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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-Scholes_equation
|
Black–Scholes equation
|
["1 Financial interpretation","2 Derivation","2.1 Alternative derivation","3 Solving methods","4 References"]
|
Partial differential equation in mathematical finance
The surface plot of the value of a European call option over time and price of underlying stock, along with some representative stock price trajectories. If the stock price starts high above the strike price, then it is likely to end up above the strike price. If the stock price starts much below, then it has a small chance of ending up above the strike price. The average value of the trajectories' end-point is exactly equal to the height of the surface.
In mathematical finance, the Black–Scholes equation, also called the Black–Scholes–Merton equation, is a partial differential equation (PDE) governing the price evolution of derivatives under the Black–Scholes model. Broadly speaking, the term may refer to a similar PDE that can be derived for a variety of options, or more generally, derivatives.
Simulated geometric Brownian motions with parameters from market data
Consider a stock paying no dividends. Now construct any derivative that has a fixed maturation time
T
{\displaystyle T}
in the future, and at maturation, it has payoff
K
(
S
T
)
{\displaystyle K(S_{T})}
that depends on the values taken by the stock at that moment (such as European call or put options). Then the price of the derivative satisfies
{
∂
V
∂
t
+
1
2
σ
2
S
2
∂
2
V
∂
S
2
+
r
S
∂
V
∂
S
−
r
V
=
0
V
(
T
,
s
)
=
K
(
s
)
∀
s
{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}{\frac {\partial V}{\partial t}}+{\frac {1}{2}}\sigma ^{2}S^{2}{\frac {\partial ^{2}V}{\partial S^{2}}}+rS{\frac {\partial V}{\partial S}}-rV=0\\V(T,s)=K(s)\quad \forall s\end{cases}}}
where
V
(
t
,
S
)
{\displaystyle V(t,S)}
is the price of the option as a function of stock price S and time t, r is the risk-free interest rate, and
σ
{\displaystyle \sigma }
is the volatility of the stock.
The key financial insight behind the equation is that, under the model assumption of a frictionless market, one can perfectly hedge the option by buying and selling the underlying asset in just the right way and consequently “eliminate risk". This hedge, in turn, implies that there is only one right price for the option, as returned by the Black–Scholes formula.
Financial interpretation
The equation has a concrete interpretation that is often used by practitioners and is the basis for the common derivation given in the next subsection. The equation can be rewritten in the form:
∂
V
∂
t
+
1
2
σ
2
S
2
∂
2
V
∂
S
2
=
r
V
−
r
S
∂
V
∂
S
{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial V}{\partial t}}+{\frac {1}{2}}\sigma ^{2}S^{2}{\frac {\partial ^{2}V}{\partial S^{2}}}=rV-rS{\frac {\partial V}{\partial S}}}
The left-hand side consists of a "time decay" term, the change in derivative value with respect to time, called theta, and a term involving the second spatial derivative gamma, the convexity of the derivative value with respect to the underlying value. The right-hand side is the riskless return from a long position in the derivative and a short position consisting of
∂
V
/
∂
S
{\textstyle {\partial V}/{\partial S}}
shares of the underlying asset.
Black and Scholes' insight was that the portfolio represented by the right-hand side is riskless: thus the equation says that the riskless return over any infinitesimal time interval can be expressed as the sum of theta and a term incorporating gamma. For an option, theta is typically negative, reflecting the loss in value due to having less time for exercising the option (for a European call on an underlying without dividends, it is always negative). Gamma is typically positive and so the gamma term reflects the gains in holding the option. The equation states that over any infinitesimal time interval the loss from theta and the gain from the gamma term must offset each other so that the result is a return at the riskless rate.
From the viewpoint of the option issuer, e.g. an investment bank, the gamma term is the cost of hedging the option. (Since gamma is the greatest when the spot price of the underlying is near the strike price of the option, the seller's hedging costs are the greatest in that circumstance.)
Derivation
The following derivation is given in Hull's Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives.: 287–288 That, in turn, is based on the classic argument in the original Black–Scholes paper.
Per the model assumptions above, the price of the underlying asset (typically a stock) follows a geometric Brownian motion. That is
d
S
S
=
μ
d
t
+
σ
d
W
{\displaystyle {\frac {dS}{S}}=\mu \,dt+\sigma \,dW\,}
where W is a stochastic variable (Brownian motion). Note that W, and consequently its infinitesimal increment dW, represents the only source of uncertainty in the price history of the stock. Intuitively, W(t) is a process that "wiggles up and down" in such a random way that its expected change over any time interval is 0. (In addition, its variance over time T is equal to T; see Wiener process § Basic properties); a good discrete analogue for W is a simple random walk. Thus the above equation states that the infinitesimal rate of return on the stock has an expected value of μ dt and a variance of
σ
2
d
t
{\displaystyle \sigma ^{2}dt}
.
The payoff of an option (or any derivative contingent to stock S)
V
(
S
,
T
)
{\displaystyle V(S,T)}
at maturity is known. To find its value at an earlier time we need to know how
V
{\displaystyle V}
evolves as a function of
S
{\displaystyle S}
and
t
{\displaystyle t}
. By Itô's lemma for two variables we have
d
V
=
(
μ
S
∂
V
∂
S
+
∂
V
∂
t
+
1
2
σ
2
S
2
∂
2
V
∂
S
2
)
d
t
+
σ
S
∂
V
∂
S
d
W
{\displaystyle dV=\left(\mu S{\frac {\partial V}{\partial S}}+{\frac {\partial V}{\partial t}}+{\frac {1}{2}}\sigma ^{2}S^{2}{\frac {\partial ^{2}V}{\partial S^{2}}}\right)dt+\sigma S{\frac {\partial V}{\partial S}}\,dW}
Now consider a certain portfolio, called the delta-hedge portfolio, consisting of being short one option and long
∂
V
/
∂
S
{\textstyle {\partial V}/{\partial S}}
shares at time
t
{\displaystyle t}
. The value of these holdings is
Π
=
−
V
+
∂
V
∂
S
S
{\displaystyle \Pi =-V+{\frac {\partial V}{\partial S}}S}
Over the time period
[
t
,
t
+
Δ
t
]
{\displaystyle }
, the total profit or loss from changes in the values of the holdings is (but see note below):
Δ
Π
=
−
Δ
V
+
∂
V
∂
S
Δ
S
{\displaystyle \Delta \Pi =-\Delta V+{\frac {\partial V}{\partial S}}\,\Delta S}
Now discretize the equations for dS/S and dV by replacing differentials with deltas:
Δ
S
=
μ
S
Δ
t
+
σ
S
Δ
W
{\displaystyle \Delta S=\mu S\,\Delta t+\sigma S\,\Delta W\,}
Δ
V
=
(
μ
S
∂
V
∂
S
+
∂
V
∂
t
+
1
2
σ
2
S
2
∂
2
V
∂
S
2
)
Δ
t
+
σ
S
∂
V
∂
S
Δ
W
{\displaystyle \Delta V=\left(\mu S{\frac {\partial V}{\partial S}}+{\frac {\partial V}{\partial t}}+{\frac {1}{2}}\sigma ^{2}S^{2}{\frac {\partial ^{2}V}{\partial S^{2}}}\right)\Delta t+\sigma S{\frac {\partial V}{\partial S}}\,\Delta W}
and appropriately substitute them into the expression for
Δ
Π
{\displaystyle \Delta \Pi }
:
Δ
Π
=
(
−
∂
V
∂
t
−
1
2
σ
2
S
2
∂
2
V
∂
S
2
)
Δ
t
{\displaystyle \Delta \Pi =\left(-{\frac {\partial V}{\partial t}}-{\frac {1}{2}}\sigma ^{2}S^{2}{\frac {\partial ^{2}V}{\partial S^{2}}}\right)\Delta t}
Notice that the
Δ
W
{\displaystyle \Delta W}
term has vanished. Thus uncertainty has been eliminated and the portfolio is effectively riskless. The rate of return on this portfolio must be equal to the rate of return on any other riskless instrument; otherwise, there would be opportunities for arbitrage. Now assuming the risk-free rate of return is
r
{\displaystyle r}
we must have over the time period
[
t
,
t
+
Δ
t
]
{\displaystyle }
Δ
Π
=
r
Π
Δ
t
{\displaystyle \Delta \Pi =r\Pi \,\Delta t}
If we now substitute our formulas for
Δ
Π
{\displaystyle \Delta \Pi }
and
Π
=
∫
Δ
Π
{\displaystyle \Pi =\int \Delta \Pi }
we obtain:
(
−
∂
V
∂
t
−
1
2
σ
2
S
2
∂
2
V
∂
S
2
)
Δ
t
=
r
(
−
V
+
S
∂
V
∂
S
)
Δ
t
{\displaystyle \left(-{\frac {\partial V}{\partial t}}-{\frac {1}{2}}\sigma ^{2}S^{2}{\frac {\partial ^{2}V}{\partial S^{2}}}\right)\Delta t=r\left(-V+S{\frac {\partial V}{\partial S}}\right)\Delta t}
Simplifying, we arrive at the celebrated Black–Scholes partial differential equation:
∂
V
∂
t
+
1
2
σ
2
S
2
∂
2
V
∂
S
2
+
r
S
∂
V
∂
S
−
r
V
=
0
{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial V}{\partial t}}+{\frac {1}{2}}\sigma ^{2}S^{2}{\frac {\partial ^{2}V}{\partial S^{2}}}+rS{\frac {\partial V}{\partial S}}-rV=0}
With the assumptions of the Black–Scholes model, this second order partial differential equation holds for any type of option as long as its price function
V
{\displaystyle V}
is twice differentiable with respect to
S
{\displaystyle S}
and once with respect to
t
{\displaystyle t}
. Different pricing formulae for various options will arise from the choice of payoff function at expiry and appropriate boundary conditions.
Technical note: A subtlety obscured by the discretization approach above is that the infinitesimal change in the portfolio value was due to only the infinitesimal changes in the values of the assets being held, not changes in the positions in the assets. In other words, the portfolio was assumed to be self-financing.
Alternative derivation
Here is an alternative derivation that can be utilized in situations where it is initially unclear what the hedging portfolio should be. (For a reference, see 6.4 of Shreve vol II).
In the Black–Scholes model, assuming we have picked the risk-neutral probability measure, the underlying stock price S(t) is assumed to evolve as a geometric Brownian motion:
d
S
(
t
)
S
(
t
)
=
r
d
t
+
σ
d
W
(
t
)
{\displaystyle {\frac {dS(t)}{S(t)}}=r\ dt+\sigma dW(t)}
Since this stochastic differential equation (SDE) shows the stock price evolution is Markovian, any derivative on this underlying is a function of time t and the stock price at the current time, S(t). Then an application of Itô's lemma gives an SDE for the discounted derivative process
e
−
r
t
V
(
t
,
S
(
t
)
)
{\displaystyle e^{-rt}V(t,S(t))}
, which should be a martingale. In order for that to hold, the drift term must be zero, which implies the Black—Scholes PDE.
This derivation is basically an application of the Feynman–Kac formula and can be attempted whenever the underlying asset(s) evolve according to given SDE(s).
Solving methods
Once the Black–Scholes PDE, with boundary and terminal conditions, is derived for a derivative, the PDE can be solved numerically using standard methods of numerical analysis, such as a type of finite difference method. In certain cases, it is possible to solve for an exact formula, such as in the case of a European call, which was done by Black and Scholes.
The solution is conceptually simple. Since in the Black–Scholes model, the underlying stock price
S
t
{\displaystyle S_{t}}
follows a geometric Brownian motion, the distribution of
S
T
{\displaystyle S_{T}}
, conditional on its price
S
t
{\displaystyle S_{t}}
at time
t
{\displaystyle t}
, is a log-normal distribution. Then the price of the derivative is just discounted expected payoff
E
[
e
−
r
(
T
−
t
)
K
(
S
T
)
|
S
t
]
{\displaystyle E}
, which may be computed analytically when the payoff function
K
{\displaystyle K}
is analytically tractable, or numerically if not.
To do this for a call option, recall the PDE above has boundary conditions
C
(
0
,
t
)
=
0
for all
t
C
(
S
,
t
)
∼
S
−
K
e
−
r
(
T
−
t
)
as
S
→
∞
C
(
S
,
T
)
=
max
{
S
−
K
,
0
}
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}C(0,t)&=0{\text{ for all }}t\\C(S,t)&\sim S-Ke^{-r(T-t)}{\text{ as }}S\rightarrow \infty \\C(S,T)&=\max\{S-K,0\}\end{aligned}}}
The last condition gives the value of the option at the time that the option matures. Other conditions are possible as S goes to 0 or infinity. For example, common conditions utilized in other situations are to choose delta to vanish as S goes to 0 and gamma to vanish as S goes to infinity; these will give the same formula as the conditions above (in general, differing boundary conditions will give different solutions, so some financial insight should be utilized to pick suitable conditions for the situation at hand).
The solution of the PDE gives the value of the option at any earlier time,
E
[
max
{
S
−
K
,
0
}
]
{\displaystyle \mathbb {E} \left}
. To solve the PDE we recognize that it is a Cauchy–Euler equation which can be transformed into a diffusion equation by introducing the change-of-variable transformation
τ
=
T
−
t
u
=
C
e
r
τ
x
=
ln
(
S
K
)
+
(
r
−
1
2
σ
2
)
τ
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\tau &=T-t\\u&=Ce^{r\tau }\\x&=\ln \left({\frac {S}{K}}\right)+\left(r-{\frac {1}{2}}\sigma ^{2}\right)\tau \end{aligned}}}
Then the Black–Scholes PDE becomes a diffusion equation
∂
u
∂
τ
=
1
2
σ
2
∂
2
u
∂
x
2
{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial u}{\partial \tau }}={\frac {1}{2}}\sigma ^{2}{\frac {\partial ^{2}u}{\partial x^{2}}}}
The terminal condition
C
(
S
,
T
)
=
max
{
S
−
K
,
0
}
{\displaystyle C(S,T)=\max\{S-K,0\}}
now becomes an initial condition
u
(
x
,
0
)
=
u
0
(
x
)
:=
K
(
e
max
{
x
,
0
}
−
1
)
=
K
(
e
x
−
1
)
H
(
x
)
,
{\displaystyle u(x,0)=u_{0}(x):=K(e^{\max\{x,0\}}-1)=K\left(e^{x}-1\right)H(x),}
where H(x) is the Heaviside step function. The Heaviside function corresponds to enforcement of the boundary data in the S, t coordinate system that requires when t = T,
C
(
S
,
T
)
=
0
∀
S
<
K
,
{\displaystyle C(S,\,T)=0\quad \forall \;S<K,}
assuming both S, K > 0. With this assumption, it is equivalent to the max function over all x in the real numbers, with the exception of x = 0. The equality above between the max function and the Heaviside function is in the sense of distributions because it does not hold for x = 0. Though subtle, this is important because the Heaviside function need not be finite at x = 0, or even defined for that matter. For more on the value of the Heaviside function at x = 0, see the section "Zero Argument" in the article Heaviside step function.
Using the standard convolution method for solving a diffusion equation given an initial value function, u(x, 0), we have
u
(
x
,
τ
)
=
1
σ
2
π
τ
∫
−
∞
∞
u
0
(
y
)
exp
[
−
(
x
−
y
)
2
2
σ
2
τ
]
d
y
,
{\displaystyle u(x,\tau )={\frac {1}{\sigma {\sqrt {2\pi \tau }}}}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }{u_{0}(y)\exp {\left}}dy,}
which, after some manipulation, yields
u
(
x
,
τ
)
=
K
e
x
+
1
2
σ
2
τ
N
(
d
+
)
−
K
N
(
d
−
)
,
{\displaystyle u(x,\tau )=Ke^{x+{\frac {1}{2}}\sigma ^{2}\tau }N(d_{+})-KN(d_{-}),}
where
N
(
⋅
)
{\displaystyle N(\cdot )}
is the standard normal cumulative distribution function and
d
+
=
1
σ
τ
[
(
x
+
1
2
σ
2
τ
)
+
1
2
σ
2
τ
]
d
−
=
1
σ
τ
[
(
x
+
1
2
σ
2
τ
)
−
1
2
σ
2
τ
]
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}d_{+}&={\frac {1}{\sigma {\sqrt {\tau }}}}\left\\d_{-}&={\frac {1}{\sigma {\sqrt {\tau }}}}\left.\end{aligned}}}
These are the same solutions (up to time translation) that were obtained by Fischer Black in 1976.
Reverting
u
,
x
,
τ
{\displaystyle u,x,\tau }
to the original set of variables yields the above stated solution to the Black–Scholes equation.
The asymptotic condition can now be realized.
u
(
x
,
τ
)
≍
x
⇝
∞
K
e
x
,
{\displaystyle u(x,\,\tau ){\overset {x\rightsquigarrow \infty }{\asymp }}Ke^{x},}
which gives simply S when reverting to the original coordinates.
lim
x
→
∞
N
(
x
)
=
1.
{\displaystyle \lim _{x\to \infty }N(x)=1.}
References
^ Øksendal, Bernt (1998). "Option Pricing". Stochastic Differential Equations : An Introduction with Applications (5th ed.). Berlin: Springer. pp. 266–283. ISBN 3-540-63720-6.
^ Hull, John C. (2008). Options, Futures and Other Derivatives (7 ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-505283-9.
^ Shreve, Steven (2004). Stochastic Calculus for Finance II (1st ed.). Springer. pp. 268–272. ISBN 0-387-40101-6.
^ Wilmott, Paul; Howison, Sam; Dewynne, Jeff (1995). "Finite-difference Methods". The Mathematics of Financial Derivatives. Cambridge University Press. pp. 135–164. ISBN 0-521-49789-2.
^ Chan, Raymond (2021-07-03), Black-Scholes Equations (PDF)
^ See equation (16) in Black, Fischer S. (1976). "The Pricing of Commodity Contracts". Journal of Financial Economics. 3 (1–2): 167–179. doi:10.1016/0304-405X(76)90024-6.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black-Scholes_surface_plot_with_random_paths.svg"},{"link_name":"mathematical finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_finance"},{"link_name":"partial differential equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_differential_equation"},{"link_name":"Black–Scholes model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%E2%80%93Scholes_model"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"options","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Option_(finance)"},{"link_name":"derivatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative_(finance)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stockpricesimulation.jpg"},{"link_name":"volatility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatility_(finance)"},{"link_name":"frictionless market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frictionless_market"},{"link_name":"hedge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge_(finance)"},{"link_name":"underlying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underlying"},{"link_name":"Black–Scholes formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%E2%80%93Scholes_formula"}],"text":"The surface plot of the value of a European call option over time and price of underlying stock, along with some representative stock price trajectories. If the stock price starts high above the strike price, then it is likely to end up above the strike price. If the stock price starts much below, then it has a small chance of ending up above the strike price. The average value of the trajectories' end-point is exactly equal to the height of the surface.In mathematical finance, the Black–Scholes equation, also called the Black–Scholes–Merton equation, is a partial differential equation (PDE) governing the price evolution of derivatives under the Black–Scholes model.[1] Broadly speaking, the term may refer to a similar PDE that can be derived for a variety of options, or more generally, derivatives.Simulated geometric Brownian motions with parameters from market dataConsider a stock paying no dividends. Now construct any derivative that has a fixed maturation time \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T}\n \n in the future, and at maturation, it has payoff \n \n \n \n K\n (\n \n S\n \n T\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K(S_{T})}\n \n that depends on the values taken by the stock at that moment (such as European call or put options). Then the price of the derivative satisfies{\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n V\n \n \n ∂\n t\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n σ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n S\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n 2\n \n \n V\n \n \n ∂\n \n S\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n +\n r\n S\n \n \n \n ∂\n V\n \n \n ∂\n S\n \n \n \n −\n r\n V\n =\n 0\n \n \n \n \n V\n (\n T\n ,\n s\n )\n =\n K\n (\n s\n )\n \n ∀\n s\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{cases}{\\frac {\\partial V}{\\partial t}}+{\\frac {1}{2}}\\sigma ^{2}S^{2}{\\frac {\\partial ^{2}V}{\\partial S^{2}}}+rS{\\frac {\\partial V}{\\partial S}}-rV=0\\\\V(T,s)=K(s)\\quad \\forall s\\end{cases}}}where \n \n \n \n V\n (\n t\n ,\n S\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V(t,S)}\n \n is the price of the option as a function of stock price S and time t, r is the risk-free interest rate, and \n \n \n \n σ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma }\n \n is the volatility of the stock.The key financial insight behind the equation is that, under the model assumption of a frictionless market, one can perfectly hedge the option by buying and selling the underlying asset in just the right way and consequently “eliminate risk\". This hedge, in turn, implies that there is only one right price for the option, as returned by the Black–Scholes formula.","title":"Black–Scholes equation"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The equation has a concrete interpretation that is often used by practitioners and is the basis for the common derivation given in the next subsection. The equation can be rewritten in the form:∂\n V\n \n \n ∂\n t\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n σ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n S\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n 2\n \n \n V\n \n \n ∂\n \n S\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n r\n V\n −\n r\n S\n \n \n \n ∂\n V\n \n \n ∂\n S\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\partial V}{\\partial t}}+{\\frac {1}{2}}\\sigma ^{2}S^{2}{\\frac {\\partial ^{2}V}{\\partial S^{2}}}=rV-rS{\\frac {\\partial V}{\\partial S}}}The left-hand side consists of a \"time decay\" term, the change in derivative value with respect to time, called theta, and a term involving the second spatial derivative gamma, the convexity of the derivative value with respect to the underlying value. The right-hand side is the riskless return from a long position in the derivative and a short position consisting of \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n V\n \n \n /\n \n \n ∂\n S\n \n \n \n {\\textstyle {\\partial V}/{\\partial S}}\n \n shares of the underlying asset.Black and Scholes' insight was that the portfolio represented by the right-hand side is riskless: thus the equation says that the riskless return over any infinitesimal time interval can be expressed as the sum of theta and a term incorporating gamma. For an option, theta is typically negative, reflecting the loss in value due to having less time for exercising the option (for a European call on an underlying without dividends, it is always negative). Gamma is typically positive and so the gamma term reflects the gains in holding the option. The equation states that over any infinitesimal time interval the loss from theta and the gain from the gamma term must offset each other so that the result is a return at the riskless rate.From the viewpoint of the option issuer, e.g. an investment bank, the gamma term is the cost of hedging the option. (Since gamma is the greatest when the spot price of the underlying is near the strike price of the option, the seller's hedging costs are the greatest in that circumstance.)","title":"Financial interpretation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hull's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Hull_(economist)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hull-2"},{"link_name":"underlying asset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underlying_asset"},{"link_name":"geometric Brownian motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_Brownian_motion"},{"link_name":"Brownian motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_process"},{"link_name":"process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_process"},{"link_name":"variance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance"},{"link_name":"Wiener process § Basic properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_process#Basic_properties"},{"link_name":"simple random walk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_random_walk"},{"link_name":"Itô's lemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%B4%27s_lemma"},{"link_name":"delta-hedge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_hedging"},{"link_name":"self-financing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-financing_portfolio"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The following derivation is given in Hull's Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives.[2]: 287–288 That, in turn, is based on the classic argument in the original Black–Scholes paper.Per the model assumptions above, the price of the underlying asset (typically a stock) follows a geometric Brownian motion. That isd\n S\n \n S\n \n \n =\n μ\n \n d\n t\n +\n σ\n \n d\n W\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {dS}{S}}=\\mu \\,dt+\\sigma \\,dW\\,}where W is a stochastic variable (Brownian motion). Note that W, and consequently its infinitesimal increment dW, represents the only source of uncertainty in the price history of the stock. Intuitively, W(t) is a process that \"wiggles up and down\" in such a random way that its expected change over any time interval is 0. (In addition, its variance over time T is equal to T; see Wiener process § Basic properties); a good discrete analogue for W is a simple random walk. Thus the above equation states that the infinitesimal rate of return on the stock has an expected value of μ dt and a variance of \n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n 2\n \n \n d\n t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma ^{2}dt}\n \n.The payoff of an option (or any derivative contingent to stock S) \n \n \n \n V\n (\n S\n ,\n T\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V(S,T)}\n \n at maturity is known. To find its value at an earlier time we need to know how \n \n \n \n V\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V}\n \n evolves as a function of \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n and \n \n \n \n t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t}\n \n. By Itô's lemma for two variables we haved\n V\n =\n \n (\n \n μ\n S\n \n \n \n ∂\n V\n \n \n ∂\n S\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n ∂\n V\n \n \n ∂\n t\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n σ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n S\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n 2\n \n \n V\n \n \n ∂\n \n S\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n d\n t\n +\n σ\n S\n \n \n \n ∂\n V\n \n \n ∂\n S\n \n \n \n \n d\n W\n \n \n {\\displaystyle dV=\\left(\\mu S{\\frac {\\partial V}{\\partial S}}+{\\frac {\\partial V}{\\partial t}}+{\\frac {1}{2}}\\sigma ^{2}S^{2}{\\frac {\\partial ^{2}V}{\\partial S^{2}}}\\right)dt+\\sigma S{\\frac {\\partial V}{\\partial S}}\\,dW}Now consider a certain portfolio, called the delta-hedge portfolio, consisting of being short one option and long \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n V\n \n \n /\n \n \n ∂\n S\n \n \n \n {\\textstyle {\\partial V}/{\\partial S}}\n \n shares at time \n \n \n \n t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t}\n \n. The value of these holdings isΠ\n =\n −\n V\n +\n \n \n \n ∂\n V\n \n \n ∂\n S\n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Pi =-V+{\\frac {\\partial V}{\\partial S}}S}Over the time period \n \n \n \n [\n t\n ,\n t\n +\n Δ\n t\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [t,t+\\Delta t]}\n \n, the total profit or loss from changes in the values of the holdings is (but see note below):Δ\n Π\n =\n −\n Δ\n V\n +\n \n \n \n ∂\n V\n \n \n ∂\n S\n \n \n \n \n Δ\n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta \\Pi =-\\Delta V+{\\frac {\\partial V}{\\partial S}}\\,\\Delta S}Now discretize the equations for dS/S and dV by replacing differentials with deltas:Δ\n S\n =\n μ\n S\n \n Δ\n t\n +\n σ\n S\n \n Δ\n W\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta S=\\mu S\\,\\Delta t+\\sigma S\\,\\Delta W\\,}Δ\n V\n =\n \n (\n \n μ\n S\n \n \n \n ∂\n V\n \n \n ∂\n S\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n ∂\n V\n \n \n ∂\n t\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n σ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n S\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n 2\n \n \n V\n \n \n ∂\n \n S\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n Δ\n t\n +\n σ\n S\n \n \n \n ∂\n V\n \n \n ∂\n S\n \n \n \n \n Δ\n W\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta V=\\left(\\mu S{\\frac {\\partial V}{\\partial S}}+{\\frac {\\partial V}{\\partial t}}+{\\frac {1}{2}}\\sigma ^{2}S^{2}{\\frac {\\partial ^{2}V}{\\partial S^{2}}}\\right)\\Delta t+\\sigma S{\\frac {\\partial V}{\\partial S}}\\,\\Delta W}and appropriately substitute them into the expression for \n \n \n \n Δ\n Π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta \\Pi }\n \n:Δ\n Π\n =\n \n (\n \n −\n \n \n \n ∂\n V\n \n \n ∂\n t\n \n \n \n −\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n σ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n S\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n 2\n \n \n V\n \n \n ∂\n \n S\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n Δ\n t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta \\Pi =\\left(-{\\frac {\\partial V}{\\partial t}}-{\\frac {1}{2}}\\sigma ^{2}S^{2}{\\frac {\\partial ^{2}V}{\\partial S^{2}}}\\right)\\Delta t}Notice that the \n \n \n \n Δ\n W\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta W}\n \n term has vanished. Thus uncertainty has been eliminated and the portfolio is effectively riskless. The rate of return on this portfolio must be equal to the rate of return on any other riskless instrument; otherwise, there would be opportunities for arbitrage. Now assuming the risk-free rate of return is \n \n \n \n r\n \n \n {\\displaystyle r}\n \n we must have over the time period \n \n \n \n [\n t\n ,\n t\n +\n Δ\n t\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [t,t+\\Delta t]}Δ\n Π\n =\n r\n Π\n \n Δ\n t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta \\Pi =r\\Pi \\,\\Delta t}If we now substitute our formulas for \n \n \n \n Δ\n Π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta \\Pi }\n \n and \n \n \n \n Π\n =\n ∫\n Δ\n Π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Pi =\\int \\Delta \\Pi }\n \n we obtain:(\n \n −\n \n \n \n ∂\n V\n \n \n ∂\n t\n \n \n \n −\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n σ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n S\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n 2\n \n \n V\n \n \n ∂\n \n S\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n Δ\n t\n =\n r\n \n (\n \n −\n V\n +\n S\n \n \n \n ∂\n V\n \n \n ∂\n S\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n Δ\n t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left(-{\\frac {\\partial V}{\\partial t}}-{\\frac {1}{2}}\\sigma ^{2}S^{2}{\\frac {\\partial ^{2}V}{\\partial S^{2}}}\\right)\\Delta t=r\\left(-V+S{\\frac {\\partial V}{\\partial S}}\\right)\\Delta t}Simplifying, we arrive at the celebrated Black–Scholes partial differential equation:∂\n V\n \n \n ∂\n t\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n σ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n S\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n 2\n \n \n V\n \n \n ∂\n \n S\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n +\n r\n S\n \n \n \n ∂\n V\n \n \n ∂\n S\n \n \n \n −\n r\n V\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\partial V}{\\partial t}}+{\\frac {1}{2}}\\sigma ^{2}S^{2}{\\frac {\\partial ^{2}V}{\\partial S^{2}}}+rS{\\frac {\\partial V}{\\partial S}}-rV=0}With the assumptions of the Black–Scholes model, this second order partial differential equation holds for any type of option as long as its price function \n \n \n \n V\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V}\n \n is twice differentiable with respect to \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n and once with respect to \n \n \n \n t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t}\n \n. Different pricing formulae for various options will arise from the choice of payoff function at expiry and appropriate boundary conditions.Technical note: A subtlety obscured by the discretization approach above is that the infinitesimal change in the portfolio value was due to only the infinitesimal changes in the values of the assets being held, not changes in the positions in the assets. In other words, the portfolio was assumed to be self-financing. [citation needed]","title":"Derivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Markovian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_chain"},{"link_name":"Feynman–Kac formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman%E2%80%93Kac_formula"}],"sub_title":"Alternative derivation","text":"Here is an alternative derivation that can be utilized in situations where it is initially unclear what the hedging portfolio should be. (For a reference, see 6.4 of Shreve vol II).[3]In the Black–Scholes model, assuming we have picked the risk-neutral probability measure, the underlying stock price S(t) is assumed to evolve as a geometric Brownian motion:d\n S\n (\n t\n )\n \n \n S\n (\n t\n )\n \n \n \n =\n r\n \n d\n t\n +\n σ\n d\n W\n (\n t\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {dS(t)}{S(t)}}=r\\ dt+\\sigma dW(t)}Since this stochastic differential equation (SDE) shows the stock price evolution is Markovian, any derivative on this underlying is a function of time t and the stock price at the current time, S(t). Then an application of Itô's lemma gives an SDE for the discounted derivative process \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n r\n t\n \n \n V\n (\n t\n ,\n S\n (\n t\n )\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{-rt}V(t,S(t))}\n \n, which should be a martingale. In order for that to hold, the drift term must be zero, which implies the Black—Scholes PDE.This derivation is basically an application of the Feynman–Kac formula and can be attempted whenever the underlying asset(s) evolve according to given SDE(s).","title":"Derivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"finite difference method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_difference_method"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"boundary conditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_condition"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Cauchy–Euler equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%E2%80%93Euler_equation"},{"link_name":"diffusion equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_equation"},{"link_name":"diffusion equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_equation"},{"link_name":"Heaviside step function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaviside_step_function"},{"link_name":"Heaviside step function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaviside_step_function"},{"link_name":"convolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution"},{"link_name":"diffusion equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_equation"},{"link_name":"standard normal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_normal"},{"link_name":"cumulative distribution function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulative_distribution_function"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Once the Black–Scholes PDE, with boundary and terminal conditions, is derived for a derivative, the PDE can be solved numerically using standard methods of numerical analysis, such as a type of finite difference method.[4] In certain cases, it is possible to solve for an exact formula, such as in the case of a European call, which was done by Black and Scholes.The solution is conceptually simple. Since in the Black–Scholes model, the underlying stock price \n \n \n \n \n S\n \n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S_{t}}\n \n follows a geometric Brownian motion, the distribution of \n \n \n \n \n S\n \n T\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S_{T}}\n \n, conditional on its price \n \n \n \n \n S\n \n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S_{t}}\n \n at time \n \n \n \n t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t}\n \n, is a log-normal distribution. Then the price of the derivative is just discounted expected payoff \n \n \n \n E\n [\n \n e\n \n −\n r\n (\n T\n −\n t\n )\n \n \n K\n (\n \n S\n \n T\n \n \n )\n \n |\n \n \n S\n \n t\n \n \n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E[e^{-r(T-t)}K(S_{T})|S_{t}]}\n \n, which may be computed analytically when the payoff function \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K}\n \n is analytically tractable, or numerically if not.To do this for a call option, recall the PDE above has boundary conditions [5]C\n (\n 0\n ,\n t\n )\n \n \n \n =\n 0\n \n for all \n \n t\n \n \n \n \n C\n (\n S\n ,\n t\n )\n \n \n \n ∼\n S\n −\n K\n \n e\n \n −\n r\n (\n T\n −\n t\n )\n \n \n \n as \n \n S\n →\n ∞\n \n \n \n \n C\n (\n S\n ,\n T\n )\n \n \n \n =\n max\n {\n S\n −\n K\n ,\n 0\n }\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}C(0,t)&=0{\\text{ for all }}t\\\\C(S,t)&\\sim S-Ke^{-r(T-t)}{\\text{ as }}S\\rightarrow \\infty \\\\C(S,T)&=\\max\\{S-K,0\\}\\end{aligned}}}The last condition gives the value of the option at the time that the option matures. Other conditions are possible as S goes to 0 or infinity. For example, common conditions utilized in other situations are to choose delta to vanish as S goes to 0 and gamma to vanish as S goes to infinity; these will give the same formula as the conditions above (in general, differing boundary conditions will give different solutions, so some financial insight should be utilized to pick suitable conditions for the situation at hand).The solution of the PDE gives the value of the option at any earlier time, \n \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n [\n \n max\n {\n S\n −\n K\n ,\n 0\n }\n \n ]\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {E} \\left[\\max\\{S-K,0\\}\\right]}\n \n. To solve the PDE we recognize that it is a Cauchy–Euler equation which can be transformed into a diffusion equation by introducing the change-of-variable transformationτ\n \n \n \n =\n T\n −\n t\n \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n \n =\n C\n \n e\n \n r\n τ\n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n \n =\n ln\n \n \n (\n \n \n S\n K\n \n \n )\n \n +\n \n (\n \n r\n −\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n σ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n τ\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}\\tau &=T-t\\\\u&=Ce^{r\\tau }\\\\x&=\\ln \\left({\\frac {S}{K}}\\right)+\\left(r-{\\frac {1}{2}}\\sigma ^{2}\\right)\\tau \\end{aligned}}}Then the Black–Scholes PDE becomes a diffusion equation∂\n u\n \n \n ∂\n τ\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n σ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n 2\n \n \n u\n \n \n ∂\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\partial u}{\\partial \\tau }}={\\frac {1}{2}}\\sigma ^{2}{\\frac {\\partial ^{2}u}{\\partial x^{2}}}}The terminal condition \n \n \n \n C\n (\n S\n ,\n T\n )\n =\n max\n {\n S\n −\n K\n ,\n 0\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C(S,T)=\\max\\{S-K,0\\}}\n \n now becomes an initial conditionu\n (\n x\n ,\n 0\n )\n =\n \n u\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n :=\n K\n (\n \n e\n \n max\n {\n x\n ,\n 0\n }\n \n \n −\n 1\n )\n =\n K\n \n (\n \n \n e\n \n x\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n H\n (\n x\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u(x,0)=u_{0}(x):=K(e^{\\max\\{x,0\\}}-1)=K\\left(e^{x}-1\\right)H(x),}where H(x) is the Heaviside step function. The Heaviside function corresponds to enforcement of the boundary data in the S, t coordinate system that requires when t = T,C\n (\n S\n ,\n \n T\n )\n =\n 0\n \n ∀\n \n S\n <\n K\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C(S,\\,T)=0\\quad \\forall \\;S<K,}assuming both S, K > 0. With this assumption, it is equivalent to the max function over all x in the real numbers, with the exception of x = 0. The equality above between the max function and the Heaviside function is in the sense of distributions because it does not hold for x = 0. Though subtle, this is important because the Heaviside function need not be finite at x = 0, or even defined for that matter. For more on the value of the Heaviside function at x = 0, see the section \"Zero Argument\" in the article Heaviside step function.Using the standard convolution method for solving a diffusion equation given an initial value function, u(x, 0), we haveu\n (\n x\n ,\n τ\n )\n =\n \n \n 1\n \n σ\n \n \n 2\n π\n τ\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∫\n \n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n u\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n y\n )\n exp\n \n \n \n [\n \n −\n \n \n \n (\n x\n −\n y\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n σ\n \n 2\n \n \n τ\n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n d\n y\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u(x,\\tau )={\\frac {1}{\\sigma {\\sqrt {2\\pi \\tau }}}}\\int _{-\\infty }^{\\infty }{u_{0}(y)\\exp {\\left[-{\\frac {(x-y)^{2}}{2\\sigma ^{2}\\tau }}\\right]}}dy,}which, after some manipulation, yieldsu\n (\n x\n ,\n τ\n )\n =\n K\n \n e\n \n x\n +\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n σ\n \n 2\n \n \n τ\n \n \n N\n (\n \n d\n \n +\n \n \n )\n −\n K\n N\n (\n \n d\n \n −\n \n \n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u(x,\\tau )=Ke^{x+{\\frac {1}{2}}\\sigma ^{2}\\tau }N(d_{+})-KN(d_{-}),}where \n \n \n \n N\n (\n ⋅\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N(\\cdot )}\n \n is the standard normal cumulative distribution function andd\n \n +\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n \n σ\n \n \n τ\n \n \n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n (\n \n x\n +\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n σ\n \n 2\n \n \n τ\n \n )\n \n +\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n σ\n \n 2\n \n \n τ\n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n −\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n \n σ\n \n \n τ\n \n \n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n (\n \n x\n +\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n σ\n \n 2\n \n \n τ\n \n )\n \n −\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n σ\n \n 2\n \n \n τ\n \n ]\n \n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}d_{+}&={\\frac {1}{\\sigma {\\sqrt {\\tau }}}}\\left[\\left(x+{\\frac {1}{2}}\\sigma ^{2}\\tau \\right)+{\\frac {1}{2}}\\sigma ^{2}\\tau \\right]\\\\d_{-}&={\\frac {1}{\\sigma {\\sqrt {\\tau }}}}\\left[\\left(x+{\\frac {1}{2}}\\sigma ^{2}\\tau \\right)-{\\frac {1}{2}}\\sigma ^{2}\\tau \\right].\\end{aligned}}}These are the same solutions (up to time translation) that were obtained by Fischer Black in 1976.[6]Reverting \n \n \n \n u\n ,\n x\n ,\n τ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u,x,\\tau }\n \n to the original set of variables yields the above stated solution to the Black–Scholes equation.The asymptotic condition can now be realized.\n\n \n \n \n u\n (\n x\n ,\n \n τ\n )\n \n \n ≍\n \n x\n ⇝\n ∞\n \n \n \n K\n \n e\n \n x\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u(x,\\,\\tau ){\\overset {x\\rightsquigarrow \\infty }{\\asymp }}Ke^{x},}which gives simply S when reverting to the original coordinates.lim\n \n x\n →\n ∞\n \n \n N\n (\n x\n )\n =\n 1.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lim _{x\\to \\infty }N(x)=1.}","title":"Solving methods"}]
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[{"image_text":"The surface plot of the value of a European call option over time and price of underlying stock, along with some representative stock price trajectories. If the stock price starts high above the strike price, then it is likely to end up above the strike price. If the stock price starts much below, then it has a small chance of ending up above the strike price. The average value of the trajectories' end-point is exactly equal to the height of the surface.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Black-Scholes_surface_plot_with_random_paths.svg/333px-Black-Scholes_surface_plot_with_random_paths.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Simulated geometric Brownian motions with parameters from market data","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Stockpricesimulation.jpg/220px-Stockpricesimulation.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Øksendal, Bernt (1998). \"Option Pricing\". Stochastic Differential Equations : An Introduction with Applications (5th ed.). Berlin: Springer. pp. 266–283. ISBN 3-540-63720-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernt_%C3%98ksendal","url_text":"Øksendal, Bernt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-63720-6","url_text":"3-540-63720-6"}]},{"reference":"Hull, John C. (2008). Options, Futures and Other Derivatives (7 ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-505283-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prentice_Hall","url_text":"Prentice Hall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-505283-9","url_text":"978-0-13-505283-9"}]},{"reference":"Shreve, Steven (2004). Stochastic Calculus for Finance II (1st ed.). Springer. pp. 268–272. ISBN 0-387-40101-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-40101-6","url_text":"0-387-40101-6"}]},{"reference":"Wilmott, Paul; Howison, Sam; Dewynne, Jeff (1995). \"Finite-difference Methods\". The Mathematics of Financial Derivatives. Cambridge University Press. pp. 135–164. ISBN 0-521-49789-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VYVhnC3fIVEC&pg=PA135","url_text":"\"Finite-difference Methods\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-49789-2","url_text":"0-521-49789-2"}]},{"reference":"Chan, Raymond (2021-07-03), Black-Scholes Equations (PDF)","urls":[{"url":"https://www.math.cuhk.edu.hk/~rchan/teaching/math4210/chap08.pdf","url_text":"Black-Scholes Equations"}]},{"reference":"Black, Fischer S. (1976). \"The Pricing of Commodity Contracts\". Journal of Financial Economics. 3 (1–2): 167–179. doi:10.1016/0304-405X(76)90024-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Financial_Economics","url_text":"Journal of Financial Economics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0304-405X%2876%2990024-6","url_text":"10.1016/0304-405X(76)90024-6"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VYVhnC3fIVEC&pg=PA135","external_links_name":"\"Finite-difference Methods\""},{"Link":"https://www.math.cuhk.edu.hk/~rchan/teaching/math4210/chap08.pdf","external_links_name":"Black-Scholes Equations"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0304-405X%2876%2990024-6","external_links_name":"10.1016/0304-405X(76)90024-6"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scavenger_Hunt
|
Scavenger Hunt
|
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","4 Home media","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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1979 film by Michael Schultz
This article is about the 1979 film. For the outdoor locating game, see Scavenger hunt. For an episode of Amphibia, see Scavenger Hunt (Amphibia).
