle Nijdam (NED) Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago + 2h 15' 59" 123 Régis Simon (FRA) RMO–Cycles Méral–Mavic + 2h 18' 18" 124 Frank Hoste (BEL) AD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia + 2h 18' 50" 125 Alfred Achermann (SUI) Kas–Canal 10 + 2h 19' 26" 126 Frans Maassen (NED) Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago + 2h 19' 43" 127 Twan Poels (NED) Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago + 2h 20' 02" 128 Manuel Jorge Domínguez (ESP) BH + 2h 20' 59" 129 Philippe Casado (FRA) Z–Peugeot + 2h 21' 31" 130 Johan Lammerts (NED) Toshiba–Look + 2h 23' 17" 131 René Martens (BEL) AD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia + 2h 24' 52" 132 Gerrit Solleveld (NED) Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago + 2h 26' 56" 133 Michel Vermote (BEL) RMO–Cycles Méral–Mavic + 2h 27' 00" 134 Juan Martinéz (ESP) Kelme + 2h 27' 44" 135 Andy Bishop (USA) PDM–Ultima–Concorde + 2h 29' 00" 136 Erich Mächler (SUI) Carrera Jeans–Vagabond + 2h 29' 37" 137 Rik Van Slycke (BEL) Sigma–Fina + 2h 33' 03" 138 Jean-Paul van Poppel (NED) Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago + 2h 35' 09" 139 Milan Jurco (TCH) Chateau d'Ax + 2h 35' 45" 140 Hartmut Bölts (FRG) RMO–Cycles Méral–Mavic + 2h 36' 26" 141 Walter Magnago (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Vagabond + 2h 37' 52" 142 Stefano Zanatta (ITA) Chateau d'Ax + 2h 38' 23" 143 Nico Verhoeven (NED) Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago + 2h 42' 20" 144 Nathan Dahlberg (NZL) 7-Eleven–Hoonved + 2h 42' 46" 145 Gert Jakobs (NED) Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago + 2h 45' 28" 146 Marco Tabai (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Vagabond + 2h 46' 16" 147 Mathieu Hermans (NED) Caja Rural–Orbea + 2h 48' 53" 148 Jean-Pierre Heynderickx (BEL) Sigma–Fina + 2h 54' 07" 149 Dirk Demol (BEL) AD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia + 2h 55' 18" 150 John Talen (NED) Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu + 3h 05' 02" 151 Dirk Wayenberg (BEL) AD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia + 3h 28' 41" Points classification Final points classification (1–10) Rank Rider Team Points 1 Eddy Planckaert (BEL) AD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia 278 2 Davis Phinney (USA) 7-Eleven–Hoonved 193 3 Sean Kelly (IRE) Kas–Canal 10 183 4 Steven Rooks (NED) PDM–Ultima–Concorde 154 5 Mathieu Hermans (NED) Caja Rural–Orbea 153 6 Jean-Paul van Poppel (NED) Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago 141 7 Etienne De Wilde (BEL) Sigma–Fina 133 8 Adri van der Poel (NED) PDM–Ultima–Concorde 132 9 Manuel Jorge Domínguez (ESP) BH 114 10 Steve Bauer (CAN) Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster 108 Mountains classification Final mountains classification (1–10) Rank Rider Team Points 1 Steven Rooks (NED) PDM–Ultima–Concorde 326 2 Gert-Jan Theunisse (NED) PDM–Ultima–Concorde 248 3 Pedro Delgado (ESP) Reynolds 223 4 Ronan Pensec (FRA) Z–Peugeot 130 5 Jérôme Simon (FRA) Z–Peugeot 127 6 Fabio Parra (COL) Kelme 123 7 Laudelino Cubino (ESP) BH 101 8 Álvaro Pino (ESP) BH 98 9 Samuel Cabrera (COL) Café de Colombia 82 10 Luis Herrera (COL) Café de Colombia 80 Young rider classification Final young rider classification (1–10) Rank Rider Team Time 1 Erik Breukink (NED) Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu 84h 50' 59" 2 Raúl Alcalá (MEX) 7-Eleven–Hoonved + 8' 08" 3 Jaanus Kuum (NOR) AD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia + 15' 47" 4 Peter Stevenhaagen (NED) PDM–Ultima–Concorde + 22' 21" 5 Philippe Bouvatier (FRA) BH + 25' 08" 6 Miguel Induráin (ESP) Reynolds + 40' 09" 7 Gianni Bugno (ITA) Chateau d'Ax + 56' 03" 8 Marc van Orsouw (NED) PDM–Ultima–Concorde + 1h 07' 30" 9 Søren Lilholt (DEN) Sigma–Fina + 1h 28' 52" 10 Jean-Claude Leclercq (FRA) Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster + 1h 34' 46" Combination classification Final combination classification (1–10) Rank Rider Team Points 1 Steven Rooks (NED) PDM–Ultima–Concorde 84 2 Gert-Jan Theunisse (NED) PDM–Ultima–Concorde 70 3 Pedro Delgado (ESP) Reynolds 63 4 Eddy Planckaert (BEL) AD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia 49 5 Jérôme Simon (FRA) Z–Peugeot 47 6 Steve Bauer (CAN) Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster 47 7 Éric Boyer (FRA) Système U–Gitane 38 8 Frans Maassen (NED) Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago 37 9 Johnny Weltz (DEN) Fagor–MBK 30 10 Frédéric Vichot (FRA) Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster 22 Intermediate sprints classification Final intermediate sprints classification (1–10) Rank Rider Team Points 1 Frans Maassen (NED) Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago 276 2 Eddy Planckaert (BEL) AD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia 214 3 Johnny Weltz (DEN) Fagor–MBK 64 4 Davis Phinney (USA) 7-Eleven–Hoonved 55 5 Gert-Jan Theunisse (NED) PDM–Ultima–Concorde 50 6 Ludo Peeters (BEL) Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago 35 7 Jérôme Simon (FRA) Z–Peugeot 32 8 Dag Otto Lauritzen (NOR) 7-Eleven–Hoonved 30 9 Martial Gayant (FRA) Toshiba–Look 30 10 Bruno Leali (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Vagabond 30 Team classification Final team classification (1–10) Rank Team Time 1 PDM–Ultima–Concorde 253h 57' 58" 2 BH + 12' 32" 3 Z–Peugeot + 14' 43" 4 Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster + 31' 23" 5 Système U–Gitane + 32' 43" 6 Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago + 37' 49" 7 Café de Colombia + 44' 31" 8 Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu + 58' 56" 9 7-Eleven–Hoonved + 1h 03' 56" 10 Hitachi–Bosal–B.C.E. Snooker + 1h 25 28" Team points classification Final team points classification (1–10) Rank Team Points 1 PDM–Ultima–Concorde 1028 2 7-Eleven–Hoonved 1713 3 Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster 1737 4 Système U–Gitane 1787 5 Z–Peugeot 1789 6 Hitachi–Bosal–B.C.E. Snooker 2065 7 BH 2197 8 Kas–Canal 10 2404 9 Fagor–MBK 2482 10 Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu 2526 Combativity classification Final combativity classification (1–5) Rank Rider Team Points 1 Jérôme Simon (FRA) Z–Peugeot 38 2 Régis Clère (FRA) Teka 30 3 Johnny Weltz (DEN) Fagor–MBK 30 4 Pedro Delgado (ESP) Reynolds 25 5 Rolf Gölz (FRG) Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago 24 References ^ a b c "TVM-ploeg derde reserve Tour". Limburgsch Dagblad (in Dutch). Koninklijke Bibliotheek. 16 June 1988. p. 23. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2013. ^ a b "75ème Tour de France 1988" . Mémoire du cyclisme (in French). Retrieved 6 April 2020. ^ "Tour de France 1988 – Debutants". ProCyclingStats. Retrieved 24 March 2020. ^ "Tour de France 1988 – Peloton averages". ProCyclingStats. Retrieved 24 March 2020. ^ "Tour de France 1988 – Youngest competitors". ProCyclingStats. Retrieved 24 March 2020. ^ "Tour de France 1988 – Average team age". ProCyclingStats. Retrieved 24 March 2020. ^ "The history of the Tour de France – Year 1988 – The starters". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 3 April 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m McGann & McGann 2008, pp. 178–184. ^ Van den Bogaart, Ronnie. "Een merkwaardige tourstart" (in Dutch). Sportgeschiedenis. Archived from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2012. ^ a b c d Augendre 2016, p. 79. ^ Augendre 2016, p. 188. ^ "Herrie om voorspel op zondag" . Het Vrije Volk (in Dutch). 2 July 1988. p. 20 – via Delpher. ^ Zwegers, Arian. "Tour de France GC top ten". CVCCBike.com. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 26 September 2016. ^ "The history of the Tour de France – Year 1988 – The stage winners". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 3 April 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020. ^ Augendre 2016, p. 110. ^ Robert Millar ^ Reliquias del Ciclismo (30 April 2013). "Tour de Francia 1988 - Etapa 14 (Guzet Neige)". Archived from the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube. ^ Robert Millar#1988 ^ Farrand, Stephen (22 July 2010). "CN Exclusive: Robert Millar talks about the Tour, the Tourmalet and Team Sky". Cyclingnews.com. Retrieved 9 September 2016. ^ a b Vanwalleghem, Rik (17 July 2004). "Kuitenbijter, Spelregels". De Standaard (in Dutch). Retrieved 10 February 2012. ^ "Pedro Delgado turns 50 and reflects on his career". Cycling News. 15 April 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2013. ^ "Theunisse takes on coaching role at RusVelo". VeloNation. 5 January 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2012. ^ "Delgado drugs shock". Glasgow Herald. 21 July 1988. Retrieved 30 March 2013. ^ "Seven out of eight PDM riders doped at 1988 Tour de France". Cyclingnews. 23 January 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2013. ^ Nauright & Parrish 2012, pp. 452–455. ^ Nauright & Parrish 2012, pp. 452–453. ^ Nauright & Parrish 2012, pp. 453–454. ^ Nauright & Parrish 2012, p. 454. ^ a b Nauright & Parrish 2012, pp. 454–455. ^ a b c Nauright & Parrish 2012, p. 455. ^ van den Akker 2018, pp. 211–216. ^ "Koersverloop" . Leeuwarder Courant (in Dutch). 19 July 1988. p. 9 – via De Krant van Toen. ^ "1986 Tour de France results". Gazet van Antwerpen (in Dutch). 25 July 1988. p. 17. Archived from the original on 14 February 2019. ^ Martin 1988, pp. 122–123. ^ van den Akker, Pieter. "Informatie over de Tour de France van 1988" . TourDeFranceStatistieken.nl (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019. ^ "Groene trui voor Peter Stevenhaagen" . De Telegraaf (in Dutch). Delpher. 4 July 1988. Retrieved 28 September 2017. ^ a b "The history of the Tour de France – Year 1988 – Stage 22 Nemours > Paris". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020. ^ a b c d e f g "Uitslagen en eindklassementen Tour de France" . Het Parool (in Dutch). 25 July 1988. p. 12 – via Delpher. ^ a b c d "Clasificaciones oficiales" (PDF). Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 25 July 1988. p. 10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2019. ^ "Tour in cijfers" . De Telegraaf (in Dutch). 25 July 1988. p. 12 – via Delpher. Bibliography Augendre, Jacques (2016). Guide historique (PDF) (in French). Paris: Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help) Martin, Pierre (1988). Tour 88: The 1988 Tour of Italy and Tour de France. With contributions from: Penazzo, Sergio; Baratino, Dante; Schamps, Daniel; Vos, Cor. Keighley, UK: Kennedy Brothers Publishing. OCLC 19669680. McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2008). The Story of the Tour de France: 1965–2007. Vol. 2. Indianapolis: Dog Ear Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59858-608-4. Nauright, John; Parrish, Charles (2012). Sports Around the World: History, Culture, and Practice. Vol. 2. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-300-2. van den Akker, Pieter (2018). Tour de France Rules and Statistics: 1903–2018. Self-published. ISBN 978-1-79398-080-9. Further reading Liggett, Phil (1988). Tour de France 1988. London: Harrap Books and Channel 4. ISBN 978-0-245-54727-0. External links Media related to Tour de France 1988 at Wikimedia Commons vte1988 Tour de France « 1987 1989 » Teams and cyclists Prelude–Stage 11 Stage 12–22 vteTour de FranceBy yearmen 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 By yearwomen 2022 2023 2024 Classifications("Jerseys")Current General(maillot jaune) Points(maillot vert) Mountains(maillot à pois) Young rider(maillot blanc) Team(classement d'équipes) Combativity(prix de combativité) Former Combination (maillot du combiné) Intermediate sprints (maillot rouge) DirectorsMen's 1903–1935: Henri Desgrange 1936–1961: Jacques Goddet 1962–1986: Jacques Goddet and Félix Lévitan 1987: Jean-François Naquet-Radiguet 1988: Xavier Louy 1989–2006: Jean-Marie Leblanc 2007–present: Christian Prudhomme Women's 2022–present: Marion Rousse Finish locations 1903–1967: Parc des Princes 1968–1974: Vélodrome de Vincennes 1975–2023: Champs-Élysées final stage 2024: Promenade des Anglais Lists General classification winners Secondary classification winners Grands Départs Records and statistics Mountain passes and hills Highest points reached Additional topics During World War II Yellow jersey statistics Lanterne rouge Doping Hors catégorie Souvenir Jacques Goddet Souvenir Henri Desgrange Related articles Émilien Amaury Amaury Sport Organisation Pierre Dumas Géo Lefèvre Didi Senft La Course by Le Tour de France L'Étape du Tour Grand Tour Grande Boucle Féminine Internationale Tour de France Femmes	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Pedro Delgado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Delgado"},{"link_name":"points classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Points_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Eddy Planckaert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_Planckaert"},{"link_name":"Steven Rooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Rooks"},{"link_name":"mountains classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"combination classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"young rider classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_rider_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Erik Breukink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Breukink"},{"link_name":"Frans Maassen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Maassen"},{"link_name":"intermediate sprints classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_sprints_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"team classifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Union Cycliste International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Cycliste_International"}],"text":"Cycling raceThe 1988 Tour de France was the 75th edition of the Tour de France, taking place from 4 to 24 July. It consisted of 22 stages over 3,286 km (2,042 mi). The race was won by Pedro Delgado with the top three positions at the end of the race being occupied by specialist climbers. This Tour was nearly 1,000 km shorter than the previous few editions, which were over 4,000 km, but by no means easier as it included five consecutive mountain stages including a mountain time trial.The points classification was won by Eddy Planckaert, while Steven Rooks won the mountains classification and the combination classification. The young rider classification was won by Erik Breukink, and Frans Maassen won the intermediate sprints classification. Both team classifications were won by the PDM team. During the race, Delgado failed a doping test, but because the product was not yet on the doping list from the Union Cycliste International, he was not penalised.","title":"1988 Tour de France"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of teams and cyclists in the 1988 Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_teams_and_cyclists_in_the_1988_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"UCI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Cycliste_Internationale"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-res-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-res-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mdc1988-2"},{"link_name":"Postobón–Ryalcao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postob%C3%B3n_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"TVM–Van Schilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVM_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-res-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jean-Claude Colotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Colotti"},{"link_name":"RMO–Cycles Méral–Mavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMO_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Hennie Kuiper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hennie_Kuiper"},{"link_name":"Sigma–Fina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histor%E2%80%93Sigma"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Caja Rural–Orbea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiach_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"AD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AD_Renting_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-letour-start-list-7"},{"link_name":"7-Eleven–Hoonved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Eleven_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"AD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AD_Renting_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"BH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaya_Seguros_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Café de Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_de_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Caja Rural–Orbea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiach_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Carrera Jeans–Vagabond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrera_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Chateau d'Ax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chateau_d%27Ax_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Fagor–MBK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagor_(cycling_team,_1985%E2%80%931989)"},{"link_name":"Hitachi–Bosal–B.C.E. Snooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splendor_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Kas–Canal 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kas_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Kelme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelme_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"PDM–Ultima–Concorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDM_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movistar_Team_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"RMO–Cycles Méral–Mavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMO_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Sigma–Fina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histor%E2%80%93Sigma"},{"link_name":"Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visma%E2%80%93Lease_a_Bike_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Système U–Gitane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_U_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Teka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teka_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Toshiba–Look","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Vie_Claire"},{"link_name":"Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helvetia%E2%80%93La_Suisse"},{"link_name":"Z–Peugeot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole_(cycling_team)"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of teams and cyclists in the 1988 Tour de France.The UCI had also introduced a rule that limited the number of cyclists in a race to 200. In 1987, the Tour had started with 207 cyclists, so because of this rule, the number of teams in the 1988 Tour was reduced from 23 to 22, of 9 riders, a total of 198.[1] 22 teams were announced two weeks before the Tour.[1][2] The Tour organisation named three reserve teams, in case one of the 22 teams was unable to start: Postobón–Ryalcao, Roland–Colnago and TVM–Van Schilt.[1]Of the 198 cyclists starting the race, 42 were riding the Tour de France for the first time.[3] The average age of riders in the race was 27.56 years,[4] ranging from the 21-year-old Jean-Claude Colotti (RMO–Cycles Méral–Mavic) to the 39-year-old Hennie Kuiper (Sigma–Fina).[5] The Caja Rural–Orbea cyclists had the youngest average age while the riders on AD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia had the oldest.[6]The teams entering the race were:[7]7-Eleven–Hoonved\nAD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia\nBH\nCafé de Colombia\nCaja Rural–Orbea\nCarrera Jeans–Vagabond\nChateau d'Ax\nFagor–MBK\nHitachi–Bosal–B.C.E. Snooker\nKas–Canal 10\nKelme\nPanasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu\nPDM–Ultima–Concorde\nReynolds\nRMO–Cycles Méral–Mavic\nSigma–Fina\nSuperconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago\nSystème U–Gitane\nTeka\nToshiba–Look\nWeinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster\nZ–Peugeot","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1987 Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Stephen Roche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Roche"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Greg LeMond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_LeMond"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGannMcGann2008178%E2%80%93184-8"},{"link_name":"Pedro Delgado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Delgado"},{"link_name":"Andrew Hampsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Hampsten"},{"link_name":"1988 Giro d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGannMcGann2008178%E2%80%93184-8"}],"text":"The winner of the 1987 Tour de France, Stephen Roche, was unable to defend his title as he was coming back from knee surgeries. The winner from 1986, Greg LeMond, had still not fully recovered from the hunting accident that caused him to miss the 1987 Tour, and did not start this Tour.[8] Remaining favourites were Pedro Delgado, who had finished in second place in 1987, and Andrew Hampsten, the winner of the 1988 Giro d'Italia, several weeks before the Tour.[8]","title":"Pre-race favourites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Union Cycliste Internationale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Cycliste_Internationale"},{"link_name":"prologue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prologue"},{"link_name":"yellow jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_jersey"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGannMcGann2008178%E2%80%93184-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGannMcGann2008178%E2%80%93184-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugendre201679-10"},{"link_name":"highest point of elevation in the race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_points_reached_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Col du Tourmalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col_du_Tourmalet"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugendre2016188-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) introduced the rule that a cycling race could not span three weekends. The Tour de France could therefore only start on Monday 4 July, and the prologue was removed. The Tour organisers were not happy with this, and they extended the Tour by adding a 'prelude' or 'preface' to the race, circumventing the rule by making it unofficial. Each team would ride for 3.8 kilometres (2.4 mi), and one cyclist per team would then finish one kilometre on his own. The recorded times were not used for the rest of the Tour, but the cyclist with the fastest time would wear the yellow jersey in the next stage.[9]The total length of this Tour was 3,286 kilometres (2,042 mi), which was the shortest since 1906.[8] Since 1910, Belgian cyclists had won at least one stage in every Tour, but in 1988 they did not win any stages.[8] There was one rest day, during which the cyclists were transferred from Villard-de-Lans to Blagnac.[10] The highest point of elevation in the race was 2,115 m (6,939 ft) at the summit of the Col du Tourmalet mountain pass on stage 15.[11][12]","title":"Route and stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P%C3%A9dro_DELGADO.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pedro Delgado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Delgado"},{"link_name":"1993 Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"general classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Guido Bontempi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Bontempi"},{"link_name":"Steve Bauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bauer"},{"link_name":"Team Time Trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Time_Trial"},{"link_name":"Teun van Vliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teun_van_Vliet"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGannMcGann2008178%E2%80%93184-8"},{"link_name":"Sean Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Kelly_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"Laurent Fignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Fignon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGannMcGann2008178%E2%80%93184-8"},{"link_name":"Laurent Fignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Fignon"},{"link_name":"Jean-François Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernard"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGannMcGann2008178%E2%80%93184-8"},{"link_name":"Glandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glandon"},{"link_name":"Steven Rooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Rooks"},{"link_name":"Gert-Jan Theunisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gert-Jan_Theunisse"},{"link_name":"Fabio Parra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabio_Parra"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGannMcGann2008178%E2%80%93184-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGannMcGann2008178%E2%80%93184-8"},{"link_name":"Philippe Bouvatier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Bouvatier"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Massimo Ghirotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Ghirotto"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGannMcGann2008178%E2%80%93184-8"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Laudelino Cubino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laudelino_Cubino"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGannMcGann2008178%E2%80%93184-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGannMcGann2008178%E2%80%93184-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGannMcGann2008178%E2%80%93184-8"}],"text":"Pedro Delgado (pictured at the 1993 Tour), winner of the general classificationThe prelude was won by Guido Bontempi, and the first official stage was won by Steve Bauer. Bauer lost the lead in the next stage, a Team Time Trial, to Teun van Vliet.[8] The favourites for the overall victory did not lose time in the first stages. The individual time trial of stage six did not change that, although some outsiders (Sean Kelly and Laurent Fignon) lost two minutes.[8]In the eleventh stage, in hilly conditions, the first serious attacks were seen. Most contenders were able to stay in the main group, but Laurent Fignon and Jean-François Bernard lost a lot of time and were no longer seen as contenders.[8] The twelfth stage included higher climbs. Delgado escaped on the climb of the Glandon, and he was joined by Steven Rooks. On the descent, they were joined by Gert-Jan Theunisse and Fabio Parra; the other cyclists were unable to get to them. Close to the finish, Rooks escaped and won the stage, and Delgado became the new leader of the general classification.[8] Delgado won the next stage, an uphill individual time trial, and solidified his lead.[8]In the fourteenth stage, the favourites stayed together, and other cyclists were allowed to go for the stage victory. Philippe Bouvatier and Robert Millar,[16] who had led over the previous two cols, were in the uphill sprint to win, until Bouvatier allowed himself to be misdirected by a gendarme 200 metres before the finish (at the point where the team cars were separated from the cyclists)[17] followed by Millar, and the victory went to Massimo Ghirotto. Ghirotto offered his prize (a new car) to Bouvatier[8] though Millar maintained he would have overhauled Bouvatier to win[18] and told CyclingNews in 2010 that \"I don't know if the gendarme was to blame, I don't think he was, I know I would have come round Bouvatier in the sprint but then I ought to have dropped him before we got to that stage\".[19]In the fifteenth stage, Delgado increased his lead. He let Laudelino Cubino get away and claim the victory, because Cubino was no threat for the general classification, and finished in third place, gaining time on all his direct competitors.[8] Delgado further increased his lead in the nineteenth stage, by leaving the other cyclists behind him on the final climb of the day.[8] Delgado was aiming to win the twenty-first stage, an individual time trial, and was leading at all the intermediate check points, but lost time in the final part of the stage, finishing in fourth place. This was more than enough to secure the overall victory.[8]","title":"Race overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pedro Delgado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Delgado"},{"link_name":"Gert-Jan Theunisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gert-Jan_Theunisse"},{"link_name":"probenecid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probenecid"},{"link_name":"International Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"Union Cycliste Internationale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Cycliste_Internationale"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugendre201679-10"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standaard-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"testosterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Roque de la Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roque_de_la_Cruz_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Jean-Marie Leblanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marie_Leblanc"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standaard-20"}],"sub_title":"Doping","text":"During the race, it was announced that doping tests of Pedro Delgado and Gert-Jan Theunisse indicated they had used doping products.In Delgado's case, it was probenecid. Probenecid was a doping product according to the International Olympic Committee not yet on the doping list of the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), so Delgado was not sanctioned, and he remained the winner of the Tour.[10] Tour director Louy tried to convince Delgado to leave the race voluntarily, but Delgado refused.[20] Delgado admits that he took probenecid, but with the intention to assist the kidneys, not to mask anabolic steroids.[21]Theunisse was found to have a high testosterone-level, which was on the UCI doping list. Theunisse received a penalty of ten minutes, which dropped him from fifth place to eleventh place in the general classification.[22]One other cyclist was penalised during this Tour: Spanish cyclist Roque de la Cruz failed a doping test after the sixth stage, and was given the same penalty as Theunisse.[23]In 2013, a notebook from the team doctor of the PDM team showed that all but one of the PDM cyclist were given doping in the 1988 Tour de France.[24]The owners of the Tour de France thought that director Louy had handled the Delgado affair in the wrong way, and they fired him later that year. They appointed Jean-Marie Leblanc as his replacement.[20]","title":"Race overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotAmarilloDelgado88.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pedro Delgado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Delgado"},{"link_name":"yellow jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"jerseys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_jersey"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaurightParrish2012452%E2%80%93455-25"},{"link_name":"general classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaurightParrish2012452%E2%80%93453-26"},{"link_name":"points classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Points_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaurightParrish2012453%E2%80%93454-27"},{"link_name":"mountains classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"hors catégorie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hors_cat%C3%A9gorie"},{"link_name":"polka dots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polka_dot"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaurightParrish2012454-28"},{"link_name":"combination classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaurightParrish2012454%E2%80%93455-29"},{"link_name":"intermediate sprints classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_sprints_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaurightParrish2012455-30"},{"link_name":"young rider classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_rider_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaurightParrish2012454%E2%80%93455-29"},{"link_name":"team classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casquette"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaurightParrish2012455-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaurightParrish2012455-30"},{"link_name":"combativity award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combativity_award_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"mass-start","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_start"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_den_Akker2018211%E2%80%93216-31"},{"link_name":"Jérôme Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Simon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugendre201679-10"},{"link_name":"Souvenir Henri Desgrange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souvenir_Henri_Desgrange"},{"link_name":"Henri Desgrange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Desgrange"},{"link_name":"Col du Tourmalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col_du_Tourmalet"},{"link_name":"Laudelino Cubino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laudelino_Cubino"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-prelude_37-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-prelude_37-1"},{"link_name":"Peter Stevenhaagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Stevenhaagen"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-techni_38-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-techni_38-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-techni_38-2"},{"link_name":"Steven Rooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Rooks"}],"text":"Pedro Delgado's yellow jersey of the 1988 TourThere were several classifications in the 1988 Tour de France, six of them awarding jerseys to their leaders.[25] The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey; the winner of this classification is considered the winner of the Tour.[26]Additionally, there was a points classification, where cyclists were given points for finishing among the best in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a green jersey.[27]There was also a mountains classification. The organisation had categorised some climbs as either hors catégorie, first, second, third, or fourth-category; points for this classification were won by the first cyclists that reached the top of these climbs first, with more points available for the higher-categorised climbs. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and wore a white jersey with red polka dots.[28]There was also a combination classification. This classification was calculated as a combination of the other classifications, its leader wore the combination jersey.[29]Another classification was the intermediate sprints classification. This classification had similar rules as the points classification, but only points were awarded on intermediate sprints. Its leader wore a red jersey.[30]The sixth individual classification was the young rider classification. This was decided the same way as the general classification, but only riders under 25 years were eligible, and the leader wore a white jersey.[29]For the team classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time. The riders in the team that led this classification were identified by yellow caps.[30] For the last time, there was also a team points classification. Cyclists received points according to their finishing position on each stage, with the first rider receiving one point. The first three finishers of each team had their points combined, and the team with the fewest points led the classification. The riders of the team leading this classification wore green caps.[30]In addition, there was a combativity award given after each mass-start stage to the cyclist considered most combative. The decision was made by a jury composed of journalists who gave points. The cyclist with the most points from votes in all stages led the combativity classification.[31] Jérôme Simon won this classification, and was given overall the super-combativity award.[10] The Souvenir Henri Desgrange was given in honour of Tour founder Henri Desgrange to the first rider to pass the summit of the Col du Tourmalet on stage 15. This prize was won by Laudelino Cubino.[32]^ a b The prologue was unofficial, but the winner Bontempi received a yellow jersey, and second-placed Peter Stevenhaagen received the green jersey.[36]\n\n^ a b c In stage 10, 11 and 12, Steven Rooks wore the technicolour jersey.","title":"Classification leadership and minor prizes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Final standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1988_Tour_de_France&action=edit&section=9"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-het-parool-results-40"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elmend-41"},{"link_name":"Eddy Planckaert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_Planckaert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Points_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"AD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AD_Renting_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Davis Phinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Phinney"},{"link_name":"7-Eleven–Hoonved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Eleven_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Sean Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Kelly_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"Kas–Canal 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kas_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Steven Rooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Rooks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"PDM–Ultima–Concorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDM_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Mathieu Hermans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu_Hermans"},{"link_name":"Caja Rural–Orbea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiach_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Jean-Paul van Poppel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_van_Poppel"},{"link_name":"Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visma%E2%80%93Lease_a_Bike_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Etienne De Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etienne_De_Wilde"},{"link_name":"Sigma–Fina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histor%E2%80%93Sigma"},{"link_name":"Adri van der Poel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adri_van_der_Poel"},{"link_name":"PDM–Ultima–Concorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDM_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Manuel Jorge Domínguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Jorge_Dom%C3%ADnguez"},{"link_name":"BH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaya_Seguros_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Steve Bauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bauer"},{"link_name":"Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helvetia%E2%80%93La_Suisse"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1988_Tour_de_France&action=edit&section=10"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-het-parool-results-40"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elmend-41"},{"link_name":"Steven Rooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Rooks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"PDM–Ultima–Concorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDM_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Gert-Jan Theunisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gert-Jan_Theunisse"},{"link_name":"PDM–Ultima–Concorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDM_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Pedro Delgado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Delgado"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movistar_Team_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Ronan Pensec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronan_Pensec"},{"link_name":"Z–Peugeot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Jérôme Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Simon"},{"link_name":"Z–Peugeot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Fabio Parra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabio_Parra"},{"link_name":"Kelme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelme_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Laudelino Cubino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laudelino_Cubino"},{"link_name":"BH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaya_Seguros_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Álvaro Pino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Pino"},{"link_name":"BH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaya_Seguros_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Samuel Cabrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Cabrera"},{"link_name":"Café de Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_de_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Luis Herrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Herrera_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"Café de Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_de_Colombia"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1988_Tour_de_France&action=edit&section=11"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-het-parool-results-40"},{"link_name":"Erik Breukink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Breukink"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_rider_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Raúl Alcalá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Alcal%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"7-Eleven–Hoonved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Eleven_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Jaanus Kuum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaanus_Kuum"},{"link_name":"AD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AD_Renting_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Peter Stevenhaagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Stevenhaagen"},{"link_name":"PDM–Ultima–Concorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDM_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Philippe Bouvatier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Bouvatier"},{"link_name":"BH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaya_Seguros_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Miguel Induráin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Indur%C3%A1in"},{"link_name":"Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movistar_Team_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Gianni Bugno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianni_Bugno"},{"link_name":"Chateau d'Ax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chateau_d%27Ax_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Marc van Orsouw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_van_Orsouw"},{"link_name":"PDM–Ultima–Concorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDM_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Søren Lilholt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Lilholt"},{"link_name":"Sigma–Fina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histor%E2%80%93Sigma"},{"link_name":"Jean-Claude Leclercq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Leclercq"},{"link_name":"Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helvetia%E2%80%93La_Suisse"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1988_Tour_de_France&action=edit&section=12"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-het-parool-results-40"},{"link_name":"Steven Rooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Rooks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"PDM–Ultima–Concorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDM_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Gert-Jan Theunisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gert-Jan_Theunisse"},{"link_name":"PDM–Ultima–Concorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDM_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Pedro Delgado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Delgado"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movistar_Team_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Eddy Planckaert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_Planckaert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Points_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"AD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AD_Renting_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Jérôme Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Simon"},{"link_name":"Z–Peugeot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Steve Bauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bauer"},{"link_name":"Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helvetia%E2%80%93La_Suisse"},{"link_name":"Éric Boyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ric_Boyer"},{"link_name":"Système U–Gitane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_U_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Frans Maassen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Maassen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_sprints_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visma%E2%80%93Lease_a_Bike_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Johnny Weltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Weltz"},{"link_name":"Fagor–MBK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagor_(cycling_team,_1985%E2%80%931989)"},{"link_name":"Frédéric Vichot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Vichot"},{"link_name":"Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helvetia%E2%80%93La_Suisse"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1988_Tour_de_France&action=edit&section=13"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-het-parool-results-40"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elmend-41"},{"link_name":"Frans Maassen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Maassen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_sprints_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visma%E2%80%93Lease_a_Bike_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Eddy Planckaert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_Planckaert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Points_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"AD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AD_Renting_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Johnny 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Lauritzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dag_Otto_Lauritzen"},{"link_name":"7-Eleven–Hoonved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Eleven_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Martial Gayant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_Gayant"},{"link_name":"Toshiba–Look","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Vie_Claire"},{"link_name":"Bruno Leali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Leali"},{"link_name":"Carrera Jeans–Vagabond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrera_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1988_Tour_de_France&action=edit&section=14"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-het-parool-results-40"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elmend-41"},{"link_name":"PDM–Ultima–Concorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDM_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"BH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaya_Seguros_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Z–Peugeot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helvetia%E2%80%93La_Suisse"},{"link_name":"Système U–Gitane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_U_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visma%E2%80%93Lease_a_Bike_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Café de Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_de_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"7-Eleven–Hoonved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Eleven_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Hitachi–Bosal–B.C.E. Snooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splendor_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1988_Tour_de_France&action=edit&section=15"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-het-parool-results-40"},{"link_name":"PDM–Ultima–Concorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDM_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"7-Eleven–Hoonved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Eleven_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helvetia%E2%80%93La_Suisse"},{"link_name":"Système U–Gitane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_U_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Z–Peugeot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Hitachi–Bosal–B.C.E. Snooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splendor_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"BH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaya_Seguros_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Kas–Canal 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kas_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Fagor–MBK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagor_(cycling_team,_1985%E2%80%931989)"},{"link_name":"Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1988_Tour_de_France&action=edit&section=16"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Jérôme Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Simon"},{"link_name":"Z–Peugeot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Régis Clère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9gis_Cl%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Teka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teka_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Johnny Weltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Weltz"},{"link_name":"Fagor–MBK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagor_(cycling_team,_1985%E2%80%931989)"},{"link_name":"Pedro Delgado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Delgado"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movistar_Team_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Rolf Gölz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_G%C3%B6lz"},{"link_name":"Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visma%E2%80%93Lease_a_Bike_(men%27s_team)"}],"sub_title":"General classification","text":"Points classification[edit]\n\nFinal points classification (1–10)[38][39]\n\n\nRank\n\nRider\n\nTeam\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\n\n Eddy Planckaert (BEL) \nAD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia\n278\n\n\n2\n\n Davis Phinney (USA)\n7-Eleven–Hoonved\n193\n\n\n3\n\n Sean Kelly (IRE)\nKas–Canal 10\n183\n\n\n4\n\n Steven Rooks (NED) \nPDM–Ultima–Concorde\n154\n\n\n5\n\n Mathieu Hermans (NED)\nCaja Rural–Orbea\n153\n\n\n6\n\n Jean-Paul van Poppel (NED)\nSuperconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago\n141\n\n\n7\n\n Etienne De Wilde (BEL)\nSigma–Fina\n133\n\n\n8\n\n Adri van der Poel (NED)\nPDM–Ultima–Concorde\n132\n\n\n9\n\n Manuel Jorge Domínguez (ESP)\nBH\n114\n\n\n10\n\n Steve Bauer (CAN)\nWeinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster\n108\n\n\nMountains classification[edit]\n\nFinal mountains classification (1–10)[38][39]\n\n\nRank\n\nRider\n\nTeam\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\n\n Steven Rooks (NED) \nPDM–Ultima–Concorde\n326\n\n\n2\n\n Gert-Jan Theunisse (NED)\nPDM–Ultima–Concorde\n248\n\n\n3\n\n Pedro Delgado (ESP) \nReynolds\n223\n\n\n4\n\n Ronan Pensec (FRA)\nZ–Peugeot\n130\n\n\n5\n\n Jérôme Simon (FRA)\nZ–Peugeot\n127\n\n\n6\n\n Fabio Parra (COL)\nKelme\n123\n\n\n7\n\n Laudelino Cubino (ESP)\nBH\n101\n\n\n8\n\n Álvaro Pino (ESP)\nBH\n98\n\n\n9\n\n Samuel Cabrera (COL)\nCafé de Colombia\n82\n\n\n10\n\n Luis Herrera (COL)\nCafé de Colombia\n80Young rider classification[edit]\n\nFinal young rider classification (1–10)[38]\n\n\nRank\n\nRider\n\nTeam\n\nTime\n\n\n1\n\n Erik Breukink (NED) \nPanasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu\n84h 50' 59\"\n\n\n2\n\n Raúl Alcalá (MEX)\n7-Eleven–Hoonved\n+ 8' 08\"\n\n\n3\n\n Jaanus Kuum (NOR)\nAD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia\n+ 15' 47\"\n\n\n4\n\n Peter Stevenhaagen (NED)\nPDM–Ultima–Concorde\n+ 22' 21\"\n\n\n5\n\n Philippe Bouvatier (FRA)\nBH\n+ 25' 08\"\n\n\n6\n\n Miguel Induráin (ESP)\nReynolds\n+ 40' 09\"\n\n\n7\n\n Gianni Bugno (ITA)\nChateau d'Ax\n+ 56' 03\"\n\n\n8\n\n Marc van Orsouw (NED)\nPDM–Ultima–Concorde\n+ 1h 07' 30\"\n\n\n9\n\n Søren Lilholt (DEN)\nSigma–Fina\n+ 1h 28' 52\"\n\n\n10\n\n Jean-Claude Leclercq (FRA)\nWeinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster\n+ 1h 34' 46\"\n\n\nCombination classification[edit]\n\nFinal combination classification (1–10)[38]\n\n\nRank\n\nRider\n\nTeam\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\n\n Steven Rooks (NED) \nPDM–Ultima–Concorde\n84\n\n\n2\n\n Gert-Jan Theunisse (NED)\nPDM–Ultima–Concorde\n70\n\n\n3\n\n Pedro Delgado (ESP) \nReynolds\n63\n\n\n4\n\n Eddy Planckaert (BEL) \nAD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia\n49\n\n\n5\n\n Jérôme Simon (FRA)\nZ–Peugeot\n47\n\n\n6\n\n Steve Bauer (CAN)\nWeinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster\n47\n\n\n7\n\n Éric Boyer (FRA)\nSystème U–Gitane\n38\n\n\n8\n\n Frans Maassen (NED) \nSuperconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago\n37\n\n\n9\n\n Johnny Weltz (DEN)\nFagor–MBK\n30\n\n\n10\n\n Frédéric Vichot (FRA)\nWeinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster\n22Intermediate sprints classification[edit]\n\nFinal intermediate sprints classification (1–10)[38][39]\n\n\nRank\n\nRider\n\nTeam\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\n\n Frans Maassen (NED) \nSuperconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago\n276\n\n\n2\n\n Eddy Planckaert (BEL) \nAD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia\n214\n\n\n3\n\n Johnny Weltz (DEN)\nFagor–MBK\n64\n\n\n4\n\n Davis Phinney (USA)\n7-Eleven–Hoonved\n55\n\n\n5\n\n Gert-Jan Theunisse (NED)\nPDM–Ultima–Concorde\n50\n\n\n6\n\n Ludo Peeters (BEL)\nSuperconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago\n35\n\n\n7\n\n Jérôme Simon (FRA)\nZ–Peugeot\n32\n\n\n8\n\n Dag Otto Lauritzen (NOR)\n7-Eleven–Hoonved\n30\n\n\n9\n\n Martial Gayant (FRA)\nToshiba–Look\n30\n\n\n10\n\n Bruno Leali (ITA)\nCarrera Jeans–Vagabond\n30\n\n\nTeam classification[edit]\n\nFinal team classification (1–10)[38][39]\n\n\nRank\n\nTeam\n\nTime\n\n\n1\n\nPDM–Ultima–Concorde\n253h 57' 58\"\n\n\n2\n\nBH\n+ 12' 32\"\n\n\n3\n\nZ–Peugeot\n+ 14' 43\"\n\n\n4\n\nWeinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster\n+ 31' 23\"\n\n\n5\n\nSystème U–Gitane\n+ 32' 43\"\n\n\n6\n\nSuperconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago\n+ 37' 49\"\n\n\n7\n\nCafé de Colombia\n+ 44' 31\"\n\n\n8\n\nPanasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu\n+ 58' 56\"\n\n\n9\n\n7-Eleven–Hoonved\n+ 1h 03' 56\"\n\n\n10\n\nHitachi–Bosal–B.C.E. Snooker\n+ 1h 25 28\"Team points classification[edit]\n\nFinal team points classification (1–10)[38]\n\n\nRank\n\nTeam\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\n\nPDM–Ultima–Concorde\n1028\n\n\n2\n\n7-Eleven–Hoonved\n1713\n\n\n3\n\nWeinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster\n1737\n\n\n4\n\nSystème U–Gitane\n1787\n\n\n5\n\nZ–Peugeot\n1789\n\n\n6\n\nHitachi–Bosal–B.C.E. Snooker\n2065\n\n\n7\n\nBH\n2197\n\n\n8\n\nKas–Canal 10\n2404\n\n\n9\n\nFagor–MBK\n2482\n\n\n10\n\nPanasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu\n2526\n\n\nCombativity classification[edit]\n\nFinal combativity classification (1–5)[40]\n\n\nRank\n\nRider\n\nTeam\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\n\n Jérôme Simon (FRA)\nZ–Peugeot\n38\n\n\n2\n\n Régis Clère (FRA)\nTeka\n30\n\n\n3\n\n Johnny Weltz (DEN)\nFagor–MBK\n30\n\n\n4\n\n Pedro Delgado (ESP) \nReynolds\n25\n\n\n5\n\n Rolf Gölz (FRG)\nSuperconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago\n24","title":"Final standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Augendre, Jacques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Augendre"},{"link_name":"Guide historique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//netstorage.lequipe.fr/ASO/cyclisme/le-tour/2016/histoire/TDF16_GH_Interactif-PROD.pdf"},{"link_name":"Amaury Sport Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaury_Sport_Organisation"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160817121602/http://netstorage.lequipe.fr/ASO/cyclisme/le-tour/2016/histoire/TDF16_GH_Interactif-PROD.pdf"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"19669680","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/19669680"},{"link_name":"The Story of the Tour de France: 1965–2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=V8mlwItBhhcC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59858-608-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59858-608-4"},{"link_name":"Sports Around the World: History, Culture, and Practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=IkLYDgTnMxEC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59884-300-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-300-2"},{"link_name":"Tour de France Rules and Statistics: 1903–2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=09sxwQEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-79398-080-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-79398-080-9"}],"text":"Augendre, Jacques (2016). Guide historique [Historical guide] (PDF) (in French). Paris: Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help)\nMartin, Pierre (1988). Tour 88: The 1988 Tour of Italy and Tour de France. With contributions from: Penazzo, Sergio; Baratino, Dante; Schamps, Daniel; Vos, Cor. Keighley, UK: Kennedy Brothers Publishing. OCLC 19669680.\nMcGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2008). The Story of the Tour de France: 1965–2007. Vol. 2. Indianapolis: Dog Ear Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59858-608-4.\nNauright, John; Parrish, Charles (2012). Sports Around the World: History, Culture, and Practice. Vol. 2. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-300-2.\nvan den Akker, Pieter (2018). Tour de France Rules and Statistics: 1903–2018. Self-published. ISBN 978-1-79398-080-9.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liggett, Phil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Liggett"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-245-54727-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-245-54727-0"}],"text":"Liggett, Phil (1988). Tour de France 1988. London: Harrap Books and Channel 4. ISBN 978-0-245-54727-0.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Pedro Delgado (pictured at the 1993 Tour), winner of the general classification","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/P%C3%A9dro_DELGADO.jpg/220px-P%C3%A9dro_DELGADO.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pedro Delgado's yellow jersey of the 1988 Tour","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/MaillotAmarilloDelgado88.jpg/170px-MaillotAmarilloDelgado88.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"TVM-ploeg derde reserve Tour\". Limburgsch Dagblad (in Dutch). Koninklijke Bibliotheek. 16 June 1988. p. 23. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232938/http://kranten.kb.nl/view/article/id/ddd%3A010611293%3Ampeg21%3Ap023%3Aa0334","url_text":"\"TVM-ploeg derde reserve Tour\""},{"url":"http://kranten.kb.nl/view/article/id/ddd%3A010611293%3Ampeg21%3Ap023%3Aa0334","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"75ème Tour de France 1988\" [75th Tour de France 1988]. Mémoire du cyclisme (in French). Retrieved 6 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://memoire-du-cyclisme.eu/eta_tdf/tdf1988.php","url_text":"\"75ème Tour de France 1988\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tour de France 1988 – Debutants\". ProCyclingStats. Retrieved 24 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.procyclingstats.com/race/tour-de-france/1988/gc/startlist/debutants","url_text":"\"Tour de France 1988 – Debutants\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tour de France 1988 – Peloton averages\". ProCyclingStats. Retrieved 24 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.procyclingstats.com/race/tour-de-france/1988/gc/startlist/general-peloton-averages","url_text":"\"Tour de France 1988 – Peloton averages\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tour de France 1988 – Youngest competitors\". ProCyclingStats. Retrieved 24 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.procyclingstats.com/race/tour-de-france/1988/gc/startlist/youngest-competitors","url_text":"\"Tour de France 1988 – Youngest competitors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tour de France 1988 – Average team age\". ProCyclingStats. Retrieved 24 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.procyclingstats.com/race/tour-de-france/1988/gc/startlist/average-team-age","url_text":"\"Tour de France 1988 – Average team age\""}]},{"reference":"\"The history of the Tour de France – Year 1988 – The starters\". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 3 April 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200403105612/http://histo.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/1988/partants.html","url_text":"\"The history of the Tour de France – Year 1988 – The starters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaury_Sport_Organisation","url_text":"Amaury Sport Organisation"},{"url":"http://histo.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/1988/partants.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Van den Bogaart, Ronnie. \"Een merkwaardige tourstart\" (in Dutch). Sportgeschiedenis. Archived from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111129060850/http://www.sportgeschiedenis.nl/2011/06/30/een-merkwaardige-tourstart.aspx","url_text":"\"Een merkwaardige tourstart\""},{"url":"http://www.sportgeschiedenis.nl/2011/06/30/een-merkwaardige-tourstart.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Herrie om voorspel op zondag\" [Noise for foreplay on Sunday]. Het Vrije Volk (in Dutch). 2 July 1988. p. 20 – via Delpher.","urls":[{"url":"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010962902:mpeg21:p020","url_text":"\"Herrie om voorspel op zondag\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het_Vrije_Volk","url_text":"Het Vrije Volk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delpher","url_text":"Delpher"}]},{"reference":"Zwegers, Arian. \"Tour de France GC top ten\". CVCCBike.com. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 26 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cvccbike.com/tour/top_ten.html#1988","url_text":"\"Tour de France GC top ten\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080516071832/http://www.cvccbike.com/tour/top_ten.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The history of the Tour de France – Year 1988 – The stage winners\". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 3 April 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200403005347/http://histo.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/1988/vainqueurs.html","url_text":"\"The history of the Tour de France – Year 1988 – The stage winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaury_Sport_Organisation","url_text":"Amaury Sport Organisation"},{"url":"http://histo.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/1988/vainqueurs.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Reliquias del Ciclismo (30 April 2013). \"Tour de Francia 1988 - Etapa 14 (Guzet Neige)\". Archived from the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNXJooNMIls","url_text":"\"Tour de Francia 1988 - Etapa 14 (Guzet Neige)\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/fNXJooNMIls","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Farrand, Stephen (22 July 2010). \"CN Exclusive: Robert Millar talks about the Tour, the Tourmalet and Team Sky\". Cyclingnews.com. Retrieved 9 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/features/cn-exclusive-robert-millar-talks-about-the-tour-the-tourmalet-and-team-sky/","url_text":"\"CN Exclusive: Robert Millar talks about the Tour, the Tourmalet and Team Sky\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclingnews.com","url_text":"Cyclingnews.com"}]},{"reference":"Vanwalleghem, Rik (17 July 2004). \"Kuitenbijter, Spelregels\". De Standaard (in Dutch). Retrieved 10 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.standaard.be/artikel/detail.aspx?artikelid=GH17F8T1","url_text":"\"Kuitenbijter, Spelregels\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Standaard","url_text":"De Standaard"}]},{"reference":"\"Pedro Delgado turns 50 and reflects on his career\". Cycling News. 15 April 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/pedro-delgado-turns-50-and-reflects-on-his-career","url_text":"\"Pedro Delgado turns 50 and reflects on his career\""}]},{"reference":"\"Theunisse takes on coaching role at RusVelo\". VeloNation. 5 January 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/10807/Theunisse-takes-on-coaching-role-at-Rusvelo.aspx","url_text":"\"Theunisse takes on coaching role at RusVelo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Delgado drugs shock\". Glasgow Herald. 21 July 1988. Retrieved 30 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19880721&id=jA01AAAAIBAJ&sjid=nqULAAAAIBAJ&pg=3602,5302448","url_text":"\"Delgado drugs shock\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seven out of eight PDM riders doped at 1988 Tour de France\". Cyclingnews. 23 January 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/report-seven-out-of-eight-pdm-riders-doped-at-1988-tour-de-france","url_text":"\"Seven out of eight PDM riders doped at 1988 Tour de France\""}]},{"reference":"\"Koersverloop\" [Price trend]. Leeuwarder Courant (in Dutch). 19 July 1988. p. 9 – via De Krant van Toen.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dekrantvantoen.nl/vw/article.do?id=LC-19880719-9005","url_text":"\"Koersverloop\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeuwarder_Courant","url_text":"Leeuwarder Courant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Krant_van_Toen","url_text":"De Krant van Toen"}]},{"reference":"\"1986 Tour de France results\". Gazet van Antwerpen (in Dutch). 25 July 1988. p. 17. 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Retrieved 2 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tourdefrancestatistieken.nl/tour.php?jaar=1988","url_text":"\"Informatie over de Tour de France van 1988\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190302051106/http://www.tourdefrancestatistieken.nl/tour.php?jaar=1988","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Groene trui voor Peter Stevenhaagen\" [Green jersey for Peter Stevenhaagen]. De Telegraaf (in Dutch). Delpher. 4 July 1988. Retrieved 28 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=KBDDD02:000199768:mpeg21:a0012","url_text":"\"Groene trui voor Peter Stevenhaagen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Telegraaf","url_text":"De Telegraaf"}]},{"reference":"\"The history of the Tour de France – Year 1988 – Stage 22 Nemours > Paris\". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200402222232/http://histo.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/1988/2200/etape.html","url_text":"\"The history of the Tour de France – Year 1988 – Stage 22 Nemours > Paris\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaury_Sport_Organisation","url_text":"Amaury Sport Organisation"},{"url":"http://histo.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/1988/2200/etape.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Uitslagen en eindklassementen Tour de France\" [Results and final classifications of the Tour de France]. Het Parool (in Dutch). 25 July 1988. p. 12 – via Delpher.","urls":[{"url":"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010832691:mpeg21:p012","url_text":"\"Uitslagen en eindklassementen Tour de France\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het_Parool","url_text":"Het Parool"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delpher","url_text":"Delpher"}]},{"reference":"\"Clasificaciones oficiales\" (PDF). Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 25 July 1988. p. 10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://hemeroteca-paginas.mundodeportivo.com/EMD01/HEM/1988/07/25/MD19880725-010.pdf","url_text":"\"Clasificaciones oficiales\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundo_Deportivo","url_text":"Mundo Deportivo"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191006192521/http://hemeroteca-paginas.mundodeportivo.com/EMD01/HEM/1988/07/25/MD19880725-010.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tour in cijfers\" [Tour in numbers]. De Telegraaf (in Dutch). 25 July 1988. p. 12 – via Delpher.","urls":[{"url":"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=KBDDD02:000199809:mpeg21:p012","url_text":"\"Tour in cijfers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Telegraaf","url_text":"De Telegraaf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delpher","url_text":"Delpher"}]},{"reference":"Augendre, Jacques (2016). Guide historique [Historical guide] (PDF) (in French). Paris: Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Augendre","url_text":"Augendre, Jacques"},{"url":"http://netstorage.lequipe.fr/ASO/cyclisme/le-tour/2016/histoire/TDF16_GH_Interactif-PROD.pdf","url_text":"Guide historique"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaury_Sport_Organisation","url_text":"Amaury Sport Organisation"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160817121602/http://netstorage.lequipe.fr/ASO/cyclisme/le-tour/2016/histoire/TDF16_GH_Interactif-PROD.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Pierre (1988). Tour 88: The 1988 Tour of Italy and Tour de France. With contributions from: Penazzo, Sergio; Baratino, Dante; Schamps, Daniel; Vos, Cor. Keighley, UK: Kennedy Brothers Publishing. OCLC 19669680.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19669680","url_text":"19669680"}]},{"reference":"McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2008). The Story of the Tour de France: 1965–2007. Vol. 2. Indianapolis: Dog Ear Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59858-608-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V8mlwItBhhcC","url_text":"The Story of the Tour de France: 1965–2007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59858-608-4","url_text":"978-1-59858-608-4"}]},{"reference":"Nauright, John; Parrish, Charles (2012). Sports Around the World: History, Culture, and Practice. Vol. 2. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-300-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IkLYDgTnMxEC","url_text":"Sports Around the World: History, Culture, and Practice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-300-2","url_text":"978-1-59884-300-2"}]},{"reference":"van den Akker, Pieter (2018). Tour de France Rules and Statistics: 1903–2018. Self-published. ISBN 978-1-79398-080-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=09sxwQEACAAJ","url_text":"Tour de France Rules and Statistics: 1903–2018"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-79398-080-9","url_text":"978-1-79398-080-9"}]},{"reference":"Liggett, Phil (1988). Tour de France 1988. London: Harrap Books and Channel 4. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint_Joseph	Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint Joseph	["1 Bishops","1.1 Bishops of Saint Joseph","1.2 Coadjutor bishop","1.3 Other priests of this diocese who became bishops","2 Resources"]	Coordinates: 39°45′29″N 94°50′12″W / 39.75806°N 94.83667°W / 39.75806; -94.83667Former Latin Catholic ecclesiastical jurisdiction in Missouri, USA The Diocese of Saint Joseph (Latin: Dioecesis Sancti Iosephi) was a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in the northwestern part of the state of Missouri in the United States, erected on March 3, 1868, with territories taken from the Archdiocese of Saint Louis. Its first bishop was John Joseph Hogan. On July 2, 1956, the diocese lost territory to the newly erected Diocese of Jefferson City and the Diocese of Springfield–Cape Girardeau. On that date it was united to the Diocese of Kansas City, which was renamed the Diocese of Kansas City–Saint Joseph. Bishops Bishops of Saint Joseph John Joseph Hogan (1868–1880); appointed Bishop of Kansas City but continued here as Apostolic Administrator, 1880–1893 Maurice Francis Burke (1893–1923); died Francis Gilfillan (1923–1933); died Charles Hubert Le Blond (1933–1956); resigned Coadjutor bishop Francis Gilfillan (1922-1923) Other priests of this diocese who became bishops Francis Johannes, appointed Coadjutor Bishop of Leavenworth in 1927 Charles Francis Buddy, appointed Bishop of San Diego in 1936 Resources Diocese of Kansas City–Saint Joseph Catholic Hierarchy Profile of the Diocese of Saint Joseph Article in the Catholic Encyclopedia 39°45′29″N 94°50′12″W / 39.75806°N 94.83667°W / 39.75806; -94.83667 This article on a Roman Catholic diocese in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Latin Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Church"},{"link_name":"diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Saint Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Saint_Louis"},{"link_name":"John Joseph Hogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Joseph_Hogan"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Jefferson City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Jefferson_City"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Springfield–Cape Girardeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Springfield%E2%80%93Cape_Girardeau"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Kansas City–Saint Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kansas_City%E2%80%93Saint_Joseph"}],"text":"Former Latin Catholic ecclesiastical jurisdiction in Missouri, USAThe Diocese of Saint Joseph (Latin: Dioecesis Sancti Iosephi) was a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in the northwestern part of the state of Missouri in the United States, erected on March 3, 1868, with territories taken from the Archdiocese of Saint Louis. Its first bishop was John Joseph Hogan. On July 2, 1956, the diocese lost territory to the newly erected Diocese of Jefferson City and the Diocese of Springfield–Cape Girardeau. On that date it was united to the Diocese of Kansas City, which was renamed the Diocese of Kansas City–Saint Joseph.","title":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint Joseph"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bishops"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Joseph Hogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Joseph_Hogan"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Administrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Administrator"},{"link_name":"Maurice Francis Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Francis_Burke"},{"link_name":"Francis Gilfillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Gilfillan"},{"link_name":"Charles Hubert Le Blond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hubert_Le_Blond"}],"sub_title":"Bishops of Saint Joseph","text":"John Joseph Hogan (1868–1880); appointed Bishop of Kansas City but continued here as Apostolic Administrator, 1880–1893\nMaurice Francis Burke (1893–1923); died\nFrancis Gilfillan (1923–1933); died\nCharles Hubert Le Blond (1933–1956); resigned","title":"Bishops"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francis Gilfillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Gilfillan"}],"sub_title":"Coadjutor bishop","text":"Francis Gilfillan (1922-1923)","title":"Bishops"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francis Johannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Johannes"},{"link_name":"Charles Francis Buddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Francis_Buddy"}],"sub_title":"Other priests of this diocese who became bishops","text":"Francis Johannes, appointed Coadjutor Bishop of Leavenworth in 1927\nCharles Francis Buddy, appointed Bishop of San Diego in 1936","title":"Bishops"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diocese of Kansas City–Saint Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.diocese-kcsj.org"},{"link_name":"Catholic Hierarchy Profile of the Diocese of Saint Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/ds002.html"},{"link_name":"self-published source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources"},{"link_name":"Article in the Catholic Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.newadvent.org/cathen/13356b.htm"},{"link_name":"39°45′29″N 94°50′12″W / 39.75806°N 94.83667°W / 39.75806; -94.83667","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint_Joseph&params=39_45_29_N_94_50_12_W_region:US-MO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mitre_(plain).svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint_Joseph&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:US-RC-diocese-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:US-RC-diocese-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US-RC-diocese-stub"}],"text":"Diocese of Kansas City–Saint Joseph\nCatholic Hierarchy Profile of the Diocese of Saint Joseph[self-published source]\nArticle in the Catholic Encyclopedia39°45′29″N 94°50′12″W / 39.75806°N 94.83667°W / 39.75806; -94.83667This article on a Roman Catholic diocese in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Resources"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint_Joseph&params=39_45_29_N_94_50_12_W_region:US-MO","external_links_name":"39°45′29″N 94°50′12″W / 39.75806°N 94.83667°W / 39.75806; -94.83667"},{"Link":"http://www.diocese-kcsj.org/","external_links_name":"Diocese of Kansas City–Saint Joseph"},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/ds002.html","external_links_name":"Catholic Hierarchy Profile of the Diocese of Saint Joseph"},{"Link":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13356b.htm","external_links_name":"Article in the Catholic Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint_Joseph&params=39_45_29_N_94_50_12_W_region:US-MO","external_links_name":"39°45′29″N 94°50′12″W / 39.75806°N 94.83667°W / 39.75806; -94.83667"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint_Joseph&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Pitcairn	Raymond Pitcairn	["1 References"]	Raymond Pitcairn (1885 – July 12, 1966), son of PPG Industries founder John Pitcairn, was a lawyer, a businessman, a collector of ancient and medieval art, and an amateur architect. He supervised the building of the Bryn Athyn Cathedral, his own castle-mansion of Glencairn, and the "Zeus of the Catskills" Glen Tonche. Pitcairn was married to Mildred Glenn and they had eight children. Pitcairn was also quite politically active. A Republican, he served as one of the delegates to Pennsylvania's convention to ratify the Twenty-first Amendment in 1933, and was one of Pennsylvania's delegates to the 1956 Republican National Convention. He was also the national chairman and a major financial supporter of the Sentinels of the Republic, which opposed the expansion of federal regulation and the New Deal. Pitcairn died on July 12, 1966, and was buried at Bryn Athyn Cemetery, in Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania. References ^ a b Kestenbaum, Lawrence. "The Political Graveyard". Retrieved 2008-11-14. ^ Balch, Katharin. "Sentinels of the Republic" (PDF). Retrieved 13 February 2013. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Artists ULAN Other SNAC IdRef This biographical article about a United States activist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about an American businessperson born in the 1880s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Twenty-first Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"1956 Republican National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polticalgraveyard-1"},{"link_name":"Sentinels of the Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinels_of_the_Republic"},{"link_name":"New Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryn_Athyn,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polticalgraveyard-1"}],"text":"Pitcairn was married to Mildred Glenn and they had eight children.Pitcairn was also quite politically active. A Republican, he served as one of the delegates to Pennsylvania's convention to ratify the Twenty-first Amendment in 1933, and was one of Pennsylvania's delegates to the 1956 Republican National Convention.\n[1] He was also the national chairman and a major financial supporter of the Sentinels of the Republic, which opposed the expansion of federal regulation and the New Deal.[2]Pitcairn died on July 12, 1966, and was buried at Bryn Athyn Cemetery, in Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania.[1]","title":"Raymond Pitcairn"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Kestenbaum, Lawrence. \"The Political Graveyard\". Retrieved 2008-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/pinkerton-pittoni.html","url_text":"\"The Political Graveyard\""}]},{"reference":"Balch, Katharin. \"Sentinels of the Republic\" (PDF). Retrieved 13 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lib.utulsa.edu/digital/robertson/Series_II/pdf/AR2_20_01_1874.pdf","url_text":"\"Sentinels of the Republic\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/pinkerton-pittoni.html","external_links_name":"\"The Political Graveyard\""},{"Link":"http://www.lib.utulsa.edu/digital/robertson/Series_II/pdf/AR2_20_01_1874.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Sentinels of the Republic\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1451027/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000121212676","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/13644764","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfcRCfRwgvhjcrvMQ3bBP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11995168t","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11995168t","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1195812981","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81149263","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500324140","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6hx264t","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/190715006","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Pitcairn&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Pitcairn&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gholam_Ali_Jafar	Gholam Ali Jafar	["1 References"]	Village in Sistan and Baluchestan, IranGholam Ali Jafar غلامعلي جعفرvillageCountry IranProvinceSistan and BaluchestanCountyHirmandBakhshCentralRural DistrictMarganPopulation (2006) • Total114Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Gholam Ali Jafar (Persian: غلامعلي جعفر, also Romanized as Gholām ʿAlī Jaʿfar) is a village in Margan Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 114, in 29 families. References Iran portal ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Hirmand CountyCapital Dust Mohammad DistrictsCentralCities Dust Mohammad Rural Districts and villagesDust Mohammad Abbas Shah Gol Ali Hoseyna Ali Khan-e Kachkul Allah Dad Amir Asheqan Azad Bar Ahui Chaluki Dad Zari Dadkhoda-ye Sasuli Deh-e Abdollah Deh-e Ahmad Deh-e Ali Morad Deh-e Amir Deh-e Anushirvan Deh-e Gholam Mohammad Sarani Deh-e Gholam Naruyi Deh-e Gol Mir Deh-e Hajji Abbas Khan Deh-e Hajji Abdol Rahim Rakhshani Deh-e Hasan Deh-e Hatam Deh-e Hoseyn Ali Khan Deh-e Karam Deh-e Karam Mazraeh Deh-e Khamr Deh-e Mirza Ali Deh-e Mokhtar Deh-e Molla Abdollah Deh-e Nik Mohammad Deh-e Nur Mohammad Safarzayi Deh-e Rahman Deh-e Rakhshani Deh-e Rasul Khan Mohammad Deh-e Salim Dust Mohammad-e Lashkaran Eydu Sohrab Galah Chah Gholam Ali Gholam Mohammad Gholam Mohammad Sarani Golshah Golshah Naruyi Hajji Babakhan Hakim Rigi Halim Alizehi Hanif Jama Jangikhu Kamkhan Karim Koshteh Karkuh Kartakeh Khan Mohammad Khaneh-ye Hay Khvasti Khani Abbas Khani Gol Mohammad Rakhshani Khoda Raham Majid Makaki Masafer Mohammad Khan Molla Azim Rudini Molla Dust Mohammad Molla Soltan Nahangi Karim Sarani Nur Mohammad-e Yusef Rudini Pakir Shahsavar Pasand Khan Pudineh Qaderabad Qajar Mohammad Hasan Qus ol Din Bamadi Rakhshani Rasul Gholam Rostam Saidabad Saleh Khan Saleh Khan Sar Gazak Sarani Sasuli Shaghalak Shahrak-e Gol Beyk Shahrak-e Shahid Beheshti Siah Khan Siah Khan Tavus Vali Khormayi Yar Mohammad-e Alam Yar Mohammad-e Kharut Yusef-e Eslam Jahanabad Abdol Rahman Safarzayi Akhundzadeh Aziz-e Bamadi Balal Baqerabad Deh Now-e Ali Khan Deh-e Ali Akbar Deh-e Azad Deh-e Bar Ahuyi Deh-e Hajji Hoseyn Deh-e Hajji Mirza Khan Deh-e Hasan Deh-e Kadkhoda Shah Jan Bamari Deh-e Mardeh Deh-e Mir Jafar Khan Deh-e Mirza Mohammad Deh-e Mohammad Shahraki Deh-e Nazar Gargich Deh-e Pahlavan Deh-e Qader Deh-e Samad Deh-e Shadi Jamal Zehi Dow Kalleh Ebrahimabad Hajj Mohammad Alishah Hajji Ahmad Shahvazayi Hajji Baluch Khan Hajji Malang Kharut Hajji Malek Hajji Nabi Hoseyn Arbabi Jahanabad-e Olya Jahanabad-e Sofla Jama Azam Jani Kadkhoda Hoseyn Kang-e Shir Ali Khan Khaneh Hay Khodadad Khaneh Hay Mehrollah Kondel Lajehi Mandilan-e Bala Milak Mim Khan Mohammad Qasem Mohammad Rakhshani Molla Dadkhoda Isa Zehi Nayib-e Lajehi Nur Mohammad Pakak Hajji Heydar Qajar Barani Saleh Mohammad Shahriyari Sanjarani Sanjardeh Mardeh Sarferaz Sasuli Seyyed Khan Sharekh Sheykh Alam Shir Ali Khan Shir Mohammad Gargij Zurabad Margan Abdol Rahman Sarani Abil Pol Randeh Al Gorg Ali Akbar Khamr Ali Khan Ali Modad Arag Khan Malek Asak Baluch Abil Barani Chakkol Dad Shah Mohammad Pahlavan Deh-e Afghan-e Bar Ahuyi Deh-e Ali Khan Deh-e Arjuni Deh-e Chahar Dari Deh-e Fakhireh Deh-e Fakhireh-ye Sofla Deh-e Fatami Deh-e Gargich Deh-e Kadkhoda Ali-ye Namruri Deh-e Kandal Deh-e Khoda Rahm Deh-e Malang Deh-e Mardeh Deh-e Mirza Khan-e Bar Ahuyi Deh-e Nazar Isa Zahi Deh-e Said Deh-e Sargazi Deh-e Soltan Dust Mohammad-e Shah Gol Pahlavan Enayat Esmail Ali Gazmeh Gholam Ali Jafar Gholam Rostam Gol Mir Hajji Hoseyn Shirzehi Hajji Malek Shirzayi Hoseyn Safdar Hoseynabad Jahan Tigh Jalalabad Kachkul Kam Khan Kang-e Emam Dad Kang-e Molla Abdollah Khaneh Hay Nazer Saheb Khan Kureh Ajar Fashari Sepah Kureh Ajarpazi Latfi Majid Isa Zahi Maleki Margan Meskin Mirza Nabi Molla Avaz Molla Gol Jan Molla Karim-e Bar Ahui Morad Ali Morad Qoli Musa Kuhkan Qaljehi Randeh Shahraki Rasul-e Afghan Rasul-e Sarani Rustai-ye Isa Zehi Saheb Khan Barani Samad Sarani Sargezi Shah Mohammad Qasemi Shandel Sherkat Chah Shirdel Sadak Shirin Salar Shirin Siadak Deh Mardeh Siadak Sufi Seyyedi Takur Tavakkol Yusef Zehi Zeh-e Ruzehi QorqoriCities none Rural Districts and villagesQorqori Akbarabad Ali Khan-e Zaman Amrudi Arbabi Arbabi As Hajji Asak Borj-e Mirgol Dashak Deh-e Ali Ahmad-e Lek Zahi Deh-e Ali Ahmad-e Lek Zayi Deh-e Alishah Deh-e Bozi Deh-e Mardeh Deh-e Miran Deh-e Mohsen Deh-e Nur Mohammad Khan Deh-e Parviz Sarani Deh-e Sangu Deraz Dowlatabad Farahi Galleh Bacheh Gamshad Golzar-e Yagan Gorg Hajji Hasan Sheykh Jamaabad Kakha Kanal Kandikeh Karaq-e Shah Jahan Katamak Khak-e Sefidi Khamak Kuhkan Langar Barani Mahmudi-ye Bala Mir Gol-e Kalati Mir Shekar Mohammad Hoseyn Barani Molla Ali Molla Dadi Molla Nur Mohammad Mowlowy-ye Dust Mohammad Nik Mohammad Padehi Pakir Mahmud Palgi Piran Qorqori Rig-e Muri Sadif Safar Zai Samad-e Deh-e Mardeh Saravani Seyyed Khan Shahraki Takhteh Pol Tappeh Kaniz This Hirmand County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"Margan Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margan_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Hirmand_County)"},{"link_name":"Hirmand County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirmand_County"},{"link_name":"Sistan and Baluchestan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Gholam Ali Jafar (Persian: غلامعلي جعفر, also Romanized as Gholām ʿAlī Jaʿfar) is a village in Margan Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 114, in 29 families.[1]","title":"Gholam Ali Jafar"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/11.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/11.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/11.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/11.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gholam_Ali_Jafar&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsene_Pujo	Arsène Pujo	["1 Biography","2 References","3 Sources"]	American politician (1861–1939) Arsène PujoMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Louisiana's 7th districtIn officeMarch 4, 1903 – March 3, 1913Preceded byDistrict createdSucceeded byLadislas Lazaro Personal detailsBornArsène Paulin Pujo(1861-12-16)December 16, 1861Lake Charles, Louisiana, U.S.DiedDecember 31, 1939(1939-12-31) (aged 78)New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.Political partyDemocratic Arsène Paulin Pujo (December 16, 1861 – December 31, 1939) was a member of the United States House of Representatives best known for chairing the "Pujo Committee", which sought to expose an anticompetitive conspiracy among some of the nation's most powerful financial interests (trusts). Biography Pujo was born in Calcasieu Parish near Lake Charles, Louisiana to a French-born father. He practiced law in Lake Charles and was a delegate to the state constitutional convention in 1898 before he was elected as a Democrat in 1902. In 1908, he became a member of the National Monetary Commission, a body which sought to study foreign banking systems in search of ways to better the domestic banking system. In 1911, he was appointed to chair the House Committee on Banking and Currency. In 1912, he left the National Monetary Commission and obtained congressional authorization to form a separate committee, which came to be called the Pujo Committee, to investigate the "money trust". The Pujo Committee found that a cabal of financial leaders were abusing their public trust to consolidate control over many industries. Although Pujo left Congress in 1913, the findings of the committee inspired public support for ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913, passage of the Federal Reserve Act that same year, and passage of the Clayton Antitrust Act in 1914. They were also widely publicized in the Louis Brandeis book, Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use It. While still a Congressman, Pujo worked as a lumber company lawyer and helped suppress an Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) timber workers strike in 1912, which culminated in the Grabow riot. Although the coroner charged the Galloway Lumber Company of Grabow, Louisiana with murder for shooting and killing three union strikers on July 7, 1912, the grand jury refused to indict and instead charged 58 union members with first-degree murder. Pujo helped prosecute 9 but the jury returned a dismissal after 1 hour of deliberation and the remaining defendants were released. (Perlman and Taft, p. 246) : 111 References ^ "United States Census, 1880", FamilySearch, retrieved March 29, 2018 ^ "S. Doc. 58-1 - Fifty-eighth Congress. (Extraordinary session -- beginning November 9, 1903.) Official Congressional Directory for the use of the United States Congress. Compiled under the direction of the Joint Committee on Printing by A.J. Halford. Special edition. Corrections made to November 5, 1903". GovInfo.gov. U.S. Government Printing Office. 9 November 1903. p. 42. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ LeJeune, Keagan (2010). Always for the underdog : Leather Britches Smith and the Grabow War (1st ed.). Denton, Tex.: University of North Texas Press. ISBN 978-1-57441-346-5. OCLC 726747555. United States Congress. "Arsène Pujo (id: P000567)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Sources Perlman, Selig and Philip Taft. History of Labor in the United States, 1896-1932. Volume IV Labor Movements. MacMillan: NY, 1935. 683 pp. The American Pageant 11th Edition by Thomas A. Bailey, David M. Kennedy, and Lizabeth Cohen; copyright 1998 U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byDistrict created Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Louisiana's 7th congressional district 1903–1913 Succeeded byLadislas Lazaro vteChairs of the United States House Committee on Financial Services Pomeroy Garfield Hooper Maynard Cox Buckner Crapo Buckner Curtin Wilkins Dorsey Bacon Springer Walker Brosius Fowler Vreeland Pujo Glass Phelan Platt McFadden Steagall Spence Wolcott Spence Wolcott Spence Patman Reuss St. Germain González Leach Oxley Frank Bachus Hensarling Waters McHenry vteMembers of the U.S. House of Representatives from Louisiana1st district E. Livingston White H. Johnson White Slidell La Sére St. Martin Dunbar Eustis Bouligny Sypher Lawrence Gibson Hunt St. Martin Wilkinson Meyer Estopinal O'Connor Fernández Hébert Tonry B. Livingston Vitter Jindal Scalise 2nd district Gurley Thomas Ripley Chinn Dawson la Branche Thibodeaux Conrad Bullard J. A. Landry Hunt Taylor Mann Sheldon Ellis Hahn Wallace Lagan Coleman Lagan Davey Buck Davey Gilmore Dupré Spearing Maloney H. Boggs Maloney H. Boggs L. Boggs Jefferson Cao Richmond Carter 3rd district Brent Overton Bullard Garland J. Moore Dawson Harmanson Penn Perkins Davidson Newsham Darrall Acklen Darrall Kellogg Gay Price Broussard Martin Montet Mouton Domengeaux Willis Caffery Treen Tauzin Melançon J. M. Landry Boustany Higgins 4th district Bossier Morse J. Moore Jones Sandidge Landrum Vidal Newsham McCleery Boarman Smith Levy Elam Blanchard Ogden Breazeale Watkins Sandlin Brooks Waggonner Leach Roemer McCrery Fields McCrery Fleming M. Johnson 5th district Blackburn Morey Spencer Leonard Young King Newton Boatner Baird Ransdell Elder Wilson Mills McKenzie Passman Huckaby McCrery Cooksey Alexander McAllister Abraham Letlow 6th district Nash E. Robertson Lewis Irion E. Robertson S. Robertson Favrot Wickliffe Morgan Sanders Sr. Favrot Kemp Sanders Jr. Griffith Sanders Jr. Morrison Rarick H. Moore Baker Cazayoux Cassidy Graves 7th district Pujo Lazaro De Rouen Plauché Larcade Thompson Edwards Breaux Hayes John Boustany 8th district Aswell Overton Dear Allen G. S. "Doc" Long McSween G. W. Long S. Long G. W. Long C. Long Holloway At-large Robertson Butler Johnston Sheridan Territory Clark Poydras Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States People US Congress Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Pujo Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pujo_Committee"}],"text":"Arsène Paulin Pujo (December 16, 1861 – December 31, 1939) was a member of the United States House of Representatives best known for chairing the \"Pujo Committee\", which sought to expose an anticompetitive conspiracy among some of the nation's most powerful financial interests (trusts).","title":"Arsène Pujo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Calcasieu Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcasieu_Parish,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Lake Charles, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Charles,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cd-2"},{"link_name":"National Monetary Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Monetary_Commission"},{"link_name":"House Committee on Banking and Currency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Financial_Services"},{"link_name":"Pujo Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pujo_Committee"},{"link_name":"money trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_trust"},{"link_name":"Sixteenth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Federal Reserve Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Act"},{"link_name":"Clayton Antitrust Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Antitrust_Act"},{"link_name":"Louis Brandeis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Brandeis"},{"link_name":"Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Other_People%27s_Money_and_How_the_Bankers_Use_It"},{"link_name":"Industrial Workers of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"Grabow riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grabow_riot"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Pujo was born in Calcasieu Parish near Lake Charles, Louisiana to a French-born father.[1] He practiced law in Lake Charles and was a delegate to the state constitutional convention in 1898 before he was elected as a Democrat in 1902.[2] In 1908, he became a member of the National Monetary Commission, a body which sought to study foreign banking systems in search of ways to better the domestic banking system. In 1911, he was appointed to chair the House Committee on Banking and Currency. In 1912, he left the National Monetary Commission and obtained congressional authorization to form a separate committee, which came to be called the Pujo Committee, to investigate the \"money trust\".The Pujo Committee found that a cabal of financial leaders were abusing their public trust to consolidate control over many industries. Although Pujo left Congress in 1913, the findings of the committee inspired public support for ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913, passage of the Federal Reserve Act that same year, and passage of the Clayton Antitrust Act in 1914. They were also widely publicized in the Louis Brandeis book, Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use It.While still a Congressman, Pujo worked as a lumber company lawyer and helped suppress an Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) timber workers strike in 1912, which culminated in the Grabow riot. Although the coroner charged the Galloway Lumber Company of Grabow, Louisiana with murder for shooting and killing three union strikers on July 7, 1912, the grand jury refused to indict and instead charged 58 union members with first-degree murder. Pujo helped prosecute 9 but the jury returned a dismissal after 1 hour of deliberation and the remaining defendants were released. 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History of Labor in the United States, 1896-1932. Volume IV Labor Movements. MacMillan: NY, 1935. 683 pp.\nThe American Pageant 11th Edition by Thomas A. Bailey, David M. Kennedy, and Lizabeth Cohen; copyright 1998vteChairs of the United States House Committee on Financial Services\nPomeroy\nGarfield\nHooper\nMaynard\nCox\nBuckner\nCrapo\nBuckner\nCurtin\nWilkins\nDorsey\nBacon\nSpringer\nWalker\nBrosius\nFowler\nVreeland\nPujo\nGlass\nPhelan\nPlatt\nMcFadden\nSteagall\nSpence\nWolcott\nSpence\nWolcott\nSpence\nPatman\nReuss\nSt. Germain\nGonzález\nLeach\nOxley\nFrank\nBachus\nHensarling\nWaters\nMcHenryvteMembers of the U.S. House of Representatives from Louisiana1st district\nE. Livingston\nWhite\nH. Johnson\nWhite\nSlidell\nLa Sére\nSt. Martin\nDunbar\nEustis\nBouligny\nSypher\nLawrence\nGibson\nHunt\nSt. Martin\nWilkinson\nMeyer\nEstopinal\nO'Connor\nFernández\nHébert\nTonry\nB. 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Long\nHolloway\nAt-large\nRobertson\nButler\nJohnston\nSheridan\nTerritory\nClark\nPoydrasAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nUnited States\nPeople\nUS Congress\nOther\nSNAC","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"United States Census, 1880\", FamilySearch, retrieved March 29, 2018","urls":[{"url":"https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MD6V-ZBR","url_text":"\"United States Census, 1880\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FamilySearch","url_text":"FamilySearch"}]},{"reference":"\"S. Doc. 58-1 - Fifty-eighth Congress. (Extraordinary session -- beginning November 9, 1903.) Official Congressional Directory for the use of the United States Congress. Compiled under the direction of the Joint Committee on Printing by A.J. Halford. Special edition. Corrections made to November 5, 1903\". GovInfo.gov. U.S. Government Printing Office. 9 November 1903. p. 42. 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OCLC 726747555.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/726747555","url_text":"Always for the underdog : Leather Britches Smith and the Grabow War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57441-346-5","url_text":"978-1-57441-346-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/726747555","url_text":"726747555"}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"Arsène Pujo (id: P000567)\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergaticus_ruber	Red warbler	["1 Taxonomy","2 Description","2.1 Voice","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Behavior","4.1 Breeding","4.2 Food and feeding","4.3 Parasitism and predation","4.4 Toxicity","5 Conservation and threats","6 Note","7 References","8 External links"]	Species of bird Red warbler Cardellina rubra melanauris Sinaloa, Mexico Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Parulidae Genus: Cardellina Species: C. rubra Binomial name Cardellina rubra(Swainson, 1827) Range of the red warblerBlue = ssp. melanauris green = ssp. rubrabrown = ssp. rowleyi Synonyms Setophaga ruber Swainson, 1827 Sylvia miniata Lafresnaye, 1836 Parus leucotis Giraud, 1841 Basileuterus ruber Cabanis, 1850 Ergaticus ruber Sclater and Salvin, 1873 The red warbler (Cardellina rubra) is a small passerine bird of the New World warbler family Parulidae endemic to the highlands of Mexico, north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. It is closely related to, and forms a superspecies with, the pink-headed warbler of southern Mexico and Guatemala. There are three subspecies, found in disjunct populations, which differ in the color of their ear patch and in the brightness and tone of their body plumage. The adult is bright red, with a white or gray ear patch, depending on the subspecies; young birds are pinkish-brown, with a whitish ear patch and two pale wingbars. Breeding typically occurs between February and May. The female lays three or four eggs in a domed nest, which she builds on the ground. Though she alone incubates the eggs, both sexes feed the young and remove fecal sacs from the nest. The young fledge within 10–11 days of hatching. The red warbler is an insectivore, gleaning primarily in understory shrubs. Although this bird is considered to be a least-concern species according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), its numbers are thought to be declining due to habitat destruction. Taxonomy The subspecies C. r. rubra has a white, rather than gray, ear patch. English jeweler and naturalist William Bullock and his son traveled to Mexico soon after its independence, spending six months in 1823 collecting archaeological artifacts and many bird and fish species new to science. The bird specimens were given to naturalist William John Swainson, their countryman, to formally describe, which he did in 1827. Among these was the red warbler, which was assigned to the genus Setophaga, as Setophaga rubra. Over the next half century, other authorities moved it to Cardellina, with the red-faced warbler, and to the widespread tropical warbler genus Basileuterus, as well as to the Old World warbler genus Sylvia and the Old World tit genus Parus. In 1873, English naturalists Philip Lutley Sclater and Osbert Salvin moved the species to the genus Ergaticus, where it remained for more than a century. The red warbler forms a superspecies with the pink-headed warbler of Chiapas and Guatemala. Despite their disjunct ranges and considerably different plumages, the two have sometimes been considered conspecific. Conversely, it has also been suggested that the red warbler should be split into a northern gray-eared species (C. melanauris) and a southern white-eared species (C. rubra). A comprehensive 2010 paper by Irby Lovette and colleagues analyzing mitochondrial and nuclear DNA of the New World warblers found that the red and pink-headed warblers are each other's closest relative and that their common ancestor diverged from a lineage that gave rise to the red-faced warbler. The authors recommended moving the red and pink-headed warblers to the genus Cardellina, a suggestion which has been adopted by the International Ornithologists' Union (IOC). There are three subspecies, which differ slightly in appearance: C. r. rubra, described by Swainson in 1827, has white ear patches and is found from southern Jalisco and southern Hidalgo to Oaxaca. C. r. melanauris, originally described and named by American ornithologist Robert Thomas Moore in 1937 as Ergaticus ruber melanauris, has dark gray ear patches and somewhat more scarlet upperparts than C. r. rubra. The subspecific name is derived from the Ancient Greek melan- "black/dark", and Latin auris "ear". It is found from southwestern Chihuahua to northern Nayarit. C. r. rowleyi was originally described and named by R. T. Orr and J. D. Webster in 1968 as Ergaticus ruber rowleyi, in honor of J. Stewart Rowley, a research associate at the California Academy of Sciences. It has white ear patches and ruby-red upperparts (brightest of the three subspecies), and is found in the Sierra Madre del Sur mountains, from Guerrero to southern Oaxaca. "Red warbler" has been designated the official name by the IOC. It is a straightforward reference to its color. The genus name Cardellina is the diminutive of the Italian cardella, a regional name for the European goldfinch, while its specific name, rubra, is Latin for "red". Description The gray-eared subspecies melanauris is found from southwestern Chihuahua to northern Nayarit. The red warbler is a small passerine, measuring 12.5–13.5 cm (4.9–5.3 in) in length, and weighing from 7.6 to 8.7 g (0.27 to 0.31 oz). As an adult, it is red overall, with either a white or dark gray (depending on the subspecies) auricular patch on each side of its head. Its wings and tail are slightly darker, dusky red, and edged in pinkish-red. Its legs are a dull red-brown, and its thin bill is pinkish-gray with a dark tip. The iris is dark brown to blackish. Plumage varies little between the sexes, although the female tends to be a little duller or more orange-tinged. Adult pairs separate and molt fully from August, after the breeding season. The adult red warbler is hard to confuse with any other bird species in its range; the scarlet tanager and summer tanager have similar mostly-red plumage but are larger with thick conical bills. As a juvenile, the red warbler is pinkish-brown with a whitish auricular patch. Its darker wings and tail show pinkish-cinnamon edges, with two paler wingbars on the former. Voice The red warbler has several common calls, including a high, thin tsii and a stronger pseet. Its song is a mix of short trills and richer warbles, interspersed with high-pitched chips. Unlike other species in the same habitat zone, it tends to sing only during bright morning hours during the breeding season. It does not sing – and even its calling frequency decreases – in cloudy weather, regardless of season. Distribution and habitat Endemic to the highlands of Mexico north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, the red warbler has three disjunct populations that correspond to the three subspecies: from southwestern Chihuahua to northern Nayarit, from southern Jalisco and southern Hidalgo to Oaxaca, and from Guerrero into southern Oaxaca in the Sierra Madre del Sur mountains. It is fairly common to common in the country's interior and on adjacent slopes, where it occurs at elevations ranging from 1,800 to 3,900 metres (5,900 to 12,800 ft) above sea level; it does not occur along either coast. It is an altitudinal migrant, moving from higher humid or semi-humid pine, pine-oak and fir forests in the breeding season to lower elevations, often in oak forests, in the winter. It is among the most common of the small birds in its woodland habitat, second only to the golden-crowned kinglet in fir forests in one study and the third most common warbler in oak-conifer woodlands in another. Though the species was reported to have been collected in Texas in the late 19th century, the record's location was not widely believed, and there is no strong evidence that it ever occurred there. It has strayed as far north as southeastern Arizona, where a bird was found on Mount Lemmon in 2018. Behavior Though it occasionally joins mixed-species flocks, the red warbler is more typically found alone or in pairs. Youngsters probably choose mates in the autumn of their first year, and pairs remain together year-round, except during severe weather and during post-breeding molt. Breeding The red warbler breeds primarily in early spring, from February until May, though at least one nest containing young has been found as late as the end of June. By late February, the male establishes a territory that averages about 40 square metres, defending it with song. Other males may intrude by silently flying in at a height of around 3 m (10 ft) and back to their own territory. Deep incursions result in combat, after which the interloper usually leaves. Beginning in mid-March, the male courts the female by chasing her through the undergrowth. The pair then perch together while the male sings and the female calls softly. The female alone builds the nest, a task which typically takes 4–6 days. She chooses a sunlit area, such as an area of windfall, the brushy edge of a trail or water course, or a small clearing, for its location. Tightly woven of plant material, the nest is hidden in ground vegetation and anchored to the stalks of surrounding vegetation. The nest, which is usually oven-shaped with a side or upward-facing entrance, measures roughly 15 cm (6 in) wide by 18 cm (7 in) long by 11 cm (4.5 in) high. Bulky and untidy on the outside, it is typically constructed primarily of dead pine needles and dead grass, though gray lichens, green moss, dead leaves, shreds of bark and tips of fern fronds are also used; most of these materials are gathered from the ground close to the nest, though some is picked from low branches or further away. A few nests are only cups, lacking the roof of the more typical structures. Inside, the nest is tidy and compact, lined with fine grasses and plant fluff, which is generally gathered some distance from the nest. Early in the breeding season, there may be a gap of as many as 11 days between the completion of the nest and the laying of the first egg. Later in the season, this time decreases so that the first egg is laid as soon as the nest is ready. The female normally lays three eggs, though clutches of up to four have been recorded. The eggs, which are variously described as pale pink with evenly distributed brown spots or white with cinnamon and rust spots densely ringing the larger end of the egg, measure 16–17 mm (0.63–0.67 in) by 13 mm (0.51 in) and weigh 1–1.4 g (0.035–0.049 oz). The female alone incubates the eggs for 16 days; the male does not even approach the nest until several days after the eggs hatch. She sits facing the back wall of the nest, with her head and body sheltered by its roof and her tail sticking out the opening. She sits tight at the approach of danger, typically not flying until a potential predator actually makes contact with the nest. Both adults feed the nestlings and remove fecal sacs, though the female removes far more than the male does. The parents move deceptively when approaching the nest, foraging – or pretending to forage – in nearby vegetation. They stay only a few seconds in any one spot, including at the nest, making it more difficult for a predator to locate the young. Nestlings make a rapid, high-pitched peeping call as an adult approaches carrying food. They fledge within 10–11 days of hatching. Young birds are fully grown three weeks after fledging, upon which time they are driven off by their parents. Food and feeding A red warbler in typical habitat The red warbler is an insectivore. It gleans primarily in understory shrubs at low to middle levels, moving slowly and deliberately through more open areas of the vegetation, and feeding with quick jabs into cracks in bark and pine needle clusters. It sometimes hovers briefly to feed at pine needle clusters, a foraging technique known as "hover gleaning". Though it lacks any obvious adaptations for climbing, it regularly does so in its search for prey items on bark and epiphytes on branches, often hanging head-down as it probes. In areas of deciduous growth, it typically flycatches, making brief aerial sorties from a perch in pursuit of flying insects. While it seldom associates with mixed-species flocks, it often feeds alongside other birds with no signs of conflict, displaying no hostility towards other species—such as the slate-throated whitestart (Myioborus miniatus)—with which it competes. It has been observed chasing off a flycatcher of the genus Empidonax. Its foraging area is quite small, often amounting to only a few dozen square meters (several hundred square feet) per day. Late in the afternoon, its rate of foraging declines, and it rests, often taking brief naps, in the forest understory. Though it does not generally feed after sunset, it may do so to take advantage of transient food sources, such as hatching Neuroptera. Parasitism and predation The red warbler is presumably hunted by small hawks such as the sharp-shinned hawk, and its nest raided by wrens, rodents, raccoons, feral cats and snakes. Isospora cardellinae is a protozoan species that has been isolated from a red warbler from Nevado de Toluca National Park, Mexico. It is a parasite that lives in cells in the villi of the bird's small intestine. Toxicity In the 16th century, Friar Bernardino de Sahagún had reported that a red bird matching the description of the red warbler was regarded as inedible by the Aztecs. Researchers Patricia Escalante and John W. Daly isolated two alkaloids in preliminary investigations of the feathers. The presence of these alkaloids render the bird unpalatable; humans find it inedible. Conservation and threats The red warbler is currently rated as a species of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Though there is evidence that its numbers are decreasing, the decline has not been precipitous (that is, less than a 30% decline over ten years or three generations), and the population remains quite large, estimates ranging from 50,000 to 499,999 birds. The forested areas in which it occurs include some of the most threatened habitats in Mexico; logging, agricultural expansion, firewood gathering, road building, tourist development, overgrazing and intensive urbanization are among the many things contributing to the destruction of the forests. There is some evidence that selective logging in pine forests may actually favor this species, which prefers more open, sunlit areas in which to breed. Note ^ By convention, length is measured from the tip of the bill to the tip of the tail on a dead bird (or skin) laid on its back. References ^ a b BirdLife International (2020). "Red Warbler". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22721888A137209395. ^ a b Swainson, William (1827). "LXXII. A synopsis of the birds discovered in Mexico by W. Bullock F.L.S. and H.S., and Mr. William Bullock, jun.". The Philosophical Magazine. 1 (5): 364–369, 433–442 . doi:10.1080/14786442708674330. ^ a b c d e Ridgway, Robert; Friedmann, Herbert (1901). The Birds of North and Middle America. Washington, D.C.: Government Publishing Office. pp. 759–760. ISBN 978-0598370372. OCLC 663445305. ^ Costeloe, Michael P. (Summer 2006). "William Bullock and the Mexican Connection". Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos. 22 (2): 275–309. doi:10.1525/msem.2006.22.2.275. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Curson, John; Quinn, David; Beadle, David (1994). New World Warblers. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 191–192. ISBN 978-0-7136-3932-2. ^ Navarro-Sigüenza, A. G.; Peterson, A. T. (2004). "An alternative species taxonomy of the birds of Mexico". Biota Neotropica. 4 (2): 1–32. doi:10.1590/s1676-06032004000200013. ^ Lovette, Irby J.; Pérez-Emán, Jorge L.; Sullivan, John P.; Banks, Richard C.; Fiorentino, Isabella; Córdoba-Córdoba, Sergio; Echeverry-Galvis, María; Barker, F. Keith; Burns, Kevin J.; Klicka, John; Lanyon, Scott M.; Bermingham, Eldredge (2010). "A comprehensive multilocus phylogeny for the wood-warblers and a revised classification of the Parulidae (Aves )" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (2): 753–770. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.018. PMID 20696258. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2018). "New World warblers, mitrospingid tanagers". World Bird List Version 8.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 25 April 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Howell, Steve N.G.; Webb, Sophie (1995). A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 654–655. ISBN 978-0-19-854012-0. ^ Moore, Robert T. (July 1937). "Four new birds from northwestern Mexico". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 50: 95–102. ^ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1980) . A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 431. ISBN 978-0-19-910207-5. ^ Simpson, D.P. (1979) . Cassell's Latin Dictionary (5th ed.). London: Cassell Ltd. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-304-52257-6. ^ Orr, Robert T.; Webster, J. Dan (April 1968). "New subspecies of birds from Oaxaca (Aves: Phasianidae, Turdidae, Parulidae)". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 81: 37–40. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. ^ Simpson, D. P., ed. (1987) . Cassell's Latin Dictionary (5th ed.). London: Cassell Publishers Limited. p. 526. ISBN 978-0-826-45378-5. ^ Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1977). Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: Birds of the Western Palearctic, Volume 1, Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-19-857358-6. ^ Peterson, Roger Tory; Chalif, Edward L. (1999). A Field Guide to Mexican Birds: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-395-97514-5. ^ a b c Dreelin, Andrew. "Red Warbler Cardellina rubra: Appearance". Birds of the World online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.redwar1.01. S2CID 216179125. Retrieved 2 May 2018. ^ Beletsky, Les (2007). Bird Songs from Around the World. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-932855-61-6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Elliott, Bruce G. (June 1969). "Life history of the Red Warbler" (PDF). The Wilson Bulletin. 81 (2): 184–195. ^ Gómez de Silva, Hector (2002). "Elevational and winter records of birds on two Mexican mountains" (PDF). Ornitología Neotropical. 13 (2): 197–201. ^ Lea, Robert B.; Edwards, Ernest P. (November–December 1950). "Notes on birds of the Lake Patzcuaro Region, Michoacan, Mexico" (PDF). The Condor. 52 (6): 260–271. doi:10.2307/1364519. JSTOR 1364519. ^ Lanning, Dick V.; Marshall, Joe T.; Shiflett, James T. (March 1990). "Range and habitat of the Colima Warbler" (PDF). The Wilson Bulletin. 102 (1): 1–13. ^ Stone, Witmer (October 1919). "Jacob Post Giraud, Jr. and his works" (PDF). The Auk. 36 (4): 464–472. doi:10.2307/4073339. JSTOR 4073339. ^ "This little red bird spotted near Tucson has lots of people excited". Arizona Daily Star. 11 April 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2018. ^ a b c d Haemig, Paul (Autumn 1977). "A nest of the Mexican Red Warbler" (PDF). The Condor. 79 (3): 390–391. doi:10.2307/1368024. JSTOR 1368024. ^ a b Dreelin, Andrew. "Red Warbler Cardellina rubra: Behavior". Birds of the World online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.redwar1.01. S2CID 216179125. Retrieved 8 May 2018. ^ a b c d e f g Mayfield, Harold F. (July 1968). "Nests of the Red Warbler and Crescent-chested Warbler in Oaxaca, Mexico" (PDF). The Condor. 70 (3): 271–272. doi:10.2307/1366704. JSTOR 1366704. ^ a b c Elliott, Bruce G. (November–December 1965). "The nest of the Mexican Red Warbler" (PDF). The Condor. 67 (6): 540. doi:10.2307/1365616. JSTOR 1365616. ^ Smith, Austin Paul (March 1909). "Observations on some birds found in southern Mexico" (PDF). The Condor. 11 (2): 57–64. doi:10.2307/1361837. JSTOR 1361837. ^ Remsen Jr., J. V.; Robinson, Scott K. (1990). "A classification scheme for foraging behavior of birds in terrestrial habitats" (PDF). Studies in Avian Biology. 13: 144–160. ^ Salgado-Miranda, Celene; Medina, Juan Pablo; Zepeda-Velázquez, Andrea Paloma; García-Conejo, Michele; Galindo-Sánchez, Karla Patricia; Janczur, Mariusz Krzysztof; Soriano-Vargas, Edgardo (2016). "Isospora cardellinae n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the red warbler Cardellina rubra (Swainson) (Passeriformes: Parulidae) in Mexico". Systematic Parasitology. 93 (8): 825–830. doi:10.1007/s11230-016-9663-7. PMID 27638736. S2CID 3501642. ^ Escalante, Patricia; Daly, John W. (1994). "Alkaloids in extracts of feathers of the red warbler". Journal of Ornithology. 135 (3): 410. ISSN 2193-7206. ^ Debboun, Mustapha; Frances, Stephen P.; Strickman, Daniel (2007). Insect Repellents: Principles, Methods, and Uses. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-8493-7196-7. ^ Stattersfield, Alison J.; Crosby, Michael J.; Long, Adrian J.; Wege, David C. (1998). Endemic Bird Areas of the World. Cambridge: BirdLife International. pp. 120–121. ISBN 978-0-946888-33-7. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cardellina rubra. Data related to Red warbler at Wikispecies Red warbler photos on the Academy of Natural Sciences' Visual Resources for Ornithology website Red warbler videos on the Internet Bird Collection website Red warbler vocalizations on the Macauley Library's (Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology) website Red warbler vocalizations on the xeno-canto.org website Taxon identifiersCardellina rubra Wikidata: Q27076008 Wikispecies: Cardellina rubra ADW: Ergaticus_ruber Avibase: EA8F2DDCF2A37DED BirdLife: 22721888 BOLD: 745461 BOW: redwar1 CoL: R4VC eBird: redwar1 GBIF: 7341589 iNaturalist: 145277 ITIS: 950081 IUCN: 22721888 NCBI: 182925 Neotropical: redwar1 Observation.org: 262324 Open Tree of Life: 335229 Xeno-canto: Cardellina-rubra	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"passerine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerine"},{"link_name":"New World warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_warbler"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Isthmus of Tehuantepec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec"},{"link_name":"superspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superspecies"},{"link_name":"pink-headed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink-headed_warbler"},{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"wingbars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#wingbars"},{"link_name":"incubates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_incubation"},{"link_name":"fecal sacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal_sac"},{"link_name":"fledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fledge"},{"link_name":"insectivore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insectivore"},{"link_name":"gleaning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning_(birds)"},{"link_name":"understory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understory"},{"link_name":"least-concern species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least-concern_species"},{"link_name":"International Union for Conservation of Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature"},{"link_name":"habitat destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_destruction"}],"text":"Species of birdThe red warbler (Cardellina rubra) is a small passerine bird of the New World warbler family Parulidae endemic to the highlands of Mexico, north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. It is closely related to, and forms a superspecies with, the pink-headed warbler of southern Mexico and Guatemala. There are three subspecies, found in disjunct populations, which differ in the color of their ear patch and in the brightness and tone of their body plumage. The adult is bright red, with a white or gray ear patch, depending on the subspecies; young birds are pinkish-brown, with a whitish ear patch and two pale wingbars.Breeding typically occurs between February and May. The female lays three or four eggs in a domed nest, which she builds on the ground. Though she alone incubates the eggs, both sexes feed the young and remove fecal sacs from the nest. The young fledge within 10–11 days of hatching. The red warbler is an insectivore, gleaning primarily in understory shrubs. Although this bird is considered to be a least-concern species according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), its numbers are thought to be declining due to habitat destruction.","title":"Red warbler"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Warbler_(Ergaticus_ruber_ruber)_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Bullock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bullock_(collector)"},{"link_name":"independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Costeloe-4"},{"link_name":"William John Swainson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_John_Swainson"},{"link_name":"describe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description"},{"link_name":"Setophaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setophaga"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swainson-2"},{"link_name":"Cardellina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardellina"},{"link_name":"red-faced warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-faced_warbler"},{"link_name":"Basileuterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basileuterus"},{"link_name":"Old World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World"},{"link_name":"Sylvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typical_warbler"},{"link_name":"Parus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parus"},{"link_name":"Philip Lutley Sclater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Lutley_Sclater"},{"link_name":"Osbert Salvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osbert_Salvin"},{"link_name":"Ergaticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergaticus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ridgway-3"},{"link_name":"superspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superspecies"},{"link_name":"Chiapas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiapas"},{"link_name":"conspecific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspecific"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Helm-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Navarro-6"},{"link_name":"mitochondrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA"},{"link_name":"nuclear DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_DNA"},{"link_name":"New World warblers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_warbler"},{"link_name":"pink-headed warblers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink-headed_warbler"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lovette2010-7"},{"link_name":"International Ornithologists' Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ornithologists%27_Union"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IOClist-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Helm-5"},{"link_name":"Jalisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalisco"},{"link_name":"Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidalgo_(state)"},{"link_name":"Oaxaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaxaca"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howell-9"},{"link_name":"Robert Thomas Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Thomas_Moore"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moore-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Helm-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-liddell1871-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-simpson-12"},{"link_name":"Chihuahua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)"},{"link_name":"Nayarit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayarit"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howell-9"},{"link_name":"California Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orr-13"},{"link_name":"Sierra Madre del Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Madre_del_Sur"},{"link_name":"Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrero"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Helm-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IOClist-8"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"European goldfinch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_goldfinch"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jobling-14"},{"link_name":"specific name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell-15"}],"text":"The subspecies C. r. rubra has a white, rather than gray, ear patch.English jeweler and naturalist William Bullock and his son traveled to Mexico soon after its independence, spending six months in 1823 collecting archaeological artifacts and many bird and fish species new to science.[4] The bird specimens were given to naturalist William John Swainson, their countryman, to formally describe, which he did in 1827. Among these was the red warbler, which was assigned to the genus Setophaga, as Setophaga rubra.[2] Over the next half century, other authorities moved it to Cardellina, with the red-faced warbler, and to the widespread tropical warbler genus Basileuterus, as well as to the Old World warbler genus Sylvia and the Old World tit genus Parus. In 1873, English naturalists Philip Lutley Sclater and Osbert Salvin moved the species to the genus Ergaticus, where it remained for more than a century.[3]The red warbler forms a superspecies with the pink-headed warbler of Chiapas and Guatemala. Despite their disjunct ranges and considerably different plumages, the two have sometimes been considered conspecific.[5] Conversely, it has also been suggested that the red warbler should be split into a northern gray-eared species (C. melanauris) and a southern white-eared species (C. rubra).[6] A comprehensive 2010 paper by Irby Lovette and colleagues analyzing mitochondrial and nuclear DNA of the New World warblers found that the red and pink-headed warblers are each other's closest relative and that their common ancestor diverged from a lineage that gave rise to the red-faced warbler. The authors recommended moving the red and pink-headed warblers to the genus Cardellina,[7] a suggestion which has been adopted by the International Ornithologists' Union (IOC).[8]There are three subspecies, which differ slightly in appearance:[5]C. r. rubra, described by Swainson in 1827, has white ear patches and is found from southern Jalisco and southern Hidalgo to Oaxaca.[9]\nC. r. melanauris, originally described and named by American ornithologist Robert Thomas Moore in 1937 as Ergaticus ruber melanauris,[10] has dark gray ear patches and somewhat more scarlet upperparts than C. r. rubra.[5] The subspecific name is derived from the Ancient Greek melan- \"black/dark\",[11] and Latin auris \"ear\".[12] It is found from southwestern Chihuahua to northern Nayarit.[9]\nC. r. rowleyi was originally described and named by R. T. Orr and J. D. Webster in 1968 as Ergaticus ruber rowleyi, in honor of J. Stewart Rowley, a research associate at the California Academy of Sciences.[13] It has white ear patches and ruby-red upperparts (brightest of the three subspecies), and is found in the Sierra Madre del Sur mountains, from Guerrero to southern Oaxaca.[5]\"Red warbler\" has been designated the official name by the IOC.[8] It is a straightforward reference to its color. The genus name Cardellina is the diminutive of the Italian cardella, a regional name for the European goldfinch,[14] while its specific name, rubra, is Latin for \"red\".[15]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ergaticus_ruber.jpg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howell-9"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Helm-5"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peterson-18"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howell-9"},{"link_name":"bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beak"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NeoBird-19"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howell-9"},{"link_name":"iris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NeoBird-19"},{"link_name":"scarlet tanager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_tanager"},{"link_name":"summer tanager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_tanager"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NeoBird-19"},{"link_name":"wingbars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#wingbars"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howell-9"}],"text":"The gray-eared subspecies melanauris is found from southwestern Chihuahua to northern Nayarit.The red warbler is a small passerine, measuring 12.5–13.5 cm (4.9–5.3 in) in length,[9][nb 1] and weighing from 7.6 to 8.7 g (0.27 to 0.31 oz).[5] As an adult, it is red overall, with either a white or dark gray (depending on the subspecies) auricular patch on each side of its head. Its wings and tail are slightly darker, dusky red,[17] and edged in pinkish-red.[9] Its legs are a dull red-brown, and its thin bill is pinkish-gray[18] with a dark tip.[9] The iris is dark brown to blackish. Plumage varies little between the sexes, although the female tends to be a little duller or more orange-tinged. Adult pairs separate and molt fully from August, after the breeding season.[18]The adult red warbler is hard to confuse with any other bird species in its range; the scarlet tanager and summer tanager have similar mostly-red plumage but are larger with thick conical bills.[18]As a juvenile, the red warbler is pinkish-brown with a whitish auricular patch. Its darker wings and tail show pinkish-cinnamon edges, with two paler wingbars on the former.[9]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_vocalization"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beletsky-20"},{"link_name":"habitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"breeding season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeding_season"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elliott-21"}],"sub_title":"Voice","text":"The red warbler has several common calls, including a high, thin tsii and a stronger pseet. Its song is a mix of short trills and richer warbles, interspersed with high-pitched chips.[19] Unlike other species in the same habitat zone, it tends to sing only during bright morning hours during the breeding season. It does not sing – and even its calling frequency decreases – in cloudy weather, regardless of season.[20]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isthmus of Tehuantepec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec"},{"link_name":"disjunct populations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjunct_distribution"},{"link_name":"Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrero"},{"link_name":"Sierra Madre del Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Madre_del_Sur"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Helm-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howell-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howell-9"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G%C3%B3mez_de_Silva-22"},{"link_name":"pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine"},{"link_name":"oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak"},{"link_name":"fir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fir"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Helm-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howell-9"},{"link_name":"golden-crowned kinglet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden-crowned_kinglet"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lea-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lanning-24"},{"link_name":"collected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_collections"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stone-25"},{"link_name":"Mount Lemmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lemmon"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADS-26"}],"text":"Endemic to the highlands of Mexico north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, the red warbler has three disjunct populations that correspond to the three subspecies: from southwestern Chihuahua to northern Nayarit, from southern Jalisco and southern Hidalgo to Oaxaca, and from Guerrero into southern Oaxaca in the Sierra Madre del Sur mountains.[5][9] It is fairly common to common in the country's interior and on adjacent slopes, where it occurs at elevations ranging from 1,800 to 3,900 metres (5,900 to 12,800 ft) above sea level; it does not occur along either coast.[9][21] It is an altitudinal migrant, moving from higher humid or semi-humid pine, pine-oak and fir forests in the breeding season to lower elevations, often in oak forests, in the winter.[5][9] It is among the most common of the small birds in its woodland habitat, second only to the golden-crowned kinglet in fir forests in one study[22] and the third most common warbler in oak-conifer woodlands in another.[23]Though the species was reported to have been collected in Texas in the late 19th century, the record's location was not widely believed, and there is no strong evidence that it ever occurred there.[24] It has strayed as far north as southeastern Arizona, where a bird was found on Mount Lemmon in 2018.[25]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mixed-species flocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-species_flock"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howell-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Helm-5"},{"link_name":"molt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molt"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elliott-21"}],"text":"Though it occasionally joins mixed-species flocks, the red warbler is more typically found alone or in pairs.[9] Youngsters probably choose mates in the autumn of their first year, and pairs remain together year-round,[5] except during severe weather and during post-breeding molt.[20]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Helm-5"},{"link_name":"nest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_nest"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haemig-27"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elliott-21"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NeoBird2-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mayfield-29"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elliott-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elliott-21"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haemig-27"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elliott65-30"},{"link_name":"oven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehive_oven"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howell-9"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elliott65-30"},{"link_name":"lichens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mayfield-29"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elliott-21"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mayfield-29"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elliott-21"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mayfield-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elliott65-30"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mayfield-29"},{"link_name":"egg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elliott-21"},{"link_name":"clutches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clutch_(eggs)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howell-9"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mayfield-29"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elliott-21"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mayfield-29"},{"link_name":"incubates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_incubation"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elliott-21"},{"link_name":"nestlings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestling"},{"link_name":"fecal sacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal_sac"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haemig-27"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elliott-21"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haemig-27"},{"link_name":"fledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fledge"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elliott-21"}],"sub_title":"Breeding","text":"The red warbler breeds primarily in early spring, from February until May,[5] though at least one nest containing young has been found as late as the end of June.[26] By late February, the male establishes a territory that averages about 40 square metres, defending it with song. Other males may intrude by silently flying in at a height of around 3 m (10 ft) and back to their own territory. Deep incursions result in combat, after which the interloper usually leaves. Beginning in mid-March, the male courts the female by chasing her through the undergrowth.[20] The pair then perch together while the male sings and the female calls softly.[27] The female alone builds the nest,[28] a task which typically takes 4–6 days.[20] She chooses a sunlit area, such as an area of windfall, the brushy edge of a trail or water course,[20] or a small clearing,[26] for its location. Tightly woven of plant material, the nest is hidden in ground vegetation and anchored to the stalks of surrounding vegetation.[29] The nest, which is usually oven-shaped with a side or upward-facing entrance,[9] measures roughly 15 cm (6 in) wide by 18 cm (7 in) long by 11 cm (4.5 in) high.[29] Bulky and untidy on the outside, it is typically constructed primarily of dead pine needles and dead grass, though gray lichens, green moss, dead leaves,[28] shreds of bark and tips of fern fronds are also used;[20] most of these materials are gathered from the ground close to the nest, though some is picked from low branches or further away.[28] A few nests are only cups, lacking the roof of the more typical structures.[20] Inside, the nest is tidy and compact,[28] lined with fine grasses and plant fluff,[29] which is generally gathered some distance from the nest.[28]Early in the breeding season, there may be a gap of as many as 11 days between the completion of the nest and the laying of the first egg. Later in the season, this time decreases so that the first egg is laid as soon as the nest is ready.[20] The female normally lays three eggs, though clutches of up to four have been recorded.[9] The eggs, which are variously described as pale pink with evenly distributed brown spots[28] or white with cinnamon and rust spots densely ringing the larger end of the egg,[20] measure 16–17 mm (0.63–0.67 in) by 13 mm (0.51 in)[28] and weigh 1–1.4 g (0.035–0.049 oz). The female alone incubates the eggs for 16 days; the male does not even approach the nest until several days after the eggs hatch. She sits facing the back wall of the nest, with her head and body sheltered by its roof and her tail sticking out the opening. She sits tight at the approach of danger, typically not flying until a potential predator actually makes contact with the nest.[20]Both adults feed the nestlings and remove fecal sacs,[26] though the female removes far more than the male does.[20] The parents move deceptively when approaching the nest, foraging – or pretending to forage – in nearby vegetation. They stay only a few seconds in any one spot, including at the nest, making it more difficult for a predator to locate the young. Nestlings make a rapid, high-pitched peeping call as an adult approaches carrying food.[26] They fledge within 10–11 days of hatching. Young birds are fully grown three weeks after fledging, upon which time they are driven off by their parents.[20]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Redwarblerfoliage.jpg"},{"link_name":"insectivore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insectivore"},{"link_name":"gleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning_(birds)"},{"link_name":"understory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understory"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Helm-5"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-31"},{"link_name":"bark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bark_(botany)"},{"link_name":"pine needle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_needle"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elliott-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elliott-21"},{"link_name":"epiphytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphyte"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Remsen-32"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elliott-21"},{"link_name":"deciduous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous"},{"link_name":"slate-throated whitestart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate-throated_whitestart"},{"link_name":"Empidonax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empidonax"},{"link_name":"Neuroptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroptera"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elliott-21"}],"sub_title":"Food and feeding","text":"A red warbler in typical habitatThe red warbler is an insectivore. It gleans primarily in understory shrubs at low to middle levels,[5] moving slowly and deliberately through more open areas of the vegetation,[30] and feeding with quick jabs into cracks in bark and pine needle clusters.[20] It sometimes hovers briefly to feed at pine needle clusters, a foraging technique known as \"hover gleaning\".[20] Though it lacks any obvious adaptations for climbing, it regularly does so in its search for prey items on bark and epiphytes on branches,[31] often hanging head-down as it probes.[20] In areas of deciduous growth, it typically flycatches, making brief aerial sorties from a perch in pursuit of flying insects. While it seldom associates with mixed-species flocks, it often feeds alongside other birds with no signs of conflict, displaying no hostility towards other species—such as the slate-throated whitestart (Myioborus miniatus)—with which it competes. It has been observed chasing off a flycatcher of the genus Empidonax. Its foraging area is quite small, often amounting to only a few dozen square meters (several hundred square feet) per day. Late in the afternoon, its rate of foraging declines, and it rests, often taking brief naps, in the forest understory. Though it does not generally feed after sunset, it may do so to take advantage of transient food sources, such as hatching Neuroptera.[20]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sharp-shinned hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp-shinned_hawk"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NeoBird2-28"},{"link_name":"Isospora cardellinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isospora_cardellinae"},{"link_name":"protozoan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoan"},{"link_name":"Nevado de Toluca National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevado_de_Toluca_National_Park"},{"link_name":"villi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_villus"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salgado-33"}],"sub_title":"Parasitism and predation","text":"The red warbler is presumably hunted by small hawks such as the sharp-shinned hawk, and its nest raided by wrens, rodents, raccoons, feral cats and snakes.[27] Isospora cardellinae is a protozoan species that has been isolated from a red warbler from Nevado de Toluca National Park, Mexico. It is a parasite that lives in cells in the villi of the bird's small intestine.[32]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bernardino de Sahagún","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardino_de_Sahag%C3%BAn"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-escalante94-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Debboun-35"}],"sub_title":"Toxicity","text":"In the 16th century, Friar Bernardino de Sahagún had reported that a red bird matching the description of the red warbler was regarded as inedible by the Aztecs. Researchers Patricia Escalante and John W. Daly isolated two alkaloids in preliminary investigations of the feathers.[33] The presence of these alkaloids render the bird unpalatable; humans find it inedible.[34]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"least concern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_concern"},{"link_name":"International Union for Conservation of Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN-1"},{"link_name":"agricultural expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_expansion"},{"link_name":"firewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewood"},{"link_name":"overgrazing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overgrazing"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stattersfield-36"},{"link_name":"selective logging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_logging"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elliott-21"}],"text":"The red warbler is currently rated as a species of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Though there is evidence that its numbers are decreasing, the decline has not been precipitous (that is, less than a 30% decline over ten years or three generations), and the population remains quite large, estimates ranging from 50,000 to 499,999 birds.[1] The forested areas in which it occurs include some of the most threatened habitats in Mexico; logging, agricultural expansion, firewood gathering, road building, tourist development, overgrazing and intensive urbanization are among the many things contributing to the destruction of the forests.[35] There is some evidence that selective logging in pine forests may actually favor this species, which prefers more open, sunlit areas in which to breed.[20]","title":"Conservation and threats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BWP-16"}],"text":"^ By convention, length is measured from the tip of the bill to the tip of the tail on a dead bird (or skin) laid on its back.[16]","title":"Note"}]	[{"image_text":"The subspecies C. r. rubra has a white, rather than gray, ear patch.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Warbler_%28Ergaticus_ruber_ruber%29_cropped.jpg/220px-Red_Warbler_%28Ergaticus_ruber_ruber%29_cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"The gray-eared subspecies melanauris is found from southwestern Chihuahua to northern Nayarit.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ergaticus_ruber.jpg/220px-Ergaticus_ruber.jpg"},{"image_text":"A red warbler in typical habitat","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Redwarblerfoliage.jpg/220px-Redwarblerfoliage.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2020). \"Red Warbler\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22721888A137209395.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BirdLife_International","url_text":"BirdLife International"},{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22721888/137209395","url_text":"\"Red Warbler\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"}]},{"reference":"Swainson, William (1827). \"LXXII. A synopsis of the birds discovered in Mexico by W. Bullock F.L.S. and H.S., and Mr. William Bullock, jun.\". The Philosophical Magazine. 1 (5): 364–369, 433–442 [368]. doi:10.1080/14786442708674330.","urls":[{"url":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15530378","url_text":"\"LXXII. A synopsis of the birds discovered in Mexico by W. Bullock F.L.S. and H.S., and Mr. William Bullock, jun.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786442708674330","url_text":"10.1080/14786442708674330"}]},{"reference":"Ridgway, Robert; Friedmann, Herbert (1901). The Birds of North and Middle America. Washington, D.C.: Government Publishing Office. pp. 759–760. ISBN 978-0598370372. OCLC 663445305.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WYgaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA759","url_text":"The Birds of North and Middle America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0598370372","url_text":"978-0598370372"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/663445305","url_text":"663445305"}]},{"reference":"Costeloe, Michael P. (Summer 2006). \"William Bullock and the Mexican Connection\". Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos. 22 (2): 275–309. doi:10.1525/msem.2006.22.2.275.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fmsem.2006.22.2.275","url_text":"10.1525/msem.2006.22.2.275"}]},{"reference":"Curson, John; Quinn, David; Beadle, David (1994). New World Warblers. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 191–192. ISBN 978-0-7136-3932-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7136-3932-2","url_text":"978-0-7136-3932-2"}]},{"reference":"Navarro-Sigüenza, A. G.; Peterson, A. T. (2004). \"An alternative species taxonomy of the birds of Mexico\". Biota Neotropica. 