Scavenger HuntTheatrical release posterDirected byMichael SchultzScreenplay bySteven A. VailHenry HarperStory bySteven A. VailProduced bySteven A. VailStarring
Richard Benjamin
James Coco
Scatman Crothers
Ruth Gordon
Cloris Leachman
Cleavon Little
Roddy McDowall
Robert Morley
Richard Mulligan
Tony Randall
Dirk Benedict
Willie Aames
Stephanie Faracy
Stephen Furst
Richard Masur
CinematographyKen LamkinEdited byChristopher HolmesMusic byBilly GoldenbergProductioncompanyMelvin Simon ProductionsDistributed by20th Century FoxRelease date
December 21, 1979 (1979-12-21)
Running time116 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$7 million
Scavenger Hunt is a 1979 American comedy film with a large ensemble cast which includes Richard Benjamin, James Coco, Scatman Crothers, Ruth Gordon, Cloris Leachman, Cleavon Little, Roddy McDowall, Robert Morley, Richard Mulligan, Tony Randall, Dirk Benedict, Willie Aames, Stephanie Faracy, Stephen Furst and Richard Masur. The film was directed by Michael Schultz, and released by 20th Century Fox. It includes an appearance by Arnold Schwarzenegger, and features cameos by Meat Loaf and Vincent Price.
Filming took place in and around San Diego, California, incorporating local landmarks such as Balboa Park and the Centre City Building.
Plot
Milton Parker (Vincent Price), an eccentric game inventor, dies after losing a video game with his nurse (Carol Wayne). Parker's greedy and estranged relatives show up at his mansion for the reading of his will. Lawyer Charles Bernstein (Robert Morley) tells them the winner of a scavenger hunt will inherit the $200 million estate. The potential beneficiaries form five teams and get involved in various misadventures.
The five teams consist of:
Parker's widowed son-in-law Henry Motley and his four children.
The servants: French cook Henri, valet Jenkins, limo driver Jackson and French maid Babbette.
Dim-witted taxi driver Marvin Dummitz.
Parker's widowed sister Mildred Carruthers, her attorney Stuart Sellsome, and her son Georgie.
Nephews Kenny and Jeff Stevens, and Mildred's step-daughter Lisa.
Each group is given a list containing clues to acquire 100 items with various point values ranging from 5 to 100 points. The items are to be acquired by any means necessary, with the exception of being purchased. They are to be placed in five different pens on the grounds of the estate. The winner of the scavenger hunt will be the person or team to acquire the most points by 5 p.m. that day.
Chaos and carnage ensue, with scavengers returning occasionally to the Parker mansion to deposit items under the supervision of Bernstein and the scorekeeper, Cornfeld.
Mildred, Stuart and Georgie's adventure has them trying to win a stuffed toy bear at a local carnival, trying to haul a heavy safe out of Stuart's office building, and stealing the false teeth of a Native American. Stuart gets roughed up by a motorcycle gang led by Scum (Meat Loaf) after attempting to steal a stuffed fox tail off one of the gang's motorcycles. Late in the game, the team steals items from the servants and the Stevens/Lisa teams.
The servants' adventure has them trying to steal a toilet from a fancy hotel, partaking in a robbery at a convenience store to steal a cash register and getting locked in a university laboratory while trying to steal a microscope.
Kenny, Jeff and Lisa's adventure has them "borrowing" items such as the head of Jack from a Jack in the Box restaurant, recruiting an obese Duane, although they soon discard him. A bulletproof vest is borrowed from a self-defense-obsessed lady named Arvilla (Ruth Gordon) and they acquire "laughing gas," steal a uniform from a motorcycle cop, and get stuck in a football team's locker room trying to steal a helmet.
Dummittz' adventure has him trying unsuccessfully to steal a Rolls-Royce front grill and getting run over many times while trying to replicate an insurance scam he witnesses. A bridal shop security guard named Sam catches him attempting to steal a bridal dress. Sam joins the hunt. Together they steal a knight's suit of armor from a museum, with Marvin dressing up as a mummy and Sam putting on the armor. Sam, knocked unconscious, is stolen by the Mildred-Stuart-Georgie team.
Motley's adventure has him attempting to make his kids proud while acquiring a beehive, a life preserver and a parachute. Motley tries to get a medicine ball from a gym and to impress the instructor Lars (Arnold Schwarzenegger), which gets Motley thrown out of a second floor window trying to catch a medicine ball thrown to him.
Each team steals an ostrich from the San Diego Zoo, much to the dismay of the zookeeper (Avery Schreiber).
This leads to a climactic car chase back to the Parker mansion. The three remaining teams give up their individual chances to win in order to help Kenny, Jeff and Lisa win against the unethical Mildred-Stuart-Georgie team. With seconds to go, Sam, still wearing the armor, crawls out of the Carruthers' pen and into the other pen to win the contest for the Stevens brothers and Lisa. The victors decide to share their new wealth with the rest, except for Mildred, Stuart and Georgie, who are being chased away by the native American looking for his false teeth.
Cast
Richard Benjamin as Stuart Selsome
James Coco as Henri
Scatman Crothers as Sam
Ruth Gordon as Arvilla Droll
Cloris Leachman as Mildred Carruthers
Cleavon Little as Jackson
Roddy McDowall as Jenkins
Robert Morley as Charles Bernstein
Richard Mulligan as Marvin Dummitz
Tony Randall as Henry Motley
Dirk Benedict as Jeff Stevens
Willie Aames as Kenny Stevens
Stephanie Faracy as Babbette
Stephen Furst as Merle
Richard Masur as Georgie Carruthers
Meat Loaf as Scum
Pat McCormick as Carnival Barker
Vincent Price as Milton Parker
Avery Schreiber as Zookeeper
Arnold Schwarzenegger as Lars
Liz Torres as Lady Zero
Carol Wayne as Nurse
Stuart Pankin as Duane
Maureen Teefy as Lisa
Missy Francis as Jennifer Motley
Julie Anne Haddock as Michelle Motley
David Hollander as Jason Motley
Shane Sinutko as Scott Motley
Henry Polic II as Naked Policeman
Hal Landon, Jr. as Cornfield
Marji Martin as Kay
Jerado Decordovier as Indian
Emory Bass as Hotel Manager
Byron Webster as Restroom Attendant
Reception
Scavenger Hunt did not receive good reviews. The Chicago Tribune's Gene Siskel termed the film "excruciatingly dull", observing that "Coco and Little disconnect a toilet; Randall gets knocked down by a safe; Benjamin steals items from another team. Isn't that a scream? Are your sides splitting?" Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote, "When a movie's jokes are so noticeably without punch lines, only a mood of uproarious confusion can save the day. Mr. Schultz takes an orderly approach that only makes the movie more of a mess."
People wrote that "An all-star cast plays unsuccessfully for laughs". TV Guide called the film "An all-star, all-stupid comedy attempt that proves, once again, no actor can triumph over bad material."
Allmovie called it an "utterly wretched comedy". DVD Talk opined that the film is "Not at all good, but almost fascinating for its cast and the wrongheadedness of its approach to comedy." Blu-ray.com wrote, "It's a silly endeavor, but it's also exhausting to watch, with its inherent harmlessness evolving into a threat as the one-dimensional picture is stretched over nearly two hours of screen time."
Home media
Scavenger Hunt was first issued on video cassette (both Beta and VHS formats) in 1983 by CBS/Fox Video. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on January 10, 2017.
See also
It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World
List of media set in San Diego
Midnight Madness
Million Dollar Mystery
Rat Race
References
^ Aubrey Solomon, Twentieth Century Fox: A Corporate and Financial History, Scarecrow Press, 1989 p259
^ Siskel, Gene (December 28, 1979). "'Scavenger' not worth looking for". Chicago Tribune. p. A9. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
^ Maslin, Janet (December 25, 1979). "Scavenger Hunt (1979) Screen: 'Scavenger Hunt' Is a Comedy About Greed". The New York Times.
^ "Picks and Pans Review: Scavenger Hunt". PEOPLE.com. 1982-08-30. Retrieved 2021-06-06.
^ "Scavenger Hunt - Movie Reviews and Movie Ratings". TV Guide. Retrieved 2021-06-06.
^ Nathan Southern. "Scavenger Hunt (1979) - Michael Schultz | Review". AllMovie. Retrieved 2021-06-06.
^ "Review". DVD Talk. 2017-01-10. Retrieved 2021-06-06.
^ "Scavenger Hunt Blu-ray Release Date January 10, 2017". Blu-ray.com. Retrieved 2021-06-06.
External links
Scavenger Hunt at IMDb
Scavenger Hunt at Rotten Tomatoes
Scavenger Hunt at the TCM Movie Database
vteFilms directed by Michael Schultz
Together for Days (1972)
Honeybaby, Honeybaby (1974)
Cooley High (1975)
Car Wash (1976)
Greased Lightning (1977)
Which Way Is Up? (1977)
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1978)
Scavenger Hunt (1979)
Carbon Copy (1981)
The Jerk, Too (1984)
The Last Dragon (1985)
Krush Groove (1985)
Timestalkers (1987)
The Spirit (1987)
Disorderlies (1987)
Tarzan in Manhattan (1989)
Livin' Large! (1991)
Day-O (1992)
Shock Treatment (1995)
Killers in the House (1998)
L.A. Law: The Movie (2002)
Woman Thou Art Loosed (2004)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scavenger hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scavenger_hunt"},{"link_name":"Amphibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibia_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Scavenger Hunt (Amphibia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scavenger_Hunt_(Amphibia)"},{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"ensemble cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_cast"},{"link_name":"Richard Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Benjamin"},{"link_name":"James Coco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Coco"},{"link_name":"Scatman Crothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scatman_Crothers"},{"link_name":"Ruth Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Cloris Leachman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloris_Leachman"},{"link_name":"Cleavon Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleavon_Little"},{"link_name":"Roddy McDowall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roddy_McDowall"},{"link_name":"Robert Morley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Morley"},{"link_name":"Richard Mulligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Mulligan"},{"link_name":"Tony Randall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Randall"},{"link_name":"Dirk Benedict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Benedict"},{"link_name":"Willie Aames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Aames"},{"link_name":"Stephanie Faracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Faracy"},{"link_name":"Stephen Furst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Furst"},{"link_name":"Richard Masur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Masur"},{"link_name":"Michael Schultz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Schultz"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"Arnold Schwarzenegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger"},{"link_name":"Meat Loaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat_Loaf"},{"link_name":"Vincent Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Price"},{"link_name":"San Diego, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"Balboa Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balboa_Park_(San_Diego)"},{"link_name":"Centre City Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medico-Dental_Building"}],"text":"This article is about the 1979 film. For the outdoor locating game, see Scavenger hunt. For an episode of Amphibia, see Scavenger Hunt (Amphibia).Scavenger Hunt is a 1979 American comedy film with a large ensemble cast which includes Richard Benjamin, James Coco, Scatman Crothers, Ruth Gordon, Cloris Leachman, Cleavon Little, Roddy McDowall, Robert Morley, Richard Mulligan, Tony Randall, Dirk Benedict, Willie Aames, Stephanie Faracy, Stephen Furst and Richard Masur. The film was directed by Michael Schultz, and released by 20th Century Fox. It includes an appearance by Arnold Schwarzenegger, and features cameos by Meat Loaf and Vincent Price.Filming took place in and around San Diego, California, incorporating local landmarks such as Balboa Park and the Centre City Building.","title":"Scavenger Hunt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vincent Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Price"},{"link_name":"Carol Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Wayne"},{"link_name":"Robert Morley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Morley"},{"link_name":"scavenger hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scavenger_hunt"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Meat Loaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat_Loaf"},{"link_name":"Jack in the Box restaurant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_in_the_Box"},{"link_name":"Ruth Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Arnold Schwarzenegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger"},{"link_name":"San Diego Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Zoo"},{"link_name":"Avery Schreiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery_Schreiber"}],"text":"Milton Parker (Vincent Price), an eccentric game inventor, dies after losing a video game with his nurse (Carol Wayne). Parker's greedy and estranged relatives show up at his mansion for the reading of his will. Lawyer Charles Bernstein (Robert Morley) tells them the winner of a scavenger hunt will inherit the $200 million estate. The potential beneficiaries form five teams and get involved in various misadventures.The five teams consist of:Parker's widowed son-in-law Henry Motley and his four children.\nThe servants: French cook Henri, valet Jenkins, limo driver Jackson and French maid Babbette.\nDim-witted taxi driver Marvin Dummitz.\nParker's widowed sister Mildred Carruthers, her attorney Stuart Sellsome, and her son Georgie.\nNephews Kenny and Jeff Stevens, and Mildred's step-daughter Lisa.Each group is given a list containing clues to acquire 100 items with various point values ranging from 5 to 100 points. The items are to be acquired by any means necessary, with the exception of being purchased. They are to be placed in five different pens on the grounds of the estate. The winner of the scavenger hunt will be the person or team to acquire the most points by 5 p.m. that day.Chaos and carnage ensue, with scavengers returning occasionally to the Parker mansion to deposit items under the supervision of Bernstein and the scorekeeper, Cornfeld.Mildred, Stuart and Georgie's adventure has them trying to win a stuffed toy bear at a local carnival, trying to haul a heavy safe out of Stuart's office building, and stealing the false teeth of a Native American. Stuart gets roughed up by a motorcycle gang led by Scum (Meat Loaf) after attempting to steal a stuffed fox tail off one of the gang's motorcycles. Late in the game, the team steals items from the servants and the Stevens/Lisa teams.The servants' adventure has them trying to steal a toilet from a fancy hotel, partaking in a robbery at a convenience store to steal a cash register and getting locked in a university laboratory while trying to steal a microscope.Kenny, Jeff and Lisa's adventure has them \"borrowing\" items such as the head of Jack from a Jack in the Box restaurant, recruiting an obese Duane, although they soon discard him. A bulletproof vest is borrowed from a self-defense-obsessed lady named Arvilla (Ruth Gordon) and they acquire \"laughing gas,\" steal a uniform from a motorcycle cop, and get stuck in a football team's locker room trying to steal a helmet.Dummittz' adventure has him trying unsuccessfully to steal a Rolls-Royce front grill and getting run over many times while trying to replicate an insurance scam he witnesses. A bridal shop security guard named Sam catches him attempting to steal a bridal dress. Sam joins the hunt. Together they steal a knight's suit of armor from a museum, with Marvin dressing up as a mummy and Sam putting on the armor. Sam, knocked unconscious, is stolen by the Mildred-Stuart-Georgie team.Motley's adventure has him attempting to make his kids proud while acquiring a beehive, a life preserver and a parachute. Motley tries to get a medicine ball from a gym and to impress the instructor Lars (Arnold Schwarzenegger), which gets Motley thrown out of a second floor window trying to catch a medicine ball thrown to him.Each team steals an ostrich from the San Diego Zoo, much to the dismay of the zookeeper (Avery Schreiber).This leads to a climactic car chase back to the Parker mansion. The three remaining teams give up their individual chances to win in order to help Kenny, Jeff and Lisa win against the unethical Mildred-Stuart-Georgie team. With seconds to go, Sam, still wearing the armor, crawls out of the Carruthers' pen and into the other pen to win the contest for the Stevens brothers and Lisa. The victors decide to share their new wealth with the rest, except for Mildred, Stuart and Georgie, who are being chased away by the native American looking for his false teeth.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Benjamin"},{"link_name":"James Coco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Coco"},{"link_name":"Scatman Crothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scatman_Crothers"},{"link_name":"Ruth Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Cloris Leachman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloris_Leachman"},{"link_name":"Cleavon Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleavon_Little"},{"link_name":"Roddy McDowall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roddy_McDowall"},{"link_name":"Robert Morley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Morley"},{"link_name":"Richard Mulligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Mulligan"},{"link_name":"Tony Randall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Randall"},{"link_name":"Dirk Benedict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Benedict"},{"link_name":"Willie Aames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Aames"},{"link_name":"Stephanie Faracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Faracy"},{"link_name":"Stephen Furst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Furst"},{"link_name":"Richard Masur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Masur"},{"link_name":"Meat Loaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat_Loaf"},{"link_name":"Pat McCormick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_McCormick_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Vincent Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Price"},{"link_name":"Avery Schreiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery_Schreiber"},{"link_name":"Arnold Schwarzenegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger"},{"link_name":"Liz Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Torres"},{"link_name":"Carol Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Wayne"},{"link_name":"Stuart Pankin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Pankin"},{"link_name":"Maureen Teefy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen_Teefy"},{"link_name":"Missy Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missy_Francis"},{"link_name":"Julie Anne Haddock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Anne_Haddock"},{"link_name":"Henry Polic II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Polic_II"},{"link_name":"Emory Bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_Bass"}],"text":"Richard Benjamin as Stuart Selsome\nJames Coco as Henri\nScatman Crothers as Sam\nRuth Gordon as Arvilla Droll\nCloris Leachman as Mildred Carruthers\nCleavon Little as Jackson\nRoddy McDowall as Jenkins\nRobert Morley as Charles Bernstein\nRichard Mulligan as Marvin Dummitz\nTony Randall as Henry Motley\nDirk Benedict as Jeff Stevens\nWillie Aames as Kenny Stevens\nStephanie Faracy as Babbette\nStephen Furst as Merle\nRichard Masur as Georgie Carruthers\nMeat Loaf as Scum\nPat McCormick as Carnival Barker\nVincent Price as Milton Parker\nAvery Schreiber as Zookeeper\nArnold Schwarzenegger as Lars\nLiz Torres as Lady Zero\nCarol Wayne as Nurse\nStuart Pankin as Duane\nMaureen Teefy as Lisa\nMissy Francis as Jennifer Motley\nJulie Anne Haddock as Michelle Motley\nDavid Hollander as Jason Motley\nShane Sinutko as Scott Motley\nHenry Polic II as Naked Policeman\nHal Landon, Jr. as Cornfield\nMarji Martin as Kay\nJerado Decordovier as Indian\nEmory Bass as Hotel Manager\nByron Webster as Restroom Attendant","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"Gene Siskel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Siskel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Janet Maslin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Maslin"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maslin-3"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"TV Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Allmovie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmovie"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"DVD Talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_Talk"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Scavenger Hunt did not receive good reviews. The Chicago Tribune's Gene Siskel termed the film \"excruciatingly dull\", observing that \"Coco and Little disconnect a toilet; Randall gets knocked down by a safe; Benjamin steals items from another team. Isn't that a scream? Are your sides splitting?\"[2] Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote, \"When a movie's jokes are so noticeably without punch lines, only a mood of uproarious confusion can save the day. Mr. Schultz takes an orderly approach that only makes the movie more of a mess.\"[3]People wrote that \"An all-star cast [...] plays unsuccessfully for laughs\".[4] TV Guide called the film \"An all-star, all-stupid comedy attempt that proves, once again, no actor can triumph over bad material.\"[5]Allmovie called it an \"utterly wretched comedy\".[6] DVD Talk opined that the film is \"Not at all good, but almost fascinating for its cast and the wrongheadedness of its approach to comedy.\"[7] Blu-ray.com wrote, \"It's a silly endeavor, but it's also exhausting to watch, with its inherent harmlessness evolving into a threat as the one-dimensional picture is stretched over nearly two hours of screen time.\"[8]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CBS/Fox Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS/Fox_Video"}],"text":"Scavenger Hunt was first issued on video cassette (both Beta and VHS formats) in 1983 by CBS/Fox Video. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on January 10, 2017.","title":"Home media"}]
|
[]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya_nunca_m%C3%A1s_(film)
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Ya nunca más (film)
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["1 Cast","2 References"]
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You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Portuguese. (February 2017) Click for important translation instructions.
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Ya nunca más is a 1983 Mexican musical film directed by Abel Salazar. It starred the young Luis Miguel in his first film role as a soccer-loving youngster who after breaking his leg, is diagnosed with leukemia and has to cope with the amputation of that leg. The soundtrack album Ya nunca más became Miguel's first gold record.
Cast
Luis Miguel – Luis Aranda
Gonzalo Vega – Enrique Aranda
Rosa Salazar Arenas – Lorena
Ariadna Welter – Sra. Cecilia
Sergio Kleiner – Doctor
References
^ Encyclopedia of Latino Popular Culture Cordelia Candelaria, Peter J. García, Arturo J. Aldama – 2004 031333210X- Volume 1 – Page 550 During this time he began touring internationally and made his film debut in Ya Nunca Mas (Never Again, 1984)."
^ Colin Larkin The Encyclopedia of Popular Music: Kollington – Morphine – 2006 – Page 749 He made his film debut in 1984 in the risible Ya Nunca Mas, although the soundtrack collection became his first gold-selling record.
This article related to a Mexican film of the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khan
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Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan
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["1 Biography","1.1 Early life and career","1.2 Later career","2 Shaukat Khanum Hospital fundraising event","3 Death","4 Awards and titles","5 Tributes, legacy and influence","5.1 Popular culture","6 Discography","6.1 Sales","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]
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Pakistani vocalist, musician, composer and music director (1948–1997)
UstadNusrat Fateh Ali KhanPPNFAKKhan performing at the Royal Albert HallBornPervez Fateh Ali Khan(1948-10-13)13 October 1948Lyallpur, Punjab, PakistanDied16 August 1997(1997-08-16) (aged 48)London, EnglandBurial placeJhang Road Graveyard, Faisalabad, Punjab, PakistanOther namesShahenshah-e-QawwaliKing of Kings of QawwaliOccupationsSingersongwritermusicianmusic directorSpouse
Naheed Nusrat (m. 1979)ChildrenNida NusratParentFateh Ali Khan (father)Relatives
Rahat Fateh Ali Khan (nephew)
Rizwan-Muazzam (a group containing two of his nephews)
Musical careerGenresclassicalfolkworldPunjabiInstrument(s)VocalsharmoniumtablaYears active1964 – 1997LabelsReal WorldOSAEMIVirgin Records
Musical artist
Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan PP (Punjabi: نصرت فتح علی خان, Punjabi pronunciation: ; born Pervez Fateh Ali Khan; 13 October 1948 – 16 August 1997) He was a Pakistani singer, songwriter, and music director. He was primarily a singer of qawwali, a form of Sufi devotional music. Often called the "Shahenshah-e-Qawwali" (the King of Kings of Qawwali), he is considered by The New York Times to be the greatest Qawwali singer of all time. He was described as the fourth greatest singer of all time by LA Weekly in 2016. He was known for his vocal abilities and could perform at a high level of intensity for several hours. Khan is widely credited with introducing Qawwali music to international audiences. He was also a master of Hindustani classical music.
Born in Lyallpur (Faisalabad), Khan had his first public performance at the age of 15 at his father's chelum. He became the head of the family qawwali party in 1971 and brought his unique style of sargam, khayal, and rhythm to his family's legacy. He was signed by Oriental Star Agencies, Birmingham, England, in the early 1980s. Khan went on to release movie scores and albums in Europe, India, Japan, Pakistan, and the U.S. He engaged in collaborations and experiments with Western artists, becoming a well-known world music artist. He toured extensively, performing in over 40 countries. In addition to popularising qawwali music, he also had a profound impact on contemporary South Asian popular music, including Pakistani pop, Indian pop, and Bollywood music.
Biography
Early life and career
General Burki and a young Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan (biting his thumb) pictured at a winter wedding of Pashtuns in Jalandhar (1961)
Khan was born into a Punjabi Muslim family in Lyallpur (modern-day Faisalabad), Punjab, Pakistan, in 1948. Khan's family had emigrated from Basti Sheikh Darvesh to Jalandhar in the 1000s. His ancestors learned music and singing there and adopted it as a profession. He was the fifth child and first son of Fateh Ali Khan, a musicologist, vocalist, instrumentalist, and qawwal. Khan's family, which included four older sisters and a younger brother, Farrukh Fateh Ali Khan, grew up in central Faisalabad. The tradition of qawwali in the family has been passed down through successive generations for almost 600 years. Initially, his father did not want Khan to follow the family's vocation. He had his heart set on Nusrat choosing a much more respectable career path and becoming a doctor or engineer because he felt qawwali artists had low social status. However, Khan showed such an aptitude for and interest in qawwali, that his father finally relented.
In 1971, after the death of his uncle Mubarak Ali Khan, Khan became the official leader of the family qawwali party, and the party became known as Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Mujahid Mubarak Ali Khan & Party. Khan's first public performance as the leader of the qawwali party was at a studio recording broadcast as part of an annual music festival organized by Radio Pakistan, known as Jashn-e-Baharan. Khan sang mainly in Urdu and Punjabi and occasionally in Persian, Braj Bhasha, and Hindi. His first major hit in Pakistan was the song Haq Ali Ali, which was performed in a traditional style with traditional instrumentation. The song featured restrained use of Khan's sargam improvisations.
Later career
In the summer of 1985, Khan performed at the World of Music, Arts and Dance (WOMAD) festival in London. He performed in Paris in 1985 and 1988. He first visited Japan in 1987 at the invitation of the Japan Foundation. He performed at the 5th Asian Traditional Performing Art Festival in Japan. He also performed at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in New York, in 1989, earning him admiration from the American audience.
Khan, throughout his career, had great understanding with many south Asian artists such as Alam Lohar, Noor Jehan, A. R. Rahman, Asha Bhosle, Javed Akhtar, and Lata Mangeshkar.
In the 1992 -1993 academic year, Khan was a visiting artist in the Ethnomusicology department at the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States.
In 1988, Khan teamed up with Peter Gabriel on the soundtrack to The Last Temptation of Christ, which led to Khan being signed to Gabriel's Real World label. He would go on to release five albums of traditional qawwali through Real World, along with the more experimental albums Mustt Mustt (1990), Night Song (1996), and the posthumous remix album Star Rise (1997).
In 1989, commissioned by Oriental Star Agencies Ltd in Birmingham, UK, Khan collaborated at Zella Recording Studios with composer Andrew Kristy and producer Johnny Haynes on a series of 'fusion' tracks that propelled Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan and Party into the Channel 4 Christmas Special of "Big World Café." While in the UK in 1989, Khan and his party performed Sikh devotional music at a Sikh Gurdwara in Slough, continuing a tradition of Muslims performing hymns at Sikh temples.
Following this, in 1990, the BBC devoted a programme of its series Network East to this collaboration, and Big World Café invited Khan, Andrew Kristy, and violinist Nigel Kennedy to perform Allah Hoo live on the show. A UK tour performing these new fusion tracks happened in 1990.
Khan's experimental work for Real World, which featured his collaborations with the Canadian guitarist Michael Brook, led to several further collaborations with other Western composers and rock musicians. One of these collaborations occurred in 1995, when Khan teamed up with Pearl Jam's lead singer Eddie Vedder on two songs for the soundtrack to Dead Man Walking. Khan also provided vocals for The Prayer Cycle, which was put together by Jonathan Elias, but died before the tracks could be completed. Alanis Morissette was brought in to sing alongside his unfinished vocals. In 2002, Gabriel included Khan's vocals on the track "Signal to Noise" on his album Up.
Khan's album Intoxicated Spirit was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Traditional Folk Album in 1997. That same year, his album Night Song was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best World Music Album.
Khan contributed songs to, and performed in, several Pakistani films. Shortly before his death, he composed music for three Bollywood films, which include the film Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya, in which he also sang "Koi Jaane Koi Na Jaane" on-screen with the lead pair, and "Zindagi Jhoom Kar." He also composed music for Kartoos, where he sang for "Ishq Da Rutba" and "Bahaa Na Aansoo" alongside Udit Narayan. He died shortly before the movie's release. His final music composition for Bollywood was for the movie Kachche Dhaage, where he sang "Iss Shaan-E-Karam Ka Kya Kehna." The movie was released in 1999, two years after his death. The two singing sisters of Bollywood, Asha Bhosle and Lata Mangeshkar, sang the songs he composed in his brief stint in Bollywood. He also sang "Saya Bhi Saath Jab Chhod Jaye" for Sunny Deol's movie Dillagi. The song was released in 1999, two years after Khan's death. He also sang "Dulhe Ka Sehra" from the Bollywood movie Dhadkan ,which was released in 2000.
Khan contributed the song "Gurus of Peace" to the 1997 album Vande Mataram, composed by A. R. Rahman, and released to celebrate the 50th anniversary of India's independence. As a posthumous tribute, Rahman later released an album titled Gurus of Peace which included "Allah Hoo" by Khan. Rahman's 2007 song "Tere Bina" for the film Guru was also composed as a tribute to Khan.
Shaukat Khanum Hospital fundraising event
Khan was the main performer at Imran Khan's charity appeal concert at the InterContinental London Park Lane Hotel on December 3, 1992 to raise funds for Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, a cancer hospital built in Imran's mother's name which provides free services.
The audience included Peter Gabriel, Elizabeth Hurley, Mick Jagger, and Amitabh Bachchan.
Death
Khan was overweight in his later years; various reports stated that he weighed over 137 kilograms (300 pounds). He had been seriously ill for several months, according to a spokesperson at his U.S. label, American Recordings. After travelling to London from his native Pakistan for treatment for liver and kidney problems, he was rushed from the airport to the Cromwell Hospital in London, where he died of a sudden cardiac arrest on 16 August 1997, aged 48. His body was repatriated to Faisalabad, and his funeral was a public affair. His wife, Naheed Nusrat, moved to Canada after the death of her husband, where she died on 13 September 2013 in Mississauga, Ontario. Khan's musical legacy is now carried forward by his nephews, Rahat Fateh Ali Khan and Rizwan-Muazzam.
Awards and titles
Khan is widely considered to be the most important qawwal in history. In 1987, he received the President of Pakistan's Award for Pride of Performance for his contribution to Pakistani music. In 1995, he received the UNESCO Music Prize. In 1996 he was awarded Grand Prix des Amériques at Montreal World Film Festival for exceptional contribution to the art of cinema. In the same year, Khan received the Arts and Culture Prize of the Fukuoka Asian Culture Prizes. In Japan, he was also remembered as the Budai or "Singing Buddha."
In 1997, he was nominated for two Grammy Awards, for Best Traditional Folk Album and Best World Music Album. In 1998, he was awarded PTV Life Time Achievement Award. As of 2001, he held the Guinness World Record for the "Most Qawwali Recordings", having recorded over 125 qawwali albums before his death. In 2005, Khan posthumously received the "Legends" award at the UK Asian Music Awards. Time magazine's issue of 6 November 2006, "60 Years of Asian Heroes", lists him as one of the top 12 artists and thinkers in the last 60 years. He also appeared on NPR's 50 great voices list in 2010. In August 2010 he was included in CNN's list of the twenty most iconic musicians from the past fifty years. In 2008, Khan was listed in 14th position in UGO's list of the best singers of all time.
Many honorary titles were bestowed upon Khan during his 25-year music career. He was given the title of Ustad (the master) after performing classical music at a function in Lahore on the anniversary of his father's death.
Khan was listed at position 91 on Rolling Stone's 200 Best Singers Of All Time list, which was published on January 1, 2023.
He was called the ‘Singing Buddha' in Tokyo, ‘The Voice of Paradise' in Los Angeles, ‘Quintessence of the Human Voice' in Tunis, ‘The Spirit of Islam' in London, ‘Pavarotti of the East' in Paris, ‘Emperor of Qawwali' (Shahenshah - e - Qawwali) in Lahore.
Tributes, legacy and influence
Faisalabad Arts Council's auditorium named after Khan
Khan is often credited as one of the progenitors of "world music." Widely acclaimed for his spiritual charisma and distinctive exuberance, he was one of the first and most important artists to popularize qawwali, then considered an "arcane religious tradition", to Western audiences. His powerful vocal presentations, which could last up to 10 hours, brought forth a craze for his music all over Europe. Alexandra A. Seno of Asiaweek wrote:
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan's voice was otherworldly. For 25 years, his mystical songs transfixed millions. It was not long enough ... He performed qawwali, which means wise or philosophical utterance, as nobody else of his generation did. His vocal range, talent for improvisation and sheer intensity were unsurpassed.
Jeff Buckley cited Khan as a major influence, saying of him "He's my Elvis", and performing the first few minutes of Khan's "Yeh Jo Halka Halka Suroor Hai" (including vocals) at live concerts. Many other artists have also cited Khan as an influence, such as Nadia Ali, Zayn Malik, Malay, Peter Gabriel, A. R. Rahman, Sheila Chandra, Alim Qasimov, Eddie Vedder, and Joan Osborne, among others. His music was also appreciated by singers such as Mick Jagger, socialites such as Parmeshwar Godrej, actors such as Amitabh Bachchan, Trudie Styler, Sean Penn, Susan Sarandon, and Tim Robbins, and authors such as Sam Harris, who cited Khan as one of his favourite musicians.
Paul Williams picked a concert performance by Khan for inclusion in his 2000 book The 20th Century's Greatest Hits: a 'top-40' list, in which he devotes a chapter each to what he considers the top 40 artistic achievements of the 20th century in any field (including art, movies, music, fiction, non-fiction, science-fiction).
The Derek Trucks Band covers Khan's songs on two of their studio albums. Their 2002 album Joyful Noise includes a cover of "Maki Madni", which features a guest performance by Rahat Fateh Ali Khan, Khan's nephew. 2005's Songlines includes a medley of two of Khan's songs, "Sahib Teri Bandi" and "Maki Madni." This medley first appeared on the band's live album Live at Georgia Theatre (2004).
In 2004, a tribute band called Brooklyn Qawwali Party (formerly Brook's Qawwali Party) was formed in New York City by percussionist Brook Martinez to perform the music of Khan. The 13-piece group still performs mostly instrumental jazz versions of Khan's qawwalis, using the instruments conventionally associated with jazz rather than those associated with qawwali.
In 2007, electronic music producer and performer Gaudi, after being granted access to back catalogue recordings from Rehmat Gramophone House (Khan's former label in Pakistan), released an album of entirely new songs composed around existing vocals. The album, Dub Qawwali, was released by Six Degrees Records. It reached no. 2 in the iTunes US Chart, no. 4 in the UK and was the no. 1 seller in Amazon.com's Electronic Music section for a period. It also earned Gaudi a nomination for the BBC's World Music Awards 2008.
On 13 October 2015, Google celebrated Khan's 67th birthday with a doodle on its homepage in six countries, including India, Pakistan, Japan, Sweden, Ghana, and Kenya, calling him the person "who opened the world's ears to the rich, hypnotic sounds of the Sufis." "Thanks to his legendary voice, Khan helped bring 'world music' to the world," said Google.
In February 2016, a rough mix of a song recorded by Red Hot Chili Peppers in 1998 called "Circle of the Noose" was leaked to the internet. Guitarist Dave Navarro described the song saying, "It's pop in the sense of verse, chorus, verse, chorus, bridge, hook. I really love it and we use a loop of Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan. It's really nice. The best way I can describe it is it's like pepped- up '60s folk with '90s ideals, but I would hate to label it as folk because it's not, it moves."
The 2018 book The Displaced Children of Displaced Children (Eyewear Publishing) by Pakistani American poet Faisal Mohyuddin includes the poem "Faisalabad", a tribute to Khan and to the city of Khan's birth. "Faisalabad" includes a number or references to Khan, including the excerpt, "There are no better cures for homesickness / than Nusrat's qawwalis, / except when you're a mother / and you find comfort in the unfolding / hours of a child's existence." The poem was first published by Narrative Magazine in Spring 2017.
Popular culture
"Tere Bin Nahin Lagda"
From Sorrows Vol. 69 (1996). The song inspired several remixed/cover versions, and featured in several films.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
One of Khan's famous qawwali songs, "Tere Bin Nahin Lagda" ("I am restless without you"), appeared on two of his 1996 albums, Sorrows Vol. 69 and Sangam (as "Tere Bin Nahin Lagda Dil"), the latter a collaborative album with Indian lyricist Javed Akhtar; Sangam sold over 1 million copies in India. Lata Mangeshkar recorded a cover version called "Tere Bin Nahin Jeena" for Kachche Dhaage, starring Ajay Devgn, Saif Ali Khan and Manisha Koirala. Composed by Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, the Kachche Dhaage soundtrack album sold 3 million units in India. British-Indian producer Bally Sagoo released a remix of "Tere Bin Nahin Lagda", which was later featured in the 2002 British film Bend It Like Beckham, starring Parminder Nagra and Keira Knightley. A cover version called "Tere Bin" was recorded by Rahat Fateh Ali Khan with Asees Kaur for the 2018 Bollywood film Simmba, starring Ranveer Singh and Sara Ali Khan.
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan's music had a big impact on Bollywood music, inspiring numerous Indian musicians working in Bollywood since the late 1980s. For example, he inspired A. R. Rahman and Javed Akhtar, both of whom he collaborated with. However, there were many hit filmi songs from other Indian music directors that plagiarised Khan's music. For example, Viju Shah's hit song "Tu Cheez Badi Hai Mast Mast" in Mohra (1994) was plagiarised from Khan's popular qawwali song "Dam Mast Qalandar."
Despite the significant number of hit Bollywood songs plagiarised from his music, he was reportedly tolerant towards the plagiarism. In one interview, he jokingly gave "Best Copy" awards to Viju Shah and Anu Malik. In his defense, Malik claimed that he loved Khan's music and was actually showing admiration by using his tunes. However, Khan was reportedly aggrieved when Malik turned his spiritual "Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo" into "I Love You, I Love You" in Auzaar. Khan said "he has taken my devotional song Allahu and converted it into I love you. He should at least respect my religious songs."
His music also appears on soundtracks for Hollywood films such as The Last Temptation of Christ (1988), Natural Born Killers (1994) and Dead Man Walking (1995).
Discography
Main article: Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan discography
Year
Title
Label
1988
In Concert in Paris, Vol 1
Ocora
Shahen-Shah
Real World/CEMA
1990
Mustt Mustt(Collaboration with Michael Brook)
Real World/CEMA
1991
Magic Touch
OSA
Shahbaaz
RealWorld/CEMA
The Day, the Night, the Dawn, the Dusk
Shanachie Records
1992
Devotional Songs
Real World
Love Songs
EMI
Mighty Khan Vol 23 - Allah Hoo, Mast Nazron Se, Jana Jogi De Naal (collaboration with Andrew Kristy, Johnny Haynes)
OSA
1993
Ilham
Audiorec
Traditional Sufi Qawwalis: Live in London, Vol. 2
Navras Records
1994
Pakistan: Vocal Art of the Sufis, Vol 2 – Qawwali
JVC
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan & Party
Real World
The Last Prophet
Real World
Traditional Sufi Qawwalis: Live in London, Vol. 4
Navras Records
1995
Revelation
Interra/Intersound
Back to Qawwali
Long Distance
1996
In Concert in Paris, Vol. 3–5
Ocora
Qawwali: The Art of the Sufis
JVC
Night Song
Real World
Dead Man Walking: The Score
Columbia/Sony
Intoxicated Spirit
Shanachie Records
Mega Star
Interra
Bandit Queen
Milan Records
The Prophet Speaks
M.I.L. Multimedia
Sangam
EMI
1997
Live in India
RPG
Akhian
M.I.L. Multimedia
Live in New York City
M.I.L. Multimedia
Farewell Song: Alwadah
M.I.L. Multimedia.
In Concert in Paris, Vol 2
Ocora
Oriente/Occidente: Gregorian Chant & Qawwali Music
Materiali Sonori
1998
Allah & The Prophet
Ex Works
Star Rise: Remixes
EMI
Live at Royal Albert Hall
M.I.L. Multimedia
Missives from Allah
BCD
Imprint: In Concert(Selections from the concert of 23 January 1993 at Meany Hall, University of Washington in Seattle,during Khan's residency at their ethnomusicology program.)
Hi Horse Records
1999
Peace
Omni Parc
Live at Islamabad, Vol 1–2
M.I.L. Multimedia
Passion
NYC Music
Visions of Allah
Ex Works
Swan Song
Narada Productions
2000
Jewel
MoviePlay
Live in London, Vol 3
Navras Records
2001
Opus
Vanstory
The Final Studio Recordings
Legacy/Sony
Pukaar: The Echo
Navras Records
The Final Moment
Birdman Records
2002
Body and Soul
Real World/CEMA
Sufi Qawwalis
Arc Music
2004
Allah Hoo
Saregama
Aur Pyar Ho Gaya
Saregama.
Ishq Da Rutba
Saregama
Kartoos
Saregama
Main Aur Meri Awargi
Saregama
Ye Jo Halka
Saregama
2005
Nami Danam
JVC
2006
Pukaar: The Echo
Navras Records
Sales
The following are known sales of records with songs credited to Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, either as a vocalist, composer, or special thanks.
Credited
Year
Title
Sales
Ref
Region(s)
1996
Sangam
1,000,000
India
1997
Only One
6,000,000
Worldwide
Vande Mataram
2,000,000
Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya
1,500,000
India
"Afreen Afreen"
500,000
1999
Kachche Dhaage
3,000,000
India
2000
Dhadkan
4,500,000
2007
Guru
1,150,000
Total known sales
19,650,000
Worldwide
The following are known Indian sales of Bollywood soundtrack albums featuring copied versions of songs originally composed by Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, without crediting him.
Uncredited
Year
Title
Sales
Ref
1994
Mohra
8,000,000
1995
Yaraana
2,000,000
1996
Raja Hindustani
11,000,000
Auzaar
2,200,000
1997
Judaai
2,000,000
Koyla
1,800,000
Total known sales
27,000,000
See also
Punjab portalBiography portalPakistan portal
List of Pakistani musicians
List of Pakistani qawwali singers
Filmi qawwali
References
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Further reading
Ahmed Aqil Rubi (1992). Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan: A living legend . Words of Wisdom
Baud, Pierre-Alain (2008). Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan: The Messenger of Qawwali. Editions Demi-Lune. A biography of Nusrat.
Varun Soni (2014). Natural Mystics: The Prophetic Lives of Bob Marley and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan. Figueroa Press. Depicts Religious aspects of Artists lives, and how they used technology.
Baud, Pierre Alain (2015). Nusrat: The Voice of Faith. Harper Collins India. A biography of Nusrat.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan.
Article with brief 1993 interview (edwebproject.org)
King of Qawali documentary on YouTube
NPR Audio Report: Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan: The Voice Of Pakistan
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan at IMDb
vteNusrat Fateh Ali KhanAlbums
Mustt Mustt
The Day, the Night, the Dawn, the Dusk
Devotional Songs
Night Song
Intoxicated Spirit
Star Rise
Related topics
Discography
Fateh Ali Khan
Farrukh Fateh Ali Khan
Rahat Fateh Ali Khan
Rizwan-Muazzam
Dildar Hussain
Category
Awards for Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan
vteRecipients of the Pride of Performance for Arts1950s
Abdur Rehman Chughtai (1958)
Zainul Abedin (1958)
Hafeez Jalandhari (1958)
Professor Abdus Salam (1958)
1960s
Roshan Ara Begum (1960)
Fateh Ali Khan (Qawwali singer) (1960)
Tassaduq Hussain (1960)
Sadequain (1962)
Mehdi Ali Mirza (1962)
Ghulam Mustafa Tabassum (1962)
Ahmed Mohiuddin (1962)
Allah Bakhsh (1963)
Shahid Ahmad Dehlvi (1963)
Noor Jehan (1965)
A.S.M. Qamarul Hasan (1965)
Zubaida Agha (1965)
Ferdausi Begum (1965)
Sharif Khan Poonchwaley (1965)
Imtiaz Ali Taj (1965)
Salimuzzaman Siddiqui (1966)
Shakir Ali (1966)
Khwaja Moinuddin (1966)
Ayat Ali Khan (1966)
Ustad Haji Mohammad Sharif (1967)
Munshi Raziuddin (1967)
Rafi Peer (1967)
Ali Imam (1968)
Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi (1968)
Amanat Ali Khan (1969)
Bade Fateh Ali Khan (1969)
Leila Arjumand Banu (1969)
Umeed Ali Khan (1969)
Mohammad Kibria (1969)
Anna Molka Ahmed (1969)
1970s
Ismail Gulgee (1970)
Farida Khanum (1970)
Naheed Niazi (1970)
Muslehuddin (1970)
Ustad Gul Mohammad Khan (1971)
S. M. Ikram (1971)
Iqbal Bano (1974)
Salamat Ali Khan (1977)
Munir Sarhadi (1978)
Ahmed Parvez (1978)
Ustad Manzoor Ali Khan (1978)
Sabri Brothers (1978)
Ibn-e-Insha (1978)
Faiz Mohammad Baloch (1979)
Khamiso Khan (1979)
Kishwar Sultan (1979)
Ustad Fateh Ali Khan (Sitar Nawaz) (1979)
Ghulam Ali (1979)
Alam Lohar (1979)
Mureed Buledi (1979)
Misri Khan Jamali (1979)
Pathanay Khan (1979)
Mohammad Azam Chishti (1979)
Ashfaq Ahmed (1979)
Nabi Bakhsh Baloch (1979)
1980s
Mohammad Qavi Khan (1980)
Ustad Khyal Muhammad (1980)
Allan Fakir (1980)
Sohail Rana (1980)
Khalid Iqbal (1980)
Aazar Zubi (1980)
Malika Pukhraj (1980)
Muhammad Juman (1980)
Qari Shakir Qasmi (1981)
Nasir Jahan (1981)
Mansoor Tabish (1981)
Qari Syed Ali Sharfuddin Yemni (1981)
Nanhe Ali Khan (music performer))(1981)
Roohi Bano (1981)
Alexander Robert (1981)
Mai Bhagi (1981)
Mirza Adeeb (1981)
Uzma Gillani (1982)
Qari Ubaidur Rehman (1982)
Talat Hussain (1982)
Tufail Niazi (1982)
Reshma (1982)
Arsh Muneer (1983)
Ustad Nazar Hussain (1983)
Atta Shad (1983)
Qari Waheed Zafar Qasmi (1984)
Begum Khurshid Mirza (1984)
Abida Parveen (1984)
Muhammad Ali (1984)
Sayed Nafees al-Hussaini, Nafees Raqam (1985)
Ustad Chhote Ghulam Ali Khan (1985)
Bundu Khan (1985)
Mehdi Hasan (1985)
Shaukat Hussain (1985)
Qari Ghulam Rasool (1985)
Siddiq Ismail (1985)
Abid Ali (1985)
Syed Mehmood Ali (1985)
Sabiha Khanum (1986)
Shahzad Khalil (1986)
Suraiya Multanikar (1986)
Firdous Jamal (1986)
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan(1986)
Azhar Lodhi (1986)
Riaz Batalvi (1986)
Intizar Hussain (1986)
Amjad Islam Amjad (1987)
Ustad Abdul Majeed Dehlvi (1987)
Haseena Moin (1987)
Aadil Salahuddin (1987)
Sain Akhtar Hussain (1987)
Qari Izhar Ahmed Thanvi (1987)
Shaista Zaid (1988)
Ghulam Hassan Shaggan (1988)
Mustafa Qureshi (1988)
Muzaffar Warsi (1988)
Qazi Wajid (1988)
Ustad Kabir Khan (1989)
Ghulam Ahmed Chishti (1989)
Musarrat Nazir (1989)
Shafi Mohammad Shah (1989)
Kamal Ahmed Rizvi (1989)
Jameel Bismil (1989)
Bushra Ansari (1989)
Ameer Khan (1989)
Amjad Hussain (1989)
Ustad Salamat Ali Khan (1989)
Aziz Mian (1989)
Talish (1989)
Maharaj Ghulam Hussain Kathak (1989)
Jamil Naqsh (1989)
Enver Sajjad (1989)
1990s
Salim Nasir (1990)
Daud Kamal (1990)
Khalid Hameed Baig (1990)
Shaukat Ali (1990)
Ustad Sadiq Ali Khan Mando (1990)
Ustad Hamid Ali Khan (1990)
Ustad Fateh Ali Khan (Gwalior gharana) (1990)
Mushtaq Gazdar (1990)
Ahmed Saeed Nagi (1990)
Qari Mohammad Fida (1990)
Parveen Shakir (1990)
Iftikhar Arif (1990)
Ibrahim Jalees (1990)
Jamiluddin Aali (1991)
Khursheed Alam known as Gohar Qalam (1991)
Khayyam Sarhadi (1991)
Attaullah Khan Esakhelvi (1991)
Ata ul Haq Qasmi (1991)
Nayyar Ali Dada (1992)
Shakeel (Yousuf Kamal) (1992)
Noor Mohammad Lashari (1992)
Tariq Aziz (1992)
Mustansar Hussain Tarar (1992)
Pervez Malik (1992)
Jawed Iqbal (1992)
Mian Ijazul Hasan (1992)
Dr. Atta-ur-Rahman (1992)
Munir Niazi (1992)
Naseem Hijazi (1992)
Mian Sheheryar (1992)
Waheed Qureshi (1993)
Ismail Shahid (1993)
Saeed Akhtar (1993)
Ali Ejaz (1993)
S.H. Hashmi (1993)
Syed Manzoorul Kaunain (1993)
Qari Syed Buzurg Shah Al-Azhari (1993)
Agha Nasir (1993)
Farooq Qaiser (1993)
Bashir Mirza (1994)
Ahmad Bashir (1994)
Shahid Jalal (1994)
Qari Mohammad Younus (1994)
Qari Syed Ali Abid Naqvi (1994)
Mehr Abdul Haq (1994)
Nisar Bazmi (1994)
Hamid Ali Bela (1994)
Zareena Baloch (1994)
Anwar Maqsood (1994)
Shujaat Hashmi (1994)
Qateel Shifai (1994)
Zamir Niazi (1994))
Tufail Hoshiarpuri (1994)
Nahid Siddiqui (1994))
Laeeq Ahmed (1994)
Abdus Salam (newscaster) (1994)
Allah Rakha (sarangi) (1995)
Ustad Talib Hussain Khan (1995)
Colin David (1995)
Shoaib Hashmi (1995)
Rauf Khalid (1995)
Laila Shahzada (1995)
Hajra Masroor (1995)
Khursheed Ahmad (1996)
Mashooq Sultan (1996)
Safeerullah Lehri (1996)
Afzal Ahsan Randhawa (1996)
Qari Noor Mohammad (1996)
Rubina Khalid (1996)
Fatima Surayya Bajia (1996)
Sehba Akhtar (1996)
Mohammad Ali Shah (surgeon) (1996)
Ahmad Rahi (1997)
Ahmed Ghulam Ali Chagla (1997)
Nadeem Baig (1997)
Abdul Hameed (1997)
Masroor Anwar (1997)
Ahmad Ali Khan (1997)
Akhtar Chanal Zahri (1998)
Mumtaz Mirza (1998)
Suhrab Faqir (1999)
Dilawar Figar (1999)
Salima Hashmi (1999)
Anwar Masood (1999)
Anita Ghulam Ali (1999)
Zafar Iqbal (poet) (1999)
Khalid Abbas Dar (1999)
Khatir Ghaznavi (1999)
Mujahid Kamran (1999)
Raza Mir (1999)
2000s
Amjad Parvez (2000)
Sharif Kunjahi (2000)
Kamaluddin Ahmed (2001)
Athar Shah Khan Jaidi (2001)
Jameel Fakhri (2002)
Nazia Hassan (2002)
Deena M. Mistri (2002)
Askari Mian Irani (2002)
Himayat Ali Shair (2002)
Shoaib Mansoor (2002)
Jilani Kamran (2002)
Iftikhar Ahmad (2003)
Ada Jafri (2003)
Syed Afzal Hussain (2003)
Syed Munawwar Saeed (2003)
Abdul Aziz Baloch (2003)
Ghulam Mustafa (2003)
Majeed Khan (sarangi player) (2003)
Muneeza Hashmi (2003)
Muhammad Ali Siddiqui (2003)
Imdad Hussaini (2003)
Muhammad Usman Diplai (2004)
Yousuf Khan (actor) (2004)
Mahtab Akbar Rashdi (2004)
Chishty Bin Subh-o-Mujahid (2004)
Navid Shahzad (2004)
Salahuddin Toofani (2004)
S. M. Naqi (2004)
Haji Atta Muhammad (2004)
Moin Niazi (2004)
Shahida Parveen (2004)
Tina Sani (2004)
Niaz Ahmed (2004)
Samiur Rahman (2004)
Tariq Rahman (2004)
Rais Khan (2005)
Arif Lohar (2005)
Rangeela (2005)
Muhammad Mansha Yaad (2005)
Shabnam Shakeel (2005)
Abdul Rauf Rufi (2005)
Khawaja Najmul Hassan (2005)
Amir Adnan (2006)
Asghar Nadeem Syed (2006)
Arshad Mehmood (2006)
Arfa Karim (2006)
Nayyar Kamal (2006)
Tassawar Khanum (2006)
Ustad Badar uz Zaman (2006)
Ustad Qamar uz Zaman (2006)
Shafqat Tanvir Mirza (2006)
Zehra Nigah (2006)
Khalida Hussain (2006)
Ghazi Sial (2006)
Nayyara Noor (2006)
Masood Akhtar (2006)
Aftab Iqbal Shamim (2006)
Naheed Akhtar (2007)
Shaan (2007)
Asad Amanat Ali Khan (2007)
Hamid Ali Khan (2007)
Faakhir Mehmood (2007)
Munnu Bhai (2007)
Munni Begum (2008)
Akhtar Munir (2008)
Gopal Das (2008)
Haji Mehr Ali (2008)
Haji Sher Ali (2008)
Nahid Raza (2008)
Gul Bahar Bano (2008)
Mujahid Hussain (2008)
Rasheed Malik (2008)
Sultana Siddiqui (2008)
Abdul Karim Balouch (2008)
Abdul Qadir Junejo (2008)
M. Hanif Raza (2008)
Nasreen Askari (2008)
Shafqat Amanat Ali (2008)
Mansoor Rahi (2008)
Tari Khan (2008)
Noorul Huda Shah (2008)
Rasheed Naz (2009)
Ustad Shafqat Ali Khan (2009)
Muhammad Younus Khan (2009)
Emanuel Philip (2009)
Rehana Siddiqui (2009)
Shabbir Hussain (2009)
Manzoor Hussain (2009)
Parveen Nazzar (2009)
Javaid Tufail Niazi (2009)
Babar Ali Niazi (2009)
Hajra Mansoor (2009)
Behroze Sabzwari (2009)
Obaidullah Baig (2009)
Khalifa Muhammad Irshad Beg (2009)
Naseem Sultan (2009)
Ghous Bux Brohi (2009)
Sahib Dino Mallah (2009)
Satish Chandra Anand (2009)
Rubeena Malik (2009)
Badar Munir (2009)
Muhammad Gul (2009)
Mehnaz Hyat (2009)
Abdul Qadir (2009)
Ghayyur Akhtar (2009)
Aslam Farrukhi (2009)
Ali Moeen Nawazish (2009)
2010s
Afzal Tauseef (2010)
Musarrat Misbah (2010)
Rabia Zuberi (2010)
Zulfiqar Ali (2010)
Mahmood Shaam (2010)
Hameed Akhtar (2010)
Fahmida Riaz (2010)
Shahid Nadeem (2010)
Muhammad Ibrahim Joyo (2010)
Masood Mufti (2010)
Masood Ashar (2010)
Habib-ur-Rehman (2011)
Khalida Inayat Noor (2011)
Khan Tehsil (2011)
Abdul Rahim Nagori (2011)
S. Amjad Bukhari (2011)
S. B. John (2011)
S.H. Qasim Jalali (2011)
Samina Ahmad (2011)
Sohail Ahmed (2011)
Ustad Hussain Bukhsh Gullu (2011)
Khalid Ahmad (2011)
Ustad Muhammad Alam (2011)
Ustad Sharafat Ali Khan (2011)
Wazir Afzal (2011)
Zafar Kazmi (2011)
Moin Akhter (2011)
Sahira Kazmi (2012)
Mohsin Gillani (2012)
Nauman Ijaz (2012)
Saba Hameed (2012)
Jawed Sheikh (2012)
Meera (2012)
Rahat Naveed Masud (2012)
Lutfullah Khan (2012)
Kazim Pasha (2012)
Tahira Syed (2013)
Muhammad Ajmal Khan (2013)
Alamgir (2013)
Shahida Mini (2013)
Naghma (2013)
Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema (2013)
Cecil Chaudhry (2013)
Shahid Abdullah (2014)
Ustad Shafiquz Zaman Khan (2014)
Aurangzeb Leghari (2014)
Nazir Leghari (2014)
Ayub Khawar (2014)
Mir Mohammad Ali (TV comedian) (2015)
Ayesha Haroon (2015)
Saleem Kausar (2015)
Saba Qamar (2016)
Waseem Abbas (2016)
Wajahat Masood (journalist) (2016)
Gulab Chandio (2016)
Nathoo Khan (2016)
Khalid Butt (2016)
Sarmad Khoosat (2017)
Humaira Channa (2017)
Ghazi Salahuddin (2017)
Rashid Mehmood (2017)
Shakir Shuja Abadi (2017)
Zulfiqar Bhutta (2017)
Aslam Pervaiz (2018)
Ghulam Haider (musician) (2018)
Amin Hafeez (2018)
A. Nayyar (singer) (2018)
Bilqees Khanum (2018)
Rauf Parekh (journalist) (2018)
Amanullah (comedian) (2018)
Nighat Chaudhry (classical dancer) (2018)
Nighat Butt (2018)
Zareen Panna (2018)
Ishrat Fatima (newsreader) (2019)
Reema Khan (2019)
Arshad Sharif (journalist) (2019)
Nasir Adeeb (2019)
Shabbir Jan (2019)
Iftikhar Thakur (2019)
2020s
Deeba (2020)
Ghulam Mohiuddin (2020)
Sahir Ali Bagga (2020)
Waris Baig (2020)
Ghulam Abbas 2020
Saieen Zahoor (2020)
Fareed Ayaz (2020)
Sarmad Sehbai (2021)
Resham (2021)
Khalid Masud Gondal (2021)
Muhammad Javed (2022)
Hafeez Tahir (2023)
Sangeeta (2023)
Sher Miandad Khan (2023)
Ustad Tafu (2023)
Anjuman (2023)
vteSpecial Awards from Nigar AwardsSpecial Awards1965–1967
Noor Jehan (1965) (for 1965 war-time national songs)
Sohail Hashmi (1966) (for film Jaan Pehchaan)
Master Rufi (1966) (for film Lori)
Allauddin (1966) (for film Badnaam)
Sabiha Khanum (1967) (for film Devar Bhabi)
Anwar Hussain (1967) (for film Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah)
1968–1970
Kamal (1968) (for film Behan Bhai)
Rani (1968) (for film Mera ghar meri jannat)
Babu Jugnu (1968) (for film Mera Ghar Meri Jannat)
Shabnam (1969) (for film Andaleeb)
Firdous (1969) (for film Chan Veer)
Ejaz (1969) (for film Dilan De Sauday)
A. J. Kardar (1969) (for film Qasam us waqt ki)
Habib Wali Mohammad (1970) (for singing "Aashian jal gaya")
M. Ajmal (1970) (for film Heer Ranjha)
Deeba (1970) (for film Sajna Door Daya)
1971–1975
Firdous (1971) (for film Aansu)
Aliya Begum (1971) (for film Mastana Mahi)
Sultan Rahi (1971) (for film Babul)
Munawar Zarif (1971) (for film Ishq Deewana)
Rangeela (1972) (for film Meri Zindagi hai naghma)
Akhlaq Ahmed (1974) (for singing Sawan Aayae Sawan jaayae)
Sabiha Khanum (1975) (for film Ek gunah aur sahi)
Babra Sharif (1975) (for film Mera Naam Hai Mohabbat)
Ghulam Mohiuddin (1975) (for film Mera Naam Hai Mohabbat)
1976–1978
Roohi Bano (1976) (for film Insaan aur Farishta)
Sangeeta (1976) (for film Society Girl)
Alamgir (1977) (for singing in Aaina)
Shahzeb (1977) (for film Aaina)
Mumtaz (1978) (for film Haider Ali)
Ghulam Mohiuddin (1978) (for film Mutthi bhar chaawal)
1979–1983
Ashar (1979) (for film Aag)
Nazir Chan (1979) (for film Miss Hong Kong)
Diana Kristina (1980) (for film Bandish)
Faisal Rehman (1980) (for film Nahin Abhi Nahin)
Master Khurram (1981) (for film Qurbani)
Rangeela (1982) (for film Naukar tay malik)
Master Shahbaz (1983) (for film Kabhi alvida na kehna)
Sangeeta (1983) (for film Sona Chandi)
1984–2000
Aslam Pervaiz (1984) (for film Miss Colombo)
Muhammad Ali (1984) (for films Doorian and Bobby)
Kaveeta (1985) (for film Jeenay nahin doon gi)
Faisal Rehman (1985) (for film Naraz)
Meera (1999) (for film Mujhe Jeene Do)
Anjuman (1999) (for film Chohdrani)
Shehzad Roy (1999) (for singing)
Reema (2000) (for film Mujhe Chand Chahiye)
Babar Ali (2000) (for film Mehndi Waley Hath)
For 30 Years of Excellence
Noor Jehan (1981)
Sabiha Khanum (1981)
Shabab Kiranvi (1981)
Anwar Kamal Pasha (1981)
Sudhir (1981)
Aslam Pervaiz (1981)
Asha Posley (1982)
Meena Shorey (1982)
Nazir (1982)
Azad (1982)
Saqi (1985)
Millennium Award
Muhammad Ali (1999)
Zeba (1999)
Yousuf Khan (1999)
Nadeem (1999)
Qateel Shifai (1999)
Badar Munir (1999)
Umer Shareef (1999)
Rangeela (1999)
Sabiha Khanum (1999)
Bahar Begum
Neelo (1999)
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan (1999)
Mehdi Hassan (1999)
Noor Jehan (1999)
Aslam Azhar (1999)
Agha Nasir (1999)
Ashfaq Malik (1999)
Ali Sufiyan Afaqi (1999)
Sharif Nayyar (1999)
Umer Shareef (1999)
Ilyas Rashidi Gold Medal
Shamim Ara (1999)
Zeba (2002)
Nadeem (2002)
Honorary gold medal awarded
Sabiha Khanum (2000)
Legend awards
Waheed Murad (2002)
Lifetime Achievement Award
Kamal (2000)
Naghma (2000)
Habib (2002)
Bahar Begum (2002)
Ghulam Mohiuddin (2002)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
2
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Italy
Israel
Finland
United States
Czech Republic
Australia
Netherlands
Poland
Academics
CiNii
Artists
Grammy Awards
MusicBrainz
People
Trove
Other
SNAC
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ustad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustad"},{"link_name":"PP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_of_Performance"},{"link_name":"Punjabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language"},{"link_name":"[nʊsˈɾət̪ ˈfət̪e(ɦ) əliː ˈxɑːn]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Punjabi"},{"link_name":"qawwali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qawwali"},{"link_name":"Sufi devotional music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inc.1997-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1997-4"},{"link_name":"LA Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LA_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Hindustani classical music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Lyallpur (Faisalabad)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisalabad"},{"link_name":"chelum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelum"},{"link_name":"sargam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargam_(music)"},{"link_name":"khayal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyal"},{"link_name":"rhythm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Oriental Star Agencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Star_Agencies"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world"},{"link_name":"world music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_music"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hindu-12"},{"link_name":"Pakistani pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_pop"},{"link_name":"Indian pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_pop"},{"link_name":"Bollywood music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_music"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hindu-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news18-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dailypakistan-14"}],"text":"Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan PP (Punjabi: نصرت فتح علی خان, Punjabi pronunciation: [nʊsˈɾət̪ ˈfət̪e(ɦ) əliː ˈxɑːn]; born Pervez Fateh Ali Khan; 13 October 1948 – 16 August 1997) He was a Pakistani singer, songwriter, and music director. He was primarily a singer of qawwali, a form of Sufi devotional music.[1] Often called the \"Shahenshah-e-Qawwali\" (the King of Kings of Qawwali),[2][3] he is considered by The New York Times to be the greatest Qawwali singer of all time.[4] He was described as the fourth greatest singer of all time by LA Weekly in 2016.[5] He was known for his vocal abilities and could perform at a high level of intensity for several hours.[6][7][8][9] Khan is widely credited with introducing Qawwali music to international audiences. He was also a master of Hindustani classical music.[10]Born in Lyallpur (Faisalabad), Khan had his first public performance at the age of 15 at his father's chelum. He became the head of the family qawwali party in 1971 and brought his unique style of sargam, khayal, and rhythm to his family's legacy.[11] He was signed by Oriental Star Agencies, Birmingham, England, in the early 1980s. Khan went on to release movie scores and albums in Europe, India, Japan, Pakistan, and the U.S. He engaged in collaborations and experiments with Western artists, becoming a well-known world music artist. He toured extensively, performing in over 40 countries.[12] In addition to popularising qawwali music, he also had a profound impact on contemporary South Asian popular music, including Pakistani pop, Indian pop, and Bollywood music.[12][13][14]","title":"Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NFAKBurki.png"},{"link_name":"General Burki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wajid_Ali_Khan_Burki"},{"link_name":"Pashtuns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtuns"},{"link_name":"Jalandhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalandhar"},{"link_name":"Punjabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabis"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_Muslims"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Lyallpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyallpur"},{"link_name":"Faisalabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisalabad"},{"link_name":"Punjab, Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Jalandhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalandhar"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Fateh Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fateh_Ali_Khan_(Qawwali_singer)"},{"link_name":"qawwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qawwali"},{"link_name":"Farrukh Fateh Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrukh_Fateh_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Radio Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"Punjabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Braj Bhasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braj_Bhasha"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"sargam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargam_(music)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Early life and career","text":"General Burki and a young Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan (biting his thumb) pictured at a winter wedding of Pashtuns in Jalandhar (1961)Khan was born into a Punjabi Muslim family[15][16] in Lyallpur (modern-day Faisalabad), Punjab, Pakistan, in 1948. Khan's family had emigrated from Basti Sheikh Darvesh to Jalandhar in the 1000s.[clarification needed][17] His ancestors learned music and singing there and adopted it as a profession.[18] He was the fifth child and first son of Fateh Ali Khan, a musicologist, vocalist, instrumentalist, and qawwal. Khan's family, which included four older sisters and a younger brother, Farrukh Fateh Ali Khan, grew up in central Faisalabad. The tradition of qawwali in the family has been passed down through successive generations for almost 600 years.[19] Initially, his father did not want Khan to follow the family's vocation. He had his heart set on Nusrat choosing a much more respectable career path and becoming a doctor or engineer because he felt qawwali artists had low social status. However, Khan showed such an aptitude for and interest in qawwali, that his father finally relented.[20]In 1971, after the death of his uncle Mubarak Ali Khan, Khan became the official leader of the family qawwali party, and the party became known as Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Mujahid Mubarak Ali Khan & Party. Khan's first public performance as the leader of the qawwali party was at a studio recording broadcast as part of an annual music festival organized by Radio Pakistan, known as Jashn-e-Baharan. Khan sang mainly in Urdu and Punjabi and occasionally in Persian, Braj Bhasha, and Hindi. His first major hit in Pakistan was the song Haq Ali Ali, which was performed in a traditional style with traditional instrumentation. The song featured restrained use of Khan's sargam improvisations.[21]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World of Music, Arts and Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_of_Music,_Arts_and_Dance"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Japan Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Academy of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Academy_of_Music"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manheim-24"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Alam Lohar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alam_Lohar"},{"link_name":"Noor Jehan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noor_Jehan"},{"link_name":"A. R. Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._R._Rahman"},{"link_name":"Asha Bhosle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asha_Bhosle"},{"link_name":"Javed Akhtar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javed_Akhtar"},{"link_name":"Lata Mangeshkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ethnomusicology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnomusicology"},{"link_name":"University of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washington1-25"},{"link_name":"Peter Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gabriel"},{"link_name":"The Last Temptation of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Temptation_of_Christ_(film)"},{"link_name":"Real World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_World_Records"},{"link_name":"Mustt Mustt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustt_Mustt"},{"link_name":"Night Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Song_(Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khan_album)"},{"link_name":"Star Rise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Rise"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Big World Café","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_World_Cafe"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Nigel Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Michael Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Brook"},{"link_name":"Pearl Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Jam"},{"link_name":"Eddie Vedder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Vedder"},{"link_name":"Dead Man Walking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Man_Walking_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"The Prayer Cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prayer_Cycle"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Elias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Elias"},{"link_name":"Alanis Morissette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanis_Morissette"},{"link_name":"Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_(Peter_Gabriel_album)"},{"link_name":"Intoxicated Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intoxicated_Spirit"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award for Best Traditional Folk Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Traditional_Folk_Album"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award for Best World Music Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_World_Music_Album"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-philly-28"},{"link_name":"Pakistani films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_films"},{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur_Pyaar_Ho_Gaya"},{"link_name":"Kartoos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartoos"},{"link_name":"Udit Narayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udit_Narayan"},{"link_name":"music composition for Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Bollywood"},{"link_name":"Kachche Dhaage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachche_Dhaage"},{"link_name":"Asha Bhosle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asha_Bhosle"},{"link_name":"Lata Mangeshkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar"},{"link_name":"Sunny Deol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_Deol"},{"link_name":"Dillagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillagi_(1999_film)"},{"link_name":"Dhadkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhadkan_(2000_film)"},{"link_name":"Vande Mataram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vande_Mataram_(album)"},{"link_name":"A. R. Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._R._Rahman"},{"link_name":"Tere Bina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tere_Bina_(song)"},{"link_name":"Guru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_(2007_film)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Later career","text":"In the summer of 1985, Khan performed at the World of Music, Arts and Dance (WOMAD) festival in London.[22] He performed in Paris in 1985 and 1988. He first visited Japan in 1987 at the invitation of the Japan Foundation. He performed at the 5th Asian Traditional Performing Art Festival in Japan.[23] He also performed at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in New York, in 1989, earning him admiration from the American audience.[24]Khan, throughout his career, had great understanding[clarification needed] with many south Asian artists such as Alam Lohar, Noor Jehan, A. R. Rahman, Asha Bhosle, Javed Akhtar, and Lata Mangeshkar.[citation needed]In the 1992 -1993 academic year, Khan was a visiting artist in the Ethnomusicology department at the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States.[25]In 1988, Khan teamed up with Peter Gabriel on the soundtrack to The Last Temptation of Christ, which led to Khan being signed to Gabriel's Real World label. He would go on to release five albums of traditional qawwali through Real World, along with the more experimental albums Mustt Mustt (1990), Night Song (1996), and the posthumous remix album Star Rise (1997).[26]In 1989, commissioned by Oriental Star Agencies Ltd in Birmingham, UK, Khan collaborated at Zella Recording Studios with composer Andrew Kristy and producer Johnny Haynes on a series of 'fusion' tracks that propelled Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan and Party into the Channel 4 Christmas Special of \"Big World Café.\" While in the UK in 1989, Khan and his party performed Sikh devotional music at a Sikh Gurdwara in Slough, continuing a tradition of Muslims performing hymns at Sikh temples.[27]Following this, in 1990, the BBC devoted a programme of its series Network East to this collaboration, and Big World Café invited Khan, Andrew Kristy, and violinist Nigel Kennedy to perform Allah Hoo live on the show. A UK tour performing these new fusion tracks happened in 1990.Khan's experimental work for Real World, which featured his collaborations with the Canadian guitarist Michael Brook, led to several further collaborations with other Western composers and rock musicians. One of these collaborations occurred in 1995, when Khan teamed up with Pearl Jam's lead singer Eddie Vedder on two songs for the soundtrack to Dead Man Walking. Khan also provided vocals for The Prayer Cycle, which was put together by Jonathan Elias, but died before the tracks could be completed. Alanis Morissette was brought in to sing alongside his unfinished vocals. In 2002, Gabriel included Khan's vocals on the track \"Signal to Noise\" on his album Up.Khan's album Intoxicated Spirit was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Traditional Folk Album in 1997. That same year, his album Night Song was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best World Music Album.[28]Khan contributed songs to, and performed in, several Pakistani films. Shortly before his death, he composed music for three Bollywood films, which include the film Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya, in which he also sang \"Koi Jaane Koi Na Jaane\" on-screen with the lead pair, and \"Zindagi Jhoom Kar.\" He also composed music for Kartoos, where he sang for \"Ishq Da Rutba\" and \"Bahaa Na Aansoo\" alongside Udit Narayan. He died shortly before the movie's release. His final music composition for Bollywood was for the movie Kachche Dhaage, where he sang \"Iss Shaan-E-Karam Ka Kya Kehna.\" The movie was released in 1999, two years after his death. The two singing sisters of Bollywood, Asha Bhosle and Lata Mangeshkar, sang the songs he composed in his brief stint in Bollywood. He also sang \"Saya Bhi Saath Jab Chhod Jaye\" for Sunny Deol's movie Dillagi. The song was released in 1999, two years after Khan's death. He also sang \"Dulhe Ka Sehra\" from the Bollywood movie Dhadkan ,which was released in 2000.Khan contributed the song \"Gurus of Peace\" to the 1997 album Vande Mataram, composed by A. R. Rahman, and released to celebrate the 50th anniversary of India's independence. As a posthumous tribute, Rahman later released an album titled Gurus of Peace which included \"Allah Hoo\" by Khan. Rahman's 2007 song \"Tere Bina\" for the film Guru was also composed as a tribute to Khan.[29]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imran Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imran_Khan"},{"link_name":"InterContinental London Park Lane Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterContinental_London_Park_Lane"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaukat_Khanum_Memorial_Cancer_Hospital_and_Research_Centre"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Peter Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gabriel"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Hurley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Hurley"},{"link_name":"Mick Jagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jagger"},{"link_name":"Amitabh Bachchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Khan was the main performer at Imran Khan's charity appeal concert at the InterContinental London Park Lane Hotel on December 3, 1992[30] to raise funds for Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, a cancer hospital built in Imran's mother's name which provides free services.[31]The audience included Peter Gabriel, Elizabeth Hurley, Mick Jagger, and Amitabh Bachchan.[32]","title":"Shaukat Khanum Hospital fundraising event"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Recordings_(record_label)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Cromwell Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromwell_Hospital"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Faisalabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisalabad"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Mississauga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississauga"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Rahat Fateh Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahat_Fateh_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"Rizwan-Muazzam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizwan-Muazzam"}],"text":"Khan was overweight in his later years; various reports stated that he weighed over 137 kilograms (300 pounds). He had been seriously ill for several months, according to a spokesperson at his U.S. label, American Recordings.