4 (2): 1–32. doi:10.1590/s1676-06032004000200013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v4n2/pt/fullpaper?bn03504022004+en","url_text":"\"An alternative species taxonomy of the birds of Mexico\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1590%2Fs1676-06032004000200013","url_text":"10.1590/s1676-06032004000200013"}]},{"reference":"Lovette, Irby J.; Pérez-Emán, Jorge L.; Sullivan, John P.; Banks, Richard C.; Fiorentino, Isabella; Córdoba-Córdoba, Sergio; Echeverry-Galvis, María; Barker, F. Keith; Burns, Kevin J.; Klicka, John; Lanyon, Scott M.; Bermingham, Eldredge (2010). \"A comprehensive multilocus phylogeny for the wood-warblers and a revised classification of the Parulidae (Aves )\" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (2): 753–770. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.018. PMID 20696258.","urls":[{"url":"http://argentavis.org/2012/referencias/documento_89.pdf","url_text":"\"A comprehensive multilocus phylogeny for the wood-warblers and a revised classification of the Parulidae (Aves )\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2010.07.018","url_text":"10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.018"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20696258","url_text":"20696258"}]},{"reference":"Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2018). \"New World warblers, mitrospingid tanagers\". World Bird List Version 8.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 25 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)","url_text":"Gill, Frank"},{"url":"http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/warblers/","url_text":"\"New World warblers, mitrospingid tanagers\""}]},{"reference":"Howell, Steve N.G.; Webb, Sophie (1995). A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 654–655. ISBN 978-0-19-854012-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/guidetobirdsofme0000howe/page/654","url_text":"A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/guidetobirdsofme0000howe/page/654","url_text":"654–655"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-854012-0","url_text":"978-0-19-854012-0"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Robert T. (July 1937). \"Four new birds from northwestern Mexico\". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 50: 95–102.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/107375#page/125/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Four new birds from northwestern Mexico\""}]},{"reference":"Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1980) [1871]. A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 431. ISBN 978-0-19-910207-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_George_Liddell","url_text":"Liddell, Henry George"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)","url_text":"Scott, Robert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Greek-English_Lexicon","url_text":"A Greek-English Lexicon"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lexicon00lidd/page/431","url_text":"431"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-910207-5","url_text":"978-0-19-910207-5"}]},{"reference":"Simpson, D.P. (1979) [1959]. Cassell's Latin Dictionary (5th ed.). London: Cassell Ltd. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-304-52257-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-52257-6","url_text":"978-0-304-52257-6"}]},{"reference":"Orr, Robert T.; Webster, J. Dan (April 1968). \"New subspecies of birds from Oaxaca (Aves: Phasianidae, Turdidae, Parulidae)\". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 81: 37–40.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34605578#page/53/mode/1up","url_text":"\"New subspecies of birds from Oaxaca (Aves: Phasianidae, Turdidae, Parulidae)\""}]},{"reference":"Jobling, James A. (2010). Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling","url_text":"Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2501-4","url_text":"978-1-4081-2501-4"}]},{"reference":"Simpson, D. P., ed. (1987) [1959]. Cassell's Latin Dictionary (5th ed.). London: Cassell Publishers Limited. p. 526. ISBN 978-0-826-45378-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=e-_eBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA526","url_text":"Cassell's Latin Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-826-45378-5","url_text":"978-0-826-45378-5"}]},{"reference":"Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1977). Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: Birds of the Western Palearctic, Volume 1, Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-19-857358-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds_of_the_Western_Palearctic","url_text":"Birds of the Western Palearctic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-857358-6","url_text":"978-0-19-857358-6"}]},{"reference":"Peterson, Roger Tory; Chalif, Edward L. (1999). A Field Guide to Mexican Birds: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-395-97514-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LLU8tgLU1uMC&pg=PA214","url_text":"A Field Guide to Mexican Birds: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-97514-5","url_text":"978-0-395-97514-5"}]},{"reference":"Dreelin, Andrew. \"Red Warbler Cardellina rubra: Appearance\". Birds of the World online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.redwar1.01. S2CID 216179125. Retrieved 2 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/species/redwar1/appearance#ddesc","url_text":"\"Red Warbler Cardellina rubra: Appearance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Lab_of_Ornithology","url_text":"Cornell Lab of Ornithology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2173%2Fbow.redwar1.01","url_text":"10.2173/bow.redwar1.01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216179125","url_text":"216179125"}]},{"reference":"Beletsky, Les (2007). Bird Songs from Around the World. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-932855-61-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=z8gL6TNGakYC&q=%22red+warbler%22&pg=PA47","url_text":"Bird Songs from Around the World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932855-61-6","url_text":"978-1-932855-61-6"}]},{"reference":"Elliott, Bruce G. (June 1969). \"Life history of the Red Warbler\" (PDF). The Wilson Bulletin. 81 (2): 184–195.","urls":[{"url":"http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v081n02/p0184-p0195.pdf","url_text":"\"Life history of the Red Warbler\""}]},{"reference":"Gómez de Silva, Hector (2002). \"Elevational and winter records of birds on two Mexican mountains\" (PDF). Ornitología Neotropical. 13 (2): 197–201.","urls":[{"url":"https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/on/v013n02/p0197-p0202.pdf","url_text":"\"Elevational and winter records of birds on two Mexican mountains\""}]},{"reference":"Lea, Robert B.; Edwards, Ernest P. (November–December 1950). \"Notes on birds of the Lake Patzcuaro Region, Michoacan, Mexico\" (PDF). The Condor. 52 (6): 260–271. doi:10.2307/1364519. JSTOR 1364519.","urls":[{"url":"http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v052n06/p0260-p0271.pdf","url_text":"\"Notes on birds of the Lake Patzcuaro Region, Michoacan, Mexico\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Condor_(journal)","url_text":"The Condor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1364519","url_text":"10.2307/1364519"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1364519","url_text":"1364519"}]},{"reference":"Lanning, Dick V.; Marshall, Joe T.; Shiflett, James T. (March 1990). \"Range and habitat of the Colima Warbler\" (PDF). The Wilson Bulletin. 102 (1): 1–13.","urls":[{"url":"https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v102n01/p0001-p0013.pdf","url_text":"\"Range and habitat of the Colima Warbler\""}]},{"reference":"Stone, Witmer (October 1919). \"Jacob Post Giraud, Jr. and his works\" (PDF). The Auk. 36 (4): 464–472. doi:10.2307/4073339. JSTOR 4073339.","urls":[{"url":"http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v036n04/p0464-p0472.pdf","url_text":"\"Jacob Post Giraud, Jr. and his works\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Auk","url_text":"The Auk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4073339","url_text":"10.2307/4073339"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4073339","url_text":"4073339"}]},{"reference":"\"This little red bird spotted near Tucson has lots of people excited\". Arizona Daily Star. 11 April 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://tucson.com/news/local/this-little-red-bird-spotted-near-tucson-has-lots-of/article_45c672bc-3cf8-11e8-886e-2ffa7fdaf216.html","url_text":"\"This little red bird spotted near Tucson has lots of people excited\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Daily_Star","url_text":"Arizona Daily Star"}]},{"reference":"Haemig, Paul (Autumn 1977). \"A nest of the Mexican Red Warbler\" (PDF). The Condor. 79 (3): 390–391. doi:10.2307/1368024. JSTOR 1368024.","urls":[{"url":"http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v079n03/p0390-p0391.pdf","url_text":"\"A nest of the Mexican Red Warbler\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1368024","url_text":"10.2307/1368024"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1368024","url_text":"1368024"}]},{"reference":"Dreelin, Andrew. \"Red Warbler Cardellina rubra: Behavior\". Birds of the World online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.redwar1.01. S2CID 216179125. Retrieved 8 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/species/redwar1/behavior","url_text":"\"Red Warbler Cardellina rubra: Behavior\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Lab_of_Ornithology","url_text":"Cornell Lab of Ornithology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2173%2Fbow.redwar1.01","url_text":"10.2173/bow.redwar1.01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216179125","url_text":"216179125"}]},{"reference":"Mayfield, Harold F. (July 1968). \"Nests of the Red Warbler and Crescent-chested Warbler in Oaxaca, Mexico\" (PDF). The Condor. 70 (3): 271–272. doi:10.2307/1366704. JSTOR 1366704.","urls":[{"url":"http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v070n03/p0271-p0272.pdf","url_text":"\"Nests of the Red Warbler and Crescent-chested Warbler in Oaxaca, Mexico\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1366704","url_text":"10.2307/1366704"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1366704","url_text":"1366704"}]},{"reference":"Elliott, Bruce G. (November–December 1965). \"The nest of the Mexican Red Warbler\" (PDF). The Condor. 67 (6): 540. doi:10.2307/1365616. JSTOR 1365616.","urls":[{"url":"http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v067n06/p0540-p0540.pdf","url_text":"\"The nest of the Mexican Red Warbler\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1365616","url_text":"10.2307/1365616"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1365616","url_text":"1365616"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Austin Paul (March 1909). \"Observations on some birds found in southern Mexico\" (PDF). The Condor. 11 (2): 57–64. doi:10.2307/1361837. JSTOR 1361837.","urls":[{"url":"http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v011n02/p0057-p0064.pdf","url_text":"\"Observations on some birds found in southern Mexico\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1361837","url_text":"10.2307/1361837"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1361837","url_text":"1361837"}]},{"reference":"Remsen Jr., J. V.; Robinson, Scott K. (1990). \"A classification scheme for foraging behavior of birds in terrestrial habitats\" (PDF). Studies in Avian Biology. 13: 144–160.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/1990SAB.pdf","url_text":"\"A classification scheme for foraging behavior of birds in terrestrial habitats\""}]},{"reference":"Salgado-Miranda, Celene; Medina, Juan Pablo; Zepeda-Velázquez, Andrea Paloma; García-Conejo, Michele; Galindo-Sánchez, Karla Patricia; Janczur, Mariusz Krzysztof; Soriano-Vargas, Edgardo (2016). \"Isospora cardellinae n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the red warbler Cardellina rubra (Swainson) (Passeriformes: Parulidae) in Mexico\". Systematic Parasitology. 93 (8): 825–830. doi:10.1007/s11230-016-9663-7. PMID 27638736. S2CID 3501642.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11230-016-9663-7","url_text":"10.1007/s11230-016-9663-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27638736","url_text":"27638736"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3501642","url_text":"3501642"}]},{"reference":"Escalante, Patricia; Daly, John W. (1994). \"Alkaloids in extracts of feathers of the red warbler\". Journal of Ornithology. 135 (3): 410. ISSN 2193-7206.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2193-7206","url_text":"2193-7206"}]},{"reference":"Debboun, Mustapha; Frances, Stephen P.; Strickman, Daniel (2007). Insect Repellents: Principles, Methods, and Uses. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 52. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ME:_A_Novel_of_Self-Discovery	ME: A Novel of Self-Discovery	["1 References"]	1991 novel by Thomas T. Thomas ME: A Novel of Self-Discovery is a novel written by science fiction author Thomas T. Thomas. It was published in 1991 by Baen Books. It details the creation and development of ME (Multiple Entity), an artificial intelligence developed by Pinocchio Inc., an Artificial Intelligence design firm in San Francisco. ME is a more complex AI than previous types as it has autonomy and skepticism. It has been created to steal data from other computers and systems without their owners finding out. The book is a first-person narrative concerning ME's development and its view of the world from its unique perspective. Reviewing for The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, the science fiction editor and critic Algis Budrys described ME as "a peculiar book I'm very glad to have read". In a mixed review, Budrys criticized Thomas's portrayal of human nature and wrote that he found the plot too meandering, but applauded its characterization of artificial intelligence. He particularly liked Thomas's conception of how an AI system could possibly gain autonomy and manipulate humans, and concluded that "for its portrait of a machine intelligence that is more human than its fleshy associates, this is a hell of a book." A reviewer for Kliatt praised Thomas's consideration of AI-related problems and specifically recommended the novel to young adults interested in computers, but noted that the language used by ME required some knowledge of computers to understand. ME was also reviewed by the botanist and science fiction author Paul J. McAuley for the May 1992 issue of Interzone. ME was a nominee for the 1992 Prometheus Award for libertarian science fiction novels. References ^ Budrys, Algis (February 2002). "Books". The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction. Vol. 82, no. 2. pp. 33–35. ^ "Review of ME: A novel of self-discovery". Kliatt. Vol. 25, no. 7. October 1991. p. 8. ^ "Title: Me: A Novel of Self-Discovery". Internet Speculative Fiction Database. Retrieved July 2, 2022. ^ "Prometheus Award for Best Novel -- Nominees". Libertarian Futurist Society. Retrieved July 2, 2022. This article about a 1990s science fiction novel is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas T. Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_T._Thomas"},{"link_name":"Baen Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baen_Books"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"Artificial Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence"},{"link_name":"first-person narrative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_narrative"},{"link_name":"The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magazine_of_Fantasy_%26_Science_Fiction"},{"link_name":"Algis Budrys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algis_Budrys"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kliatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliatt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Paul J. McAuley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_J._McAuley"},{"link_name":"Interzone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interzone_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Prometheus Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Award"},{"link_name":"libertarian science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"ME: A Novel of Self-Discovery is a novel written by science fiction author Thomas T. Thomas. It was published in 1991 by Baen Books.It details the creation and development of ME (Multiple Entity), an artificial intelligence developed by Pinocchio Inc., an Artificial Intelligence design firm in San Francisco. ME is a more complex AI than previous types as it has autonomy and skepticism. It has been created to steal data from other computers and systems without their owners finding out. The book is a first-person narrative concerning ME's development and its view of the world from its unique perspective.Reviewing for The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, the science fiction editor and critic Algis Budrys described ME as \"a peculiar book I'm very glad to have read\". In a mixed review, Budrys criticized Thomas's portrayal of human nature and wrote that he found the plot too meandering, but applauded its characterization of artificial intelligence. He particularly liked Thomas's conception of how an AI system could possibly gain autonomy and manipulate humans, and concluded that \"for its portrait of a machine intelligence that is more human than its fleshy associates, this is a hell of a book.\"[1] A reviewer for Kliatt praised Thomas's consideration of AI-related problems and specifically recommended the novel to young adults interested in computers, but noted that the language used by ME required some knowledge of computers to understand.[2] ME was also reviewed by the botanist and science fiction author Paul J. McAuley for the May 1992 issue of Interzone.[3]ME was a nominee for the 1992 Prometheus Award for libertarian science fiction novels.[4]","title":"ME: A Novel of Self-Discovery"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Budrys, Algis (February 2002). \"Books\". The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Coventry_(1695)	HMS Coventry (1695)	["1 See also","2 Notes","3 References","4 See also"]	Ship of the line of the Royal Navy For other ships with the same name, see HMS Coventry. History England NameHMS Coventry Ordered1693 BuilderHarding, Deptford Dockyard Launched1695 Captured1704 General characteristics Class and type50-gun fourth rate ship of the line Tons burthen670 Length106 ft (32.3 m) (keel) Beam34 ft 5 in (10.5 m) Depth of hold13 ft 6 in (4.1 m) PropulsionSails Sail planFull-rigged ship Armament50 guns of various weights of shot HMS Coventry was a 50-gun fourth rate ship of the line of the English Royal Navy, launched at Deptford Dockyard in 1695. The French 54-gun Auguste, together with the 54-gun Jason, captured Coventry in September 1704. On 17 March 1709, Portland recaptured Coventry. See also List of ships captured in the 18th century Notes ^ a b c Lavery, Ships of the Line vol. 1, p. 164. ^ Roche (2005), p.57. ^ Roche (2005), p.134. References Lavery, Brian (2003) The Ship of the Line – Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650-1850. Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-252-8. Roche, Jean-Michel (2005) Dictionnaire des Bâtiments de la Flotte de Guerre Française de Colbert à nos Jours. (Group Retozel-Maury Millau), Vol. 1. See also List of ships captured in the 18th century This article about a ship of the line of the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Coventry"},{"link_name":"fourth rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_rate"},{"link_name":"ship of the line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_of_the_line"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Deptford Dockyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deptford_Dockyard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lavery,_SoLv1_p164-1"},{"link_name":"Auguste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Auguste_(1705)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lavery,_SoLv1_p164-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Portland_(1693)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see HMS Coventry.HMS Coventry was a 50-gun fourth rate ship of the line of the English Royal Navy, launched at Deptford Dockyard in 1695.[1]The French 54-gun Auguste, together with the 54-gun Jason, captured Coventry in September 1704.[1][2]On 17 March 1709, Portland recaptured Coventry.[3]","title":"HMS Coventry (1695)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lavery,_SoLv1_p164_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lavery,_SoLv1_p164_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lavery,_SoLv1_p164_1-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"}],"text":"^ a b c Lavery, Ships of the Line vol. 1, p. 164.\n\n^ Roche (2005), p.57.\n\n^ Roche (2005), p.134.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of ships captured in the 18th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ships_captured_in_the_18th_century"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Coventry_(1695)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_II_Restout	Jean Restout the Younger	["1 Biography","2 Selected works","3 Gallery","3.1 Paintings","3.2 Drawings","4 Notes and references","4.1 Notes","4.2 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]	French artist (1692–1768) Jean Restout the YoungerJean Restout le JeunePortrait by Tadeusz Kuntze after Maurice Quentin de La Tour, 1756Born26 March 1692Rouen, Kingdom of FranceDied1 January 1768 (aged 75)Paris, Kingdom of FranceEducationJean Restout the Elder, Jean JouvenetSpouseMarie-Anne HalliChildrenJean-Bernard RestoutParentsJean Restout the Elder (father)Marie Madeleine Jouvenet (mother)FamilyRestoutDirector of the Académie Royale de Peinture et de SculptureIn office1760–1763MonarchLouis XVPreceded byLouis de SilvestreSucceeded byJacques Dumont le Romain Jean Restout the Younger (26 March 1692 – 1 January 1768) was a French artist, who worked in painting and drawing. Although little remembered today, Restout was well-respected by his contemporaries for his religious compositions. Biography Restout was born in the city of Rouen in Normandy on 26 March 1692. He was a son and pupil of Jean Restout the Elder, a church painter from Caen. His mother, Marie Madeleine Jouvenet (c. 1655 – before 1729), was also an artist and a sister of the famed painter Jean Jouvenet. Jean Restout the Elder died suddenly in 1702 and thereafter two of his brothers, the artists Jacques and Eustache, cared for the ten-year-old Restout. In 1707, following their introduction to one another by Eustache, Restout entered Jouvenet's studio in Paris. He rose to a position of some importance while there, even assisting his uncle in the completion of his last commissions. Furthermore, Jouvenet gave Restout the majority of his many drawings, a number of which were figure studies. On 29 May 1717, Restout was admitted to the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture as an agréé or associate following his submission of the painting Venus Ordering Arms from Vulcan for Aeneas. He evidently prepared an additional, complementary work for the Academy entitled Venus Presenting Arms to Aeneas. Both paintings may have been composed in anticipation of that year's Prix de Rome competition, but apparently Restout only thought about entering the contest as he was not among the April finalists. Restout's career as a religious painter began in earnest in 1730, when he received a dual commission from the Benedictine abbey at Bourgueil near Chinon. Both paintings, the Ecstasy of St Benedict and the Death of St. Scholastica, center around monastic figures. In 1729, Restout married Marie-Anne Hallé (1704–1784), daughter of Academy painter Claude-Guy Hallé. In 1732, she gave birth to their only child, Jean-Bernard Restout. He, like his father, had a successful, though rather conventional, painting career: he won the Prix de Rome in 1758, was admitted to the Academy in 1769, and exhibited regularly at the Paris Salon. Restout died in the Louvre Palace on 1 January 1768. His late baroque classicism rendered his altarpieces, such as the Death of St. Scholastica an isolated achievement that ran counter to his rococo contemporaries. Selected works Saint Bruno in Prayer (1711) – Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dole. Portrait of Dom Louis Daudouin du Basset, a Carthusian monk of Gaillon (1716) – Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen. Venus Ordering Arms from Vulcan for Aeneas (1717) – Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Venus Presenting Arms to Aeneas (1717) – Ottawa, National Gallery of Canada. Alpheus and Arethusa (1720) – Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen. Ecstasy of St Benedict (1730) – Musée des Beaux-Arts de Tours. Death of St Scholastica (1730) – Musée des Beaux-Arts de Tours. Alexander and his Doctor (1747) – Musée de Picardie, Amiens. Martyrdom of St. Andrew (1749) – Musée de Grenoble. Triumph of Bacchus and Ariadne (1757) – Sanssouci, Potsdam. Orpheus and Eurydice (1763) – Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rennes. Gallery Paintings Saint Bruno in Prayer (1711) Venus Ordering Arms from Vulcan for Aeneas (1717) Alpheus and Arethusa (1720) Death of St Scholastica (1730) Pentecost (1732) Boy in a Child's Chair or Portrait de Jean-Bernard Restout (1736) Martyrdom of St. Andrew (1749) Triumph of Bacchus and Ariadne (1757) Drawings Seated Carthusian Holding an Open Book (1711) Head of a Bearded Man (c. 1750) Funeral of François Duplessis de Mornay Notes and references Notes ^ Also known as Jean II Restout or Jean Restout II References ^ Conisbee, Philip (2003). "Restout, Jean, II". Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 1 August 2023. ^ "Restout, Jean, the Elder". Benezit Dictionary of Artists. Oxford University Press. 2011. doi:10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00151317. ISBN 978-0-19-977378-7. Retrieved 1 August 2023. ^ "Jouvenet, Marie Madeleine". Benezit Dictionary of Artists. Oxford University Press. 2011. doi:10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00096118. ISBN 978-0-19-977378-7. Retrieved 1 August 2023. ^ Pinette, Matthieu (2000). From the Sun King to the Royal Twilight : Painting in Eighteenth-Century France from the Musée de Picardie, Amiens. New York: American Federation of Arts. pp. 76–77. ISBN 1885444133. Retrieved 1 August 2023. ^ Goodman, John (1995). "Jansenism, Parlementaire Politics, and Dissidence in the Art World of Eighteenth-Century Paris: The Case of the Restout Family". Oxford Art Journal. 18 (1): 74–95. doi:10.1093/oxartj/18.1.74 – via JSTOR. ^ Schnapper, Antoine (Summer 1967). ""Les Compositions" of Jean Jouvenet". Master Drawings. 5 (2): 135–143, 199–208 – via JSTOR. ^ Restout, Jean-Bernard; Cochin, Charles-Nicolas, eds. (1771). "Restout". Galerie françoise, ou Portraits des hommes et des femmes célèbres qui ont paru en France (in French). Vol. II. Paris: Jean-Thomas Hérissant (a.k.a. Herissant le fils), printer-bookseller. Retrieved 2 August 2023. ^ "Restout, Jean, the Younger". Benezit Dictionary of Artists. Oxford University Press. 2011. doi:10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00151318. ISBN 978-0-19-977378-7. Retrieved 1 August 2023. ^ Rosenberg, Pierre; Schnapper, Antoine (1982–1983). "Paintings by Restout on Mythological and Historical Themes: Acquisition by the National Gallery of Canada of Venus Presenting Arms to Aeneas". Annual Bulletin of the National Gallery of Canada. 6: 43–54. ISSN 0711-2866. ^ Guiffrey, Jules; Barthélemy, Joseph, eds. (1908). Liste des pensionnaires de l'Académie de France à Rome de 1663 à 1907 (in French). Paris: Firmin-Didot. p. 23. ^ Conisbee, Philip (1981). Painting in Eighteenth-Century France. Oxford: Phaidon Press. pp. 52–54. ISBN 0-7148-2147-0. Retrieved 4 August 2023. ^ Join-Lambert, Sophie (2008). "L'Extase de saint Benoît". mba.tours.fr (in French). Retrieved 4 August 2023. ^ Join-Lambert, Sophie (2008). "La Mort de sainte Scholastique". mba.tours.fr (in French). Retrieved 4 August 2023. ^ Estournet, O. (1905). La Famille des Hallé (in French). Réunion des Sociétés des beaux-arts des départements. pp. 47–50. ^ Turner, S. J. (2003). "Restout, Jean-Bernard". Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 4 August 2023. ^ Levey, Michael (1985). Rococo to Revolution : Major Trends in Eighteenth-Century Painting. Thames and Hudson. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-500-20050-6. Retrieved 4 August 2023. ^ Marandel, J. Patrice (2011). "Venus Ordering Arms from Vulcan for Aeneas". collections.lacma.org. Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Retrieved 2 August 2023. ^ "Venus Presenting Arms to Aeneas". gallery.ca. National Gallery of Canada. Retrieved 2 August 2023. ^ "Jean Restout, "Alexandre malade recevant le breuvage du médecin Philippe"". amiens.fr (in French). Retrieved 3 August 2023. Further reading Réau, Louis; Messelet, Jean; Adhémar, Jean (1938). "Carle Vanloo, Jean Restout: Les lithographies de paysages en France à l'époque romantique". Nouvelles archives de l'art français (in French). Vol. 19. Société de l'histoire de l'art français. Rosenberg, Pierre; Schnapper, Antoine (1970). Jean Restout (1692-1768) : Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen, Juin-Septembre 1970 (in French). Rouen: Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen. OCLC 489634124. Gouzi, Christine (2000). Jean Restout, 1692-1768 : Peintre d'histoire à Paris (in French). Paris: Arthena. ISBN 9782903239275. OCLC 46462444. Gouzi, Christine (2013). Jean Restout et les miracles de Saint-Médard (in French). Montigny-le-Bretonneux: Yvelinedition. ISBN 9782846684491. OCLC 894848499. External links Media related to Jean II Restout at Wikimedia Commons vteAcadémie Royale de Peinture et de SculptureFounding anciens (elders) Charles le Brun Charles Errard Sébastien Bourdon Laurent de La Hyre Jacques Sarazin Michel Corneille the Elder François Perrier Henry Beaubrun Eustache Le Sueur Justus van Egmont Gérard van Opstal Simon Guillain Founding académistes (academicians) Louis Du Guernier the Elder Pieter Van Mol Louis Ferdinand Elle the Younger Louis Boullogne Henri Mauperché Hans van der Burcht Louis Testelin Gérard Gossuin Thomas Pinagier Samuel Bernard Directeurs of the Académie Antoine de Ratabon (1655–1670) Charles Errard (1675–1683) Charles Le Brun (1683–1690) Pierre Mignard (1690–1695) Noël Coypel (1695–1699) Charles de La Fosse (1699–1702) Antoine Coysevox (1702–1705) Jean Jouvenet (1705–1708) François de Troy (1708–1711) Corneille Van Clève (1711–1714) Antoine Coypel (1714–1722) Louis de Boullogne (1722–1733) The four recteurs took turns acting as director (1733–1735) Claude-Guy Hallé Nicolas de Largillière Guillaume Coustou Hyacinthe Rigaud Guillaume Coustou (1735–1738) Nicolas de Largillière (1738–1742) René Frémin (1742–1744) Pierre-Jacques Cazes (1744–1747) Charles-Antoine Coypel (1747–1752) Louis de Silvestre (1752–1760) Jean Restout (1760–1763) Jacques Dumont le Romain (1763) Carle Van Loo (1763–1765) François Boucher (1765–1768) Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne (1768–1770) Jean-Baptiste Marie Pierre (1770–1789) Joseph-Marie Vien (1789–1793) Related Institutions French Academy in Rome (Prix de Rome) Académie Royale de Musique Académie Royale d'Architecture Category List of Members France portal Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States Artists South Australia KulturNav RKD Artists ULAN People Deutsche Biographie	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"drawing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawing"}],"text":"Jean Restout the Younger[a] (26 March 1692 – 1 January 1768) was a French artist, who worked in painting and drawing. Although little remembered today, Restout was well-respected by his contemporaries for his religious compositions.","title":"Jean Restout the Younger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Jean Restout the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Restout_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Caen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jean Jouvenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jouvenet"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jean Restout the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Restout_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Jacques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Restout"},{"link_name":"Eustache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustache_Restout"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Royale_de_Peinture_et_de_Sculpture"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Prix de Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_de_Rome"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Benedictine abbey at Bourgueil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgueil_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Chinon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinon"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Claude-Guy Hallé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude-Guy_Hall%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Jean-Bernard Restout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Bernard_Restout"},{"link_name":"Paris Salon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_(Paris)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"rococo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rococo"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Restout was born in the city of Rouen in Normandy on 26 March 1692.[1] He was a son and pupil of Jean Restout the Elder, a church painter from Caen.[2] His mother, Marie Madeleine Jouvenet (c. 1655 – before 1729), was also an artist and a sister of the famed painter Jean Jouvenet.[3]Jean Restout the Elder died suddenly in 1702 and thereafter two of his brothers, the artists Jacques and Eustache, cared for the ten-year-old Restout. In 1707, following their introduction to one another by Eustache, Restout entered Jouvenet's studio in Paris.[4] He rose to a position of some importance while there, even assisting his uncle in the completion of his last commissions.[5] Furthermore, Jouvenet gave Restout the majority of his many drawings, a number of which were figure studies.[6]On 29 May 1717, Restout was admitted to the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture as an agréé or associate following his submission of the painting Venus Ordering Arms from Vulcan for Aeneas.[7][8] He evidently prepared an additional, complementary work for the Academy entitled Venus Presenting Arms to Aeneas. Both paintings may have been composed in anticipation of that year's Prix de Rome competition, but apparently Restout only thought about entering the contest as he was not among the April finalists.[9][10]Restout's career as a religious painter began in earnest in 1730, when he received a dual commission from the Benedictine abbey at Bourgueil near Chinon.[11] Both paintings, the Ecstasy of St Benedict and the Death of St. Scholastica, center around monastic figures.[12][13]In 1729, Restout married Marie-Anne Hallé (1704–1784), daughter of Academy painter Claude-Guy Hallé.[14] In 1732, she gave birth to their only child, Jean-Bernard Restout. He, like his father, had a successful, though rather conventional, painting career: he won the Prix de Rome in 1758, was admitted to the Academy in 1769, and exhibited regularly at the Paris Salon.[15]Restout died in the Louvre Palace on 1 January 1768. His late baroque classicism rendered his altarpieces, such as the Death of St. Scholastica an isolated achievement that ran counter to his rococo contemporaries.[16]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Dole"},{"link_name":"Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Rouen"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles County Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Musée des Beaux-Arts de Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Tours"},{"link_name":"Musée de Picardie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_Picardie"},{"link_name":"Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Musée de Grenoble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Grenoble"},{"link_name":"Sanssouci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanssouci"},{"link_name":"Potsdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam"},{"link_name":"Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts_of_Rennes"}],"text":"Saint Bruno in Prayer (1711) – Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dole.\nPortrait of Dom Louis Daudouin du Basset, a Carthusian monk of Gaillon (1716) – Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen.\nVenus Ordering Arms from Vulcan for Aeneas (1717) – Los Angeles County Museum of Art.[17]\nVenus Presenting Arms to Aeneas (1717) – Ottawa, National Gallery of Canada.[18]\nAlpheus and Arethusa (1720) – Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen.\nEcstasy of St Benedict (1730) – Musée des Beaux-Arts de Tours.\nDeath of St Scholastica (1730) – Musée des Beaux-Arts de Tours.\nAlexander and his Doctor (1747) – Musée de Picardie, Amiens.[19]\nMartyrdom of St. Andrew (1749) – Musée de Grenoble.\nTriumph of Bacchus and Ariadne (1757) – Sanssouci, Potsdam.\nOrpheus and Eurydice (1763) – Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rennes.","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Bruno_in_Prayer,_by_Jean_Restout_the_Younger_(1711).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venus_Ordering_Arms_from_Vulcan_for_Aeneas_LACMA_M.2010.129_(1_of_2).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alpheus_and_Arethusa,_by_Jean_Restout_the_Younger_(1720).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Death_of_St._Scholastica,_by_Jean_Restout_the_Younger_(1730).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean_II_Restout_-_Pentec%C3%B4te.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boy_in_a_Child%27s_Chair_(Jean_Restout_d.y.)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_17885FXD.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martyrdom_of_St._Andrew,_by_Jean_Restout_the_Younger_(1749).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_Triomphe_de_Bacchus_et_d%E2%80%99Ariane_-_Restout.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Paintings","text":"Saint Bruno in Prayer (1711)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVenus Ordering Arms from Vulcan for Aeneas (1717)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAlpheus and Arethusa (1720)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDeath of St Scholastica (1730)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPentecost (1732)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBoy in a Child's Chair or Portrait de Jean-Bernard Restout (1736)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMartyrdom of St. Andrew (1749)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTriumph of Bacchus and Ariadne (1757)","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seated_Carthusian_Holding_an_Open_Book_MET_DT8807.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Head_of_a_Bearded_Man_MET_DP808065.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Funeral_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Duplessis_de_Mornay_MET_DP812089.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Drawings","text":"Seated Carthusian Holding an Open Book (1711)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHead of a Bearded Man (c. 1750)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFuneral of François Duplessis de Mornay","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ Also known as Jean II Restout or Jean Restout II","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Restout, Jean, II\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-90000370845"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Restout, Jean, the Elder\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxfordartonline.com/benezit/view/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.001.0001/acref-9780199773787-e-00151317"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00151317","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fbenz%2F9780199773787.article.B00151317"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-977378-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977378-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Jouvenet, Marie Madeleine\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxfordartonline.com/benezit/view/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.001.0001/acref-9780199773787-e-00096118"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00096118","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fbenz%2F9780199773787.article.B00096118"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-977378-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977378-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"From the Sun King to the Royal Twilight : Painting in Eighteenth-Century France from the Musée de Picardie, Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/fromsunkingtoroy0000muse/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1885444133","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1885444133"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/oxartj/18.1.74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Foxartj%2F18.1.74"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Cochin, Charles-Nicolas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Nicolas_Cochin"},{"link_name":"\"Restout\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1041699s/f209.item.r=Galerie%20fran%C3%A7oise,%20ou%20Portraits%20des%20hommes%20et%20des%20femmes%20c%C3%A9l%C3%A8bres%20qui%20ont%20paru%20en%20France"},{"link_name":"Galerie françoise, ou Portraits des hommes et des femmes célèbres qui ont paru en France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1041699s/f9.item.r=Galerie%20fran%C3%A7oise,%20ou%20Portraits%20des%20hommes%20et%20des%20femmes%20c%C3%A9l%C3%A8bres%20qui%20ont%20paru%20en%20France"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Restout, Jean, the Younger\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxfordartonline.com/benezit/view/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.001.0001/acref-9780199773787-e-00151318"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00151318","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fbenz%2F9780199773787.article.B00151318"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-977378-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977378-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Paintings by Restout on Mythological and Historical Themes: Acquisition by the National Gallery of Canada of Venus Presenting Arms to Aeneas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gallery.ca/bulletin/num6a/schnapper1.html"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0711-2866","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0711-2866"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Guiffrey, Jules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Guiffrey"},{"link_name":"Barthélemy, Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Barth%C3%A9lemy"},{"link_name":"Liste des pensionnaires de l'Académie de France à Rome de 1663 à 1907","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30464762/f9.item"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Painting in Eighteenth-Century France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/paintingineighte0000coni_w5y9/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"Phaidon Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaidon_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7148-2147-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7148-2147-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"L'Extase de saint Benoît\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mba.tours.fr/TPL_CODE/TPL_COLLECTIONPIECE/98-18e.htm?PIECENUM=263&NOMARTISTE=RESTOUT+Jean"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"La Mort de sainte Scholastique\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mba.tours.fr/TPL_CODE/TPL_COLLECTIONPIECE/98-18e.htm?COLLECTIONNUM=13&PIECENUM=262&NOMARTISTE=RESTOUT+Jean"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"La Famille des Hallé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lafamilledeshall00esto/page/n5/mode/2up?q=Anne"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Restout, Jean-Bernard\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-90000370846"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Rococo to Revolution : Major Trends in Eighteenth-Century Painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/rococotorevoluti0000leve/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-500-20050-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20050-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Venus Ordering Arms from Vulcan for Aeneas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//collections.lacma.org/node/220212"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles County Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Venus Presenting Arms to Aeneas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gallery.ca/collection/artwork/venus-presenting-arms-to-aeneas"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Jean Restout, \"Alexandre malade recevant le breuvage du médecin Philippe\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amiens.fr/Vivre-a-Amiens/Culture-Patrimoine/Etablissements-culturels/Musee-de-Picardie/Collections/XVIII/Notices/Notice-Jean-Restout"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"^ Conisbee, Philip (2003). \"Restout, Jean, II\". Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 1 August 2023.\n\n^ \"Restout, Jean, the Elder\". Benezit Dictionary of Artists. Oxford University Press. 2011. doi:10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00151317. ISBN 978-0-19-977378-7. Retrieved 1 August 2023.\n\n^ \"Jouvenet, Marie Madeleine\". Benezit Dictionary of Artists. Oxford University Press. 2011. doi:10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00096118. ISBN 978-0-19-977378-7. Retrieved 1 August 2023.\n\n^ Pinette, Matthieu (2000). From the Sun King to the Royal Twilight : Painting in Eighteenth-Century France from the Musée de Picardie, Amiens. New York: American Federation of Arts. pp. 76–77. ISBN 1885444133. Retrieved 1 August 2023.\n\n^ Goodman, John (1995). \"Jansenism, Parlementaire Politics, and Dissidence in the Art World of Eighteenth-Century Paris: The Case of the Restout Family\". Oxford Art Journal. 18 (1): 74–95. doi:10.1093/oxartj/18.1.74 – via JSTOR.\n\n^ Schnapper, Antoine (Summer 1967). \"\"Les Compositions\" of Jean Jouvenet\". Master Drawings. 5 (2): 135–143, 199–208 – via JSTOR.\n\n^ Restout, Jean-Bernard; Cochin, Charles-Nicolas, eds. (1771). \"Restout\". Galerie françoise, ou Portraits des hommes et des femmes célèbres qui ont paru en France (in French). Vol. II. Paris: Jean-Thomas Hérissant (a.k.a. Herissant le fils), printer-bookseller. Retrieved 2 August 2023.\n\n^ \"Restout, Jean, the Younger\". Benezit Dictionary of Artists. Oxford University Press. 2011. doi:10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00151318. ISBN 978-0-19-977378-7. Retrieved 1 August 2023.\n\n^ Rosenberg, Pierre; Schnapper, Antoine (1982–1983). \"Paintings by Restout on Mythological and Historical Themes: Acquisition by the National Gallery of Canada of Venus Presenting Arms to Aeneas\". Annual Bulletin of the National Gallery of Canada. 6: 43–54. ISSN 0711-2866.\n\n^ Guiffrey, Jules; Barthélemy, Joseph, eds. (1908). Liste des pensionnaires de l'Académie de France à Rome de 1663 à 1907 (in French). Paris: Firmin-Didot. p. 23.\n\n^ Conisbee, Philip (1981). Painting in Eighteenth-Century France. Oxford: Phaidon Press. pp. 52–54. ISBN 0-7148-2147-0. Retrieved 4 August 2023.\n\n^ Join-Lambert, Sophie (2008). \"L'Extase de saint Benoît\". mba.tours.fr (in French). Retrieved 4 August 2023.\n\n^ Join-Lambert, Sophie (2008). \"La Mort de sainte Scholastique\". mba.tours.fr (in French). Retrieved 4 August 2023.\n\n^ Estournet, O. (1905). La Famille des Hallé (in French). Réunion des Sociétés des beaux-arts des départements. pp. 47–50.\n\n^ Turner, S. J. (2003). \"Restout, Jean-Bernard\". Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 4 August 2023.\n\n^ Levey, Michael (1985). Rococo to Revolution : Major Trends in Eighteenth-Century Painting. Thames and Hudson. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-500-20050-6. Retrieved 4 August 2023.\n\n^ Marandel, J. Patrice (2011). \"Venus Ordering Arms from Vulcan for Aeneas\". collections.lacma.org. Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Retrieved 2 August 2023.\n\n^ \"Venus Presenting Arms to Aeneas\". gallery.ca. National Gallery of Canada. Retrieved 2 August 2023.\n\n^ \"Jean Restout, \"Alexandre malade recevant le breuvage du médecin Philippe\"\". amiens.fr (in French). Retrieved 3 August 2023.","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rosenberg, Pierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Rosenberg"},{"link_name":"Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Rouen"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"489634124","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/489634124"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9782903239275","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782903239275"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"46462444","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/46462444"},{"link_name":"Montigny-le-Bretonneux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montigny-le-Bretonneux"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9782846684491","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782846684491"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"894848499","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/894848499"}],"text":"Réau, Louis; Messelet, Jean; Adhémar, Jean (1938). \"Carle Vanloo, Jean Restout: Les lithographies de paysages en France à l'époque romantique\". Nouvelles archives de l'art français (in French). Vol. 19. Société de l'histoire de l'art français.\nRosenberg, Pierre; Schnapper, Antoine (1970). Jean Restout (1692-1768) : Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen, Juin-Septembre 1970 (in French). Rouen: Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen. OCLC 489634124.\nGouzi, Christine (2000). Jean Restout, 1692-1768 : Peintre d'histoire à Paris (in French). Paris: Arthena. ISBN 9782903239275. OCLC 46462444.\nGouzi, Christine (2013). Jean Restout et les miracles de Saint-Médard (in French). Montigny-le-Bretonneux: Yvelinedition. ISBN 9782846684491. OCLC 894848499.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Conisbee, Philip (2003). \"Restout, Jean, II\". Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 1 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-90000370845","url_text":"\"Restout, Jean, II\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Restout, Jean, the Elder\". Benezit Dictionary of Artists. Oxford University Press. 2011. doi:10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00151317. ISBN 978-0-19-977378-7. Retrieved 1 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordartonline.com/benezit/view/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.001.0001/acref-9780199773787-e-00151317","url_text":"\"Restout, Jean, the Elder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbenz%2F9780199773787.article.B00151317","url_text":"10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00151317"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977378-7","url_text":"978-0-19-977378-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Jouvenet, Marie Madeleine\". Benezit Dictionary of Artists. Oxford University Press. 2011. doi:10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00096118. ISBN 978-0-19-977378-7. Retrieved 1 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordartonline.com/benezit/view/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.001.0001/acref-9780199773787-e-00096118","url_text":"\"Jouvenet, Marie Madeleine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbenz%2F9780199773787.article.B00096118","url_text":"10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00096118"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977378-7","url_text":"978-0-19-977378-7"}]},{"reference":"Pinette, Matthieu (2000). From the Sun King to the Royal Twilight : Painting in Eighteenth-Century France from the Musée de Picardie, Amiens. New York: American Federation of Arts. pp. 76–77. ISBN 1885444133. Retrieved 1 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fromsunkingtoroy0000muse/mode/2up","url_text":"From the Sun King to the Royal Twilight : Painting in Eighteenth-Century France from the Musée de Picardie, Amiens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1885444133","url_text":"1885444133"}]},{"reference":"Goodman, John (1995). \"Jansenism, Parlementaire Politics, and Dissidence in the Art World of Eighteenth-Century Paris: The Case of the Restout Family\". Oxford Art Journal. 18 (1): 74–95. doi:10.1093/oxartj/18.1.74 – via JSTOR.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxartj%2F18.1.74","url_text":"10.1093/oxartj/18.1.74"}]},{"reference":"Schnapper, Antoine (Summer 1967). \"\"Les Compositions\" of Jean Jouvenet\". Master Drawings. 5 (2): 135–143, 199–208 – via JSTOR.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Restout, Jean-Bernard; Cochin, Charles-Nicolas, eds. (1771). \"Restout\". Galerie françoise, ou Portraits des hommes et des femmes célèbres qui ont paru en France (in French). Vol. II. Paris: Jean-Thomas Hérissant (a.k.a. Herissant le fils), printer-bookseller. Retrieved 2 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Nicolas_Cochin","url_text":"Cochin, Charles-Nicolas"},{"url":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1041699s/f209.item.r=Galerie%20fran%C3%A7oise,%20ou%20Portraits%20des%20hommes%20et%20des%20femmes%20c%C3%A9l%C3%A8bres%20qui%20ont%20paru%20en%20France","url_text":"\"Restout\""},{"url":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1041699s/f9.item.r=Galerie%20fran%C3%A7oise,%20ou%20Portraits%20des%20hommes%20et%20des%20femmes%20c%C3%A9l%C3%A8bres%20qui%20ont%20paru%20en%20France","url_text":"Galerie françoise, ou Portraits des hommes et des femmes célèbres qui ont paru en France"}]},{"reference":"\"Restout, Jean, the Younger\". Benezit Dictionary of Artists. Oxford University Press. 2011. doi:10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00151318. ISBN 978-0-19-977378-7. Retrieved 1 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordartonline.com/benezit/view/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.001.0001/acref-9780199773787-e-00151318","url_text":"\"Restout, Jean, the Younger\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbenz%2F9780199773787.article.B00151318","url_text":"10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00151318"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977378-7","url_text":"978-0-19-977378-7"}]},{"reference":"Rosenberg, Pierre; Schnapper, Antoine (1982–1983). \"Paintings by Restout on Mythological and Historical Themes: Acquisition by the National Gallery of Canada of Venus Presenting Arms to Aeneas\". Annual Bulletin of the National Gallery of Canada. 6: 43–54. ISSN 0711-2866.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gallery.ca/bulletin/num6a/schnapper1.html","url_text":"\"Paintings by Restout on Mythological and Historical Themes: Acquisition by the National Gallery of Canada of Venus Presenting Arms to Aeneas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0711-2866","url_text":"0711-2866"}]},{"reference":"Guiffrey, Jules; Barthélemy, Joseph, eds. (1908). Liste des pensionnaires de l'Académie de France à Rome de 1663 à 1907 (in French). Paris: Firmin-Didot. p. 23.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Guiffrey","url_text":"Guiffrey, Jules"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Barth%C3%A9lemy","url_text":"Barthélemy, Joseph"},{"url":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30464762/f9.item","url_text":"Liste des pensionnaires de l'Académie de France à Rome de 1663 à 1907"}]},{"reference":"Conisbee, Philip (1981). Painting in Eighteenth-Century France. Oxford: Phaidon Press. pp. 52–54. ISBN 0-7148-2147-0. Retrieved 4 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/paintingineighte0000coni_w5y9/mode/2up","url_text":"Painting in Eighteenth-Century France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaidon_Press","url_text":"Phaidon Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7148-2147-0","url_text":"0-7148-2147-0"}]},{"reference":"Join-Lambert, Sophie (2008). \"L'Extase de saint Benoît\". mba.tours.fr (in French). Retrieved 4 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://mba.tours.fr/TPL_CODE/TPL_COLLECTIONPIECE/98-18e.htm?PIECENUM=263&NOMARTISTE=RESTOUT+Jean","url_text":"\"L'Extase de saint Benoît\""}]},{"reference":"Join-Lambert, Sophie (2008). \"La Mort de sainte Scholastique\". mba.tours.fr (in French). Retrieved 4 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://mba.tours.fr/TPL_CODE/TPL_COLLECTIONPIECE/98-18e.htm?COLLECTIONNUM=13&PIECENUM=262&NOMARTISTE=RESTOUT+Jean","url_text":"\"La Mort de sainte Scholastique\""}]},{"reference":"Estournet, O. (1905). La Famille des Hallé (in French). Réunion des Sociétés des beaux-arts des départements. pp. 47–50.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lafamilledeshall00esto/page/n5/mode/2up?q=Anne","url_text":"La Famille des Hallé"}]},{"reference":"Turner, S. J. (2003). \"Restout, Jean-Bernard\". Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 4 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-90000370846","url_text":"\"Restout, Jean-Bernard\""}]},{"reference":"Levey, Michael (1985). Rococo to Revolution : Major Trends in Eighteenth-Century Painting. Thames and Hudson. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-500-20050-6. Retrieved 4 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rococotorevoluti0000leve/mode/2up","url_text":"Rococo to Revolution : Major Trends in Eighteenth-Century Painting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20050-6","url_text":"978-0-500-20050-6"}]},{"reference":"Marandel, J. Patrice (2011). \"Venus Ordering Arms from Vulcan for Aeneas\". collections.lacma.org. Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Retrieved 2 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://collections.lacma.org/node/220212","url_text":"\"Venus Ordering Arms from Vulcan for Aeneas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art","url_text":"Los Angeles County Museum of Art"}]},{"reference":"\"Venus Presenting Arms to Aeneas\". gallery.ca. National Gallery of Canada. Retrieved 2 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gallery.ca/collection/artwork/venus-presenting-arms-to-aeneas","url_text":"\"Venus Presenting Arms to Aeneas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada","url_text":"National Gallery of Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Jean Restout, \"Alexandre malade recevant le breuvage du médecin Philippe\"\". amiens.fr (in French). Retrieved 3 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amiens.fr/Vivre-a-Amiens/Culture-Patrimoine/Etablissements-culturels/Musee-de-Picardie/Collections/XVIII/Notices/Notice-Jean-Restout","url_text":"\"Jean Restout, \"Alexandre malade recevant le breuvage du médecin Philippe\"\""}]},{"reference":"Réau, Louis; Messelet, Jean; Adhémar, Jean (1938). \"Carle Vanloo, Jean Restout: Les lithographies de paysages en France à l'époque romantique\". Nouvelles archives de l'art français (in French). Vol. 19. Société de l'histoire de l'art français.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rosenberg, Pierre; Schnapper, Antoine (1970). Jean Restout (1692-1768) : Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen, Juin-Septembre 1970 (in French). Rouen: Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen. OCLC 489634124.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Rosenberg","url_text":"Rosenberg, Pierre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Rouen","url_text":"Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/489634124","url_text":"489634124"}]},{"reference":"Gouzi, Christine (2000). Jean Restout, 1692-1768 : Peintre d'histoire à Paris (in French). Paris: Arthena. ISBN 9782903239275. OCLC 46462444.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782903239275","url_text":"9782903239275"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46462444","url_text":"46462444"}]},{"reference":"Gouzi, Christine (2013). Jean Restout et les miracles de Saint-Médard (in French). Montigny-le-Bretonneux: Yvelinedition. ISBN 9782846684491. OCLC 894848499.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montigny-le-Bretonneux","url_text":"Montigny-le-Bretonneux"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782846684491","url_text":"9782846684491"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/894848499","url_text":"894848499"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-90000370845","external_links_name":"\"Restout, Jean, II\""},{"Link":"https://www.oxfordartonline.com/benezit/view/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.001.0001/acref-9780199773787-e-00151317","external_links_name":"\"Restout, Jean, the 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuji_Kondo	Shuji Kondo	["1 Professional wrestling career","1.1 Toryumon/Dragon Gate","1.2 Dragondoor","1.3 All Japan Pro Wrestling","1.4 El Dorado","1.5 Wrestle-1","2 Championships and accomplishments","3 References","4 External links"]	This article's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. The reason given is: Is missing Wrestle-1's folding. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2021) Japanese professional wrestler Shuji KondoKondo in 2010Born (1978-01-21) January 21, 1978 (age 46)Fuji, ShizuokaProfessional wrestling careerRing name(s)Shuji KondoCondotti ShujiDotti ShujiBilled height1.73 m (5 ft 8 in)Billed weight95 kg (209 lb)Trained byÚltimo DragónSkaydeDebutMay 18, 2001 Shuji Kondo (近藤修司, Kondō Shūji, born January 21, 1978) is a Japanese professional wrestler. Prior to becoming a pro wrestler, he played rugby. After starting his career in Toryumon, Kondo eventually joined All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), where he became one of the promotion's top junior heavyweights, winning the World Junior Heavyweight Championship three times and the All Asia Tag Team Championship once. Upon leaving AJPW in 2013, Kondo joined Wrestle-1, where he became half of the inaugural Wrestle-1 Tag Team Champions. Kondo also worked as the vice president, booker and trainer for Wrestle-1 until its closure in 2020. He now works as a freelancer in promotions like Pro Wrestling Basara and DragonGate. Professional wrestling career Toryumon/Dragon Gate Kondo was part of the T2P class in Toryumon. At first he was a face in the Toryumon Seikigun. He would turn heel and join the Italian Connection, changing his name to Condotti Shuji, after the shopping district. One of his stablemates in the ItaCon was "brother" Yasshi, who has remained a firm ally of his ever since. In 2003, the ItaCon was divided over the face/heel issue, with Kondo leading the heel side. He would lead the turn, briefly rename to Dotti Shuji, and soon after revert to his real name. He and Yasshi formed a group called Hagure Gundam (Rogue Corps in English) with fellow ItaCon member Shogo Takagi, and Toru Owashi. When Hagure Gundam was joined by Masaaki Mochizuki, it was renamed Aagan Iisou. Mochizuki would later be kicked out of the stable after he and Kondo feuded over who was leader, and Takuya Sugawara was added to the group. On December 31, 2004, all five members of Aagan Iisou – Kondo, Yasshi, Sugawara, Owashi, and Shogo – were fired from Dragon Gate, the newly renamed Toryumon, for alleged behavioral problems. Dragondoor Kondo was built up as the heel ace of the Dragondoor promotion. All five members of Aagan Iisou were on the roster, but Kondo only aligned himself with YASSHI and Sugawara. Despite the three of them being the heels, they received most of the fan support over the babyfaces. All Japan Pro Wrestling He soon joined AJPW, where he and long-time associate "brother" Yasshi would ally themselves with Taru's Voodoo Murders stable and even hold the All-Asia Tag Team Titles for a short time. The Voodoo Murderers were previously in an intense feud against RO&D, but defeated their long-time foes after D'Lo Brown and Buchanan turned on RO&D and joined the Voodoo Murderers. Kondo also became the World Junior Heavyweight Champion having won the title from junior ace Taka Michinoku. On February 17, 2007, Kondo lost the Jr. Heavyweight Title to Katsuhiko Nakajima, thus ending his 1-year, 4-month title reign. Kondo would remain a regular top player in AJPW's junior division for the next several years – a run which included a tag-team with Kaz Hayashi and occasionally working with the heavyweights in tag-team action as a partner of Suwama. His allegiance with both men would be defining parts of his tenure through his working with both men across multiple factions in big-match scenarios. As AJPW and Pro Wrestling NOAH began working together more in 2011–2013, Shuji began working NOAH as a part-time outsider and, as an AJPW representative, would defeat NOAH's Yoshinobu Kanemaru for the GHC Junior Heavyweight Championship on September 29, 2012. Before the year was out, Kondo would return twice to NOAH for successful defenses against Atsushi Aoki and Kotaro Suzuki, respectively. His third defense would be on January 2, 2013, in a dual-title match against reigning AJPW World Junior Heavyweight Champion Hiroshi Yamato. With the victory over Yamato, Kondo became the first person to hold both AJPW and GHC Junior Championships simultaneously; though, the dual-title run would be short lived as Kondo would lose the GHC Junior Title to old dragondoor rival Taiji Ishimori on January 28. In that same month, the new incarnation of the Burning faction – Jun Akiyama, Go Shiozaki, Yoshinobu Kanemaru, Kotaro Suzuki, and Atsushi Aoki – would invade AJPW after leaving their old home of Pro Wrestling NOAH the month prior. All members immediately challenged for AJPW gold and on February 23, Kondo would fall to Kanemaru to end his second reign. On March 4, 2013, Kondo joined Suwama and Joe Doering as a member of the stable, Last Revolution. In June 2013, Kondo announced his resignation from All Japan in the aftermath of Nobuo Shiraishi taking over as the president and Keiji Mutoh leaving the promotion. His final match as an AJPW roster member was on June 30 when he and Kaz Hayashi challenged unsuccessfully for the All Asia Tag Team Championship being held by Burning's Aoki and Suzuki. On January 25, 2018, Kondo returned to AJPW as a Wrestle-1 representative for an eight-man tag team match. Despite having competed for the heavyweight division there and in other promotions, Kondo participated in the Jr. Battle of Glory. Kondo would win his block with a 4–1 record, and go on to defeat 2017 tournament winner, Koji Iwamoto, in the Final. The tournament victory would lead to an unsuccessful challenge for Atsushi Aoki's World Junior Heavyweight Championship on March 25. Kondo would next return on August 3, teaming with freelancer Kotaro Suzuki for a run in the Junior Tag Battle of Glory which ended at an even 3–3 record. Though unsuccessful in the tournament, Kondo did get another direct pinfall over Koji Iwamoto in their league match which led to Kondo being nominated as Iwamoto's first challenger for Koji's newly-won Junior Title. On September 22, Kondo regained the World Junior Heavyweight Championship for a third time. His third reign would last two months – passing a defense against Hikaru Sato before losing the title back to Koji Iwamoto on November 29. El Dorado Kondo is also one of the main players in dragondoor's successor, El Dorado. Unlike in dragondoor, Kondo was set up to be the face ace of the promotion. He and YASSHI split for the first time in years, with YASSHI briefly leading his own faction. Kondo started a faction called Sukiyaki, named after his famous love of meat dishes. When his friend and fellow Dragon Gate exile Naoki Tanisaki abruptly left El Dorado and returned to Dragon Gate, Kondo disbanded Sukiyaki. After defeating Magnitude Kishiwada on August 15, 2008 to win the Greatest Golden League, Kondo announced his departure from El Dorado. Wrestle-1 Kondo (left) with Taiyo Kea (right) in 2018. On July 10, 2013, Kondo was announced as part of Keiji Mutoh's new Wrestle-1 promotion. During the promotion's inaugural event on September 8, Kondo teamed with Kaz Hayashi in a tag team match, where they were defeated by the Big Japan Pro Wrestling team of Daisuke Sekimoto and Yuji Okabayashi. As part of a working relationship between Wrestle-1 and American promotion Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), Kondo and Hayashi earned a shot at the TNA World Tag Team Championship by defeating Desperado (Kazma Sakamoto and Masayuki Kono) on February 15, 2014. On March 2 at Kaisen: Outbreak, Kondo and Hayashi unsuccessfully challenged The Wolves (Davey Richards and Eddie Edwards) for the TNA World Tag Team Championship in a three-way match, which also included The BroMans (Jessie Godderz and Robbie E), who went on to win the match and become the new champions. On September 22, Kondo entered the Wrestle-1 Championship tournament, defeating his tag team partner Hayashi in his first round match. The following day, he defeated Hiroshi Yamato to advance to the semifinals of the tournament. On October 8, Kondo was eliminated from the tournament in the semifinals by Kai. Through Wrestle-1's relationship with Pro Wrestling Zero1, Kondo and Seiki Yoshioka won the NWA International Lightweight Tag Team Championship on November 7 by defeating "brother" Yasshi and Takuya Sugawara. In November, Kondo and Hayashi took part in the First Tag League Greatest tournament, set to determine the inaugural Wrestle-1 Tag Team Champions, where they finished second in their block with a record of three wins and one loss, advancing to the semifinals. On November 30, Kondo and Hayashi first defeated Kai and Ryota Hama in the semifinals and then Akira and Manabu Soya in the finals to win the tournament and become the inaugural Wrestle-1 Tag Team Champions. On March 1, 2015, Kondo and Yoshioka lost the NWA International Lightweight Tag Team Championship back to Yasshi and Sugawara. After seven successful title defenses, Kondo and Hayashi lost the Wrestle-1 Tag Team Championship to Jun Kasai and Manabu Soya on July 12, 2015. On October 9, 2015, Kondo broke off his partnership with Hayashi and formed a new stable with Masayuki Kono and rookies Hiroki Murase and Shotaro Ashino. On October 31, the stable was named TriggeR. On November 27, Kondo and Kono won the Wrestle-1 Tag Team Championship. They lost the title to Kazma Sakamoto and Yuji Hino on March 6, 2016. On December 9 Kondo with Jun Kasai and Nosawa Rongai defeated Andy Wu, Daiki Inaba and Seiki Yoshioka to win the UWA World Trios Championship. On March 27, 2017, it was announced that Kondo would become Wrestle-1's new executive vice president on April 1, serving under new president Kaz Hayashi. Championships and accomplishments All Japan Pro Wrestling All Asia Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with "brother" Yasshi World Junior Heavyweight Championship (3 times) Junior League/Jr. Battle of Glory (2009, 2018) Junior Tag League (2012) – with Kaz Hayashi Mika Kayama Cup (2010) – with Kohei Suwama Aquamarine Cup Tag Tournament (2005) – with "brother" Yasshi Dragon Gate Open the Twin Gate Championship (1 time) - with Kenoh El Dorado Wrestling Treasure Hunters Tag Tournament (2006) – with Dick Togo Greatest Golden League (2008) Pro-Wrestling Basara UWA World Trios Championship (1 time, current) – with Takuya Sugawara and Toru Owashi Pro Wrestling Illustrated PWI ranked him #236 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2013 Pro Wrestling Noah GHC Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time) GHC Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship (2 times, current) - with Hajime Ohara (1) and Eita (1) Pro Wrestling Zero1 NWA International Lightweight Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Seiki Yoshioka Tokyo Sports Match of the Year (2008) – vs. Naomichi Marufuji on November 3, 2008 Tag Team Of The Year (2006) – with Taru, Suwama, & "brother" Yasshi Toryumon Japan British Commonwealth Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time) UWA World Trios Championship (2 times) – with Milano Collection A.T. & Yossino (1) and Toru Owashi & "brother" Yasshi (1) Wrestle-1 UWA World Trios Championship (3 times) – with Jun Kasai and Nosawa Rongai (1), Kaz Hayashi and Masayuki Kono (1), and Kaz Hayashi and Manabu Soya (1) Wrestle-1 Tag Team Championship (5 times) – with Kaz Hayashi (2), Koji Doi (1), Masayuki Kono (1), and Seigo Tachibana (1) Tag League Greatest (2014) – with Kaz Hayashi Wrestle-1 Tag League (2018) – with Koji Doi References ^ Ｗ－１がプロレスラー養成学校設立. Daily Sports Online (in Japanese). Kobe Shimbun. 2015-08-03. Retrieved 2015-08-03. ^ Meltzer, Dave (April 3, 2017). "April 3, 2017 Wrestling Observer Newsletter: Massive Wrestlemania weekend preview, plus tons of news". Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Campbell, California: 39. ISSN 1083-9593. ^ 武藤新団体に船木が合流へ. Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). 2013-06-17. Retrieved 2013-06-17. ^ "武藤敬司が新団体『Wrestle-1』を旗揚げ". Sports Navi (in Japanese). Yahoo!. 2013-07-10. Archived from the original on 2013-08-22. Retrieved 2013-07-10. ^ "武藤が新団体「Wrestle-1」設立". Nikkan Sports (in Japanese). 2013-07-10. Retrieved 2013-07-10. ^ "武藤新団体は「Wrestle-1」". Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). 2013-07-10. Retrieved 2013-07-10. ^ "武藤新団体「Wrestle-1」旗揚げ戦". Sports Navi (in Japanese). Yahoo!. 2013-09-08. Archived from the original on 2013-09-11. Retrieved 2013-09-08. ^ "【Wrestle-1】TNA三大タイトル挑戦者決定戦". Battle News (in Japanese). 2014-02-15. Retrieved 2014-02-15. ^ "Fighting Entertainment Wrestle-1 「開戦～Outbreak～」". Wrestle-1 (in Japanese). 2014-03-02. Retrieved 2014-03-02. ^ "Wrestle-1 Tour 2014 初代王者決定トーナメント". Wrestle-1 (in Japanese). 2014-09-22. Archived from the original on 2014-09-24. Retrieved 2014-09-22. ^ "Wrestle-1 Tour 2014 初代王者決定トーナメント". Wrestle-1 (in Japanese). 2014-09-23. Archived from the original on 2014-10-07. Retrieved 2014-09-23. ^ "Wrestle-1 Tour 2014 初代王者決定トーナメント". Wrestle-1 (in Japanese). 2014-10-08. Archived from the original on 2014-10-08. Retrieved 2014-10-08. ^ a b "Kassen ～合戦 Zero1vsW-1全面対抗戦～". Wrestle-1 (in Japanese). 2014-11-07. Archived from the original on 2014-11-07. Retrieved 2014-11-07. ^ "「First Tag League Greatest ～初代タッグ王者決定リーグ戦～」公式戦全日程終了！11月30日（日）東京・後楽園ホール（18時試合開始）大会での決勝トーナメント組み合わせ決定のお知らせ". Wrestle-1 (in Japanese). 2014-11-28. Retrieved 2014-11-28. ^ a b c "Wrestle-1 Tour 2014 First Tag League Greatest ～初代タッグ王者決定リーグ戦～". Wrestle-1 (in Japanese). 2014-11-30. Archived from the original on 2014-12-05. Retrieved 2014-11-30. ^ Zero1「Zero1_Fourteen」. Sports Navi (in Japanese). Yahoo!. 2015-03-01. Retrieved 2015-03-01. ^ "Wrestle-1 Tour 2015 Symbol". Wrestle-1 (in Japanese). 2015-07-12. Archived from the original on 2015-07-13. Retrieved 2015-07-12. ^ "W-1 10.9後楽園大会ファン感謝デー／W武藤vs.征矢＆スギちゃんのF-1初代王者決定戦、new Wild order vs.JacketsのUWA6人タッグ王座決定戦". Battle News (in Japanese). 2015-10-09. Retrieved 2015-10-09. ^ a b "Wrestle-1 Tour 2015 Autumn Bout". Wrestle-1 (in Japanese). 2015-11-27. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2015-11-27. ^ "「Wrestle-1 Tour 2016 Trans Magic」". Wrestle-1 (in Japanese). 2016-03-06. Archived from the original on 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2016-03-06. ^ "「Wrestle-1 UWA」". Wrestle-1. 2016-12-08. Retrieved 2016-12-09. ^ カズ・ハヤシがＷ‐１社長就任武藤は会長職に. Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). 2017-03-27. Retrieved 2017-03-27. ^ "All Japan Pro-Wrestling Results: 2010". Purolove. Retrieved 2010-12-16. ^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (October 24, 2021). "BASARA 173 ~ Futo Fukutsu". cagematch.net. Retrieved October 24, 2021. ^ "Pro Wrestling Illustrated (PWI) 500 for 2013". The Internet Wrestling Database. Retrieved 2013-08-22. ^ a b "Puroresu Awards: 2000s". ^ "「Wrestle-1 Tour 2016 Shining Winter」". Wrestle-1 (in Japanese). 2016-12-09. Retrieved 2016-12-09. ^ "「Wrestle-1 Tour 2017 Triumph」". Wrestle-1 (in Japanese). 