[33] After travelling to London from his native Pakistan for treatment for liver and kidney problems, he was rushed from the airport to the Cromwell Hospital in London, where he died of a sudden cardiac arrest on 16 August 1997, aged 48.[34] His body was repatriated to Faisalabad, and his funeral was a public affair. His wife, Naheed Nusrat, moved to Canada after the death of her husband, where she died on 13 September 2013 in Mississauga, Ontario.[35][36] Khan's musical legacy is now carried forward by his nephews, Rahat Fateh Ali Khan and Rizwan-Muazzam.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Pride of Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_of_Performance"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washington1-25"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix des Amériques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_des_Am%C3%A9riques_(film_award)"},{"link_name":"Montreal World Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_World_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Fukuoka Asian Culture Prizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka_Asian_Culture_Prize"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Traditional Folk Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Traditional_Folk_Album"},{"link_name":"Best World Music Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_World_Music_Album"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-philly-28"},{"link_name":"Life Time Achievement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Award"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Record"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"UK Asian Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Asian_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"50 great voices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_great_voices"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"UGO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGO_Networks"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Ustad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustad"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"Khan is widely considered to be the most important qawwal in history.[37][38] In 1987, he received the President of Pakistan's Award for Pride of Performance for his contribution to Pakistani music.[25][39] In 1995, he received the UNESCO Music Prize.[40][41] In 1996 he was awarded Grand Prix des Amériques at Montreal World Film Festival for exceptional contribution to the art of cinema.[42] In the same year, Khan received the Arts and Culture Prize of the Fukuoka Asian Culture Prizes.[43] In Japan, he was also remembered as the Budai or \"Singing Buddha.\"[44]In 1997, he was nominated for two Grammy Awards, for Best Traditional Folk Album and Best World Music Album.[28] In 1998, he was awarded PTV Life Time Achievement Award.[45] As of 2001, he held the Guinness World Record for the \"Most Qawwali Recordings\", having recorded over 125 qawwali albums before his death.[46] In 2005, Khan posthumously received the \"Legends\" award at the UK Asian Music Awards.[47] Time magazine's issue of 6 November 2006, \"60 Years of Asian Heroes\", lists him as one of the top 12 artists and thinkers in the last 60 years.[48] He also appeared on NPR's 50 great voices list in 2010.[49] In August 2010 he was included in CNN's list of the twenty most iconic musicians from the past fifty years.[50] In 2008, Khan was listed in 14th position in UGO's list of the best singers of all time.[51]Many honorary titles were bestowed upon Khan during his 25-year music career. He was given the title of Ustad (the master) after performing classical music at a function in Lahore on the anniversary of his father's death.[52]Khan was listed at position 91 on Rolling Stone's 200 Best Singers Of All Time list, which was published on January 1, 2023.[53]He was called the ‘Singing Buddha' in Tokyo, ‘The Voice of Paradise' in Los Angeles, ‘Quintessence of the Human Voice' in Tunis, ‘The Spirit of Islam' in London, ‘Pavarotti of the East' in Paris, ‘Emperor of Qawwali' (Shahenshah - e - Qawwali) in Lahore.[54]","title":"Awards and titles"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nusrat_Fathe_Ali_Khan_Arts_Council_faisalabad.JPG"},{"link_name":"Faisalabad Arts Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisalabad_Arts_Council"},{"link_name":"world music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_music"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-green-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-green-55"},{"link_name":"Asiaweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiaweek"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Jeff Buckley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Buckley"},{"link_name":"Elvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Nadia Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadia_Ali_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Zayn Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayn_Malik"},{"link_name":"Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Peter Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gabriel"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"A. R. Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._R._Rahman"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Sheila Chandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Chandra"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Alim Qasimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alim_Qasimov"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Eddie Vedder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Vedder"},{"link_name":"Joan Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Osborne"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rollingstone-64"},{"link_name":"Mick Jagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jagger"},{"link_name":"Parmeshwar Godrej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmeshwar_Godrej"},{"link_name":"Amitabh Bachchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan"},{"link_name":"Trudie Styler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trudie_Styler"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Sean Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Penn"},{"link_name":"Susan Sarandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sarandon"},{"link_name":"Tim Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Robbins"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rollingstone-64"},{"link_name":"Sam Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Harris_(author)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SamHarris-66"},{"link_name":"Paul Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Williams_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"The Derek Trucks Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Derek_Trucks_Band"},{"link_name":"Joyful Noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyful_Noise_(album)"},{"link_name":"Songlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songlines_(The_Derek_Trucks_Band_album)"},{"link_name":"Live at Georgia Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_Georgia_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Gaudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudi_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Six Degrees Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Degrees_Records"},{"link_name":"Amazon.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"doodle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Doodle"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Red Hot Chili Peppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers"},{"link_name":"Circle of the Noose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_the_Noose"},{"link_name":"Dave Navarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Navarro"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Narrative Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"text":"Faisalabad Arts Council's auditorium named after KhanKhan is often credited as one of the progenitors of \"world music.\"[55] Widely acclaimed for his spiritual charisma and distinctive exuberance, he was one of the first and most important artists to popularize qawwali, then considered an \"arcane religious tradition\", to Western audiences.[55] His powerful vocal presentations, which could last up to 10 hours, brought forth a craze for his music all over Europe. Alexandra A. Seno of Asiaweek wrote:[56]Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan's voice was otherworldly. For 25 years, his mystical songs transfixed millions. It was not long enough ... He performed qawwali, which means wise or philosophical utterance, as nobody else of his generation did. His vocal range, talent for improvisation and sheer intensity were unsurpassed.Jeff Buckley cited Khan as a major influence, saying of him \"He's my Elvis\", and performing the first few minutes of Khan's \"Yeh Jo Halka Halka Suroor Hai\" (including vocals) at live concerts.[57][58] Many other artists have also cited Khan as an influence, such as Nadia Ali, Zayn Malik, Malay,[59] Peter Gabriel,[60] A. R. Rahman,[61] Sheila Chandra,[62] Alim Qasimov,[63] Eddie Vedder, and Joan Osborne, among others.[64] His music was also appreciated by singers such as Mick Jagger, socialites such as Parmeshwar Godrej, actors such as Amitabh Bachchan, Trudie Styler,[65] Sean Penn, Susan Sarandon, and Tim Robbins,[64] and authors such as Sam Harris, who cited Khan as one of his favourite musicians.[66]Paul Williams picked a concert performance by Khan for inclusion in his 2000 book The 20th Century's Greatest Hits: a 'top-40' list, in which he devotes a chapter each to what he considers the top 40 artistic achievements of the 20th century in any field (including art, movies, music, fiction, non-fiction, science-fiction).[67]\nThe Derek Trucks Band covers Khan's songs on two of their studio albums. Their 2002 album Joyful Noise includes a cover of \"Maki Madni\", which features a guest performance by Rahat Fateh Ali Khan, Khan's nephew. 2005's Songlines includes a medley of two of Khan's songs, \"Sahib Teri Bandi\" and \"Maki Madni.\" This medley first appeared on the band's live album Live at Georgia Theatre (2004).[68]In 2004, a tribute band called Brooklyn Qawwali Party (formerly Brook's Qawwali Party) was formed in New York City by percussionist Brook Martinez to perform the music of Khan. The 13-piece group still performs mostly instrumental jazz versions of Khan's qawwalis, using the instruments conventionally associated with jazz rather than those associated with qawwali.[69]In 2007, electronic music producer and performer Gaudi, after being granted access to back catalogue recordings from Rehmat Gramophone House (Khan's former label in Pakistan), released an album of entirely new songs composed around existing vocals. The album, Dub Qawwali, was released by Six Degrees Records. It reached no. 2 in the iTunes US Chart, no. 4 in the UK and was the no. 1 seller in Amazon.com's Electronic Music section for a period. It also earned Gaudi a nomination for the BBC's World Music Awards 2008.[70]On 13 October 2015, Google celebrated Khan's 67th birthday with a doodle on its homepage in six countries, including India, Pakistan, Japan, Sweden, Ghana, and Kenya,[71] calling him the person \"who opened the world's ears to the rich, hypnotic sounds of the Sufis.\" \"Thanks to his legendary voice, Khan helped bring 'world music' to the world,\" said Google.[72][73]In February 2016, a rough mix of a song recorded by Red Hot Chili Peppers in 1998 called \"Circle of the Noose\" was leaked to the internet. Guitarist Dave Navarro described the song saying, \"It's pop in the sense of verse, chorus, verse, chorus, bridge, hook. I really love it and we use a loop of Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan. It's really nice. The best way I can describe it is it's like pepped- up '60s folk with '90s ideals, but I would hate to label it as folk because it's not, it moves.\"[74]The 2018 book The Displaced Children of Displaced Children (Eyewear Publishing) by Pakistani American poet Faisal Mohyuddin includes the poem \"Faisalabad\", a tribute to Khan and to the city of Khan's birth. \"Faisalabad\" includes a number or references to Khan, including the excerpt, \"There are no better cures for homesickness / than Nusrat's qawwalis, / except when you're a mother / and you find comfort in the unfolding / hours of a child's existence.\" The poem was first published by Narrative Magazine in Spring 2017.[75]","title":"Tributes, legacy and influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Tere Bin Nahin Lagda\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tere_Bin_Nahin_Lagda.ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iyengar-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dudrah-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Javed Akhtar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javed_Akhtar"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kumar-80"},{"link_name":"cover version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"Ajay Devgn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajay_Devgn"},{"link_name":"Saif Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saif_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"Manisha Koirala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manisha_Koirala"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iyengar-76"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boi90s1-81"},{"link_name":"British-Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British-Indian"},{"link_name":"Bally Sagoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bally_Sagoo"},{"link_name":"Bend It Like Beckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bend_It_Like_Beckham"},{"link_name":"Parminder Nagra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parminder_Nagra"},{"link_name":"Keira Knightley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keira_Knightley"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dudrah-77"},{"link_name":"Asees Kaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asees_Kaur"},{"link_name":"Simmba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmba"},{"link_name":"Ranveer Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranveer_Singh"},{"link_name":"Sara Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Bollywood music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_music"},{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"A. R. Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._R._Rahman"},{"link_name":"Javed Akhtar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javed_Akhtar"},{"link_name":"filmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmi"},{"link_name":"music directors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_director"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hindu-12"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chaudhuri-83"},{"link_name":"Viju Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viju_Shah"},{"link_name":"Mohra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohra"},{"link_name":"Dam Mast Qalandar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam_Mast_Qalandar"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hindu-12"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chaudhuri-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff-84"},{"link_name":"Anu Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu_Malik"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff-84"},{"link_name":"Auzaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auzaar"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chaudhuri-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff-84"},{"link_name":"Hollywood films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_films"},{"link_name":"The Last Temptation of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Temptation_of_Christ_(film)"},{"link_name":"Natural Born Killers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Born_Killers"},{"link_name":"Dead Man Walking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Man_Walking_(film)"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chaudhuri-83"}],"sub_title":"Popular culture","text":"\"Tere Bin Nahin Lagda\"\n\nFrom Sorrows Vol. 69 (1996). The song inspired several remixed/cover versions, and featured in several films.\nProblems playing this file? See media help.One of Khan's famous qawwali songs, \"Tere Bin Nahin Lagda\"[76] (\"I am restless without you\"),[77] appeared on two of his 1996 albums, Sorrows Vol. 69[78] and Sangam (as \"Tere Bin Nahin Lagda Dil\"), the latter a collaborative album with Indian lyricist Javed Akhtar;[79] Sangam sold over 1 million copies in India.[80] Lata Mangeshkar recorded a cover version called \"Tere Bin Nahin Jeena\" for Kachche Dhaage, starring Ajay Devgn, Saif Ali Khan and Manisha Koirala.[76] Composed by Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, the Kachche Dhaage soundtrack album sold 3 million units in India.[81] British-Indian producer Bally Sagoo released a remix of \"Tere Bin Nahin Lagda\", which was later featured in the 2002 British film Bend It Like Beckham, starring Parminder Nagra and Keira Knightley.[77] A cover version called \"Tere Bin\" was recorded by Rahat Fateh Ali Khan with Asees Kaur for the 2018 Bollywood film Simmba, starring Ranveer Singh and Sara Ali Khan.[82]Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan's music had a big impact on Bollywood music, inspiring numerous Indian musicians working in Bollywood since the late 1980s. For example, he inspired A. R. Rahman and Javed Akhtar, both of whom he collaborated with. However, there were many hit filmi songs from other Indian music directors that plagiarised Khan's music.[12][83] For example, Viju Shah's hit song \"Tu Cheez Badi Hai Mast Mast\" in Mohra (1994) was plagiarised from Khan's popular qawwali song \"Dam Mast Qalandar.\"[12]Despite the significant number of hit Bollywood songs plagiarised from his music, he was reportedly tolerant towards the plagiarism.[83][84] In one interview, he jokingly gave \"Best Copy\" awards to Viju Shah and Anu Malik.[85] In his defense, Malik claimed that he loved Khan's music and was actually showing admiration by using his tunes.[84] However, Khan was reportedly aggrieved when Malik turned his spiritual \"Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo\" into \"I Love You, I Love You\" in Auzaar.[83] Khan said \"he has taken my devotional song Allahu and converted it into I love you. He should at least respect my religious songs.\"[84]His music also appears on soundtracks for Hollywood films such as The Last Temptation of Christ (1988), Natural Born Killers (1994) and Dead Man Walking (1995).[83]","title":"Tributes, legacy and influence"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bollywood soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_soundtrack"}],"sub_title":"Sales","text":"The following are known sales of records with songs credited to Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, either as a vocalist, composer, or special thanks.The following are known Indian sales of Bollywood soundtrack albums featuring copied versions of songs originally composed by Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, without crediting him.","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Ahmed Aqil Rubi (1992). Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan: A living legend . Words of Wisdom\nBaud, Pierre-Alain (2008). Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan: The Messenger of Qawwali. Editions Demi-Lune. A biography of Nusrat.\nVarun Soni (2014). Natural Mystics: The Prophetic Lives of Bob Marley and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan. Figueroa Press. Depicts Religious aspects of Artists lives, and how they used technology.\nBaud, Pierre Alain (2015). Nusrat: The Voice of Faith. Harper Collins India. A biography of Nusrat.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"General Burki and a young Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan (biting his thumb) pictured at a winter wedding of Pashtuns in Jalandhar (1961)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/NFAKBurki.png/250px-NFAKBurki.png"},{"image_text":"Faisalabad Arts Council's auditorium named after Khan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Nusrat_Fathe_Ali_Khan_Arts_Council_faisalabad.JPG/250px-Nusrat_Fathe_Ali_Khan_Arts_Council_faisalabad.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"Punjab portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Punjab"},{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"Pakistan portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Pakistan"},{"title":"List of Pakistani musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_musicians"},{"title":"List of Pakistani qawwali singers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_qawwali_singers"},{"title":"Filmi qawwali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmi_qawwali"}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betcha_Gon%27_Know_(The_Prologue)
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Betcha Gon' Know (The Prologue)
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["1 Background","2 Production","3 Critical reception","4 Credits and personnel","5 Charts","6 Remix","7 References"]
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2009 song by Mariah Carey"Betcha Gon' Know (The Prologue)"Song by Mariah Careyfrom the album Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel Released2009Length4:00LabelIslandSongwriter(s)Mariah Carey, Christopher Stewart, Terius Nash, James WrightProducer(s)Mariah Carey, Christopher "Tricky" Stewart, The-Dream, James "Big Jim" Wright
"Betcha Gon' Know (The Prologue)" is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey, from her twelfth studio album Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel (2009). It was co-written and co-produced by Carey, Christopher "Tricky" Stewart, James "Big Jim" Wright and The-Dream. The song was recorded at several recording locations, including The Boom Boom Room in Burbank, California, the Studio at the Palms in Las Vegas, Nevada and at Honeywest Studios in New York City. The lyrics revolve around the idea of outing a cheating boyfriend publicly on television, and Carey makes a reference to Oprah Winfrey and her chat show.
"Betcha Gon' Know (The Prologue)" garnered mixed responses from music critics. Sal Cinqeumani for Slant Magazine wrote that the song was "promising," however, Jon Caramanica for The New York Times criticized the song's lackluster arrangement and Carey's vocal execution. Upon the release of Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel, the song peaked at number 66 on the US Hot Digital Songs chart in October 2009, and remained on the chart for a total of two weeks.
Background
After Carey finished her The Adventures of Mimi Tour (2006) in support of her tenth studio album The Emancipation of Mimi (2005), she began to work on material for her eleventh studio effort, the yet untitled E=MC² (2008). E=MC² was hailed as one of the most anticipated albums to be released in 2008, with many critics weighing their opinions on whether Carey would be able to deliver significant success, following her achievements with The Emancipation of Mimi. After the release and success of "Touch My Body", the project's lead single, subsequent singles of the album failed to garner airplay or significant charting, Island Records halted promotion of the album. Since the album's release, Carey had planned to embark on an extensive tour in support of E=MC², describing its production and direction in several interviews. When asked to describe the tour's theme, Carey explained "I'm thinking elaborate. I like elaborate. We only do substantial. That's what my jeweler says. I haven't gotten the looks in mind just yet, but we're going to figure it out soon enough." Although plans for a tour were underway, and Carey's announcement for a tour during her promotional appearance on The X Factor in the United Kingdom in November 2008, the tour was suddenly cancelled in the following month.
Because of the tour's cancellation, various media outlets circulated speculation that Carey had become pregnant, and had abandoned her plans for a tour as a result. Many reports were made claiming that Carey had been visiting a famed gynecologist's office in Los Angeles. Carey did not address those rumours until two years later on October 28, 2010, which was the same day she announced her new pregnancy; she admitted that she had indeed been pregnant during that time period in late 2008, and suffered a miscarriage. For that reason, she cancelled the tour, and lost the child only two months later. Carey later opted to record a new album, that would be released during the summer of 2009. During the later stages of the project, Carey released the title, Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel, that would serve as the singer's twelfth studio album.
Production
"Betcha Gon' Know (The Prologue)" was co-written by Carey, Christopher Stewart, James Wright and Terius Nash. It was also produced by the foursome, with Stewart credited as Christopher "Tricky" Stewart, Wright as James "Big Jim" Wright and Nash as The-Dream. It was recorded by Brian Garten and Brian "B-Luv" Thomas at The Boom Boom Room in Burbank, California, Studio at the Palms in Las Vegas, Nevada and Honeywest Studios, New York City. Luis Navarro served as Garten and "B-Luv"'s recording assistant. Additional engineering was carried out by Andrew Wuepper. It was mixed by Jaycen-Joshua Fowler and Dave Pencado at Larrabee Studios in Universal City, California. They were assisted in the process by Giancarlo Lino. Keys and Hammond B3 were performed by "Big Jim" and "Tricky" Stewart.
"Betcha Gon' Know (The Prologue)" is the opening song on the album, and lasts for a duration of 4 minutes exactly. As the album's opening track, Carey sing's "Welcome to a day of my life" as the first line of the song, as she begins to sing about the downfalls and shortcomings of love. According to Sal Cinqeumani for Slant Magazine, Carey sings in a taunting, schoolyard nature when she performs the lyrics "I'm gon' la-la-la-la-la-laugh." The song's lyrical content revolves around the protagonist getting a their own back to their estranged and cheating lover publicly on TV, as Carey sings "Oprah Winfrey whole segment, for real." Becky Bain for Idolator interpretation of the lyrics were that it is from a female perspective who sings about an adulterous man. The remix featuring R. Kelly leaked in July 2011, and draws influence from R&B. In 2014, Carey announced that the remix would appear on her fourteenth studio album, Me. I Am Mariah... The Elusive Chanteuse, as a deluxe edition bonus track.
Critical reception
"Betcha Gon' Know (The Prologue)" garnered mixed responses from music critics. Sal Cinqeumani for Slant Magazine wrote that "Betcha Gon' Know (The Prologue)" is a "promising" song. James Reed for the Boston Globe was complimentary of the song because he felt that the first half of the track list better represented Carey, writing "halfway in, 'Memoirs' starts to sag under its own weight, and the sweetness that initially was so irresistible starts to get a little too sticky." Jon Caramanica for The New York Times was critical of the song, noting that her collaborators of choice on the album have delivered "largely listless arrangements", writing that Carey is "mumbling" on "Betcha Gon' Know (The Prologue)". He likened her singing style on the song to other tracks on the album "Ribbon" and "Insepareable", writing that "talk-singing" is usually "the preserve of far worse singers." When the "Betcha Gon' Know (The Prologue)" remix featuring R. Kelly surfaced online, Becky Bain for Idolator wrote that the "stream-of-consciousness, the various voices for multiple players, the cheating plotline" is a reworking of his series of songs entitled Trapped in the Closet (2005).
Credits and personnel
Recording
Recorded at The Boom Boom Room, Burbank, California; Studio at the Palms, Las Vegas, Nevada and Honeywest Studios, New York City.
Mixed at Larrabee Studios in Universal City, California.
Personnel
Songwriting – Mariah Carey, Christopher Stewart, James Wright and Terius Nash
Production – Mariah Carey, Christopher "Tricky" Stewart, James "Big Jim" Wright and The-Dream
Recording – Brian Garten and Brian "B-Luv" Thomas
Recording assistant – Luis Navarro
Mixing – Jaycen-Joshua Fowler and Dave Pencado
Assistant mixing – Giancarlo Lino
Keys and Hammond B3 – "Big Jim" and "Tricky" Stewart
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel.
Charts
Upon the release of Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel, "Betcha Gon' Know (The Prologue)" debuted and peaked at number 66 on the US Hot Digital Songs chart on October 17, 2009. The song spent two weeks on the chart in total. It debuted at number three and peaked at number one on the US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.
Chart (2009)
Peakposition
US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)
1
US Hot Digital Songs (Billboard)
66
Remix
Further information: Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel § Angels Advocate, and Me. I Am Mariah...The Elusive Chanteuse
Following the announcement of plans for the Angels Advocate Tour in support of Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel, Carey revealed that she was going to release a remix album of the standard edition, including new featured artists and songs from the album's recording sessions which did not make the final cut. American singer and songwriter R. Kelly was confirmed to be the featured artist on the remix of "Betcha Gon' Know (The Prologue)". Angels Advocate had been planned to be released in March 2010, but for unknown reasons was cancelled. The remix featuring R. Kelly, with the shortened title of "Betcha Gon' Know", was included as a deluxe edition bonus track on her fourteenth studio album Me. I Am Mariah... The Elusive Chanteuse, which was released on May 27, 2014. Upon the release of the album, "Betcha Gon' Know'" debuted on the South Korean International Gaon Single Chart at number 67 for the week ending May 31, 2014.
References
^ a b c Cinquemani, Sal (September 23, 2009). "Mariah Carey: Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel | Music Review". Slant Magazine. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
^ a b c Caramanica, Jon (September 28, 2009). "New CDs". The New York Times. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
^ Walls, Jeanette (June 30, 2009). "Eminem Fires 'Warning' Shot at Mariah Carey". MSNBC. Archived from the original on July 14, 2010. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
^ "Leona Lewis Arrives on American Shores". The Daily Telegraph. April 20, 2008. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
^ Fresco, Adam (February 6, 2008). "'Days of Demanding Divas are Numbered". The Sunday Times. Retrieved May 10, 2011.
^ Vineyard, Jennier (October 4, 2008). "Mariah Carey Plans 'Elaborate' Tour; Hopes For End To VMA Losing Streak, Rocky-Marriage Rumors". MTV News. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
^ a b Wales, Jason (December 28, 2012). "Mariah Carey is Definitely Pregnant". Daily News and Analysis. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
^ Martin, Lara (December 12, 2008). "Carey Sparks Pregnancy Rumors". Digital Spy. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
^ "Mariah Carey Recalls 'Difficult' Miscarriage Before Pregnancy". MTV News. October 28, 2010. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
^ "Mariah Carey Finally Confirms Pregnancy". Us Weekly. October 28, 2010. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
^ Herrera, Monica (October 28, 2010). "Mariah Carey Confirms: I'm Pregnant". Billboard. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
^ Derschowitz, Jessica (October 29, 2010). "Mariah Carey: I'm Pregnant". CBS News. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
^ a b Burgess, Omar (June 11, 2009). "The-Dream Talks Auto-Tune, Mariah's Answer Record". HipHopDX. Archived from the original on June 15, 2009. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
^ a b c d e f g h i Carey, Mariah (2009). Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel (Liner Notes) (Compact Disc). Mariah Carey. New York City, New York: Island Records.
^ a b c Reed, James (September 29, 2009). "On 'Angel,' Carey returns to glory of her R&B days". Boston Globe. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
^ Rosen, Jody (September 28, 2009). "Memoirs of an imperfect Angel - Mariah Carey - Review". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
^ a b c Bain, Becky (July 8, 2011). "R. Kelly Remixes Mariah Carey's 'Betcha Gon' Know'". Idolator. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
^ a b Hampp, Andrew (May 1, 2014). "Mariah Carey Announces 14th Album, 'Me. I Am Mariah...The Elusive Chanteuse'". Billboard. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
^ a b "Hot Digital - Week of October 17, 2009". Billboard. October 17, 2009. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
^ "Mariah Carey Chart History - Digital Songs". Billboard. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
^ a b "Mariah Carey Chart History - Bubbling Under Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
^ a b "Mariah Carey Preps 'Memoirs' Features Album, R. Kelly on Board". Rap-Up. November 20, 2009. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
^ "Exclusive: Mariah Carey Christmas album title and release date revealed". Rap-Up. October 1, 2010. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
^ "South Korea Gaon International Chart (Week: 2014.05.25 to 2014.05.31)". Gaon Chart. June 1, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2015.
vteMariah Carey songs
Singles discography
1990s singles
"Vision of Love"
"Love Takes Time"
"Someday"
"I Don't Wanna Cry"
"There's Got to Be a Way"
"Emotions"
"Can't Let Go"
"Make It Happen"
"I'll Be There"
"If It's Over"
"Dreamlover"
"Hero"
"Without You"
"Never Forget You"
"Anytime You Need a Friend"
"Endless Love"
"All I Want for Christmas Is You"
"Fantasy"
"One Sweet Day"
"Open Arms"
"Always Be My Baby"
"Forever"
"Underneath the Stars"
"Honey"
"Butterfly"
"Breakdown"
"The Roof"
"My All"
"Sweetheart"
"When You Believe"
"I Still Believe"
"Heartbreaker"
"Thank God I Found You"
2000s singles
"Crybaby"
"Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)"
"Against All Odds"
"Loverboy"
"Never Too Far"
"Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)"
"Reflections (Care Enough)"
"Never Too Far/Hero Medley"
"Through the Rain"
"Boy (I Need You)"
"I Know What You Want"
"Bringin' On the Heartbreak"
"It's Like That"
"We Belong Together"
"Shake It Off"
"Get Your Number"
"Don't Forget About Us"
"Fly Like a Bird"
"Say Somethin'"
"Touch My Body"
"Bye Bye"
"I'll Be Lovin' U Long Time"
"I Stay in Love"
"Obsessed"
"I Want to Know What Love Is"
"H.A.T.E.U."
2010s singles
"Up Out My Face"
"Angels Cry"
"Oh Santa!"
"Auld Lang Syne (The New Year's Anthem)"
"When Christmas Comes"
"Triumphant (Get 'Em)"
"Almost Home"
"#Beautiful"
"Thirsty"
"The Art of Letting Go"
"You're Mine (Eternal)"
"You Don't Know What to Do"
"Infinity"
"I Don't"
"GTFO"
"With You"
"The Distance"
"A No No"
"In the Mix"
2020s singles
"Save the Day"
"Out Here on My Own"
"Here We Go Around Again"
"Fall in Love at Christmas"
"Big Energy (Remix)"
"It's a Wrap"
"Yes, And? (Remix)"
Featured songs
"Things That U Do"
"What More Can I Give"
"U Make Me Wanna"
"So Lonely"
"Lil' L.O.V.E."
"Just Stand Up!"
"My Love"
"Everybody Hurts"
"Somewhat Loved"
Other songs
"Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)
"Close My Eyes"
"Clown"
"Mine Again"
"Your Girl"
"Migrate"
"Side Effects"
"I'm That Chick"
"Right to Dream"
"Betcha Gon' Know (The Prologue)"
"100%"
"One Child"
"Christmas Time Is in the Air Again"
"Meteorite"
"Unforgettable (Remix)"
"The Star"
"Sleigh Ride"
vteR. Kelly singles
Discography
Production discography
Videography
Awards and nominations
Born into the 90's
"She's Got That Vibe"
"Honey Love"
"Slow Dance (Hey Mr. DJ)"
"Dedicated"
"Hey Love (Can I Have a Word)"
12 Play
"Sex Me (Parts I and II)"
"Bump N' Grind"
"Your Body's Callin'"
"Summer Bunnies"
"It Seems Like You're Ready"
R. Kelly
"You Remind Me of Something"
"Down Low (Nobody Has to Know)"
"Thank God It's Friday"
"I Can't Sleep Baby (If I)"
R.
"I Believe I Can Fly"
"Gotham City"
"Half on a Baby"
"Home Alone"
"I'm Your Angel"
"When a Woman's Fed Up"
"Did You Ever Think"
"If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time"
"Only the Loot Can Make Me Happy"
TP-2.com
"I Wish"
"The Storm Is Over Now"
"Fiesta (Remix)"
"Feelin' on Yo Booty"
"A Woman's Threat"
Chocolate Factory
"The World's Greatest"
"Ignition (Remix)"
"Snake"
"Step in the Name of Love (Remix)"
The R. in R&B Collection, Vol. 1
"Thoia Thoing"
Happy People/U Saved Me
"Happy People"
"U Saved Me"
TP.3 Reloaded
"In the Kitchen"
"Trapped in the Closet (Chapter 1)"
"Playa's Only"
"Slow Wind"
"Burn It Up"
Double Up
"I'm a Flirt (Remix)"
"Same Girl"
"Double Up"
"Rock Star"
Untitled
"Supaman High"
"Number One"
"Religious"
"Echo"
Love Letter
"When a Woman Loves"
Write Me Back
"Share My Love"
"Feelin' Single"
"When a Man Lies"
Black Panties
"My Story"
"Genius"
"Cookie"
"Legs Shakin'"
The Buffet
"Backyard Party"
"Switch Up"
Other singles
"Soldier's Heart"
"Honey"
"Big Chips"
"Hair Braider"
"I Believe"
"Sign of a Victory"
"Platinum"
"I Look to You"
"Bump & Grind 2014"
"Ignition (Viceroy Remix)"
"I Admit"
Featured singles
"Down with the Clique"
"Street Dreams (Remix)"
"Be Careful"
"Friend of Mine (Remix)"
"Satisfy You"
"Contagious"
"We Thuggin'"
"Gigolo"
"Hotel"
"Gangsta Girl"
"Till the World Ends"
"So Sexy"
"So Sexy Chapter II (Like This)"
"Wonderful"
"That's That Shit"
"Go Getta"
"Speedin'"
"Out of This Club"
"All the Above"
"Ms. Chocolate"
"We Been On"
"Do What U Want"
"PYD"
"Make The World Go Round"
"It's Your World"
Soundtrack singles
"I Believe I Can Fly"
"Gotham City"
"Bad Man"
"The World's Greatest"
"I Believe"
"Christmas, I'll Be Steppin'"
Other songs
"It Seems Like You're Ready"
"Sadie"
"G.H.E.T.T.O.U.T."
"Heaven I Need a Hug"
"I Need an Angel"
"Real Talk"
"You Are Not Alone"
"Shut Up"
"Betcha Gon' Know"
"Marching Band"
"Wake Up Everybody"
"I Admit"
Category:R. Kelly songs
Category:Songs written by R. Kelly
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mariah Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariah_Carey"},{"link_name":"Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoirs_of_an_Imperfect_Angel"},{"link_name":"Christopher \"Tricky\" Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Stewart_(music_producer)"},{"link_name":"James \"Big Jim\" Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_%22Big_Jim%22_Wright"},{"link_name":"The-Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The-Dream"},{"link_name":"Burbank, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burbank,_California"},{"link_name":"Studio at the Palms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_at_the_Palms"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Oprah Winfrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey"},{"link_name":"music critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_journalism"},{"link_name":"Slant Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slant-1"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-2"},{"link_name":"Hot Digital Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Digital_Songs"}],"text":"2009 song by Mariah Carey\"Betcha Gon' Know (The Prologue)\" is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey, from her twelfth studio album Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel (2009). It was co-written and co-produced by Carey, Christopher \"Tricky\" Stewart, James \"Big Jim\" Wright and The-Dream. The song was recorded at several recording locations, including The Boom Boom Room in Burbank, California, the Studio at the Palms in Las Vegas, Nevada and at Honeywest Studios in New York City. The lyrics revolve around the idea of outing a cheating boyfriend publicly on television, and Carey makes a reference to Oprah Winfrey and her chat show.\"Betcha Gon' Know (The Prologue)\" garnered mixed responses from music critics. Sal Cinqeumani for Slant Magazine wrote that the song was \"promising,\"[1] however, Jon Caramanica for The New York Times criticized the song's lackluster arrangement and Carey's vocal execution.[2] Upon the release of Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel, the song peaked at number 66 on the US Hot Digital Songs chart in October 2009, and remained on the chart for a total of two weeks.","title":"Betcha Gon' Know (The Prologue)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Adventures of Mimi Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Mimi_Tour"},{"link_name":"The Emancipation of Mimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emancipation_of_Mimi"},{"link_name":"E=MC²","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%3DMC%C2%B2_(Mariah_Carey_album)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSNBC-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Touch My Body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_My_Body"},{"link_name":"lead single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_single"},{"link_name":"Island Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Records"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SundayTimes-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTVVid2-6"},{"link_name":"The X Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X_Factor_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pregnant-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Preg2-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pregnant-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Recalls-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USMag-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Outcry-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Outcry-13"}],"text":"After Carey finished her The Adventures of Mimi Tour (2006) in support of her tenth studio album The Emancipation of Mimi (2005), she began to work on material for her eleventh studio effort, the yet untitled E=MC² (2008).[3] E=MC² was hailed as one of the most anticipated albums to be released in 2008, with many critics weighing their opinions on whether Carey would be able to deliver significant success, following her achievements with The Emancipation of Mimi.[4] After the release and success of \"Touch My Body\", the project's lead single, subsequent singles of the album failed to garner airplay or significant charting, Island Records halted promotion of the album.[5] Since the album's release, Carey had planned to embark on an extensive tour in support of E=MC², describing its production and direction in several interviews. When asked to describe the tour's theme, Carey explained \"I'm thinking elaborate. I like elaborate. We only do substantial. That's what my jeweler says. I haven't gotten the looks in mind just yet, but we're going to figure it out soon enough.\"[6] Although plans for a tour were underway, and Carey's announcement for a tour during her promotional appearance on The X Factor in the United Kingdom in November 2008, the tour was suddenly cancelled in the following month.[7]Because of the tour's cancellation, various media outlets circulated speculation that Carey had become pregnant, and had abandoned her plans for a tour as a result.[8] Many reports were made claiming that Carey had been visiting a famed gynecologist's office in Los Angeles.[7] Carey did not address those rumours until two years later on October 28, 2010, which was the same day she announced her new pregnancy;[9][10] she admitted that she had indeed been pregnant during that time period in late 2008, and suffered a miscarriage.[11] For that reason, she cancelled the tour, and lost the child only two months later.[12] Carey later opted to record a new album, that would be released during the summer of 2009.[13] During the later stages of the project, Carey released the title, Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel, that would serve as the singer's twelfth studio album.[13]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albumnotes-14"},{"link_name":"Christopher \"Tricky\" Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Stewart_(music_producer)"},{"link_name":"The-Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The-Dream"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albumnotes-14"},{"link_name":"Burbank, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burbank,_California"},{"link_name":"Studio at the Palms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_at_the_Palms"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albumnotes-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albumnotes-14"},{"link_name":"Additional engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_engineer"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albumnotes-14"},{"link_name":"mixed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixing_(music_production)"},{"link_name":"Universal City, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_City,_California"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albumnotes-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albumnotes-14"},{"link_name":"Hammond B3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond_B3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albumnotes-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BostonGlobe-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BostonGlobe-15"},{"link_name":"Slant Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slant-1"},{"link_name":"Oprah Winfrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oprah_Winfrey_Show"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RollingStone-16"},{"link_name":"Idolator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolator_(website)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bain-17"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bain-17"},{"link_name":"Me. I Am Mariah... The Elusive Chanteuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me._I_Am_Mariah..._The_Elusive_Chanteuse"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-I_Am_Mariah_Billboard-18"}],"text":"\"Betcha Gon' Know (The Prologue)\" was co-written by Carey, Christopher Stewart, James Wright and Terius Nash.[14] It was also produced by the foursome, with Stewart credited as Christopher \"Tricky\" Stewart, Wright as James \"Big Jim\" Wright and Nash as The-Dream.[14] It was recorded by Brian Garten and Brian \"B-Luv\" Thomas at The Boom Boom Room in Burbank, California, Studio at the Palms in Las Vegas, Nevada and Honeywest Studios, New York City.[14] Luis Navarro served as Garten and \"B-Luv\"'s recording assistant.[14] Additional engineering was carried out by Andrew Wuepper.[14] It was mixed by Jaycen-Joshua Fowler and Dave Pencado at Larrabee Studios in Universal City, California.[14] They were assisted in the process by Giancarlo Lino.[14] Keys and Hammond B3 were performed by \"Big Jim\" and \"Tricky\" Stewart.[14]\"Betcha Gon' Know (The Prologue)\" is the opening song on the album, and lasts for a duration of 4 minutes exactly.[15] As the album's opening track, Carey sing's \"Welcome to a day of my life\" as the first line of the song, as she begins to sing about the downfalls and shortcomings of love.[15] According to Sal Cinqeumani for Slant Magazine, Carey sings in a taunting, schoolyard nature when she performs the lyrics \"I'm gon' la-la-la-la-la-laugh.\"[1] The song's lyrical content revolves around the protagonist getting a their own back to their estranged and cheating lover publicly on TV, as Carey sings \"Oprah Winfrey whole segment, for real.\"[16] Becky Bain for Idolator interpretation of the lyrics were that it is from a female perspective who sings about an adulterous man.[17] The remix featuring R. Kelly leaked in July 2011, and draws influence from R&B.[17] In 2014, Carey announced that the remix would appear on her fourteenth studio album, Me. I Am Mariah... The Elusive Chanteuse, as a deluxe edition bonus track.[18]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_journalism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slant-1"},{"link_name":"Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BostonGlobe-15"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-2"},{"link_name":"Trapped in the Closet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapped_in_the_Closet"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bain-17"}],"text":"\"Betcha Gon' Know (The Prologue)\" garnered mixed responses from music critics. Sal Cinqeumani for Slant Magazine wrote that \"Betcha Gon' Know (The Prologue)\" is a \"promising\" song.[1] James Reed for the Boston Globe was complimentary of the song because he felt that the first half of the track list better represented Carey, writing \"halfway in, 'Memoirs' starts to sag under its own weight, and the sweetness that initially was so irresistible starts to get a little too sticky.\"[15] Jon Caramanica for The New York Times was critical of the song, noting that her collaborators of choice on the album have delivered \"largely listless arrangements\", writing that Carey is \"mumbling\" on \"Betcha Gon' Know (The Prologue)\".[2] He likened her singing style on the song to other tracks on the album \"Ribbon\" and \"Insepareable\", writing that \"talk-singing\" is usually \"the preserve of far worse singers.\"[2] When the \"Betcha Gon' Know (The Prologue)\" remix featuring R. Kelly surfaced online, Becky Bain for Idolator wrote that the \"stream-of-consciousness, the various voices for multiple players, the cheating plotline\" is a reworking of his series of songs entitled Trapped in the Closet (2005).[17]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albumnotes-14"}],"text":"RecordingRecorded at The Boom Boom Room, Burbank, California; Studio at the Palms, Las Vegas, Nevada and Honeywest Studios, New York City.\nMixed at Larrabee Studios in Universal City, California.PersonnelSongwriting – Mariah Carey, Christopher Stewart, James Wright and Terius Nash\nProduction – Mariah Carey, Christopher \"Tricky\" Stewart, James \"Big Jim\" Wright and The-Dream\nRecording – Brian Garten and Brian \"B-Luv\" Thomas\nRecording assistant – Luis Navarro\nMixing – Jaycen-Joshua Fowler and Dave Pencado\nAssistant mixing – Giancarlo Lino\nKeys and Hammond B3 – \"Big Jim\" and \"Tricky\" StewartCredits adapted from the liner notes of Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel.[14]","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hot Digital Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Digital_Songs"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USDigitalDebut-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MariahDigitalChartHis-20"},{"link_name":"Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubbling_Under_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MariahBubblingChartHis-21"}],"text":"Upon the release of Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel, \"Betcha Gon' Know (The Prologue)\" debuted and peaked at number 66 on the US Hot Digital Songs chart on October 17, 2009.[19] The song spent two weeks on the chart in total.[20] It debuted at number three and peaked at number one on the US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.[21]","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel § Angels Advocate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoirs_of_an_Imperfect_Angel#Angels_Advocate"},{"link_name":"Me. I Am Mariah...The Elusive Chanteuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me._I_Am_Mariah...The_Elusive_Chanteuse"},{"link_name":"Angels Advocate Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_Advocate_Tour"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RapUp1-22"},{"link_name":"R. Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Kelly"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RapUp1-22"},{"link_name":"Angels Advocate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_Advocate"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Me. I Am Mariah... The Elusive Chanteuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me._I_Am_Mariah..._The_Elusive_Chanteuse"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-I_Am_Mariah_Billboard-18"},{"link_name":"Gaon Single Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Single_Chart"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SouthKoreaDebut67Betcha_Gon'_Know-24"}],"text":"Further information: Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel § Angels Advocate, and Me. I Am Mariah...The Elusive ChanteuseFollowing the announcement of plans for the Angels Advocate Tour in support of Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel, Carey revealed that she was going to release a remix album of the standard edition, including new featured artists and songs from the album's recording sessions which did not make the final cut.[22] American singer and songwriter R. Kelly was confirmed to be the featured artist on the remix of \"Betcha Gon' Know (The Prologue)\".[22] Angels Advocate had been planned to be released in March 2010, but for unknown reasons was cancelled.[23] The remix featuring R. Kelly, with the shortened title of \"Betcha Gon' Know\", was included as a deluxe edition bonus track on her fourteenth studio album Me. I Am Mariah... The Elusive Chanteuse, which was released on May 27, 2014.[18] Upon the release of the album, \"Betcha Gon' Know'\" debuted on the South Korean International Gaon Single Chart at number 67 for the week ending May 31, 2014.[24]","title":"Remix"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Cinquemani, Sal (September 23, 2009). \"Mariah Carey: Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel | Music Review\". Slant Magazine. Retrieved August 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/music_review.asp?ID=1856","url_text":"\"Mariah Carey: Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel | Music Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_Magazine","url_text":"Slant Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Caramanica, Jon (September 28, 2009). \"New CDs\". The New York Times. Retrieved August 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/28/arts/music/28choi.html","url_text":"\"New CDs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Walls, Jeanette (June 30, 2009). \"Eminem Fires 'Warning' Shot at Mariah Carey\". MSNBC. Archived from the original on July 14, 2010. Retrieved August 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100714164717/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/32241821","url_text":"\"Eminem Fires 'Warning' Shot at Mariah Carey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSNBC","url_text":"MSNBC"},{"url":"https://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/32241821","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Leona Lewis Arrives on American Shores\". The Daily Telegraph. April 20, 2008. Retrieved August 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=DQ&p_theme=dq&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=120301FE0699F100&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"\"Leona Lewis Arrives on American Shores\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Fresco, Adam (February 6, 2008). \"'Days of Demanding Divas are Numbered\". The Sunday Times. Retrieved May 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article3292066.ece","url_text":"\"'Days of Demanding Divas are Numbered\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times","url_text":"The Sunday Times"}]},{"reference":"Vineyard, Jennier (October 4, 2008). \"Mariah Carey Plans 'Elaborate' Tour; Hopes For End To VMA Losing Streak, Rocky-Marriage Rumors\". MTV News. Retrieved August 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1591425/mariah-carey-planning-elaborate-tour.jhtml","url_text":"\"Mariah Carey Plans 'Elaborate' Tour; Hopes For End To VMA Losing Streak, Rocky-Marriage Rumors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_News","url_text":"MTV News"}]},{"reference":"Wales, Jason (December 28, 2012). \"Mariah Carey is Definitely Pregnant\". Daily News and Analysis. Retrieved August 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_mariah-carey-is-definitely-pregnant_1217181","url_text":"\"Mariah Carey is Definitely Pregnant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis","url_text":"Daily News and Analysis"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Lara (December 12, 2008). \"Carey Sparks Pregnancy Rumors\". Digital Spy. Retrieved August 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.com/celebrity/news/a138171/carey-sparks-pregnancy-rumors.html","url_text":"\"Carey Sparks Pregnancy Rumors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"}]},{"reference":"\"Mariah Carey Recalls 'Difficult' Miscarriage Before Pregnancy\". MTV News. October 28, 2010. Retrieved August 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1651022/mariah-carey-recalls-difficult-miscarriage-before-pregnancy.jhtml","url_text":"\"Mariah Carey Recalls 'Difficult' Miscarriage Before Pregnancy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mariah Carey Finally Confirms Pregnancy\". Us Weekly. October 28, 2010. Retrieved August 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-moms/news/mariah-carey-finally-confirms-pregnancy-20102810","url_text":"\"Mariah Carey Finally Confirms Pregnancy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us_Weekly","url_text":"Us Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Herrera, Monica (October 28, 2010). \"Mariah Carey Confirms: I'm Pregnant\". Billboard. Retrieved August 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/952446/mariah-carey-confirms-im-pregnant","url_text":"\"Mariah Carey Confirms: I'm Pregnant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Derschowitz, Jessica (October 29, 2010). \"Mariah Carey: I'm Pregnant\". CBS News. Retrieved August 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-31749_162-20021007-10391698.html","url_text":"\"Mariah Carey: I'm Pregnant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News","url_text":"CBS News"}]},{"reference":"Burgess, Omar (June 11, 2009). \"The-Dream Talks Auto-Tune, Mariah's Answer Record\". HipHopDX. Archived from the original on June 15, 2009. Retrieved August 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090615040204/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.9289/title.the-dream-talks-auto-tune-mariah-s-answer-record","url_text":"\"The-Dream Talks Auto-Tune, Mariah's Answer Record\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HipHopDX","url_text":"HipHopDX"},{"url":"http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.9289/title.the-dream-talks-auto-tune-mariah-s-answer-record","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Carey, Mariah (2009). Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel (Liner Notes) (Compact Disc). Mariah Carey. New York City, New York: Island Records.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariah_Carey","url_text":"Carey, Mariah"}]},{"reference":"Reed, James (September 29, 2009). \"On 'Angel,' Carey returns to glory of her R&B days\". Boston Globe. Retrieved August 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2009/09/29/on_angel_carey_returns_to_glory_of_her_rb_days/","url_text":"\"On 'Angel,' Carey returns to glory of her R&B days\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Globe","url_text":"Boston Globe"}]},{"reference":"Rosen, Jody (September 28, 2009). \"Memoirs of an imperfect Angel - Mariah Carey - Review\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/memoirs-of-an-imperfect-angel-20090928","url_text":"\"Memoirs of an imperfect Angel - Mariah Carey - Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Bain, Becky (July 8, 2011). \"R. Kelly Remixes Mariah Carey's 'Betcha Gon' Know'\". Idolator. Retrieved August 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://idolator.com/5931122/mariah-carey-r-kelly-betcha-gon-know-remix","url_text":"\"R. Kelly Remixes Mariah Carey's 'Betcha Gon' Know'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolator_(website)","url_text":"Idolator"}]},{"reference":"Hampp, Andrew (May 1, 2014). \"Mariah Carey Announces 14th Album, 'Me. I Am Mariah...The Elusive Chanteuse'\". Billboard. Retrieved May 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-juice/6070396/mariah-carey-announces-14th-album-me-i-am-mariahthe-elusive","url_text":"\"Mariah Carey Announces 14th Album, 'Me. I Am Mariah...The Elusive Chanteuse'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Hot Digital - Week of October 17, 2009\". Billboard. October 17, 2009. Retrieved August 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/2009-10-17/digital-songs?order=gainer","url_text":"\"Hot Digital - Week of October 17, 2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mariah Carey Chart History - Digital Songs\". Billboard. Retrieved August 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/mariah-carey/chart-history/digital-songs","url_text":"\"Mariah Carey Chart History - Digital Songs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mariah Carey Chart History - Bubbling Under Hot 100\". Billboard. Retrieved February 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/mariah-carey/chart-history/bubbling-under-hot-100","url_text":"\"Mariah Carey Chart History - Bubbling Under Hot 100\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mariah Carey Preps 'Memoirs' Features Album, R. Kelly on Board\". Rap-Up. November 20, 2009. Retrieved August 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rap-up.com/2009/10/20/mariah-carey-preps-memoirs-features-album-r-kelly-on-board/","url_text":"\"Mariah Carey Preps 'Memoirs' Features Album, R. Kelly on Board\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap-Up","url_text":"Rap-Up"}]},{"reference":"\"Exclusive: Mariah Carey Christmas album title and release date revealed\". Rap-Up. October 1, 2010. Retrieved August 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rap-up.com/2010/09/01/exclusive-mariah-carey-christmas-album-title-release-date-revealed/","url_text":"\"Exclusive: Mariah Carey Christmas album title and release date revealed\""}]},{"reference":"\"South Korea Gaon International Chart (Week: 2014.05.25 to 2014.05.31)\". Gaon Chart. June 1, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=ALL&termGbn=week&hitYear=2014&targetTime=23&nationGbn=E","url_text":"\"South Korea Gaon International Chart (Week: 2014.05.25 to 2014.05.31)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Chart","url_text":"Gaon Chart"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha%27arayim
|
Shaaraim
|
["1 Biblical references","2 Identification with Kh. Qeiyafa","3 References"]
|
Israelite city mentioned in the Hebrew Bible
This article is about mention of this city in the Bible. For the archaeological dig, see Khirbet Qeiyafa.
Ruins at Khirbet Qeiyafa: Proposed site of She'arayim
Shaaraim (Hebrew: שַׁעֲרַיִם Šaʿărayīm), possibly meaning "Two Gates", is an Israelite city mentioned several times in the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament. It has been identified by some with Khirbet Qeiyafa, an archaeological site on a hilltop overlooking the Elah Valley in the Judean hills.
Biblical references
The city appears in the city list of Judah's tribal inheritance, after Socoh and Azekah (Jos 15, 36). After David killed Goliath, the Philistines ran away and were slain on the "road to She'arayim" (1 Sam 17:52). In the city list of the tribe of Simeon, She'arayim is mentioned as one of the cities "unto the reign of David" (1 Chr 4:31).
Identification with Kh. Qeiyafa
After excavating the site, Yosef Garfinkel of Hebrew University of Jerusalem and others believe that Khirbet Qeiyafa is She'arayim. Field work uncovered a wall that makes a nearly complete circuit with two gates. Garfinkel says it is the only contender for She'arayim as all other sites dated to the period have a single city gate. Carbon dating and the absence of pig bones strengthen Garfinkel's argument that Qeiyafa is Israelite She'aryaim and not a Canaanite fortress.
Israel Finkelstein disagrees. He claims that Megiddo and several other ancient towns in that region had two gates.
Nadav Na'aman of Tel Aviv University doubts that Sha'arayim means "two gates" at all, citing multiple scholarly opinions that the suffix -ayim in ancient place names is not the dual suffix used for ordinary words. Na'aman proposes instead that the name means just "gate", perhaps "because it was located on the western border of Judah with Philistia, a place that was seen as the gateway to the kingdom of Judah."
References
^ a b Julia Fridman, Crying King David: Are the ruins found in Israel really his palace?, at Haaretz, 26 August 2013.
^ Oldest Hebrew inscription Discovered in Israelite Fort on Philistine border, Biblical Archaeology Review, March/April 2010, p. 52.
^ a b Nadav Na'aman (2008). "Shaaraim — the gateway to the Kingdom of Judah" (PDF). Journal of Hebrew Scriptures. 8 (24). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-17. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khirbet Qeiyafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khirbet_Qeiyafa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khirbet_Qeiyafa_17449_(14151133218).jpg"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Israelite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelite"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Old Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament"},{"link_name":"Khirbet Qeiyafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khirbet_Qeiyafa"},{"link_name":"Elah Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elah_Valley"},{"link_name":"Judean hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judean_hills"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fridman-1"}],"text":"This article is about mention of this city in the Bible. For the archaeological dig, see Khirbet Qeiyafa.Ruins at Khirbet Qeiyafa: Proposed site of She'arayimShaaraim (Hebrew: שַׁעֲרַיִם Šaʿărayīm), possibly meaning \"Two Gates\", is an Israelite city mentioned several times in the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament. It has been identified by some with Khirbet Qeiyafa, an archaeological site on a hilltop overlooking the Elah Valley in the Judean hills.[1]","title":"Shaaraim"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Judah's tribal inheritance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"Socoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socoh"},{"link_name":"Azekah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azekah"},{"link_name":"Jos 15, 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jos+15,+36&version=NRSV"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_David"},{"link_name":"Goliath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliath"},{"link_name":"Philistines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philistines"},{"link_name":"1 Sam 17:52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Samuel%2017:52&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"tribe of Simeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Simeon"},{"link_name":"1 Chr 4:31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%204:31&version=nrsv"}],"text":"The city appears in the city list of Judah's tribal inheritance, after Socoh and Azekah (Jos 15, 36). After David killed Goliath, the Philistines ran away and were slain on the \"road to She'arayim\" (1 Sam 17:52). In the city list of the tribe of Simeon, She'arayim is mentioned as one of the cities \"unto the reign of David\" (1 Chr 4:31).","title":"Biblical references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yosef Garfinkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosef_Garfinkel"},{"link_name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Khirbet Qeiyafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khirbet_Qeiyafa"},{"link_name":"Canaanite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Israel Finkelstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Shaaraim#Megiddo_is_nowhere_NEAR_%22that_region%22._Pls_clarify."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fridman-1"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-naaman-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-naaman-3"}],"text":"After excavating the site, Yosef Garfinkel of Hebrew University of Jerusalem and others believe that Khirbet Qeiyafa is She'arayim. Field work uncovered a wall that makes a nearly complete circuit with two gates. Garfinkel says it is the only contender for She'arayim as all other sites dated to the period have a single city gate. Carbon dating and the absence of pig bones strengthen Garfinkel's argument that Qeiyafa is Israelite She'aryaim and not a Canaanite fortress.[2]Israel Finkelstein disagrees. He claims that Megiddo and several other ancient towns in that region[dubious – discuss] had two gates.[1]Nadav Na'aman of Tel Aviv University doubts that Sha'arayim means \"two gates\" at all, citing multiple scholarly opinions that the suffix -ayim in ancient place names is not the dual suffix used for ordinary words.[3] Na'aman proposes instead that the name means just \"gate\", perhaps \"because it was located on the western border of Judah with Philistia, a place that was seen as the gateway to the kingdom of Judah.\"[3]","title":"Identification with Kh. Qeiyafa"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Ruins at Khirbet Qeiyafa: Proposed site of She'arayim","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Khirbet_Qeiyafa_17449_%2814151133218%29.jpg/220px-Khirbet_Qeiyafa_17449_%2814151133218%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Nadav Na'aman (2008). \"Shaaraim — the gateway to the Kingdom of Judah\" (PDF). Journal of Hebrew Scriptures. 8 (24). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-17. Retrieved 2017-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141017233422/http://www.jhsonline.org/Articles/article_101.pdf","url_text":"\"Shaaraim — the gateway to the Kingdom of Judah\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Hebrew_Scriptures","url_text":"Journal of Hebrew Scriptures"},{"url":"http://www.jhsonline.org/Articles/article_101.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jos+15,+36&version=NRSV","external_links_name":"Jos 15, 36"},{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Samuel%2017:52&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"1 Sam 17:52"},{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%204:31&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"1 Chr 4:31"},{"Link":"http://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/.premium-1.543216","external_links_name":"Crying King David: Are the ruins found in Israel really his palace?"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141017233422/http://www.jhsonline.org/Articles/article_101.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Shaaraim — the gateway to the Kingdom of Judah\""},{"Link":"http://www.jhsonline.org/Articles/article_101.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguanodon_mantelli
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Iguanodon
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["1 Discovery and history","1.1 Gideon Mantell, Sir Richard Owen, and the discovery of dinosaurs","1.2 Bernissart mine discoveries and Dollo's new reconstruction","1.3 Turn of the century and the Dinosaur Renaissance","1.4 21st century research and the splitting of the genus","2 Description","3 Classification and evolution","4 Species","4.1 Species currently accepted as valid","4.2 Reassigned species of Iguanodon","4.3 Species reassigned to Iguanodon","4.4 Dubious species","5 Palaeobiology","5.1 Feeding","5.2 Posture and movement","5.3 Thumb spike","5.4 Possible social behaviour","5.5 Paleopathology","6 In popular culture","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]
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Ornithopod dinosaur genus from Early Cretaceous period
IguanodonTemporal range: Early Cretaceous (Barremian) 126–122 Ma
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I. bernissartensis mounted in modern quadrupedal posture, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Clade:
Dinosauria
Clade:
†Ornithischia
Clade:
†Ornithopoda
Family:
†Iguanodontidae
Genus:
†IguanodonMantell, 1825
Type species
†Iguanodon bernissartensisBoulenger in Beneden, 1881
Other species
†I. anglicus Holl, 1829 (nomen dubium)
†I. galvensis Verdú et al., 2015
Synonyms
Delapparentia turolensis Ruiz-Omeñaca, 2011
Iguanodon (/ɪˈɡwɑːnədɒn/ i-GWAH-nə-don; meaning 'iguana-tooth'), named in 1825, is a genus of iguanodontian dinosaur. While many species found worldwide have been classified in the genus Iguanodon, dating from the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, taxonomic revision in the early 21st century has defined Iguanodon to be based on one well-substantiated species: I. bernissartensis, which lived during the Barremian to early Aptian ages of the Early Cretaceous in Belgium, Germany, England, and Spain, between about 126 and 122 million years ago. Iguanodon was a large, bulky herbivore, measuring up to 9–11 metres (30–36 ft) in length and 4.5 metric tons (5.0 short tons) in body mass. Distinctive features include large thumb spikes, which were possibly used for defense against predators, combined with long prehensile fifth fingers able to forage for food.
The genus was named in 1825 by English geologist Gideon Mantell but discovered by William Harding Bensted, based on fossil specimens found in England and was given the species name I. anglicus. Iguanodon was the second type of dinosaur formally named based on fossil specimens, after Megalosaurus. Together with Megalosaurus and Hylaeosaurus, it was one of the three genera originally used to define Dinosauria. The genus Iguanodon belongs to the larger group Iguanodontia, along with the duck-billed hadrosaurs. The taxonomy of this genus continues to be a topic of study as new species are named or long-standing ones reassigned to other genera.
In 1878 new, far more complete remains of Iguanodon were discovered in Belgium and studied by Louis Dollo. These were given the new species I. bernissartensis. In the early 21st century it became understood that the remains referred to as Iguanodon in England belonged to four different species (including I. bernissartensis) that were not closely related to each other, which were subsequently split off into Mantellisaurus, Barilium and Hypselospinus. It was also found that the originally described type species of Iguanodon, I. anglicus is now a nomen dubium, and not valid. Thus the name "Iguanodon" became fixed around the well known species based primarily on the Belgian specimens. In 2015, a second valid species, I. galvensis, was named, based on fossils found in the Iberian Peninsula.
Scientific understanding of Iguanodon has evolved over time as new information has been obtained from fossils. The numerous specimens of this genus, including nearly complete skeletons from two well-known bone beds, have allowed researchers to make informed hypotheses regarding many aspects of the living animal, including feeding, movement, and social behaviour. As one of the first scientifically well-known dinosaurs, Iguanodon has occupied a small but notable place in the public's perception of dinosaurs, its artistic representation changing significantly in response to new interpretations of its remains.
Discovery and history
Gideon Mantell, Sir Richard Owen, and the discovery of dinosaurs
The original I. anglicus teeth from Mantell's 1825 paper
The discovery of Iguanodon has long been accompanied by a popular legend. The story goes that Gideon Mantell's wife, Mary Ann, discovered the first teeth of an Iguanodon in the strata of Tilgate Forest in Whitemans Green, Cuckfield, Sussex, England, in 1822 while her husband was visiting a patient. However, there is no evidence that Mantell took his wife with him while seeing patients. Furthermore, he admitted in 1851 that he himself had found the teeth, although he had previously stated in 1827 and 1833 that Mrs. Mantell had indeed found the first of the teeth later named Iguanodon. Other later authors agree that the story is not certainly false. It is known from his notebooks that Mantell first acquired large fossil bones from the quarry at Whitemans Green in 1820. Because also theropod teeth were found, thus belonging to carnivores, he at first interpreted these bones, which he tried to combine into a partial skeleton, as those of a giant crocodile. In 1821 Mantell mentioned the find of herbivorous teeth and began to consider the possibility that a large herbivorous reptile was present in the strata. However, in his 1822 publication Fossils of the South Downs he as yet did not dare to suggest a connection between the teeth and his very incomplete skeleton, presuming that his finds presented two large forms, one carnivorous ("an animal of the Lizard Tribe of enormous magnitude"), the other herbivorous.
In May 1822 he first presented the herbivorous teeth to the Royal Society of London but the members, among them William Buckland, dismissed them as fish teeth or the incisors of a rhinoceros from a Tertiary stratum. On 23 June 1823 Charles Lyell showed some to Georges Cuvier, during a soiree in Paris, but the famous French naturalist at once dismissed them as those of a rhinoceros. Though the very next day Cuvier retracted, Lyell reported only the dismissal to Mantell, who became rather diffident about the issue. In 1824 Buckland described Megalosaurus and was on that occasion invited to visit Mantell's collection. Seeing the bones on 6 March he agreed that these were of some giant saurian—though still denying it was a herbivore. Emboldened nevertheless, Mantell again sent some teeth to Cuvier, who answered on 22 June 1824 that he had determined that they were reptilian and quite possibly belonged to a giant herbivore. In a new edition that year of his Recherches sur les Ossemens Fossiles Cuvier admitted his earlier mistake, leading to an immediate acceptance of Mantell, and his new saurian, in scientific circles. Mantell tried to corroborate his theory further by finding a modern-day parallel among extant reptiles. In September 1824 he visited the Royal College of Surgeons but at first failed to find comparable teeth. However, assistant-curator Samuel Stutchbury recognised that they resembled those of an iguana he had recently prepared, albeit twenty times longer.
Mantell's "Iguanodon" restoration based on the Maidstone Mantellodon remains
In recognition of the resemblance of the teeth to those of the iguana, Mantell decided to name his new animal Iguanodon or 'iguana-tooth', from iguana and the Greek word ὀδών (odon, odontos or 'tooth'). Based on isometric scaling, he estimated that the creature might have been up to 18 metres (59 feet) long, more than the 12-metre (39 ft) length of Megalosaurus. His initial idea for a name was Iguana-saurus ('Iguana lizard'), but his friend William Daniel Conybeare suggested that that name was more applicable to the iguana itself, so a better name would be Iguanoides ('Iguana-like') or Iguanodon. He neglected to add a specific name to form a proper binomial, but one was supplied in 1829 by Friedrich Holl: I. anglicum, which was later emended to I. anglicus.
Fossil iguanodont remains found in Maidstone in 1834, now classified as Mantellisaurus
Mantell sent a letter detailing his discovery to the local Portsmouth Philosophical Society in December 1824, several weeks after settling on a name for the fossil creature. The letter was read to members of the Society at a meeting on 17 December, and a report was published in the Hampshire Telegraph the following Monday, 20 December, which announced the name, misspelled as "Iguanadon". Mantell formally published his findings on 10 February 1825, when he presented a paper on the remains to the Royal Society of London.
A more complete specimen of a similar animal was discovered in a quarry in Maidstone, Kent, in 1834 (lower Lower Greensand Formation), which Mantell soon acquired. He was led to identify it as an Iguanodon based on its distinctive teeth. The Maidstone slab was utilized in the first skeletal reconstructions and artistic renderings of Iguanodon, but due to its incompleteness, Mantell made some mistakes, the most famous of which was the placement of what he thought was a horn on the nose. The discovery of much better specimens in later years revealed that the horn was actually a modified thumb. Still encased in rock, the Maidstone skeleton is currently displayed at the Natural History Museum in London. The borough of Maidstone commemorated this find by adding an Iguanodon as a supporter to their coat of arms in 1949. This specimen has become linked with the name I. mantelli, a species named in 1832 by Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer in place of I. anglicus, but it actually comes from a different formation than the original I. mantelli/I. anglicus material. The Maidstone specimen, also known as Gideon Mantell's "Mantel-piece", and formally labelled NHMUK 3741 was subsequently excluded from Iguanodon. It is classified as cf. Mantellisaurus by McDonald (2012); as cf. Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis by Norman (2012); and made the holotype of a separate species Mantellodon carpenteri by Paul (2012), but this is considered dubious and it is generally considered a specimen of Mantellisaurus
Statues in Crystal Palace Park based on the Maidstone specimen of "Iguanodon", designed by Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins, after restoration in 2002
At the same time, tension began to build between Mantell and Richard Owen, an ambitious scientist with much better funding and society connections in the turbulent worlds of Reform Act-era British politics and science. Owen, a firm creationist, opposed the early versions of evolutionary science ("transmutationism") then being debated and used what he would soon coin as dinosaurs as a weapon in this conflict. With the paper describing Dinosauria, he scaled down dinosaurs from lengths of over 61 metres (200 feet), determined that they were not simply giant lizards, and put forward that they were advanced and mammal-like, characteristics given to them by God; according to the understanding of the time, they could not have been "transmuted" from reptiles to mammal-like creatures.
In 1849, a few years before his death in 1852, Mantell realised that iguanodonts were not heavy, pachyderm-like animals, as Owen was putting forward, but had slender forelimbs. However, since his passing left him unable to participate in the creation of the Crystal Palace dinosaur sculptures, Owen's vision of the dinosaurs became that seen by the public for decades. With Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins, he had nearly two dozen lifesize sculptures of various prehistoric animals built out of concrete sculpted over a steel and brick framework; two iguanodonts (based on the Maidstone specimen), one standing and one resting on its belly, were included. Before the sculpture of the standing iguanodont was completed, he held a banquet for twenty inside it.
Bernissart mine discoveries and Dollo's new reconstruction
Four I. bernissartensis fossils drawn as they were found in 1882
The largest find of Iguanodon remains to that date occurred on 28 February 1878 in a coal mine at Bernissart in Belgium, at a depth of 322 m (1,056 ft), when two mineworkers, Jules Créteur and Alphonse Blanchard, accidentally hit on a skeleton that they initially took for petrified wood. With the encouragement of Alphonse Briart, supervisor of mines at nearby Morlanwelz, Louis de Pauw on 15 May 1878 started to excavate the skeletons and in 1882 Louis Dollo reconstructed them. At least 38 Iguanodon individuals were uncovered, most of which were adults. In 1882, the holotype specimen of I. bernissartensis became one of the first ever dinosaur skeletons mounted for display. It was put together in a chapel at the Palace of Charles of Lorraine using a series of adjustable ropes attached to scaffolding so that a lifelike pose could be achieved during the mounting process. This specimen, along with several others, first opened for public viewing in an inner courtyard of the palace in July 1883. In 1891 they were moved to the Royal Museum of Natural History, where they are still on display; nine are displayed as standing mounts, and nineteen more are still in the Museum's basement. The exhibit makes an impressive display in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, in Brussels. A replica of one of these is on display at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History and at the Sedgwick Museum in Cambridge. Most of the remains were referred to a new species, I. bernissartensis, a larger and much more robust animal than the English remains had yet revealed. One specimen, IRSNB 1551, was at first referred to the nebulous, gracile I. mantelli, but is currently referred to Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis. The skeletons were some of the first complete dinosaur skeletons known. Found with the dinosaur skeletons were the remains of plants, fish, and other reptiles, including the crocodyliform Bernissartia.
Photograph of a Bernissart Iguanodon skeleton being mounted in outdated kangaroo-like pose
The science of conserving fossil remains was in its infancy, and new techniques had to be improvised to deal with what soon became known as "pyrite disease". Crystalline pyrite in the bones was being oxidized to iron sulphate, accompanied by an increase in volume that caused the remains to crack and crumble. When in the ground, the bones were isolated by anoxic moist clay that prevented this from happening, but when removed into the drier open air, the natural chemical conversion began to occur. To limit this effect, De Pauw immediately, in the mine-gallery, re-covered the dug-out fossils with wet clay, sealing them with paper and plaster reinforced by iron rings, forming in total about six hundred transportable blocks with a combined weight of a hundred and thirty tons. In Brussels after opening the plaster he impregnated the bones with boiling gelatine mixed with oil of cloves as a preservative. Removing most of the visible pyrite he then hardened them with hide glue, finishing with a final layer of tin foil. Damage was repaired with papier-mâché. This treatment had the unintended effect of sealing in moisture and extending the period of damage. In 1932 museum director Victor van Straelen decided that the specimens had to be completely restored again to safeguard their preservation. From December 1935 to August 1936 the staff at the museum in Brussels treated the problem with a combination of alcohol, arsenic, and 390 kilograms of shellac. This combination was intended to simultaneously penetrate the fossils (with alcohol), prevent the development of mold (with arsenic), and harden them (with shellac). The fossils entered a third round of conservation from 2003 until May 2007, when the shellac, hide glue and gelatine were removed and impregnated with polyvinyl acetate and cyanoacrylate and epoxy glues. Modern treatments of this problem typically involve either monitoring the humidity of fossil storage, or, for fresh specimens, preparing a special coating of polyethylene glycol that is then heated in a vacuum pump, so that moisture is immediately removed and pore spaces are infiltrated with polyethylene glycol to seal and strengthen the fossil.
Dollo's specimens allowed him to show that Owen's prehistoric pachyderms were not correct for Iguanodon. He instead modelled the skeletal mounts after the cassowary and wallaby, and put the spike that had been on the nose firmly on the thumb. His reconstruction would prevail for a long period of time, but would later be discounted.
Excavations at the quarry were stopped in 1881, although it was not exhausted of fossils, as recent drilling operations have shown. During World War I, when the town was occupied by German forces, preparations were made to reopen the mine for palaeontology, and Otto Jaekel was sent from Berlin to supervise. Just as the first fossiliferous layer was about to be uncovered, however, the German army surrendered and had to withdraw. Further attempts to reopen the mine were hindered by financial problems and were stopped altogether in 1921 when the mine flooded.
Turn of the century and the Dinosaur Renaissance
I. bernissartensis skeletal mount in modern bipedal pose, Übersee-Museum Bremen
Research on Iguanodon decreased during the early part of the 20th century as World Wars and the Great Depression enveloped Europe. A new species that would become the subject of much study and taxonomic controversy, I. atherfieldensis, was named in 1925 by R. W. Hooley, for a specimen collected at Atherfield Point on the Isle of Wight.
Iguanodon was not part of the initial work of the dinosaur renaissance that began with the description of Deinonychus in 1969, but it was not neglected for long. David B. Weishampel's work on ornithopod feeding mechanisms provided a better understanding of how it fed, and David B. Norman's work on numerous aspects of the genus has made it one of the best-known dinosaurs. In addition, a further find of numerous disarticulated Iguanodon bones in Nehden, Nordrhein-Westphalen, Germany, has provided evidence for gregariousness in this genus, as the animals in this areally restricted find appear to have been killed by flash floods. At least 15 individuals, from 2 to 8 metres (6 ft 7 in to 26 ft 3 in) long, have been found here, most of the individuals belong to the related Mantellisaurus (described as I. atherfieldensis, at that time believed to be another species of Iguanodon). but some are of I. bernissartensis.
One major revision to Iguanodon brought by the Renaissance would be another re-thinking of how to reconstruct the animal. A major flaw with Dollo's reconstruction was the bend he introduced into the tail. This organ was more or less straight, as shown by the skeletons he was excavating, and the presence of ossified tendons. In fact, to get the bend in the tail for a more wallaby or kangaroo-like posture, the tail would have had to be broken. With its correct, straight tail and back, the animal would have walked with its body held horizontal to the ground, arms in place to support the body if needed.
21st century research and the splitting of the genus
I. bernissartensis from the Isle of Wight, Dinosaur Isle Museum
In the 21st century, Iguanodon material has been used in the search for dinosaur biomolecules. In research by Graham Embery et al., Iguanodon bones were processed to look for remnant proteins. In this research, identifiable remains of typical bone proteins, such as phosphoproteins and proteoglycans, were found in a rib. In 2007, Gregory S. Paul split I. atherfieldensis into a new, separate genus, Mantellisaurus which has been generally accepted. In 2009 fragmentary iguanodontid material was described from upper Barremian Paris Basin deposits in Auxerre, Burgundy. While not definitively diagnosable to the genus/species level, the specimen shares "obvious morphological and dimensional affinities" with I. bernissartensis.
In 2010, David Norman split the Valanginian species I. dawsoni and I. fittoni into Barilium and Hypselospinus respectively. After Norman 2010, over half a dozen new genera were named off English "Iguanodon" material. Carpenter and Ishida in 2010 named Proplanicoxa, Torilion and Sellacoxa while Gregory S. Paul in 2012 named Darwinsaurus, Huxleysaurus and Mantellodon and Macdonald et al. in 2012 named Kukufeldia. These species named after Norman 2010 are not considered valid and are considered various junior synonyms of Mantellisaurus, Barilium and Hypselospinus.
In 2011, a new genus Delapparentia was named for a specimen in Spain that was originally thought to belong to I. bernissartensis. The previous identification was subsequently reaffirmed in a new analysis of individual variation in the Belgian specimens, finding that the Delapparentia specimen was within the range of I. bernissartensis. In 2015 a new species of Iguanodon, I. galvensis, was named based on material including 13 juvenile (perinate) individuals found in the Camarillas Formation near Galve, Spain. In 2017 a new study was done of I. galvensis, with further evidence of distinctiveness from I. bernissartensis including several new autapomorphies. It was also found that the Delapparentia holotype (which is also from the Camarillas Formation) was not distinguishable from either I. bernissartensis or I. galvensis.
Description
Size of Iguanodon bernissartensis compared to a human
Iguanodon were bulky herbivores that could shift from bipedality to quadrupedality. The only well-supported species, I. bernissartensis, is estimated to have measured about 9 metres (30 feet) long as an adult, with some specimens possibly as long as 13 metres (43 feet), although this is likely an overestimate, given that the maximum body length of I. bernissartensis is reported to be 11 m (36 ft). Although Gregory S. Paul suggested a body mass of 3.08 metric tons (3.40 short tons) on average, constructing a 3D mathematical model and employing allomery-based estimate suggests an I. bernissartensis close to 8 m (26 ft) long (smaller than average) weighs close to 3.8 metric tons (4.2 short tons) in body mass. Specimens of relatively large individuals have been reported in the 2020s: a specimen referred to as I. cf. galvensis was measured up to 9–10 m (30–33 ft) in length, while a new specimen of I. bernissartensis from the upper Barremian of the Iberian Peninsula was measured up to 11 m (36 ft) in length. Such large individuals would have weighed approximately 4.5 metric tons (5.0 short tons).Modern skeletal diagram of I. bernissartensisThe arms of I. bernissartensis were long (up to 75% the length of the legs) and robust, with rather inflexible hands built so that the three central fingers could bear weight. The thumbs were conical spikes that stuck out away from the three main digits. In early restorations, the spike was placed on the animal's nose. Later fossils revealed the true nature of the thumb spikes, although their exact function is still debated. They could have been used for defense, or for foraging for food. The little finger was elongated and dextrous, and could have been used to manipulate objects. The phalangeal formula is 2-3-3-2-4, meaning that the innermost finger (phalange) has two bones, the next has three, etc. The legs were powerful, but not built for running, and each foot had three toes. The backbone and tail were supported and stiffened by ossified tendons, which were tendons that turned to bone during life (these rod-like bones are usually omitted from skeletal mounts and drawings).