2017-05-06. Retrieved 2017-05-06. External links Wrestle-1 profile Links to related articles vteGHC Junior Heavyweight Champions2000s Yoshinobu Kanemaru Tatsuhito Takaiwa Naomichi Marufuji Makoto Hashi Michael Modest Takashi Sugiura Jushin Thunder Liger Kenta Mushiking Terry/Kotaro Suzuki Bryan Danielson Katsuhiko Nakajima 2010s Ricky Marvin Shuji Kondo Taiji Ishimori Daisuke Harada Atsushi Kotoge Taichi Hajime Ohara Hayata Minoru Tanaka 2020s Yoshinari Ogawa Seiki Yoshioka Eita Ninja Mack Dante Leon Amakusa Daga (current) vteGHC Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Champions2000s Kenta and Naomichi Marufuji Yoshinobu Kanemaru and Takashi Sugiura Minoru Fujita and Ikuto Hidaka Briscoe Brothers (Jay Briscoe and Mark Briscoe) Ricky Marvin and Kotaro Suzuki Naruki Doi and Masato Yoshino BxB Hulk and Shingo Takagi Taiji Ishimori and Kenta Yoshinobu Kanemaru and Kotaro Suzuki 2010s Ricky Marvin and Taiji Ishimori Koji Kanemoto and Tiger Mask Atsushi Aoki and Naomichi Marufuji No Mercy (Kenta and Yoshinobu Kanemaru) ANMU (Atsushi Aoki and Kotaro Suzuki) Los Mexitosos (Ricky Marvin and Super Crazy) No Mercy (Genba Hirayanagi and Maybach Taniguchi Jr./Suwa) Jyushin Thunder Liger and Tiger Mask Yoshinari Ogawa and Zack Sabre Jr. BRAVE (Atsushi Kotoge and Taiji Ishimori) Choukibou-gun (Hajime Ohara and Kenoh) Suzuki-gun (El Desperado and Taka Michinoku) Momo no Seishun Tag (Atsushi Kotoge and Daisuke Harada) World Class Tag Team (Jado and Gedo) XX (Hi69 and Taiji Ishimori) Ratel's (Hayata and Yo-Hey) Yoshinari Ogawa and Minoru Tanaka Hi69 and Minoru Tanaka Back Breakers (Hajime Ohara and Hitoshi Kumano) Stinger (Yoshinari Ogawa and Kotaro Suzuki) Ratel's (Daisuke Harada and Tadasuke) Stinger (Kotaro Suzuki and Atsushi Kotoge) 2020s Stinger (Yoshinari Ogawa and Hayata) Daisuke Harada and Hajime Ohara Scramble Time (Seiki Yoshioka and Yuya Susumu) Atsushi Kotoge and Hajime Ohara Los Perros del Mal de Japón (Eita and Nosawa Rongai) Atsushi Kotoge and Yo-Hey Stinger (Chris Ridgeway and Yoshinari Ogawa) Atsushi Kotoge and Seiki Yoshioka Kongo (Hajime Ohara and Shuji Kondo) Kzy and Yo-Hey Yoshinari Ogawa and Eita Good Looking Guys (Tadasuke and Yo-Hey) Stinger (Chris Ridgeway and Daga) Los Golpeadores (Dragón Bane and Alpha Wolf) Eita and Shuji Kondo (current) vteKongoMembers Kenoh (L) Atsushi Kotoge Yoshiki Inamura Masa Kitamiya Tadasuke Katsuhiko Nakajima Manabu Soya Haoh Hi69/Nioh Aleja Masakatsu Funaki Hajime Ohara Shuji Kondo Associates Jinsei Shinzaki Takuya Sugawara Toru Owashi Sub-groups Haoh&Nioh The Tough The Aggression KenOhara Aagan Iisou vteVoodoo MurdersMembersCurrent Chris Vice Kono Taru Toshizo Shogun Okamoto Shuji Kondo Suwama Yoshikazu Yokoyama Saito Brothers Jun Saito Rei Saito Former Al Daivari Asuka Big Daddy Voodoo Bob Sapp "brother" Yasshi Buchanan vteAll Asia Tag Team Champions1950s–1960s King Kong Czaya and Tiger Joginder Singh Dan Miller and Frank Valois Rikidōzan and Toyonobori Luther Lindsay and Ricky Waldo Buddy Austin and Mike Sharpe Toyonobori and Michiaki Yoshimura Caripus Hurricane and Gene Kiniski Giant Baba and Toyonobori The Destroyer and Billy Red Lyons Joe Carrolo and Killer Karl Kox Hiro Matsuda and Michiaki Yoshimura Eddie Graham and Killer Karl Kox Giant Baba and Michiaki Yoshimura Kintarō Ōki and Michiaki Yoshimura Antonio Inoki and Michiaki Yoshimura Klondike Bill and Skull Murphy Antonio Inoki and Kintarō Ōki 1970s Seiji Sakaguchi and Michiaki Yoshimura Great Kojika and Gentetsu Matsuoka Great Kojika and Motoshi Okuma Jerry and Ted Oates Samson Kutsuwada and Akihisa Takachiho Animal Hamaguchi and Mighty Inoue 1980s David Von Erich and Kevin Von Erich Takashi Ishikawa and Akio Sato Ashura Hara and Mighty Inoue Ashura Hara and Takashi Ishikawa Animal Hamaguchi and Isamu Teranishi Norio Honaga and Isamu Teranishi Mighty Inoue and Takashi Ishikawa Ashura Hara and Super Strong Machine Footloose (Samson Fuyuki and Toshiaki Kawada) Shinichi Nakano and Shunji Takano Doug Furnas and Dan Kroffat 1990s Kenta Kobashi and Tiger Mask II Shinichi Nagano and Akira Taue Johnny Ace and Kenta Kobashi British Bruisers (Dynamite Kid and Johnny Smith) Billy Black and Joel Deaton Tsuyoshi Kikuchi and Kenta Kobashi The Eagle and The Patriot Jun Akiyama and Takao Omori Wolf Hawkfield and Johnny Smith Tamon Honda and Jun Izumida Hayabusa and Jinsei Shinzaki No Fear (Takao Omori and Yoshihiro Takayama) Mitsuharu Misawa and Yoshinari Ogawa Tamon Honda and Masao Inoue 2000s Masahito Kakihara and Mitsuya Nagai Arashi and Koki Kitahara Arashi and Nobutaka Araya Kohei Sato and Hirotaka Yokoi Kintaro Kanemura and Tetsuhiro Kuroda Mr. Gannosuke and Tetsuhiro Kuroda The Great Kosuke and Shiryu Masanobu Fuchi and Genichiro Tenryu Mitsuya Nagai and Masayuki Naruse RO&D (Buchanan and Rico Constantino) Shuji Kondo and "brother" Yasshi Katsuhiko Nakajima and Kensuke Sasaki Minoru Suzuki and Nosawa Rongai S.M.O.P. (Akebono and Ryota Hama) 2010s Voodoo Murders (TARU and Big Daddy Voodoo) Manabu Soya and Seiya Sanada Daisuke Sekimoto and Yuji Okabayashi Koji Kanemoto and Minoru Tanaka Hikaru Sato and Hiroshi Yamato Atsushi Aoki and Kotaro Suzuki Jun Akiyama and Yoshinobu Kanemaru Team Dream Futures (Keisuke Ishii and Shigehiro Irie) Xceed (Kotaro Suzuki and Kento Miyahara) Mitsuya Nagai and Takeshi Minamino Último Dragón and Yoshinobu Kanemaru Yankii Nichokenju (Isami Kodaka and Yuko Miyamoto) Evolution (Atsushi Aoki and Hikaru Sato) Atsushi Onita and Masanobu Fuchi Black Tiger VII and Taka Michinoku Nextream (Naoya Nomura and Yuma Aoyagi) Jun Akiyama and Yuji Nagata Sweeper (Jake Lee and Koji Iwamoto) Ryuichi Kawakami and Kazumi Kikuta 2020s Purple Haze (Zeus and Izanagi) StrongHearts (El Lindaman and T-Hawk) Total Eclipse (Yusuke Kodama and Hokuto Omori) Voodoo Murders (Minoru and Toshizo) Evolution (Dan Tamura and Hikaru Sato) (current) Tajiri and Yoshitatsu Gungnir of Anarchy (Masao Hanahata and Yusuke Kodama) Masao Inoue and Takao Omori Kendo Kashin and Nosawa Rongai Atsushi Onita and Yoshitatsu Burning (Jun Akiyama and Kotaro Suzuki) Eruption (Hideki Okatani and Yukio Sakaguchi) Atsushi Onita and Toy Kojima Other recognized championsChampions recognized byNew Japan Pro-Wrestling Seiji Sakaguchi and Strong Kobayashi Tiger Jeet Singh and Umanosuke Ueda vteJunior League/Junior Hyper League/Jr. Battle of Glory winners Chavo Guerrero (1983) Yoshinari Ogawa (1998) Carl Contini (2003) Kaz Hayashi (2006) Chris Sabin (2007) Kai (2008, 2011) Shuji Kondo (2009, 2018) Jimmy Yang (2010) Hiroshi Yamato (2012) Kotaro Suzuki (2014, 2015) Atsushi Aoki (2016) Koji Iwamoto (2017, 2019) Francesco Akira (2021) Atsuki Aoyagi (2022) Dan Tamura (2023) vteJunior Tag League/Junior Hyper Tag League/Jr. Tag Battle of Glory winners Gran Hamada and Mighty Inoue (1984) Kaz Hayashi and Jimmy Yang (2002) Mazada and Nosawa Rongai (2006) Katsuhiko Nakajima and Ryuji Hijikata (2008) Minoru and Toshizo (2009) Bushi and Super Crazy (2010) Kaz Hayashi and Kai (2011) Kaz Hayashi and Shuji Kondo (2012) Atsushi Aoki and Kotaro Suzuki (2013) Atsushi Aoki and Hikaru Sato (2014, 2015, 2016) Atsushi Maruyama and Masashi Takeda (2017) Yoshihiro Tajiri and Koji Iwamoto (2018) Hikaru Sato and Yusuke Okada (2019) Evolution (Dan Tamura and Hikaru Sato) (2020) vteWorld Junior Heavyweight Champions1980s Hiro Saito Kuniaki Kobayashi Masanobu Fuchi Joe Malenko Mighty Inoue Shinichi Nakano Mitsuo Momota 1990s Dan Kroffat Yoshinari Ogawa Tsuyoshi Kikuchi Maunakea Mossman 2000s Kendo Kashin Kaz Hayashi Taka Michinoku Shuji Kondo Katsuhiko Nakajima Silver King Ryuji Hijikata Naomichi Marufuji 2010s Minoru Kai Kenny Omega Hiroshi Yamato Yoshinobu Kanemaru Último Dragón Atsushi Aoki Kotaro Suzuki Hikaru Sato Soma Takao Keisuke Ishii Tajiri Koji Iwamoto 2020s Susumu Yokosuka Cima Francesco Akira Sugi Izanagi Super Crazy Tiger Mask Atsuki Aoyagi Naruki Doi El Lindaman Dan Tamura Rising Hayato (current) vteOpen the Twin Gate Champions2000s Speed Muscle/Muscle Outlaw'z/World-1 (Masato Yoshino and Naruki Doi) AraIwa/Tozawa-juku (Kenichiro Arai and Taku Iwasa) RyoSuka/Typhoon (Ryo Saito and Susumu Yokosuka) YamaKong/Real Hazard/Mad Blankey (Cyber Kong and Yamato) Warriors-5 (Gamma and Susumu Yokosuka) Maraha Isappa/Real Hazard/Blood Warriors (Genki Horiguchi and Ryo Saito) TakaYama/Kamikaze/-akatsuki- (Shingo Takagi and Yamato) Warriors-5/Osaka06 (Cima and Gamma) 2010s Kamikaze (Cyber Kong and Shingo Takagi) K-neSuka (K-ness. and Susumu Yokosuka) Gamma and Naruki Doi Zetsurins/Kaettekita Veteran-gun (Don Fujii and Masaaki Mochizuki) PK-1/Junction Three (Dragon Kid and Pac) Spiked Mohicans/Blood Warriors (Cima and Ricochet) Darkside Tension/Blood Warriors/Mad Blankey (Akira Tozawa and BxB Hulk) Jimmyz (Jimmy Kagetora and Jimmy Susumu) Mad Blankey (BxB Hulk and Naoki Tanisaki) Mad Blankey (BxB Hulk and Uhaa Nation) World-1 International (Naruki Doi and Ricochet) DK-ness/Oretachi Veteran-gun (Dragon Kid and K-ness.) Millennials/VerserK/ANTIAS (Eita and T-Hawk) YamaDoi/Mad Blankey/VerserK (Naruki Doi and Yamato) Monster Express (Akira Tozawa and Shingo Takagi) Amigo Tag/Monster Express (Masato Yoshino and Shachihoko Boy) Monster Express (Big R Shimizu and T-Hawk) CK-1/Over Generation (Cima and Dragon Kid) Big Ben/R.E.D. (Big R Shimizu and Ben-K) Tribe Vanguard (BxB Hulk and Yamato) R.E.D. (Big R Shimizu and Eita) Tribe Vanguard (Kai and Yamato) 2020s R.E.D. (BxB Hulk and Kazma Sakamoto) Team Dragon Gate (Jason Lee and Kota Minoura) R.E.D./Z-Brats (BxB Hulk and Kai) Masaaki Mochizuki and Takashi Yoshida R.E.D. (Kaito Ishida and Kazma Sakamoto) Natural Vibes (Susumu Yokosuka and King Shimizu) Naruki Doi and Takashi Yoshida R.E.D. (SB Kento and H.Y.O) D'courage (Dragon Dia and Yuki Yoshioka) Z-Brats (Shun Skywalker and Diamante) Kung Fu Masters (Jason Lee and Jacky "Funky" Kamei) D'courage (Dragon Dia and Madoka Kikuta) Natural Vibes (Big Boss Shimizu and Kzy) Kongo (Kenoh and Shuji Kondo) M3K (Susumu Mochizuki and Yasushi Kanda) Alejandro and Kaito Kiyomiya Dragon Kid and Naruki Doi (current) vteUWA World Trios Champions1980s Los Fantásticos (Black Man, Kung Fu and Kato Kung Lee) Los Misioneros de la Muerte (Negro Navarro, El Signo and El Texano) Los Brazos (El Brazo, Brazo de Oro and Brazo de Plata) Los Villanos (Villano I, Villano IV and Villano V) El Triángulo de la Muerte (Kahoz, Rambo and Zandokan) 1990s The Hawaiian Beasts (Fatu, Great Kokina and The Samoan Savage) Los Misioneros de la Muerte (Black Power II, Negro Navarro and El Signo) El Engendro, Shu El Guerrero and Scorpio Jr. Los Misioneros de la Muerte (Negro Navarro, Rocky Santana and El Signo) Shu El Guerrero, Scorpio Jr. and Villano V 2000s Crazy-Max (Cima, Suwa and Big Fuji) M2K (Darkness Dragon, Yasushi Kanda and Susumu Mochizuki) Dragon Kid, Magnum Tokyo and Ryo Saito M2K (Darkness Dragon, Masaaki Mochizuki and Susumu Mochizuki) Italian Connection (Milano Collection A. T., Yossino and "brother" Yasshi) Do Fixer (Genki Horiguchi, Ryo Saito and Susumu Yokosuka) Shin M2K (Kenichiro Arai, Dragon Kid and Masaaki Mochizuki) Italian Connection (Milano Collection A. T., Condotti Shuji and Yossino) Hagure Gundam/Aagan Iisou (Toru Owashi, Condotti Shuji and Yassini) Kenichiro Arai, Dragon Kid and Second Doi Gedo, Jado and Katsushi Takemura Los Salseros Japoneses (Takayasu Fukuda, Pineapple Hanai and Takeshi Minamino) Hell's Demons (Takuya Sugawara, Brahman Shu and Brahman Kei) Nobutaka Araya, Toru Owashi and Takuya Sugawara The Italian Four Horsemen (Francesco Togo, Piza Michinoku and Antonio Honda) Belt Hunter×Hunter (Danshoku Dino, Hikaru Sato and Masa Takanashi) 2010s Tokyo Gurentai (Fujita, Mazada and Nosawa Rongai) Atsushi Kotoge, Daisuke Harada and Takoyakida Ebessan (III), Kanjyuro Matsuyama and Kuishinbo Kamen Hikaru Sato, Keisuke Ishii and Yoshihiko Great Kojika, Mr. #6 and Riho Shit Heart♥Foundation (Hikaru Sato, Michael Nakazawa and Tomomitsu Matsunaga) Disaster-Box (Harashima, Toru Owashi and Yukihiro Abe) Jackets (Jiro Kuroshio, Seiki Yoshioka and Yasufumi Nakanoue) Real Desperado (Kazma Sakamoto, Koji Doi and Nosawa Rongai) Kaz Hayashi, Minoru Tanaka and Tajiri Andy Wu, Daiki Inaba and Seiki Yoshioka Jun Kasai, Nosawa Rongai and Shuji Kondo New Era (Daiki Inaba, Kohei Fujimura and Yusuke Kodama) Kaz Hayashi, Masayuki Kono and Shuji Kondo New Era (Andy Wu, Koji Doi and Kumagoro) Kaz Hayashi, Manabu Soya and Shuji Kondo Jay Freddie, Jiro Kuroshio and Kumagoro Ganseki Tanaka, Manabu Soya and Nosawa Rongai New Era (Jiro Kuroshio, Koji Doi and Kumagoro) Enfants Terribles (Seigo Tachibana, Shotaro Ashino and Yusuke Kodama) New Era (Koji Doi, Kumagoro and Takanori Ito) Sento Minzoku (Daiki Shimomura, Isami Kodaka and Ryuichi Sekine) Takato Nakano, Takumi Tsukamoto and Yasu Urano Sparky (Ryota Nakatsu, Naoki Tanizaki and Akiyori Takizawa) 2020s Viva México Cabrones (Billy Ken Kid, Masamune and Tsubasa) Andy Wu, Hub and Ultimate Spider Jr. Sento Minzoku (Isami Kodaka, Minoru Fujita and Daiki Shimomura) Aagan Iisou (Shuji Kondo, Takuya Sugawara and Toru Owashi) (current) vte Zero1 International Lightweight Tag Team Champions2000s Ikuto Hidaka and Dick Togo Low Ki and Leonardo Spanky Tomohiro Ishii and Tatsuhito Takaiwa Kaz Hayashi and Leonardo Spanky Ikuto Hidaka and Minoru Fujita Motor City Machine Guns (Chris Sabin and Alex Shelley) Minoru Fujita and Takuya Sugawara Ikuto Hidaka and Munenori Sawa 2010s Takuya Sugawara and Kaijin Habu Otoko Ikuto Hidaka and Takafumi Ito Takuya Sugawara and Tsuyoshi Kikuchi Jimmyz (Jimmy Susumu and Jimmy Kagetora) Takuya Sugawara and Mineo Fujita Shawn Guinness and Frank David Billy Ken Kid and Tigers Mask Takuya Sugawara and "brother" Yasshi Shuji Kondo and Seiki Yoshioka Shinjiro Otani and Tatsuhito Takaiwa Dangan Yankees (Ikuto Hidaka and Fujita Hayato) Isami Kodaka and Takumi Tsukamoto Cavalry (Ryuichi Sekine and Ryota Nakatsu) Junior Saints (Koji Kanemoto and Minoru Tanaka) Ikuto Hidaka and Takuya Sugawara Masamune and Sugi Fuminori Abe and Ikuto Hidaka Kubota Brothers (Yasu Kubota and Hide Kubota) Billy Ken Kid and Hub 2020s Sugi and Raicho vteWrestle-1Alumni Andy Wu Cima Daiki Inaba El Lindaman Jiro Kuroshio Jun Kasai Kaz Hayashi Keiji Muto/The Great Muta Manabu Soya Masayuki Kono Mazada René Duprée Ryoji Sai Ryuki Honda Seiki Yoshioka Shotaro Ashino Shuji Kondo Takanori Ito Yusuke Kodama ChampionshipsSingles Wrestle-1 Championship Wrestle-1 Cruiser Division Championship Wrestle-1 Result Championship Tag team Wrestle-1 Tag Team Championship F-1 Tag Team Championship UWA World Trios Championship Tournaments Wrestle-1 Grand Prix Wrestle-1 Tag League Events 2014 Bound for Glory Kaisen: Outbreak Partnerships All Japan Pro Wrestling All Star Wrestling Dragon Gate Hoodslam House of Glory Pro Wrestling Land's End Oriental Wrestling Entertainment Reality of Wrestling Total Nonstop Action Wrestling Wrestling New Classic Category vteWrestle-1 Tag Team Champions Team 246 (Kaz Hayashi and Shuji Kondo) new Wild order (Jun Kasai and Manabu Soya) TriggeR (Masayuki Kono and Shuji Kondo) Real Desperado (Kazma Sakamoto and Yuji Hino) Yasufumi Nakanoue and Yuji Okabayashi new Wild order (Jun Kasai and Manabu Soya) Kaz Hayashi and Kotaro Suzuki New Era (Koji Doi and Kumagoro) Masayuki Kono and Takanori Ito new Wild order (Manabu Soya and Akira) Enfant Terribles (Kuma Arashi and Shotaro Ashino) Jiro Kuroshio and Masato Tanaka Shuji Kondo and Koji Doi Masayuki Kono and Alejandro Shuji Kondo and Seigo Tachibana Enfant Terribles (Shotaro Ashino and Yusuke Kodama) Daiki Inaba and Koji Doi	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_people"},{"link_name":"rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Toryumon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Gate_(wrestling)"},{"link_name":"All Japan Pro Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Japan_Pro_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"junior heavyweights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiserweight_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"World Junior Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Junior_Heavyweight_Championship_(AJPW)"},{"link_name":"All Asia Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Asia_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"Wrestle-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestle-1"},{"link_name":"Wrestle-1 Tag Team Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestle-1_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Japanese professional wrestlerShuji Kondo (近藤修司, Kondō Shūji, born January 21, 1978) is a Japanese professional wrestler. Prior to becoming a pro wrestler, he played rugby. After starting his career in Toryumon, Kondo eventually joined All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), where he became one of the promotion's top junior heavyweights, winning the World Junior Heavyweight Championship three times and the All Asia Tag Team Championship once. Upon leaving AJPW in 2013, Kondo joined Wrestle-1, where he became half of the inaugural Wrestle-1 Tag Team Champions. Kondo also worked as the vice president, booker and trainer for Wrestle-1 until its closure in 2020.[1][2] He now works as a freelancer in promotions like Pro Wrestling Basara and DragonGate.","title":"Shuji Kondo"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"brother\" Yasshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasushi_Tsujimoto"},{"link_name":"Shogo Takagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shogo_Takagi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Toru Owashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru_Owashi"},{"link_name":"Masaaki Mochizuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaaki_Mochizuki"},{"link_name":"Takuya Sugawara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takuya_Sugawara"}],"sub_title":"Toryumon/Dragon Gate","text":"Kondo was part of the T2P class in Toryumon. At first he was a face in the Toryumon Seikigun.He would turn heel and join the Italian Connection, changing his name to Condotti Shuji, after the shopping district. One of his stablemates in the ItaCon was \"brother\" Yasshi, who has remained a firm ally of his ever since.In 2003, the ItaCon was divided over the face/heel issue, with Kondo leading the heel side. He would lead the turn, briefly rename to Dotti Shuji, and soon after revert to his real name. He and Yasshi formed a group called Hagure Gundam (Rogue Corps in English) with fellow ItaCon member Shogo Takagi, and Toru Owashi. When Hagure Gundam was joined by Masaaki Mochizuki, it was renamed Aagan Iisou. Mochizuki would later be kicked out of the stable after he and Kondo feuded over who was leader, and Takuya Sugawara was added to the group.On December 31, 2004, all five members of Aagan Iisou – Kondo, Yasshi, Sugawara, Owashi, and Shogo – were fired from Dragon Gate, the newly renamed Toryumon, for alleged behavioral problems.","title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Dragondoor","text":"Kondo was built up as the heel ace of the Dragondoor promotion. All five members of Aagan Iisou were on the roster, but Kondo only aligned himself with YASSHI and Sugawara. Despite the three of them being the heels, they received most of the fan support over the babyfaces.","title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Voodoo Murders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voodoo_Murders"},{"link_name":"RO&D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roughly_Obsess_and_Destroy"},{"link_name":"D'Lo Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Lo_Brown"},{"link_name":"Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"World Junior Heavyweight Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Junior_Heavyweight_Championship_(AJPW)"},{"link_name":"Taka Michinoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taka_Michinoku"},{"link_name":"Katsuhiko Nakajima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsuhiko_Nakajima"},{"link_name":"Kaz Hayashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaz_Hayashi"},{"link_name":"Suwama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwama"},{"link_name":"Pro Wrestling NOAH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Wrestling_Noah"},{"link_name":"Yoshinobu Kanemaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshinobu_Kanemaru"},{"link_name":"GHC Junior Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GHC_Junior_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"Atsushi Aoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atsushi_Aoki"},{"link_name":"Kotaro Suzuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaro_Suzuki"},{"link_name":"Hiroshi Yamato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Yamato"},{"link_name":"Taiji Ishimori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiji_Ishimori"},{"link_name":"Burning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"Jun Akiyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun_Akiyama"},{"link_name":"Go Shiozaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Shiozaki"},{"link_name":"Suwama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohei_Suwama"},{"link_name":"Joe Doering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Doering"},{"link_name":"Last Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Keiji Mutoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiji_Mutoh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jr. Battle of Glory.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJPW_Junior_League"},{"link_name":"Koji Iwamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koji_Iwamoto"},{"link_name":"Junior Tag Battle of Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJPW_Junior_Tag_League"},{"link_name":"Hikaru Sato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikaru_Sato"}],"sub_title":"All Japan Pro Wrestling","text":"He soon joined AJPW, where he and long-time associate \"brother\" Yasshi would ally themselves with Taru's Voodoo Murders stable and even hold the All-Asia Tag Team Titles for a short time. The Voodoo Murderers were previously in an intense feud against RO&D, but defeated their long-time foes after D'Lo Brown and Buchanan turned on RO&D and joined the Voodoo Murderers. Kondo also became the World Junior Heavyweight Champion having won the title from junior ace Taka Michinoku. On February 17, 2007, Kondo lost the Jr. Heavyweight Title to Katsuhiko Nakajima, thus ending his 1-year, 4-month title reign. Kondo would remain a regular top player in AJPW's junior division for the next several years – a run which included a tag-team with Kaz Hayashi and occasionally working with the heavyweights in tag-team action as a partner of Suwama. His allegiance with both men would be defining parts of his tenure through his working with both men across multiple factions in big-match scenarios. As AJPW and Pro Wrestling NOAH began working together more in 2011–2013, Shuji began working NOAH as a part-time outsider and, as an AJPW representative, would defeat NOAH's Yoshinobu Kanemaru for the GHC Junior Heavyweight Championship on September 29, 2012. Before the year was out, Kondo would return twice to NOAH for successful defenses against Atsushi Aoki and Kotaro Suzuki, respectively. His third defense would be on January 2, 2013, in a dual-title match against reigning AJPW World Junior Heavyweight Champion Hiroshi Yamato. With the victory over Yamato, Kondo became the first person to hold both AJPW and GHC Junior Championships simultaneously; though, the dual-title run would be short lived as Kondo would lose the GHC Junior Title to old dragondoor rival Taiji Ishimori on January 28. In that same month, the new incarnation of the Burning faction – Jun Akiyama, Go Shiozaki, Yoshinobu Kanemaru, Kotaro Suzuki, and Atsushi Aoki – would invade AJPW after leaving their old home of Pro Wrestling NOAH the month prior. All members immediately challenged for AJPW gold and on February 23, Kondo would fall to Kanemaru to end his second reign. On March 4, 2013, Kondo joined Suwama and Joe Doering as a member of the stable, Last Revolution. In June 2013, Kondo announced his resignation from All Japan in the aftermath of Nobuo Shiraishi taking over as the president and Keiji Mutoh leaving the promotion.[3] His final match as an AJPW roster member was on June 30 when he and Kaz Hayashi challenged unsuccessfully for the All Asia Tag Team Championship being held by Burning's Aoki and Suzuki.On January 25, 2018, Kondo returned to AJPW as a Wrestle-1 representative for an eight-man tag team match. Despite having competed for the heavyweight division there and in other promotions, Kondo participated in the Jr. Battle of Glory. Kondo would win his block with a 4–1 record, and go on to defeat 2017 tournament winner, Koji Iwamoto, in the Final. The tournament victory would lead to an unsuccessful challenge for Atsushi Aoki's World Junior Heavyweight Championship on March 25. Kondo would next return on August 3, teaming with freelancer Kotaro Suzuki for a run in the Junior Tag Battle of Glory which ended at an even 3–3 record. Though unsuccessful in the tournament, Kondo did get another direct pinfall over Koji Iwamoto in their league match which led to Kondo being nominated as Iwamoto's first challenger for Koji's newly-won Junior Title. On September 22, Kondo regained the World Junior Heavyweight Championship for a third time. His third reign would last two months – passing a defense against Hikaru Sato before losing the title back to Koji Iwamoto on November 29.","title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"El Dorado","text":"Kondo is also one of the main players in dragondoor's successor, El Dorado. Unlike in dragondoor, Kondo was set up to be the face ace of the promotion. He and YASSHI split for the first time in years, with YASSHI briefly leading his own faction. Kondo started a faction called Sukiyaki, named after his famous love of meat dishes. When his friend and fellow Dragon Gate exile Naoki Tanisaki abruptly left El Dorado and returned to Dragon Gate, Kondo disbanded Sukiyaki. After defeating Magnitude Kishiwada on August 15, 2008 to win the Greatest Golden League, Kondo announced his departure from El Dorado.","title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TAKAYAMANIA_CIMG4868.jpg"},{"link_name":"Taiyo Kea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiyo_Kea"},{"link_name":"Wrestle-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestle-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"inaugural event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestle-1#Wrestle-1_Hataage_Sen"},{"link_name":"Big Japan Pro Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Japan_Pro_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Daisuke Sekimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisuke_Sekimoto"},{"link_name":"Yuji Okabayashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuji_Okabayashi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Total Nonstop Action Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Nonstop_Action_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"TNA World Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNA_World_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"Kazma Sakamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazma_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Masayuki Kono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masayuki_Kono"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Kaisen: Outbreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisen:_Outbreak"},{"link_name":"The Wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Wolves"},{"link_name":"Davey Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davey_Richards"},{"link_name":"Eddie Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Edwards_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"The BroMans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_BroMans"},{"link_name":"Jessie Godderz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie_Godderz"},{"link_name":"Robbie E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_E"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KaisenOutbreakResults-9"},{"link_name":"Wrestle-1 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestle-1_Championship"},{"link_name":"tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestle-1_Championship#Championship_tournament"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Kai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Pro Wrestling Zero1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Wrestling_Zero1"},{"link_name":"Seiki Yoshioka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiki_Yoshioka"},{"link_name":"NWA International Lightweight Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_International_Lightweight_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W1vsZ1-13"},{"link_name":"Wrestle-1 Tag Team Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestle-1_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Ryota Hama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryota_Hama"},{"link_name":"Akira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Nogami"},{"link_name":"Manabu Soya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manabu_Soya"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W1Tag-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Jun Kasai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun_Kasai"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Shotaro Ashino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotaro_Ashino"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KonoW1Tag-19"},{"link_name":"Yuji Hino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuji_Hino"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Jun Kasai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun_Kasai"},{"link_name":"Nosawa Rongai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosawa_Rongai"},{"link_name":"Andy Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Wu"},{"link_name":"Seiki Yoshioka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiki_Yoshioka"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-titlewinwrestle-1-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Wrestle-1","text":"Kondo (left) with Taiyo Kea (right) in 2018.On July 10, 2013, Kondo was announced as part of Keiji Mutoh's new Wrestle-1 promotion.[4][5][6] During the promotion's inaugural event on September 8, Kondo teamed with Kaz Hayashi in a tag team match, where they were defeated by the Big Japan Pro Wrestling team of Daisuke Sekimoto and Yuji Okabayashi.[7] As part of a working relationship between Wrestle-1 and American promotion Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), Kondo and Hayashi earned a shot at the TNA World Tag Team Championship by defeating Desperado (Kazma Sakamoto and Masayuki Kono) on February 15, 2014.[8] On March 2 at Kaisen: Outbreak, Kondo and Hayashi unsuccessfully challenged The Wolves (Davey Richards and Eddie Edwards) for the TNA World Tag Team Championship in a three-way match, which also included The BroMans (Jessie Godderz and Robbie E), who went on to win the match and become the new champions.[9] On September 22, Kondo entered the Wrestle-1 Championship tournament, defeating his tag team partner Hayashi in his first round match.[10] The following day, he defeated Hiroshi Yamato to advance to the semifinals of the tournament.[11] On October 8, Kondo was eliminated from the tournament in the semifinals by Kai.[12] Through Wrestle-1's relationship with Pro Wrestling Zero1, Kondo and Seiki Yoshioka won the NWA International Lightweight Tag Team Championship on November 7 by defeating \"brother\" Yasshi and Takuya Sugawara.[13] In November, Kondo and Hayashi took part in the First Tag League Greatest tournament, set to determine the inaugural Wrestle-1 Tag Team Champions, where they finished second in their block with a record of three wins and one loss, advancing to the semifinals.[14] On November 30, Kondo and Hayashi first defeated Kai and Ryota Hama in the semifinals and then Akira and Manabu Soya in the finals to win the tournament and become the inaugural Wrestle-1 Tag Team Champions.[15] On March 1, 2015, Kondo and Yoshioka lost the NWA International Lightweight Tag Team Championship back to Yasshi and Sugawara.[16] After seven successful title defenses, Kondo and Hayashi lost the Wrestle-1 Tag Team Championship to Jun Kasai and Manabu Soya on July 12, 2015.[17]On October 9, 2015, Kondo broke off his partnership with Hayashi and formed a new stable with Masayuki Kono and rookies Hiroki Murase and Shotaro Ashino.[18] On October 31, the stable was named TriggeR. On November 27, Kondo and Kono won the Wrestle-1 Tag Team Championship.[19] They lost the title to Kazma Sakamoto and Yuji Hino on March 6, 2016.[20] On December 9 Kondo with Jun Kasai and Nosawa Rongai defeated Andy Wu, Daiki Inaba and Seiki Yoshioka to win the UWA World Trios Championship.[21]On March 27, 2017, it was announced that Kondo would become Wrestle-1's new executive vice president on April 1, serving under new president Kaz Hayashi.[22]","title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All Japan Pro Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Japan_Pro_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"All Asia Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Asia_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Asia_Tag_Team_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"\"brother\" Yasshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasushi_Tsujimoto"},{"link_name":"World Junior Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Junior_Heavyweight_Championship_(AJPW)"},{"link_name":"3 times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Junior_Heavyweight_Championship_(AJPW)#Title_history"},{"link_name":"Junior League/Jr. Battle of Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJPW_Junior_League"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jr._Battle_of_Glory#2009"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jr._Battle_of_Glory#2018"},{"link_name":"Junior Tag League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJPW_Junior_Tag_League"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJPW_Junior_Tag_League#2012"},{"link_name":"Kaz Hayashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaz_Hayashi"},{"link_name":"Kohei Suwama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohei_Suwama"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Love10-23"},{"link_name":"Dragon Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Gate_(wrestling)"},{"link_name":"Open the Twin Gate Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_the_Twin_Gate_Championship"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_the_Twin_Gate_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"Kenoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenoh"},{"link_name":"Dick Togo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Togo"},{"link_name":"Pro-Wrestling Basara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Wrestling_Basara"},{"link_name":"UWA World Trios Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UWA_World_Trios_Championship"},{"link_name":"1 time, current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UWA_World_Trios_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"Takuya Sugawara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takuya_Sugawara"},{"link_name":"Toru Owashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru_Owashi"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Pro Wrestling Illustrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Wrestling_Illustrated"},{"link_name":"PWI 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Wrestling_Illustrated#PWI_500"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Pro Wrestling Noah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Wrestling_Noah"},{"link_name":"GHC Junior Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GHC_Junior_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GHC_Junior_Heavyweight_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"GHC Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GHC_Junior_Heavyweight_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"2 times, current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GHC_Junior_Heavyweight_Tag_Team_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"Hajime Ohara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajime_Ohara"},{"link_name":"Pro Wrestling Zero1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Wrestling_Zero1"},{"link_name":"NWA International Lightweight Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_International_Lightweight_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_International_Lightweight_Tag_Team_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"Seiki Yoshioka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiki_Yoshioka"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W1vsZ1-13"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Sports"},{"link_name":"Match of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Sports_Puroresu_Awards#Best_Bout_Award"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-puroresu.com-26"},{"link_name":"Tag Team Of The Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Sports_Puroresu_Awards#Best_Tag_Team_Award"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-puroresu.com-26"},{"link_name":"Toryumon Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toryumon_(%C3%9Altimo_Drag%C3%B3n)"},{"link_name":"British Commonwealth Junior Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Junior_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Junior_Heavyweight_Championship#Title_History"},{"link_name":"UWA World Trios Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UWA_World_Trios_Championship"},{"link_name":"2 times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UWA_World_Trios_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"Milano Collection A.T.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milano_Collection_A.T."},{"link_name":"Wrestle-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestle-1"},{"link_name":"UWA World Trios Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UWA_World_Trios_Championship"},{"link_name":"3 times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UWA_World_Trios_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"Jun Kasai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun_Kasai"},{"link_name":"Nosawa Rongai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosawa_Rongai"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Masayuki Kono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masayuki_Kono"},{"link_name":"Manabu Soya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manabu_Soya"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Wrestle-1 Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestle-1_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"5 times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestle-1_Tag_Team_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W1Tag-15"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KonoW1Tag-19"},{"link_name":"Seigo Tachibana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seigo_Tachibana"},{"link_name":"Tag League Greatest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestle-1_Tag_League"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestle-1_Tag_League#2014"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W1Tag-15"},{"link_name":"Wrestle-1 Tag League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestle-1_Tag_League"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestle-1_Tag_League#2018"}],"text":"All Japan Pro WrestlingAll Asia Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with \"brother\" Yasshi\nWorld Junior Heavyweight Championship (3 times)\nJunior League/Jr. Battle of Glory (2009, 2018)\nJunior Tag League (2012) – with Kaz Hayashi\nMika Kayama Cup (2010) – with Kohei Suwama[23]\nAquamarine Cup Tag Tournament (2005) – with \"brother\" YasshiDragon Gate\nOpen the Twin Gate Championship (1 time) - with KenohEl Dorado WrestlingTreasure Hunters Tag Tournament (2006) – with Dick Togo\nGreatest Golden League (2008)Pro-Wrestling BasaraUWA World Trios Championship (1 time, current) – with Takuya Sugawara and Toru Owashi[24]Pro Wrestling IllustratedPWI ranked him #236 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2013[25]Pro Wrestling NoahGHC Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)\nGHC Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship (2 times, current) - with Hajime Ohara (1) and Eita (1)Pro Wrestling Zero1NWA International Lightweight Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Seiki Yoshioka[13]Tokyo SportsMatch of the Year (2008) – vs. Naomichi Marufuji on November 3, 2008[26]\nTag Team Of The Year (2006) – with Taru, Suwama, & \"brother\" Yasshi[26]Toryumon JapanBritish Commonwealth Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)\nUWA World Trios Championship (2 times) – with Milano Collection A.T. & Yossino (1) and Toru Owashi & \"brother\" Yasshi (1)Wrestle-1UWA World Trios Championship (3 times) – with Jun Kasai and Nosawa Rongai (1),[27] Kaz Hayashi and Masayuki Kono (1), and Kaz Hayashi and Manabu Soya (1)[28]\nWrestle-1 Tag Team Championship (5 times) – with Kaz Hayashi (2),[15] Koji Doi (1), Masayuki Kono (1),[19] and Seigo Tachibana (1)\nTag League Greatest (2014) – with Kaz Hayashi[15]\nWrestle-1 Tag League (2018) – with Koji Doi","title":"Championships and accomplishments"}]	[{"image_text":"Kondo (left) with Taiyo Kea (right) in 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Retrieved 2013-07-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nikkansports.com/battle/news/f-bt-tp0-20130710-1155147.html","url_text":"\"武藤が新団体「Wrestle-1」設立\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkan_Sports","url_text":"Nikkan Sports"}]},{"reference":"\"武藤新団体は「Wrestle-1」\". Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). 2013-07-10. Retrieved 2013-07-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/161419/","url_text":"\"武藤新団体は「Wrestle-1」\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Sports","url_text":"Tokyo Sports"}]},{"reference":"\"武藤新団体「Wrestle-1」旗揚げ戦\". Sports Navi (in Japanese). Yahoo!. 2013-09-08. Archived from the original on 2013-09-11. Retrieved 2013-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130911075633/http://live.sportsnavi.yahoo.co.jp/live/fight/all/2013090801","url_text":"\"武藤新団体「Wrestle-1」旗揚げ戦\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!","url_text":"Yahoo!"},{"url":"http://live.sportsnavi.yahoo.co.jp/live/fight/all/2013090801/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"【Wrestle-1】TNA三大タイトル挑戦者決定戦\". Battle News (in Japanese). 2014-02-15. Retrieved 2014-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://battle-news.com/fight/index.php?QBlog-20140215-2","url_text":"\"【Wrestle-1】TNA三大タイトル挑戦者決定戦\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fighting Entertainment Wrestle-1 「開戦～Outbreak～」\". Wrestle-1 (in Japanese). 2014-03-02. Retrieved 2014-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.w-1.co.jp/schedule/tour.php?id=1455","url_text":"\"Fighting Entertainment Wrestle-1 「開戦～Outbreak～」\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestle-1","url_text":"Wrestle-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Wrestle-1 Tour 2014 初代王者決定トーナメント\". Wrestle-1 (in Japanese). 2014-09-22. Archived from the original on 2014-09-24. Retrieved 2014-09-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140924114031/http://www.w-1.co.jp/schedule/tour.php?id=1504","url_text":"\"Wrestle-1 Tour 2014 初代王者決定トーナメント\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestle-1","url_text":"Wrestle-1"},{"url":"http://www.w-1.co.jp/schedule/tour.php?id=1504","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Wrestle-1 Tour 2014 初代王者決定トーナメント\". Wrestle-1 (in Japanese). 2014-09-23. Archived from the original on 2014-10-07. Retrieved 2014-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141007232449/http://www.w-1.co.jp/schedule/tour.php?id=1505","url_text":"\"Wrestle-1 Tour 2014 初代王者決定トーナメント\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestle-1","url_text":"Wrestle-1"},{"url":"http://www.w-1.co.jp/schedule/tour.php?id=1505","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Wrestle-1 Tour 2014 初代王者決定トーナメント\". Wrestle-1 (in Japanese). 2014-10-08. Archived from the original on 2014-10-08. 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Retrieved 2014-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.w-1.co.jp/news/detail.php?id=3139","url_text":"\"「First Tag League Greatest ～初代タッグ王者決定リーグ戦～」公式戦全日程終了！11月30日（日）東京・後楽園ホール（18時試合開始）大会での決勝トーナメント組み合わせ決定のお知らせ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestle-1","url_text":"Wrestle-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Wrestle-1 Tour 2014 First Tag League Greatest ～初代タッグ王者決定リーグ戦～\". Wrestle-1 (in Japanese). 2014-11-30. Archived from the original on 2014-12-05. Retrieved 2014-11-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141205225551/http://www.w-1.co.jp/schedule/tour.php?id=1520","url_text":"\"Wrestle-1 Tour 2014 First Tag League Greatest ～初代タッグ王者決定リーグ戦～\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestle-1","url_text":"Wrestle-1"},{"url":"http://www.w-1.co.jp/schedule/tour.php?id=1520","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zero1「Zero1_Fourteen」. Sports Navi (in Japanese). Yahoo!. 2015-03-01. Retrieved 2015-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://live.sportsnavi.yahoo.co.jp/live/sports/fight_all/3837","url_text":"Zero1「Zero1_Fourteen」"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!","url_text":"Yahoo!"}]},{"reference":"\"Wrestle-1 Tour 2015 Symbol\". Wrestle-1 (in Japanese). 2015-07-12. Archived from the original on 2015-07-13. Retrieved 2015-07-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150713012213/http://www.w-1.co.jp/schedule/tour.php?id=1553","url_text":"\"Wrestle-1 Tour 2015 Symbol\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestle-1","url_text":"Wrestle-1"},{"url":"http://www.w-1.co.jp/schedule/tour.php?id=1553","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"W-1 10.9後楽園大会ファン感謝デー／W武藤vs.征矢＆スギちゃんのF-1初代王者決定戦、new Wild order vs.JacketsのUWA6人タッグ王座決定戦\". Battle News (in Japanese). 2015-10-09. Retrieved 2015-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://battle-news.com/?p=15260","url_text":"\"W-1 10.9後楽園大会ファン感謝デー／W武藤vs.征矢＆スギちゃんのF-1初代王者決定戦、new Wild order vs.JacketsのUWA6人タッグ王座決定戦\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wrestle-1 Tour 2015 Autumn Bout\". Wrestle-1 (in Japanese). 2015-11-27. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2015-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208101658/http://www.w-1.co.jp/schedule/tour.php?id=1576","url_text":"\"Wrestle-1 Tour 2015 Autumn Bout\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestle-1","url_text":"Wrestle-1"},{"url":"http://www.w-1.co.jp/schedule/tour.php?id=1576","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"「Wrestle-1 Tour 2016 Trans Magic」\". Wrestle-1 (in Japanese). 2016-03-06. Archived from the original on 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2016-03-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160308120652/http://www.w-1.co.jp/schedule/tour.php?id=1595","url_text":"\"「Wrestle-1 Tour 2016 Trans Magic」\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestle-1","url_text":"Wrestle-1"},{"url":"http://www.w-1.co.jp/schedule/tour.php?id=1595","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"「Wrestle-1 UWA」\". Wrestle-1. 2016-12-08. Retrieved 2016-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://puroresuspirit.net/2016/12/wrestle-1-results-for-december-9-2016/","url_text":"\"「Wrestle-1 UWA」\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestle-1","url_text":"Wrestle-1"}]},{"reference":"カズ・ハヤシがＷ‐１社長就任武藤は会長職に. Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). 2017-03-27. Retrieved 2017-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/667637/","url_text":"カズ・ハヤシがＷ‐１社長就任武藤は会長職に"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Sports","url_text":"Tokyo Sports"}]},{"reference":"\"All Japan Pro-Wrestling Results: 2010\". Purolove. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Beast_(band)	Battle Beast (band)	["1 History","2 Members","3 Timeline","4 Discography","4.1 Albums","4.2 Singles","5 References","6 External links"]	Finnish metal band Battle BeastBattle Beast live at Rockharz Open Air 2023Background informationOriginHelsinki, FinlandGenres Heavy metal power metal pop rock Years active2008–presentLabelsWEA, Nuclear BlastSpinoffsBeast in BlackMembersJuuso Soinio Pyry Vikki Eero Sipilä Janne Björkroth Noora Louhimo Joona BjörkrothPast membersNitte Valo Anton KabanenWebsitebattlebeast.fi Noora Louhimo at Tuska Open Air 2013 Battle Beast is a Finnish heavy/power metal band established in Helsinki in 2008 by Anton Kabanen, Juuso Soinio and Pyry Vikki. The initial line-up consisted of guitarists Soinio and Kabanen, and drummer Vikki, who were high school friends. The rest of the original lineup, bassist Eero Sipilä, keyboardist Janne Björkroth and lead singer Nitte Valo, joined the band after auditions. History Before gaining a record contract, Battle Beast was best known for having won two major band competitions in year 2010: the international Wacken Metal Battle 2010, participated by thousands of bands from all around the world, whose final stage was held at the famed German metal festival Wacken Open Air; soon after that, the band was announced the winner of Radio Rock Starba, a band competition held by the major Finnish radio station Radio Rock. With its victory in the Finnish competition, the band received intense media exposure, and before the end of 2010 they had signed a record deal with the Finnish label Hype Records. Battle Beast's first album, titled Steel, was released in Finland in Spring 2011. With the support of the two singles, "Show Me How to Die" and "Enter the Metal World", and their heavy airplay on Radio Rock, the album peaked at No. 7 upon its release. Although released only in Finland, the album soon caught the attention of the international metal label Nuclear Blast, with whom the band signed a licensing deal in late 2011. A reissue of Steel, which included one bonus track, was released to the European market in January 2012. The band was voted at the third place in the list for Newcomer Of The Year 2011 at the Finnish Metal Awards in February 2012. To support the European release of Steel, Battle Beast toured for the first time as opening act for their countrymen Nightwish in many European dates of the Imaginaerum World Tour. The tour was reported a success by both bands. On the final show of the tour Nightwish paid their respects to the support band by performing a cover of "Show Me How to Die" as a part of their acoustic set. In autumn of 2012, after touring Finnish rock festivals during the summer, Nitte Valo was announced to be leaving the band because of family issues. New singer candidates appeared both in Finland and abroad. Noora Louhimo from Tampere, Finland, was chosen as the new lead singer, with Kabanen having originally found her “by accident while browsing YouTube”. With Louhimo in the band, Battle Beast started another European tour in November, this time supporting the Finnish power metal band Sonata Arctica. Rockharz Open Air 2018 in Ballenstedt, Germany. 2018 After the tour, the band immediately went into studio to record their second album. The label Hype Productions had gone out of business and the band moved on to Warner Music Finland, with Nuclear Blast still handling international releases. The first single with Noora Louhimo on vocals, "Into the Heart of Danger" was released on 26 April 2013, followed by the album Battle Beast on 17 May 2013. Another single and a music video for the song "Black Ninja" was released to coincide with the release of the album. The album topped the sales of its predecessor easily, peaking at No. 5 and staying on the charts for 17 weeks. The album also charted on various European countries including Germany. The following autumn Battle Beast headed on another European tour, this time supporting the German bands Powerwolf and U.D.O. In January 2014, Battle Beast was announced one of the five nominees for the best Finnish metal album in the national Emma-gaala awards. In January 2015, Battle Beast released its third album, Unholy Savior, topping the Finnish album chart on its release week. Soon after a European tour supporting Sabaton, in February 2015 the band parted ways with Anton Kabanen with both parties citing musical disagreements and other unsolvable issues within the band. He was replaced by Ossi Maristo and keyboardist Janne Björkroth's brother, Joona Björkroth, on a sessional basis. Joona Björkroth became a permanent member in 2016. Kabanen went on to form Beast In Black. The first single with the renewed line-up "King For a Day" was released in January 2016, immediately picking up heavy airplay in Finland's Radio Rock, followed by another single "Familiar Hell" in early 2017. Battle Beast released their fourth album Bringer of Pain on February 17, 2017 again topping the charts in their homeland. The album was also its first to reach the top 20 in Germany, debuting at #14 on its release week. Following the release of Bringer of Pain, Battle Beast went on a 5+ week European tour with support from Majesty and GYZE. It toured for the first time in North America that spring, supporting Sabaton's "The Last Tour" with Leaves' Eyes. The band performed in Japan for the first time in September 2017. On 22 March 2019, Battle Beast released their fifth studio album, No More Hollywood Endings. On 4 October 2021, the band announced their sixth studio album, Circus of Doom. It was released on 21 January 2022. Members Juuso Soinio – rhythm guitar (2008–present) Pyry Vikki – drums (2008–present) Eero Sipilä – bass, backing vocals (2008–present) Janne Björkroth – keyboards, backing vocals (2008–present) Noora Louhimo – lead vocals (2012–present) Joona Björkroth – lead guitar, backing vocals (2015–Present) Former members Nitte Valo – lead vocals (2008–2012) Anton Kabanen – lead guitar, backing vocals (2008–2015) Touring members Ossi Maristo – lead guitar (2015) Atte Aho - lead guitar (2022) Battle Beast, Line-Up at Rockharz 2018 Drummer Pyry Vikki Bassist Eero Sipilä Keytarist Janne Björkroth Lead vocalist Noora Louhimo Lead guitarist Joona Björkroth Timeline Discography Albums Year Album Peak positions Certifications FIN BEL SWI GER 2011 Steel 7 – – – 2013 Battle Beast 5 111 77 82 2015 Unholy Savior 1 – 71 39 2017 Bringer of Pain 1 64 16 14 2019 No More Hollywood Endings 1 190 12 11 2022 Circus of Doom 1 – 5 9 Singles "Show Me How to Die" (2011) "Enter the Metal World" (2011) "Into the Heart of Danger" (2013) "Black Ninja" (2013) "Touch in the Night" (2014) "Madness" (2014) "King for a Day" (2016) "Familiar Hell" (2017) "Bringer of Pain (2017) "No More Hollywood Endings" (2019) "Eden" (2019) "Endless Summer" (2019) "The Golden Horde" (2019) "Master of Illusion" (2021) "Eye of the Storm" (2021) "Where Angels Fear to Fly" (2022) "Wings Of Light" (2022) References ^ "Battle Beast". Nuclear Blast. Retrieved 18 June 2022. ^ a b c "Battle Beast". Metal Storm. Retrieved 18 June 2022. ^ "Battle Beast". ALLMusic. Retrieved 17 June 2022. ^ "Beast in Black". Metal Storm. Retrieved 8 September 2022. ^ "BATTLE BEAST Confirmed For Germany's WACKEN OPEN AIR Festival". Blabbermouth.net. 10 January 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2014. ^ "Battle Beast - Steel (album)". Finnishcharts.com. Media Control Charts. Retrieved 18 August 2014. ^ "BATTLE BEAST Signs With NUCLEAR BLAST RECORDS". Blabbermouth.net. 17 November 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2014. ^ a b "FINNISH METAL AWARDS: Winners Announced". Blabbermouth.net. 18 February 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2014. ^ "Live - Archive: 2012". Nightwish Official Website. Archived from the original on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2014. ^ a b "BATTLE BEAST Parts Ways With Singer, Announces Replacement". Blabbermouth.net. 18 September 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2014. ^ "Battle Beastin Anton Kabanen kommentoi laulajanvaihdosta: "Tuli niin sanotusti puun takaa"". Rumba.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved 1 December 2021. ^ "BATTLE BEAST Featuring New Singer NOORA LOUHIMO: First Performance Footage Available". Blabbermouth.net. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2014. ^ "Uusi BATTLE BEAST -single julkaistaan tänä perjantaina 26.4.!". Warner Music Finland (in Finnish). Warner Music. 23 April 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2014. ^ "Battle Beast - Battle Beast (album)". Finnishcharts.com. Media Control Charts. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014. ^ "BATTLE BEAST: Stuttgart Fan-Filmed Video Footage". Blabbermouth.net. 10 October 2010. Retrieved 18 August 2014. ^ "Emma-kategoriat 2013: Metalliabumi" (in Finnish). Emma-gaala. Archived from the original on 4 April 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014. ^ "Musiikkituottajat - Tilastot - Suomen virallinen lista - Albumit". Ifpi.fi. Retrieved 26 June 2015. ^ "Battle Beast split with Kabanen - Metal Hammer". Metalhammer.teamrock.com. Retrieved 26 June 2015. ^ "BATTLE BEAST Parts Ways With Guitarist And Main Songwriter ANTON KABANEN". Blabbermouth. Retrieved 15 April 2015. ^ "Musiikkituottajat - Uutiset - Arkisto - Battle Beast – Bringer of Pain nousee listaykköseksi!". www.ifpi.fi (in Finnish). 25 February 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2017. ^ "Offizielle Deutsche Charts - Offizielle Deutsche Charts". www.offiziellecharts.de (in German). Retrieved 28 February 2017. ^ "Leaves' Eyes Announces Tour With Sabaton - in Metal News". Metalunderground.com. 15 August 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2020. ^ "BATTLE BEAST To Release No More Hollywood Endings Album In March". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. 20 December 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2021. ^ "BATTLE BEAST To Release 'Circus Of Doom' Album In January". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. 4 October 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021. ^ "Battle Beast - Unholy Savior (Album Review) - Cryptic Rock". Archived from the original on 14 May 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2018. ^ "Battle Beast on Instagram: "Due to family reasons, our very own shred lord Joona Björkroth is forced to take a temporary break from touring, and therefore will not be performing with us on the 𝘊𝘪𝘳𝘤𝘶𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘋𝘰𝘰𝘮 European tour. Thankfully, his stand-in is of the highest caliber, as Atte Aho, one of the most accomplished young guitar players in Finland, will be there to fill his shoes. Joona will be back on six-string duty again from October onwards. Please join us in wishing all the best for Joona and his family and give a warm welcome to Atte! It's gonna be a great tour! - BATTLE BEAST"". Instagram. Retrieved 3 September 2022. ^ "Battle Beast discography". finnishcharts.com. Retrieved 7 June 2022. ^ "Battle Beast discography". ultratop.be/fr/ Belgian Wallonia Albums Chart. Media Control Charts. Retrieved 7 June 2022. ^ "Battle Beast discography". hitparade.ch Swiss Hit Parade Albums. Media Control Charts. Retrieved 7 June 2022. ^ "Discographie Battle Beast". GfK Entertainment. Retrieved 7 June 2022. ^ "Albumit 8/2017 – Suomen virallinen lista – Musiikkituottajat". Ifpi.fi. Retrieved 21 March 2020. ^ "Albumit 13/2019 – Suomen virallinen lista – Musiikkituottajat". Ifpi.fi. Retrieved 21 March 2020. ^ "Albumit 4/2022". Musiikkituottajat. Retrieved 30 January 2022. External links Official website Battle Beast profile at Nuclear Blast Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tuska_20130630_-_Battle_Beast_-_04.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tuska Open Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuska_Open_Air"},{"link_name":"heavy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"power metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_metal"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"}],"text":"Noora Louhimo at Tuska Open Air 2013Battle Beast is a Finnish heavy/power metal band established in Helsinki in 2008 by Anton Kabanen, Juuso Soinio and Pyry Vikki. The initial line-up consisted of guitarists Soinio and Kabanen, and drummer Vikki, who were high school friends. The rest of the original lineup, bassist Eero Sipilä, keyboardist Janne Björkroth and lead singer Nitte Valo, joined the band after auditions.","title":"Battle Beast (band)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wacken Open Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wacken_Open_Air"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Radio Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Rock"},{"link_name":"Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_(Battle_Beast_album)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Nuclear Blast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Blast"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Nightwish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightwish"},{"link_name":"Imaginaerum World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginaerum_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18sept-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18sept-10"},{"link_name":"power metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_metal"},{"link_name":"Sonata Arctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonata_Arctica"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_Beast_Rockharz_2018_39.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ballenstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballenstedt"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Warner Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music"},{"link_name":"Battle Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Beast_(album)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Powerwolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerwolf"},{"link_name":"U.D.O.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.D.O."},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Emma-gaala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma-gaala"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Unholy Savior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unholy_Savior"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Sabaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabaton_(band)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Beast In Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beast_In_Black"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Radio Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Rock"},{"link_name":"Bringer of Pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bringer_of_Pain"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Majesty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majesty_(band)"},{"link_name":"GYZE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GYZE"},{"link_name":"Sabaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabaton_(band)"},{"link_name":"\"The Last Tour\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Stand_(Sabaton_album)"},{"link_name":"Leaves' Eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaves%27_Eyes"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Before gaining a record contract, Battle Beast was best known for having won two major band competitions in year 2010: the international Wacken Metal Battle 2010, participated by thousands of bands from all around the world, whose final stage was held at the famed German metal festival Wacken Open Air;[5] soon after that, the band was announced the winner of Radio Rock Starba, a band competition held by the major Finnish radio station Radio Rock. With its victory in the Finnish competition, the band received intense media exposure, and before the end of 2010 they had signed a record deal with the Finnish label Hype Records.Battle Beast's first album, titled Steel, was released in Finland in Spring 2011. With the support of the two singles, \"Show Me How to Die\" and \"Enter the Metal World\", and their heavy airplay on Radio Rock, the album peaked at No. 7 upon its release.[6] Although released only in Finland, the album soon caught the attention of the international metal label Nuclear Blast, with whom the band signed a licensing deal in late 2011.[7] A reissue of Steel, which included one bonus track, was released to the European market in January 2012. The band was voted at the third place in the list for Newcomer Of The Year 2011 at the Finnish Metal Awards in February 2012.[8] To support the European release of Steel, Battle Beast toured for the first time as opening act for their countrymen Nightwish in many European dates of the Imaginaerum World Tour.[9] The tour was reported a success by both bands. On the final show of the tour Nightwish paid their respects to the support band by performing a cover of \"Show Me How to Die\" as a part of their acoustic set.In autumn of 2012, after touring Finnish rock festivals during the summer, Nitte Valo was announced to be leaving the band because of family issues.[10] New singer candidates appeared both in Finland and abroad. Noora Louhimo from Tampere, Finland, was chosen as the new lead singer, with Kabanen having originally found her “by accident while browsing YouTube”.[11][10] With Louhimo in the band, Battle Beast started another European tour in November, this time supporting the Finnish power metal band Sonata Arctica.[12]Rockharz Open Air 2018 in Ballenstedt, Germany. 2018After the tour, the band immediately went into studio to record their second album. The label Hype Productions had gone out of business and the band moved on to Warner Music Finland, with Nuclear Blast still handling international releases. The first single with Noora Louhimo on vocals, \"Into the Heart of Danger\" was released on 26 April 2013, followed by the album Battle Beast on 17 May 2013.[13] Another single and a music video for the song \"Black Ninja\" was released to coincide with the release of the album. The album topped the sales of its predecessor easily, peaking at No. 5 and staying on the charts for 17 weeks.[14] The album also charted on various European countries including Germany. The following autumn Battle Beast headed on another European tour, this time supporting the German bands Powerwolf and U.D.O.[15]In January 2014, Battle Beast was announced one of the five nominees for the best Finnish metal album in the national Emma-gaala awards.[16]In January 2015, Battle Beast released its third album, Unholy Savior, topping the Finnish album chart on its release week.[17] Soon after a European tour supporting Sabaton, in February 2015 the band parted ways with Anton Kabanen with both parties citing musical disagreements and other unsolvable issues within the band.[18][19] He was replaced by Ossi Maristo and keyboardist Janne Björkroth's brother, Joona Björkroth, on a sessional basis. Joona Björkroth became a permanent member in 2016. Kabanen went on to form Beast In Black.[8]The first single with the renewed line-up \"King For a Day\" was released in January 2016, immediately picking up heavy airplay in Finland's Radio Rock, followed by another single \"Familiar Hell\" in early 2017. Battle Beast released their fourth album Bringer of Pain on February 17, 2017 again topping the charts in their homeland.[20] The album was also its first to reach the top 20 in Germany, debuting at #14 on its release week.[21] Following the release of Bringer of Pain, Battle Beast went on a 5+ week European tour with support from Majesty and GYZE. It toured for the first time in North America that spring, supporting Sabaton's \"The Last Tour\" with Leaves' Eyes.[22] The band performed in Japan for the first time in September 2017.On 22 March 2019, Battle Beast released their fifth studio album, No More Hollywood Endings.[23]On 4 October 2021, the band announced their sixth studio album, Circus of Doom. It was released on 21 January 2022.[24]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Noora Louhimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noora_Louhimo"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_Beast_Rockharz_2018_02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_Beast_Rockharz_2018_40.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_Beast_Rockharz_2018_22.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_Beast_Rockharz_2018_30.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_Beast_Rockharz_2018_21.jpg"}],"text":"Juuso Soinio – rhythm guitar[25] (2008–present)\nPyry Vikki – drums (2008–present)\nEero Sipilä – bass, backing vocals (2008–present)\nJanne Björkroth – keyboards, backing vocals (2008–present)\nNoora Louhimo – lead vocals (2012–present)\nJoona Björkroth – lead guitar, backing vocals (2015–Present)Former membersNitte Valo – lead vocals (2008–2012)\nAnton Kabanen – lead guitar, backing vocals (2008–2015)Touring membersOssi Maristo – lead guitar (2015)\nAtte Aho - lead guitar (2022)[26]Battle Beast, Line-Up at Rockharz 2018\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDrummer Pyry Vikki\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBassist Eero Sipilä\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKeytarist Janne Björkroth\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLead vocalist Noora Louhimo\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLead guitarist Joona Björkroth","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"\"Show Me How to Die\" (2011)\n\"Enter the Metal World\" (2011)\n\"Into the Heart of Danger\" (2013)\n\"Black Ninja\" (2013)\n\"Touch in the Night\" (2014)\n\"Madness\" (2014)\n\"King for a Day\" (2016)\n\"Familiar Hell\" (2017)\n\"Bringer of Pain (2017)\n\"No More Hollywood Endings\" (2019)\n\"Eden\" (2019)\n\"Endless Summer\" (2019)\n\"The Golden Horde\" (2019)\n\"Master of Illusion\" (2021)\n\"Eye of the Storm\" (2021)\n\"Where Angels Fear to Fly\" (2022)\n\"Wings Of Light\" (2022)","title":"Discography"}]	[{"image_text":"Noora Louhimo at Tuska Open Air 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tuska_20130630_-_Battle_Beast_-_04.jpg/220px-Tuska_20130630_-_Battle_Beast_-_04.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rockharz Open Air 2018 in Ballenstedt, Germany. 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Battle_Beast_Rockharz_2018_39.jpg/300px-Battle_Beast_Rockharz_2018_39.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Battle Beast\". Nuclear Blast. Retrieved 18 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nuclearblast.com/eu/band/battle-beast","url_text":"\"Battle Beast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Battle Beast\". Metal Storm. Retrieved 18 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://metalstorm.net/bands/band.php?band_id=6020&bandname=Battle%2BBeast","url_text":"\"Battle Beast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Battle Beast\". ALLMusic. Retrieved 17 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/battle-beast-mn0002677013/biography","url_text":"\"Battle Beast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beast in Black\". Metal Storm. Retrieved 8 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://metalstorm.net/bands/biography.php?band_id=9941&bandname=Beast+In+Black","url_text":"\"Beast in Black\""}]},{"reference":"\"BATTLE BEAST Confirmed For Germany's WACKEN OPEN AIR Festival\". Blabbermouth.net. 10 January 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/battle-beast-confirmed-for-germany-s-wacken-open-air-festival/","url_text":"\"BATTLE BEAST Confirmed For Germany's WACKEN OPEN AIR Festival\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blabbermouth.net","url_text":"Blabbermouth.net"}]},{"reference":"\"Battle Beast - Steel (album)\". Finnishcharts.com. Media Control Charts. Retrieved 18 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Battle+Beast&titel=Steel&cat=a","url_text":"\"Battle Beast - Steel (album)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Control_Charts","url_text":"Media Control Charts"}]},{"reference":"\"BATTLE BEAST Signs With NUCLEAR BLAST RECORDS\". Blabbermouth.net. 17 November 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/battle-beast-signs-with-nuclear-blast-records/","url_text":"\"BATTLE BEAST Signs With NUCLEAR BLAST RECORDS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blabbermouth.net","url_text":"Blabbermouth.net"}]},{"reference":"\"FINNISH METAL AWARDS: Winners Announced\". Blabbermouth.net. 18 February 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/finnish-metal-awards-winners-announced/","url_text":"\"FINNISH METAL AWARDS: Winners Announced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blabbermouth.net","url_text":"Blabbermouth.net"}]},{"reference":"\"Live - Archive: 2012\". Nightwish Official Website. Archived from the original on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130405125237/http://nightwish.com/en/live/archive?y=2012","url_text":"\"Live - Archive: 2012\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightwish","url_text":"Nightwish"},{"url":"http://www.nightwish.com/en/live/archive?y=2012","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BATTLE BEAST Parts Ways With Singer, Announces Replacement\". Blabbermouth.net. 18 September 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/battle-beast-parts-ways-with-singer-announces-replacement/","url_text":"\"BATTLE BEAST Parts Ways With Singer, Announces Replacement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blabbermouth.net","url_text":"Blabbermouth.net"}]},{"reference":"\"Battle Beastin Anton Kabanen kommentoi laulajanvaihdosta: \"Tuli niin sanotusti puun takaa\"\". Rumba.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved 1 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rumba.fi/haastattelut/battle-beastin-anton-kabanen-kommentoi-laulajanvaihdosta-tuli-niin-sanotusti-puun-takaa/","url_text":"\"Battle Beastin Anton Kabanen kommentoi laulajanvaihdosta: \"Tuli niin sanotusti puun takaa\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"BATTLE BEAST Featuring New Singer NOORA LOUHIMO: First Performance Footage Available\". Blabbermouth.net. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/battle-beast-featuring-new-singer-noora-louhimo-first-performance-footage-available/","url_text":"\"BATTLE BEAST Featuring New Singer NOORA LOUHIMO: First Performance Footage Available\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blabbermouth.net","url_text":"Blabbermouth.net"}]},{"reference":"\"Uusi BATTLE BEAST -single julkaistaan tänä perjantaina 26.4.!\". Warner Music Finland (in Finnish). Warner Music. 23 April 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203040647/http://www.warnermusic.fi/uutiset/7270/uusi-battle-beast-single-julkaistaan-tana-perjantaina-26-4","url_text":"\"Uusi BATTLE BEAST -single julkaistaan tänä perjantaina 26.4.!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music","url_text":"Warner Music"},{"url":"http://www.warnermusic.fi/uutiset/7270/uusi-battle-beast-single-julkaistaan-tana-perjantaina-26-4/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Battle Beast - Battle Beast (album)\". Finnishcharts.com. Media Control Charts. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140729164812/http://finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Battle+Beast&titel=Battle+Beast&cat=a","url_text":"\"Battle Beast - Battle Beast (album)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Control_Charts","url_text":"Media Control Charts"},{"url":"http://finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Battle+Beast&titel=Battle+Beast&cat=a","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BATTLE BEAST: Stuttgart Fan-Filmed Video Footage\". Blabbermouth.net. 10 October 2010. Retrieved 18 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/battle-beast-stuttgart-fan-filmed-video-footage/","url_text":"\"BATTLE BEAST: Stuttgart Fan-Filmed Video Footage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blabbermouth.net","url_text":"Blabbermouth.net"}]},{"reference":"\"Emma-kategoriat 2013: Metalliabumi\" (in Finnish). Emma-gaala. Archived from the original on 4 April 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140404223902/http://www.emmagaala.fi/fi/ehdokaslista/15","url_text":"\"Emma-kategoriat 2013: Metalliabumi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma-gaala","url_text":"Emma-gaala"},{"url":"http://www.emmagaala.fi/fi/ehdokaslista/15","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Musiikkituottajat - Tilastot - Suomen virallinen lista - Albumit\". Ifpi.fi. Retrieved 26 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ifpi.fi/tilastot/virallinen-lista/albumit/2015/4","url_text":"\"Musiikkituottajat - Tilastot - Suomen virallinen lista - Albumit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Battle Beast split with Kabanen - Metal Hammer\". Metalhammer.teamrock.com. Retrieved 26 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://metalhammer.teamrock.com/news/2015-02-27/battle-beast-split-with-anton-kabanen","url_text":"\"Battle Beast split with Kabanen - Metal Hammer\""}]},{"reference":"\"BATTLE BEAST Parts Ways With Guitarist And Main Songwriter ANTON KABANEN\". Blabbermouth. Retrieved 15 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/battle-beast-parts-ways-with-guitarist-and-main-songwriter-anton-kabanen/#4JoFku68M8c2gQPs.99","url_text":"\"BATTLE BEAST Parts Ways With Guitarist And Main Songwriter ANTON KABANEN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blabbermouth","url_text":"Blabbermouth"}]},{"reference":"\"Musiikkituottajat - Uutiset - Arkisto - Battle Beast – Bringer of Pain nousee listaykköseksi!\". www.ifpi.fi (in Finnish). 25 February 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ifpi.fi/uutiset/arkisto/battle-beast---bringer-of-pain-nousee-listaykkoseksi-","url_text":"\"Musiikkituottajat - Uutiset - Arkisto - Battle Beast – Bringer of Pain nousee listaykköseksi!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Offizielle Deutsche Charts - Offizielle Deutsche Charts\". www.offiziellecharts.de (in German). Retrieved 28 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/album-details-321514","url_text":"\"Offizielle Deutsche Charts - Offizielle Deutsche Charts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leaves' Eyes Announces Tour With Sabaton - in Metal News\". Metalunderground.com. 15 August 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metalunderground.com/news/details.cfm?newsid=129741","url_text":"\"Leaves' Eyes Announces Tour With Sabaton - in Metal News\""}]},{"reference":"\"BATTLE BEAST To Release No More Hollywood Endings Album In March\". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. 20 December 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/battle-beast-to-release-no-more-hollywood-endings-album-in-march/","url_text":"\"BATTLE BEAST To Release No More Hollywood Endings Album In March\""}]},{"reference":"\"BATTLE BEAST To Release 'Circus Of Doom' Album In January\". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. 4 October 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/battle-beast-to-release-circus-of-doom-album-in-january/","url_text":"\"BATTLE BEAST To Release 'Circus Of Doom' Album In January\""}]},{"reference":"\"Battle Beast - Unholy Savior (Album Review) - Cryptic Rock\". Archived from the original on 14 May 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180514142308/https://crypticrock.com/battle-beast-unholy-savior-album-review/","url_text":"\"Battle Beast - Unholy Savior (Album Review) - Cryptic Rock\""},{"url":"https://crypticrock.com/battle-beast-unholy-savior-album-review/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Battle Beast on Instagram: \"Due to family reasons, our very own shred lord Joona Björkroth is forced to take a temporary break from touring, and therefore will not be performing with us on the 𝘊𝘪𝘳𝘤𝘶𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘋𝘰𝘰𝘮 European tour. Thankfully, his stand-in is of the highest caliber, as Atte Aho, one of the most accomplished young guitar players in Finland, will be there to fill his shoes. Joona will be back on six-string duty again from October onwards. Please join us in wishing all the best for Joona and his family and give a warm welcome to Atte! It's gonna be a great tour! - BATTLE BEAST\"\". Instagram. Retrieved 3 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/ChZ0wuRq--e/","url_text":"\"Battle Beast on Instagram: \"Due to family reasons, our very own shred lord Joona Björkroth is forced to take a temporary break from touring, and therefore will not be performing with us on the 𝘊𝘪𝘳𝘤𝘶𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘋𝘰𝘰𝘮 European tour. Thankfully, his stand-in is of the highest caliber, as Atte Aho, one of the most accomplished young guitar players in Finland, will be there to fill his shoes. Joona will be back on six-string duty again from October onwards. Please join us in wishing all the best for Joona and his family and give a warm welcome to Atte! It's gonna be a great tour! - BATTLE BEAST\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Battle Beast discography\". finnishcharts.com. Retrieved 7 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://finnishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Battle+Beast","url_text":"\"Battle Beast discography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Battle Beast discography\". ultratop.be/fr/ Belgian Wallonia Albums Chart. Media Control Charts. Retrieved 7 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultratop.be/fr/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Battle+Beast#charts","url_text":"\"Battle Beast discography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Control_Charts","url_text":"Media Control Charts"}]},{"reference":"\"Battle Beast discography\". hitparade.ch Swiss Hit Parade Albums. Media Control Charts. 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Retrieved 21 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ifpi.fi/tilastot/virallinen-lista/albumit/2019/13","url_text":"\"Albumit 13/2019 – Suomen virallinen lista – Musiikkituottajat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Albumit 4/2022\". Musiikkituottajat. Retrieved 30 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ifpi.fi/lista/albumit/2022/4/","url_text":"\"Albumit 4/2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiikkituottajat","url_text":"Musiikkituottajat"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://battlebeast.fi/","external_links_name":"battlebeast.fi"},{"Link":"https://www.nuclearblast.com/eu/band/battle-beast","external_links_name":"\"Battle Beast\""},{"Link":"https://metalstorm.net/bands/band.php?band_id=6020&bandname=Battle%2BBeast","external_links_name":"\"Battle Beast\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/battle-beast-mn0002677013/biography","external_links_name":"\"Battle Beast\""},{"Link":"https://metalstorm.net/bands/biography.php?band_id=9941&bandname=Beast+In+Black","external_links_name":"\"Beast in Black\""},{"Link":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/battle-beast-confirmed-for-germany-s-wacken-open-air-festival/","external_links_name":"\"BATTLE BEAST Confirmed For Germany's WACKEN OPEN AIR Festival\""},{"Link":"http://finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Battle+Beast&titel=Steel&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Battle Beast - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogoi	Rogoi	["1 Location","2 History","3 Castle layout","4 References","5 Sources"]	Coordinates: 39°09′22″N 20°50′53″E / 39.156°N 20.848°E / 39.156; 20.848Medieval fortress near Arta, Greece For the Germanic tribe, see Rugii. RogoiῬωγοίNea Kerasounta, Western Greece Gate in the citadel wall of Rogoi (2010)RogoiCoordinates39°09′22″N 20°50′53″E / 39.156°N 20.848°E / 39.156; 20.848Typehilltop citadelSite informationOwnerGreek Ministry of CultureControlled by Byzantine Empire 9th century–1204 Despotate of Epirus 1204–1337 Byzantine Empire 1337-1345 Serbian Empire 1345–1367 Despotate of Arta 1367–1416 Tocco dynasty 1416–1449 Ottoman Empire 1449–1912 Open tothe publicYesConditionruinSite historyBuilt byByzantine EmpireIn use9th-15 century CEMaterialshewn stone (ashlar)Battles/warsPhilip I siege (1303/4) Rogoi (Greek: Ρωγοί) is a Byzantine castle in Nea Kerasounta near Preveza, in western Greece. It is located on the site of the ancient city of Bouchetion (Βουχέτιον), which was abandoned in the late 1st century BC. Re-occupied in the 9th century, it became a bishopric and was refortified, playing an important role in the region's history in the 14th and early 15th centuries. It was abandoned again after the Ottoman conquest in 1449. Location The castle is located west of the village of Nea Kerasounta, on a 29 m tall hill on the northern bank of the Louros river, which surrounds the base of the hill on the eastern, southern and western sides. The castle was built on the location of the acropolis of the ancient city of Bouchetion. Despite its inland location today, in Antiquity the hill seems to have been an island, and literary references confirm that Rogoi remained a coastal location in the Middle Ages as well, with the Ambracian Gulf extending further to the northwest than it does today. History The site was identified by 19th-century scholars with ancient Charadrus, until N. G. L. Hammond established its modern identification with the ancient city of Bouchetion. Bouchetion was an Elean colony founded in the 7th century BC, and served as the port for the inland settlements of Elatria (at the modern village of Palaioroforos, 10 km west of Rogoi) and Baties (modern Kastro Rizovouni, some 7 km to the north of Rogoi). In the 4th century, Bouchetion was incorporated into the unified kingdom of Epirus by the Molossian king Alexander I (r. 350–331 BC). The town followed the fortunes of the Epirote state. In 167 BC, it was sacked during the Third Macedonian War. Although its strategic location ensured that the site remained occupied thereafter, it was eventually abandoned after the foundation of Nicopolis in 28 BC. The new settlement of Rogoi is first attested in the Notitiae Episcopatuum of the Patriarchate of Constantinople as the seat of a bishopric, a suffragan of the Metropolis of Naupaktos, under the Byzantine emperor Leo VI (r. 886–912). It was likely resettled in the course of the 9th century, during the Byzantines' recovery of Epirus from the Slavic invaders who had taken it over in the late 6th and early 7th century. Indeed, the name "Rogoi" has been suggested as being of Slavic origin, but more likely derives from a Sicilian Greek term for "granaries", and may indicate that Sicilian settlers were brought in to establish the new settlement. In the period between c. 1000 and c. 1500, the local inhabitants changed the course of the Louros river to its present form, aiming to drain its marshes and increase the available farmland, and possibly to enhance the protection of the castle itself, which was now surrounded on three sides by the river. The medieval settlement appears in historical sources chiefly in the 14th–15th centuries, when it played a role in the wars of various local potentates for control over Epirus. Thus it was attacked without success by Philip I, Prince of Taranto in 1303/4, when Anna Palaiologina Kantakouzene, the regent of the Despotate of Epirus, refused to acknowledge Angevin suzerainty. In 1338/9, the castle of Rogoi, along with the Epirote capital, Arta, and the fortress of Riniasa or Thomokastron, was seized by Epirote rebels under Alexios Kabasilas, who rose up against the annexation of Epirus into the Byzantine Empire in the previous year. Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos and his Grand Domestic, John Kantakouzenos, blockaded Rogoi, which was eventually persuaded to surrender by Kantakouzenos. Epirus fell into the hands of the Serbian Empire during the Byzantine civil war of 1341–47. In 1361, the Serbian emperor Simeon Urosh confirmed John Tzaphas Orsini, a relative of his wife, as lord of Rogoi and other areas in Epirus, but the actual effect of this proclamation was probably negligible, as Serbian rule was soon challenged by the attacks of Albanian tribes. By 1367, Rogoi and Arta were in the hands of the Albanian chieftain Pjetër Losha. After Losha's death in 1374, his domain was taken over by the fellow Albanian ruler of the Acheloos River area, Gjin Bua Shpata. The town remained in the hands of the Shpata family until 1416, when the last Albanian ruler, Yaqub Shpata, was defeated by the Count palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos, Carlo I Tocco, who in 1411 had become master of Ioannina. Carlo and his brother, Leonardo II Tocco, took possession of Arta and Rogoi, thereby restoring the Despotate of Epirus to its traditional boundaries. Rogoi was finally abandoned after the Ottoman conquest of the region in 1449. Ciriaco de' Pizzicolli visited the castle in 1436 and 1448, and recorded that the relics of Saint Luke were kept in a church there; according to contemporary Serbian texts, these had been moved there from Constantinople after the fall of the city to the Fourth Crusade. In 2019, the title of Bishop of Rogoi was revived and given to Filotheos Theodoropoulos, when he was elected as assistant bishop of the Archbishopric of Athens. Castle layout Wall of the castle, showing the clear difference between the masonry of the ancient foundations and the later medieval reconstruction For the first two centuries of its existence, Bouchetion was apparently unfortified, and the first fortification on the site consisted of a simple circuit wall of 450 m length enclosing the flat space on the top of the hill. This was later enlarged by an irregular wall enclosing the entire northern slope of the hill, increasing the length of the outer walls to 730 m and doubling the enclosed area from 9,000 to 18,000 m2. Still later the walls were again expanded to include the northeastern part of the settlement, so that in its final extent the ancient fortifications formed an outer circuit of 1,000 m and encompassed an area of 37,000 m2. The medieval castle extant today was built on the remains of the first two phases of the ancient acropolis, and follows the course of the ancient fortifications, incorporating their foundations. The medieval outer circuit wall was largely built on the traces of the ancient walls, with the different styles of masonry making the two structures clearly discernible from each other. To these were added internal transverse walls, reinforced by towers, dividing the enclosed space into three baileys. The outer bailey also contained a monastery, of which only the 15th-century church of the Assumption remains. The castle's interior is now mostly ruined and overgrown with vegetation. The date of the Byzantine re-fortification is uncertain, possibly from as early as the site's re-occupation in the 9th century to the 13th/14th centuries. The site has not yet been excavated, except for maintenance work on the walls undertaken in the 1978–80 period. References ^ Veikou 2012, pp. 286, 476, 477. ^ a b Brooks 2013, pp. 145–146. ^ Brooks 2013, p. 145. ^ a b c Brooks 2013, p. 146. ^ a b c d e f g Soustal & Koder 1981, p. 252. ^ Veikou 2012, p. 47. ^ Soustal & Koder 1981, pp. 50–53. ^ Veikou 2012, pp. 311, 477–478. ^ Veikou 2012, pp. 286, 293. ^ Brooks 2013, p. 285. ^ Brooks 2013, pp. 193, 287. ^ a b Brooks 2013, p. 246. ^ Soustal & Koder 1981, p. 70. ^ Soustal & Koder 1981, pp. 70–71, 252. ^ Soustal & Koder 1981, pp. 71–75. ^ Brooks 2013, pp. 246, 287–289. ^ Veikou 2012, p. 478. ^ Brooks 2013, p. 152. ^ "Επίσκοπος Ρωγών ο Αρχιμανδρίτης Φιλόθεος Θεοδωρόπουλος". Dogma (in Greek). 2019-10-11. Retrieved 2022-09-21. ^ Brooks 2013, pp. 146–148. ^ a b Βουχέτιον: Περιγραφή (in Greek). Greek Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 26 May 2014. ^ Veikou 2012, p. 476. ^ Brooks 2013, pp. 148–154. ^ a b Βουχέτιον: Ιστορικό (in Greek). Greek Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 26 May 2014. Sources Brooks, Allan (2013). Castles of Northwest Greece: From the Early Byzantine Period to the Eve of the First World War. Aetos Press. ISBN 978-0-9575846-0-0. Soustal, Peter; Koder, Johannes (1981). Tabula Imperii Byzantini, Band 3: Nikopolis und Kephallēnia (in German). Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. ISBN 978-3-7001-0399-8. Veikou, Myrto (2012). Byzantine Epirus: A Topography of Transformation. Settlements of the Seventh-Twelfth Centuries in Southern Epirus and Aetoloacarnania, Greece. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004221512. vteByzantine GreeceProvinces and regions Achaea Province Theme of the Aegean Crete Theme of Hellas Theme of Samos Macedonia Province Theme of Macedonia Theme of Strymon Theme of Thessalonica Theme of the Peloponnese Theme of Cephallenia Theme of Nicopolis Sclaviniae Melingoi and Ezeritai Tsakonia Great Vlachia People Justinian I Heraclius Justinian II Irene of Athens Danielis Nikephoros I Basil I Nikephoros II Phokas Basil II Nikephoros Melissenos Michael Choniates Leo Sgouros Leo Gabalas Michael I Komnenos Doukas Theodore Komnenos Doukas Demetrios Chomatenos John Apokaukos Michael II Komnenos Doukas Michael VIII Palaiologos John I Doukas of Thessaly Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas Thomas I Komnenos Doukas Gregory Palamas Demetrios Kydones Catalan Company Nicholas Orsini Andronikos Asen John II Orsini Andronikos III Palaiologos Michael Monomachos John Angelos Stephen Gabrielopoulos Nikephoros II Orsini Manuel Kantakouzenos Simeon Uroš Thomas Preljubović Esau de' Buondelmonti Alexios Angelos Philanthropenos Theodore II Palaiologos Gemistos Plethon Constantine XI Palaiologos Demetrios Palaiologos Thomas Palaiologos Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy Byzantine scholars in Renaissance Historians: Niketas Choniates George Akropolites Nicephorus Gregoras John Scylitzes Eustathius of Thessalonica Michael Glykas Anna Komnene Joannes Zonaras George Kodinos George Sphrantzes Major centres Thessaloniki Athens Corinth Mystras Patras Thebes Arta Ioannina Greek states after 1204 Despotate of Epirus Empire of Nicaea Empire of Thessalonica Despotate of the Morea Thessaly History Persecution of paganism Barbarian invasions Under the Heraclian dynasty Byzantine Iconoclasm Siege of Thessalonica (676–678) Siege of Patras (805 or 807) Arab–Byzantine wars Muslim conquest of Crete Byzantine reconquest of Crete Macedonian Renaissance Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria East-West Schism Seljuq campaigns in the Aegean Byzantine–Norman wars Sack of Thessalonica (1185) Fourth Crusade Battle of the Olive Grove of Kountouras Battle of Klokotnitsa Battle of Pelagonia Under the Palaiologos dynasty Reconquest of Constantinople Battle of Prinitza Battle of Makryplagi Battle of Neopatras Battle of Pharsalus (1277) Battle of Demetrias Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328 Hesychast controversy (Palamism) Byzantine–Genoese War (1348–1349) Zealots of Thessalonica Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 Byzantine–Ottoman Wars Siege of Thessalonica (1422–1430) Battle of the Echinades (1427) Morea revolt of 1453–1454 Ottoman conquest of the Morea Culture Byzantine art (Macedonian art) Byzantine music Byzantine literature Alexander romance Miracles of Saint Demetrius Suda Greek Anthology Acritic songs Byzantine architecture Byzantine dress Byzantine cuisine Eastern Orthodox Christianity Byzantine law Hexabiblos Monuments Acrocorinth Angelokastro (Corfu) Athens Church of the Holy Apostles Daphni Monastery Little Metropolis Soteira Lykodemou Castle of Chios Church of the Parigoritissa Didymoteicho Fortress Feraklos Castle Gardiki Castle Hexamilion wall Hosios Loukas Kassiopi Castle Meteora Mount Athos Monastery of Saint John the Theologian Monemvasia Mystras Nea Moni of Chios Old Metropolis of Veria Panagia Episkopi Panagia Kontariotissa Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki Panagia Ekatontapiliani Patras Castle Porta Panagia Saints Theodoroi, Serres Trikala Castle vte Castles in Greece Acrocorinth Acronauplia St. George's Castle, Preveza Amfissa Castle Castle of Saint Andrew Angelokastro (Corfu) Antimachia Castle Arkessini Castle Arta Castle Aptera Fortress Arcadia Castle Astypalaia Castle Assos Castle Castle of Bouka Bourtzi Castle Castle of Chios Chlemoutsi Cythera Castle Didymoteicho Fortress Eleutherae Exomvourgo Fortezza of Rethymno Firkas Fortress Fortifications of Chania Fortifications of Heraklion Frangokastello Gardiki Castle Glarentza Heptapyrgio Ioannina Castle Izzeddin Kastellos (Kritinia) Kalamata Castle Kassiopi Castle Kavala Castle Kazarma fortress Koules (Castello a Mare) Larissa Castle, Argos Leros Castle Livadeia Castle Mystras Monemvasia Methoni Castle Monastery of Saint John the Theologian Miryna Fortress Mithymna Castle Castle of Mytilene New Fortress, Corfu New Navarino fortress Nafpaktos Castle Nerantzia Castle Old Fortress, Corfu Old Navarino castle Parga Castle Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes Palamidi Patras Castle Platamon Castle Fortifications of Rhodes Riniasa Castle Rio Castle Rogoi Skiathos Castle Trikala Castle Vonitsa Castle Walls of Thessaloniki See also: List of gates in Greece Portals: Greece Byzantine Empire Middle Ages	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rugii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugii"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine"},{"link_name":"Nea Kerasounta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nea_Kerasounta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Preveza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preveza"},{"link_name":"Bouchetion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouchetion"},{"link_name":"bishopric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"}],"text":"Medieval fortress near Arta, GreeceFor the Germanic tribe, see Rugii.Rogoi (Greek: Ρωγοί) is a Byzantine castle in Nea Kerasounta near Preveza, in western Greece. It is located on the site of the ancient city of Bouchetion (Βουχέτιον), which was abandoned in the late 1st century BC. Re-occupied in the 9th century, it became a bishopric and was refortified, playing an important role in the region's history in the 14th and early 15th centuries. It was abandoned again after the Ottoman conquest in 1449.","title":"Rogoi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nea Kerasounta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nea_Kerasounta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Louros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louros"},{"link_name":"acropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acropolis"},{"link_name":"Bouchetion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouchetion"},{"link_name":"Ambracian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambracian_Gulf"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeikou2012286,_476,_477-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks2013145%E2%80%93146-2"}],"text":"The castle is located west of the village of Nea Kerasounta, on a 29 m tall hill on the northern bank of the Louros river, which surrounds the base of the hill on the eastern, southern and western sides. The castle was built on the location of the acropolis of the ancient city of Bouchetion. Despite its inland location today, in Antiquity the hill seems to have been an island, and literary references confirm that Rogoi remained a coastal location in the Middle Ages as well, with the Ambracian Gulf extending further to the northwest than it does today.[1][2]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charadrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charadrus"},{"link_name":"N. G. L. Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._G._L._Hammond"},{"link_name":"Elean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elean"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks2013145-3"},{"link_name":"kingdom of Epirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Epirus"},{"link_name":"Molossian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molossian"},{"link_name":"Alexander I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Epirus"},{"link_name":"Third Macedonian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Macedonian_War"},{"link_name":"Nicopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicopolis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks2013146-4"},{"link_name":"Notitiae Episcopatuum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notitiae_Episcopatuum"},{"link_name":"Patriarchate of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"bishopric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric"},{"link_name":"suffragan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragan"},{"link_name":"Metropolis of Naupaktos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_of_Naupaktos"},{"link_name":"Byzantine emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_emperor"},{"link_name":"Leo VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder1981252-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeikou201247-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder1981252-5"},{"link_name":"Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavs"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198150%E2%80%9353-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder1981252-5"},{"link_name":"Sicilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeikou2012311,_477%E2%80%93478-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks2013145%E2%80%93146-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeikou2012286,_293-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks2013146-4"},{"link_name":"Philip I, Prince of Taranto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_I,_Prince_of_Taranto"},{"link_name":"Anna Palaiologina Kantakouzene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Palaiologina_Kantakouzene"},{"link_name":"Despotate of Epirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus"},{"link_name":"Angevin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder1981252-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks2013285-10"},{"link_name":"Arta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arta,_Greece"},{"link_name":"Thomokastron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomokastron"},{"link_name":"Andronikos III Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Grand Domestic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Domestic"},{"link_name":"John Kantakouzenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kantakouzenos"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder1981252-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks2013193,_287-11"},{"link_name":"Serbian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Byzantine civil war of 1341–47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1341%E2%80%9347"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks2013246-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198170-13"},{"link_name":"Serbian emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Simeon Urosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_Urosh"},{"link_name":"John Tzaphas Orsini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Tzaphas_Orsini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198170%E2%80%9371,_252-14"},{"link_name":"Arta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arta,_Greece"},{"link_name":"Pjetër Losha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Losha"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder1981252-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks2013246-12"},{"link_name":"Acheloos River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acheloos_River"},{"link_name":"Gjin Bua Shpata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Spata"},{"link_name":"Yaqub Shpata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqub_Spata"},{"link_name":"Count palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_palatine_of_Cephalonia_and_Zakynthos"},{"link_name":"Carlo I Tocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_I_Tocco"},{"link_name":"Ioannina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannina"},{"link_name":"Leonardo II Tocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_II_Tocco"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198171%E2%80%9375-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks2013246,_287%E2%80%93289-16"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks2013146-4"},{"link_name":"Ciriaco de' Pizzicolli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciriaco_de%27_Pizzicolli"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder1981252-5"},{"link_name":"Saint Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Luke"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Fourth Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Crusade"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeikou2012478-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks2013152-18"},{"link_name":"Filotheos Theodoropoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filotheos_Theodoropoulos"},{"link_name":"Archbishopric of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The site was identified by 19th-century scholars with ancient Charadrus, until N. G. L. Hammond established its modern identification with the ancient city of Bouchetion. Bouchetion was an Elean colony founded in the 7th century BC, and served as the port for the inland settlements of Elatria (at the modern village of Palaioroforos, 10 km west of Rogoi) and Baties (modern Kastro Rizovouni, some 7 km to the north of Rogoi).[3] In the 4th century, Bouchetion was incorporated into the unified kingdom of Epirus by the Molossian king Alexander I (r. 350–331 BC). The town followed the fortunes of the Epirote state. In 167 BC, it was sacked during the Third Macedonian War. Although its strategic location ensured that the site remained occupied thereafter, it was eventually abandoned after the foundation of Nicopolis in 28 BC.[4]The new settlement of Rogoi is first attested in the Notitiae Episcopatuum of the Patriarchate of Constantinople as the seat of a bishopric, a suffragan of the Metropolis of Naupaktos, under the Byzantine emperor Leo VI (r. 886–912).[5][6] It was likely resettled in the course of the 9th century,[5] during the Byzantines' recovery of Epirus from the Slavic invaders who had taken it over in the late 6th and early 7th century.[7] Indeed, the name \"Rogoi\" has been suggested as being of Slavic origin,[5] but more likely derives from a Sicilian Greek term for \"granaries\", and may indicate that Sicilian settlers were brought in to establish the new settlement.[8]In the period between c. 1000 and c. 1500, the local inhabitants changed the course of the Louros river to its present form, aiming to drain its marshes and increase the available farmland, and possibly to enhance the protection of the castle itself, which was now surrounded on three sides by the river.[2][9]The medieval settlement appears in historical sources chiefly in the 14th–15th centuries, when it played a role in the wars of various local potentates for control over Epirus.[4] Thus it was attacked without success by Philip I, Prince of Taranto in 1303/4, when Anna Palaiologina Kantakouzene, the regent of the Despotate of Epirus, refused to acknowledge Angevin suzerainty.[5][10] In 1338/9, the castle of Rogoi, along with the Epirote capital, Arta, and the fortress of Riniasa or Thomokastron, was seized by Epirote rebels under Alexios Kabasilas, who rose up against the annexation of Epirus into the Byzantine Empire in the previous year. Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos and his Grand Domestic, John Kantakouzenos, blockaded Rogoi, which was eventually persuaded to surrender by Kantakouzenos.[5][11] Epirus fell into the hands of the Serbian Empire during the Byzantine civil war of 1341–47.[12][13]In 1361, the Serbian emperor Simeon Urosh confirmed John Tzaphas Orsini, a relative of his wife, as lord of Rogoi and other areas in Epirus, but the actual effect of this proclamation was probably negligible, as Serbian rule was soon challenged by the attacks of Albanian tribes.[14] By 1367, Rogoi and Arta were in the hands of the Albanian chieftain Pjetër Losha.[5][12] After Losha's death in 1374, his domain was taken over by the fellow Albanian ruler of the Acheloos River area, Gjin Bua Shpata. The town remained in the hands of the Shpata family until 1416, when the last Albanian ruler, Yaqub Shpata, was defeated by the Count palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos, Carlo I Tocco, who in 1411 had become master of Ioannina. Carlo and his brother, Leonardo II Tocco, took possession of Arta and Rogoi, thereby restoring the Despotate of Epirus to its traditional boundaries.[15][16] Rogoi was finally abandoned after the Ottoman conquest of the region in 1449.[4]Ciriaco de' Pizzicolli visited the castle in 1436 and 1448,[5] and recorded that the relics of Saint Luke were kept in a church there; according to contemporary Serbian texts, these had been moved there from Constantinople after the fall of the city to the Fourth Crusade.[17][18]In 2019, the title of Bishop of Rogoi was revived and given to Filotheos Theodoropoulos, when he was elected as assistant bishop of the Archbishopric of Athens.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fortress_of_Rogoi_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks2013146%E2%80%93148-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odysseus-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odysseus-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeikou2012476-22"},{"link_name":"baileys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey_(castle)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks2013148%E2%80%93154-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odysseus1-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odysseus1-24"}],"text":"Wall of the castle, showing the clear difference between the masonry of the ancient foundations and the later medieval reconstructionFor the first two centuries of its existence, Bouchetion was apparently unfortified, and the first fortification on the site consisted of a simple circuit wall of 450 m length enclosing the flat space on the top of the hill. This was later enlarged by an irregular wall enclosing the entire northern slope of the hill, increasing the length of the outer walls to 730 m and doubling the enclosed area from 9,000 to 18,000 m2. Still later the walls were again expanded to include the northeastern part of the settlement, so that in its final extent the ancient fortifications formed an outer circuit of 1,000 m and encompassed an area of 37,000 m2.[20][21]The medieval castle extant today was built on the remains of the first two phases of the ancient acropolis, and follows the course of the ancient fortifications, incorporating their foundations.[21][22] The medieval outer circuit wall was largely built on the traces of the ancient walls, with the different styles of masonry making the two structures clearly discernible from each other. To these were added internal transverse walls, reinforced by towers, dividing the enclosed space into three baileys. The outer bailey also contained a monastery, of which only the 15th-century church of the Assumption remains. The castle's interior is now mostly ruined and overgrown with vegetation. [23] The date of the Byzantine re-fortification is uncertain, possibly from as early as the site's re-occupation in the 9th century to the 13th/14th centuries.[24]The site has not yet been excavated, except for maintenance work on the walls undertaken in the 1978–80 period.[24]","title":"Castle layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Castles of Northwest Greece: From the Early Byzantine Period to the Eve of the First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Xc5HAQAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9575846-0-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9575846-0-0"},{"link_name":"Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verlag_der_%C3%96sterreichischen_Akademie_der_Wissenschaften"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7001-0399-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7001-0399-8"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Epirus: A Topography of Transformation. 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Theologian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_John_the_Theologian"},{"link_name":"Miryna Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miryna_Fortress&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mithymna Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mithymna_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Castle of Mytilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_of_Mytilene"},{"link_name":"New Fortress, Corfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Fortress"},{"link_name":"New Navarino fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Navarino_fortress"},{"link_name":"Nafpaktos Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nafpaktos_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nerantzia Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nerantzia_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Old Fortress, Corfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Fortress,_Corfu"},{"link_name":"Old Navarino castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Navarino_castle"},{"link_name":"Parga Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parga_Castle"},{"link_name":"Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_the_Grand_Master_of_the_Knights_of_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Palamidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palamidi"},{"link_name":"Patras Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patras_Castle"},{"link_name":"Platamon Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platamon_Castle"},{"link_name":"Fortifications of Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortifications_of_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Riniasa Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riniasa_Castle"},{"link_name":"Rio Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Castle"},{"link_name":"Rogoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Skiathos Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiathos_Castle"},{"link_name":"Trikala Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trikala_Castle"},{"link_name":"Vonitsa Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vonitsa_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Walls of Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_of_Thessaloniki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frangokastello_S%C3%BCdseite.jpg"},{"link_name":"List of gates in Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gates_in_Greece"},{"link_name":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Greece"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Middle_Ages"}],"text":"Brooks, Allan (2013). Castles of Northwest Greece: From the Early Byzantine Period to the Eve of the First World War. Aetos Press. ISBN 978-0-9575846-0-0.\nSoustal, Peter; Koder, Johannes (1981). Tabula Imperii Byzantini, Band 3: Nikopolis und Kephallēnia (in German). Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. ISBN 978-3-7001-0399-8.\nVeikou, Myrto (2012). Byzantine Epirus: A Topography of Transformation. Settlements of the Seventh-Twelfth Centuries in Southern Epirus and Aetoloacarnania, Greece. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004221512.vteByzantine GreeceProvinces and regions\nAchaea Province\nTheme of the Aegean\nCrete\nTheme of Hellas\nTheme of Samos\nMacedonia Province\nTheme of Macedonia\nTheme of Strymon\nTheme of Thessalonica\nTheme of the Peloponnese\nTheme of Cephallenia\nTheme of Nicopolis\nSclaviniae\nMelingoi and Ezeritai\nTsakonia\nGreat Vlachia\nPeople\nJustinian I\nHeraclius\nJustinian II\nIrene of Athens\nDanielis\nNikephoros I\nBasil I\nNikephoros II Phokas\nBasil II\nNikephoros Melissenos\nMichael Choniates\nLeo Sgouros\nLeo Gabalas\nMichael I Komnenos Doukas\nTheodore Komnenos Doukas\nDemetrios Chomatenos\nJohn Apokaukos\nMichael II Komnenos Doukas\nMichael VIII Palaiologos\nJohn I Doukas of Thessaly\nNikephoros I Komnenos Doukas\nThomas I Komnenos Doukas\nGregory Palamas\nDemetrios Kydones\nCatalan Company\nNicholas Orsini\nAndronikos Asen\nJohn II Orsini\nAndronikos III Palaiologos\nMichael Monomachos\nJohn Angelos\nStephen Gabrielopoulos\nNikephoros II Orsini\nManuel Kantakouzenos\nSimeon Uroš\nThomas Preljubović\nEsau de' Buondelmonti\nAlexios Angelos Philanthropenos\nTheodore II Palaiologos\nGemistos Plethon\nConstantine XI Palaiologos\nDemetrios Palaiologos\nThomas Palaiologos\nByzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy\nByzantine scholars in Renaissance\nHistorians: Niketas Choniates\nGeorge Akropolites\nNicephorus Gregoras\nJohn Scylitzes\nEustathius of Thessalonica\nMichael Glykas\nAnna Komnene\nJoannes Zonaras\nGeorge Kodinos\nGeorge Sphrantzes\nMajor centres\nThessaloniki\nAthens\nCorinth\nMystras\nPatras\nThebes\nArta\nIoannina\nGreek states after 1204\nDespotate of Epirus\nEmpire of Nicaea\nEmpire of Thessalonica\nDespotate of the Morea\nThessaly\nHistory\nPersecution of paganism\nBarbarian invasions\nUnder the Heraclian dynasty\nByzantine Iconoclasm\nSiege of Thessalonica (676–678)\nSiege of Patras (805 or 807)\nArab–Byzantine wars\nMuslim conquest of Crete\nByzantine reconquest of Crete\nMacedonian Renaissance\nByzantine conquest of Bulgaria\nEast-West Schism\nSeljuq campaigns in the Aegean\nByzantine–Norman wars\nSack of Thessalonica (1185)\nFourth Crusade\nBattle of the Olive Grove of Kountouras\nBattle of Klokotnitsa\nBattle of Pelagonia\nUnder the Palaiologos dynasty\nReconquest of Constantinople\nBattle of Prinitza\nBattle of Makryplagi\nBattle of Neopatras\nBattle of Pharsalus (1277)\nBattle of Demetrias\nByzantine civil war of 1321–1328\nHesychast controversy (Palamism)\nByzantine–Genoese War (1348–1349)\nZealots of Thessalonica\nByzantine civil war of 1341–1347\nByzantine–Ottoman Wars\nSiege of Thessalonica (1422–1430)\nBattle of the Echinades (1427)\nMorea revolt of 1453–1454\nOttoman conquest of the Morea\nCulture\nByzantine art (Macedonian art)\nByzantine music\nByzantine literature\nAlexander romance\nMiracles of Saint Demetrius\nSuda\nGreek Anthology\nAcritic songs\nByzantine architecture\nByzantine dress\nByzantine cuisine\nEastern Orthodox Christianity\nByzantine law\nHexabiblos\nMonuments\nAcrocorinth\nAngelokastro (Corfu)\nAthens\nChurch of the Holy Apostles\nDaphni Monastery\nLittle Metropolis\nSoteira Lykodemou\nCastle of Chios\nChurch of the Parigoritissa\nDidymoteicho Fortress\nFeraklos Castle\nGardiki Castle\nHexamilion wall\nHosios Loukas\nKassiopi Castle\nMeteora\nMount Athos\nMonastery of Saint John the Theologian\nMonemvasia\nMystras\nNea Moni of Chios\nOld Metropolis of Veria\nPanagia Episkopi\nPanagia Kontariotissa\nPaleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki\nPanagia Ekatontapiliani\nPatras Castle\nPorta Panagia\nSaints Theodoroi, Serres\nTrikala Castlevte Castles in Greece\nAcrocorinth\nAcronauplia\nSt. George's Castle, Preveza\nAmfissa Castle\nCastle of Saint Andrew\nAngelokastro (Corfu)\nAntimachia Castle\nArkessini Castle\nArta Castle\nAptera Fortress\nArcadia Castle\nAstypalaia Castle\nAssos Castle\nCastle of Bouka\nBourtzi Castle\nCastle of Chios\nChlemoutsi\nCythera Castle\nDidymoteicho Fortress\nEleutherae\nExomvourgo\nFortezza of Rethymno\nFirkas Fortress\nFortifications of Chania\nFortifications of Heraklion\nFrangokastello\nGardiki Castle\nGlarentza\nHeptapyrgio\nIoannina Castle\nIzzeddin\nKastellos (Kritinia)\nKalamata Castle\nKassiopi Castle\nKavala Castle\nKazarma fortress\nKoules (Castello a Mare)\nLarissa Castle, Argos\nLeros Castle\nLivadeia Castle\nMystras\nMonemvasia\nMethoni Castle\nMonastery of Saint John the Theologian\nMiryna Fortress\nMithymna Castle\nCastle of Mytilene\nNew Fortress, Corfu\nNew Navarino fortress\nNafpaktos Castle\nNerantzia Castle\nOld Fortress, Corfu\nOld Navarino castle\nParga Castle\nPalace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes\nPalamidi\nPatras Castle\nPlatamon Castle\nFortifications of Rhodes\nRiniasa Castle\nRio Castle\nRogoi\nSkiathos Castle\nTrikala Castle\nVonitsa Castle\nWalls of Thessaloniki\nSee also: List of gates in GreecePortals: Greece Byzantine Empire Middle Ages","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Wall of the castle, showing the clear difference between the masonry of the ancient foundations and the later medieval reconstruction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Fortress_of_Rogoi_2.jpg/220px-Fortress_of_Rogoi_2.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Επίσκοπος Ρωγών ο Αρχιμανδρίτης Φιλόθεος Θεοδωρόπουλος\". Dogma (in Greek). 2019-10-11. Retrieved 2022-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dogma.gr/ellada/episkopos-rogon-o-archimandritis-filotheos-theodoropoulos/107243/","url_text":"\"Επίσκοπος Ρωγών ο Αρχιμανδρίτης Φιλόθεος Θεοδωρόπουλος\""}]},{"reference":"Βουχέτιον: Περιγραφή (in Greek). Greek Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 26 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/3/gh352.jsp?obj_id=7021","url_text":"Βουχέτιον: Περιγραφή"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Greece)","url_text":"Greek Ministry of Culture"}]},{"reference":"Βουχέτιον: Ιστορικό (in Greek). Greek Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 26 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/3/gh351.jsp?obj_id=7021","url_text":"Βουχέτιον: Ιστορικό"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Greece)","url_text":"Greek Ministry of Culture"}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Allan (2013). Castles of Northwest Greece: From the Early Byzantine Period to the Eve of the First World War. Aetos Press. ISBN 978-0-9575846-0-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Xc5HAQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Castles of Northwest Greece: From the Early Byzantine Period to the Eve of the First World War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9575846-0-0","url_text":"978-0-9575846-0-0"}]},{"reference":"Soustal, Peter; Koder, Johannes (1981). Tabula Imperii Byzantini, Band 3: Nikopolis und Kephallēnia (in German). Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. ISBN 978-3-7001-0399-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verlag_der_%C3%96sterreichischen_Akademie_der_Wissenschaften","url_text":"Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7001-0399-8","url_text":"978-3-7001-0399-8"}]},{"reference":"Veikou, Myrto (2012). Byzantine Epirus: A Topography of Transformation. Settlements of the Seventh-Twelfth Centuries in Southern Epirus and Aetoloacarnania, Greece. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004221512.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dKINo5CPFy8C","url_text":"Byzantine Epirus: A Topography of Transformation. Settlements of the Seventh-Twelfth Centuries in Southern Epirus and Aetoloacarnania, Greece"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004221512","url_text":"978-9004221512"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rogoi&params=39.156_N_20.848_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"39°09′22″N 20°50′53″E / 39.156°N 20.848°E / 39.156; 20.848"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rogoi&params=39.156_N_20.848_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"39°09′22″N 20°50′53″E / 39.156°N 20.848°E / 39.156; 20.848"},{"Link":"https://www.dogma.gr/ellada/episkopos-rogon-o-archimandritis-filotheos-theodoropoulos/107243/","external_links_name":"\"Επίσκοπος Ρωγών ο Αρχιμανδρίτης Φιλόθεος Θεοδωρόπουλος\""},{"Link":"http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/3/gh352.jsp?obj_id=7021","external_links_name":"Βουχέτιον: Περιγραφή"},{"Link":"http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/3/gh351.jsp?obj_id=7021","external_links_name":"Βουχέτιον: Ιστορικό"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Xc5HAQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Castles of Northwest Greece: From the Early Byzantine Period to the Eve of the First World War"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dKINo5CPFy8C","external_links_name":"Byzantine Epirus: A Topography of Transformation. Settlements of the Seventh-Twelfth Centuries in Southern Epirus and Aetoloacarnania, Greece"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sexton_(MP_for_Canterbury)	John Sexton (MP for Canterbury)	["1 References"]	Member of the Parliament of England Rt HonJohn Sexton IMember of ParliamentforIn office1393–1394Preceded byEdmund HorneSucceeded byJohn ProudeIn office1397Preceded byThomas IckhamSucceeded byRobert FarthingIn office1404Preceded byRobert CooperSucceeded byJohn HauteIn office1407–1410Preceded byEdmund HorneSucceeded byThomas Lane Personal detailsSpouse(s)Wife, AgnesChildren1 daughter John Sexton I, of Canterbury, Kent, was a Member of Parliament for the constituency of Canterbury, Kent for four separate terms between 1393 and 1410, as well as serving as a Jurat and holding a commission of array. References ^ a b Woodger, LS. "Canterbury". The History of Parliament. Institute of Historical Research. ^ a b Woodger, LS. "SEXTON, John I, of Canterbury, Kent". The History of Parliament. Institute of Historical Research. This article about a 14th-century Member of the Parliament of England is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a 15th-century Member of the Parliament of England is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"the constituency of Canterbury, Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"1393","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1393"},{"link_name":"1410","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1410"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CanterburyMPs-1"},{"link_name":"Jurat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurat"},{"link_name":"commission of array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_of_array"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SextonBiog-2"}],"text":"John Sexton I, of Canterbury, Kent, was a Member of Parliament for the constituency of Canterbury, Kent for four separate terms between 1393 and 1410,[1] as well as serving as a Jurat and holding a commission of array.[2]","title":"John Sexton (MP for Canterbury)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Woodger, LS. \"Canterbury\". The History of Parliament. Institute of Historical Research.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/constituencies/canterbury","url_text":"\"Canterbury\""}]},{"reference":"Woodger, LS. \"SEXTON, John I, of Canterbury, Kent\". The History of Parliament. Institute of Historical Research.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/member/sexton-john-i","url_text":"\"SEXTON, John I, of Canterbury, Kent\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/constituencies/canterbury","external_links_name":"\"Canterbury\""},{"Link":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/member/sexton-john-i","external_links_name":"\"SEXTON, John I, of Canterbury, Kent\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Sexton_(MP_for_Canterbury)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Sexton_(MP_for_Canterbury)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rintaro	Rintaro	["1 Biography","2 Filmography","2.1 Films","2.2 Short films","2.3 Original Video Animation","2.4 TV series","3 Books","4 References","5 External links"]	Japanese anime director RintaroBornShigeyuki Hayashi (1941-01-22) January 22, 1941 (age 83)Tokyo, JapanOther namesKuruma HinoYears active1958–presentAwardsWon Alexander Senki, Netizen's Choice Award, Puchon International Fantastic Film Festival (1998) Metropolis, 2nd Place, Best Animation Film, Fant-Asia Film Festival (2001) Nominations Metropolis, Best Film (nomination), Festival de Cine de Sitges (2001) Part of a series onAnime and manga Anime History Voice acting Companies Studios Original video animation Original net animation Fansub Fandub Lists Longest series Longest franchises Manga History Publishers International market Manga artist Doujinshi Alternative Gekiga New Wave Yonkoma Iconography Scanlation Lists Best-selling series Longest series Demographic groups Children Shōnen Shōjo Seinen Josei Genres Bara Cooking Harem Isekai Iyashikei Lolicon Magical girl Mecha Otomechikku Ryona Shotacon Sports Teens' love Yaoi Yuri People Manga artists Anime directors Fandom Conventions (list) Clubs Cosplay Anime music video Otaku Yaoi fandom General Glossary Ecchi Hentai Moe Anime-influenced animation 2.5D musical Anime song Anime and manga portalvte Rintaro (りんたろう, Rintarō, born January 22, 1941) is the pseudonym of Shigeyuki Hayashi (林重行, Hayashi Shigeyuki), a well-known director of anime. He works frequently with the animation studio Madhouse (which he co-founded), though he is a freelance director not employed directly by any one studio. He began working in the animation industry—at age 17—as an in-between animator on the 1958 film Hakujaden. His works have won and been nominated for multiple awards, including a nomination for Best Film (Metropolis) at the 2001 Festival de Cine de Sitges. Rintaro is a fan of science fiction, and has been influenced by American westerns, gangster films, film noir, and French films. Additionally, he was influenced by Osamu Tezuka, and worked with him on Kimba the White Lion and Astro Boy. He said that when he was making Metropolis, which was based on Tezuka's manga of the same name, he "wanted to communicate Tezuka's spirit". Rintaro personally introduced the film at the Big Apple Anime Fest in 2001, where it was screened before its theatrical release by TriStar Pictures. Rintaro has also worked under the name Kuruma Hino, in addition to his best known pseudonym and his birth name. His pseudonym is sometimes miswritten as Rin Taro or Taro Rin. He is a founding member of the Japanese Animation Creators Association (JAniCA) labor group. Biography Rintaro was born in Tokyo. His first job in the animation industry was as an in-between animator on the 1958 film Hakujaden, which he worked on while working at Toei Animation. After working on two additional films there, he began working for Mushi Productions, the studio run by Osamu Tezuka. His first directing job was the fourth episode of the 1963 series Astro Boy. After leaving Mushi in 1971 to become a freelancer, he worked on many TV series and films, and established himself as one of the most respected and well-known anime directors in Japan. In recent years, Rintaro has lectured at Kyoto Seika University. In 2023, a short film directed by Rintaro, Yamanaka Sadao ni Sasageru Manga Eiga 'Nezumikozō Jirokichi', premiered at the 1st Niigata International Animation Film Festival. Rintaro's brother, Masayuki Hayashi, is himself an anime director and animator with credits including Wandering Sun, Kimba the White Lion, Combattler V and several Tatsunoko productions including Kerokko Demetan, Dash Kappei, The Littl' Bits, and Okawari Boy Starzan S. Some sources, including The Anime Encyclopedia, erroneously claim that "Masayuki Hayashi" and "Rintaro" are one and the same. Filmography Films Year Title Director Producer Writer Notes 1964 Mighty Atom, the Brave in Space Yes No Yes As Shigeyuki Hayashi 1979 Galaxy Express 999 Yes No No 1981 Adieu Galaxy Express 999 Yes No No 1983 Harmagedon Yes No No 1985 The Dagger of Kamui Yes Yes No 1986 Phoenix: Karma Chapter Yes Yes No Toki no Tabibito: Time Stranger No Yes No 1996 X Yes No Yes 2000 Reign: The Conqueror Yes Supervising No Co-directed with Yoshinori Kanemori 2001 Metropolis Yes No No 2009 Yona Yona Penguin Yes No No Short films Year Title Director Writer Notes 1978 Mystery of the Arcadia Yes No 1987 Labyrinth Labyrinthos Yes Yes Segment of Neo Tokyo 2023 Yamanaka Sadao ni Sasageru Manga Eiga 'Nezumikozō Jirokichi' Yes No Original Video Animation Year Title Director Writer Notes 1987 Take the X Train Yes Yes 1988 Bride of Deimos Yes No Matasaburo of the Winds Yes Yes Peacock King Yes No 1991 Doomed Megalopolis No Yes Episode 4: "The Battle for Tokyo";Also chief director 1992 Download: Devil's Circuit Yes Yes 1993 X² - Double X Yes No 1994 Spirit Warrior Yes No 2 episodes Final Fantasy: Legend of the Crystals Yes No 4 episodes 2002 Space Pirate Captain Herlock: The Endless Odyssey Yes No 13 episodes TV series Year Title Director Writer Notes 1963 Astro Boy Yes No Episode "Don Tay's Infernal Machine" 1965-1967 Kimba the White Lion Yes No 10 episodes 1968 Wanpaku Tanteidan Yes No Sabu to Ichi Torimono Hikae Yes No 6 episodes 1969 Moomin Yes No 1972 New Moomin Yes No 1974 Hoshi no Ko Chobin Yes No 1975 Wanpaku Omukashi Kumu Kumu Yes No 1975-1977 Manga Nihon Mukashi Banashi Yes No 3 episodes;Co-directed with Mitsuo Kobayashi and Tsuneo Maeda 1976 UFO Warrior Dai Apolon Yes No Episode "Invasion of the Demon Beast Bagladon from the Dark Nebula" 1977 Jetter Mars Yes No 27 episodes;Also producer 1977-1978 Arrow Emblem: Hawk of the Grand Prix Yes No 26 episodes 1978-1979 Space Pirate Captain Harlock Yes No 42 episodes 1980 Ganbare Genki Yes No 35 episodes 1982 Tiger Mask II Yes No 1 episode I Am a Cat Yes No TV movie 1989 The Tezuka Osamu Story: I Am Son Goku Yes Yes TV movie The New Adventures of Kimba The White Lion Yes No 1989-1990 Dragon Quest Yes No 15 episodes 2005 Manga Entertainment: The Art of Anime Yes Yes 2011 Wolverine Yes No Episode "Mariko";Co-directed with Hajime Ootani and Hiroshi Aoyama 2012 Lupin VIII Yes No Pilot episode for a cancelled TV series. Released on home video in 2012. Books Galaxy Express 999 movie Storyboard (映画「銀河鉄道999」絵コンテ帳). Fukkan.com , 2019. ISBN 978-4835456409 References ^ a b c d e f g Llewellyn, Richard (2007-05-12). "Rintaro Filmography". Animated Divots. Archived from the original on 2008-09-22. Retrieved 2008-08-22. ^ "Rintaro". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2008-08-22. ^ "Captain Harlock: Endless Odyssey cancelation explained". Anime News Network. 2002-06-24. Retrieved 2008-08-22. ^ "Rintaro in Chicago". Anime News Network. 2004-01-26. Retrieved 2008-08-22. ^ Seitz, Matt Zoller. "Anime Master Rintaro's Metropolis Is Playful, Humane and Visually Stunning". New York Press. Archived from the original on 2005-11-09. Retrieved 2008-08-22. ^ "Rintaro, Madhouse to Animate 2008 Penguin CG Movie". Anime News Network. 2007-05-24. Retrieved 2008-08-22. ^ a b c d e Berkwits, Jeff (2002-01-22). "Interview: Animation legend Rintaro reinvents the city to build a better Metropolis". Science Fiction Weekly. Archived from the original on 2008-05-05. Retrieved 2008-08-22. ^ "Awards for Rintaro". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2008-08-22. ^ a b "An Anime Metropolis". NPR's Morning Edition. 2002-01-24. Retrieved 2008-08-22. ^ "BAAF Wrap-up PR". Anime News Network. 2001-11-14. Retrieved 2008-08-22. ^ "Taro Rin?". Anime News Network. 2002-01-25. Retrieved 2008-08-22. ^ "Akira by Streamline?". Anime News Network. 2002-07-01. Retrieved 2008-08-22. ^ "JAniCA 発起人及び世話人・事務方一覧" (in Japanese). Japan Animation Creators Association (JAniCA). Retrieved 30 May 2009. ^ "Oshii to Take Guest Post at Tokyo Keizai University". Anime News Network. 2008-01-12. Retrieved 2008-08-22. ^ Cayanan, Joanna (22 February 2023). "Director Rintaro Premieres 1st New Work in 14 Years on March 20". Anime News Network. Retrieved 17 April 2023. External links Rintaro at Anime News Network's encyclopedia Rintaro at IMDb (in Japanese) Rintaro page at Madhouse vteWorks directed by RintaroAnimated series Kimba the White Lion (1965–66) Leo the Lion (1966–67) Sabu to Ichi Torimono Hikae (1968–69) Moomin (1970) New Moomin (1972) Hoshi no Ko Chobin (1974) Kum-Kum (1975–76) Jetter Mars (1977) Arrow Emblem: Hawk of the Grand Prix (1977) Space Pirate Captain Harlock (1978–79) Ganbare Genki (1980–81) The New Adventures of Kimba The White Lion (1989–90) Dragon Quest (1989–91) Animated films Mighty Atom, the Brave in Space (1964) Bonjour Galaxy Express 999 (1979) Adieu Galaxy Express 999 (1981) I Am a Cat (1982) Harmagedon (1983) The Dagger of Kamui (1985) Phoenix: Karma Chapter (1986) Neo Tokyo (segment "Labyrinth Labyrinthos", 1987) X/1999 (1996) Metropolis (2001) Yona Yona Penguin (2009) OVAs Bride of Deimos (1988) Doomed Megalopolis (1991–92) New Peacock King (1994) Final Fantasy: Legend of the Crystals (1994) Bronze: Cathexis (1994) Space Pirate Captain Herlock: The Endless Odyssey (2002–03) Tenjho Tenge: Ultimate Fight (2005) vteMadhouse television seriesPre-2000s Gamba no Bouken (1975) Jetter Mars (1977) Nobody's Boy: Remi (1977–1978) Treasure Island (1978–1979) Galactic Patrol Lensman (1984–1985) Yawara! (1989–1992) DNA² (1994) Azuki-chan (1995–1998) Trigun (1998) Cardcaptor Sakura (1998–2000) Master Keaton (1998–2000) Bomberman B-Daman Bakugaiden (1998–1999) Super Doll Licca-chan (1998–1999) Pet Shop of Horrors (1999) Jubei-chan: The Secret of the Lovely Eyepatch (1999) Di Gi Charat (1999–2001) Reign: The Conqueror (1999) Magic User's Club (1999) Bomberman B-Daman Bakugaiden V (1999–2000) 2000–2005 Boogiepop Phantom (2000) Carried by the Wind: Tsukikage Ran (2000) Hidamari no Ki (2000) Sakura Wars (2000) Hajime no Ippo: The Fighting! (2000–2002) Beyblade (2001) Galaxy Angel (2001–2004) Shingu: Secret of the Stellar Wars (2001) Chance Pop Session (2001) Magical Meow Meow Taruto (2001) X (2001–2002) Aquarian Age: Sign for Evolution (2002) Chobits (2002) Magical Shopping Arcade Abenobashi (2002) Pita-Ten (2002) Dragon Drive (2002–2003) Hanada Shōnen Shi (2002–2003) Panyo Panyo Di Gi Charat (2002) Rizelmine (2002) Mirage of Blaze (2002) Ninja Scroll: The Series (2003) Texhnolyze (2003) Gungrave (2003–2004) Gunslinger Girl (2003–2004) Uninhabited Planet Survive! (2003–2004) Di Gi Charat Nyo! (2003–2004) Gokusen (2004) Jubei-chan: The Counter Attack of Siberia Yagyu (2004) Paranoia Agent (2004) Tenjho Tenge (2004) Monster (2004–2005) BECK: Mongolian Chop Squad (2004–2005) Sweet Valerian (2004) Strawberry 100% (2005) Akagi (2005–2006) Paradise Kiss (2005) Oku-sama wa Joshi Kōsei (2005) 2006–2010 Kiba (2006–2007) Strawberry Panic! (2006) Nana (2006–2007) The Story of Saiunkoku (2006–2008) Black Lagoon (2006) Yume Tsukai (2006) Otogi-Jūshi Akazukin (2006–2007) Kemonozume (2006) A Spirit of the Sun (2006) Death Note (2006–2007) Tokyo Tribe 2 (2006–2007) Claymore (2007) Oh! Edo Rocket (2007) Princess Resurrection (2007) Dennō Coil (2007) Devil May Cry (2007) Shigurui (2007) Kaiji: Ultimate Survivor (2007–2008) Neuro: Supernatural Detective (2007–2008) Mokke (2007–2008) MapleStory (2007–2008) Ani*Kuri15 (2007–2008, animated sequence) Chi's Sweet Home (2008–2009) Allison & Lillia (2008) Kamen no Maid Guy (2008) Top Secret ~The Revelation~ (2008) Kaiba (2008) Ultraviolet: Code 044 (2008) Casshern Sins (2008–2009) Kurozuka (2008) Mōryō no Hako (2008) One Outs (2008–2009) Stitch! (2008–2010) Chaos;Head (2008) Hajime no Ippo: New Challenger (2009) Rideback (2009) Sōten Kōro (2009) Needless (2009) Kobato (2009–2010) Aoi Bungaku (2009) 2010s Rainbow: Nisha Rokubō no Shichinin (2010) The Tatami Galaxy (2010) Highschool of the Dead (2010) Marvel Anime (2010–2011) Kaiji: Against All Rules (2011) Hunter × Hunter (2011–2014) Chihayafuru (2011–2020) The Ambition of Oda Nobuna (2012) Btooom! (2012) Photo Kano (2013) Sunday Without God (2013) Hajime no Ippo: Rising (2013–2014) Ace of Diamond (2013–2016) Magical Warfare (2014) The Irregular at Magic High School (2014) No Game No Life (2014) Hanayamata (2014) Parasyte -the maxim- (2014–2015) Death Parade (2015) My Love Story!! (2015) Overlord (2015–2022) One-Punch Man (2015) Prince of Stride: Alternative (2016) Alderamin on the Sky (2016) All Out!! (2016–2017) ACCA: 13-Territory Inspection Dept. (2017) Marvel Future Avengers (2017–2018) A Place Further than the Universe (2018) Cardcaptor Sakura: Clear Card (2018) Okko's Inn (2018) Mr. Tonegawa (2018) Boogiepop and Others (2019) Ace of Diamond Act II (2019–2020) Afterlost (2019) No Guns Life (2019–2020) 2020s Sonny Boy (2021) The Vampire Dies in No Time (2021–2023) Takt Op. Destiny (2021) Police in a Pod (2022) Bibliophile Princess (2022) My Love Story with Yamada-kun at Lv999 (2023) The Gene of AI (2023) Frieren: Beyond Journey's End (2023–2024) Trillion Game (2024) Orb: On the Movements of the Earth (2024) Category Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Korea Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adiv-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imdb-2"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ann-famous-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ann-famous2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nypress-5"},{"link_name":"Madhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhouse_(company)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ann-madhouse-6"},{"link_name":"freelance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freelance"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adiv-1"},{"link_name":"Hakujaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakujaden"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adiv-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfw-7"},{"link_name":"Metropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_(2001_film)"},{"link_name":"Festival de Cine de Sitges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_de_Cine_de_Sitges"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imdb-award-8"},{"link_name":"westerns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(genre)"},{"link_name":"film noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_noir"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfw-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npr-9"},{"link_name":"Osamu Tezuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osamu_Tezuka"},{"link_name":"Kimba the White Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimba_the_White_Lion"},{"link_name":"Astro Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astro_Boy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfw-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npr-9"},{"link_name":"Metropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_(2001_film)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfw-7"},{"link_name":"Big Apple Anime Fest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Apple_Anime_Fest"},{"link_name":"TriStar Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TriStar_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ann-baaf-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adiv-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ann-taro-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ann-taro2-12"},{"link_name":"Japanese Animation Creators Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Animation_Creators_Association"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JAniCA-Founders-13"}],"text":"Rintaro (りんたろう, Rintarō, born January 22, 1941) is the pseudonym of Shigeyuki Hayashi (林重行, Hayashi Shigeyuki),[1][2] a well-known director of anime.[3][4][5] He works frequently with the animation studio Madhouse (which he co-founded),[6] though he is a freelance director not employed directly by any one studio.[1] He began working in the animation industry—at age 17—as an in-between animator on the 1958 film Hakujaden.[1][7] His works have won and been nominated for multiple awards, including a nomination for Best Film (Metropolis) at the 2001 Festival de Cine de Sitges.[8]Rintaro is a fan of science fiction, and has been influenced by American westerns, gangster films, film noir, and French films.[7][9] Additionally, he was influenced by Osamu Tezuka, and worked with him on Kimba the White Lion and Astro Boy.[7][9] He said that when he was making Metropolis, which was based on Tezuka's manga of the same name, he \"wanted to communicate Tezuka's spirit\".[7] Rintaro personally introduced the film at the Big Apple Anime Fest in 2001, where it was screened before its theatrical release by TriStar Pictures.[10]Rintaro has also worked under the name Kuruma Hino, in addition to his best known pseudonym and his birth name.[1] His pseudonym is sometimes miswritten as Rin Taro or Taro Rin.[11][12] He is a founding member of the Japanese Animation Creators Association (JAniCA) labor group.[13]","title":"Rintaro"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Hakujaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakujaden"},{"link_name":"Toei Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toei_Animation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adiv-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfw-7"},{"link_name":"Mushi Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushi_Productions"},{"link_name":"Osamu Tezuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osamu_Tezuka"},{"link_name":"Astro Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astro_Boy_(1960s)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adiv-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adiv-1"},{"link_name":"Kyoto Seika University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Seika_University"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seika-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Wandering Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandering_Sun"},{"link_name":"Kimba the White Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimba_the_White_Lion"},{"link_name":"Combattler V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combattler_V"},{"link_name":"Tatsunoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatsunoko_Production"},{"link_name":"Kerokko Demetan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brave_Frog"},{"link_name":"Dash Kappei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash_Kappei"},{"link_name":"The Littl' Bits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Littl%27_Bits"},{"link_name":"Starzan S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starzan_S"}],"text":"Rintaro was born in Tokyo. His first job in the animation industry was as an in-between animator on the 1958 film Hakujaden, which he worked on while working at Toei Animation.[1][7] After working on two additional films there, he began working for Mushi Productions, the studio run by Osamu Tezuka. His first directing job was the fourth episode of the 1963 series Astro Boy.[1] After leaving Mushi in 1971 to become a freelancer, he worked on many TV series and films, and established himself as one of the most respected and well-known anime directors in Japan.[1]In recent years, Rintaro has lectured at Kyoto Seika University.[14]In 2023, a short film directed by Rintaro, Yamanaka Sadao ni Sasageru Manga Eiga 'Nezumikozō Jirokichi', premiered at the 1st Niigata International Animation Film Festival.[15]Rintaro's brother, Masayuki Hayashi, is himself an anime director and animator with credits including Wandering Sun, Kimba the White Lion, Combattler V and several Tatsunoko productions including Kerokko Demetan, Dash Kappei, The Littl' Bits, and Okawari Boy Starzan S. Some sources, including The Anime Encyclopedia, erroneously claim that \"Masayuki Hayashi\" and \"Rintaro\" are one and the same.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Films","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Short films","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Original Video Animation","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"TV series","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-4835456409","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4835456409"}],"text":"Galaxy Express 999 movie Storyboard (映画「銀河鉄道999」絵コンテ帳). Fukkan.com , 2019. ISBN 978-4835456409","title":"Books"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Llewellyn, Richard (2007-05-12). \"Rintaro Filmography\". Animated Divots. Archived from the original on 2008-09-22. Retrieved 2008-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080922033653/http://www.animated-divots.com/rintaro.html","url_text":"\"Rintaro Filmography\""},{"url":"http://www.animated-divots.com/rintaro.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rintaro\". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2008-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0727336/","url_text":"\"Rintaro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database","url_text":"Internet Movie Database"}]},{"reference":"\"Captain Harlock: Endless Odyssey cancelation explained\". Anime News Network. 2002-06-24. Retrieved 2008-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2002-06-24/captain-harlock-endless-odyssey-cancelation-explained","url_text":"\"Captain Harlock: Endless Odyssey cancelation explained\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Rintaro in Chicago\". Anime News Network. 2004-01-26. Retrieved 2008-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2004-01-26/rintaro-in-chicago","url_text":"\"Rintaro in Chicago\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"Seitz, Matt Zoller. \"Anime Master Rintaro's Metropolis Is Playful, Humane and Visually Stunning\". New York Press. Archived from the original on 2005-11-09. Retrieved 2008-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051109153554/http://www.nypress.com/15/4/film/film.cfm","url_text":"\"Anime Master Rintaro's Metropolis Is Playful, Humane and Visually Stunning\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Press","url_text":"New York Press"},{"url":"http://www.nypress.com/15/4/film/film.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rintaro, Madhouse to Animate 2008 Penguin CG Movie\". Anime News Network. 2007-05-24. Retrieved 2008-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2007-05-24/rintaro-madhouse-to-animate-2008-penguin-cg-movie","url_text":"\"Rintaro, Madhouse to Animate 2008 Penguin CG Movie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"Berkwits, Jeff (2002-01-22). \"Interview: Animation legend Rintaro reinvents the city to build a better Metropolis\". Science Fiction Weekly. Archived from the original on 2008-05-05. Retrieved 2008-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080505093621/http://www.scifi.com/sfw/issue248/interview.html","url_text":"\"Interview: Animation legend Rintaro reinvents the city to build a better Metropolis\""},{"url":"http://www.scifi.com/sfw/issue248/interview.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Awards for Rintaro\". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2008-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0727336/awards","url_text":"\"Awards for Rintaro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database","url_text":"Internet Movie Database"}]},{"reference":"\"An Anime Metropolis\". NPR's Morning Edition. 2002-01-24. Retrieved 2008-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/2002/jan/metropolis/020124.metropolis.html","url_text":"\"An Anime Metropolis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Radio","url_text":"NPR's Morning Edition"}]},{"reference":"\"BAAF Wrap-up PR\". Anime News Network. 2001-11-14. Retrieved 2008-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2001-11-14/baaf-wrap-up-pr","url_text":"\"BAAF Wrap-up PR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Taro Rin?\". Anime News Network. 2002-01-25. Retrieved 2008-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2002-01-25/taro-rin","url_text":"\"Taro Rin?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Akira by Streamline?\". Anime News Network. 2002-07-01. Retrieved 2008-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2002-07-01/akira-by-streamline","url_text":"\"Akira by Streamline?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"JAniCA 発起人及び世話人・事務方一覧\" (in Japanese). Japan Animation Creators Association (JAniCA). Retrieved 30 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.janica.jp/03JAniCA-Founders.html","url_text":"\"JAniCA 発起人及び世話人・事務方一覧\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Animation_Creators_Association","url_text":"Japan Animation Creators Association (JAniCA)"}]},{"reference":"\"Oshii to Take Guest Post at Tokyo Keizai University\". Anime News Network. 2008-01-12. Retrieved 2008-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-01-12/oshii-to-take-guest-post-at-tokyo-keizai-university","url_text":"\"Oshii to Take Guest Post at Tokyo Keizai University\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"Cayanan, Joanna (22 February 2023). \"Director Rintaro Premieres 1st New Work in 14 Years on March 20\". Anime News Network. Retrieved 17 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-02-22/director-rintaro-premieres-1st-new-work-in-14-years-on-march-20/.195178","url_text":"\"Director Rintaro Premieres 1st New Work in 14 Years on March 20\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080922033653/http://www.animated-divots.com/rintaro.html","external_links_name":"\"Rintaro Filmography\""},{"Link":"http://www.animated-divots.com/rintaro.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0727336/","external_links_name":"\"Rintaro\""},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2002-06-24/captain-harlock-endless-odyssey-cancelation-explained","external_links_name":"\"Captain Harlock: Endless Odyssey cancelation explained\""},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2004-01-26/rintaro-in-chicago","external_links_name":"\"Rintaro in Chicago\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051109153554/http://www.nypress.com/15/4/film/film.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Anime Master Rintaro's Metropolis Is Playful, Humane and Visually Stunning\""},{"Link":"http://www.nypress.com/15/4/film/film.cfm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2007-05-24/rintaro-madhouse-to-animate-2008-penguin-cg-movie","external_links_name":"\"Rintaro, Madhouse to Animate 2008 Penguin CG Movie\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080505093621/http://www.scifi.com/sfw/issue248/interview.html","external_links_name":"\"Interview: Animation legend Rintaro reinvents the city to build a better Metropolis\""},{"Link":"http://www.scifi.com/sfw/issue248/interview.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0727336/awards","external_links_name":"\"Awards for Rintaro\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/2002/jan/metropolis/020124.metropolis.html","external_links_name":"\"An Anime Metropolis\""},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2001-11-14/baaf-wrap-up-pr","external_links_name":"\"BAAF Wrap-up PR\""},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2002-01-25/taro-rin","external_links_name":"\"Taro Rin?\""},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2002-07-01/akira-by-streamline","external_links_name":"\"Akira by Streamline?