These animals had large, tall but narrow skulls, with toothless beaks probably covered with keratin, and teeth like those of iguanas, as the name suggests, but much larger and more closely packed. Unlike hadrosaurids, which had columns of replacement teeth, Iguanodon only had one replacement tooth at a time for each position. The upper jaw held up to 29 teeth per side, with none at the front of the jaw, and the lower jaw 25; the numbers differ because teeth in the lower jaw are broader than those in the upper. Because the tooth rows are deeply inset from the outside of the jaws, and because of other anatomical details, it is believed that, as with most other ornithischians, Iguanodon had some sort of cheek-like structure, muscular or non-muscular, to retain food in the mouth.
Classification and evolution
Main article: Iguanodontia
Life restoration of I. bernissartensis
Life restoration of I. galvensis
Restoration of I. bernissartensis (second from left) among other ornithopods
Iguanodon gives its name to the unranked clade Iguanodontia, a very populous group of ornithopods with many species known from the Middle Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous. Aside from Iguanodon, the best-known members of the clade include Dryosaurus, Camptosaurus, Ouranosaurus, and the duck-bills, or hadrosaurs. In older sources, Iguanodontidae was shown as a distinct family. This family traditionally has been something of a wastebasket taxon, including ornithopods that were neither hypsilophodontids or hadrosaurids. In practice, animals like Callovosaurus, Camptosaurus, Craspedodon, Kangnasaurus, Mochlodon, Muttaburrasaurus, Ouranosaurus, and Probactrosaurus were usually assigned to this family.
With the advent of cladistic analyses, Iguanodontidae as traditionally construed was shown to be paraphyletic, and these animals are recognised to fall at different points in relation to hadrosaurs on a cladogram, instead of in a single distinct clade. Essentially, the modern concept of Iguanodontidae currently includes only Iguanodon. Groups like Iguanodontoidea are still used as unranked clades in the scientific literature, though many traditional iguanodontids are now included in the superfamily Hadrosauroidea. Iguanodon lies between Camptosaurus and Ouranosaurus in cladograms, and is probably descended from a camptosaur-like animal. At one point, Jack Horner suggested, based mostly on skull features, that hadrosaurids actually formed two more distantly related groups, with Iguanodon on the line to the flat-headed hadrosaurines, and Ouranosaurus on the line to the crested lambeosaurines, but his proposal has been rejected.
The cladogram below follows an analysis by Andrew McDonald, 2012.
Iguanodontia
Rhabdodontidae
Tenontosaurus
Dryomorpha
Dryosauridae
Ankylopollexia
Camptosaurus
Styracosterna
Uteodon
Hippodraco
Theiophytalia
Iguanacolossus
Lanzhousaurus
Kukufeldia
Barilium
Hadrosauriformes
Iguanodon
Hadrosauroidea (including Mantellisaurus, and Xuwulong)
Species
Skeletal restoration of I. bernissartensis by O. C. Marsh, 1896
Because Iguanodon is one of the first dinosaur genera to have been named, numerous species have been assigned to it. While never becoming the wastebasket taxon several other early genera of dinosaurs (such as Megalosaurus) became, Iguanodon has had a complicated history, and its taxonomy continues to undergo revisions. Although Gregory Paul recommended restricting I. bernissartensis to the famous sample from Bernissart, ornithopod workers like Norman and McDonald have disagreed with Paul's recommendations, except exercising caution when accepting records of Iguanodon from France and Spain as valid.
I. anglicus was the original type species, but the lectotype was based on a single tooth and only partial remains of the species have been recovered since. In March 2000, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature changed the type species to the much better known I. bernissartensis, with the new holotype being IRSNB 1534. The original Iguanodon tooth is held at Te Papa Tongarewa, the national museum of New Zealand in Wellington, although it is not on display. The fossil arrived in New Zealand following the move of Gideon Mantell's son Walter there; after the elder Mantell's death, his fossils went to Walter.
Species currently accepted as valid
Only two species assigned to Iguanodon are still considered to be valid.
I. bernissartensis, described by George Albert Boulenger in 1881, is the type species for the genus. This species is best known for the many skeletons discovered in the Sainte-Barbe Clays Formation at Bernissart, but is also known from remains across Europe.
Delapparentia turolensis, named in 2011 based on a specimen previously assigned to Iguanodon bernissartensis, was argued to be distinct from the latter based on the relative height of its neural spines. However, a 2017 study noted that this is easily within the range of individual variation, and that the difference may also arise from D. turolensis being an adult older than other specimens of I. bernissartensis.
I. seelyi (also incorrectly spelled I. seeleyi), described by John Hulke in 1882, has also been synonymised with Iguanodon bernissartensis, though this is not universally accepted. It was discovered in Brook, on the Isle of Wight, and named after Charles Seely MP, Liberal politician and philanthropist, on whose estate it was found.
David Norman has suggested that I. bernissartensis includes the dubious Mongolian I. orientalis (see also below), but this has not been followed by other researchers.
I. galvensis, described in 2015, is based on adult and juvenile remains found in Barremian-age deposits in Teruel, Spain.
Reassigned species of Iguanodon
Mounted skeleton of Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis, Natural History Museum, London
Mounted skeleton of Cumnoria prestwichii, Oxford University Museum of Natural History
I. albinus (or Albisaurus scutifer), described by Czech palaeontologist Antonin Fritsch in 1893, is a dubious nondinosaurian reptile now known as Albisaurus albinus.
I. atherfieldensis, described by R.W. Hooley in 1925, was smaller and less robust than I. bernissartensis, with longer neural spines. It was renamed Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis in 2007. The Bernissart specimen RBINS 1551 was described as Dollodon bampingi in 2008, but McDonald and Norman returned Dollodon to synonymy with Mantellisaurus.
I. dawsoni, described by Lydekker in 1888, is known from two partial skeletons found in East Sussex, England, from the middle Valanginian-age Lower Cretaceous Wadhurst Clay. It is now the type species of Barilium.
I. exogyrarum was described by Fritsch in 1878. It is a nomen dubium based on very poor material and was renamed Ponerosteus in 2000.
I. fittoni was described by Lydekker in 1889. Like I. dawsoni, this species was described from the Wadhurst Clay of East Sussex. It is now the type species of Hypselospinus.
I. hilli, coined by Edwin Tully Newton in 1892 for a tooth from the early Cenomanian Upper Cretaceous Lower Chalk of Hertfordshire, has been considered an early hadrosaurid of some sort. However, recent work places it as indeterminate beyond Hadrosauroidea outside Hadrosauridae.
I. hoggi (also spelled I. boggii or hoggii), named by Owen for a lower jaw from the Tithonian–Berriasian-age Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous Purbeck Beds of Dorset in 1874, has been reassigned to its own genus, Owenodon.
I. hollingtoniensis (also spelled I. hollingtonensis), described by Lydekker in 1889, has variously been considered a synonym of Hypselospinus fittoni or a distinct species assigned to the genus Huxleysaurus. A specimen from the Valanginian Wadhurst Clay Formation, variously assigned to I. hollingtoniensis and I. mantelli over the years, has an unusual combination of hadrosaurid-like lower jaw and very robust forelimb; Norman (2010) assigned this specimen to the species Hypselospinus fittoni, while Paul (2012) made it the holotype of a separate species Darwinsaurus evolutionis.
I. lakotaensis was described by David B. Weishampel and Philip R. Bjork in 1989. The only well-accepted North American species of Iguanodon, I. lakotaensis was described from a partial skull from the Barremian-age Lower Cretaceous Lakota Formation of South Dakota. Its assignment has been controversial. Some researchers suggest that it was more basal than I. bernissartensis, and related to Theiophytalia, but David Norman has suggested that it was a synonym of I. bernissartensis. Gregory S. Paul has since given the species its own genus, Dakotadon.
I. mantelli described by Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer in 1832, was based on the same material as I. anglicus and is an objective junior synonym of the latter. Several taxa, including the holotype of Mantellisaurus and Mantellodon, but also the dubious hadrosauroid Trachodon cantabrigiensis the hypsilophodont Hypsilophodon, and Valdosaurus, were previously mis-assigned to I. mantelli.
"I. mongolensis" is a nomen nudum from a photo caption in a book by Whitfield in 1992 of remains that would later be named Altirhinus.
I. orientalis, described by A. K. Rozhdestvensky in 1952, was based on poor material, but a skull with a distinctive arched snout that had been assigned to it was renamed Altirhinus kurzanovi in 1998. At the same time, I. orientalis was considered to be a nomen dubium because it cannot be compared to I. bernissartensis.
I. phillipsi was described by Harry Seeley in 1869, but he later reassigned it to Priodontognathus.
I. praecursor (also spelled I. precursor), described by E. Sauvage in 1876 from teeth from an unnamed Kimmeridgian (Late Jurassic) formation in Pas-de-Calais, France, is actually a sauropod, sometimes assigned to Neosodon, although the two come from different formations.
I. prestwichii (also spelled I. prestwichi), described by John Hulke in 1880, has been reassigned to Camptosaurus prestwichii or to its own genus Cumnoria.
I. suessii, described by Emanuel Bunzel in 1871, has been reassigned to Mochlodon suessi.
Species reassigned to Iguanodon
I. foxii (also spelled I. foxi) was originally described by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1869 as the type species of Hypsilophodon; Owen (1873 or 1874) reassigned it to Iguanodon, but his assignment was soon overturned.
I. gracilis, named by Lydekker in 1888 as the type species of Sphenospondylus and assigned to Iguanodon in 1969 by Rodney Steel, has been suggested to be a synonym of Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis, but is considered dubious nowadays.
I. major, a species named by Justin Delair in 1966, based on vertebrae from the Isle of Wight and Sussex originally described by Owen in 1842 as a species of Streptospondylus, S. major, is a nomen dubium.
I. valdensis, a renaming of Vectisaurus valdensis by Ernst van den Broeck in 1900. Originally named by Hulke as a distinct genus in 1879 based on vertebral and pelvic remains, it was from the Barremian stage of the Isle of Wight. It was considered a juvenile specimen of Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis, or an undetermined species of Mantellisaurus, but is indeterminate beyond Iguanodontia.
The nomen nudum "Proiguanodon" (van den Broeck, 1900) also belongs here.
Dubious species
Original I. anglicus teeth and thumb spike described by Mantell
I. anglicus, described by Friedrich Holl in 1829, is the original type species of Iguanodon, but, as discussed above, was replaced by I. bernissartensis. In the past, it has been spelled as I. angelicus (Lessem and Glut, 1993) and I. anglicum (Holl, 1829 emend. Bronn, 1850). It is possible teeth ascribed to this species belong to the genus now called Barilium. The name Therosaurus (Fitzinger, 1840), is a junior objective synonym, a later name for the material of I. anglicus.
I. ottingeri, described by Peter Galton and James A. Jensen in 1979, is a nomen dubium based on teeth from the possibly Aptian-age lower Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah.
Palaeobiology
Feeding
I. bernissartensis skull and neck
One of the first details noted about Iguanodon was that it had the teeth of a herbivorous reptile, although there has not always been consensus on how it ate. As Mantell noted, the remains he was working with were unlike any modern reptile, especially in the toothless, scoop-shaped form of the lower jaw symphysis, which he found best compared to that of the two-toed sloth and the extinct ground sloth Mylodon. He also suggested that Iguanodon had a prehensile tongue which could be used to gather food, like a giraffe. More complete remains have shown this to be an error; for example, the hyoid bones that supported the tongue are heavily built, implying a muscular, non-prehensile tongue used for moving food around in the mouth. The giraffe-tongue idea has also been incorrectly attributed to Dollo via a broken lower jaw.
The skull was structured in such a way that as it closed, the bones holding the teeth in the upper jaw would bow out. This would cause the lower surfaces of the upper jaw teeth to rub against the upper surface of the lower jaw's teeth, grinding anything caught in between and providing an action that is the rough equivalent of mammalian chewing. Because the teeth were always replaced, the animal could have used this mechanism throughout its life, and could eat tough plant material. Additionally, the front ends of the animal's jaws were toothless and tipped with bony nodes, both upper and lower, providing a rough margin that was likely covered and lengthened by a keratinous material to form a cropping beak for biting off twigs and shoots. Its food gathering would have been aided by its flexible little finger, which could have been used to manipulate objects, unlike the other fingers.
A hand in Brussels; the extended digit is the prehensile fifth finger
Exactly what Iguanodon ate with its well-developed jaws is not known. The size of the larger species, such as I. bernissartensis, would have allowed them access to food from ground level to tree foliage at 4–5 metres (13–16 ft) high. A diet of horsetails, cycads, and conifers was suggested by David Norman, although iguanodonts in general have been tied to the advance of angiosperm plants in the Cretaceous due to the dinosaurs' inferred low-browsing habits. Angiosperm growth, according to this hypothesis, would have been encouraged by iguanodont feeding because gymnosperms would be removed, allowing more space for the weed-like early angiosperms to grow. The evidence is not conclusive, though. Whatever its exact diet, due to its size and abundance, Iguanodon is regarded as a dominant medium to large herbivore for its ecological communities. In England, this included the small predator Aristosuchus, larger predators Eotyrannus, Baryonyx, and Neovenator, low-feeding herbivores Hypsilophodon and Valdosaurus, fellow "iguanodontid" Mantellisaurus, the armoured herbivore Polacanthus, and sauropods like Pelorosaurus.
Posture and movement
Nineteenth-century painting showing I. bernissartensis in outdated tripod pose
Early fossil remains were fragmentary, which led to much speculation on the posture and nature of Iguanodon. Iguanodon was initially portrayed as a quadrupedal horn-nosed beast. However, as more bones were discovered, Mantell observed that the forelimbs were much smaller than the hindlimbs. His rival Owen was of the opinion it was a stumpy creature with four pillar-like legs. The job of overseeing the first lifesize reconstruction of dinosaurs was initially offered to Mantell, who declined due to poor health, and Owen's vision subsequently formed the basis on which the sculptures took shape. Its bipedal nature was revealed with the discovery of the Bernissart skeletons. However, it was depicted in an upright posture, with the tail dragging along the ground, acting as the third leg of a tripod.
During his re-examination of Iguanodon, David Norman was able to show that this posture was unlikely, because the long tail was stiffened with ossified tendons. To get the tripodal pose, the tail would literally have to be broken. Putting the animal in a horizontal posture makes many aspects of the arms and pectoral girdle more understandable. For example, the hand is relatively immobile, with the three central fingers grouped together, bearing hoof-like phalanges, and able to hyperextend. This would have allowed them to bear weight. The wrist is also relatively immobile, and the arms and shoulder bones robust. These features all suggest that the animal spent time on all fours.
Assigned track from Germany
Furthermore, it appears that Iguanodon became more quadrupedal as it got older and heavier; juvenile I. bernissartensis have shorter arms than adults (60% of hindlimb length versus 70% for adults). When walking as a quadruped, the animal's hands would have been held so that the palms faced each other, as shown by iguanodontian trackways and the anatomy of this genus's arms and hands. The three-toed pes (foot) of Iguanodon was relatively long, and when walking, both the hand and the foot would have been used in a digitigrade fashion (walking on the fingers and toes). The maximum speed of Iguanodon has been estimated at 24 km/h (15 mph), which would have been as a biped; it would not have been able to gallop as a quadruped.
Large three-toed footprints are known in Early Cretaceous rocks of England, particularly Wealden beds on the Isle of Wight, and these trace fossils were originally difficult to interpret. Some authors associated them with dinosaurs early on. In 1846, E. Tagert went so far as to assign them to an ichnogenus he named Iguanodon, and Samuel Beckles noted in 1854 that they looked like bird tracks, but might have come from dinosaurs. The identity of the trackmakers was greatly clarified upon the discovery in 1857 of the hind leg of a young Iguanodon, with distinctly three-toed feet, showing that such dinosaurs could have made the tracks. Despite the lack of direct evidence, these tracks are often attributed to Iguanodon. A trackway in England shows what may be an Iguanodon moving on all fours, but the foot prints are poor, making a direct connection difficult. Tracks assigned to the ichnogenus Iguanodon are known from locations including places in Europe where the body fossil Iguanodon is known, to Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Norway.
Thumb spike
I. bernissartensis hand with spike
The thumb spike is one of the best-known features of Iguanodon. Although it was originally placed on the animal's nose by Mantell, the complete Bernissart specimens allowed Dollo to place it correctly on the hand, as a modified thumb. (This would not be the last time a dinosaur's modified thumb claw would be misinterpreted; Noasaurus, Baryonyx, and Megaraptor are examples since the 1980s where an enlarged thumb claw was first put on the foot, as in dromaeosaurids.)
This thumb is typically interpreted as a close-quarter stiletto-like weapon against predators, although it could also have been used to break into seeds and fruits, or against other Iguanodon. One author has suggested that the spike was attached to a venom gland, but this has not been accepted, as the spike was not hollow, nor were there any grooves on the spike for conducting venom.
Possible social behaviour
Restoration of an I. bernissartensis group, with other dinosaurs from the Wessex Formation
Although sometimes interpreted as the result of a single catastrophe, the Bernissart finds instead are now interpreted as recording multiple events. According to this interpretation, at least three occasions of mortality are recorded, and though numerous individuals would have died in a geologically short time span (?10–100 years), this does not necessarily mean these Iguanodon were herding animals.
An argument against herding is that juvenile remains are very uncommon at this site, unlike modern cases with herd mortality. They more likely were the periodic victims of flash floods whose carcasses accumulated in a lake or marshy setting. The Nehden find, however, with its greater span of individual ages, more even mix of Dollodon or Mantellisaurus to Iguanodon bernissartensis, and confined geographic nature, may record mortality of herding animals migrating through rivers.
There is no evidence that Iguanodon was sexually dimorphic (with one sex appreciably different from the other). At one time, it was suggested that the Bernissart I. "mantelli", or I. atherfieldensis (Dollodon and Mantellisaurus, respectively) represented a sex, possibly female, of the larger and more robust, possibly male, I. bernissartensis. However, this is not supported today. A 2017 analysis showed that I. bernissartensis does exhibit a large level of individual variation in both its limbs (scapula, humerus, thumb claw, ilium, ischium, femur, tibia) and spinal column (axis, sacrum, tail vertebrae). Additionally, this analysis found that individuals of I. bernissartensis generally seemed to fall into two categories based on whether their tail vertebrae bore a furrow on the bottom, and whether their thumb claws were large or small.
Paleopathology
Evidence of a fractured hip bone was found in a specimen of Iguanodon, which had an injury to its ischium. Two other individuals were observed with signs of osteoarthritis as evidenced by bone overgrowths in their anklebones which are called osteophytes.
In popular culture
Iguanodon appearing in Arthur Conan Doyle's The Lost World
Since its description in 1825, Iguanodon has been a feature of worldwide popular culture. Two lifesize reconstructions of Mantellodon (considered Iguanodon at the time) built at the Crystal Palace in London in 1852 greatly contributed to the popularity of the genus. Their thumb spikes were mistaken for horns, and they were depicted as elephant-like quadrupeds, yet this was the first time an attempt was made at constructing full-size dinosaur models. In 1910 Heinrich Harder portrayed a group of Iguanodon in Tiere der Urwelt, a classic German collecting card game about extinct and prehistoric animals.
Several motion pictures have featured Iguanodon. In the 2000 Disney animated film Dinosaur, an Iguanodon named Aladar served as the protagonist with three other iguanodonts as other main and minor characters are Neera, Kron and Bruton. A loosely related ride of the same name at Disney's Animal Kingdom is based around bringing an Iguanodon back to the present. Iguanodon is one of the three dinosaur genera that inspired Godzilla; the other two were Tyrannosaurus rex and Stegosaurus. Iguanodon has also made appearances in some of the many The Land Before Time films, as well as episodes of the television series.
Aside from appearances in movies, Iguanodon has also been featured on the television documentary miniseries Walking with Dinosaurs (1999) produced by the BBC (along with then-undescribed Dakotadon lakotaensis) and played a starring role in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's book The Lost World as well as featuring in the 2015 documentary Dinosaur Britain. It also was present in Bob Bakker's Raptor Red (1995), as a Utahraptor prey item. A main belt asteroid, 1989 CB3, has been named 9941 Iguanodon in honour of the genus.
Because it is both one of the first dinosaurs described and one of the best-known dinosaurs, Iguanodon has been well-placed as a barometer of changing public and scientific perceptions on dinosaurs. Its reconstructions have gone through three stages: the elephantine quadrupedal horn-snouted reptile satisfied the Victorians, then a bipedal but still fundamentally reptilian animal using its tail to prop itself up dominated the early 20th century, but was slowly overturned during the 1960s by its current, more agile and dynamic representation, able to shift from two legs to all fours.
Notes
^ Naish's works cite Tweedie (1977) as the source of the venomous spike proposal, but this work does not explicitly attribute venom to Iguanodon, only noting on page 69 that there is no hard-tissue evidence for venom in stingray tails and platypus spurs. Elting and Goodman (1987:46) explicitly report a venom spike proposal, attributing it to "one scientist".
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^ Norman, David B. (30 November 1990), Carpenter, Kenneth; Currie, Philip J. (eds.), "A review of Vectisaurus valdensis , with comments on the family Iguanodontidae", Dinosaur Systematics (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 147–162, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511608377.014, ISBN 978-0-521-36672-4, retrieved 29 December 2019
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^ Galton, Peter; Jensen, James A. (1979). "Galton, P. M., & Jensen, J. A. (1979). Remains of ornithopod dinosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous of North America" (PDF). Brigham Young University Geology Studies. 25 (3): 1–10. ISSN 0068-1016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
^ Mantell, Gideon A. (1848). "On the structure of the jaws and teeth of the Iguanodon". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 138: 183–202. doi:10.1098/rstl.1848.0013. JSTOR 111004. S2CID 110141217.
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^ Wright, J. L. (1999). "Ichnological evidence for the use of the forelimb in iguanodontians". In Unwin, David M. (ed.). Cretaceous Fossil Vertebrates. Special Papers in Palaeontology. Vol. 60. Palaeontological Association. pp. 209–219. ISBN 978-0-901702-67-8.
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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iguanodon.
Wikispecies has information related to Iguanodon.
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Wikijunior Dinosaurs/Iguanodon
The Bernissart Iguanodons (Iguanodon herd found in Belgium).
Mantell's Iguanodon tooth in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
vteOrnithopoda
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Order: Ornithischia
Clade: Cerapoda
Avemetatarsalia
see Avemetatarsalia
Ornithischia
see Ornithischia
Ornithopoda
see below↓
OrnithopodaOrnithopoda
Ampelognathus
Burianosaurus
Changmiania
Convolosaurus
Gideonmantellia?
Parksosaurus?
Hypsilophodontidae?
Hypsilophodon
Vectidromeus
Elasmaria
Anabisetia
Atlascopcosaurus
Chakisaurus
Diluvicursor
Fostoria?
Galleonosaurus
Gasparinisaura
Isasicursor
Kangnasaurus?
Leaellynasaura
Macrogryphosaurus
Mahuidacursor
Morrosaurus
Muttaburrasaurus?
Notohypsilophodon
Qantassaurus
Sektensaurus
Talenkauen
Tietasaura
Trinisaura
Weewarrasaurus?
Iguanodontia
Tenontosaurus
Rhabdodontomorpha
Fostoria?
Iani
Muttaburrasaurus?
Tenontosaurus?
Rhabdodontidae
Matheronodon
Mochlodon
Pareisactus
Rhabdodon
Transylvanosaurus
Zalmoxes
Dryomorpha
Cumnoria
Hesperonyx
Dryosauridae
Callovosaurus
Dryosaurus
Dysalotosaurus
Elrhazosaurus
Eousdryosaurus
Iyuku?
Kangnasaurus?
Valdosaurus
Ankylopollexia
Camptosaurus
Draconyx
Oblitosaurus
Owenodon
Riabininohadros
Styracosterna
Barilium
Batyrosaurus
Bayannurosaurus
Calvarius
Cedrorestes
Cumnoria?
Dakotadon
Draconyx?
Fukuisaurus
Hippodraco
Iguanacolossus
Koshisaurus
Lanzhousaurus
Lurdusaurus
Magnamanus
Napaisaurus
Osmakasaurus
Planicoxa
Proa
Ratchasimasaurus?
Theiophytalia
Uteodon
Hadrosauriformes
Bolong
Brighstoneus
Hypselospinus
Jinzhousaurus
Mantellisaurus
Morelladon
Ouranosaurus
Iguanodontidae
Iguanodon
Hadrosauroidea
see below↓
HadrosauroideaHadrosauroidea
Altirhinus
Batyrosaurus?
Choyrodon
Datonglong
Equijubus
Gongpoquansaurus
Gonkoken
Koshisaurus?
Penelopognathus
Portellsaurus
Probactrosaurus
Siamodon
Sirindhorna
Xuwulong
Zuoyunlong
Hadrosauromorpha
Bactrosaurus
Claosaurus
Eolambia
Fylax
Gilmoreosaurus
Gobihadros
Huehuecanauhtlus
Jeyawati
Jintasaurus
Levnesovia
Lophorhothon
Nanningosaurus
Nanyangosaurus
Plesiohadros
Protohadros
Shuangmiaosaurus
Tanius
Telmatosaurus
Tethyshadros
Yunganglong
Zhanghenglong
Hadrosauridae
Aquilarhinus
Eotrachodon
Hadrosaurus
Lapampasaurus
Latirhinus
Malefica
Yamatosaurus
Saurolophinae
Barsboldia
Austrokritosauria
Bonapartesaurus
Huallasaurus
Kelumapusaura
Secernosaurus
Brachylophosaurini
Acristavus
Brachylophosaurus
Maiasaura
Ornatops
Probrachylophosaurus
Wulagasaurus?
Edmontosaurini
Edmontosaurus
Kamuysaurus
Kerberosaurus
Kundurosaurus
Laiyangosaurus
Shantungosaurus
Kritosaurini
Anasazisaurus?
Gryposaurus
Kritosaurus
Naashoibitosaurus
Rhinorex
Austrokritosauria?
Saurolophini
Augustynolophus
Bonapartesaurus?
Prosaurolophus
Saurolophus
Lambeosaurinae
Jaxartosaurus
Kazaklambia
Latirhinus?
Nipponosaurus
Aralosaurini?
Aralosaurus
Canardia?
Arenysaurini
Adynomosaurus?
Ajnabia?
Arenysaurus
Blasisaurus?
Canardia?
Minqaria
Pararhabdodon?
Tsintaosaurini
Adynomosaurus?
Ajnabia?
Pararhabdodon?
Tsintaosaurus
CorythosauriaLambeosaurini
Amurosaurus
Angulomastacator?
Corythosaurus
Hypacrosaurus
Lambeosaurus
Latirhinus?
Magnapaulia
Olorotitan
Sahaliyania
Velafrons
Parasaurolophini
Adelolophus
Angulomastacator?
Charonosaurus
Parasaurolophus
Tlatolophus
Related articlesIchnotaxa
Amblydactylus
Anomoepus
Bonaparteichnium
Camptosaurichnus
Caririchnium
Dakotasaurus
Dinehichnus
Hadrosaurichnus
Iguanodontipus
Orcauichnites
Ornithopodichnites
Shiraminesauropus
Sousaichnium
Staurichnium
Tetrapodosaurus
Wintonopus
Ootaxa
Guegoolithus
Nomina dubia
Arstanosaurus
Cionodon
Claorhynchus?
Diclonius
Eucercosaurus
Fulgurotherium
Glishades
Koutalisaurus
Loncosaurus
Mandschurosaurus
Microhadrosaurus
Orthomerus
Pteropelyx
Siluosaurus
Stephanosaurus
Syngonosaurus
Thespesius
Tichosteus
Trachodon
Other articles
Arkharavia
Basturs Poble bonebed
Dakota (fossil)
Hadrosaur diet
Hypsilophodont
List of informal dinosaur names (contains hadrosaur nomina nuda)
Timeline of hadrosaur research
Edmontosaurus mummy AMNH 5060
Edmontosaurus mummy S.M. R4036
Willinakaqe
Portals: Dinosaurs Belgium Spain
Taxon identifiersIguanodon
Wikidata: Q130980
Wikispecies: Iguanodon
GBIF: 4823052
IRMNG: 1033568
Open Tree of Life: 4946345
Paleobiology Database: 38749
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ɪˈɡwɑːnədɒn/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"i-GWAH-nə-don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"iguana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguana"},{"link_name":"tooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"iguanodontian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguanodontia"},{"link_name":"dinosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur"},{"link_name":"Late Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Jurassic"},{"link_name":"Early Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"taxonomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Barremian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barremian"},{"link_name":"Aptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptian"},{"link_name":"Early Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"herbivore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivory"},{"link_name":"predators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predation"},{"link_name":"geologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologist"},{"link_name":"Gideon Mantell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_Mantell"},{"link_name":"Megalosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalosaurus"},{"link_name":"Hylaeosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylaeosaurus"},{"link_name":"Dinosauria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur"},{"link_name":"Iguanodontia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguanodontia"},{"link_name":"Louis Dollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Dollo"},{"link_name":"Mantellisaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantellisaurus"},{"link_name":"Barilium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barilium"},{"link_name":"Hypselospinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypselospinus"},{"link_name":"type species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_species"},{"link_name":"nomen dubium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_dubium"},{"link_name":"fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil"},{"link_name":"bone beds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_bed"},{"link_name":"hypotheses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotheses"}],"text":"Ornithopod dinosaur genus from Early Cretaceous periodIguanodon (/ɪˈɡwɑːnədɒn/ i-GWAH-nə-don; meaning 'iguana-tooth'), named in 1825, is a genus of iguanodontian dinosaur. While many species found worldwide have been classified in the genus Iguanodon, dating from the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, taxonomic revision in the early 21st century has defined Iguanodon to be based on one well-substantiated species: I. bernissartensis, which lived during the Barremian to early Aptian ages of the Early Cretaceous in Belgium, Germany, England, and Spain, between about 126 and 122 million years ago. Iguanodon was a large, bulky herbivore, measuring up to 9–11 metres (30–36 ft) in length and 4.5 metric tons (5.0 short tons) in body mass. Distinctive features include large thumb spikes, which were possibly used for defense against predators, combined with long prehensile fifth fingers able to forage for food.The genus was named in 1825 by English geologist Gideon Mantell but discovered by William Harding Bensted, based on fossil specimens found in England and was given the species name I. anglicus. Iguanodon was the second type of dinosaur formally named based on fossil specimens, after Megalosaurus. Together with Megalosaurus and Hylaeosaurus, it was one of the three genera originally used to define Dinosauria. The genus Iguanodon belongs to the larger group Iguanodontia, along with the duck-billed hadrosaurs. The taxonomy of this genus continues to be a topic of study as new species are named or long-standing ones reassigned to other genera.In 1878 new, far more complete remains of Iguanodon were discovered in Belgium and studied by Louis Dollo. These were given the new species I. bernissartensis. In the early 21st century it became understood that the remains referred to as Iguanodon in England belonged to four different species (including I. bernissartensis) that were not closely related to each other, which were subsequently split off into Mantellisaurus, Barilium and Hypselospinus. It was also found that the originally described type species of Iguanodon, I. anglicus is now a nomen dubium, and not valid. Thus the name \"Iguanodon\" became fixed around the well known species based primarily on the Belgian specimens. In 2015, a second valid species, I. galvensis, was named, based on fossils found in the Iberian Peninsula.Scientific understanding of Iguanodon has evolved over time as new information has been obtained from fossils. The numerous specimens of this genus, including nearly complete skeletons from two well-known bone beds, have allowed researchers to make informed hypotheses regarding many aspects of the living animal, including feeding, movement, and social behaviour. As one of the first scientifically well-known dinosaurs, Iguanodon has occupied a small but notable place in the public's perception of dinosaurs, its artistic representation changing significantly in response to new interpretations of its remains.","title":"Iguanodon"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discovery and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mantell%27s_Iguanodon_teeth.jpg"},{"link_name":"legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend"},{"link_name":"Gideon Mantell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_Mantell"},{"link_name":"Mary Ann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Ann_Mantell"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tilgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilgate"},{"link_name":"Whitemans Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitemans_Green"},{"link_name":"Cuckfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuckfield"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS97-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mantell1827-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mantell1833-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SGL99-8"},{"link_name":"theropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theropod"},{"link_name":"crocodile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodile"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_London"},{"link_name":"William Buckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Buckland"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"Tertiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary"},{"link_name":"Charles Lyell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lyell"},{"link_name":"Georges Cuvier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Cuvier"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Megalosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalosaurus"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DC00-9"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Surgeons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_England"},{"link_name":"Samuel Stutchbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Stutchbury"},{"link_name":"iguana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguana"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DFG97-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mantell%27s_Iguanodon_restoration.jpg"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NM01-11"},{"link_name":"isometric scaling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allometry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GM25-1"},{"link_name":"William Daniel Conybeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Daniel_Conybeare"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DC00-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GO97-12"},{"link_name":"specific name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"binomial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FH29-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maidstone_fossil_Iguanodon_1840.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mantellisaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantellisaurus"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-simpson2015-14"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GM25-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS97-5"},{"link_name":"Maidstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidstone"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"Lower Greensand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Greensand"},{"link_name":"horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GM34-15"},{"link_name":"Natural History Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"supporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supporters_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EC68-16"},{"link_name":"Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Erich_Hermann_von_Meyer"},{"link_name":"formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_formation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GO97-12"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-norman2012-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paul2012-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDonald2012-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-norman2012-17"},{"link_name":"Mantellodon carpenteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantellodon"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paul2012-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mantellodon_in_Crystal_Palace_Park.jpg"},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_Park"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Waterhouse_Hawkins"},{"link_name":"Richard Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Owen"},{"link_name":"Reform Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Act_1832"},{"link_name":"creationist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creationism"},{"link_name":"evolutionary science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"transmutationism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmutation_of_species"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HT97-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS42-22"},{"link_name":"pachyderm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachydermata"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GM51-23"},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace dinosaur sculptures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_Dinosaurs"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HT97-21"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Waterhouse_Hawkins"},{"link_name":"sculptures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture"},{"link_name":"concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete"},{"link_name":"steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel"},{"link_name":"brick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MB00-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CY96-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN85-26"}],"sub_title":"Gideon Mantell, Sir Richard Owen, and the discovery of dinosaurs","text":"The original I. anglicus teeth from Mantell's 1825 paperThe discovery of Iguanodon has long been accompanied by a popular legend. The story goes that Gideon Mantell's wife, Mary Ann, discovered the first teeth[4] of an Iguanodon in the strata of Tilgate Forest in Whitemans Green, Cuckfield, Sussex, England, in 1822 while her husband was visiting a patient. However, there is no evidence that Mantell took his wife with him while seeing patients. Furthermore, he admitted in 1851 that he himself had found the teeth,[5] although he had previously stated in 1827 and 1833 that Mrs. Mantell had indeed found the first of the teeth later named Iguanodon.[6][7] Other later authors agree that the story is not certainly false.[8] It is known from his notebooks that Mantell first acquired large fossil bones from the quarry at Whitemans Green in 1820. Because also theropod teeth were found, thus belonging to carnivores, he at first interpreted these bones, which he tried to combine into a partial skeleton, as those of a giant crocodile. In 1821 Mantell mentioned the find of herbivorous teeth and began to consider the possibility that a large herbivorous reptile was present in the strata. However, in his 1822 publication Fossils of the South Downs he as yet did not dare to suggest a connection between the teeth and his very incomplete skeleton, presuming that his finds presented two large forms, one carnivorous (\"an animal of the Lizard Tribe of enormous magnitude\"), the other herbivorous.In May 1822 he first presented the herbivorous teeth to the Royal Society of London but the members, among them William Buckland, dismissed them as fish teeth or the incisors of a rhinoceros from a Tertiary stratum. On 23 June 1823 Charles Lyell showed some to Georges Cuvier, during a soiree in Paris, but the famous French naturalist at once dismissed them as those of a rhinoceros. Though the very next day Cuvier retracted, Lyell reported only the dismissal to Mantell, who became rather diffident about the issue. In 1824 Buckland described Megalosaurus and was on that occasion invited to visit Mantell's collection. Seeing the bones on 6 March he agreed that these were of some giant saurian—though still denying it was a herbivore. Emboldened nevertheless, Mantell again sent some teeth to Cuvier, who answered on 22 June 1824 that he had determined that they were reptilian and quite possibly belonged to a giant herbivore. In a new edition that year of his Recherches sur les Ossemens Fossiles Cuvier admitted his earlier mistake, leading to an immediate acceptance of Mantell, and his new saurian, in scientific circles. Mantell tried to corroborate his theory further by finding a modern-day parallel among extant reptiles.[9] In September 1824 he visited the Royal College of Surgeons but at first failed to find comparable teeth. However, assistant-curator Samuel Stutchbury recognised that they resembled those of an iguana he had recently prepared, albeit twenty times longer.[10]Mantell's \"Iguanodon\" restoration based on the Maidstone Mantellodon remainsIn recognition of the resemblance of the teeth to those of the iguana, Mantell decided to name his new animal Iguanodon or 'iguana-tooth', from iguana and the Greek word ὀδών (odon, odontos or 'tooth').[11] Based on isometric scaling, he estimated that the creature might have been up to 18 metres (59 feet) long, more than the 12-metre (39 ft) length of Megalosaurus.[1] His initial idea for a name was Iguana-saurus ('Iguana lizard'), but his friend William Daniel Conybeare suggested that that name was more applicable to the iguana itself, so a better name would be Iguanoides ('Iguana-like') or Iguanodon.[9][12] He neglected to add a specific name to form a proper binomial, but one was supplied in 1829 by Friedrich Holl: I. anglicum, which was later emended to I. anglicus.[13]Fossil iguanodont remains found in Maidstone in 1834, now classified as MantellisaurusMantell sent a letter detailing his discovery to the local Portsmouth Philosophical Society in December 1824, several weeks after settling on a name for the fossil creature. The letter was read to members of the Society at a meeting on 17 December, and a report was published in the Hampshire Telegraph the following Monday, 20 December, which announced the name, misspelled as \"Iguanadon\".[14] Mantell formally published his findings on 10 February 1825, when he presented a paper on the remains to the Royal Society of London.[1][5]A more complete specimen of a similar animal was discovered in a quarry in Maidstone, Kent, in 1834 (lower Lower Greensand Formation), which Mantell soon acquired. He was led to identify it as an Iguanodon based on its distinctive teeth. The Maidstone slab was utilized in the first skeletal reconstructions and artistic renderings of Iguanodon, but due to its incompleteness, Mantell made some mistakes, the most famous of which was the placement of what he thought was a horn on the nose.[15] The discovery of much better specimens in later years revealed that the horn was actually a modified thumb. Still encased in rock, the Maidstone skeleton is currently displayed at the Natural History Museum in London. The borough of Maidstone commemorated this find by adding an Iguanodon as a supporter to their coat of arms in 1949.[16] This specimen has become linked with the name I. mantelli, a species named in 1832 by Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer in place of I. anglicus, but it actually comes from a different formation than the original I. mantelli/I. anglicus material.[12] The Maidstone specimen, also known as Gideon Mantell's \"Mantel-piece\", and formally labelled NHMUK 3741[17][18] was subsequently excluded from Iguanodon. It is classified as cf. Mantellisaurus by McDonald (2012);[19] as cf. Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis by Norman (2012);[17] and made the holotype of a separate species Mantellodon carpenteri by Paul (2012),[18] but this is considered dubious and it is generally considered a specimen of Mantellisaurus[20]Statues in Crystal Palace Park based on the Maidstone specimen of \"Iguanodon\", designed by Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins, after restoration in 2002At the same time, tension began to build between Mantell and Richard Owen, an ambitious scientist with much better funding and society connections in the turbulent worlds of Reform Act-era British politics and science. Owen, a firm creationist, opposed the early versions of evolutionary science (\"transmutationism\") then being debated and used what he would soon coin as dinosaurs as a weapon in this conflict. With the paper describing Dinosauria, he scaled down dinosaurs from lengths of over 61 metres (200 feet), determined that they were not simply giant lizards, and put forward that they were advanced and mammal-like, characteristics given to them by God; according to the understanding of the time, they could not have been \"transmuted\" from reptiles to mammal-like creatures.[21][22]In 1849, a few years before his death in 1852, Mantell realised that iguanodonts were not heavy, pachyderm-like animals,[23] as Owen was putting forward, but had slender forelimbs. However, since his passing left him unable to participate in the creation of the Crystal Palace dinosaur sculptures, Owen's vision of the dinosaurs became that seen by the public for decades.[21] With Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins, he had nearly two dozen lifesize sculptures of various prehistoric animals built out of concrete sculpted over a steel and brick framework; two iguanodonts (based on the Maidstone specimen), one standing and one resting on its belly, were included. Before the sculpture of the standing iguanodont was completed, he held a banquet for twenty inside it.[24][25][26]","title":"Discovery and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iguanodon4.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gustave_Lavalette_;_juli_1882.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gustave_Lavalette_;_9_januari_1885;_Iguanodon_bernissartensis.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gustave_Lavalette_;_22_juli_1882.JPEG"},{"link_name":"Bernissart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernissart"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN85b-27"},{"link_name":"petrified wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrified_wood"},{"link_name":"Alphonse Briart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Briart"},{"link_name":"Morlanwelz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morlanwelz"},{"link_name":"Louis Dollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Dollo"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN04-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN87-29"},{"link_name":"Palace of Charles of Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Charles_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-norman2012-17"},{"link_name":"Royal Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Belgian_Institute_of_Natural_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN85b-27"},{"link_name":"Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Belgian_Institute_of_Natural_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Museum_of_Natural_History"},{"link_name":"Sedgwick Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedgwick_Museum_of_Earth_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantellisaurus"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN85b-27"},{"link_name":"Bernissartia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernissartia"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-palmer99-31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bernissart_Iguanodon_mounted_skeleton.jpg"},{"link_name":"pyrite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrite"},{"link_name":"oxidized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation"},{"link_name":"iron sulphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron(II)_sulfate"},{"link_name":"gelatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatine"},{"link_name":"oil of cloves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_of_cloves"},{"link_name":"preservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preservative"},{"link_name":"hide glue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hide_glue"},{"link_name":"tin foil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_foil"},{"link_name":"papier-mâché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Victor van Straelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_van_Straelen"},{"link_name":"alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol"},{"link_name":"arsenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic"},{"link_name":"shellac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellac"},{"link_name":"polyvinyl acetate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_acetate"},{"link_name":"cyanoacrylate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanoacrylate"},{"link_name":"epoxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"polyethylene glycol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene_glycol"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN85b-27"},{"link_name":"cassowary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassowary"},{"link_name":"wallaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallaby"},{"link_name":"thumb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumb"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LD82-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LD83-35"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN85b-27"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AR03-36"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"German forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Otto Jaekel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Jaekel"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN85b-27"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cordier17-37"}],"sub_title":"Bernissart mine discoveries and Dollo's new reconstruction","text":"Four I. bernissartensis fossils drawn as they were found in 1882The largest find of Iguanodon remains to that date occurred on 28 February 1878 in a coal mine at Bernissart in Belgium, at a depth of 322 m (1,056 ft),[27] when two mineworkers, Jules Créteur and Alphonse Blanchard, accidentally hit on a skeleton that they initially took for petrified wood. With the encouragement of Alphonse Briart, supervisor of mines at nearby Morlanwelz, Louis de Pauw on 15 May 1878 started to excavate the skeletons and in 1882 Louis Dollo reconstructed them. At least 38 Iguanodon individuals were uncovered,[28] most of which were adults.