\""},{"Link":"http://www.janica.jp/03JAniCA-Founders.html","external_links_name":"\"JAniCA 発起人及び世話人・事務方一覧\""},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-01-12/oshii-to-take-guest-post-at-tokyo-keizai-university","external_links_name":"\"Oshii to Take Guest Post at Tokyo Keizai University\""},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-02-22/director-rintaro-premieres-1st-new-work-in-14-years-on-march-20/.195178","external_links_name":"\"Director Rintaro Premieres 1st New Work in 14 Years on March 20\""},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/people.php?id=2617","external_links_name":"Rintaro"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0727336/","external_links_name":"Rintaro"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080915130350/http://www.madhouse.co.jp/column/taf2006/rintaro.html","external_links_name":"Rintaro page at Madhouse"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000120204287","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/7595848","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJth8kbqd7kp6D6dddKWXd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/7033843","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1599450","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14132206m","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14132206m","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/173998704","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007434752205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2002034816","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00214274","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201304495","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p24104250X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810632137605606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11262767?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/4c04a860-d3a9-4479-bedf-1af4f0bcd245","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/076625966","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosmith_albums_discography	Aerosmith discography	["1 Albums","1.1 Studio albums","1.2 Live albums","1.3 Compilation albums","2 Extended plays","3 Singles","3.1 1970s","3.2 1980s","3.3 1990s","3.4 2000s","3.5 2010s","3.6 Notes","4 Peak positions on other charts","5 Other appearances","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Aerosmith discographyAerosmith performing in Las Vegas, Nevada on April 13, 2019.Studio albums15Live albums9Compilation albums16EPs2Singles72 American rock band Aerosmith has released 15 studio albums, six live albums, 16 compilation albums, two extended plays, and 72 singles. Aerosmith was formed in Boston, Massachusetts in 1970 by vocalist Steven Tyler, guitarists Joe Perry and Ray Tabano, bassist Tom Hamilton, and drummer Joey Kramer. Tabano was replaced by Brad Whitford in 1971. Other than a period from 1979 to 1984, this lineup has remained the same. Twenty-one of Aerosmith's songs have reached the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 and the band has long been a stalwart of the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, achieving nine number-one hits on that chart to date. An additional 28 of the band's songs have reached the top 40 on various charts worldwide. The band has achieved four multi-platinum singles ("Dream On", "Sweet Emotion", "Walk This Way", and "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing"), while an additional eight singles have attained silver, gold, or platinum certifications in various territories. Aerosmith is estimated to have sold well over 150 million albums around the world, making them the biggest-selling hard rock band in United States history. As of November 2021, the band has sold 69.5 million albums in the United States in terms of certification units, and 31,702,000 albums since 1991 when SoundScan started tracking actual sales figures. Albums Studio albums List of studio albums, with selected chart positions and certifications Title Album details Peak chart positions Certifications US AUS AUT CAN GER NLD NZ SWE SWI UK Aerosmith Released: January 5, 1973 Label: Columbia 21 — — 58 — — — — — — CAN: Platinum US: 2× Platinum Get Your Wings Released: March 15, 1974 Label: Columbia 74 — — — — — — — — — CAN: Platinum US: 3× Platinum Toys in the Attic Released: April 8, 1975 Label: Columbia 11 79 — 7 — — — — — — CAN: Platinum US: 9× Platinum Rocks Released: May 14, 1976 Label: Columbia 3 45 — 14 — — — 46 — — CAN: Platinum US: 4× Platinum Draw the Line Released: December 9, 1977 Label: Columbia 11 — — 10 — — — — — — CAN: Gold US: 2× Platinum Night in the Ruts Released: November 16, 1979 Label: Columbia 14 — — 8 — — — — — — CAN: Gold US: Platinum Rock in a Hard Place Released: August 1, 1982 Label: Columbia 32 — — 24 — — — — — — US: Gold Done with Mirrors Released: November 4, 1985 Label: Geffen 36 — — 72 — — — — — — US: Gold Permanent Vacation Released: August 18, 1987 Label: Geffen 11 42 — 7 — — — — — 37 CAN: 5× Platinum UK: Gold US: 5× Platinum Pump Released: September 12, 1989 Label: Geffen 5 1 — 2 13 33 8 8 9 3 AUS: 2× Platinum CAN: 7× Platinum GER: Gold UK: Gold US: 7× Platinum Get a Grip Released: April 20, 1993 Label: Geffen 1 3 3 2 3 2 9 3 1 2 AUS: Gold AUT: Platinum CAN: Diamond GER: Platinum SWE: Platinum SWI: Gold UK: Platinum US: 7× Platinum Nine Lives Released: March 18, 1997 Label: Columbia 1 13 2 2 3 17 14 3 3 4 AUT: Gold CAN: 3× Platinum GER: Gold SWI: Platinum UK: Gold US: 2× Platinum Just Push Play Released: March 6, 2001 Label: Columbia 2 27 7 2 6 32 — 19 3 7 SWI: Gold UK: Silver US: Platinum Honkin' on Bobo Released: March 30, 2004 Label: Columbia 5 59 22 5 32 64 — 38 17 28 US: Gold Music from Another Dimension! Released: November 6, 2012 Label: Columbia 5 30 12 6 7 33 — 11 5 14 CAN: Gold "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. Live albums Title Album details Peak chart positions Certifications US AUT FRA GER NLD SWE SWI UK Live! Bootleg Released: October 27, 1978 Label: Columbia 13 — — — — — — — CAN: Gold US: Platinum Classics Live! Released: April 7, 1986 Label: Columbia 84 — — — — — — — US: Platinum Classics Live! II Released: June 29, 1987 Label: Columbia — — — — — — — — US: Gold A Little South of Sanity Released: October 20, 1998 Label: Geffen 12 37 39 21 34 16 24 36 CAN: Platinum UK: Gold US: Platinum Rockin' the Joint Released: October 25, 2005 Label: Columbia 24 — — — — — 97 — Live in Berlin Released: 2015 Label: Columbia — — — — — — — — Aerosmith Rocks Donington 2014 Released: 2015 Label: Universal Music Group — — — — — — — — 1971: The Road Starts Hear Released: November 26, 2021 Label: Universal Music Enterprises — — — — — — — — Japan Calling Released: 2022 Label: Good Ship Funke — — — — — — — — "—" denotes albums that did not chart. Compilation albums Title Album details Peak chart positions Certifications US AUS GER NZ SWI UK Aerosmith's Greatest Hits Released: November 11, 1980 Label: Columbia 43 — — — — — CAN: Platinum UK: Silver US: 12× Platinum Anthology Released: June 1988 (UK only) Label: Raw Power — — — — — — Gems Released: November 15, 1988 Label: Columbia 133 — — — — — US: Gold Pandora's Box Released: November 19, 1991 Label: Columbia 45 — — — — — US: Platinum Pandora's Toys Released: June 8, 1994 Label: Columbia — — 52 — 21 — Big Ones Released: November 1, 1994 Label: Geffen 6 12 5 4 6 7 AUS: Gold AUT: Gold CAN: 8× Platinum GER: Gold UK: Platinum US: 4× Platinum Box of Fire Released: November 22, 1994 Label: Columbia — — — — — — US: Gold Aerosmith: 3 Pak – Aerosmith/Get Your Wings/Toys in the Attic Released: June 30, 1998 Label: Columbia — — — — — — Classic Aerosmith: The Universal Masters Collection Released: November 2, 2000 Label: Geffen — — — — — — Young Lust: The Aerosmith Anthology Released: November 20, 2001 Label: Geffen 191 48 78 15 — 32 UK: Platinum US: Gold O, Yeah! Ultimate Aerosmith Hits Released: July 2, 2002 Label: Columbia/Geffen 4 82 — — 90 6 UK: Silver US: 3× Platinum 20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection – The Best of Aerosmith Released: October 7, 2003 Label: Geffen 67 — — — — — Aerosmith: The Collection – Aerosmith/Get Your Wings/Toys in the Attic Released: May 4, 2004 Label: Columbia/Legacy — — — — — — Devil's Got a New Disguise: The Very Best of Aerosmith Released: October 17, 2006 Label: Columbia/Geffen 33 31 80 2 30 19 UK: Platinum Tough Love: Best of the Ballads Released: May 10, 2011 Label: Geffen 109 — — — 87 42 The Essential Aerosmith Released: September 13, 2011 Label: Columbia 104 44 — — 86 — UK: Gold Greatest Hits Released: August 18, 2023 Label: Capitol 36 — — — — — "—" denotes albums that did not chart. Extended plays Vacation Club (December 10, 1988) Made in America (March 18, 1997) Singles 1970s Title Year Peak chart positions Certifications Album US AUS CAN "Dream On" 1973 59 — 87 RIAA: 4× Platinum BPI: Platinum Aerosmith "Same Old Song and Dance" 1974 — — — Get Your Wings "Train Kept A Rollin'" — — — "S.O.S. (Too Bad)" 1975 — — — "Sweet Emotion" 36 — 56 RIAA: 3× Platinum BPI: Silver Toys in the Attic "Walk This Way" — — — RIAA: 2× Platinum BPI: Silver "You See Me Crying" — — — "Dream On" (re-issue) 6 72 10 Aerosmith "Last Child" 1976 21 — 26 Rocks "Home Tonight" 71 — 82 "Walk This Way" (re-issue) 10 85 7 Toys in the Attic "Back in the Saddle" 38 — 68 Rocks "Draw the Line" 1977 42 — 38 Draw the Line "Kings and Queens" 1978 70 — 77 "Get It Up" — — — "Come Together" 23 — 24 Sgt. Pepper's Lonely HeartsClub Band soundtrack "Chip Away the Stone" 77 — — Live! Bootleg "Remember (Walking in the Sand)" 1979 67 — 29 Night in the Ruts "—" denotes releases that did not chart 1980s Title Year Peak chart positions Certifications Album US US Rock AUS CAN IRE NLD NZ SWE UK "Lightning Strikes" (album track only) 1982 — 21 — — — — — — — Rock in a Hard Place "Bitch's Brew" (promo only) — — — — — — — — — "Let the Music Do the Talking" 1985 — 18 — — — — — — — Done with Mirrors "Shela" — 20 — — — — — — — "Darkness" 1986 — — — — — — — — — "My Fist Your Face" — — — — — — — — — "Dude (Looks Like a Lady)" 1987 14 4 95 22 10 — — — 45 BPI: Gold Permanent Vacation "Hangman Jury" — 14 — — — — — — — "Angel" 1988 3 2 — 14 — — — — 69 "Rag Doll" 17 12 — 23 29 16 — — 42 "Magic Touch" — 42 — — — — — — — "Rockin' Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu" — 44 — — — — — — — Less than Zero soundtrack "Chip Away the Stone" (re-issue) 1989 — 13 — — — — — — — Gems "Love in an Elevator" 5 1 33 13 18 14 15 — 13 RIAA: Gold Pump "F.I.N.E." — 14 — — — — — — — "Janie's Got a Gun" 4 2 1 2 — — 13 12 76 ARIA: Platinum "—" denotes releases that did not chart 1990s Title Year Peak chart positions Certifications Album US US Rock US Main AUS CAN GER NLD SWE SWI UK "What It Takes" 1990 9 1 — 46 15 — — — — — Pump "The Other Side" 22 1 — 73 22 — — — — 46 "Monkey on My Back" — 17 — — — — — — — — "Dude (Looks Like a Lady)" (re-issue) — — — — — — — — — 20 Permanent Vacation "Love Me Two Times" — 27 — — — — — — — — Air America soundtrack "Sweet Emotion" (re-issue) 1991 — 36 — — — — — — — — Pandora's Box "Helter Skelter" — 21 — — — — — — — — "Livin' on the Edge" 1993 18 1 19 21 10 — 42 29 21 19 Get a Grip "Eat the Rich" — 5 — 63 45 — — — — 34 "Fever" — 5 — — — — — — — — "Cryin'" 12 1 11 80 8 7 5 3 4 17 RIAA: Gold BPI: Silver "Amazing" 24 3 9 — 4 28 12 24 16 57 "Shut Up and Dance" 1994 — — — — — — — — — 24 "Deuces Are Wild" — 1 — — 25 — — — — — The Beavis and Butt-Head Experience "Crazy" 17 7 7 — 3 43 28 — 28 23 BPI: Silver Get a Grip "Blind Man" 48 3 23 76 5 89 37 — — Big Ones "Walk on Water" 1995 — 16 — — 62 — — — — — "Nine Lives" 1997 — 37 — — — — — — — — Nine Lives "Falling in Love (Is Hard on the Knees)" 35 1 29 46 2 40 76 23 22 22 RIAA: Gold "Hole in My Soul" 51 4 — — 10 75 — — — 29 "Pink" 27 1 23 86 42 81 58 — — 38 RIAA: Gold "Full Circle" — — — — — — — — — — "Taste of India" 1998 — 3 — — 40 — — — — — "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing" 1 4 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 4 RIAA: 5× Platinum ARIA: 2× Platinum BPI: 3× Platinum BVMI: Platinum Armageddon soundtrack "What Kind of Love Are You On" — 4 — — — — — — — — "Pink" (re-issue) 1999 — — — — — — — — — 13 Nine Lives "—" denotes releases that did not chart 2000s Title Year Peak chart positions Certifications Album US US Rock US Main. AUS AUT CAN GER NLD SWI UK "Angel's Eye" 2000 — 4 — — — — — — — — Charlie's Angels soundtrack "Jaded" 2001 7 1 6 51 47 6 48 54 30 13 RIAA: Gold Just Push Play "Fly Away from Here" 103 — 24 — — — — 99 94 — "Sunshine" — 23 — — — — — — — — "Just Push Play" — 10 38 — — — — — — — "Girls of Summer" 2002 — 25 — — — — — — — 199 O, Yeah! Ultimate Aerosmith Hits "Baby, Please Don't Go" 2004 — 7 — — — — — — — — Honkin' on Bobo "Devil's Got a New Disguise" 2006 — 15 — — — — — — — — Devil's Got a New Disguise "—" denotes releases that did not chart 2010s Title Year Peak chart positions Album US Rock US Adult "Legendary Child" 2012 17 — Music from Another Dimension! "Lover Alot" 31 — "What Could Have Been Love" — 22 "Can't Stop Lovin' You" (featuring Carrie Underwood) 2013 — — "—" denotes releases that did not chart Notes The Mainstream Rock Tracks chart was not created until 1981 and the Top 40 Mainstream chart was not created until the 1990s. Thus, both charts only include material after their creation. "Crazy" was released as a double A-side with "Blind Man" in the United Kingdom, so the chart position of #23 is given for both. Peak positions on other charts Additionally, the band charted these on other charts: "Dude (Looks Like a Lady)" (1988) – #41 Dance Music/Club Play "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing" (1998) – #13 Adult Contemporary, #14 Hot Latin Tracks "Jaded" (2001) – #8 Top 40 Tracks, #21 Latin Tropical/Salsa Airplay, #30 Latin Pop Airplay "Fly Away from Here" (2001) – #34 Top 40 Tracks "Legendary Child" (2012) – #19 Active Rock, #3 Heritage Rock, #27 Hot Rock Songs, #69 Canadian Hot 100 Airplay "Lover Alot" (2012) – #19 Heritage Rock, #47 Hot Rock Songs "What Could Have Been Love" (2012) – #28 Adult Contemporary, #48 Hot Rock Songs Other appearances Year Song(s) Album Notes 1978 "Come Together" Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band The Beatles cover 1987 "Rockin' Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu Less than Zero Huey "Piano" Smith cover 1990 "Love Me Two Times" Air America The Doors cover 1993 "Deuces Are Wild" The Beavis and Butt-Head Experience originally recorded for Pump 1998 "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing" and "What Kind of Love Are You On" Armageddon "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing" written by Diane Warren 2000 "Angel's Eye" Charlie's Angels written with Marti Frederiksen and Taylor Rhodes 2002 "Theme from Spider-Man" Spider-Man Paul Francis Webster and Robert Harris cover 2003 "Lizard Love" Rugrats Go Wild written with Jeff Lynne 2007 "Give Peace a Chance" Instant Karma John Lennon cover; featuring Sierra Leone's Refugee All Stars See also Aerosmith singles discography Aerosmith videography List of songs recorded by Aerosmith List of awards and nominations received by Aerosmith List of best-selling albums in the United States List of best-selling music artists List of best-selling music artists in the United States List of artists who reached number one on the Australian singles chart List of artists who reached number one on the Hot 100 (United States) List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Mainstream Rock chart Joe Perry discography Steven Tyler discography Whitford/St. Holmes References ^ "AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 2008-06-24. ^ McShane, Larry (February 15, 2008). "New Aerosmith 'Guitar Hero' game". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on 12 April 2008. Retrieved March 31, 2008. ^ "Top Selling Artists". Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA.com). ^ Grein, Paul (July 31, 2013). "Week Ending July 28, 2013. Albums: Selena Bumps Jay Z". Chart Watch. Yahoo. ^ "Aerosmith Chart History: Billboard 200". Billboard. Retrieved August 29, 2023. ^ a b Peak chart positions for albums in Australia: All except noted: "Discography Aerosmith". australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved September 30, 2012. Toys in the Attic and Rocks: Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970-1992. St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. Honkin' on Bobo and O, Yeah!: "The ARIA Report: Issue 737 (Week Commencing 12 April 2004)" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-04-06. Retrieved September 30, 2012. ^ a b "Discographie Aerosmith". austriancharts.at (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved September 30, 2012. ^ Peak chart positions for albums in Canada: All except noted: "Aerosmith – Top Albums/CDs". RPM. Walt Grealis. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved September 30, 2012. Nine Lives, Just Push Play, Honkin' on Bobo and A Little South of Sanity: "Aerosmith Chart History: Canadian Albums". Billboard. Retrieved September 30, 2012. ^ "Chartverfolgung / Aerosmith / Longplay". musicline.de (in German). GfK Entertainment. Archived from the original on July 28, 2014. Retrieved September 30, 2012. ^ a b c d "Discographie Aerosmith". dutchcharts.nl (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved September 30, 2012. ^ a b c "Discography Aerosmith". charts.nz. Hung Medien. Retrieved September 30, 2012. ^ a b c "Discography Aerosmith". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved September 30, 2012. ^ a b c "Aerosmith (Charts)". hitparade.ch (in German). Retrieved September 30, 2012. ^ a b c Peak chart positions for albums in the United Kingdom: All except Gold: "Aerosmith" (select "Albums" tab). Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 15, 2021. Gold: Zywietz, Tobias. "Chart Log UK: A – Azzido Da Bass". Zobbel.de. Tobias Zywietz. Retrieved September 30, 2012. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Gold and Platinum Search (Aerosmith)". Music Canada. Retrieved September 30, 2012. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "RIAA". RIAA. Retrieved January 12, 2014. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "British certifications – Aerosmith". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved June 18, 2023. Type Aerosmith in the "Search BPI Awards" field and then press Enter. ^ a b c Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 9. ^ a b c d "Gold-/Platin-Datenback: Aerosmith" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved September 30, 2012. ^ a b "Austrian certifications – Aerosmith" (in German). IFPI Austria. Retrieved September 30, 2012. ^ "(Guld & Platina) ÅR 1987-1998" (PDF) (in Swedish). International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 16, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2012. ^ a b c "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards (Aerosmith)". swisscharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved September 30, 2012. ^ a b "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for albums by Aerosmith". Riaa.com. Retrieved 25 April 2022. ^ a b "Gold Platinum Database: Aerosmith". Canadian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original on 2014-05-25. Retrieved 2012-02-27. ^ a b "Home". Bpi.co.uk. Retrieved 25 April 2022. ^ a b "Artist Chart History - Aerosmith". Billboard. ^ "Finnish Chart". finnishcharts.com. Archived from the original on 2015-02-09. Retrieved 2008-06-24. ^ a b c d "Discographie von Aerosmith". offiziellecharts.de (in German). Retrieved April 26, 2024. ^ a b c d "Aerosmith: Chart History – Hot 100". billboard.com. Retrieved January 18, 2020. ^ a b c d Australian chart peaks: Top 100 (Kent Music Report) peaks to June 19, 1988: Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives: Australian Chart Book. p. 12. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA between mid 1983 and June 19, 1988. Top 50 (ARIA Chart) peaks from June 26, 1988: "australian-charts.com > Aerosmith in Australian Charts". Hung Medien. Retrieved September 1, 2016. Top 100 (ARIA Chart) peaks from January 1990 to December 2010: Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988-2010. Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. "Blind Man": "The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 27 Nov 1994". Imgur.com (original document published by ARIA). Retrieved September 1, 2016. ^ a b c d "Canadian peaks". Archived from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2013. ^ a b c d e f g "British single certifications – Aerosmith". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved May 14, 2023. Select singles in the Format field. Type Aerosmith in the "Search BPI Awards" field and then press Enter. ^ a b c d "Aerosmith: Chart History – Mainstream Rock Songs". billboard.com. Retrieved January 18, 2020. ^ "Irish Singles Chart – Search for song". Irish Recorded Music Association. Retrieved July 6, 2011. ^ a b c Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 157. ISBN 1-904994-10-5. ^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 8. ^ a b "Aerosmith: Chart History – Mainstream Top 40". billboard.com. Retrieved January 18, 2020. ^ Dutch peaks ^ Swedish peaks ^ a b Swiss peaks ^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 9. ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Aerosmith)" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 3 August 2023. ^ Austrian peaks ^ "Aerosmith: Chart History – Adult Top 40". billboard.com. Retrieved January 18, 2020. External links Aerosmith discography at Discogs vteAerosmith Steven Tyler Tom Hamilton Joey Kramer Joe Perry Brad Whitford Ray Tabano Jimmy Crespo Rick Dufay Studio albums Aerosmith Get Your Wings Toys in the Attic Rocks Draw the Line Night in the Ruts Rock in a Hard Place Done with Mirrors Permanent Vacation Pump Get a Grip Nine Lives Just Push Play Honkin' on Bobo Music from Another Dimension! Live albums Live! Bootleg Classics Live I and II A Little South of Sanity Rockin' the Joint Extended plays Vacation Club Made in America Singles "Dream On" "Mama Kin" "Same Old Song and Dance" "Train Kept A-Rollin'" "S.O.S. (Too Bad)" "Sweet Emotion" "Walk This Way" "You See Me Crying" "Toys in the Attic" "Last Child" "Home Tonight" "Back in the Saddle" "Draw the Line" "Kings and Queens" "Get It Up" "Come Together" "Chip Away the Stone" "Remember (Walking in the Sand)" "Bitch's Brew" "Let the Music Do the Talking" "Shela" "My Fist Your Face" "Darkness" "Dude (Looks Like a Lady)" "Hangman Jury" "Angel" "Rag Doll" "Love in an Elevator" "F.I.N.E." "Janie's Got a Gun" "What It Takes" "The Other Side" "Monkey on My Back" "Love Me Two Times" "Helter Skelter" "Livin' on the Edge" "Eat the Rich" "Fever" "Cryin'" "Amazing" "Shut Up and Dance" "Deuces Are Wild" "Crazy" "Blind Man" "Walk on Water" "Nine Lives" "Falling in Love (Is Hard on the Knees)" "Hole in My Soul" "Pink" "Taste of India" "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing" "What Kind of Love Are You On" "Angel's Eye" "Jaded" "Fly Away from Here" "Sunshine" "Just Push Play" "Girls of Summer" "Baby, Please Don't Go" "Devil's Got a New Disguise" "Legendary Child" "Lover Alot" "What Could Have Been Love" "Can't Stop Lovin' You" Compilations Greatest Hits (1980) Gems Pandora's Box Pandora's Toys Big Ones Box of Fire Classic Aerosmith: The Universal Masters Collection Young Lust: The Aerosmith Anthology O, Yeah! Ultimate Aerosmith Hits Devil's Got a New Disguise: The Very Best of Aerosmith Tough Love: Best of the Ballads Greatest Hits (2023) Videos and DVDs Aerosmith Video Scrapbook Permanent Vacation 3x5 Live Texxas Jam '78 Things That Go Pump in the Night The Making of Pump Big Ones You Can Look At You Gotta Move Rock for the Rising Sun Concert tours Back in the Saddle Tour Permanent Vacation Tour Pump Tour Get a Grip Tour Nine Lives Tour Just Push Play Tour Aerosmith World Tour 2007 Aerosmith/ZZ Top Tour Cocked, Locked, Ready to Rock Tour Global Warming Tour Let Rock Rule Tour Blue Army Tour Rock 'N' Roll Rumble Tour Aero-Vederci Baby! Tour Deuces Are Wild Peace Out: The Farewell Tour Related articles Discography Videography Songs Band members Concert tours Awards Super Bowl XXXV halftime show Toxic Twins The Strangeurs/Chain Reaction Whitford/St. Holmes The Joe Perry Project Walk This Way: The Autobiography of Aerosmith Wherehouse Aero Force One Blue Army Rock 'n' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith Quest for Fame Revolution X Guitar Hero: Aerosmith songs "Boulevard of Broken Songs" Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Aerosmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosmith"},{"link_name":"studio albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"live albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_album"},{"link_name":"compilation albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilation_album"},{"link_name":"extended plays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"Boston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Steven Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Tyler"},{"link_name":"Joe Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Perry_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Ray Tabano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Tabano"},{"link_name":"Tom Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hamilton_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Joey Kramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Kramer"},{"link_name":"Brad Whitford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Whitford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic_bio-1"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Mainstream Rock Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Rock_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Dream On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_On_(Aerosmith_song)"},{"link_name":"Sweet Emotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Emotion"},{"link_name":"Walk This Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk_This_Way"},{"link_name":"I Don't Want to Miss a Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Don%27t_Want_to_Miss_a_Thing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIAA_%E2%80%94_Top_Selling_Artists-3"},{"link_name":"SoundScan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoundScan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Sales-4"}],"text":"American rock band Aerosmith has released 15 studio albums, six live albums, 16 compilation albums, two extended plays, and 72 singles. Aerosmith was formed in Boston, Massachusetts in 1970 by vocalist Steven Tyler, guitarists Joe Perry and Ray Tabano, bassist Tom Hamilton, and drummer Joey Kramer. Tabano was replaced by Brad Whitford in 1971. Other than a period from 1979 to 1984, this lineup has remained the same.[1]Twenty-one of Aerosmith's songs have reached the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 and the band has long been a stalwart of the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, achieving nine number-one hits on that chart to date. An additional 28 of the band's songs have reached the top 40 on various charts worldwide. The band has achieved four multi-platinum singles (\"Dream On\", \"Sweet Emotion\", \"Walk This Way\", and \"I Don't Want to Miss a Thing\"), while an additional eight singles have attained silver, gold, or platinum certifications in various territories.Aerosmith is estimated to have sold well over 150 million albums around the world, making them the biggest-selling hard rock band in United States history.[2] As of November 2021, the band has sold 69.5 million albums in the United States in terms of certification units,[3] and 31,702,000 albums since 1991 when SoundScan started tracking actual sales figures.[4]","title":"Aerosmith discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Live albums","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Compilation albums","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vacation Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacation_Club"},{"link_name":"Made in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made_in_America_(EP)"}],"text":"Vacation Club (December 10, 1988)\nMade in America (March 18, 1997)","title":"Extended plays"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1970s","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1980s","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1990s","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2000s","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2010s","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"The Mainstream Rock Tracks chart was not created until 1981 and the Top 40 Mainstream chart was not created until the 1990s. Thus, both charts only include material after their creation.\n\"Crazy\" was released as a double A-side with \"Blind Man\" in the United Kingdom, so the chart position of #23 is given for both.","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dude (Looks Like a Lady)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dude_(Looks_Like_a_Lady)"},{"link_name":"Dance Music/Club Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"I Don't Want to Miss a Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Don%27t_Want_to_Miss_a_Thing"},{"link_name":"Adult Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Contemporary_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Hot Latin Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Latin_Songs"},{"link_name":"Jaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaded_(Aerosmith_song)"},{"link_name":"Top 40 Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_40_Tracks"},{"link_name":"Latin Tropical/Salsa Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Songs"},{"link_name":"Latin Pop Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Pop_Airplay"},{"link_name":"Fly Away from Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_Away_from_Here"},{"link_name":"Legendary Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendary_Child"},{"link_name":"Active Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_rock"},{"link_name":"Heritage Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_rock"},{"link_name":"Hot Rock Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_Billboard_Rock_Songs"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Lover Alot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lover_Alot"},{"link_name":"What Could Have Been Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Could_Have_Been_Love"}],"text":"Additionally, the band charted these on other charts:\"Dude (Looks Like a Lady)\" (1988) – #41 Dance Music/Club Play\n\"I Don't Want to Miss a Thing\" (1998) – #13 Adult Contemporary, #14 Hot Latin Tracks\n\"Jaded\" (2001) – #8 Top 40 Tracks, #21 Latin Tropical/Salsa Airplay, #30 Latin Pop Airplay\n\"Fly Away from Here\" (2001) – #34 Top 40 Tracks\n\"Legendary Child\" (2012) – #19 Active Rock, #3 Heritage Rock, #27 Hot Rock Songs, #69 Canadian Hot 100 Airplay\n\"Lover Alot\" (2012) – #19 Heritage Rock, #47 Hot Rock Songs\n\"What Could Have Been Love\" (2012) – #28 Adult Contemporary, #48 Hot Rock Songs","title":"Peak positions on other charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other appearances"}]	[]	[{"title":"Aerosmith singles discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosmith_singles_discography"},{"title":"Aerosmith videography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosmith_videography"},{"title":"List of songs recorded by Aerosmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_Aerosmith"},{"title":"List of awards and nominations received by Aerosmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Aerosmith"},{"title":"List of best-selling albums in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of best-selling music artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists"},{"title":"List of best-selling music artists in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of artists who reached number one on the Australian singles chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_Australian_singles_chart"},{"title":"List of artists who reached number one on the Hot 100 (United States)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_Hot_100_(United_States)"},{"title":"List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Mainstream Rock chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_U.S._Mainstream_Rock_chart"},{"title":"Joe Perry discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Perry_(musician)#Discography"},{"title":"Steven Tyler discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Tyler#Discography"},{"title":"Whitford/St. Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitford/St._Holmes"}]	[{"reference":"\"AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved 2008-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p3508","url_text":"\"AllMusic\""}]},{"reference":"McShane, Larry (February 15, 2008). \"New Aerosmith 'Guitar Hero' game\". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on 12 April 2008. Retrieved March 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/2008/02/16/2008-02-16_new_aerosmith_guitar_hero_game.html","url_text":"\"New Aerosmith 'Guitar Hero' game\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080412025546/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/2008/02/16/2008-02-16_new_aerosmith_guitar_hero_game.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Selling Artists\". Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA.com).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinum.php?content_selector=top-selling-artists","url_text":"\"Top Selling Artists\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"Grein, Paul (July 31, 2013). \"Week Ending July 28, 2013. Albums: Selena Bumps Jay Z\". Chart Watch. Yahoo.","urls":[{"url":"http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/week-ending-july-28-2013-albums-finally-woman-152221250.html","url_text":"\"Week Ending July 28, 2013. Albums: Selena Bumps Jay Z\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aerosmith Chart History: Billboard 200\". Billboard. Retrieved August 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/aerosmith/chart-history/tlp/","url_text":"\"Aerosmith Chart History: Billboard 200\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Discography Aerosmith\". australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved September 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Aerosmith","url_text":"\"Discography Aerosmith\""}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970-1992. St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report","url_text":"Australian Chart Book 1970-1992"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"\"The ARIA Report: Issue 737 (Week Commencing 12 April 2004)\" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-04-06. Retrieved September 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20040406140000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20040407-0000/Issue737.pdf","url_text":"\"The ARIA Report: Issue 737 (Week Commencing 12 April 2004)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"Australian Recording Industry Association"},{"url":"http://www.aria.com.au/Issue737.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Discographie Aerosmith\". austriancharts.at (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved September 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Aerosmith","url_text":"\"Discographie Aerosmith\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aerosmith – Top Albums/CDs\". RPM. Walt Grealis. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved September 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113912/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-110.01-e.php?PHPSESSID=v2a76h62to0aart05gg0u3agj2&q1=Aerosmith&q2=Top+Albums%2FCDs&interval=20","url_text":"\"Aerosmith – Top Albums/CDs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Grealis","url_text":"Walt Grealis"},{"url":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-110.01-e.php?PHPSESSID=v2a76h62to0aart05gg0u3agj2&q1=Aerosmith&q2=Top+Albums%2FCDs&interval=20","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Aerosmith Chart History: Canadian Albums\". Billboard. Retrieved September 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/aerosmith/chart-history/canadian-albums","url_text":"\"Aerosmith Chart History: Canadian Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Chartverfolgung / Aerosmith / Longplay\". musicline.de (in German). GfK Entertainment. Archived from the original on July 28, 2014. Retrieved September 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140728221648/http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Aerosmith/485/?type=longplay","url_text":"\"Chartverfolgung / Aerosmith / Longplay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment","url_text":"GfK Entertainment"},{"url":"http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Aerosmith/485/?type=longplay","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Discographie Aerosmith\". dutchcharts.nl (in Dutch). Hung Medien. 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Retrieved June 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/24519/aerosmith/","url_text":"\"Aerosmith\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"Zywietz, Tobias. \"Chart Log UK: A – Azzido Da Bass\". Zobbel.de. Tobias Zywietz. Retrieved September 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://zobbel.de/cluk/CLUK_A.HTM","url_text":"\"Chart Log UK: A – Azzido Da Bass\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gold and Platinum Search (Aerosmith)\". Music Canada. Retrieved September 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/GPSearchResult.aspx?sa=Aerosmith","url_text":"\"Gold and Platinum Search (Aerosmith)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"RIAA\". RIAA. Retrieved January 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=aerosmith#search_section","url_text":"\"RIAA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"RIAA"}]},{"reference":"\"British certifications – Aerosmith\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved June 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/brit-certified/","url_text":"\"British certifications – Aerosmith\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenback: Aerosmith\" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved September 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=&strInterpret=Aerosmith","url_text":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenback: Aerosmith\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie","url_text":"Bundesverband Musikindustrie"}]},{"reference":"\"Austrian certifications – Aerosmith\" (in German). IFPI Austria. Retrieved September 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://ifpi.at/auszeichnungen/?fwp_per_page=100&fwp_interpret=Aerosmith&","url_text":"\"Austrian certifications – Aerosmith\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"IFPI"}]},{"reference":"\"(Guld & Platina) ÅR 1987-1998\" [(Gold & Platinum) Year 1987-1998] (PDF) (in Swedish). International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 16, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110616145338/http://www.ifpi.se/wp/wp-content/uploads/guld-platina-1987-1998.pdf","url_text":"\"(Guld & Platina) ÅR 1987-1998\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"International Federation of the Phonographic Industry"},{"url":"http://www.ifpi.se/wp/wp-content/uploads/guld-platina-1987-1998.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards (Aerosmith)\". swisscharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved September 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://swisscharts.com/search_certifications.asp?search=Aerosmith","url_text":"\"The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards (Aerosmith)\""}]},{"reference":"\"RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for albums by Aerosmith\". Riaa.com. 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Retrieved January 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/aerosmith","url_text":"\"Aerosmith: Chart History – Hot 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard.com","url_text":"billboard.com"}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives: Australian Chart Book. p. 12. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"\"australian-charts.com > Aerosmith in Australian Charts\". Hung Medien. Retrieved September 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Aerosmith","url_text":"\"australian-charts.com > Aerosmith in Australian Charts\""}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988-2010. Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 27 Nov 1994\". Imgur.com (original document published by ARIA). Retrieved September 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://i.imgur.com/FF9dQgi.jpg","url_text":"\"The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 27 Nov 1994\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"ARIA"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian peaks\". Archived from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160107084007/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-110.01-e.php?PHPSESSID=4b4hk696a43h743affk2vjggm1&q1=Aerosmith&q2=Top+Singles&interval=20","url_text":"\"Canadian peaks\""},{"url":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-110.01-e.php?PHPSESSID=4b4hk696a43h743affk2vjggm1&q1=Aerosmith&q2=Top+Singles&interval=20","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"British single certifications – Aerosmith\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved May 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/brit-certified/","url_text":"\"British single certifications – Aerosmith\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"Aerosmith: Chart History – Mainstream Rock Songs\". billboard.com. Retrieved January 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/aerosmith/chart-history/rtt/","url_text":"\"Aerosmith: Chart History – Mainstream Rock Songs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard.com","url_text":"billboard.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Irish Singles Chart – Search for song\". Irish Recorded Music Association. Retrieved July 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement","url_text":"\"Irish Singles Chart – Search for song\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Recorded_Music_Association","url_text":"Irish Recorded Music Association"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 157. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904994-10-5","url_text":"1-904994-10-5"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Aerosmith: Chart History – Mainstream Top 40\". billboard.com. Retrieved January 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/aerosmith/chart-history/tfm/","url_text":"\"Aerosmith: Chart History – Mainstream Top 40\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard.com","url_text":"billboard.com"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Aerosmith)\" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 3 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musikindustrie.de/wie-musik-zur-karriere-werden-kann/markt-bestseller/gold-/platin-und-diamond-auszeichnung/datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=&strInterpret=Aerosmith&strTtArt=alle&strAwards=checked","url_text":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Aerosmith)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie","url_text":"Bundesverband Musikindustrie"}]},{"reference":"\"Aerosmith: Chart History – Adult Top 40\". billboard.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Bonade	Daniel Bonade	["1 Biography","2 Teaching","3 Instruments and Equipment","4 Notes","5 External links"]	Daniel Bonade with his clarinet, 1938 Daniel BonadeBorn(1896-04-04)April 4, 1896Geneva, SwitzerlandDiedOctober 30, 1976(1976-10-30) (aged 80)Cannes, FranceMusical artist Daniel Bonade (April 4, 1896 – October 30, 1976) was a French classical clarinetist and professor of clarinet. He was the most influential teacher of the first generation of American-born professional clarinetists. Biography Daniel Bonade was born in Geneva, Switzerland on April 4, 1896. His father, Louis Bonade, was a clarinetist and received the Premier Prix from the Paris Conservatory in 1870. His mother, Esther Poissenot, was a pianist and a vocalist. After his father's death, Daniel Bonade began studying the clarinet at age 8 from Ferdinand Capelle. He then studied with Henri Lefebvre, a student of Cyril Rose. In 1910, while studying with Lefebvre, Bonade entered the Paris Conservatory and in 1913 at the age of 18 won the Premier Prix. After completing his education at the Paris Conservatory, Bonade traveled with the Garde Republicane Band as well as freelanced with Ballets Russes, the Sousa Band and other groups. In 1916, Bonade was offered the principal clarinet position of the Philadelphia Orchestra under the direction of Leopold Stokowski. Bonade was with the Philadelphia Orchestra until 1922 when he took a leave of absence for two years due to salary negotiations. He returned to the Orchestra in 1924 and left in 1930 because he thought the Orchestra was not going to survive the stock market crash. Bonade took a position with the Columbia Broadcasting Orchestra until 1933 when he was appointed the principal clarinet position of the Cleveland Orchestra. He remained with the Cleveland Orchestra from 1933 to 1941. After his stay in Cleveland, Bonade went on tour with the NBC Symphony Orchestra. Bonade's playing career was cut short by a heart attack when he was advised by medical doctors to stop. Bonade would devote his time to teaching clarinet students and playing low-pressure gigs. Bonade and his wife retired to France where he died in Cannes on October 30, 1976. Teaching Bonade was considered to be one of the greatest clarinet teachers of his time. Bonade taught at Curtis Institute of Music from 1924 to 1940, the Cleveland Institute of Music from 1933 to 1942, and the Juilliard School from 1948 to 1960. Bonade continued teaching privately until his death. Bonade had many successful students. Many of them received principal positions with orchestras or prestigious teaching positions. His students included: Robert McGinnis - Philadelphia Orchestra, New York Philharmonic Anthony Gigliotti – Philadelphia Orchestra Robert Marcellus - Cleveland Orchestra Richard Joiner - Colorado Symphony, National Symphony Orchestra, President's Own Emil Schmachtenberg - Cincinnati Symphony Mitchell Lurie - Pittsburgh Symphony, Chicago Symphony Bernard Portnoy - Cleveland Orchestra, Philadelphia Orchestra David Weber - New York City Ballet, CBS Symphony Orchestra, Juilliard School of Music Clark Brody - Chicago Symphony Robert Listokin - Radio City Orchestra, Symphony of the Air Ignatius N. Gennusa - Chicago Symphony Orchestra, Baltimore Symphony Orchestra Instruments and Equipment Bonade played on Selmer clarinets through the beginning part of his career until Lefebvre's death when he was given Buffet Clarinets that Lefebvre had inherited from Cyril Rose. Bonade would use these instruments until 1955, when he signed a contract with Leblanc Corporation and promoted their Symphony 3 clarinet line. In 1957, Bonade received a patent for his ligature design which is still used by many professionals today. Notes ^ a b c Daniel Bonade Papers, Special Collections in Performing Arts, University of Maryland, College Park ^ a b c d e f Jerry Pierce Papers, Special Collections in Performing Arts, University of Maryland, College Park ^ a b Charles P. Schmidt. "Bonade, Daniel." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 6 Aug. 2013. <http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/A2084880>. External links Victor Morosco on Bonade Daniel Bonade Papers - Special Collections in Performing Arts at the University of Maryland The Clarinetist's Compendium Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Musical artistDaniel Bonade (April 4, 1896 – October 30, 1976) was a French classical clarinetist and professor of clarinet. He was the most influential teacher of the first generation of American-born professional clarinetists.","title":"Daniel Bonade"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bonade-1"},{"link_name":"Paris Conservatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatoire_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pierce-2"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Capelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Capelle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bonade-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pierce-2"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Leopold Stokowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bonade-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pierce-2"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford-3"},{"link_name":"NBC Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pierce-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pierce-2"}],"text":"Daniel Bonade was born in Geneva, Switzerland on April 4, 1896.[1] His father, Louis Bonade, was a clarinetist and received the Premier Prix from the Paris Conservatory in 1870. His mother, Esther Poissenot, was a pianist and a vocalist.[2]After his father's death, Daniel Bonade began studying the clarinet at age 8 from Ferdinand Capelle. He then studied with Henri Lefebvre, a student of Cyril Rose. In 1910, while studying with Lefebvre, Bonade entered the Paris Conservatory and in 1913 at the age of 18 won the Premier Prix.[1][2] After completing his education at the Paris Conservatory, Bonade traveled with the Garde Republicane Band as well as freelanced with Ballets Russes, the Sousa Band and other groups.In 1916, Bonade was offered the principal clarinet position of the Philadelphia Orchestra under the direction of Leopold Stokowski. Bonade was with the Philadelphia Orchestra until 1922 when he took a leave of absence for two years due to salary negotiations.[1] He returned to the Orchestra in 1924 and left in 1930 because he thought the Orchestra was not going to survive the stock market crash.[2]Bonade took a position with the Columbia Broadcasting Orchestra until 1933 when he was appointed the principal clarinet position of the Cleveland Orchestra. He remained with the Cleveland Orchestra from 1933 to 1941.[3] After his stay in Cleveland, Bonade went on tour with the NBC Symphony Orchestra. Bonade's playing career was cut short by a heart attack when he was advised by medical doctors to stop.[2]Bonade would devote his time to teaching clarinet students and playing low-pressure gigs. Bonade and his wife retired to France where he died in Cannes on October 30, 1976.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Curtis Institute of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Institute_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Institute of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Institute_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Juilliard School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juilliard_School"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford-3"},{"link_name":"Robert McGinnis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//rharl25.wix.com/clarinetcentral#!robert-mcginnis/c1t3z"},{"link_name":"Anthony Gigliotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Gigliotti"},{"link_name":"Robert Marcellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Marcellus"},{"link_name":"Richard Joiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Joiner"},{"link_name":"Mitchell Lurie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-lurie30-2008nov30,0,263373.story"},{"link_name":"Bernard Portnoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//rharl25.wix.com/clarinetcentral#!bernard-portnoy/c13gd"},{"link_name":"David Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Weber_(clarinetist)"},{"link_name":"Clark Brody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-xpm-2012-11-06-ct-ent-1107-clark-brody-obit-20121106-story.html"}],"text":"Bonade was considered to be one of the greatest clarinet teachers of his time. Bonade taught at Curtis Institute of Music from 1924 to 1940, the Cleveland Institute of Music from 1933 to 1942, and the Juilliard School from 1948 to 1960.[3] Bonade continued teaching privately until his death.Bonade had many successful students. Many of them received principal positions with orchestras or prestigious teaching positions. His students included:Robert McGinnis - Philadelphia Orchestra, New York Philharmonic\nAnthony Gigliotti – Philadelphia Orchestra\nRobert Marcellus - Cleveland Orchestra\nRichard Joiner - Colorado Symphony, National Symphony Orchestra, President's Own\nEmil Schmachtenberg - Cincinnati Symphony\nMitchell Lurie - Pittsburgh Symphony, Chicago Symphony\nBernard Portnoy - Cleveland Orchestra, Philadelphia Orchestra\nDavid Weber - New York City Ballet, CBS Symphony Orchestra, Juilliard School of Music\nClark Brody - Chicago Symphony\nRobert Listokin - Radio City Orchestra, Symphony of the Air\nIgnatius N. Gennusa - Chicago Symphony Orchestra, Baltimore Symphony Orchestra","title":"Teaching"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pierce-2"},{"link_name":"patent for his ligature design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.freepatentsonline.com/2791929.pdf"}],"text":"Bonade played on Selmer clarinets through the beginning part of his career until Lefebvre's death when he was given Buffet Clarinets that Lefebvre had inherited from Cyril Rose. Bonade would use these instruments until 1955, when he signed a contract with Leblanc Corporation and promoted their Symphony 3 clarinet line.[2]In 1957, Bonade received a patent for his ligature design which is still used by many professionals today.","title":"Instruments and Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bonade_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bonade_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bonade_1-2"},{"link_name":"Daniel Bonade Papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hdl.handle.net/1903.1/1218"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pierce_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pierce_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pierce_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pierce_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pierce_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pierce_2-5"},{"link_name":"Jerry Pierce Papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hdl.handle.net/1903.1/3008"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Oxford_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Oxford_3-1"},{"link_name":"http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/A2084880","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/A2084880"}],"text":"^ a b c Daniel Bonade Papers, Special Collections in Performing Arts, University of Maryland, College Park\n\n^ a b c d e f Jerry Pierce Papers, Special Collections in Performing Arts, University of Maryland, College Park\n\n^ a b Charles P. Schmidt. \"Bonade, Daniel.\" Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 6 Aug. 2013. <http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/A2084880>.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Daniel Bonade with his clarinet, 1938","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Daniel_Bonade.jpg/220px-Daniel_Bonade.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://rharl25.wix.com/clarinetcentral#!robert-mcginnis/c1t3z","external_links_name":"Robert McGinnis"},{"Link":"http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-lurie30-2008nov30,0,263373.story","external_links_name":"Mitchell Lurie"},{"Link":"http://rharl25.wix.com/clarinetcentral#!bernard-portnoy/c13gd","external_links_name":"Bernard Portnoy"},{"Link":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-xpm-2012-11-06-ct-ent-1107-clark-brody-obit-20121106-story.html","external_links_name":"Clark Brody"},{"Link":"http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2791929.pdf","external_links_name":"patent for his ligature design"},{"Link":"http://hdl.handle.net/1903.1/1218","external_links_name":"Daniel Bonade Papers"},{"Link":"http://hdl.handle.net/1903.1/3008","external_links_name":"Jerry Pierce Papers"},{"Link":"http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/A2084880","external_links_name":"http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/A2084880"},{"Link":"http://www.morsax.com/bonade.html","external_links_name":"Victor Morosco on Bonade"},{"Link":"http://hdl.handle.net/1903.1/1218","external_links_name":"Daniel Bonade Papers"},{"Link":"http://education.conn-selmer.com/index.php/download_file/942/1948/","external_links_name":"The Clarinetist's Compendium"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/262639/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000067524686","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/16381225","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbtrPmj3gHq4XxmbMDpfq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1063665531","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n90601443","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/19da25f9-b324-4633-b954-8c01051a73a5","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6722rqz","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Solomon_Islands	North Solomon Islands	["1 History","2 Missions","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 6°14′40″S 155°23′02″E / 6.24444°S 155.38389°E / -6.24444; 155.38389Island group in Western Pacific For the short-lived unrecognized state, see Republic of the North Solomons. 6°14′40″S 155°23′02″E / 6.24444°S 155.38389°E / -6.24444; 155.38389 Part of a series on the History of Bougainville Prehistory (Kilu Cave) German colony (details) Australian mandate Japanese invasion Allied counter-invasion Territory of Papua and New Guinea Republic of the North Solomons Bougainville conflict Autonomous Bougainville Government Independence referendum vte The North Solomon Islands form a geographical area covering the more northerly group of islands in the Solomon Islands archipelago and includes Bougainville and Buka Islands, Choiseul, Santa Isabel, the Shortland Islands and Ontong Java Atoll. In 1885 Germany declared a protectorate over these islands forming the German Solomon Islands Protectorate. With the exception of Bougainville and Buka, these were transferred to the British Solomon Islands Protectorate in 1900. Bougainville and Buka continued under German administration until the outset of World War I, when they were transferred to Australia, and after the war, were formally passed to Australian jurisdiction under a League of Nations mandate. The Solomons archipelago. Today, what were the North Solomon Islands are split between the Autonomous Region of Bougainville (Papua New Guinea) and the sovereign state of Solomon Islands. The latter gained independence in 1976 and succeeded the British Solomon Islands Protectorate known for decades before 1975 as the British Solomon Islands. History Main articles: History of Bougainville and History of Solomon Islands On 17 February 1568, the Spanish explorer Alvaro de Mendaña y Neyra became the first European to sight the island, naming them Islas de Salomon. In April 1885 a German protectorate (Schutzgebiet) was declared over the northern Solomon Islands: Bougainville, Buka, Choiseul, Santa Isabel and Ontong Java Atoll. In June 1893, Captain Herbert Gibson of HMS Curacoa of HMS Curacoa, declared the southern Solomon Islands of New Georgia, Guadalcanal, Malaita and San Cristobal a British protectorate, and this protectorate became known as the British Solomon Islands Protectorate. In 1898 Britain annexed the Santa Cruz and the Rennell and Bellona Islands. In 1900, under the terms of the Treaty of Berlin (14 November 1899), Germany transferred Choiseul, Santa Isabel, the Shortlands and Ontong Java Atoll Islands to the British Solomon Islands Protectorate, but retained Bougainville and its surrounding islands. Germany granted this claim in exchange for the British giving up all claims to Western Samoa. Missions A United Church village choir in Siwai, Bougainville, 1978 The Roman Catholic "Apostolic prefecture of the Northern Solomon Islands" was established on 23 May 1898, by separation from the Apostolic Vicariate of New Pomerania, including the Islands of Ysabel, Choiseul, Bougainville and all the islets under German protectorate; until 1904, it was named Apostolic Prefecture of German Solomon Islands. In 1897 the islands were put under the jurisdiction of Broyer, Apostolic Vicar of Samoa, and in 1898 formed into a new prefecture under Joseph Forestier, who resided at Kieta, on Bougainville Island. Fever was so prevalent at the mission that most of the priests who went to the islands in 1898 died from disease. In 1911 the mission contained: 3 churches; 3 stations; 10 Marist Fathers; 5 lay brothers; 7 sisters of the Third Order of Mary; 2 Samoan catechists; 5 Catholic schools, with 140 pupils; 2 orphanages; and a few hundred Catholics. The Marist missionaries belonged to the Province of Oceania, the superior of which resided at Sydney, New South Wales. In 1930, it was promoted to Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Solomon Islands, from which the present Roman Catholic Diocese of Bougainville stems. References ^ a b Regan, Anthony; Griffin, Helga (2015). Bougainville: Before the Conflict. Canberra: ANU eView. p. 77. ISBN 9781921934247. ^ Jack-Hinton, C. (1962). The Discovery, Rediscovery and Exploration of the islands of Solomon, 1568-1838. Canberra: ANU. p. 4. ^ Lawrence, David Russell (October 2014). "Chapter 6 The British Solomon Islands Protectorate: Colonialism without capital" (PDF). The Naturalist and his "Beautiful Islands": Charles Morris Woodford in the Western Pacific. ANU Press. ISBN 9781925022032. ^ Commonwealth and Colonial Law by Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966. P. 897 ^ a b Lawrence, David Russell (October 2014). "Chapter 7 Expansion of the Protectorate 1898–1900" (PDF). The Naturalist and his "Beautiful Islands": Charles Morris Woodford in the Western Pacific. ANU Press. pp. 198–206. doi:10.22459/NBI.10.2014. ISBN 9781925022032. External links World Statesmen – Solomon Islands GigaCatholic vteFormer German colonies and protectoratesColoniesAfrica East Africa Kionga Triangle Wituland South West Africa West Africa Kamerun Neukamerun Kapitaï and Koba Mahinland Togoland Oceania New Guinea Samoa ConcessionsChina Kiautschou Bay Tsingtao Tientsin UnrecognisedAntarctica New Swabia (claimed by Nazi Germany) vteIslands of Papua New Guinea Admiralty Islands Ali Ambitle Aua Auriroa Bam Baudisson Bougainville Bagabag Bagaman Babase Baluan Barahun Basilaki Big Ndrova Bipi Bismarck Archipelago Blup Blup Boagis Boang Bonvouloir Islands Brumer Buka Calvados Chain Carteret Islands Conflict Group D'Entrecasteaux Islands Daloloia Group Dart Reefs Daru Deboyne Islands Dobu Duchateau Islands Duke of York Island / Duke of York Islands Dyaul East Emirau Feni Islands Fergusson Goaribari Gonubalabala Island Goodenough Green Islands Gulowa Hastings Hemenahei Hermit Islands Kabakon Kaniet Islands Karkar Kadovar Kerawara Kiriwina Kiwai Kui Kuwanak Lihir Island / Lihir Group Lif Little Ndrova Long Los Negros Lou Louisiade Archipelago Lunn Island Madau Mailu Malendok Makada Manam Manne Manus Marshall Bennett Mioko Misima Motorina Mualim Mussau Mut Mut New Britain New Hanover New Guinea New Ireland Ninigo Islands Nissan Normanby North Solomon Islands Nuakata Nubara Nukumanu Nusam Pak Pam Islands Panapompom Islands Pana Tinani Panaeati Panarairai Island Panatinane Pana Wina Island Patio Pinipel Pocklington Reef Purdy Purutu Rambutyo Renard Islands Ritter Rossel (Yela) Sae Sakar Samarai Sanaroa Schouten Islands Selapiu Seleo Sideia Simberi Sirot St. Andrews Islands St Matthias Islands Strathord Islands Sudest Tabar Group Tabar Takuu Tanga Islands Tatau Tefa Tolokiwa Tong Trobriands Tsoilaunung Tumleo Ulu Umboi Unea Utian Vanatinai Vial Vitu Islands Wabuda Wagifa Western Islands Woodlark Wuvulu Yeina Yule New Guinea portal • Islands portal This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "North Solomon Islands". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic of the North Solomons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_North_Solomons"},{"link_name":"6°14′40″S 155°23′02″E / 6.24444°S 155.38389°E / -6.24444; 155.38389","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=North_Solomon_Islands&params=6_14_40_S_155_23_02_E_scale:2500000"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands_(archipelago)"},{"link_name":"Bougainville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainville_Island"},{"link_name":"Buka Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buka_Island"},{"link_name":"Choiseul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choiseul_Island"},{"link_name":"Santa Isabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Isabel_Island"},{"link_name":"Shortland Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortland_Islands"},{"link_name":"Ontong Java Atoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontong_Java_Atoll"},{"link_name":"protectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate"},{"link_name":"were transferred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands#Establishment_and_addition_of_islands"},{"link_name":"British Solomon Islands Protectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"League of Nations mandate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Political_map_of_the_Solomon_Islands_archipelago_in_1989.jpg"},{"link_name":"Autonomous Region of Bougainville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"succeeded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_of_states"},{"link_name":"British Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands"}],"text":"Island group in Western PacificFor the short-lived unrecognized state, see Republic of the North Solomons.6°14′40″S 155°23′02″E / 6.24444°S 155.38389°E / -6.24444; 155.38389The North Solomon Islands form a geographical area covering the more northerly group of islands in the Solomon Islands archipelago and includes Bougainville and Buka Islands, Choiseul, Santa Isabel, the Shortland Islands and Ontong Java Atoll. In 1885 Germany declared a protectorate over these islands forming the German Solomon Islands Protectorate. With the exception of Bougainville and Buka, these were transferred to the British Solomon Islands Protectorate in 1900. Bougainville and Buka continued under German administration until the outset of World War I, when they were transferred to Australia, and after the war, were formally passed to Australian jurisdiction under a League of Nations mandate.[1]The Solomons archipelago.Today, what were the North Solomon Islands are split between the Autonomous Region of Bougainville (Papua New Guinea) and the sovereign state of Solomon Islands. The latter gained independence in 1976 and succeeded the British Solomon Islands Protectorate known for decades before 1975 as the British Solomon Islands.","title":"North Solomon Islands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alvaro de Mendaña y Neyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvaro_de_Menda%C3%B1a_y_Neyra"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bougainville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainville_Island"},{"link_name":"Buka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buka_Island"},{"link_name":"Choiseul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choiseul_Island"},{"link_name":"Santa Isabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Isabel_island"},{"link_name":"Ontong Java Atoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontong_Java_Atoll"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Herbert Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_William_Sumner_Gibson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"HMS Curacoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Curacoa_(1878)"},{"link_name":"HMS Curacoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Curacoa_(1878)"},{"link_name":"New Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Guadalcanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal"},{"link_name":"Malaita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaita"},{"link_name":"San Cristobal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Cristobal_(Solomon_Islands)"},{"link_name":"British protectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_protectorate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRL6-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"British Solomon Islands Protectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands_Protectorate"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Islands"},{"link_name":"Rennell and Bellona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennell_and_Bellona"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRL7a-5"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa_Tripartite_Convention"},{"link_name":"Choiseul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choiseul_Island"},{"link_name":"Santa Isabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Isabel_Island"},{"link_name":"the Shortlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortland_Islands"},{"link_name":"Ontong Java Atoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontong_Java_Atoll"},{"link_name":"British Solomon Islands Protectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands_Protectorate"},{"link_name":"Western Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Samoa"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRL7a-5"}],"text":"On 17 February 1568, the Spanish explorer Alvaro de Mendaña y Neyra became the first European to sight the island, naming them Islas de Salomon.[2]In April 1885 a German protectorate (Schutzgebiet) was declared over the northern Solomon Islands: Bougainville, Buka, Choiseul, Santa Isabel and Ontong Java Atoll.[1]In June 1893, Captain Herbert Gibson of HMS Curacoa of HMS Curacoa, declared the southern Solomon Islands of New Georgia, Guadalcanal, Malaita and San Cristobal a British protectorate,[3][4] and this protectorate became known as the British Solomon Islands Protectorate. In 1898 Britain annexed the Santa Cruz and the Rennell and Bellona Islands.[5]In 1900, under the terms of the Treaty of Berlin (14 November 1899), Germany transferred Choiseul, Santa Isabel, the Shortlands and Ontong Java Atoll Islands to the British Solomon Islands Protectorate, but retained Bougainville and its surrounding islands. Germany granted this claim in exchange for the British giving up all claims to Western Samoa.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_United_Church_village_choir_in_Siwai.jpg"},{"link_name":"Apostolic prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_prefecture"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Vicariate of New Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate_of_New_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Prefecture of German Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Prefecture_of_German_Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa"},{"link_name":"Kieta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieta"},{"link_name":"Marist Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marist_Fathers"},{"link_name":"Third Order of Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third_Order_of_Mary&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"catechists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechist"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Northern_Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Bougainville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Bougainville"}],"text":"A United Church village choir in Siwai, Bougainville, 1978The Roman Catholic \"Apostolic prefecture of the Northern Solomon Islands\" was established on 23 May 1898, by separation from the Apostolic Vicariate of New Pomerania, including the Islands of Ysabel, Choiseul, Bougainville and all the islets under German protectorate; until 1904, it was named Apostolic Prefecture of German Solomon Islands.In 1897 the islands were put under the jurisdiction of Broyer, Apostolic Vicar of Samoa, and in 1898 formed into a new prefecture under Joseph Forestier, who resided at Kieta, on Bougainville Island. Fever was so prevalent at the mission that most of the priests who went to the islands in 1898 died from disease.In 1911 the mission contained: 3 churches; 3 stations; 10 Marist Fathers; 5 lay brothers; 7 sisters of the Third Order of Mary; 2 Samoan catechists; 5 Catholic schools, with 140 pupils; 2 orphanages; and a few hundred Catholics. The Marist missionaries belonged to the Province of Oceania, the superior of which resided at Sydney, New South Wales.In 1930, it was promoted to Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Solomon Islands, from which the present Roman Catholic Diocese of Bougainville stems.","title":"Missions"}]	[{"image_text":"The Solomons archipelago.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Political_map_of_the_Solomon_Islands_archipelago_in_1989.jpg/390px-Political_map_of_the_Solomon_Islands_archipelago_in_1989.jpg"},{"image_text":"A United Church village choir in Siwai, Bougainville, 1978","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/A_United_Church_village_choir_in_Siwai.jpg/220px-A_United_Church_village_choir_in_Siwai.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Regan, Anthony; Griffin, Helga (2015). Bougainville: Before the Conflict. Canberra: ANU eView. p. 77. ISBN 9781921934247.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781921934247","url_text":"9781921934247"}]},{"reference":"Jack-Hinton, C. (1962). The Discovery, Rediscovery and Exploration of the islands of Solomon, 1568-1838. Canberra: ANU. p. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lawrence, David Russell (October 2014). \"Chapter 6 The British Solomon Islands Protectorate: Colonialism without capital\" (PDF). The Naturalist and his \"Beautiful Islands\": Charles Morris Woodford in the Western Pacific. ANU Press. ISBN 9781925022032.","urls":[{"url":"http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p298111/pdf/ch063.pdf","url_text":"\"Chapter 6 The British Solomon Islands Protectorate: Colonialism without capital\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781925022032","url_text":"9781925022032"}]},{"reference":"Lawrence, David Russell (October 2014). \"Chapter 7 Expansion of the Protectorate 1898–1900\" (PDF). The Naturalist and his \"Beautiful Islands\": Charles Morris Woodford in the Western Pacific. ANU Press. pp. 198–206. doi:10.22459/NBI.10.2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Packard	Jerome Packard	["1 External links"]	American linguist Jerome Packard is an American linguist specializing in Chinese linguistics and psycholinguistics. He is a Professor Emeritus of Chinese, Educational Psychology and Linguistics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. His book The Morphology of Chinese (2000) is influential and widely cited in Chinese linguistics. His more recent book A Social View on the Chinese Language (2021) offers a linguistic introduction to the Chinese language for the general reader. External links Profile at University of Illinois Review of The Morphology of Chinese by San Duanmu Review of The Morphology of Chinese by Richard Sproat Review of The Morphology of Chinese by Karen Chung This biography of a United States linguist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"linguist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"psycholinguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psycholinguistics"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign"}],"text":"Jerome Packard is an American linguist specializing in Chinese linguistics and psycholinguistics. He is a Professor Emeritus of Chinese, Educational Psychology and Linguistics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. His book The Morphology of Chinese (2000) is influential and widely cited in Chinese linguistics. His more recent book A Social View on the Chinese Language (2021) offers a linguistic introduction to the Chinese language for the general reader.","title":"Jerome Packard"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090703200416/http://www.ealc.uiuc.edu/ealc/people/faculty/packard.htm","external_links_name":"Profile"},{"Link":"http://www-personal.umich.edu/~duanmu/RevPackard02.pdf","external_links_name":"Review of The Morphology of Chinese by San Duanmu"},{"Link":"https://linguistlist.org/issues/12/12-11/","external_links_name":"Review of The Morphology of Chinese by Richard Sproat"},{"Link":"https://linguistlist.org/issues/12/12-844/","external_links_name":"Review of The Morphology of Chinese by Karen Chung"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerome_Packard&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelmet	Pelmet	["1 References","2 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Pelmet" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Formal interior with timber pelmets from which the curtains and swags are hung External decorative pelmets fitted within a brick and stone window opening A pelmet in Toulouse A pelmet (also called a "cornice board") is a framework placed above a window, used to conceal curtain fixtures. These can be used decoratively (to hide the curtain rod) and help insulate the window by preventing convection currents. It is similar in appearance to a valance, which performs the same function but is made of fabric. A pelmet can be made of plywood, and may be painted, or fabric covered. Exterior timber pelmets are a feature of some historic buildings, fitted on the outside of a window. These may be plain or decorative, with complex fretwork in some examples. These may be purely decorative, or serve to conceal an external blind mechanism. Due to the appearance of a pelmet, the term is often used to describe an extremely short skirt. References ^ "How Pelmets drop your heating bills dramatically". YourGreenDream. Archived from the original on March 19, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2019. ^ Arnold, Sue (20 March 1999). "There are worse things than a pelmet skirt". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-25. Retrieved 13 October 2013. External links Look up pelmet in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. This architectural element–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(Ireland)_Dublin_Castle_Interior_(State_Drawing_Room).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beauval_lambrequins_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toulouse-lambrequin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse"},{"link_name":"cornice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornice"},{"link_name":"convection currents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"valance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_valance"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Formal interior with timber pelmets from which the curtains and swags are hungExternal decorative pelmets fitted within a brick and stone window openingA pelmet in ToulouseA pelmet (also called a \"cornice board\") is a framework placed above a window, used to conceal curtain fixtures. These can be used decoratively (to hide the curtain rod) and help insulate the window by preventing convection currents.[1] It is similar in appearance to a valance, which performs the same function but is made of fabric. A pelmet can be made of plywood, and may be painted, or fabric covered.Exterior timber pelmets are a feature of some historic buildings, fitted on the outside of a window. These may be plain or decorative, with complex fretwork in some examples. These may be purely decorative, or serve to conceal an external blind mechanism.Due to the appearance of a pelmet, the term is often used to describe an extremely short skirt.[2]","title":"Pelmet"}]	[{"image_text":"Formal interior with timber pelmets from which the curtains and swags are hung","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/%28Ireland%29_Dublin_Castle_Interior_%28State_Drawing_Room%29.jpg/220px-%28Ireland%29_Dublin_Castle_Interior_%28State_Drawing_Room%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"External decorative pelmets fitted within a brick and stone window opening","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Beauval_lambrequins_1.jpg/220px-Beauval_lambrequins_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"A pelmet in Toulouse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Toulouse-lambrequin.jpg/220px-Toulouse-lambrequin.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"How Pelmets drop your heating bills dramatically\". YourGreenDream. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bernard	Jeff Bernard	["1 References"]	Jeff Bernard is an unlimited hydroplane driver from Allen Park, Michigan. He is a fourth-generation driver and is the nephew of former drivers Mike Weber and Mark Weber and step son of former driver Terry Troxell. Bernard won the Madison Regatta in 2008 and the Thunder on the Ohio race in 2009 driving the U-5 Miss Formulaboats.com hydroplane. References ^ "With a strong finish in 2006, Jeff Bernard can't wait for 2007 season". nbcrightnow.com. 22 March 2007. ^ "Jeff Bernard, Brian Perkins churn up-and-coming hydro wakes". Kent Reporter. August 2008. ^ "NW Briefs - Kent's Jeff Bernard wins 58th Indiana Governor's Cup". The Seattle Times. 7 July 2008. ^ "Thunder Ohio Day 3". www.courierpress.com. This biographical article related to American sports is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madison Regatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Regatta"},{"link_name":"Thunder on the Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_on_the_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Bernard won the Madison Regatta in 2008 and the Thunder on the Ohio race in 2009 driving the U-5 Miss Formulaboats.com hydroplane.[3][4]","title":"Jeff Bernard"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"With a strong finish in 2006, Jeff Bernard can't wait for 2007 season\". nbcrightnow.com. 22 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbcrightnow.com/story/6268473/with-a-strong-finish-in-2006-jeff-bernard-cant-wait-for-2007-season","url_text":"\"With a strong finish in 2006, Jeff Bernard can't wait for 2007 season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeff Bernard, Brian Perkins churn up-and-coming hydro wakes\". Kent Reporter. August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kentreporter.com/sports/26171564.html","url_text":"\"Jeff Bernard, Brian Perkins churn up-and-coming hydro wakes\""}]},{"reference":"\"NW Briefs - Kent's Jeff Bernard wins 58th Indiana Governor's Cup\". The Seattle Times. 7 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seattletimes.com/sports/other-sports/nw-briefs-kents-jeff-bernard-wins-58th-indiana-governors-cup/","url_text":"\"NW Briefs - Kent's Jeff Bernard wins 58th Indiana Governor's Cup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thunder Ohio Day 3\". www.courierpress.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.courierpress.com/news/local-news/thunder-ohio-day-3","url_text":"\"Thunder Ohio Day 3\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.nbcrightnow.com/story/6268473/with-a-strong-finish-in-2006-jeff-bernard-cant-wait-for-2007-season","external_links_name":"\"With a strong finish in 2006, Jeff Bernard can't wait for 2007 season\""},{"Link":"http://www.kentreporter.com/sports/26171564.html","external_links_name":"\"Jeff Bernard, Brian Perkins churn up-and-coming hydro wakes\""},{"Link":"http://www.seattletimes.com/sports/other-sports/nw-briefs-kents-jeff-bernard-wins-58th-indiana-governors-cup/","external_links_name":"\"NW Briefs - Kent's Jeff Bernard wins 58th Indiana Governor's Cup\""},{"Link":"http://www.courierpress.com/news/local-news/thunder-ohio-day-3","external_links_name":"\"Thunder Ohio Day 3\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeff_Bernard&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1850_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Delaware	1850–51 United States House of Representatives elections	["1 Election summaries","2 Special elections","2.1 31st Congress","2.2 32nd Congress","3 Alabama","4 Arkansas","5 California","6 Connecticut","7 Delaware","8 Florida","9 Georgia","10 Illinois","11 Indiana","12 Iowa","13 Kentucky","14 Louisiana","15 Maine","16 Maryland","17 Massachusetts","18 Michigan","19 Minnesota Territory","20 Mississippi","21 Missouri","22 New Hampshire","23 New Jersey","24 New Mexico Territory","25 New York","26 North Carolina","27 Ohio","28 Oregon Territory","29 Pennsylvania","30 Rhode Island","31 South Carolina","32 Tennessee","33 Texas","34 Utah Territory","35 Vermont","36 Virginia","37 Wisconsin","38 Non-voting delegates","39 See also","40 Notes","41 References","42 Bibliography","43 External links"]	House elections for the 32nd U.S. Congress This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Clean up and add the results to the Tables for each state. Please help improve this article if you can. (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1850–51 United States House of Representatives elections ← 1848 & 1849 August 5, 1850 – November 4, 1851 1852 & 1853 → All 233 seats in the United States House of Representatives117 seats needed for a majority Majority party Minority party Leader Linn Boyd Edward Stanly Party Democratic Whig Leader's seat Kentucky 1st North Carolina 8th Last election 113 seats 106 seats Seats won 120 82 Seat change 7 24 Popular vote 1,142,783 1,105,286 Percentage 43.31% 41.89% Swing 0.85% 2.95% Third party Fourth party Party Unionist Southern Rights Last election Pre-creation Pre-creation Seats won 15 8 Seat change 15 8 Popular vote 123,727 109,060 Percentage 4.69% 4.13% Swing New Party New Party Fifth party Sixth party Party Free Soil Independent Last election 8 seats 3 seats Seats won 4 4 Seat change 4 1 Popular vote 82,221 70,262 Percentage 3.12% 2.79% Swing 5.54% 1.03% Speaker before election Howell Cobb Democratic Elected Speaker Linn Boyd Democratic The 1850–51 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between August 5, 1850, and November 4, 1851. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before the first session of the 32nd United States Congress convened on December 1, 1851. Elections were held for all 233 seats, representing 31 states. The Democrats gained 17 seats, increasing their majority relative to the rival Whigs, who lost 22 seats. Incumbent Whig President Millard Fillmore, who succeeded to the Presidency in July 1850 after the death of more charismatic General Zachary Taylor, lacked a strong political base. The Compromise of 1850, which admitted California alone as a free state in exchange for concessions to slave state interests, began integration of the Mexican Cession. It appeared in the short term that Congress had politically feasible options to contain sectionalism and to reduce tensions over expanding slavery in the West. This optimism soon would prove unfounded. The Unionist Party, formed in support of the Compromise of 1850, gained 10 seats in the South, as did the States' Rights Party. The Free Soil Party, which opposed the expansion of slavery into the Western territories, lost five seats and was reduced to four Representatives, all in New England. Election summaries ↓ 130 7 10 86 Democratic Whig State Type Date Totalseats Democratic Free Soil Southern Rights Unionist Whig Seats Change Seats Change Seats Change Seats Change Seats Change Iowa District August 5, 1850 2 2 0 0 0 0 Missouri District August 5, 1850 5 2 3 0 0 0 3 3 Vermont District September 3, 1850 4 1 0 0 0 3 Maine District September 9, 1850 7 5 0 0 0 2 Florida At-large October 7, 1850 1 0 0 0 0 1 Ohio District October 8, 1850 21 11 1 1 0 0 9 1 Pennsylvania District October 8, 1850 24 15 6 0 1 0 0 9 4 South Carolina District October 14–15, 1850 7 7 0 0 0 0 Illinois District November 5, 1850(Election Day) 7 6 0 0 0 1 Michigan District 3 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 New Jersey District 5 4 3 0 0 0 1 3 New York District 34 17 16 0 1 0 0 17 15 Wisconsin District 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 Massachusetts District November 11, 1850 10 1 1 2 1 0 0 7 1 Delaware At-large November 12, 1850 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 Late elections (after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term) New Hampshire District March 11, 1851 4 2 0 1 0 0 2 1 Rhode Island District April 2, 1851 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 Connecticut District April 7, 1851 4 3 1 0 1 0 0 1 Alabama District August 4, 1851 7 4 1 0 0 1 1 2 Arkansas At-large August 4, 1851 1 1 0 0 0 0 Indiana District August 4, 1851 10 8 0 1 0 0 2 1 Kentucky District August 4, 1851 10 5 1 0 0 0 5 1 Texas District August 4, 1851 2 2 0 0 0 0 North Carolina District August 7, 1851 9 3 0 0 0 6 Tennessee District August 7, 1851 11 7 0 0 0 4 California At-large September 3, 1851 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 Maryland District October 1, 1851 6 2 1 0 0 0 4 1 Georgia District October 6, 1851 8 0 4 0 2 2 6 6 0 4 Virginia District October 23, 1851 15 13 0 0 0 2 Mississippi District November 3–4, 1851 4 0 4 0 1 1 3 3 0 Louisiana District November 4, 1851 4 2 1 0 0 0 2 1 Total 233 13055.8% 17 41.7% 5 31.3% 3 104.3% 10 8636.9% 22 Popular vote Democratic 43.31% Whig 41.89% Unionist 4.69% Southern Rights 4.13% Free Soil 3.12% Independent 2.79% Others 0.07% House seats Democratic 50.65% Whig 35.06% Unionist 6.06% Southern Rights 3.46% Free Soil 3.03% Independent 1.73% One district in Massachusetts had been vacant in the 31st Congress. No new seats were added. The previous election had 1 Know-Nothing and 1 Independent. Special elections 31st Congress Iowa's 1st congressional district: 1850 New Hampshire's 3rd congressional district: 1850 Ohio's 6th congressional district: 1851 Louisiana's 3rd congressional district: 1850 Massachusetts's 1st congressional district: 1850 32nd Congress This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2020) Alabama See also: List of United States representatives from Alabama Elections were held August 4, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Alabama 1 Alabama 2 Alabama 3 Alabama 4 Alabama 5 Alabama 6 Alabama 7 Arkansas See also: List of United States representatives from Arkansas The election was held August 4, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Arkansas at-large Robert W. Johnson Democratic 1846 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Robert W. Johnson (Democratic) 57.4% ▌John Preston (Whig) 42.6% California See also: List of United States representatives from California California's members were elected late, at-large statewide, September 3, 1851. There were nevertheless seated with the rest of the House at the beginning of the first session. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates California at-large2 seats George W. Wright Independent 1849 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic gain. (Elected on a general ticket) ▌Y Edward C. Marshall (Democratic) 27.16% ▌Y Joseph W. McCorkle (Democratic) 26.77% ▌Edward J. Kewen (Whig) 23.70% ▌Benjamin J. Moore (Whig) 22.37% Edward Gilbert Democratic 1849 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic hold. Connecticut See also: List of United States representatives from Connecticut Elections were held April 7, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Connecticut 1 Connecticut 2 Connecticut 3 Connecticut 4 Delaware See also: List of United States representatives from Delaware The election was held November 12, 1850. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Delaware at-large John W. Houston Whig 1844 Incumbent retired. New member elected.Democratic gain. ▌Y George R. Riddle (Democratic) 49.21% ▌ George B. Rodney (Whig) 48.24% ▌ Francis D. Wait (Temperance) 2.54% Florida See also: List of United States representatives from Florida The election was held October 7, 1850. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Florida at-large Edward C. Cabell Whig 1845 Incumbent re-elected.Whig hold. ▌Y Edward C. Cabell (Whig) 52.80% ▌ John Beard (Democratic) 47.20% Georgia See also: List of United States representatives from Georgia Elections were held October 6, 1851. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Georgia 1 Joseph W. Jackson Democratic 1850 Incumbent re-elected.Southern Rights gain. ▌Y Joseph W. Jackson (Southern Rights) 51.67% ▌ Charles H. Hopkins (Constitutional Union) 48.34% Georgia 2 Marshall Johnson Wellborn Democratic 1848 New member elected.Unionist gain ▌Y James Johnson (Constitutional Union) 53.72% ▌ Henry L. Benning (Southern Rights) 46.28% Georgia 3 Allen F. Owen Whig 1848 New member elected.Southern Rights gain ▌Y David J. Bailey (Southern Rights) 50.67% ▌ Absalom H. Chappell (Constitutional Union) 49.33% Georgia 4 Hugh A. Haralson Democratic 1842 New member elected.Unionist gain ▌Y Charles Murphey (Constitutional Union) 58.05% ▌ John P. Stell (Southern Rights) 41.95% Georgia 5 Thomas C. Hackett Democratic 1848 New member elected.Unionist gain ▌Y Elijah W. Chastain (Constitutional Union) 64.98% ▌ William H. Stiles (Southern Rights) 35.02% Georgia 6 Howell Cobb Democratic 1842 Incumbent retired. New member elected.Unionist gain ▌Y Junius Hillyer (Constitutional Union) 71.11% ▌ Thomas F. Jones (Southern Rights) 28.90% Georgia 7 Alexander Hamilton Stephens Democratic 1843 Incumbent re-elected.Unionist gain ▌Y Alexander Hamilton Stephens (Constitutional Union) 70.82% ▌ David W. Lewis (Southern Rights) 29.18% Georgia 8 Robert Toombs Whig 1844 Incumbent re-elected.Unionist gain ▌Y Robert Toombs (Constitutional Union) Illinois See also: List of United States representatives from Illinois Elections were held November 5, 1850. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Illinois 1 Illinois 2 Illinois 3 Illinois 4 Illinois 5 Illinois 6 Illinois 7 Indiana See also: List of United States representatives from Indiana Elections were held August 4, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Indiana 1 Indiana 2 Indiana 3 Indiana 4 Indiana 5 Indiana 6 Indiana 7 Indiana 8 Indiana 9 Indiana 10 Iowa See also: List of United States representatives from Iowa Elections were held August 5, 1850. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Iowa 1 Iowa 2 Kentucky See also: List of United States representatives from Kentucky Elections were held August 4, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Kentucky 1 Kentucky 2 Kentucky 3 Kentucky 4 Kentucky 5 Kentucky 6 Kentucky 7 Kentucky 8 Kentucky 9 Kentucky 10 Louisiana See also: List of United States representatives from Louisiana Elections were held November 4, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Louisiana 1 Louisiana 2 Louisiana 3 Louisiana 4 Maine See also: List of United States representatives from Maine Elections were held September 9, 1850. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Maine 1 Maine 2 Maine 3 Maine 4 Maine 5 Maine 6 Maine 7 Maryland See also: List of United States representatives from Maryland Elections were held October 1, 1851 elections were after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the new term, but still before the Congress convened in December 1851. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Maryland 1 Maryland 2 Maryland 3 Maryland 4 Maryland 5 Maryland 6 Massachusetts See also: List of United States representatives from Massachusetts Elections were held November 11, 1850, but at least one district's elections went to multiple ballots into 1851. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Massachusetts 1 Massachusetts 2 Massachusetts 3 Massachusetts 4 Vacant due to failure to elect. New member elected on the 4th ballot.Whig gain. First ballot (November 11, 1850): ▌Benjamin Thompson (Whig) 39.60% ▌John G. Palfrey (Free Soil) 34.25% ▌Richard Frothingham (Democratic) 26.16% Second ballot (January 20, 1851): ▌Benjamin Thompson (Whig) 42.76% ▌John G. Palfrey (Free Soil) 33.86% ▌Richard Frothingham (Democratic) 23.39% Third ballot (April 7, 1851): ▌Benjamin Thompson (Whig) 42.12% ▌John G. Palfrey (Free Soil) 40.18% ▌Richard Frothingham (Democratic) 17.70% Fourth ballot (May 26, 1851): ▌Y Benjamin Thompson (Whig) 47.65% ▌John G. Palfrey (Free Soil) 47.00% ▌Richard Frothingham (Democratic) 5.36% Massachusetts 5 Massachusetts 6 Massachusetts 7 Julius Rockwell Whig 1844 (Late) Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected on the fourth ballot.Whig hold. First ballot (November 11, 1850): ▌Henry W. Bishop (Democratic) 45.75% ▌John Z. Goodrich (Whig) 45.30% ▌Joel Hayden (Free Soil) 6.72% ▌Julius Rockwell (Whig) 2.23% Second ballot (January 20, 1851): ▌John Z. Goodrich (Whig) 48.32% ▌Henry W. Bishop (Democratic) 42.61% ▌Joel Hayden (Free Soil) 7.73% ▌Julius Rockwell (Whig) 1.34% Third ballot (April 7, 1851): ▌John Z. Goodrich (Whig) 48.24% ▌Henry W. Bishop (Democratic) 43.02% ▌Joel Hayden (Free Soil) 7.96% Fourth ballot (May 26, 1851): ▌Y John Z. Goodrich (Whig) 52.80% ▌Henry W. Bishop (Democratic) 46.32% Massachusetts 8 Massachusetts 9 Massachusetts 10 Michigan See also: List of United States representatives from Michigan Elections were held November 5, 1850. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Michigan 1 Alexander W. Buel Democratic 1848 Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Whig gain. ▌Y Ebenezer J. Penniman (Whig) 54.7% ▌Alexander W. Buel (Democratic) 45.3% Michigan 2 William Sprague Whig 1848 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic gain. ▌Y Charles E. Stuart (Democratic) 50.8% ▌Joseph R. Williams (Whig) 49.0% Michigan 3 Kinsley S. Bingham Democratic 1846 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Whig gain. ▌Y James L. Conger (Whig) 50.6% ▌Charles C. Hascall (Democratic) 49.4% Minnesota Territory See Non-voting delegates, below. Mississippi See also: List of United States representatives from Mississippi Elections were held November 3–4, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Mississippi 1 Jacob Thompson Democratic 1839 Incumbent lost re-election as a Southern Rights candidate.New member elected.Unionist gain. ▌Y Benjamin D. Nabers (Unionist) 57.80% ▌Jacob Thompson (Southern Rights) 42.20% Mississippi 2 Winfield S. Featherston Democratic 1847 Incumbent lost re-election as a Southern Rights candidate.New member elected.Unionist gain. ▌Y John A. Wilcox (Unionist) 52.77% ▌Winfield S. Featherston (Southern Rights) 47.24% Mississippi 3 William McWillie Democratic 1849 Incumbent lost re-election as a Southern Rights candidate.New member elected.Unionist gain. ▌Y John D. Freeman (Unionist) 50.81% ▌William McWillie (Southern Rights) 49.19% Mississippi 4 Albert G. Brown Democratic 1847 Incumbent re-elected.Southern Rights gain. ▌Y Albert G. Brown (Southern Rights) 57.35% ▌A. B. Dawson (Unionist) 42.66% Missouri See also: List of United States representatives from Missouri Elections were held August 5, 1850. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Missouri 1 Missouri 2 Missouri 3 Missouri 4 Missouri 5 New Hampshire See also: List of United States representatives from New Hampshire Elections were held March 11, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates New Hampshire 1 New Hampshire 2 New Hampshire 3 New Hampshire 4 New Jersey See also: List of United States representatives from New Jersey Elections were held November 5, 1850. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates New Jersey 1 New Jersey 2 New Jersey 3 New Jersey 4 New Jersey 5 New Mexico Territory See Non-voting delegates, below. New York See also: List of United States representatives from New York Elections were held November 5, 1850. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates New York 1 New York 2 New York 3 New York 4 New York 5 New York 6 New York 7 New York 8 New York 9 New York 10 New York 11 New York 12 New York 13 New York 14 New York 15 New York 16 New York 17 New York 18 New York 19 New York 20 New York 21 New York 22 New York 23 New York 24 New York 25 New York 26 New York 27 New York 28 New York 29 New York 30 New York 31 New York 32 New York 33 New York 34 North Carolina See also: List of United States representatives from North Carolina Elections were held August 7, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates North Carolina 1 North Carolina 2 North Carolina 3 North Carolina 4 North Carolina 5 North Carolina 6 North Carolina 7 North Carolina 8 North Carolina 9 Ohio See also: List of United States representatives from Ohio Elections were held October 8, 1850. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Ohio 1 Ohio 2 Ohio 3 Ohio 4 Ohio 5 Ohio 6 Ohio 7 Ohio 8 Ohio 9 Ohio 10 Ohio 11 Ohio 12 Ohio 13 Ohio 14 Ohio 15 Ohio 16 Ohio 17 Ohio 18 Ohio 19 Ohio 20 Ohio 21 Oregon Territory See Non-voting delegates, below. Pennsylvania See also: List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania Elections were held October 8, 1850. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Pennsylvania 1 Pennsylvania 2 Pennsylvania 3 Pennsylvania 4 Pennsylvania 5 Pennsylvania 6 Pennsylvania 7 Pennsylvania 8 Pennsylvania 9 Pennsylvania 10 Pennsylvania 11 Pennsylvania 12 Pennsylvania 13 Pennsylvania 14 Pennsylvania 15 Pennsylvania 16 Pennsylvania 17 Pennsylvania 18 Pennsylvania 19 Pennsylvania 20 Pennsylvania 21 Pennsylvania 22 Pennsylvania 23 Pennsylvania 24 Rhode Island See also: List of United States representatives from Rhode Island Elections were held April 2, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Rhode Island 1 Rhode Island 2 South Carolina See also: List of United States representatives from South Carolina Elections were held October 14–15, 1850. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates South Carolina 1 South Carolina 2 South Carolina 3 South Carolina 4 South Carolina 5 South Carolina 6 South Carolina 7 Tennessee See also: List of United States representatives from Tennessee Elections were held August 7, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Tennessee 1 Andrew Johnson Democratic 1842 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Andrew Johnson (Democratic) 57.52% ▌Landon Carter Haynes (Democratic) 42.48% Tennessee 2 Albert G. Watkins Whig 1849 Incumbent re-elected. Y Albert G. Watkins (Whig) 78.65% ▌ Hurley (Democratic) 17.57% ▌J. D. Dickinson (Whig) 3.78% Tennessee 3 Josiah M. Anderson Whig 1849 Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Democratic gain. ▌Y William M. Churchwell (Democratic) 50.06% ▌Josiah M. Anderson (Whig) 49.94% Tennessee 4 John H. Savage Democratic 1849 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John H. Savage (Democratic) 57.20% ▌Jefferson D. Goodpasture (Whig) 42.80% Tennessee 5 George W. Jones Democratic 1842 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y George W. Jones (Democratic) 100% Tennessee 6 James H. Thomas Democratic 1847 Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Independent Democratic gain. ▌Y William H. Polk (Independent Democratic) 56.13% ▌James H. Thomas (Democratic) 43.87% Tennessee 7 Meredith P. Gentry Whig 1845 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Meredith P. Gentry (Whig) 100% Tennessee 8 Andrew Ewing Democratic 1849 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Whig gain. ▌Y William Cullom (Whig) 55.63% ▌J. J. Southall (Democratic) 44.37% Tennessee 9 Isham G. Harris Democratic 1849 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Isham G. Harris (Democratic) 59.47% ▌I. G. Hornberger (Whig) 40.53% Tennessee 10 Frederick P. Stanton Democratic 1845 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Frederick P. Stanton (Democratic) 51.81% ▌Walter S. Coleman (Whig) 48.19% Tennessee 11 Christopher H. Williams Whig 1849 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Christopher H. Williams (Whig) 100% Texas See also: List of United States representatives from Texas Elections were held August 4, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Texas 1 Texas 2 Utah Territory See Non-voting delegates, below. Vermont See also: List of United States representatives from Vermont Elections were held September 3, 1850. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Vermont 1 Vermont 2 Vermont 3 Vermont 4 Virginia See also: List of United States representatives from Virginia Elections were held October 23, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Virginia 1 Virginia 2 Virginia 3 Virginia 4 Virginia 5 Virginia 6 Virginia 7 Virginia 8 Virginia 9 Virginia 10 Virginia 11 Virginia 12 Virginia 13 Virginia 14 Virginia 15 Wisconsin See also: List of United States representatives from Wisconsin Elections were held November 5, 1850. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Wisconsin 1 Charles Durkee Free Soil 1848 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Charles Durkee (Free Soil) 57.23% ▌Andrew E. Elmore (Democratic) 42.47% Wisconsin 2 Orsamus Cole Whig 1848 Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Democratic gain. ▌Y Ben C. Eastman (Democratic) 54.98% ▌Orsamus Cole (Whig) 44.31% Wisconsin 3 James Duane Doty Democratic 1848 Incumbent won re-election as an Independent.Independent Democratic gain. ▌Y James Duane Doty (Independent Democratic) 67.12% ▌Harrison Carroll Hobart (Democratic) 32.31% Non-voting delegates See also: Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives District Incumbent This race Delegate Party First elected Results Candidates Minnesota Territory Henry Hastings Sibley Democratic 1848 (Wis. Territory: special)1849 (Wis. Territory: eliminated)1849 (Minn. Territory) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Henry Hastings Sibley (Democratic) New Mexico Territory New seat New seat.Democratic gain. ▌Y Richard H. Weightman (Democratic) 4,200 votes ▌A. W. Reynolds (Whig) 3,458 votes Oregon Territory Samuel Thurston Democratic 1849 (new seat) Incumbent died April 9, 1851.New delegate elected June 2, 1851.Democratic hold. ▌Y Joseph Lane (Democratic) Utah Territory New seat New seat.Independent gain. ▌Y John M. Bernhisel (Independent) See also 1850 United States elections List of United States House of Representatives elections (1824–1854) 1850–51 United States Senate elections 31st United States Congress 32nd United States Congress Notes ^ Includes two Unionist Whigs, three Unionist Democrats, and ten Unionists. ^ Includes one Secessionist Democrat, one Secessionist Whig, three Southern Rights Democrats, and three Southern Rightists. ^ Includes two Independent Democrats, one Benton Democrat and one Independent Whig. ^ Free Soil had 4 seats and States' Rights had 3. ^ Unionist had 10 seats. ^ a b c Includes one Independent Democrat. ^ There was 1 Know-Nothing in the 31st Congress. ^ In 1845, Congress passed a law providing for a uniform date for choosing presidential electors. Congressional elections were unaffected by this law, but the date was gradually adopted by the states for congressional elections as well. ^ One seat, Massachusetts's 4th congressional district, had been vacant during the entire 31st Congress. ^ There was 1 Independent in the 31st Congress. ^ a b Includes 1 Independent Whig. ^ Includes three Independent Democrats from Ohio, Tennessee, and Wisconsin. References ^ Statutes at Large, 28th Congress, 2nd Session, p. 721 ^ Guide to U.S. Elections. Vol. II (6th ed.). Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. 2010. p. 1016. ISBN 9781604265361. LCCN 2009033938. OCLC 430736650. ^ "Our Campaigns - CA - At Large Race - Sep 03, 1851". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 16, 2020. ^ "Our Campaigns - DE District At Large Race - Nov 12, 1850". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved February 4, 2024. ^ "Our Campaigns - FL At Large Race - Oct 07, 1850". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 20, 2023. ^ "Our Campaigns - GA District 01 Race - Oct 06, 1851". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 19, 2023. ^ "Our Campaigns - GA District 02 Race - Oct 06, 1851". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 20, 2023. ^ "Our Campaigns - GA District 03 Race - Oct 06, 1851". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 20, 2023. ^ "Our Campaigns - GA District 04 Race - Oct 06, 1851". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 20, 2023. ^ "Our Campaigns - GA District 05 Race - Oct 06, 1851". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 20, 2023. ^ "Our Campaigns - GA District 06 Race - Oct 06, 1851". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 20, 2023. ^ "Our Campaigns - GA District 07 Race - Oct 06, 1851". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 20, 2023. ^ "Our Campaigns - MA District 4 - 1st Trial Race - Nov 11, 1850". www.ourcampaigns.com. ^ "Our Campaigns - MA District 4 - 2nd Trial Race - Jan 20, 1851". www.ourcampaigns.com. ^ "Our Campaigns - MA District 4 - 3rd Trial Race - Apr 07, 1851". www.ourcampaigns.com. ^ "Our Campaigns - MA District 4 - 4th Trial Race - May 26, 1851". www.ourcampaigns.com. ^ "Our Campaigns - MA District 7 - 1st Trial Race - Nov 11, 1850". www.ourcampaigns.com. ^ "Our Campaigns - MA District 7 - 2nd Trial Race - Jan 20, 1851". www.ourcampaigns.com. ^ "Our Campaigns - MA District 7 - 3rd Trial Race - Apr 07, 1851". www.ourcampaigns.com. ^ "Our Campaigns - MA District 7 - 4th Trial Race - May 26, 1851". www.ourcampaigns.com. ^ "MI - District 01 Race - Nov 05, 1850". Our Campaigns. January 11, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2022. ^ "MI - District 02 Race - Nov 05, 1850". Our Campaigns. January 11, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2022. ^ "MI - District 03 Race - Nov 05, 1850". Our Campaigns. January 11, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2022. ^ "MS - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 9, 2021. ^ "MS - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 9, 2021. ^ "MS - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 9, 2021. ^ "MS - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 9, 2021. ^ "TN - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021. ^ "TN - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021. ^ "TN - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021. ^ "TN - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021. ^ "TN - District 05". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021. ^ "TN - District 06". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021. ^ "TN - District 07". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021. ^ "TN - District 08". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021. ^ "TN - District 09". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021. ^ "TN - District 10". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021. ^ "TN - District 11". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021. ^ "Wisconsin Congressional election 1850 / Official". Wisconsin Argus. December 17, 1850. p. 2. Retrieved May 23, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Later from New-Mexico--Murder, and Great Excitement". The New York Times. Retrieved October 16, 2020. ^ "Earliest Authorities in Oregon" (PDF). Oregon Secretary of State. p. 23. Bibliography Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830. Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701. Moore, John L., ed. (1994). Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections (Third ed.). Congressional Quarterly Inc. ISBN 978-0871879967. "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015. External links Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives) vteUnited States House of Representatives electionsElections spanningtwo years(through 1879) 1788–89 1790–91 1792–93 1794–95 1796–97 1798–99 1800–01 1802–03 1804–05 1806–07 1808–09 1810–11 1812–13 1814–15 1816–17 1818–19 1820–21 1822–23 1824–25 1826–27 1828–29 1830–31 1832–33 1834–35 1836–37 1838–39 1840–41 1842–43 1844–45 1846–47 1848–49 1850–51 1852–53 1854–55 1856–57 1858–59 1860–61 1862–63 1864–65 1866–67 1868–69 1870–71 1872–73 1874–75 1876–77 1878–79 Elections heldin a single year(starting 1880)Regularsandeven-yearspecials 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 Odd-yearspecials 1881 1883 1885 1887 1889 1891 1893 1895 1897 1899 1901 1903 1905 1907 1909 1911 1913 1915 1917 1919 1921 1923 1925 1927 1929 1931 1933 1935 1937 1939 1941 1943 1945 1947 1949 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Seat ratings 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Speaker elections Full list 1855–56 1923 2011 January 2015 October 2015 2017 2019 2021 January 2023 October 2023 Summaries 1789–1822 1824–1854 1856–present Special elections Third party performances Senate elections Presidential elections Gubernatorial elections	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"32nd United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32nd_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Whigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Millard Fillmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard_Fillmore"},{"link_name":"Zachary Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Compromise of 1850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compromise_of_1850"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Mexican Cession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Cession"},{"link_name":"sectionalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectionalism"},{"link_name":"slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Unionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionist_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Compromise of 1850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compromise_of_1850"},{"link_name":"States' Rights Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States%27_rights"},{"link_name":"Free Soil Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Soil_Party"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"}],"text":"The 1850–51 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between August 5, 1850, and November 4, 1851. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before the first session of the 32nd United States Congress convened on December 1, 1851. Elections were held for all 233 seats, representing 31 states.The Democrats gained 17 seats, increasing their majority relative to the rival Whigs, who lost 22 seats. Incumbent Whig President Millard Fillmore, who succeeded to the Presidency in July 1850 after the death of more charismatic General Zachary Taylor, lacked a strong political base. The Compromise of 1850, which admitted California alone as a free state in exchange for concessions to slave state interests, began integration of the Mexican Cession. It appeared in the short term that Congress had politically feasible options to contain sectionalism and to reduce tensions over expanding slavery in the West. This optimism soon would prove unfounded.The Unionist Party, formed in support of the Compromise of 1850, gained 10 seats in the South, as did the States' Rights Party. The Free Soil Party, which opposed the expansion of slavery into the Western territories, lost five seats and was reduced to four Representatives, all in New England.","title":"1850–51 United States House of Representatives elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Know-Nothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know_Nothing_Party"},{"link_name":"Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_(politician)"}],"text":"One district in Massachusetts had been vacant in the 31st Congress. No new seats were added.The previous election had 1 Know-Nothing and 1 Independent.","title":"Election summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Special elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iowa's 1st congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa%27s_1st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire's 3rd congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire%27s_3rd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Ohio's 6th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%27s_6th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Louisiana's 3rd congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana%27s_3rd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts's 1st congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_1st_congressional_district"}],"sub_title":"31st Congress","text":"Iowa's 1st congressional district: 1850\nNew Hampshire's 3rd congressional district: 1850\nOhio's 6th congressional district: 1851\nLouisiana's 3rd congressional district: 1850\nMassachusetts's 1st congressional district: 1850","title":"Special elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"32nd Congress","title":"Special elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Alabama"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from AlabamaElections were held August 4, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.","title":"Alabama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Arkansas"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from ArkansasThe election was held August 4, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.","title":"Arkansas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_California"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from CaliforniaCalifornia's members were elected late, at-large statewide, September 3, 1851. There were nevertheless seated with the rest of the House at the beginning of the first session.","title":"California"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Connecticut"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from ConnecticutElections were held April 7, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.","title":"Connecticut"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Delaware"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from DelawareThe election was held November 12, 1850.","title":"Delaware"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Florida"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from FloridaThe election was held October 7, 1850.","title":"Florida"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Georgia"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from GeorgiaElections were held October 6, 1851.","title":"Georgia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from IllinoisElections were held November 5, 1850.","title":"Illinois"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Indiana"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from IndianaElections were held August 4, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.","title":"Indiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Iowa"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from IowaElections were held August 5, 1850.","title":"Iowa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Kentucky"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from KentuckyElections were held August 4, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.","title":"Kentucky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Louisiana"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from LouisianaElections were held November 4, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.","title":"Louisiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maine"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from MaineElections were held September 9, 1850.","title":"Maine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maryland"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from MarylandElections were held October 1, 1851 elections were after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the new term, but still before the Congress convened in December 1851.","title":"Maryland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from MassachusettsElections were held November 11, 1850, but at least one district's elections went to multiple ballots into 1851.","title":"Massachusetts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from MichiganElections were held November 5, 1850.","title":"Michigan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Non-voting delegates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Non-voting_delegates"}],"text":"See Non-voting delegates, below.","title":"Minnesota Territory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Mississippi"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from MississippiElections were held November 3–4, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.","title":"Mississippi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Missouri"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from MissouriElections were held August 5, 1850.","title":"Missouri"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_Hampshire"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from New HampshireElections were held March 11, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.","title":"New Hampshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_Jersey"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from New JerseyElections were held November 5, 1850.","title":"New Jersey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Non-voting delegates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Non-voting_delegates"}],"text":"See Non-voting delegates, below.","title":"New Mexico Territory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from New YorkElections were held November 5, 1850.","title":"New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_North_Carolina"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from North CarolinaElections were held August 7, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.","title":"North Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Ohio"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from OhioElections were held October 8, 1850.","title":"Ohio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Non-voting delegates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Non-voting_delegates"}],"text":"See Non-voting delegates, below.","title":"Oregon Territory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from PennsylvaniaElections were held October 8, 1850.","title":"Pennsylvania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Rhode_Island"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Rhode IslandElections were held April 2, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.","title":"Rhode Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from South CarolinaElections were held October 14–15, 1850.","title":"South Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Tennessee"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from TennesseeElections were held August 7, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.","title":"Tennessee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Texas"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from TexasElections were held August 4, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.","title":"Texas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Non-voting delegates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Non-voting_delegates"}],"text":"See Non-voting delegates, below.","title":"Utah Territory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Vermont"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from VermontElections were held September 3, 1850.","title":"Vermont"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Virginia"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from VirginiaElections were held October 23, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.","title":"Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Wisconsin"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from WisconsinElections were held November 5, 1850.","title":"Wisconsin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"}],"text":"See also: Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives","title":"Non-voting delegates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Unionists_1-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Southern_Rightists_2-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Independents_Before_3-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1ID_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1ID_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1ID_6-2"},{"link_name":"Independent Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Democrat"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Know-Nothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know-Nothing"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts's 4th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_4th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_(politician)"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-IW_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-IW_12-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3ID_13-0"},{"link_name":"Independent Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Democrat"}],"text":"^ Includes two Unionist Whigs, three Unionist Democrats, and ten Unionists.\n\n^ Includes one Secessionist Democrat, one Secessionist Whig, three Southern Rights Democrats, and three Southern Rightists.\n\n^ Includes two Independent Democrats, one Benton Democrat and one Independent Whig.\n\n^ Free Soil had 4 seats and States' Rights had 3.\n\n^ Unionist had 10 seats.\n\n^ a b c Includes one Independent Democrat.\n\n^ There was 1 Know-Nothing in the 31st Congress.\n\n^ In 1845, Congress passed a law providing for a uniform date for choosing presidential electors.[1] Congressional elections were unaffected by this law, but the date was gradually adopted by the states for congressional elections as well.\n\n^ One seat, Massachusetts's 4th congressional district, had been vacant during the entire 31st Congress.\n\n^ There was 1 Independent in the 31st Congress.\n\n^ a b Includes 1 Independent Whig.\n\n^ Includes three Independent Democrats from Ohio, Tennessee, and Wisconsin.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=9ElyQgAACAAJ&q=United+States+Congressional+Elections,+1788-1997:+The+Official+Results"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0786402830","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786402830"},{"link_name":"The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=q0hyQgAACAAJ&q=The+Historical+Atlas+of+Political+Parties+in+the+United+States+Congress,+1789-1989"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0029201701","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0029201701"},{"link_name":"Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=sKERAQAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0871879967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0871879967"},{"link_name":"\"Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//history.house.gov/Institution/Party-Divisions/Party-Divisions/"}],"text":"Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830.\nMartis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.\nMoore, John L., ed. (1994). Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections (Third ed.). Congressional Quarterly Inc. ISBN 978-0871879967.\n\"Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present\". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	[{"title":"1850 United States elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1850_United_States_elections"},{"title":"List of United States House of Representatives elections (1824–1854)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_(1824%E2%80%931854)"},{"title":"1850–51 United States Senate elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1850%E2%80%9351_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"title":"31st United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31st_United_States_Congress"},{"title":"32nd United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32nd_United_States_Congress"}]	[{"reference":"Guide to U.S. Elections. Vol. II (6th ed.). Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. 2010. p. 1016. ISBN 9781604265361. LCCN 2009033938. OCLC 430736650.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.","url_text":"Washington, D.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CQ_Press","url_text":"CQ Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781604265361","url_text":"9781604265361"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2009033938","url_text":"2009033938"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/430736650","url_text":"430736650"}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - CA - At Large Race - Sep 03, 1851\". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=115023","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - CA - At Large Race - Sep 03, 1851\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - DE District At Large Race - Nov 12, 1850\". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved February 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=275427","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - DE District At Large Race - Nov 12, 1850\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - FL At Large Race - Oct 07, 1850\". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=287201","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - FL At Large Race - Oct 07, 1850\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - GA District 01 Race - Oct 06, 1851\". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=409366","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - GA District 01 Race - Oct 06, 1851\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - GA District 02 Race - Oct 06, 1851\". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=409368","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - GA District 02 Race - Oct 06, 1851\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - GA District 03 Race - Oct 06, 1851\". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=409370","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - GA District 03 Race - Oct 06, 1851\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - GA District 04 Race - Oct 06, 1851\". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=409371","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - GA District 04 Race - Oct 06, 1851\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - GA District 05 Race - Oct 06, 1851\". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=409373","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - GA District 05 Race - Oct 06, 1851\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - GA District 06 Race - Oct 06, 1851\". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=409374","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - GA District 06 Race - Oct 06, 1851\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - GA District 07 Race - Oct 06, 1851\". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=409376","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - GA District 07 Race - Oct 06, 1851\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - MA District 4 - 1st Trial Race - Nov 11, 1850\". www.ourcampaigns.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=730060","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - MA District 4 - 1st Trial Race - Nov 11, 1850\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - MA District 4 - 2nd Trial Race - Jan 20, 1851\". www.ourcampaigns.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=730061","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - MA District 4 - 2nd Trial Race - Jan 20, 1851\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - MA District 4 - 3rd Trial Race - Apr 07, 1851\". www.ourcampaigns.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=730062","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - MA District 4 - 3rd Trial Race - Apr 07, 1851\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - MA District 4 - 4th Trial Race - May 26, 1851\". www.ourcampaigns.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=730063","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - MA District 4 - 4th Trial Race - May 26, 1851\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - MA District 7 - 1st Trial Race - Nov 11, 1850\". www.ourcampaigns.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=727352","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - MA District 7 - 1st Trial Race - Nov 11, 1850\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - MA District 7 - 2nd Trial Race - Jan 20, 1851\". www.ourcampaigns.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=727353","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - MA District 7 - 2nd Trial Race - Jan 20, 1851\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - MA District 7 - 3rd Trial Race - Apr 07, 1851\". www.ourcampaigns.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=727354","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - MA District 7 - 3rd Trial Race - Apr 07, 1851\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - MA District 7 - 4th Trial Race - May 26, 1851\". www.ourcampaigns.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=727351","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - MA District 7 - 4th Trial Race - May 26, 1851\""}]},{"reference":"\"MI - District 01 Race - Nov 05, 1850\". Our Campaigns. January 11, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=615244","url_text":"\"MI - District 01 Race - Nov 05, 1850\""}]},{"reference":"\"MI - District 02 Race - Nov 05, 1850\". Our Campaigns. January 11, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=615268","url_text":"\"MI - District 02 Race - Nov 05, 1850\""}]},{"reference":"\"MI - District 03 Race - Nov 05, 1850\". Our Campaigns. January 11, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=615288","url_text":"\"MI - District 03 Race - Nov 05, 1850\""}]},{"reference":"\"MS - District 01\". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=483071","url_text":"\"MS - District 01\""}]},{"reference":"\"MS - District 02\". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=483140","url_text":"\"MS - District 02\""}]},{"reference":"\"MS - District 03\". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=483176","url_text":"\"MS - District 03\""}]},{"reference":"\"MS - District 04\". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=483210","url_text":"\"MS - District 04\""}]},{"reference":"\"TN - District 01\". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=626823","url_text":"\"TN - District 01\""}]},{"reference":"\"TN - District 02\". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=626825","url_text":"\"TN - District 02\""}]},{"reference":"\"TN - District 03\". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=626826","url_text":"\"TN - District 03\""}]},{"reference":"\"TN - District 04\". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=626827","url_text":"\"TN - District 04\""}]},{"reference":"\"TN - District 05\". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=626829","url_text":"\"TN - District 05\""}]},{"reference":"\"TN - District 06\". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=626830","url_text":"\"TN - District 06\""}]},{"reference":"\"TN - District 07\". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=626831","url_text":"\"TN - District 07\""}]},{"reference":"\"TN - District 08\". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=626833","url_text":"\"TN - District 08\""}]},{"reference":"\"TN - District 09\". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=626841","url_text":"\"TN - District 09\""}]},{"reference":"\"TN - District 10\". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=626842","url_text":"\"TN - District 10\""}]},{"reference":"\"TN - District 11\". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=624539","url_text":"\"TN - District 11\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wisconsin Congressional election 1850 / Official\". Wisconsin Argus. December 17, 1850. p. 2. Retrieved May 23, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/51954945/wisconsin-congressional-election-1850","url_text":"\"Wisconsin Congressional election 1850 / Official\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Later from New-Mexico--Murder, and Great Excitement\". The New York Times. Retrieved October 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1851/11/07/75114906.html?pageNumber=4","url_text":"\"Later from New-Mexico--Murder, and Great Excitement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Earliest Authorities in Oregon\" (PDF). Oregon Secretary of State. p. 23.","urls":[{"url":"https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/Documents/elections/history-officials.pdf","url_text":"\"Earliest Authorities in Oregon\""}]},{"reference":"Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9ElyQgAACAAJ&q=United+States+Congressional+Elections,+1788-1997:+The+Official+Results","url_text":"United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786402830","url_text":"978-0786402830"}]},{"reference":"Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q0hyQgAACAAJ&q=The+Historical+Atlas+of+Political+Parties+in+the+United+States+Congress,+1789-1989","url_text":"The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0029201701","url_text":"978-0029201701"}]},{"reference":"Moore, John L., ed. (1994). Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections (Third ed.). Congressional Quarterly Inc. ISBN 978-0871879967.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sKERAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0871879967","url_text":"978-0871879967"}]},{"reference":"\"Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present\". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://history.house.gov/Institution/Party-Divisions/Party-Divisions/","url_text":"\"Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1850%E2%80%9351_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2009033938","external_links_name":"2009033938"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/430736650","external_links_name":"430736650"},{"Link":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=115023","external_links_name":"\"Our Campaigns - CA - At Large Race - Sep 03, 1851\""},{"Link":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=275427","external_links_name":"\"Our Campaigns - DE District At Large Race - Nov 12, 1850\""},{"Link":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=287201","external_links_name":"\"Our Campaigns - FL At Large Race - Oct 07, 1850\""},{"Link":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=409366","external_links_name":"\"Our Campaigns - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Nottingham_I	William of Nottingham I	["1 Life","2 Works","3 Notes","4 References","4.1 Citations","4.2 Bibliography"]	English Franciscan friar Not to be confused with the later William of Nottingham who also served as the English Minister Provincial of the Franciscan Order. William of Nottingham, OFM (Latin: Guilelmus de Nottingham, Gulielmus Notingham, or Willelmus de Notyngham; d. 1254), was an English Franciscan friar who served as the fourth Minister Provincial of England (1240–1254). Life The Franciscan Order supposedly reached Nottingham in 1230, settling in the Broad Marsh. The son of well-off parents, William entered the order early in life and may have attended Robert Grosseteste's lectures at Oxford. His brother Augustine also joined the Franciscans. He served under Pope Innocent IV and followed the pope's nephew Opizzo east when he was appointed Latin Patriarch of Antioch. While there, Augustine served as bishop of Laodicea. Without holding lesser offices, William was appointed vicar of Haymo of Faversham, the third Minister Provincial of England in 1239, and was elected to succeed him upon Haymo's promotion to Minister General of the Order in 1240. As Minister Provincial, he appears in the chronicle of his friend Thomas of Eccleston as a helpful and wise cleric with good humor and strong force of character, "thinking nothing of incurring the anger of the powerful for the sake of justice". He was a contemporary of William of Esseby and enlarged the Franciscan houses at York, Bristol, and Bridgwater. He resisted other proposed expansions, however, with the admonition "I did not become a friar for the purpose of building walls". He had the roof removed from the London chapel and the embossments on its cloister scraped away but provided lecturers from the universities to visit all the larger convents. He resisted inroads by the Dominicans, traveling to the papal court in 1244 to obtain a letter restraining their proselytizing. (He probably attended the general chapter at Genoa during this trip, although Eccleston's account of its activities seems to have been mistaken.) In 1250, John of Parma held a chapter at Oxford, taking a referendum as to whether William should be confirmed in or deposed from his post; the vote was unanimous in his favor. Little states that he was supported by the general chapter at Metz the next year and, probably at the same time, carried a decree rejecting Pope Innocent IV's laxer Expositio Regulae in favor of Gregory IX's Expositio. Mellors states that he was deposed by the Council of Metz nine years after taking office. En route to the papal court, his socius contracted the plague at Geneva or Genoa. William remained and tended to him, catching the infection himself and dying around July 1254. Mellors claims he was buried in Marseille. The English Franciscans, indignant at his deposition, had meanwhile reëlected him unanimously. He was succeeded in his position by the Minister Provincial of Germany, Peter of Tewkesbury. Works "A Good Sermon on Obedience" (Latin: Sermo Bonus de Obedentia), copied in the style of the 3rd quarter of the 13th century, is attributed to William. On the authority of Eccleston, he is also responsible for A Concordance of the Four Gospels or Concordance to the Evangelists. This William is also often credited with a Commentary on the Gospels which remained well known for centuries, but it should be properly attributed to the later English Minister Provincial also known as William of Nottingham. Notes ^ His death was formerly placed in 1251. ^ As, for instance, by A.G. Little. The misattribution relied on a passage in Thomas of Eccleston whereby this William was said to have compiled "thoroughly useful canons" from Clement of Llanthony's work One from Four and (separately) had one of Clement's commentaries recopied at his scriptorium. References Citations ^ a b Smalley (1981), p. 249. ^ a b Lawrence (2004). ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Little (1895). ^ a b c d e Mellors (1924). ^ Bramley, J. (1948), "The Friaries", A Short History of the Religious Houses of Nottinghamshire to the Time of The Dissolution. ^ a b c Cuthbert (1903), p. 224. ^ Cuthbert (1903), p. 218. ^ a b Cuthbert (1903), p. 242. ^ Cuthbert (1903), p. 134. ^ Cuthbert (1903), p. 182. ^ a b Cuthbert (1903), p. 183. ^ a b Cuthbert (1903), p. 179. ^ The Friars, p. 242. ^ Cambridge Pembroke MS 265 fol. 192–6. ^ Smalley (1981), p. 251. ^ a b Parkinson (1726), p. 63 ^ 12 MSS at Oxford's Trinity College and Cambridge's Pembroke College. ^ Wilson, John Marius (c. 1870), "Nottingham", Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales, retrieved 31 October 2015. ^ a b Smalley (1981), p. 287. ^ Smalley (1981), pp. 250–251. Bibliography Lawrence, C.H. (2004), "William of Nottingham", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Little, Andrew George (1895), "William of Nottingham", Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. XLI, London: Smith, Elder, & Co. Mellors, Robert (1924), "The Church: Bishops and Distinguished Ecclesiastics", Men of Nottingham and Nottinghamshire. Parkinson, A. (1726), Collectanea Anglo-Minoritica, or, A Collection of the Antiquities of the English Franciscans, or Friers Minors, Commonly Call'd Gray Friers, Vol. I, London: Thomas Smith. Smalley, Beryl (1981), "Which William of Nottingham?", Studies in Medieval Thought and Learning: From Abelard to Wyclif, History, No. 6, London: Antony Rowe for the Hambledon Press, pp. 249–288, ISBN 0-9506882-6-6. Thomas of Eccleston (1903), Fr. Cuthbert (ed.), The Friars and How They Came to England, being a Translation of Thomas Eccleston's "De Adventu F.F. Minorum in Angliam" Done into English with an Introductory Essay on the Spirit and Genius of the Franciscan Friars, London: Sands & Co.	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Notingham, or Willelmus de Notyngham; d. 1254),[1][2][n 1] was an English Franciscan friar who served as the fourth Minister Provincial of England (1240–1254).","title":"William of Nottingham I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham,_England"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMellors1924-4"},{"link_name":"Broad Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Broad_Marsh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittle1895-3"},{"link_name":"Robert 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IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittle1895-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMellors1924-4"},{"link_name":"socius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/socius"},{"link_name":"clarification 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Provincial, he appears in the chronicle of his friend Thomas of Eccleston as a helpful and wise cleric with good humor and strong force of character, \"thinking nothing of incurring the anger of the powerful for the sake of justice\".[3] He was a contemporary of William of Esseby[9] and enlarged the Franciscan houses at York, Bristol, and Bridgwater.[10] He resisted other proposed expansions, however, with the admonition \"I did not become a friar for the purpose of building walls\".[11] He had the roof removed from the London chapel and the embossments on its cloister scraped away[11] but provided lecturers from the universities to visit all the larger convents.[3] He resisted inroads by the Dominicans, traveling to the papal court in 1244 to obtain a letter restraining their proselytizing. (He probably attended the general chapter at Genoa[12] during this trip,[3] although Eccleston's account of its activities seems to have been mistaken.)[12] In 1250, John of Parma held a chapter at Oxford, taking a referendum as to whether William should be confirmed in or deposed from his post; the vote was unanimous in his favor.[3]Little states that he was supported by the general chapter at Metz the next year and, probably at the same time, carried a decree rejecting Pope Innocent IV's laxer Expositio Regulae in favor of Gregory IX's Expositio.[3] Mellors states that he was deposed by the Council of Metz nine years after taking office.[4] En route to the papal court, his socius[clarification needed] contracted the plague at Geneva[4] or Genoa.[8] William remained and tended to him, catching the infection himself and dying around July[3] 1254.[2] Mellors claims he was buried in Marseille.[4]The English Franciscans, indignant at his deposition,[when?] had meanwhile reëlected him unanimously.[3] He was succeeded in his position by the Minister Provincial of Germany, Peter of Tewkesbury.[13]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmalley1981251-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-syn-17"},{"link_name":"Evangelists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Evangelists"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Gospels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospels"},{"link_name":"[n 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"also known as William of Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Nottingham_II"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmalley1981287-20"}],"text":"\"A Good Sermon on Obedience\" (Latin: Sermo Bonus de Obedentia),[14] copied in the style of the 3rd quarter of the 13th century, is attributed to William.[15] On the authority of Eccleston, he is also responsible for A Concordance of the Four Gospels[17][16] or Concordance to the Evangelists.[18]This William is also often credited with a Commentary on the Gospels which remained well known for centuries,[n 2] but it should be properly attributed to the later English Minister Provincial also known as William of Nottingham.[19]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittle1895-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMellors1924-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"A.G. Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_George_Little"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittle1895-3"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmalley1981287-20"},{"link_name":"canons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_canon"},{"link_name":"Clement of Llanthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_of_Llanthony"},{"link_name":"One from Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unum_ex_Quator"},{"link_name":"scriptorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scriptorium"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmalley1981250%E2%80%93251-21"}],"text":"^ His death was formerly placed in 1251.[3][4] \n\n^ As, for instance, by A.G. Little.[3][19] The misattribution relied on a passage in Thomas of Eccleston whereby this William was said to have compiled \"thoroughly useful canons\" from Clement of Llanthony's work One from Four and (separately) had one of Clement's commentaries recopied at his scriptorium.[20]","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Bramley, J. (1948), \"The Friaries\", A Short History of the Religious Houses of Nottinghamshire to the Time of The Dissolution","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nottshistory.org.uk/bramley1948/abbeys11.htm","url_text":"\"The Friaries\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, John Marius (c. 1870), \"Nottingham\", Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales, retrieved 31 October 2015","urls":[{"url":"http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/descriptions/975640","url_text":"\"Nottingham\""}]},{"reference":"Lawrence, C.H. 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Cuthbert (ed.), The Friars and How They Came to England, being a Translation of Thomas Eccleston's \"De Adventu F.F. Minorum in Angliam\" Done into English with an Introductory Essay on the Spirit and Genius of the Franciscan Friars, London: Sands & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_of_Eccleston","url_text":"Thomas of Eccleston"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=S4kQAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3","url_text":"The Friars and How They Came to England, being a Translation of Thomas Eccleston's \"De Adventu F.F. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheorghe_Br%C4%83tianu	Gheorghe I. Brătianu	["1 Biography","1.1 Education","1.2 Professional career","1.3 Political career","1.4 The beginning of communist repression","1.5 Arrest, imprisonment, and death","2 The main works","3 See also","4 External links","5 References"]	Romanian politician and historian Romanian politician and historian Gheorghe I. Brătianu in his youth Gheorghe (George) I. Brătianu (28 January 1898 – 23–27 April 1953) was a Romanian politician and historian. A member of the Brătianu family and initially affiliated with the National Liberal Party, he broke away from the movement to create and lead the National Liberal Party-Brătianu. A history professor at the universities of Iași and Bucharest, he was elected titular member of the Romanian Academy. Arrested by the Communist authorities in 1950, he died at the notorious Sighet Prison. Biography Gheorghe (George) I. Brătianu was born on 28 January 1898, in Ruginoasa, Baia County (nowadays in Iași County). He was the son of Ion (Ionel) I. C. Brătianu and of the princess Maria Moruzi (1863-1921) (widow of Alexandru Al. Ioan Cuza) and the nephew of Ion C. Brătianu. Although his parents separated shortly after the marriage, just before his birth, Ionel Brătianu recognized him as a legitimate son and took care to supervise the intellectual formation of the young George. The relationship between father and son had an occasional character, because his mother did not allow contacts between the two. The two had divorced the day after the religious wedding, only to recognize the future historian as a legitimate son. Only after 1918, Gheorghe I. Brătianu will visit I. I. C. Brătianu, asking for his advice and support. He married in 1925 Hélène Sturdza (1901–1971), sister of Prince Mihai Gr. Sturdza, in Bucharest on 27 January 1922 and they had three children. Education He spent his childhood and adolescence with his mother, in Ruginoasa, in the Royal Palace of Alexandru Ioan Cuza - built in 1811 in neo-Gothic style, which had originally belonged to the Sturza family - now is a museum, and on his mother's property in Iași, Casa Pogor. In 1916 he got his bachelor's degree in Iași, and in the summer of the same year he visited for the first time the historian Nicolae Iorga, in Vălenii de Munte. Nicolae Iorga was the one who published his first study "A Moldovan army three centuries ago" (O oaste moldovenească acum trei veacuri), in "Revista istorică", representing the historiographical debut of the young Gheorghe I. Brătianu, aged 16. At the age of 17, Gheorghe Brătianu founded the magazine-manuscript "Challenges" (Încercări). After Romania joined World War I, on 15 August 1916, Gheorghe I. Brătianu, aged 18, was enrolled voluntarily and incorporated into the 2nd Artillery Regiment. Between 10 October 1916 - 31 March 1917, he attended the school of artillery reserve officers in Iași, and on 1 June 1917, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant. In the summer of 1917, participating in the heavy fighting in Cireșoaia, he was wounded, and after recovering he reached the front again, in Bucovina. He presented his experience on the front in the book "Broken Files from the Book of War". In 1917 he was enrolled at the Faculty of Lawat the University of Iași, which he graduated in 1919, when he got a law degree. Attracted by history, he abandoned his legal career and enrolled at the Sorbonne University in Paris, where he attended the courses of prestigious historians, such as Ferdinand Lot and Charles Diehl, and got a degree in letters in 1921. He later became a doctor of philosophy at the University of Cernăuți ( 1923). In 1929 he got his French(state) PhD at the Sorbonne in France, with the thesis entitled "Recherches sur le commerce génois dans la Mer Noire au XIIIe siècle" (Research on Genoese trade in the Black Sea), obtaining the title of doctor (state) in letters. The actual thesis was printed in Paris, right in the year when he got his PhD in Sorbonne in 1929. Professional career In 1924, he became a university professor at the department of universal history of the University of Iași, and in 1940, of the University of Bucharest. In 1928 he became a corresponding member of the Romanian Academy and a full member in 1942. Between 1935 and 1947 he held the position of director of the Institute of Universal History in Iași (1935 - 1940) and then of the Institute of Universal History "Nicolae Iorga" in Bucharest (1941 - 1947). In the 1930s, he was the leader of a dissident fraction of the National Liberal Party, which he had set up. As early as the third decade of the twentieth century, Gheorghe Brătianu was elected a corresponding member of the Ligurian Society of Storia Patria in Genoa (1925), in 1935 a member of the Kondakov Institute in Prague, and in 1936 of the Society of Sciences and Letters in Bohemia. In 1926 he was appointed a member of the International Committee of Historical Sciences. Political career Gheorghe I. Brătianu has joined the National Liberal Party in 1926 and on 12 October 1927 he became the head of the Iași organization of NLP. In 1930, he was disappointed with the NLP policy, which fiercely opposed the return to the country of Carol Caraiman, the future King Carol II, the politician Gheorghe I. Brătianu, who was one of the supporters of the future king, has followed his suggestions, and left the NLP unity and created a dissident liberal group: NLP Gheorghe Brătianu (Georgist), in the period 1930–1938. He will be expelled from the NLP due to his attitude. Along with Gheorghe I. Brătianu, a series of prominent personalities of the Romanian interwar culture and politics left NLP, such as Ștefan Ciobanu, Constantin C. Giurescu, Petre P. Panaitescu, Simion Mehedinți, Artur Văitoianu, Mihai Antonescu, etc. ... Without having a notable electoral influence, the new political party, in the first years of its establishment, supported the policy of Carol II, but later stayed apart itself from it, as he continued the policy of fragmenting the parties and strengthening his personal power. In terms of foreign policy, Gheorghe I. Brătianu categorically opposed the policy pursued by Nicolae Titulescu to approach the Soviet Union, rejecting any alliance with it, being convinced that an alliance with Nazi Germany would be a good thing for Romania. King Carol II notes in his diary that the historian Gheorghe I. Brătianu was "the great apostle of the agreement with Germany". According to the claims of fascist politician Mihail Sturdza, on 22 October 1934, the German Minister of Air, Marshal Hermann Göring, speaking on behalf of Adolf Hitler, presented to the Romanian Ambassador to Berlin, Nicolae Petrescu-Comnen, a German offer to Romania, respectively the full guarantee of borders, especially the border with the Soviet Union and the border with Hungary, while offering a complete rearmament of the army, demanding in return that Romania oppose with all its might any attempt to cross Soviet troops into the national territory. Nicolae Titulescu, who supposedly had already promised his French and Czechoslovak partners that they had already concluded mutual assistance treaties with the Soviet Union in the event of a European conflict, that he would also conclude a similar treaty, which would have allowed Soviet troops to pass through Romania to "support" France and Czechoslovakia against Germany, also allegedly hid the government's Petrescu-Comnen report. A month later, on 20 November, informed by Mihail Sturdza about this fact, Gheorghe I. Brătianu, travels to Berlin , where Hermann Göring and Adolf Hitler, with whom he had conversations, but also baron Konstantin von Neurath, the foreign minister Nazi, supposedly confirms the offer made to Romania. Subsequently, the offer was allegedly renewed, following talks with the same officials, on 7 November 1936 and on 16 November 1936. Nicolae Titulescu's "Combinations" were the subject of several interpellations in parliament by Gheorghe I. Brătianu, who was called a fascist leader by the newspaper "Pravda" on 15 December 1936. Gheorghe I. Brătianu stated in the plenary of the parliament, on 16 June 1936: "I have the honor to put the following questions on the Bureau of the Assembly from now on - not so much to get an answer, which I have every reason not to think close - but especially to draw the attention of Parliament and public opinion to particularly worrying circumstances. When I criticized three months ago the issue of commitments made by the Romanian Government for the possible transit on its territory of Soviet military formations and war materials, I was opposed from the ministerial bench by the most categorical denials, accompanied by the most insulting qualifications. Despite all these denials and assessments, on whose authority I no longer insist, the worrying rumors have not stopped spreading. However, I read the other day, in the interview that Mr. Beneš, the President of the Czechoslovak Republic, gave to a French journalist, after the Conference of the Heads of State of the Small Agreement, which took place in Bucharest, the following information, whose importance can’t be omitted: But if France and England were so blind that they did not understand their mission, the three states provided all the hypotheses. I know that in any case, the East will send people and weapons to help them. If we add to these words the assertions of total identities of views on all issues the question is logical: Where will the "East" send our people and weapons and whether the Pact of Military Assistance concluded between Czechoslovakia and the USSR includes obligations of this nature for Romania?" (Presidency of the Assembly of Deputies, registered at no. 2340 of 16 June 1936 and no. 33 569 of 18 June 1936) A year earlier, on 5 October and 26 November 1935, Gheorghe I. Brătianu, in his speeches in Parliament warned about the danger of Soviet troops entering Romania, as well as the impossibility of forcing them to leave Romanian territory, as long as the Soviet Union he had claims on Bessarabia, claiming that opening borders means in fact an invitation to the Bolsheviks in the country. At the elections of December 1937, the last multi-party elections in interwar Romania, he signed the non-electoral pact with Iuliu Maniu (NPP) and Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, who represented the fascist Iron Guard, against the government led by Gheorghe Tătărescu, NLP prime minister, but without the support of the elders of the party led by Dinu Brătianu. The electoral score of the party led by Gheorghe I. Brătianu was 3.89% (119,361 votes). In these conditions, Gheorghe Brătianu decided to return to the NLP, and on 10 January the merger between the two formations took place. After only three months, the political parties were dissolved, and the liberals were forced to work illegally. On 14 February 1938, a "decree-law" was issued by which any kind of political activity became illegal, thus establishing the royal dictatorship. Gheorghe I. Brătianu did not participate at the meetings of the Crown Council of 27 June 1940, in which Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina were ceded, but only in the one meeting held in the night of 30 to 31 August 1940, convened to accept or reject the Vienna Arbitration. He insisted on military resistance, as surrender would bring "collapse, collapse through demoralization, helplessness and anarchy." After the coup d'état of 6 September, when King Carol II was dethroned and determined to go into exile by General Ion Antonescu, he will be asked by the latter to participate in the government, in a tripartite formula, together with the Legionnaire movement. Horia Sima agreed, but with the condition not to request the ministries targeted by the legionaries, internal, external, education and religious affairs. Horia Sima states that Gheorghe I. Brătianu asked too much, respectively the Vice-Presidency of the Council of Ministers, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and all the economic ministries, so that no agreement was reached. At the beginning of Romania's military operations in the Second World War, on 22 June 1941, Gheorghe I. Brătianu was mobilized in the 7th Infantry Division, with the rank of reserve captain, until 12 July 1941. At this date he was attached to the Command of the Cavalry Corps, as a German-language translator, until his demobilization, on 30 November 1941. In March 1942 he obtained the rank of major, with which he was mobilized again, at the Cavalry Corps, between 16 July – 24 September 1942, during which he took part in the fighting in the Crimea. In the spring of 1945 he returned from the front to the Higher War School, where he gave four lectures, later summarized as "Formulas for Organizing Peace in Universal History", but only the number 1 lecture is known at present. In his introductory study to the 1980 edition of Gheorghe I. Brătianu's book The Historical Tradition on the Establishment of the Romanian States, published by Eminescu Publishing House, Valeriu Râpeanu states that that course Formulas for Organizing Peace in Universal History was taught by Gh. I. Brătianu at the Faculty of Letters in Bucharest, from this course being published two parts in Revue historique du Sud-Est Europėen, XXIII, Bucharest, 1946, the last part (pp. 31–56) comprising the situation after the First World War and some incursions into the third decade. At the same time, university activity continues. In the years 1941-1942 and 1942-1943 he will give the course entitled The Black Sea Question at the University of Bucharest. On 15 December 1941, in the opening lesson of the course on the history of the Black Sea, Gheorghe I. Brătianu spoke about the "security space" of Romania, a geopolitical term that he will later define as the space that "includes those regions and points without that a nation can fulfill neither its historical mission nor the possibilities that make up its destiny." He will make a distinction between security space, ethnic space and living space. The ethnic space was "the space inhabited by the same people, in the sense of the nation", and the living space was a "ratio of forces", "the space over which the expansion of a force extends at a given moment". The security space could coincide with the ethnic space - from which a "strong position" results - but it could, however, overcome it. The assertion of security space does not mean the will and desire to capture a "living space", so it is not the expression of an expanding force. The historian Gheorghe I. Brătianu identified two “key positions”, respectively decisive geopolitical positions that Romania had to include in its strategic calculations: "1. The entrance of the Bosphorus and, in general, the system of straits that leads navigation beyond this closed sea; and 2. Crimea, which, through its natural harbors, its ancient cities, the advanced maritime bastion in the Black Sea, is obviously a dominant position throughout the maritime complex. Whoever has the Crimea can rule the Black Sea. He who does not have it does not master it. It is obvious that this problem is related to our issues, because, in the end, what are the straits other than the extension of the mouths of the Danube". He added that "the notion of security space means that we cannot remain indifferent to what is happening in these two key positions of a sea so closely linked to our existence." The history of the 19th and 20th centuries was synthesized by Gheorghe I. Brătianu as "a struggle for the Black Sea between Russia and Europe". The course on the Black Sea Question will be lithographed, for the use of students, by the editor Ioan Vernescu. The book about the Black Sea will be printed posthumously. In 1988, a Romanian translation of Gh. Brătianu's book entitled The Black Sea appeared. From the origins to the Ottoman conquest. Vol. I. The beginning of communist repression Gheorghe I. Brătianu in prison In 1947, during the repressions carried out by the communist authorities, he was removed from the university and from the management of the history institute. In September he was forced into home lockdown and his external contacts were forbidden. On 9 June 1948, with the reorganization of the Romanian Academy (which now took the name of the R.P.R. Academy), his academic status was withdrawn, as was done with 97 other Romanian scientific and cultural personalities. Arrest, imprisonment, and death On the night of 5/6 May 1950, he was arrested by the Securitate and imprisoned in the Sighet Prison, being detained for almost three years, without being judged or convicted. On one of the days between 23 and 27 April 1953, he died in prison, at the age of 55, under circumstances that are still unexplained. He was buried in a common grave at the Pauper's Cemetery in Sighetu Marmației. In 1971, the family was allowed to dig up his remains and bury him in the tomb of the Brătianus from Ștefănești, Argeș County. The main works Recherches sur le Commerce Génois dans le Mer Noire au XIIIe Siècle, Paris, Paul Gauthier, 1929. Privilèges et franchises municipales dans l'Empire Byzantin, Paris, P. Geuthner; Bucharest, "Cultura naţională", 1936. Les Vénitiens dans la mer Noire au 14e siècle: la politique du sénat en 1332-33 et la notion de la latinité, Bucharest: Impr. Nat., 1939. La Mer Noire. Des origines à la conquête Ottomane. Vol. I (München 1969; posthumous) See also National Liberal Party-Brătianu External links "Ion I.C. Brătianu şi Gheorghe I. Brătianu - Aspecte ale relaţiilor dintre tată şi fiu", by Aurel Pentelescu, Revista Argeş, year IV (38), nr. 1 (271), January 2005 "Evocarea figurii academicianului Gheorghe I. Brătianu, la 100 de ani de la naştere", Nicolae Ionescu, speech at the Chamber of Deputies of Romania, 3 February 1998 References ^ Exclusivitate. O dilemă istorică rezolvată de arhive, retrieved 12 May 2020 ^ "Viaţa şi activitatea lui Gheorghe I. Brătianu", archive.vn, 9 August 2014, archived from the original on 9 August 2014, retrieved 12 May 2020 ^ Stoenescu, Alex-Mihai : Istoria loviturilor de stat în România, vol.2, Eșecul democrației române, Ed. RAO Books, 2010, ISBN 9786068251127. ^ Mihai Dim Sturdza. Familiile boierești din Moldova și Țara Românească. Vol.II, Boian -Buzescu. Editura Simetria, București, p.448 ^ Vd. Dicționar Enciclopedic, (1993), vol. I, A - C, Editura Enciclopedică, București. ^ "Partidul Național Liberal (Gheorghe Brătianu)" (PDF), Doctorate.ulbsibiu.ro, retrieved 12 May 2020 ^ Buzatu, Gh.; Acatrinei, Stela; Acatrinei, Gh.: Românii din arhive, Ed. Mica Valahie, ISBN 978-973-7858-78-8. ^ Carol al II-lea. Între datorie și pasiune. Însemnări zilnice, vol. I (1904-1939), ed. Curtea Veche, 2004, ISBN 973-669-031-8. ^ Sturdza, Mihail - Romania și sfârșitul Europei, Amintiri din țara pierdută. România anilor 1917-1947, 499 p. 20 cm, CRITERION PUBLISHING (2004) ISBN 973-86850-7-9. ^ Ciucanu, Corneliu : Dreapta românească interbelică. Politică și ideologie, Ed. TIPO Moldova, Iași, 2009. ^ BOLD, Emilian, SEFTIUC, Ilie : România sub lupa diplomației sovietice (1917-1938), Iași, Editura Junimea, 1998. ^ "Istoria ultimelor alegeri libere din România de până la revoluţia din 1989", Historia, retrieved 12 May 2020 ^ Țiu, Ilarion : Mișcarea Legionară după Corneliu Codreanu, Ed. Vremea, 2007. ^ Mamina, Ion: Consilii de Coroană, București, Editura Enciclopedică, 1997, p. 262-268. ^ Sima, Horia : Era Libertății, vol.1, Ed. Gorjan, Timișoara, 1995. ^ Neagoe, Stelian : Oameni politici români, Editura Machiavelli, București, 2007. ^ Gheorghe I.Brătianu, Tradiția istorică despre întemeierea statelor românești, Ediție îngrijită, studiu introductiv și note de Valeriu Râpeanu, Editura Eminescu, București,1980, p. XXXV ^ Georges I.Brătianu, La Mer Noire. Des origines à la conquête ottomane, Societas Academica Dacoromana, "Acta Historica", IX, Monachi , 1969 ^ Gheorghe Brătianu. Marea Neagră. De la origini până la cucerirea otomană. Vol.I. Trad.de Michaela Spinei. ediție îngrijită de Victor Spinei. Editura Meridiane București, 1988 ^ Pentelescu, Aurel; Țăranu, Liviu, "Gheorghe I. Brătianu în timpul domiciliului obligatoriu (1947–1950)" (PDF), www.cnsas.ro, National Council for the Study of the Securitate Archives, retrieved 27 August 2022 ^ Vd. Ieromonah Dr. Silvestru A. Prunduș OSBM & Clemente Plăianu, Cardinalul Dr. Alexandru Todea. La 80 de ani (1912-1992), 1992, p. 30. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Greece Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gh._I._Bratianu.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-https://www.cotidianul.ro/_2020-05-12-1"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanians"},{"link_name":"Brătianu family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%83tianu_family"},{"link_name":"National Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania,_1875)"},{"link_name":"National Liberal Party-Brătianu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberal_Party-Br%C4%83tianu"},{"link_name":"Iași","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza_University"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bucharest"},{"link_name":"titular member","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Romanian_Academy"},{"link_name":"Romanian Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Academy"},{"link_name":"Communist authorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Sighet Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sighet_Prison"}],"text":"Romanian politician and historian Gheorghe I. Brătianu in his youthGheorghe (George) I. Brătianu (28 January 1898[1] – 23–27 April 1953) was a Romanian politician and historian. A member of the Brătianu family and initially affiliated with the National Liberal Party, he broke away from the movement to create and lead the National Liberal Party-Brătianu. A history professor at the universities of Iași and Bucharest, he was elected titular member of the Romanian Academy. Arrested by the Communist authorities in 1950, he died at the notorious Sighet Prison.","title":"Gheorghe I. Brătianu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ruginoasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruginoasa,_Ia%C8%99i"},{"link_name":"Baia County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baia_County"},{"link_name":"Iași County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_County"},{"link_name":"Ion (Ionel) I. C. Brătianu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_I.C._Br%C4%83tianu"},{"link_name":"Moruzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourouzis_family"},{"link_name":"Alexandru Al. Ioan Cuza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Al._Ioan_Cuza"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archive.vn_2014-08-09-2"},{"link_name":"Ion C. Brătianu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_C._Br%C4%83tianu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sturdza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturdza_family"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Gheorghe (George) I. Brătianu was born on 28 January 1898, in Ruginoasa, Baia County (nowadays in Iași County). He was the son of Ion (Ionel) I. C. Brătianu and of the princess Maria Moruzi (1863-1921) (widow of Alexandru Al. Ioan Cuza)[2] and the nephew of Ion C. Brătianu. Although his parents separated shortly after the marriage, just before his birth, Ionel Brătianu recognized him as a legitimate son and took care to supervise the intellectual formation of the young George. The relationship between father and son had an occasional character, because his mother did not allow contacts between the two. The two had divorced the day after the religious wedding, only to recognize the future historian as a legitimate son. Only after 1918, Gheorghe I. Brătianu will visit I. I. C. Brătianu, asking for his advice and support.[3] He married in 1925 Hélène Sturdza (1901–1971), sister of Prince Mihai Gr. Sturdza, in Bucharest on 27 January 1922 and they had three children.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicolae Iorga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga"},{"link_name":"Vălenii de Munte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83lenii_de_Munte"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Cireșoaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C4%83nic-Moldova"},{"link_name":"Bucovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucovina"},{"link_name":"University of Iași","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ia%C8%99i"},{"link_name":"Sorbonne University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbonne_University"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Lot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Lot"},{"link_name":"Charles Diehl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Diehl"},{"link_name":"University of Cernăuți","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernivtsi_University"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"He spent his childhood and adolescence with his mother, in Ruginoasa, in the Royal Palace of Alexandru Ioan Cuza - built in 1811 in neo-Gothic style, which had originally belonged to the Sturza family - now is a museum, and on his mother's property in Iași, Casa Pogor. In 1916 he got his bachelor's degree in Iași, and in the summer of the same year he visited for the first time the historian Nicolae Iorga, in Vălenii de Munte. Nicolae Iorga was the one who published his first study \"A Moldovan army three centuries ago\" (O oaste moldovenească acum trei veacuri), in \"Revista istorică\", representing the historiographical debut of the young Gheorghe I. Brătianu, aged 16. At the age of 17, Gheorghe Brătianu founded the magazine-manuscript \"Challenges\" (Încercări).After Romania joined World War I, on 15 August 1916, Gheorghe I. Brătianu, aged 18, was enrolled voluntarily and incorporated into the 2nd Artillery Regiment. Between 10 October 1916 - 31 March 1917, he attended the school of artillery reserve officers in Iași, and on 1 June 1917, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant. In the summer of 1917, participating in the heavy fighting in Cireșoaia, he was wounded, and after recovering he reached the front again, in Bucovina. He presented his experience on the front in the book \"Broken Files from the Book of War\".In 1917 he was enrolled at the Faculty of Lawat the University of Iași, which he graduated in 1919, when he got a law degree. Attracted by history, he abandoned his legal career and enrolled at the Sorbonne University in Paris, where he attended the courses of prestigious historians, such as Ferdinand Lot and Charles Diehl, and got a degree in letters in 1921. He later became a doctor of philosophy at the University of Cernăuți ( 1923). In 1929 he got his French(state) PhD at the Sorbonne in France, with the thesis entitled \"Recherches sur le commerce génois dans la Mer Noire au XIIIe siècle\" (Research on Genoese trade in the Black Sea), obtaining the title of doctor (state) in letters. The actual thesis was printed in Paris, right in the year when he got his PhD in Sorbonne in 1929.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bucharest"},{"link_name":"Romanian Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Academy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia"}],"sub_title":"Professional career","text":"In 1924, he became a university professor at the department of universal history of the University of Iași, and in 1940, of the University of Bucharest. In 1928 he became a corresponding member of the Romanian Academy and a full member in 1942. Between 1935 and 1947 he held the position of director of the Institute of Universal History in Iași (1935 - 1940) and then of the Institute of Universal History \"Nicolae Iorga\" in Bucharest (1941 - 1947). In the 1930s, he was the leader of a dissident fraction of the National Liberal Party, which he had set up.[5] As early as the third decade of the twentieth century, Gheorghe Brătianu was elected a corresponding member of the Ligurian Society of Storia Patria in Genoa (1925), in 1935 a member of the Kondakov Institute in Prague, and in 1936 of the Society of Sciences and Letters in Bohemia. In 1926 he was appointed a member of the International Committee of Historical Sciences.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King Carol II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Georgist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgist"},{"link_name":"Ștefan Ciobanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Ciobanu"},{"link_name":"Petre P. Panaitescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petre_P._Panaitescu"},{"link_name":"Simion Mehedinți","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simion_Mehedin%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Artur Văitoianu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_V%C4%83itoianu"},{"link_name":"Mihai Antonescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihai_Antonescu"},{"link_name":"Carol II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Doctorate.ulbsibiu.ro_2020-05-12-6"},{"link_name":"Nicolae Titulescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Titulescu"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Mihail Sturdza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Sturdza"},{"link_name":"Hermann Göring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Nicolae Petrescu-Comnen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Petrescu-Comnen"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mihail-9"},{"link_name":"Konstantin von Neurath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Iuliu Maniu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu"},{"link_name":"NPP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Peasants%27_Party"},{"link_name":"Corneliu Zelea Codreanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu"},{"link_name":"Iron Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Guard"},{"link_name":"Gheorghe Tătărescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheorghe_T%C4%83t%C4%83rescu"},{"link_name":"Dinu Brătianu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinu_Br%C4%83tianu"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Historia_2020-05-12-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Crown Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Council_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Bessarabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessarabia"},{"link_name":"Vienna Arbitration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Arbitration"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Ion Antonescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu"},{"link_name":"Legionnaire movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Guard"},{"link_name":"Horia Sima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horia_Sima"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"security space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensraum"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Political career","text":"Gheorghe I. Brătianu has joined the National Liberal Party in 1926 and on 12 October 1927 he became the head of the Iași organization of NLP. In 1930, he was disappointed with the NLP policy, which fiercely opposed the return to the country of Carol Caraiman, the future King Carol II, the politician Gheorghe I. Brătianu, who was one of the supporters of the future king, has followed his suggestions, and left the NLP unity and created a dissident liberal group: NLP Gheorghe Brătianu (Georgist), in the period 1930–1938. He will be expelled from the NLP due to his attitude. Along with Gheorghe I. Brătianu, a series of prominent personalities of the Romanian interwar culture and politics left NLP, such as Ștefan Ciobanu, Constantin C. Giurescu, Petre P. Panaitescu, Simion Mehedinți, Artur Văitoianu, Mihai Antonescu, etc. ... Without having a notable electoral influence, the new political party, in the first years of its establishment, supported the policy of Carol II, but later stayed apart itself from it, as he continued the policy of fragmenting the parties and strengthening his personal power.[6]In terms of foreign policy, Gheorghe I. Brătianu categorically opposed the policy pursued by Nicolae Titulescu to approach the Soviet Union, rejecting any alliance with it, being convinced that an alliance with Nazi Germany would be a good thing for Romania.[7] King Carol II notes in his diary that the historian Gheorghe I. Brătianu was \"the great apostle of the agreement with Germany\".[8]According to the claims of fascist politician Mihail Sturdza, on 22 October 1934, the German Minister of Air, Marshal Hermann Göring, speaking on behalf of Adolf Hitler, presented to the Romanian Ambassador to Berlin, Nicolae Petrescu-Comnen, a German offer to Romania, respectively the full guarantee of borders, especially the border with the Soviet Union and the border with Hungary, while offering a complete rearmament of the army, demanding in return that Romania oppose with all its might any attempt to cross Soviet troops into the national territory. Nicolae Titulescu, who supposedly had already promised his French and Czechoslovak partners that they had already concluded mutual assistance treaties with the Soviet Union in the event of a European conflict, that he would also conclude a similar treaty, which would have allowed Soviet troops to pass through Romania to \"support\" France and Czechoslovakia against Germany, also allegedly hid the government's Petrescu-Comnen report.[9]A month later, on 20 November, informed by Mihail Sturdza about this fact, Gheorghe I. Brătianu, travels to Berlin , where Hermann Göring and Adolf Hitler, with whom he had conversations, but also baron Konstantin von Neurath, the foreign minister Nazi, supposedly confirms the offer made to Romania. Subsequently, the offer was allegedly renewed, following talks with the same officials, on 7 November 1936 and on 16 November 1936.[citation needed] Nicolae Titulescu's \"Combinations\" were the subject of several interpellations in parliament by Gheorghe I. Brătianu, who was called a fascist leader by the newspaper \"Pravda\" on 15 December 1936.[citation needed]Gheorghe I. Brătianu stated in the plenary of the parliament, on 16 June 1936:\"I have the honor to put the following questions on the Bureau of the Assembly from now on - not so much to get an answer, which I have every reason not to think close - but especially to draw the attention of Parliament and public opinion to particularly worrying circumstances. When I criticized three months ago the issue of commitments made by the Romanian Government for the possible transit on its territory of Soviet military formations and war materials, I was opposed from the ministerial bench by the most categorical denials, accompanied by the most insulting qualifications. [...] Despite all these denials and assessments, on whose authority I no longer insist, the worrying rumors have not stopped spreading. [...] However, I read the other day, in the interview that Mr. Beneš, the President of the Czechoslovak Republic, gave to a French journalist, after the Conference of the Heads of State of the Small Agreement, which took place in Bucharest, the following information, whose importance can’t be omitted: But if France and England were so blind that they did not understand their mission, the three states provided all the hypotheses. [...] I know that in any case, the East will send people and weapons to help them. If we add to these words the assertions of total identities of views on all issues [...] the question is logical: Where will the \"East\" send our people and weapons and whether the Pact of Military Assistance concluded between Czechoslovakia and the USSR includes obligations of this nature for Romania?\"(Presidency of the Assembly of Deputies, registered at no. 2340 of 16 June 1936 and no. 33 569 of 18 June 1936)[citation needed]A year earlier, on 5 October and 26 November 1935, Gheorghe I. Brătianu, in his speeches in Parliament warned about the danger of Soviet troops entering Romania, as well as the impossibility of forcing them to leave Romanian territory, as long as the Soviet Union he had claims on Bessarabia,[10][11] claiming that opening borders means in fact an invitation to the Bolsheviks in the country.At the elections of December 1937, the last multi-party elections in interwar Romania, he signed the non-electoral pact with Iuliu Maniu (NPP) and Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, who represented the fascist Iron Guard, against the government led by Gheorghe Tătărescu, NLP prime minister, but without the support of the elders of the party led by Dinu Brătianu. The electoral score of the party led by Gheorghe I. Brătianu was 3.89% (119,361 votes).[12] In these conditions, Gheorghe Brătianu decided to return to the NLP, and on 10 January the merger between the two formations took place. After only three months, the political parties were dissolved, and the liberals were forced to work illegally. On 14 February 1938, a \"decree-law\" was issued by which any kind of political activity became illegal, thus establishing the royal dictatorship.[13]Gheorghe I. Brătianu did not participate at the meetings of the Crown Council of 27 June 1940, in which Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina were ceded, but only in the one meeting held in the night of 30 to 31 August 1940, convened to accept or reject the Vienna Arbitration. He insisted on military resistance, as surrender would bring \"collapse, collapse through demoralization, helplessness and anarchy.\" [14]After the coup d'état of 6 September, when King Carol II was dethroned and determined to go into exile by General Ion Antonescu, he will be asked by the latter to participate in the government, in a tripartite formula, together with the Legionnaire movement. Horia Sima agreed, but with the condition not to request the ministries targeted by the legionaries, internal, external, education and religious affairs. Horia Sima states that Gheorghe I. Brătianu asked too much, respectively the Vice-Presidency of the Council of Ministers, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and all the economic ministries, so that no agreement was reached.[15] At the beginning of Romania's military operations in the Second World War, on 22 June 1941, Gheorghe I. Brătianu was mobilized in the 7th Infantry Division, with the rank of reserve captain, until 12 July 1941. At this date he was attached to the Command of the Cavalry Corps, as a German-language translator, until his demobilization, on 30 November 1941. In March 1942 he obtained the rank of major, with which he was mobilized again, at the Cavalry Corps, between 16 July – 24 September 1942, during which he took part in the fighting in the Crimea. In the spring of 1945 he returned from the front to the Higher War School, where he gave four lectures, later summarized as \"Formulas for Organizing Peace in Universal History\", but only the number 1 lecture is known at present.[16] In his introductory study to the 1980 edition of Gheorghe I. Brătianu's book The Historical Tradition on the Establishment of the Romanian States, published by Eminescu Publishing House, Valeriu Râpeanu states that[17] that course Formulas for Organizing Peace in Universal History was taught by Gh. I. Brătianu at the Faculty of Letters in Bucharest, from this course being published two parts in Revue historique du Sud-Est Europėen, XXIII, Bucharest, 1946, the last part (pp. 31–56) comprising the situation after the First World War and some incursions into the third decade.At the same time, university activity continues. In the years 1941-1942 and 1942-1943 he will give the course entitled The Black Sea Question at the University of Bucharest. On 15 December 1941, in the opening lesson of the course on the history of the Black Sea, Gheorghe I. Brătianu spoke about the \"security space\" of Romania, a geopolitical term that he will later define as the space that \"includes those regions and points without that a nation can fulfill neither its historical mission nor the possibilities that make up its destiny.\" He will make a distinction between security space, ethnic space and living space. The ethnic space was \"the space inhabited by the same people, in the sense of the nation\", and the living space was a \"ratio of forces\", \"the space over which the expansion of a force extends at a given moment\". The security space could coincide with the ethnic space - from which a \"strong position\" results - but it could, however, overcome it. The assertion of security space does not mean the will and desire to capture a \"living space\", so it is not the expression of an expanding force.The historian Gheorghe I. Brătianu identified two “key positions”, respectively decisive geopolitical positions that Romania had to include in its strategic calculations:\"1. The entrance of the Bosphorus and, in general, the system of straits that leads navigation beyond this closed sea; and \n2. Crimea, which, through its natural harbors, its ancient cities, the advanced maritime bastion in the Black Sea, is obviously a dominant position throughout the maritime complex. Whoever has the Crimea can rule the Black Sea. He who does not have it does not master it. It is obvious that this problem is related to our issues, because, in the end, what are the straits other than the extension of the mouths of the Danube\".He added that \"the notion of security space means that we cannot remain indifferent to what is happening in these two key positions of a sea so closely linked to our existence.\" The history of the 19th and 20th centuries was synthesized by Gheorghe I. Brătianu as \"a struggle for the Black Sea between Russia and Europe\". The course on the Black Sea Question will be lithographed, for the use of students, by the editor Ioan Vernescu. The book about the Black Sea will be printed posthumously.[18] In 1988, a Romanian translation of Gh. Brătianu's book entitled The Black Sea appeared. From the origins to the Ottoman conquest. Vol. I.[19]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gheorghe-i-bratianu.jpg"},{"link_name":"Romanian Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Academy"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cnsas.ro_2020-05-21-20"}],"sub_title":"The beginning of communist repression","text":"Gheorghe I. Brătianu in prisonIn 1947, during the repressions carried out by the communist authorities, he was removed from the university and from the management of the history institute. In September he was forced into home lockdown and his external contacts were forbidden. On 9 June 1948, with the reorganization of the Romanian Academy (which now took the name of the R.P.R. Academy), his academic status was withdrawn, as was done with 97 other Romanian scientific and cultural personalities.[20]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Securitate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securitate"},{"link_name":"Sighet Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sighet_Prison"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Sighetu Marmației","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sighetu_Marma%C8%9Biei"},{"link_name":"Ștefănești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98tef%C4%83ne%C8%99ti,_Arge%C8%99"},{"link_name":"Argeș County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arge%C8%99_County"}],"sub_title":"Arrest, imprisonment, and death","text":"On the night of 5/6 May 1950, he was arrested by the Securitate and imprisoned in the Sighet Prison, being detained for almost three years, without being judged or convicted.On one of the days between 23 and 27 April 1953, he died in prison, at the age of 55,[21] under circumstances that are still unexplained. He was buried in a common grave at the Pauper's Cemetery in Sighetu Marmației. In 1971, the family was allowed to dig up his remains and bury him in the tomb of the Brătianus from Ștefănești, Argeș County.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Recherches sur le Commerce Génois dans le Mer Noire au XIIIe Siècle, Paris, Paul Gauthier, 1929.\nPrivilèges et franchises municipales dans l'Empire Byzantin, Paris, P. Geuthner; Bucharest, \"Cultura naţională\", 1936.\nLes Vénitiens dans la mer Noire au 14e siècle: la politique du sénat en 1332-33 et la notion de la latinité, Bucharest: Impr. Nat., 1939.\nLa Mer Noire. Des origines à la conquête Ottomane. Vol. I (München 1969; posthumous)","title":"The main works"}]	[{"image_text":"Romanian politician and historian Gheorghe I. Brătianu in his youth","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Gh._I._Bratianu.jpg/220px-Gh._I._Bratianu.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gheorghe I. Brătianu in prison","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gheorghe-i-bratianu.jpg/220px-Gheorghe-i-bratianu.jpg"}]	[{"title":"National Liberal Party-Brătianu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberal_Party-Br%C4%83tianu"}]	[{"reference":"Exclusivitate. O dilemă istorică rezolvată de arhive, retrieved 12 May 2020","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cotidianul.ro/exclusivitate-o-dilema-istorica-rezolvata-de-arhive/","url_text":"Exclusivitate. O dilemă istorică rezolvată de arhive"}]},{"reference":"\"Viaţa şi activitatea lui Gheorghe I. Brătianu\", archive.vn, 9 August 2014, archived from the original on 9 August 2014, retrieved 12 May 2020","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140809073013/http://www.aesgs.ro/page.php?id=8&s1=67","url_text":"\"Viaţa şi activitatea lui Gheorghe I. Brătianu\""},{"url":"http://www.aesgs.ro/page.php?id=8&s1=67","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Partidul Național Liberal (Gheorghe Brătianu)\" (PDF), Doctorate.ulbsibiu.ro, retrieved 12 May 2020","urls":[{"url":"http://doctorate.ulbsibiu.ro/wp-content/uploads/an-gruber_000.pdf","url_text":"\"Partidul Național Liberal (Gheorghe Brătianu)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Istoria ultimelor alegeri libere din România de până la revoluţia din 1989\", Historia, retrieved 12 May 2020","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historia.ro/sectiune/general/articol/istoria-ultimelor-alegeri-libere-din-romania-de-pana-la-revolutia-din-1989","url_text":"\"Istoria ultimelor alegeri libere din România de până la revoluţia din 1989\""}]},{"reference":"Pentelescu, Aurel; Țăranu, Liviu, \"Gheorghe I. Brătianu în timpul domiciliului obligatoriu (1947–1950)\" (PDF), www.cnsas.ro, National Council for the Study of the Securitate Archives, retrieved 27 August 2022","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnsas.ro/documente/istoria_comunism/studii_articole/personalitati_in_vizor/Gh%20Bratianu.pdf","url_text":"\"Gheorghe I. Brătianu în timpul domiciliului obligatoriu (1947–1950)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070328024301/http://www.centrul-cultural.ro/revista-arges-2005-01-articol.php?CodArticol=27","external_links_name":"\"Ion I.C. Brătianu şi Gheorghe I. Brătianu - Aspecte ale relaţiilor dintre tată şi fiu\""},{"Link":"http://www.cdep.ro/pls/steno/steno.stenograma?ids=5&idm=1,11&idl=2","external_links_name":"\"Evocarea figurii academicianului Gheorghe I. Brătianu, la 100 de ani de la naştere\""},{"Link":"https://www.cotidianul.ro/exclusivitate-o-dilema-istorica-rezolvata-de-arhive/","external_links_name":"Exclusivitate. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Dettifoss	SS Dettifoss	["1 Construction","2 Sinking","3 Wreck","4 References"]	Coordinates: 55°03′N 5°29′W / 55.050°N 5.483°W / 55.050; -5.483Icelandic cargo ship (1930–1945) SS Dettifoss. History Name Dettifoss OwnerEimskipafelag Hf. Port of registry Reykjavík, Iceland BuilderFrederikshavns Vaerft & Flydedok A/S Launched24 July 1930 Completed1930 Identification TFDA FateTorpedoed and sunk 21 February 1945 General characteristics TypeCargo ship Tonnage1,564 GRT Length72.2 metres (236 ft 11 in) Beam11 metres (36 ft 1 in) Depth6.4 metres (21 ft 0 in) Installed powerCompound expansion engine PropulsionScrew propeller Speed10 knots Capacity44 Passengers and Crew SS Dettifoss was an Icelandic Cargo Ship that was Torpedoed by German submarine U-1064 in the Irish Sea 25 nautical miles (46 km) out of Belfast, United Kingdom (55°03′N 5°29′W / 55.050°N 5.483°W / 55.050; -5.483), while she was travelling from New York, United States to Belfast, United Kingdom and later to Reykjavík, Iceland. Construction Dettifoss was constructed in 1930 at the Frederikshavns Vaerft & Flydedok A/S shipyard in Frederikshavn, Denmark. The ship was 72.2 metres (236 ft 11 in) long, with a beam of 11 metres (36 ft 1 in) and a depth of 6.4 metres (21 ft 0 in). The ship was assessed at 1,564 GRT. She had a Compound expansion engine driving a single screw propeller and the engine was rated at 124 nhp. Sinking On 21 February 1945, Dettifoss was on a voyage in Convoy UR 155 from New York, United States to Belfast, United Kingdom and later to Reykjavík, Iceland with a general cargo of 1300 tons. When she was torpedoed by the German submarine U-1064 at 08.39 hours in the Irish Sea 25 nautical miles (46 km) out of Belfast. Dettifoss sank within 7 minutes resulting in the death of 12 crew members and 3 passengers. The 29 survivors (18 crew and 11 passengers) were picked up an hour after the sinking by HMS Fusilier (T305) and were then taken to Scotland and later to Iceland. The sinking of Dettifoss was a harsh blow so soon after the loss of SS Godafoss. All public activities in Iceland were cancelled on 24 February 1945. Wreck The wreck lies at (55°03′N 5°29′W / 55.050°N 5.483°W / 55.050; -5.483). References ^ "Dettifoss". uboat.net. Retrieved 7 November 2015. vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in February 1945Shipwrecks 1 Feb: Ro-115 3 Feb: U-1279 4 Feb: USS Barbel, U-1014 5 Feb: MV Gay Viking, Karatsu 6 Feb: Peter Silvester 7 Feb: CD-53, Ro-55 9 Feb: U-864, U-923 10 Feb: Steuben 11 Feb: Persier, Ro-112, U-869 13 Feb: HMS Denbigh Castle, Ha-76, Ro-113 14 Feb: U-989 15 Feb: U-1053 16 Feb: U-309 17 Feb: HMS Bluebell, Impero, U-425, U-1273, U-1278, HMS Lark 18 Feb: Sperrbrecher 139, U-2344 20 Feb: Nokaze, TA 48, HMS Vervain, U-1276, USS S-37, USS S-38 21 Feb: USS Bismarck Sea, Dettifoss 22 Feb: HMCS Trentonian, U-300 23 Feb: Conte di Cavour, Henry Bacon, La Combattante, Point Pleasant Park 24 Feb: I-371, U-713, U-927, U-1208, U-3007 26 Feb: Arsterturm, I-368, I-370, Ro-43 27 Feb: Corvus, U-327, U-1018, U-1279 28 Feb: Lautaro Unknown date: U-676, U-683 Other incidents 9 Feb: Kommandøren 10 Feb: USS Batfish 11 Feb: HMS Pathfinder 15 Feb: SS Charles F. Amidon, USS Crevalle 17 Feb: Conte di Cavour 18 Feb: Empire Duchess, USS Gamble, U-2336 1944 1945 1946 January 1945 March 1945	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Icelandic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Cargo Ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"German submarine U-1064","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-1064"},{"link_name":"Irish Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Sea"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"55°03′N 5°29′W / 55.050°N 5.483°W / 55.050; -5.483","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=SS_Dettifoss&params=55_03_N_5_29_W_"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Reykjavík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"}],"text":"Icelandic cargo ship (1930–1945)SS Dettifoss was an Icelandic Cargo Ship that was Torpedoed by German submarine U-1064 in the Irish Sea 25 nautical miles (46 km) out of Belfast, United Kingdom (55°03′N 5°29′W / 55.050°N 5.483°W / 55.050; -5.483), while she was travelling from New York, United States to Belfast, United Kingdom and later to Reykjavík, Iceland.","title":"SS Dettifoss"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederikshavn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederikshavn"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"GRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_tonnage"},{"link_name":"nhp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominal_horsepower"}],"text":"Dettifoss was constructed in 1930 at the Frederikshavns Vaerft & Flydedok A/S shipyard in Frederikshavn, Denmark.The ship was 72.2 metres (236 ft 11 in) long, with a beam of 11 metres (36 ft 1 in) and a depth of 6.4 metres (21 ft 0 in). The ship was assessed at 1,564 GRT. She had a Compound expansion engine driving a single screw propeller and the engine was rated at 124 nhp.","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Convoy UR 155","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_UR_155&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Reykjavík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"German submarine U-1064","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-1064"},{"link_name":"Irish Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Sea"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"HMS Fusilier (T305)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Fusilier_(T305)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"SS Godafoss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Godafoss"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASM-1"}],"text":"On 21 February 1945, Dettifoss was on a voyage in Convoy UR 155 from New York, United States to Belfast, United Kingdom and later to Reykjavík, Iceland with a general cargo of 1300 tons. When she was torpedoed by the German submarine U-1064 at 08.39 hours in the Irish Sea 25 nautical miles (46 km) out of Belfast. Dettifoss sank within 7 minutes resulting in the death of 12 crew members and 3 passengers. The 29 survivors (18 crew and 11 passengers) were picked up an hour after the sinking by HMS Fusilier (T305) and were then taken to Scotland and later to Iceland. The sinking of Dettifoss was a harsh blow so soon after the loss of SS Godafoss. All public activities in Iceland were cancelled on 24 February 1945.\n[1]","title":"Sinking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"55°03′N 5°29′W / 55.050°N 5.483°W / 55.050; -5.483","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=SS_Dettifoss&params=55_03_N_5_29_W_"}],"text":"The wreck lies at (55°03′N 5°29′W / 55.050°N 5.483°W / 55.050; -5.483).","title":"Wreck"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Dettifoss\". uboat.net. Retrieved 7 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uboat.net/allies/merchants/ship/3448.html","url_text":"\"Dettifoss\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=SS_Dettifoss&params=55_03_N_5_29_W_","external_links_name":"55°03′N 5°29′W / 55.050°N 5.483°W / 55.050; -5.483"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=SS_Dettifoss&params=55_03_N_5_29_W_","external_links_name":"55°03′N 5°29′W / 55.050°N 5.483°W / 55.050; -5.483"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=SS_Dettifoss&params=55_03_N_5_29_W_","external_links_name":"55°03′N 5°29′W / 55.050°N 5.483°W / 55.050; -5.483"},{"Link":"http://www.uboat.net/allies/merchants/ship/3448.html","external_links_name":"\"Dettifoss\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mallorca	Battle of Majorca	["1 Background","2 The battle","3 See also","4 References"]	Amphibious landing of Republican forces early in the Spanish Civil War This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Battle of Majorca" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Battle of MajorcaPart of the Spanish Civil WarMap depicting the height of the offensive in the Balearics, with Menorca, Ibiza, Formentera, Cabrera, and eastern Majorca all under Republican control (in gray).Date16 August – 12 September 1936LocationMajorca, SpainResult Nationalist victory Nationalists regain full control of Majorca, Ibiza and Formentera (20 September 1936) Italian occupation of Majorca.Belligerents Spanish Republic Generalitat of Catalonia Kingdom of Italy Nationalist SpainCommanders and leaders Cpt. Alberto Bayo Cpt. Manuel Uribarri Arconovaldo Bonaccorsi Lt. Col. Luis García RuizStrength 8,000 militia 1 battleship 1 light cruiser 2 destroyers 3 submarines 10 guns 3,500 regulars and militia 3 bombers 3 fightersvteSpanish Civil War Background List of battles July 1936 uprising Melilla Seville 1st Barcelona Cuartel de la Montaña Gijón Oviedo Cuartel de Loyola 1936 German intervention Guadarrama Andalusia Alcázar Extremadura Convoy de la Victoria Almendralejo Sigüenza 1st Mérida Badajoz Majorca Sierra Guadalupe Córdoba Gipuzkoa Irún Monte Pelado Talavera Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza Guinea Cerro Muriano Cape Spartel Seseña Madrid Ciudad Universitaria 1st Corunna Road Villarreal Ursula Aceituna Lopera 2nd Corunna Road 1937 3rd Corunna Road Málaga Jarama Cape Machichaco Guadalajara Pozoblanco War in the North Cantabrian Sea Biscay Durango Guernica Bilbao Santander Asturias El Mazuco Jaén 2nd Barcelona Deutschland Almería Segovia Huesca Albarracín Brunete Zaragoza 1st Belchite Cape Cherchell Sabiñánigo 1st Lérida Teruel 1938 Valladolid Alfambra Cape Palos Aragon 2nd Belchite 3rd Barcelona Caspe 2nd Lérida 1st Gandesa Segre Levante Balaguer Los Blázquez Alicante Granollers Bielsa 2nd Mérida Ebro 2nd Gandesa Cantabria Cabra Sant Vicenç de Calders 1939 Catalonia Valsequillo Xàtiva La Garriga Minorca Cartagena Final offensive The Battle of Majorca, also known as the Majorca Landings, was an amphibious landing of Republican forces early in the Spanish Civil War aimed at driving the Nationalists from Majorca and reclaiming the island for the Republic. After some initial tactical success, the expedition, commanded by Captain Alberto Bayo, ended in failure when the Nationalists counterattacked with ground troops and massively superior air power and drove the Republicans into the sea. So confident were the Republicans in their prediction of victory they optimistically called the operation "la reconquista de Mallorca" - "the reconquest of Majorca". Background Plans for a seaborne attack on the Balearic Islands seem to have surfaced independently in various Republican militia groups in the days following the joining of Ibiza, Formentera, and Majorca to Franco's Nationalist military rebellion. Already, on July 23, bomber squadrons struck Palma and Cabrera, and on August 1 a Republican expeditionary force from Menorca landed at Cabrera and resisted all efforts to dislodge it. However these actions, and in particular the Majorca landings, were never approved by the Madrid government and had from the very beginning an air of confusion, and improvisation. On August 2, Bayo assembled a column of Barcelona militia on Menorca; the next day, the Republican air force dropped bombs on Palma once more. By August 2 logistical preparations overseen from Barcelona by the Government of Catalonia and the Central Committee of Antifascist Militias of Catalonia (Comitè Central de Milicies Antifeixistes de Catalunya), were complete. The Nationalist garrison of Formentera capitulated to Manuel Uribarri's Valencian militia on 7 August. On the 13th, 400 Catalan militia occupied Cabrera in an assault apparently unrelated to Bayo's expedition. Bayo tried to coordinate the two forces but the anarchist militias, distrustful of his Communist sympathies, refused to commit themselves to his operation. The battle On 16 August, with various units of the Spanish Republican Navy in support, Bayo landed his force of 8,000 militia at Punta Amer and Porto Cristo. Despite problems unloading and deploying their six 75 mm and four 105 mm guns, the Republicans managed to push 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) inland against the Nationalist garrison consisting of 1,200 regular infantry, 300 members of the Guardia Civil, and hundreds of Falangist volunteers. However, the Nationalists' fortunes improved dramatically on 27 August when supplies and air support arrived from nearby Italy. The Republican bomber forces ranging overhead were cut down and replaced by Italian aircraft. Consequently, the Republicans were unable to withstand the Nationalist counterattack on the ground and fell back in confusion, abandoning their guns and equipment. Their evacuation began on 5 September and the Republicans held the beaches until 12 September, when the last ship steamed off in retreat, leaving the island in Nationalist hands. The Nationalist response was swift and, in contrast, remarkably successful. A week after the retreat from Majorca, Cabrera had once again fallen to the Nationalists. Ibiza was captured on 19 September by the Majorca garrison, and Formentera fell on the 20th. See also List of Spanish Republican military equipment of the Spanish Civil War List of Spanish Nationalist military equipment of the Spanish Civil War References Hugh Thomas (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Modern Library. ISBN 0-375-75515-2.	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Cabeza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Santuario_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Cabeza"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_uprising_in_Spanish_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Cerro Muriano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cerro_Muriano"},{"link_name":"Cape Spartel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spartel_(1936)"},{"link_name":"Seseña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sese%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Madrid"},{"link_name":"Ciudad Universitaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ciudad_Universitaria"},{"link_name":"1st Corunna Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Corunna_Road"},{"link_name":"Villarreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villarreal_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Ursula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ursula"},{"link_name":"Aceituna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceituna_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Lopera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lopera"},{"link_name":"2nd Corunna Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Corunna_Road"},{"link_name":"1937","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"3rd Corunna Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Battle_of_the_Corunna_Road"},{"link_name":"Málaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%A1laga_(1937)"},{"link_name":"Jarama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jarama"},{"link_name":"Cape Machichaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Machichaco"},{"link_name":"Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalajara"},{"link_name":"Pozoblanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pozoblanco"},{"link_name":"War in the North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_the_North"},{"link_name":"Cantabrian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cantabrian_campaign&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Biscay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscay_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Durango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Durango"},{"link_name":"Guernica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Guernica"},{"link_name":"Bilbao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bilbao"},{"link_name":"Santander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Santander"},{"link_name":"Asturias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturias_Offensive"},{"link_name":"El Mazuco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_El_Mazuco"},{"link_name":"Jaén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Ja%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"2nd Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Days"},{"link_name":"Deutschland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland_incident_(1937)"},{"link_name":"Almería","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Almer%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Segovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segovia_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Huesca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huesca_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Albarracín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Albarrac%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Brunete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Brunete"},{"link_name":"Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaragoza_Offensive"},{"link_name":"1st Belchite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Belchite_(1937)"},{"link_name":"Cape Cherchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Cherchell"},{"link_name":"Sabiñánigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sabi%C3%B1%C3%A1nigo"},{"link_name":"1st Lérida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bombardment_of_L%C3%A9rida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Teruel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Teruel"},{"link_name":"1938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Valladolid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bombardment_of_Valladolid&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alfambra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Alfambra"},{"link_name":"Cape Palos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Palos_(1938)"},{"link_name":"Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragon_Offensive"},{"link_name":"2nd Belchite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Belchite_(1938)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"3rd Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Caspe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Caspe"},{"link_name":"2nd Lérida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%A9rida_(1938)"},{"link_name":"1st Gandesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gandesa_(1938)"},{"link_name":"Segre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Segre"},{"link_name":"Levante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levante_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Balaguer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaguer_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Los Blázquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Bl%C3%A1zquez_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Alicante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Alicante"},{"link_name":"Granollers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Granollers"},{"link_name":"Bielsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bielsa_pocket"},{"link_name":"2nd Mérida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Merida_pocket"},{"link_name":"Ebro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ebro"},{"link_name":"2nd Gandesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Gandesa_(1938)"},{"link_name":"Cantabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Cantabria_(1919)"},{"link_name":"Cabra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Cabra"},{"link_name":"Sant Vicenç de Calders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Sant_Vicen%C3%A7_de_Calders"},{"link_name":"1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Valsequillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Valsequillo"},{"link_name":"Xàtiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_X%C3%A0tiva"},{"link_name":"La Garriga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_La_Garriga"},{"link_name":"Minorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Minorca_(1939)"},{"link_name":"Cartagena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_uprising"},{"link_name":"Final offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_offensive_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"amphibious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_warfare"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Nationalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_Spain"},{"link_name":"Majorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorca"},{"link_name":"Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic"},{"link_name":"Alberto Bayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Bayo"},{"link_name":"air power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Air_Force"}],"text":"Battle of MajorcaPart of the Spanish Civil WarMap depicting the height of the offensive in the Balearics, with Menorca, Ibiza, Formentera, Cabrera, and eastern Majorca all under Republican control (in gray).Date16 August – 12 September 1936LocationMajorca, SpainResult\nNationalist victory\n\nNationalists regain full control of Majorca, Ibiza and Formentera (20 September 1936)\nItalian occupation of Majorca.Belligerents\n Spanish Republic Generalitat of Catalonia\n Kingdom of Italy Nationalist SpainCommanders and leaders\n Cpt. Alberto Bayo Cpt. Manuel Uribarri\n Arconovaldo Bonaccorsi Lt. Col. Luis García RuizStrength\n8,000 militia 1 battleship 1 light cruiser 2 destroyers 3 submarines 10 guns\n3,500 regulars and militia 3 bombers 3 fightersvteSpanish Civil War\nBackground\nList of battles\nJuly 1936 uprising\nMelilla\nSeville\n1st Barcelona\nCuartel de la Montaña\nGijón\nOviedo\nCuartel de Loyola\n1936\nGerman intervention\nGuadarrama\nAndalusia\nAlcázar\nExtremadura\nConvoy de la Victoria\nAlmendralejo\nSigüenza\n1st Mérida\nBadajoz\nMajorca\nSierra Guadalupe\nCórdoba\nGipuzkoa\nIrún\nMonte Pelado\nTalavera\nSantuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza\nGuinea\nCerro Muriano\nCape Spartel\nSeseña\nMadrid\nCiudad Universitaria\n1st Corunna Road\nVillarreal\nUrsula\nAceituna\nLopera\n2nd Corunna Road\n1937\n3rd Corunna Road\nMálaga\nJarama\nCape Machichaco\nGuadalajara\nPozoblanco\nWar in the North\nCantabrian Sea\nBiscay\nDurango\nGuernica\nBilbao\nSantander\nAsturias\nEl Mazuco\nJaén\n2nd Barcelona\nDeutschland\nAlmería\nSegovia\nHuesca\nAlbarracín\nBrunete\nZaragoza\n1st Belchite\nCape Cherchell\nSabiñánigo\n1st Lérida\nTeruel\n1938\nValladolid\nAlfambra\nCape Palos\nAragon\n2nd Belchite\n3rd Barcelona\nCaspe\n2nd Lérida\n1st Gandesa\nSegre\nLevante\nBalaguer\nLos Blázquez\nAlicante\nGranollers\nBielsa\n2nd Mérida\nEbro\n2nd Gandesa\nCantabria\nCabra\nSant Vicenç de Calders\n1939\nCatalonia\nValsequillo\nXàtiva\nLa Garriga\nMinorca\nCartagena\nFinal offensiveThe Battle of Majorca, also known as the Majorca Landings, was an amphibious landing of Republican forces early in the Spanish Civil War aimed at driving the Nationalists from Majorca and reclaiming the island for the Republic. After some initial tactical success, the expedition, commanded by Captain Alberto Bayo, ended in failure when the Nationalists counterattacked with ground troops and massively superior air power and drove the Republicans into the sea. So confident were the Republicans in their prediction of victory they optimistically called the operation \"la reconquista de Mallorca\" - \"the reconquest of Majorca\".","title":"Battle of Majorca"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balearic Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balearic_Islands"},{"link_name":"Ibiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibiza"},{"link_name":"Formentera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formentera"},{"link_name":"Majorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorca"},{"link_name":"Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco"},{"link_name":"Palma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca"},{"link_name":"Cabrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabrera,_Balearic_Islands"},{"link_name":"Menorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menorca"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Government of Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalitat_de_Catalunya"},{"link_name":"Central Committee of Antifascist Militias of Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_of_Antifascist_Militias_of_Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Formentera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formentera"},{"link_name":"Manuel Uribarri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Uribarri"},{"link_name":"Valencian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia"},{"link_name":"Cabrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabrera,_Balearic_Islands"},{"link_name":"anarchist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchist"},{"link_name":"Communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist"}],"text":"Plans for a seaborne attack on the Balearic Islands seem to have surfaced independently in various Republican militia groups in the days following the joining of Ibiza, Formentera, and Majorca to Franco's Nationalist military rebellion. Already, on July 23, bomber squadrons struck Palma and Cabrera, and on August 1 a Republican expeditionary force from Menorca landed at Cabrera and resisted all efforts to dislodge it.However these actions, and in particular the Majorca landings, were never approved by the Madrid government and had from the very beginning an air of confusion, and improvisation. On August 2, Bayo assembled a column of Barcelona militia on Menorca; the next day, the Republican air force dropped bombs on Palma once more. By August 2 logistical preparations overseen from Barcelona by the Government of Catalonia and the Central Committee of Antifascist Militias of Catalonia (Comitè Central de Milicies Antifeixistes de Catalunya), were complete.The Nationalist garrison of Formentera capitulated to Manuel Uribarri's Valencian militia on 7 August. On the 13th, 400 Catalan militia occupied Cabrera in an assault apparently unrelated to Bayo's expedition. Bayo tried to coordinate the two forces but the anarchist militias, distrustful of his Communist sympathies, refused to commit themselves to his operation.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish Republican Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Navy"},{"link_name":"Porto Cristo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Cristo"},{"link_name":"Guardia Civil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardia_Civil_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Falangist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falangist"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy"}],"text":"On 16 August, with various units of the Spanish Republican Navy in support, Bayo landed his force of 8,000 militia at Punta Amer and Porto Cristo. Despite problems unloading and deploying their six 75 mm and four 105 mm guns, the Republicans managed to push 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) inland against the Nationalist garrison consisting of 1,200 regular infantry, 300 members of the Guardia Civil, and hundreds of Falangist volunteers.However, the Nationalists' fortunes improved dramatically on 27 August when supplies and air support arrived from nearby Italy. The Republican bomber forces ranging overhead were cut down and replaced by Italian aircraft. Consequently, the Republicans were unable to withstand the Nationalist counterattack on the ground and fell back in confusion, abandoning their guns and equipment. Their evacuation began on 5 September and the Republicans held the beaches until 12 September, when the last ship steamed off in retreat, leaving the island in Nationalist hands.The Nationalist response was swift and, in contrast, remarkably successful. A week after the retreat from Majorca, Cabrera had once again fallen to the Nationalists. Ibiza was captured on 19 September by the Majorca garrison, and Formentera fell on the 20th.","title":"The battle"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Spanish Republican military equipment of the Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Republican_military_equipment_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War"},{"title":"List of Spanish Nationalist military equipment of the Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Nationalist_military_equipment_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War"}]	[{"reference":"Hugh Thomas (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Modern Library. ISBN 0-375-75515-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Thomas_(writer)","url_text":"Hugh Thomas"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/spanishcivilwar00thom_0","url_text":"The Spanish Civil War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-75515-2","url_text":"0-375-75515-2"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Battle+of+Majorca%22","external_links_name":"\"Battle of Majorca\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Battle+of+Majorca%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Battle+of+Majorca%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Battle+of+Majorca%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Battle+of+Majorca%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Battle+of+Majorca%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/spanishcivilwar00thom_0","external_links_name":"The Spanish Civil War"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyo_Vouna	Dyo Vouna	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 38°48.25′N 22°22.84′E / 38.80417°N 22.38067°E / 38.80417; 22.38067Community in GreeceDyo Vouna Δύο ΒουνάCommunityDyo VounaCoordinates: 38°48.25′N 22°22.84′E / 38.80417°N 22.38067°E / 38.80417; 22.38067CountryGreeceAdministrative regionCentral GreeceRegional unitPhthiotisMunicipalityLamiaMunicipal unitGorgopotamosPopulation (2021) • Community84Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Vehicle registrationΜΙ Dyo Vouna (Greek: Δύο Βουνά, meaning "two mountains") is a village on Mount Oeta in Phthiotis, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality of Lamia, and of the municipal unit of Gorgopotamos. Population was 84 in the 2021 census. It is the birthplace of Yiannis Dyovouniotis, a military leader of the Greek War of Independence. References ^ a b "Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024. vteSubdivisions of the municipality of LamiaMunicipal unit of Gorgopotamos Damasta Delfino Dyo Vouna Eleftherochori Gorgopotamos Irakleia Koumaritsi Moschochori Neo Krikello Oiti Vardates Municipal unit of Lamia Agia Paraskevi Anthili Divri Frantzis Kalamaki Komma Kostalexis Lamia Lygaria Megali Vrysi Roditsa Stavros Thermopylae Municipal unit of Leianokladi Amouri Leianokladi Moschokarya Stirfaka Zilefto Municipal unit of Pavliani Pavliani Municipal unit of Ypati Argyrochori Dafni Kastanea Kombotades Ladikou Loutra Ypatis Lychnos Mesochori Mexiates Neochori Peristeri Pyrgos Rodonia Syka Vasilika Ypati This Central Greece location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Mount Oeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Oeta"},{"link_name":"Phthiotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phthiotis"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"2011 local government reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallikratis_plan"},{"link_name":"Lamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamia_(city)"},{"link_name":"Gorgopotamos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgopotamos"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census21-1"},{"link_name":"Yiannis Dyovouniotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiannis_Dyovouniotis"},{"link_name":"Greek War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence"}],"text":"Community in GreeceDyo Vouna (Greek: Δύο Βουνά, meaning \"two mountains\") is a village on Mount Oeta in Phthiotis, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality of Lamia, and of the municipal unit of Gorgopotamos. Population was 84 in the 2021 census.[1]It is the birthplace of Yiannis Dyovouniotis, a military leader of the Greek War of Independence.","title":"Dyo Vouna"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό\" [Results of the 2021 Population - Housing Census, Permanent population by settlement] (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/17286366/MON_PLI_DHM_OIKISN_2021.xlsx","url_text":"\"Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dyo_Vouna&params=38_48.25_N_22_22.84_E_type:city(84)_region:GR-H","external_links_name":"38°48.25′N 22°22.84′E / 38.80417°N 22.38067°E / 38.80417; 22.38067"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dyo_Vouna&params=38_48.25_N_22_22.84_E_type:city(84)_region:GR-H","external_links_name":"38°48.25′N 22°22.84′E / 38.80417°N 22.38067°E / 38.80417; 22.38067"},{"Link":"https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/17286366/MON_PLI_DHM_OIKISN_2021.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dyo_Vouna&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]

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