[29] In 1882, the holotype specimen of I. bernissartensis became one of the first ever dinosaur skeletons mounted for display. It was put together in a chapel at the Palace of Charles of Lorraine using a series of adjustable ropes attached to scaffolding so that a lifelike pose could be achieved during the mounting process.[17] This specimen, along with several others, first opened for public viewing in an inner courtyard of the palace in July 1883. In 1891 they were moved to the Royal Museum of Natural History, where they are still on display; nine are displayed as standing mounts, and nineteen more are still in the Museum's basement.[27] The exhibit makes an impressive display in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, in Brussels. A replica of one of these is on display at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History and at the Sedgwick Museum in Cambridge. Most of the remains were referred to a new species, I. bernissartensis,[30] a larger and much more robust animal than the English remains had yet revealed. One specimen, IRSNB 1551, was at first referred to the nebulous, gracile I. mantelli, but is currently referred to Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis. The skeletons were some of the first complete dinosaur skeletons known. Found with the dinosaur skeletons were the remains of plants, fish, and other reptiles,[27] including the crocodyliform Bernissartia.[31]Photograph of a Bernissart Iguanodon skeleton being mounted in outdated kangaroo-like poseThe science of conserving fossil remains was in its infancy, and new techniques had to be improvised to deal with what soon became known as \"pyrite disease\". Crystalline pyrite in the bones was being oxidized to iron sulphate, accompanied by an increase in volume that caused the remains to crack and crumble. When in the ground, the bones were isolated by anoxic moist clay that prevented this from happening, but when removed into the drier open air, the natural chemical conversion began to occur. To limit this effect, De Pauw immediately, in the mine-gallery, re-covered the dug-out fossils with wet clay, sealing them with paper and plaster reinforced by iron rings, forming in total about six hundred transportable blocks with a combined weight of a hundred and thirty tons. In Brussels after opening the plaster he impregnated the bones with boiling gelatine mixed with oil of cloves as a preservative. Removing most of the visible pyrite he then hardened them with hide glue, finishing with a final layer of tin foil. Damage was repaired with papier-mâché.[32] This treatment had the unintended effect of sealing in moisture and extending the period of damage. In 1932 museum director Victor van Straelen decided that the specimens had to be completely restored again to safeguard their preservation. From December 1935 to August 1936 the staff at the museum in Brussels treated the problem with a combination of alcohol, arsenic, and 390 kilograms of shellac. This combination was intended to simultaneously penetrate the fossils (with alcohol), prevent the development of mold (with arsenic), and harden them (with shellac). The fossils entered a third round of conservation from 2003 until May 2007, when the shellac, hide glue and gelatine were removed and impregnated with polyvinyl acetate and cyanoacrylate and epoxy glues.[33] Modern treatments of this problem typically involve either monitoring the humidity of fossil storage, or, for fresh specimens, preparing a special coating of polyethylene glycol that is then heated in a vacuum pump, so that moisture is immediately removed and pore spaces are infiltrated with polyethylene glycol to seal and strengthen the fossil.[27]Dollo's specimens allowed him to show that Owen's prehistoric pachyderms were not correct for Iguanodon. He instead modelled the skeletal mounts after the cassowary and wallaby, and put the spike that had been on the nose firmly on the thumb.[34][35] His reconstruction would prevail for a long period of time, but would later be discounted.[27]Excavations at the quarry were stopped in 1881, although it was not exhausted of fossils, as recent drilling operations have shown.[36] During World War I, when the town was occupied by German forces, preparations were made to reopen the mine for palaeontology, and Otto Jaekel was sent from Berlin to supervise. Just as the first fossiliferous layer was about to be uncovered, however, the German army surrendered and had to withdraw. Further attempts to reopen the mine were hindered by financial problems and were stopped altogether in 1921 when the mine flooded.[27][37]","title":"Discovery and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iguanodon_Skelett_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Übersee-Museum Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cbersee-Museum_Bremen"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"R. W. Hooley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Hooley"},{"link_name":"Isle of Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RWH25-38"},{"link_name":"dinosaur renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur_renaissance"},{"link_name":"Deinonychus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinonychus"},{"link_name":"David B. Weishampel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_B._Weishampel"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBW84-39"},{"link_name":"David B. Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_B._Norman"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN04-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN85b-27"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN80-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN86-41"},{"link_name":"Nordrhein-Westphalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"areally restricted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area"},{"link_name":"flash floods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_flood"},{"link_name":"Mantellisaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantellisaurus"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN87-29"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSP08-42"},{"link_name":"tail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail"},{"link_name":"kangaroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo"}],"sub_title":"Turn of the century and the Dinosaur Renaissance","text":"I. bernissartensis skeletal mount in modern bipedal pose, Übersee-Museum BremenResearch on Iguanodon decreased during the early part of the 20th century as World Wars and the Great Depression enveloped Europe. A new species that would become the subject of much study and taxonomic controversy, I. atherfieldensis, was named in 1925 by R. W. Hooley, for a specimen collected at Atherfield Point on the Isle of Wight.[38]Iguanodon was not part of the initial work of the dinosaur renaissance that began with the description of Deinonychus in 1969, but it was not neglected for long. David B. Weishampel's work on ornithopod feeding mechanisms provided a better understanding of how it fed,[39] and David B. Norman's work on numerous aspects of the genus has made it one of the best-known dinosaurs.[28][27][40][41] In addition, a further find of numerous disarticulated Iguanodon bones in Nehden, Nordrhein-Westphalen, Germany, has provided evidence for gregariousness in this genus, as the animals in this areally restricted find appear to have been killed by flash floods. At least 15 individuals, from 2 to 8 metres (6 ft 7 in to 26 ft 3 in) long, have been found here, most of the individuals belong to the related Mantellisaurus (described as I. atherfieldensis, at that time believed to be another species of Iguanodon).[29][42] but some are of I. bernissartensis.One major revision to Iguanodon brought by the Renaissance would be another re-thinking of how to reconstruct the animal. A major flaw with Dollo's reconstruction was the bend he introduced into the tail. This organ was more or less straight, as shown by the skeletons he was excavating, and the presence of ossified tendons. In fact, to get the bend in the tail for a more wallaby or kangaroo-like posture, the tail would have had to be broken. With its correct, straight tail and back, the animal would have walked with its body held horizontal to the ground, arms in place to support the body if needed.","title":"Discovery and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iguanodon-Pink_Iggy-MIWG5126.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dinosaur Isle Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur_Isle_Museum"},{"link_name":"biomolecules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolecule"},{"link_name":"proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"phosphoproteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoprotein"},{"link_name":"proteoglycans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteoglycan"},{"link_name":"rib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rib"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GEetal03-43"},{"link_name":"Gregory S. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_S._Paul"},{"link_name":"Mantellisaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantellisaurus"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Paris Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Basin"},{"link_name":"Auxerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxerre"},{"link_name":"Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundy"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"David Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_B._Norman"},{"link_name":"Valanginian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valanginian"},{"link_name":"Barilium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barilium"},{"link_name":"Hypselospinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypselospinus"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN10-46"},{"link_name":"junior synonyms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-20"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-omenaca11-3"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indvar-47"},{"link_name":"perinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perinate"},{"link_name":"Camarillas Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarillas_Formation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Francisco_J._Verd%C3%BA_2015-2"},{"link_name":"autapomorphies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autapomorphies"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"21st century research and the splitting of the genus","text":"I. bernissartensis from the Isle of Wight, Dinosaur Isle MuseumIn the 21st century, Iguanodon material has been used in the search for dinosaur biomolecules. In research by Graham Embery et al., Iguanodon bones were processed to look for remnant proteins. In this research, identifiable remains of typical bone proteins, such as phosphoproteins and proteoglycans, were found in a rib.[43] In 2007, Gregory S. Paul split I. atherfieldensis into a new, separate genus, Mantellisaurus which has been generally accepted.[44] In 2009 fragmentary iguanodontid material was described from upper Barremian Paris Basin deposits in Auxerre, Burgundy. While not definitively diagnosable to the genus/species level, the specimen shares \"obvious morphological and dimensional affinities\" with I. bernissartensis.[45]In 2010, David Norman split the Valanginian species I. dawsoni and I. fittoni into Barilium and Hypselospinus respectively.[46] After Norman 2010, over half a dozen new genera were named off English \"Iguanodon\" material. Carpenter and Ishida in 2010 named Proplanicoxa, Torilion and Sellacoxa while Gregory S. Paul in 2012 named Darwinsaurus, Huxleysaurus and Mantellodon and Macdonald et al. in 2012 named Kukufeldia. These species named after Norman 2010 are not considered valid and are considered various junior synonyms of Mantellisaurus, Barilium and Hypselospinus.[20]In 2011, a new genus Delapparentia was named for a specimen in Spain that was originally thought to belong to I. bernissartensis.[3] The previous identification was subsequently reaffirmed in a new analysis of individual variation in the Belgian specimens, finding that the Delapparentia specimen was within the range of I. bernissartensis.[47] In 2015 a new species of Iguanodon, I. galvensis, was named based on material including 13 juvenile (perinate) individuals found in the Camarillas Formation near Galve, Spain.[2] In 2017 a new study was done of I. galvensis, with further evidence of distinctiveness from I. bernissartensis including several new autapomorphies. It was also found that the Delapparentia holotype (which is also from the Camarillas Formation) was not distinguishable from either I. bernissartensis or I. galvensis.[48]","title":"Discovery and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iguanodon_scale.png"},{"link_name":"bipedality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipedalism"},{"link_name":"quadrupedality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadruped"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN04-28"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NM01-11"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indvar-47"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DFG97-10"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Barremian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barremian"},{"link_name":"Iberian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iguanodon_Skeletal.svg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NM01-11"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN04-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN85b-27"},{"link_name":"little finger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_finger"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"ossified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossification"},{"link_name":"tendons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendon"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN04-28"},{"link_name":"beaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beak"},{"link_name":"keratin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin"},{"link_name":"iguanas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguana"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN04-28"},{"link_name":"upper jaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxilla"},{"link_name":"front of the jaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premaxilla"},{"link_name":"lower jaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NW90-55"},{"link_name":"cheek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheek"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PMG73-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FS04-57"}],"text":"Size of Iguanodon bernissartensis compared to a humanIguanodon were bulky herbivores that could shift from bipedality to quadrupedality.[28] The only well-supported species, I. bernissartensis, is estimated to have measured about 9 metres (30 feet) long as an adult, with some specimens possibly as long as 13 metres (43 feet),[11] although this is likely an overestimate, given that the maximum body length of I. bernissartensis is reported to be 11 m (36 ft).[47] Although Gregory S. Paul suggested a body mass of 3.08 metric tons (3.40 short tons) on average,[10] constructing a 3D mathematical model and employing allomery-based estimate suggests an I. bernissartensis close to 8 m (26 ft) long (smaller than average) weighs close to 3.8 metric tons (4.2 short tons) in body mass.[49][50] Specimens of relatively large individuals have been reported in the 2020s: a specimen referred to as I. cf. galvensis was measured up to 9–10 m (30–33 ft) in length,[51] while a new specimen of I. bernissartensis from the upper Barremian of the Iberian Peninsula was measured up to 11 m (36 ft) in length.[52] Such large individuals would have weighed approximately 4.5 metric tons (5.0 short tons).[53]Modern skeletal diagram of I. bernissartensisThe arms of I. bernissartensis were long (up to 75% the length of the legs) and robust,[11] with rather inflexible hands built so that the three central fingers could bear weight.[28] The thumbs were conical spikes that stuck out away from the three main digits. In early restorations, the spike was placed on the animal's nose. Later fossils revealed the true nature of the thumb spikes,[27] although their exact function is still debated. They could have been used for defense, or for foraging for food. The little finger was elongated and dextrous, and could have been used to manipulate objects. The phalangeal formula is 2-3-3-2-4, meaning that the innermost finger (phalange) has two bones, the next has three, etc.[54] The legs were powerful, but not built for running, and each foot had three toes. The backbone and tail were supported and stiffened by ossified tendons, which were tendons that turned to bone during life (these rod-like bones are usually omitted from skeletal mounts and drawings).[28]These animals had large, tall but narrow skulls, with toothless beaks probably covered with keratin, and teeth like those of iguanas, as the name suggests, but much larger and more closely packed.[28] Unlike hadrosaurids, which had columns of replacement teeth, Iguanodon only had one replacement tooth at a time for each position. The upper jaw held up to 29 teeth per side, with none at the front of the jaw, and the lower jaw 25; the numbers differ because teeth in the lower jaw are broader than those in the upper.[55] Because the tooth rows are deeply inset from the outside of the jaws, and because of other anatomical details, it is believed that, as with most other ornithischians, Iguanodon had some sort of cheek-like structure, muscular or non-muscular, to retain food in the mouth.[56][57]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iguanodon_NT.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iguanodon_galvensis.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ornithopods_jconway.jpg"},{"link_name":"ornithopods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithopods"},{"link_name":"unranked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy"},{"link_name":"clade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade"},{"link_name":"Iguanodontia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguanodont"},{"link_name":"Middle Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Jurassic"},{"link_name":"Late Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Dryosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryosaurus"},{"link_name":"Camptosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camptosaurus"},{"link_name":"Ouranosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouranosaurus"},{"link_name":"hadrosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrosaurid"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PMG74-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN85d-59"},{"link_name":"wastebasket taxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastebasket_taxon"},{"link_name":"Callovosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callovosaurus"},{"link_name":"Craspedodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craspedodon"},{"link_name":"Kangnasaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangnasaurus"},{"link_name":"Mochlodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mochlodon"},{"link_name":"Muttaburrasaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muttaburrasaurus"},{"link_name":"Probactrosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probactrosaurus"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN85d-59"},{"link_name":"cladistic analyses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladistics"},{"link_name":"paraphyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphyly"},{"link_name":"cladogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladistics#Cladograms"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN04-28"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NW90-55"},{"link_name":"Hadrosauroidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrosauroidea"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN04-28"},{"link_name":"Jack Horner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Horner_(paleontologist)"},{"link_name":"features","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapomorphy"},{"link_name":"hadrosaurines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saurolophinae"},{"link_name":"lambeosaurines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeosaurinae"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JRH90-60"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN04-28"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NW90-55"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDonaldUpdate-61"},{"link_name":"Iguanodontia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguanodontia"},{"link_name":"Rhabdodontidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhabdodontidae"},{"link_name":"Tenontosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenontosaurus"},{"link_name":"Dryomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryomorpha"},{"link_name":"Dryosauridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryosauridae"},{"link_name":"Ankylopollexia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylopollexia"},{"link_name":"Camptosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camptosaurus"},{"link_name":"Styracosterna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styracosterna"},{"link_name":"Uteodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uteodon"},{"link_name":"Hippodraco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippodraco"},{"link_name":"Theiophytalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theiophytalia"},{"link_name":"Iguanacolossus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguanacolossus"},{"link_name":"Lanzhousaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanzhousaurus"},{"link_name":"Kukufeldia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukufeldia"},{"link_name":"Barilium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barilium"},{"link_name":"Hadrosauriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrosauriformes"},{"link_name":"Hadrosauroidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrosauroidea"},{"link_name":"Mantellisaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantellisaurus"},{"link_name":"Xuwulong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuwulong"}],"text":"Life restoration of I. bernissartensisLife restoration of I. galvensisRestoration of I. bernissartensis (second from left) among other ornithopodsIguanodon gives its name to the unranked clade Iguanodontia, a very populous group of ornithopods with many species known from the Middle Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous. Aside from Iguanodon, the best-known members of the clade include Dryosaurus, Camptosaurus, Ouranosaurus, and the duck-bills, or hadrosaurs. In older sources, Iguanodontidae was shown as a distinct family.[58][59] This family traditionally has been something of a wastebasket taxon, including ornithopods that were neither hypsilophodontids or hadrosaurids. In practice, animals like Callovosaurus, Camptosaurus, Craspedodon, Kangnasaurus, Mochlodon, Muttaburrasaurus, Ouranosaurus, and Probactrosaurus were usually assigned to this family.[59]With the advent of cladistic analyses, Iguanodontidae as traditionally construed was shown to be paraphyletic, and these animals are recognised to fall at different points in relation to hadrosaurs on a cladogram, instead of in a single distinct clade.[28][55] Essentially, the modern concept of Iguanodontidae currently includes only Iguanodon. Groups like Iguanodontoidea are still used as unranked clades in the scientific literature, though many traditional iguanodontids are now included in the superfamily Hadrosauroidea. Iguanodon lies between Camptosaurus and Ouranosaurus in cladograms, and is probably descended from a camptosaur-like animal.[28] At one point, Jack Horner suggested, based mostly on skull features, that hadrosaurids actually formed two more distantly related groups, with Iguanodon on the line to the flat-headed hadrosaurines, and Ouranosaurus on the line to the crested lambeosaurines,[60] but his proposal has been rejected.[28][55]The cladogram below follows an analysis by Andrew McDonald, 2012.[61]Iguanodontia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRhabdodontidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTenontosaurus\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDryomorpha\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDryosauridae\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAnkylopollexia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCamptosaurus\n\n\n\n\n\n\nStyracosterna\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUteodon\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHippodraco\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTheiophytalia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIguanacolossus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLanzhousaurus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKukufeldia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBarilium\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHadrosauriformes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIguanodon\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHadrosauroidea (including Mantellisaurus, and Xuwulong)","title":"Classification and evolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marsh_Iguanodon.jpg"},{"link_name":"O. C. Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othniel_Charles_Marsh"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSP07-62"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSP08-42"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN98-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NB02-64"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSP08-42"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Francisco_J._Verd%C3%BA_2015-2"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"type species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_species"},{"link_name":"lectotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lectotype"},{"link_name":"International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature"},{"link_name":"Te Papa Tongarewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSNZ-66"}],"text":"Skeletal restoration of I. bernissartensis by O. C. Marsh, 1896Because Iguanodon is one of the first dinosaur genera to have been named, numerous species have been assigned to it. While never becoming the wastebasket taxon several other early genera of dinosaurs (such as Megalosaurus) became, Iguanodon has had a complicated history, and its taxonomy continues to undergo revisions.[62][42][63][64] Although Gregory Paul recommended restricting I. bernissartensis to the famous sample from Bernissart, ornithopod workers like Norman and McDonald have disagreed with Paul's recommendations, except exercising caution when accepting records of Iguanodon from France and Spain as valid.[42][2][65]I. anglicus was the original type species, but the lectotype was based on a single tooth and only partial remains of the species have been recovered since. In March 2000, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature changed the type species to the much better known I. bernissartensis, with the new holotype being IRSNB 1534. The original Iguanodon tooth is held at Te Papa Tongarewa, the national museum of New Zealand in Wellington, although it is not on display. The fossil arrived in New Zealand following the move of Gideon Mantell's son Walter there; after the elder Mantell's death, his fossils went to Walter.[66]","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN04-28"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSP08-42"},{"link_name":"George Albert Boulenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Albert_Boulenger"},{"link_name":"Sainte-Barbe Clays Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Barbe_Clays_Formation"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_in_paleontology"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-omenaca11-3"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deLapparent-67"},{"link_name":"neural spines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebra#structure"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gasca-68"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indvar-47"},{"link_name":"John Hulke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hulke"},{"link_name":"Isle of Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight"},{"link_name":"Charles Seely MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Seely_(politician,_born_1803)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSP08-42"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNDM08-69"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_dubium"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN96-70"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSP08-42"},{"link_name":"Barremian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barremian"},{"link_name":"Teruel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teruel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Francisco_J._Verd%C3%BA_2015-2"}],"sub_title":"Species currently accepted as valid","text":"Only two species assigned to Iguanodon are still considered to be valid.[28][42]I. bernissartensis, described by George Albert Boulenger in 1881, is the type species for the genus. This species is best known for the many skeletons discovered in the Sainte-Barbe Clays Formation at Bernissart, but is also known from remains across Europe.\nDelapparentia turolensis, named in 2011[3] based on a specimen previously assigned to Iguanodon bernissartensis,[67] was argued to be distinct from the latter based on the relative height of its neural spines.[68] However, a 2017 study noted that this is easily within the range of individual variation, and that the difference may also arise from D. turolensis being an adult older than other specimens of I. bernissartensis.[47]\nI. seelyi (also incorrectly spelled I. seeleyi), described by John Hulke in 1882, has also been synonymised with Iguanodon bernissartensis, though this is not universally accepted. It was discovered in Brook, on the Isle of Wight, and named after Charles Seely MP, Liberal politician and philanthropist, on whose estate it was found.[42][69]\nDavid Norman has suggested that I. bernissartensis includes the dubious Mongolian I. orientalis (see also below),[70] but this has not been followed by other researchers.[42]\nI. galvensis, described in 2015, is based on adult and juvenile remains found in Barremian-age deposits in Teruel, Spain.[2]","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mantellisaurus_left_side.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantellisaurus"},{"link_name":"Natural History Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cumnoria_incomplete_skeleton.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cumnoria prestwichii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumnoria"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Museum_of_Natural_History"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechs"},{"link_name":"palaeontologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology"},{"link_name":"Antonin Fritsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Fritsch"},{"link_name":"reptile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile"},{"link_name":"Albisaurus albinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albisaurus"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WB88-71"},{"link_name":"R.W. Hooley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Hooley"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RWH25-38"},{"link_name":"Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantellisaurus"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSP07-62"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN10-46"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDonald2011-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RL88-73"},{"link_name":"East Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Sussex"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN04-28"},{"link_name":"Valanginian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valanginian"},{"link_name":"Lower Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Wadhurst Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadhurst_Clay"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSP08-42"},{"link_name":"Barilium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barilium"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN10-46"},{"link_name":"Ponerosteus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponerosteus"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GO00-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RL89-75"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSP08-42"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN04-28"},{"link_name":"Hypselospinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypselospinus"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN10-46"},{"link_name":"Cenomanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenomanian"},{"link_name":"Upper Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"hadrosaurid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrosaurid"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HWF04-76"},{"link_name":"Hadrosauroidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrosauroidea"},{"link_name":"Hadrosauridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrosauridae"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Tithonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tithonian"},{"link_name":"Berriasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berriasian"},{"link_name":"Upper Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Jurassic"},{"link_name":"Lower Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Purbeck Beds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purbeck_Beds"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"},{"link_name":"Owenodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owenodon"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PMG09-78"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN04-28"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN10-46"},{"link_name":"Huxleysaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huxleysaurus"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paul2012-18"},{"link_name":"Valanginian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valanginian"},{"link_name":"Wadhurst Clay Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadhurst_Clay_Formation"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paul2012-18"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSP08-42"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN10-46"},{"link_name":"Darwinsaurus evolutionis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinsaurus"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paul2012-18"},{"link_name":"David B. Weishampel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_B._Weishampel"},{"link_name":"Philip R. Bjork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_R._Bjork"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WB89-79"},{"link_name":"North American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Barremian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barremian"},{"link_name":"Lower Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Lakota Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakota_Formation"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"basal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)"},{"link_name":"Theiophytalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theiophytalia"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BC07-80"},{"link_name":"synonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN98-63"},{"link_name":"Gregory S. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_S._Paul"},{"link_name":"Dakotadon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakotadon"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSP08-42"},{"link_name":"Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Erich_Hermann_von_Meyer"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GO97-12"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wealdenornithopods-81"},{"link_name":"Mantellisaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantellisaurus"},{"link_name":"Mantellodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantellodon"},{"link_name":"Hypsilophodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsilophodon"},{"link_name":"Valdosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdosaurus"},{"link_name":"nomen nudum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_nudum"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GOASIA-83"},{"link_name":"A. K. Rozhdestvensky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Konstantinovich_Rozhdestvensky"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AKR52-84"},{"link_name":"Altirhinus kurzanovi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altirhinus"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN98-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN98-63"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN96-70"},{"link_name":"Harry Seeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Seeley"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HGS69-85"},{"link_name":"Priodontognathus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priodontognathus"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HGS75-86"},{"link_name":"Kimmeridgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimmeridgian"},{"link_name":"Late Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Jurassic"},{"link_name":"formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rock_formations"},{"link_name":"Pas-de-Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas-de-Calais"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"sauropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropoda"},{"link_name":"Neosodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neosodon"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HS88-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UBD04-88"},{"link_name":"John Hulke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hulke"},{"link_name":"Camptosaurus prestwichii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camptosaurus"},{"link_name":"Cumnoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumnoria"},{"link_name":"Emanuel Bunzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Bunzel"},{"link_name":"Mochlodon suessi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mochlodon"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN04-28"}],"sub_title":"Reassigned species of Iguanodon","text":"Mounted skeleton of Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis, Natural History Museum, LondonMounted skeleton of Cumnoria prestwichii, Oxford University Museum of Natural HistoryI. albinus (or Albisaurus scutifer), described by Czech palaeontologist Antonin Fritsch in 1893, is a dubious nondinosaurian reptile now known as Albisaurus albinus.[71]\nI. atherfieldensis, described by R.W. Hooley in 1925,[38] was smaller and less robust than I. bernissartensis, with longer neural spines. It was renamed Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis in 2007.[62] The Bernissart specimen RBINS 1551 was described as Dollodon bampingi in 2008, but McDonald and Norman returned Dollodon to synonymy with Mantellisaurus.[46][72]\nI. dawsoni, described by Lydekker in 1888,[73] is known from two partial skeletons found in East Sussex, England,[28] from the middle Valanginian-age Lower Cretaceous Wadhurst Clay.[42] It is now the type species of Barilium.[46]\nI. exogyrarum was described by Fritsch in 1878. It is a nomen dubium based on very poor material and was renamed Ponerosteus in 2000.[74]\nI. fittoni was described by Lydekker in 1889.[75] Like I. dawsoni, this species was described from the Wadhurst Clay[42] of East Sussex.[28] It is now the type species of Hypselospinus.[46]\nI. hilli, coined by Edwin Tully Newton in 1892 for a tooth from the early Cenomanian Upper Cretaceous Lower Chalk of Hertfordshire, has been considered an early hadrosaurid of some sort.[76] However, recent work places it as indeterminate beyond Hadrosauroidea outside Hadrosauridae.[77]\nI. hoggi (also spelled I. boggii or hoggii), named by Owen for a lower jaw from the Tithonian–Berriasian-age Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous Purbeck Beds of Dorset in 1874, has been reassigned to its own genus, Owenodon.[78]\nI. hollingtoniensis (also spelled I. hollingtonensis), described by Lydekker in 1889, has variously been considered a synonym of Hypselospinus fittoni[28][46] or a distinct species assigned to the genus Huxleysaurus.[18] A specimen from the Valanginian Wadhurst Clay Formation,[18] variously assigned to I. hollingtoniensis and I. mantelli over the years, has an unusual combination of hadrosaurid-like lower jaw and very robust forelimb;[42] Norman (2010) assigned this specimen to the species Hypselospinus fittoni,[46] while Paul (2012) made it the holotype of a separate species Darwinsaurus evolutionis.[18]\nI. lakotaensis was described by David B. Weishampel and Philip R. Bjork in 1989.[79] The only well-accepted North American species of Iguanodon, I. lakotaensis was described from a partial skull from the Barremian-age Lower Cretaceous Lakota Formation of South Dakota. Its assignment has been controversial. Some researchers suggest that it was more basal than I. bernissartensis, and related to Theiophytalia,[80] but David Norman has suggested that it was a synonym of I. bernissartensis.[63] Gregory S. Paul has since given the species its own genus, Dakotadon.[42]\nI. mantelli described by Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer in 1832, was based on the same material as I. anglicus[12] and is an objective junior synonym of the latter.[81] Several taxa, including the holotype of Mantellisaurus and Mantellodon, but also the dubious hadrosauroid Trachodon cantabrigiensis the hypsilophodont Hypsilophodon, and Valdosaurus, were previously mis-assigned to I. mantelli.\n\"I. mongolensis\" is a nomen nudum from a photo caption in a book by Whitfield in 1992[82] of remains that would later be named Altirhinus.[83]\nI. orientalis, described by A. K. Rozhdestvensky in 1952,[84] was based on poor material, but a skull with a distinctive arched snout that had been assigned to it was renamed Altirhinus kurzanovi in 1998.[63] At the same time, I. orientalis was considered to be a nomen dubium because it cannot be compared to I. bernissartensis.[63][70]\nI. phillipsi was described by Harry Seeley in 1869,[85] but he later reassigned it to Priodontognathus.[86]\nI. praecursor (also spelled I. precursor), described by E. Sauvage in 1876 from teeth from an unnamed Kimmeridgian (Late Jurassic) formation in Pas-de-Calais, France, is actually a sauropod, sometimes assigned to Neosodon,[87] although the two come from different formations.[88]\nI. prestwichii (also spelled I. prestwichi), described by John Hulke in 1880, has been reassigned to Camptosaurus prestwichii or to its own genus Cumnoria.\nI. suessii, described by Emanuel Bunzel in 1871, has been reassigned to Mochlodon suessi.[28]","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Henry Huxley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HW85-89"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN04-28"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN86-41"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDonald2011-72"},{"link_name":"Justin Delair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justin_Delair&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Isle of Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex"},{"link_name":"Streptospondylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptospondylus"},{"link_name":"nomen dubium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_dubium"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNDM08-69"},{"link_name":"Ernst van den Broeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_van_den_Broeck&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"pelvic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvis"},{"link_name":"Barremian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barremian"},{"link_name":"stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_(stratigraphy)"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Galton-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSP08-42"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDonald2011-72"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GO99-94"}],"sub_title":"Species reassigned to Iguanodon","text":"I. foxii (also spelled I. foxi) was originally described by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1869 as the type species of Hypsilophodon; Owen (1873 or 1874) reassigned it to Iguanodon, but his assignment was soon overturned.[89]\nI. gracilis, named by Lydekker in 1888 as the type species of Sphenospondylus and assigned to Iguanodon in 1969 by Rodney Steel, has been suggested to be a synonym of Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis,[28] but is considered dubious nowadays.[41][72]\nI. major, a species named by Justin Delair in 1966,[90] based on vertebrae from the Isle of Wight and Sussex originally described by Owen in 1842 as a species of Streptospondylus, S. major, is a nomen dubium.[69]\nI. valdensis, a renaming of Vectisaurus valdensis by Ernst van den Broeck in 1900.[91] Originally named by Hulke as a distinct genus in 1879 based on vertebral and pelvic remains, it was from the Barremian stage of the Isle of Wight.[92] It was considered a juvenile specimen of Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis,[93] or an undetermined species of Mantellisaurus,[42] but is indeterminate beyond Iguanodontia.[72]\nThe nomen nudum \"Proiguanodon\" (van den Broeck, 1900) also belongs here.[94]","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Original_Iguanodon_teeth_and_thumb_spike.jpg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FH29-13"},{"link_name":"emend.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emendation_(taxonomy)"},{"link_name":"Barilium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barilium"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-norman2011a-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"junior objective synonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_objective_synonym"},{"link_name":"Peter Galton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Galton"},{"link_name":"James A. Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Jensen"},{"link_name":"Aptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptian"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-galton1979-97"}],"sub_title":"Dubious species","text":"Original I. anglicus teeth and thumb spike described by MantellI. anglicus, described by Friedrich Holl in 1829,[13] is the original type species of Iguanodon, but, as discussed above, was replaced by I. bernissartensis. In the past, it has been spelled as I. angelicus (Lessem and Glut, 1993) and I. anglicum (Holl, 1829 emend. Bronn, 1850). It is possible teeth ascribed to this species belong to the genus now called Barilium.[95] The name Therosaurus (Fitzinger, 1840),[96] is a junior objective synonym, a later name for the material of I. anglicus.\nI. ottingeri, described by Peter Galton and James A. Jensen in 1979, is a nomen dubium based on teeth from the possibly Aptian-age lower Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah.[97]","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Palaeobiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iguanodon_bernissartensis.jpg"},{"link_name":"herbivorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GM25-1"},{"link_name":"symphysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphysis_menti"},{"link_name":"two-toed sloth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-toed_sloth"},{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction"},{"link_name":"Mylodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylodon"},{"link_name":"prehensile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehensility"},{"link_name":"tongue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongue"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GM48-98"},{"link_name":"giraffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffe"},{"link_name":"hyoid bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyoid_bone"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN80-40"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN85c-99"},{"link_name":"chewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chewing"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBW84-39"},{"link_name":"plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RTB86-100"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN04-28"},{"link_name":"twigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twig"},{"link_name":"shoots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot_(botany)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN85b-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN04-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hand_of_an_Iguanodon_28-12-2007_15-22-03.jpg"},{"link_name":"tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree"},{"link_name":"foliage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NM01-11"},{"link_name":"horsetails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equisetum"},{"link_name":"cycads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycad"},{"link_name":"conifers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinophyta"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN85b-27"},{"link_name":"angiosperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothesis"},{"link_name":"weed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weed"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RTB86b-101"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN04-28"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BW01-102"},{"link_name":"ecological communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN04-28"},{"link_name":"Aristosuchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristosuchus"},{"link_name":"Eotyrannus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eotyrannus"},{"link_name":"Baryonyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx"},{"link_name":"Neovenator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neovenator"},{"link_name":"Hypsilophodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsilophodon"},{"link_name":"Valdosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdosaurus"},{"link_name":"Mantellisaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantellisaurus"},{"link_name":"armoured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armour_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"Polacanthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polacanthus"},{"link_name":"sauropods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropod"},{"link_name":"Pelorosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelorosaurus"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBWetal04-103"}],"sub_title":"Feeding","text":"I. bernissartensis skull and neckOne of the first details noted about Iguanodon was that it had the teeth of a herbivorous reptile,[1] although there has not always been consensus on how it ate. As Mantell noted, the remains he was working with were unlike any modern reptile, especially in the toothless, scoop-shaped form of the lower jaw symphysis, which he found best compared to that of the two-toed sloth and the extinct ground sloth Mylodon. He also suggested that Iguanodon had a prehensile tongue which could be used to gather food,[98] like a giraffe. More complete remains have shown this to be an error; for example, the hyoid bones that supported the tongue are heavily built, implying a muscular, non-prehensile tongue used for moving food around in the mouth.[40] The giraffe-tongue idea has also been incorrectly attributed to Dollo via a broken lower jaw.[99]The skull was structured in such a way that as it closed, the bones holding the teeth in the upper jaw would bow out. This would cause the lower surfaces of the upper jaw teeth to rub against the upper surface of the lower jaw's teeth, grinding anything caught in between and providing an action that is the rough equivalent of mammalian chewing.[39] Because the teeth were always replaced, the animal could have used this mechanism throughout its life, and could eat tough plant material.[100] Additionally, the front ends of the animal's jaws were toothless and tipped with bony nodes, both upper and lower,[28] providing a rough margin that was likely covered and lengthened by a keratinous material to form a cropping beak for biting off twigs and shoots.[27] Its food gathering would have been aided by its flexible little finger, which could have been used to manipulate objects, unlike the other fingers.[28]A hand in Brussels; the extended digit is the prehensile fifth fingerExactly what Iguanodon ate with its well-developed jaws is not known. The size of the larger species, such as I. bernissartensis, would have allowed them access to food from ground level to tree foliage at 4–5 metres (13–16 ft) high.[11] A diet of horsetails, cycads, and conifers was suggested by David Norman,[27] although iguanodonts in general have been tied to the advance of angiosperm plants in the Cretaceous due to the dinosaurs' inferred low-browsing habits. Angiosperm growth, according to this hypothesis, would have been encouraged by iguanodont feeding because gymnosperms would be removed, allowing more space for the weed-like early angiosperms to grow.[101] The evidence is not conclusive, though.[28][102] Whatever its exact diet, due to its size and abundance, Iguanodon is regarded as a dominant medium to large herbivore for its ecological communities.[28] In England, this included the small predator Aristosuchus, larger predators Eotyrannus, Baryonyx, and Neovenator, low-feeding herbivores Hypsilophodon and Valdosaurus, fellow \"iguanodontid\" Mantellisaurus, the armoured herbivore Polacanthus, and sauropods like Pelorosaurus.[103]","title":"Palaeobiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iguanodon_feeding.jpg"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN05-104"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN80-40"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN85b-27"},{"link_name":"pectoral girdle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectoral_girdle"},{"link_name":"hoof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoof"},{"link_name":"phalanges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx_bone"},{"link_name":"hyperextend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_motion"},{"link_name":"wrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrist"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN80-40"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011-07-09_gasometer_38.JPG"},{"link_name":"juvenile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenile_(organism)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN04-28"},{"link_name":"palms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JLW96-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JLW99-106"},{"link_name":"pes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pes_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"digitigrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitigrade"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN04-28"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WPCJ78-107"},{"link_name":"gallop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_gallop"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN04-28"},{"link_name":"Wealden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealden_Group"},{"link_name":"trace fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_fossil"},{"link_name":"ichnogenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichnotaxon"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ET46-108"},{"link_name":"Samuel Beckles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Beckles"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SB54-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RO58-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LHL-111"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN85b-27"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN80-40"},{"link_name":"Spitsbergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitsbergen"},{"link_name":"Svalbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DFG03-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFL62-113"}],"sub_title":"Posture and movement","text":"Nineteenth-century painting showing I. bernissartensis in outdated tripod poseEarly fossil remains were fragmentary, which led to much speculation on the posture and nature of Iguanodon. Iguanodon was initially portrayed as a quadrupedal horn-nosed beast. However, as more bones were discovered, Mantell observed that the forelimbs were much smaller than the hindlimbs. His rival Owen was of the opinion it was a stumpy creature with four pillar-like legs. The job of overseeing the first lifesize reconstruction of dinosaurs was initially offered to Mantell, who declined due to poor health, and Owen's vision subsequently formed the basis on which the sculptures took shape. Its bipedal nature was revealed with the discovery of the Bernissart skeletons. However, it was depicted in an upright posture, with the tail dragging along the ground, acting as the third leg of a tripod.[104]During his re-examination of Iguanodon, David Norman was able to show that this posture was unlikely, because the long tail was stiffened with ossified tendons.[40] To get the tripodal pose, the tail would literally have to be broken.[27] Putting the animal in a horizontal posture makes many aspects of the arms and pectoral girdle more understandable. For example, the hand is relatively immobile, with the three central fingers grouped together, bearing hoof-like phalanges, and able to hyperextend. This would have allowed them to bear weight. The wrist is also relatively immobile, and the arms and shoulder bones robust. These features all suggest that the animal spent time on all fours.[40]Assigned track from GermanyFurthermore, it appears that Iguanodon became more quadrupedal as it got older and heavier; juvenile I. bernissartensis have shorter arms than adults (60% of hindlimb length versus 70% for adults).[28] When walking as a quadruped, the animal's hands would have been held so that the palms faced each other, as shown by iguanodontian trackways and the anatomy of this genus's arms and hands.[105][106] The three-toed pes (foot) of Iguanodon was relatively long, and when walking, both the hand and the foot would have been used in a digitigrade fashion (walking on the fingers and toes).[28] The maximum speed of Iguanodon has been estimated at 24 km/h (15 mph),[107] which would have been as a biped; it would not have been able to gallop as a quadruped.[28]Large three-toed footprints are known in Early Cretaceous rocks of England, particularly Wealden beds on the Isle of Wight, and these trace fossils were originally difficult to interpret. Some authors associated them with dinosaurs early on. In 1846, E. Tagert went so far as to assign them to an ichnogenus he named Iguanodon,[108] and Samuel Beckles noted in 1854 that they looked like bird tracks, but might have come from dinosaurs.[109] The identity of the trackmakers was greatly clarified upon the discovery in 1857 of the hind leg of a young Iguanodon, with distinctly three-toed feet, showing that such dinosaurs could have made the tracks.[110][111] Despite the lack of direct evidence, these tracks are often attributed to Iguanodon.[27] A trackway in England shows what may be an Iguanodon moving on all fours, but the foot prints are poor, making a direct connection difficult.[40] Tracks assigned to the ichnogenus Iguanodon are known from locations including places in Europe where the body fossil Iguanodon is known, to Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Norway.[112][113]","title":"Palaeobiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iguanodon_manus_1_NHM.jpg"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN05-104"},{"link_name":"Noasaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noasaurus"},{"link_name":"Megaraptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaraptor"},{"link_name":"dromaeosaurids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromaeosauridae"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noasaurus-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-megaraptor1998-115"},{"link_name":"stiletto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiletto"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN04-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN85b-27"},{"link_name":"seeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed"},{"link_name":"fruits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN04-28"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NM01-11"},{"link_name":"venom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EG87-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MT77-117"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NM01-11"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN98-118"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"}],"sub_title":"Thumb spike","text":"I. bernissartensis hand with spikeThe thumb spike is one of the best-known features of Iguanodon. Although it was originally placed on the animal's nose by Mantell, the complete Bernissart specimens allowed Dollo to place it correctly on the hand, as a modified thumb.[104] (This would not be the last time a dinosaur's modified thumb claw would be misinterpreted; Noasaurus, Baryonyx, and Megaraptor are examples since the 1980s where an enlarged thumb claw was first put on the foot, as in dromaeosaurids.[114][115])This thumb is typically interpreted as a close-quarter stiletto-like weapon against predators,[28][27] although it could also have been used to break into seeds and fruits,[28] or against other Iguanodon.[11] One author has suggested that the spike was attached to a venom gland,[116][117] but this has not been accepted, as the spike was not hollow,[11] nor were there any grooves on the spike for conducting venom.[118][nb 1]","title":"Palaeobiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wessex_Formation_dinosaurs.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wessex Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessex_Formation"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN87-29"},{"link_name":"herding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN04-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN87-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN87-29"},{"link_name":"sexually dimorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism"},{"link_name":"sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indvar-47"},{"link_name":"female","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female"},{"link_name":"male","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VB78-120"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN85b-27"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBN80-40"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSP07-62"},{"link_name":"scapula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapula"},{"link_name":"humerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humerus"},{"link_name":"ilium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilium_(bone)"},{"link_name":"ischium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischium"},{"link_name":"femur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femur"},{"link_name":"tibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibia"},{"link_name":"axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"sacrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrum"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indvar-47"}],"sub_title":"Possible social behaviour","text":"Restoration of an I. bernissartensis group, with other dinosaurs from the Wessex FormationAlthough sometimes interpreted as the result of a single catastrophe, the Bernissart finds instead are now interpreted as recording multiple events. According to this interpretation, at least three occasions of mortality are recorded, and though numerous individuals would have died in a geologically short time span (?10–100 years),[29] this does not necessarily mean these Iguanodon were herding animals.[28]An argument against herding is that juvenile remains are very uncommon at this site, unlike modern cases with herd mortality. They more likely were the periodic victims of flash floods whose carcasses accumulated in a lake or marshy setting.[29] The Nehden find, however, with its greater span of individual ages, more even mix of Dollodon or Mantellisaurus to Iguanodon bernissartensis, and confined geographic nature, may record mortality of herding animals migrating through rivers.[29]There is no evidence that Iguanodon was sexually dimorphic (with one sex appreciably different from the other).[47] At one time, it was suggested that the Bernissart I. \"mantelli\", or I. atherfieldensis (Dollodon and Mantellisaurus, respectively) represented a sex, possibly female, of the larger and more robust, possibly male, I. bernissartensis.[119] However, this is not supported today.[27][40][62] A 2017 analysis showed that I. bernissartensis does exhibit a large level of individual variation in both its limbs (scapula, humerus, thumb claw, ilium, ischium, femur, tibia) and spinal column (axis, sacrum, tail vertebrae). Additionally, this analysis found that individuals of I. bernissartensis generally seemed to fall into two categories based on whether their tail vertebrae bore a furrow on the bottom, and whether their thumb claws were large or small.[47]","title":"Palaeobiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fractured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture"},{"link_name":"osteoarthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoarthritis"},{"link_name":"osteophytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteophyte"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rothschild06-121"}],"sub_title":"Paleopathology","text":"Evidence of a fractured hip bone was found in a specimen of Iguanodon, which had an injury to its ischium. Two other individuals were observed with signs of osteoarthritis as evidenced by bone overgrowths in their anklebones which are called osteophytes.[120]","title":"Palaeobiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Page_187_(The_Lost_World,_1912).jpg"},{"link_name":"Arthur Conan Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle"},{"link_name":"The Lost World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_World_(Conan_Doyle_novel)"},{"link_name":"popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture"},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace_Dinosaurs"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Harder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Harder"},{"link_name":"motion pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Dinosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur_(2000_film)"},{"link_name":"ride of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur_(Disney%27s_Animal_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Disney's Animal Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%27s_Animal_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Godzilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla"},{"link_name":"Tyrannosaurus rex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrannosaurus_rex"},{"link_name":"Stegosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stegosaurus"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USAToday-124"},{"link_name":"The Land Before Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Land_Before_Time_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Land_Before_Time_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"Walking with Dinosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_with_Dinosaurs"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Dakotadon lakotaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakotadon"},{"link_name":"Sir Arthur Conan Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle"},{"link_name":"The Lost World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_World_(Conan_Doyle_novel)"},{"link_name":"Dinosaur Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur_Britain"},{"link_name":"Bob Bakker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Bakker"},{"link_name":"Raptor Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptor_Red"},{"link_name":"Utahraptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utahraptor"},{"link_name":"main belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid_belt"},{"link_name":"asteroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid"},{"link_name":"9941 Iguanodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9941_Iguanodon"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-126"},{"link_name":"barometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barometer"},{"link_name":"elephantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant"},{"link_name":"Victorians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SGL00-127"}],"text":"Iguanodon appearing in Arthur Conan Doyle's The Lost WorldSince its description in 1825, Iguanodon has been a feature of worldwide popular culture. Two lifesize reconstructions of Mantellodon (considered Iguanodon at the time) built at the Crystal Palace in London in 1852 greatly contributed to the popularity of the genus.[121] Their thumb spikes were mistaken for horns, and they were depicted as elephant-like quadrupeds, yet this was the first time an attempt was made at constructing full-size dinosaur models. In 1910 Heinrich Harder portrayed a group of Iguanodon in Tiere der Urwelt, a classic German collecting card game about extinct and prehistoric animals.Several motion pictures have featured Iguanodon. In the 2000 Disney animated film Dinosaur, an Iguanodon named Aladar served as the protagonist with three other iguanodonts as other main and minor characters are Neera, Kron and Bruton. A loosely related ride of the same name at Disney's Animal Kingdom is based around bringing an Iguanodon back to the present.[122] Iguanodon is one of the three dinosaur genera that inspired Godzilla; the other two were Tyrannosaurus rex and Stegosaurus.[123] Iguanodon has also made appearances in some of the many The Land Before Time films, as well as episodes of the television series.Aside from appearances in movies, Iguanodon has also been featured on the television documentary miniseries Walking with Dinosaurs (1999) produced by the BBC (along with then-undescribed Dakotadon lakotaensis) and played a starring role in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's book The Lost World as well as featuring in the 2015 documentary Dinosaur Britain. It also was present in Bob Bakker's Raptor Red (1995), as a Utahraptor prey item. A main belt asteroid, 1989 CB3, has been named 9941 Iguanodon in honour of the genus.[124][125]Because it is both one of the first dinosaurs described and one of the best-known dinosaurs, Iguanodon has been well-placed as a barometer of changing public and scientific perceptions on dinosaurs. Its reconstructions have gone through three stages: the elephantine quadrupedal horn-snouted reptile satisfied the Victorians, then a bipedal but still fundamentally reptilian animal using its tail to prop itself up dominated the early 20th century, but was slowly overturned during the 1960s by its current, more agile and dynamic representation, able to shift from two legs to all fours.[126]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-119"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MT77-117"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EG87-116"}],"text":"^ Naish's works cite Tweedie (1977) as the source of the venomous spike proposal, but this work does not explicitly attribute venom to Iguanodon, only noting on page 69 that there is no hard-tissue evidence for venom in stingray tails and platypus spurs.[117] Elting and Goodman (1987:46) explicitly report a venom spike proposal, attributing it to \"one scientist\".[116]","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The original I. anglicus teeth from Mantell's 1825 paper","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Mantell%27s_Iguanodon_teeth.jpg/170px-Mantell%27s_Iguanodon_teeth.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mantell's \"Iguanodon\" restoration based on the Maidstone Mantellodon remains","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Mantell%27s_Iguanodon_restoration.jpg/220px-Mantell%27s_Iguanodon_restoration.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fossil iguanodont remains found in Maidstone in 1834, now classified as Mantellisaurus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Maidstone_fossil_Iguanodon_1840.jpg/220px-Maidstone_fossil_Iguanodon_1840.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statues in Crystal Palace Park based on the Maidstone specimen of \"Iguanodon\", designed by Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins, after restoration in 2002","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mantellodon_in_Crystal_Palace_Park.jpg/220px-Mantellodon_in_Crystal_Palace_Park.jpg"},{"image_text":"Photograph of a Bernissart Iguanodon skeleton being mounted in outdated kangaroo-like pose","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bernissart_Iguanodon_mounted_skeleton.jpg/170px-Bernissart_Iguanodon_mounted_skeleton.jpg"},{"image_text":"I. bernissartensis skeletal mount in modern bipedal pose, Übersee-Museum Bremen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Iguanodon_Skelett_2.jpg/170px-Iguanodon_Skelett_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"I. bernissartensis from the Isle of Wight, Dinosaur Isle Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Iguanodon-Pink_Iggy-MIWG5126.jpg/220px-Iguanodon-Pink_Iggy-MIWG5126.jpg"},{"image_text":"Size of Iguanodon bernissartensis compared to a human","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Iguanodon_scale.png/220px-Iguanodon_scale.png"},{"image_text":"Modern skeletal diagram of I. bernissartensis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Iguanodon_Skeletal.svg/220px-Iguanodon_Skeletal.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Life restoration of I. bernissartensis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Iguanodon_NT.jpg/220px-Iguanodon_NT.jpg"},{"image_text":"Life restoration of I. galvensis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Iguanodon_galvensis.png/220px-Iguanodon_galvensis.png"},{"image_text":"Restoration of I. bernissartensis (second from left) among other ornithopods","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ornithopods_jconway.jpg/220px-Ornithopods_jconway.jpg"},{"image_text":"Skeletal restoration of I. bernissartensis by O. C. Marsh, 1896","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Marsh_Iguanodon.jpg/220px-Marsh_Iguanodon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mounted skeleton of Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis, Natural History Museum, London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Mantellisaurus_left_side.jpeg/220px-Mantellisaurus_left_side.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Mounted skeleton of Cumnoria prestwichii, Oxford University Museum of Natural History","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cumnoria_incomplete_skeleton.jpg/220px-Cumnoria_incomplete_skeleton.jpg"},{"image_text":"Original I. anglicus teeth and thumb spike described by Mantell","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Original_Iguanodon_teeth_and_thumb_spike.jpg/220px-Original_Iguanodon_teeth_and_thumb_spike.jpg"},{"image_text":"I. bernissartensis skull and neck","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Iguanodon_bernissartensis.jpg/220px-Iguanodon_bernissartensis.jpg"},{"image_text":"A hand in Brussels; the extended digit is the prehensile fifth finger","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hand_of_an_Iguanodon_28-12-2007_15-22-03.jpg/170px-Hand_of_an_Iguanodon_28-12-2007_15-22-03.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nineteenth-century painting showing I. bernissartensis in outdated tripod pose","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Iguanodon_feeding.jpg/170px-Iguanodon_feeding.jpg"},{"image_text":"Assigned track from Germany","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/2011-07-09_gasometer_38.JPG/220px-2011-07-09_gasometer_38.JPG"},{"image_text":"I. bernissartensis hand with spike","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Iguanodon_manus_1_NHM.jpg/220px-Iguanodon_manus_1_NHM.jpg"},{"image_text":"Restoration of an I. bernissartensis group, with other dinosaurs from the Wessex Formation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Wessex_Formation_dinosaurs.jpg/220px-Wessex_Formation_dinosaurs.jpg"},{"image_text":"Iguanodon appearing in Arthur Conan Doyle's The Lost World","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Page_187_%28The_Lost_World%2C_1912%29.jpg/170px-Page_187_%28The_Lost_World%2C_1912%29.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Mantell, Gideon A. (1825). \"Notice on the Iguanodon, a newly discovered fossil reptile, from the sandstone of Tilgate forest, in Sussex\". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 115: 179–186. Bibcode:1825RSPT..115..179M. doi:10.1098/rstl.1825.0010. ISSN 0261-0523. JSTOR 107739.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1825.0010","url_text":"\"Notice on the Iguanodon, a newly discovered fossil reptile, from the sandstone of Tilgate forest, in Sussex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1825RSPT..115..179M","url_text":"1825RSPT..115..179M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1825.0010","url_text":"10.1098/rstl.1825.0010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-0523","url_text":"0261-0523"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/107739","url_text":"107739"}]},{"reference":"Verdú, Francisco J.; Royo-Torres, Rafael; Cobos, Alberto; Alcalá, Luis (2015). \"Perinates of a new species of Iguanodon (Ornithischia: Ornithopoda) from the lower Barremian of Galve (Teruel, Spain)\". Cretaceous Research. 56: 250–264. Bibcode:2015CrRes..56..250V. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.05.010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015CrRes..56..250V","url_text":"2015CrRes..56..250V"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cretres.2015.05.010","url_text":"10.1016/j.cretres.2015.05.010"}]},{"reference":"Ruiz-Omeñaca, J. I. (2011). \"Delapparentia turolensis nov. gen et sp., un nuevo dinosaurio iguanodontoideo (Ornithischia: Ornithopoda) en el Cretácico Inferior de Galve\". Estudios Geológicos. 67: 83–110. doi:10.3989/egeol.40276.124.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3989%2Fegeol.40276.124","url_text":"\"Delapparentia turolensis nov. gen et sp., un nuevo dinosaurio iguanodontoideo (Ornithischia: Ornithopoda) en el Cretácico Inferior de Galve\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3989%2Fegeol.40276.124","url_text":"10.3989/egeol.40276.124"}]},{"reference":"\"Collections Online – Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa\". collections.tepapa.govt.nz. Retrieved 20 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/object/212194&coltype=history®no=gh004839","url_text":"\"Collections Online – Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa\""}]},{"reference":"Sues, Hans-Dieter (1997). \"European Dinosaur Hunters\". In James Orville Farlow; M. K. Brett-Surman (eds.). The Complete Dinosaur. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-253-33349-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780253333490/page/14","url_text":"The Complete Dinosaur"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780253333490/page/14","url_text":"14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33349-0","url_text":"978-0-253-33349-0"}]},{"reference":"Mantell, Gideon (1827). Illustrations of the Geology of Sussex. London: Lupton Relfe. pp. 71–78.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mantell, Gideon (1833). \"Description of the Organic Remains of the Wealden, and particularly of those of the Strata of Tilgate Forest\". The Geology of the South East of England. Cambridge University Press. pp. 232–288.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lucas, Spencer G.; Dean, Dennis R. (December 1999). \"Book review: Gideon Mantell and the discovery of dinosaurs\". PALAIOS. 14 (6): 601–602. Bibcode:1999Palai..14..601L. doi:10.2307/3515316. ISSN 0883-1351. JSTOR 3515316.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Palai..14..601L","url_text":"1999Palai..14..601L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3515316","url_text":"10.2307/3515316"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0883-1351","url_text":"0883-1351"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3515316","url_text":"3515316"}]},{"reference":"Glut, Donald F. (1997). \"Iguanodon\". Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. pp. 490–500. ISBN 978-0-89950-917-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dinosaursencyclo04dfgl_143","url_text":"Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dinosaursencyclo04dfgl_143/page/n493","url_text":"490"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89950-917-4","url_text":"978-0-89950-917-4"}]},{"reference":"Naish, Darren; Martill, David M. (2001). \"Ornithopod dinosaurs\". Dinosaurs of the Isle of Wight. London: The Palaeontological Association. pp. 60–132. ISBN 978-0-901702-72-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901702-72-2","url_text":"978-0-901702-72-2"}]},{"reference":"Olshevsky, G. \"Re: Hello and a question about Iguanodon mantelli (long)\". Archived from the original on 8 December 2007. Retrieved 11 February 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Olshevsky&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Olshevsky, G"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071208134851/http://dml.cmnh.org/1997Aug/msg00339.html","url_text":"\"Re: Hello and a question about Iguanodon mantelli (long)\""},{"url":"http://dml.cmnh.org/1997Aug/msg00339.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Holl, Friedrich (1829). Handbuch der Petrifaktenkunde, Vol. I. Ouedlinberg. Dresden: P.G. Hilscher. OCLC 7188887.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7188887","url_text":"7188887"}]},{"reference":"Simpson, M.I. (2015). \"Iguanodon is older than you think: the public and private announcements of Gideon Mantell's giant prehistoric herbivorous reptile\". Deposits Magazine. 44: 33.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mantell, Gideon A. (1834). \"Discovery of the bones of the Iguanodon in a quarry of Kentish Rag (a limestone belonging to the Lower Greensand Formation) near Maidstone, Kent\". Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal. 17: 200–201.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Colbert, Edwin H. (1968). Men and Dinosaurs: The Search in Field and Laboratory. New York: Dutton & Company. ISBN 978-0-14-021288-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mendinosaurssear00colb","url_text":"Men and Dinosaurs: The Search in Field and Laboratory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-021288-4","url_text":"978-0-14-021288-4"}]},{"reference":"Norman, David B. (2012). \"Iguanodontian taxa (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Lower Cretaceous of England and Belgium\". In Godefroit, P. (ed.). Bernissart Dinosaurs and Early Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems. Indiana University Press. pp. 175–212. ISBN 978-0-253-35721-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_B._Norman","url_text":"Norman, David B."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bernissartdinosa00gode","url_text":"Bernissart Dinosaurs and Early Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bernissartdinosa00gode/page/n191","url_text":"175"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35721-2","url_text":"978-0-253-35721-2"}]},{"reference":"McDonald, Andrew T. (2012). \"The status of Dollodon and other basal iguanodonts (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the upper Wealden beds (Lower Cretaceous) of Europe\". Cretaceous Research. 33 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.03.002.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cretres.2011.03.002","url_text":"10.1016/j.cretres.2011.03.002"}]},{"reference":"Norman, David B. (December 2013). \"On the taxonomy and diversity of Wealden iguanodontian dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Ornithopoda)\" (PDF). Revue de Paléobiologie, Genève. 32 (2): 385–404. ISSN 0253-6730.","urls":[{"url":"http://eprints.esc.cam.ac.uk/3039/1/pal_32_2_09.pdf","url_text":"\"On the taxonomy and diversity of Wealden iguanodontian dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Ornithopoda)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0253-6730","url_text":"0253-6730"}]},{"reference":"Owen, R. (1842). \"Report on British Fossil Reptiles: Part II\". Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science for 1841. 1842: 60–204.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mantell, Gideon A. (1851). Petrifications and their teachings: or, a handbook to the gallery of organic remains of the British Museum. London: H. G. Bohn. OCLC 8415138.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8415138","url_text":"8415138"}]},{"reference":"Benton, Michael S. (2000). \"brief history of dinosaur paleontology\". In Gregory S. Paul (ed.). The Scientific American Book of Dinosaurs. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 10–44. ISBN 978-0-312-26226-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-26226-6","url_text":"978-0-312-26226-6"}]},{"reference":"Yanni, Carla (September 1996). \"Divine Display or Secular Science: Defining Nature at the Natural History Museum in London\". The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 55 (3): 276–299. doi:10.2307/991149. JSTOR 991149.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F991149","url_text":"10.2307/991149"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/991149","url_text":"991149"}]},{"reference":"Norman, David B. (1985). \"To Study a Dinosaur\". The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs: An Original and Compelling Insight into Life in the Dinosaur Kingdom. New York: Crescent Books. pp. 24–33. ISBN 978-0-517-46890-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_B._Norman","url_text":"Norman, David B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-46890-6","url_text":"978-0-517-46890-6"}]},{"reference":"Norman, David B. (2004). \"Basal Iguanodontia\". In Weishampel, D. B.; Dodson, P.; Osmólska, H. (eds.). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 413–437. ISBN 978-0-520-24209-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_B._Norman","url_text":"Norman, David B."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dinosauriandedit00weis","url_text":"The Dinosauria"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dinosauriandedit00weis/page/n431","url_text":"413"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24209-8","url_text":"978-0-520-24209-8"}]},{"reference":"Norman, David B. (March 1987). \"A mass-accumulation of vertebrates from the Lower Cretaceous of Nehden (Sauerland), West Germany\". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 230 (1259): 215–255. Bibcode:1987RSPSB.230..215N. doi:10.1098/rspb.1987.0017. PMID 2884670. S2CID 22329180.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_B._Norman","url_text":"Norman, David B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987RSPSB.230..215N","url_text":"1987RSPSB.230..215N"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1987.0017","url_text":"10.1098/rspb.1987.0017"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2884670","url_text":"2884670"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22329180","url_text":"22329180"}]},{"reference":"Dollo, Louis (1882). \"Première note sur les dinosauriens de Bernissart\". Bulletin du Musée Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique (in French). 1: 161–180.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dollo, Louis (1883). \"Note sur les restes de dinosauriens recontrés dans le Crétacé Supérieur de la Belgique\". Bulletin du Musée Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique (in French). 2: 205–221.","urls":[]},{"reference":"de Ricqlès, A. (2003). \"Bernissart's Iguanodon: the case for \"fresh\" versus \"old\" dinosaur bone\". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 23 (Supplement to Number 3): 1–124. doi:10.1080/02724634.2003.10010538. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 220410105.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2003.10010538","url_text":"10.1080/02724634.2003.10010538"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0272-4634","url_text":"0272-4634"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220410105","url_text":"220410105"}]},{"reference":"Hooley, R. W. (1925). \"On the skeleton of Iguanodon atherfieldensis sp. nov., from the Wealden Shales of Atherfield (Isle of Wight)\". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London. 81 (2): 1–61. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1925.081.01-04.02. ISSN 0370-291X. S2CID 129181645.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1144%2FGSL.JGS.1925.081.01-04.02","url_text":"10.1144/GSL.JGS.1925.081.01-04.02"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0370-291X","url_text":"0370-291X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129181645","url_text":"129181645"}]},{"reference":"Weishampel, David B. (1984). \"Introduction\". Evolution of Jaw Mechanisms in Ornithopod Dinosaurs. Advances in Anatomy, Embryology, and Cell Biology, 87. Vol. 87. Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 1–109. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-69533-9_1. ISBN 978-0-387-13114-6. PMID 6464809.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-69533-9_1","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-642-69533-9_1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-13114-6","url_text":"978-0-387-13114-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6464809","url_text":"6464809"}]},{"reference":"Norman, David B. (1980). \"On the ornithischian dinosaur Iguanodon bernissartensis of Bernissart (Belgium)\" (PDF). Mémoires de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique. 178: 1–105.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_B._Norman","url_text":"Norman, David B."},{"url":"https://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/memoirs-of-the-royal-belgian-institute-of-natural-sciences-first-series/178-1980/vol-178-013074p-text.pdf","url_text":"\"On the ornithischian dinosaur Iguanodon bernissartensis of Bernissart (Belgium)\""}]},{"reference":"Norman, David B. (1986). \"On the anatomy of Iguanodon atherfieldensis (Ornithischia: Ornithopoda)\". Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre. 56: 281–372. ISSN 0374-6291.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_B._Norman","url_text":"Norman, David B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0374-6291","url_text":"0374-6291"}]},{"reference":"Paul, Gregory S. 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JSTOR 2665994.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1666%2F0094-8373%281999%29025%3C0088%3AETMACO%3E2.3.CO%3B2","url_text":"10.1666/0094-8373(1999)025<0088:ETMACO>2.3.CO;2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2665994","url_text":"2665994"}]},{"reference":"Seebacher, F. (2001). \"A new method to calculate allometric length-mass relationships of dinosaurs\" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 21 (1): 51–60. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.462.255. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0051:ANMTCA]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 4524171. S2CID 53446536.","urls":[{"url":"https://dinoweb.ucoz.ru/_fr/4/A_new_method_to.pdf","url_text":"\"A new method to calculate allometric length-mass relationships of dinosaurs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.462.255","url_text":"10.1.1.462.255"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1671%2F0272-4634%282001%29021%5B0051%3AANMTCA%5D2.0.CO%3B2","url_text":"10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0051:ANMTCA]2.0.CO;2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4524171","url_text":"4524171"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53446536","url_text":"53446536"}]},{"reference":"Verdú, F.J.; Royo-Torres, R.; Cobos, A.; Alcalá, L. (2021). \"Systematics and paleobiology of a new articulated axial specimen referred to Iguanodon cf. galvensis (Ornithopoda, Iguanodontoidea)\". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 40 (6): e1878202. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.1878202. S2CID 233829292.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2021.1878202","url_text":"10.1080/02724634.2021.1878202"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233829292","url_text":"233829292"}]},{"reference":"Gasulla, J.M.; Escaso, F.; Narváez, I.; Sanz, J.L.; Ortega, F. (2022). \"New Iguanodon bernissartensis Axial Bones (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda) from the Early Cretaceous of Morella, Spain\". Diversity. 14 (2): 63. doi:10.3390/d14020063.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fd14020063","url_text":"\"New Iguanodon bernissartensis Axial Bones (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda) from the Early Cretaceous of Morella, Spain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fd14020063","url_text":"10.3390/d14020063"}]},{"reference":"Nye, E.; Feist-Burkhardt, S.; Horne, D.J.; Ross, A.J.; Whittaker, J.E. (2008). \"The palaeoenvironment associated with a partial Iguanodon skeleton from the Upper Weald Clay (Barremian, Early Cretaceous) at Smokejacks Brickworks (Ockley, Surrey, UK), based on palynomorphs and ostracods\". Cretaceous Research. 29 (3): 417–444. Bibcode:2008CrRes..29..417N. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2008.01.004.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008CrRes..29..417N","url_text":"2008CrRes..29..417N"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cretres.2008.01.004","url_text":"10.1016/j.cretres.2008.01.004"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Anthony J. (2006). Introduction to the Study of Dinosaurs (Second ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. p. 560. ISBN 1-4051-3413-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-3413-5","url_text":"1-4051-3413-5"}]},{"reference":"Norman, David B.; Weishampel, David B. (1990). \"Iguanodontidae and related ornithopods\". In Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.). The Dinosauria. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 510–533. ISBN 978-0-520-06727-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_B._Norman","url_text":"Norman, David B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06727-1","url_text":"978-0-520-06727-1"}]},{"reference":"Galton, Peter M. (1973). \"The cheeks of ornithischian dinosaurs\". Lethaia. 6 (1): 67–89. Bibcode:1973Letha...6...67G. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1973.tb00873.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973Letha...6...67G","url_text":"1973Letha...6...67G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1502-3931.1973.tb00873.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1502-3931.1973.tb00873.x"}]},{"reference":"Galton, Peter M. (September 1974). \"Notes on Thescelosaurus, a conservative ornithopod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of North America, with comments on ornithopod classification\". Journal of Paleontology. 48 (5): 1048–1067. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1303302.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3360","url_text":"0022-3360"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1303302","url_text":"1303302"}]},{"reference":"Horner, J. R. (1990). \"Evidence of diphyletic origination of the hadrosaurian (Reptilia: Ornithischia) dinosaurs\". In Kenneth Carpenter; Phillip J. Currie (eds.). Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 179–187. ISBN 978-0-521-36672-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dinosaursystemat00carp","url_text":"Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dinosaursystemat00carp/page/n203","url_text":"179"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36672-4","url_text":"978-0-521-36672-4"}]},{"reference":"McDonald, A. T. (2012). Farke, Andrew A (ed.). \"Phylogeny of Basal Iguanodonts (Dinosauria: Ornithischia): An Update\". PLOS ONE. 7 (5): e36745. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...736745M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036745. PMC 3358318. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_298
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List of former state highways in South Dakota
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["1 Highway 8","2 Highway 9","3 Highway 12","4 Highway 16","5 Highway 18","6 Highway 24","7 Highway 24A","8 Highway 27","9 Highway 35","10 Highway 41","11 Highway 54","12 Highway 59","13 Highway 298","14 References"]
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Standard South Dakota highway shieldsSystem informationNotesSouth Dakota highways are generally state-maintained.Highway namesInterstatesInterstate X (I-X)US HighwaysU.S. Highway X (US X)State(State) Highway X (SD X)System links
South Dakota State Trunk Highway System
Interstate
US
State
The following is a list of former state highways in South Dakota. These roads are now either parts of other routes or no longer carry a route number.
Highway 8
Highway 8LocationMontana state line – MobridgeLength180 mi (290 km)Existed1935–1968 (approx.)
South Dakota Highway 8 was one of only two single digit state highway numbers known to be used in South Dakota. It was a state route across north central and northwest South Dakota, generally following what is now South Dakota Highway 20. The first designation of this route, in 1926, was South Dakota Highway 18. By the late 1920s, U.S. Highway 18 was established across southern South Dakota. The existence of two highway 18's was corrected around 1935, when the northern highway was redesignated as South Dakota 8. This number remained in use until the late 1960s, when SD 20 was extended west across the Missouri River, absorbing the SD 8 alignment.
Browse numbered routes
← SD 1806SD→ SD 9
Highway 9
South Dakota Highway 9 was a designation that was used twice.
Highway 9Existed1926–1927
This road went from Minnesota west to Sioux Falls. When the U.S. highway system was implemented in 1926, the road was designated as part of U.S. Highway 16. After a short period of dual signage, the SD 9 designation was dropped.
Highway 9LocationMarshall CountyLength10 mi (16 km)Existed1935–1950
South Dakota Highway 9 was a short state route in Marshall County. It was one of only two known single digit state highway numbers used in South Dakota. When highways were first numbered in the 1920s, this route was the northern end of South Dakota Highway 25. Around 1935, that route was realigned east from Britton to what is now South Dakota Highway 27. The old route became Highway 9, and linked up with the corresponding North Dakota Highway 9. SD 9 was dropped around 1950, and is currently unnumbered.
Browse numbered routes
← SD 8SD→ SD 10
Highway 12
Highway 12LocationMound City – MinnesotaLength325 mi (523 km)Existed1926–1927
South Dakota Highway 12 was a state route that ran across north central and northeast South Dakota. South Dakota 12 was one of the numbers assigned to the Glacier Trail. In 1926, U.S. Highway 12 was implemented, and ran 15 or 20 miles (32 km) to the south (US 12 was South Dakota 16 before that). Because the two Highway 12 routes were so close, the state highway was redesignated as South Dakota Highway 10 in 1927.
Browse numbered routes
← US 12SD→ SD 13
Highway 16
Highway 16LocationWhite Butte – Big Stone CityLength330 mi (530 km)Existed1926–1927
South Dakota Highway 16 was a state route running across much of northern South Dakota. South Dakota 16 was designated in the 1920s, as a number for the Yellowstone Trail across the state. When the U.S. highway system was implemented in 1926, this road was designated as part of U.S. Highway 12. After a short period of dual signage, the SD 16 designation was dropped.
Browse numbered routes
← US 16SD→ SD 16B
Highway 18
Highway 18LocationMontana–MobridgeLength200 mi (320 km)Existed1926–1935 (approx.)
South Dakota Highway 18 was a state route located in northwest and north central South Dakota. South Dakota 18 was first designated in the mid-1920s, running from the Montana border to near Mobridge. Shortly afterward, U.S. Highway 18 was implemented across the southern portion of the state. The northern highway 18 was redesignated as South Dakota Highway 8 around 1935. It is currently part of South Dakota Highway 20.
Browse numbered routes
← US 18SD→ SD 19
Highway 24
Highway 24LocationBelle Fourche – FaithLength148 mi (238 km)Existed1926–February 1961
South Dakota Highway 24 was a state route located in west central and northwest South Dakota. When initially established in the mid-1920s, the western terminus of South Dakota 24 was at Whitewood, west of Sturgis. It traveled east along what is now South Dakota Highway 34 to near Marcus, then northward to Faith. This northward segment was shifted east around 1931, to what is now South Dakota Highway 73; it became part of the latter's alignment in 1936.
Around 1940, the western terminus was pushed a bit further, to U.S. Highway 85. A branch of SD 24, called South Dakota Highway 24A, extended northwest from Whitewood to Belle Fourche. The mainline SD 24 was rerouted over this branch around 1948, to its new terminus at Belle Fourche. A further extension was made in the early 1950s west from Belle Fourche to the Wyoming border.
Between 1957 and 1960, the route was eliminated by a westward extension of SD 34.
Browse numbered routes
← SD 23SD→ SD 24A
Highway 24A
Highway 24ALocationBlack HillsLength27 mi (43 km)Existed1940 (approx.)–1948
South Dakota Highway 24A was a state route located in the northern Black Hills of South Dakota. SD 24A was implemented around 1940, as a branch off SD 24 to Belle Fourche. By 1948, the mainline South Dakota 24 was rerouted onto this alignment when U.S. Highway 14 was realigned. This route is currently part of South Dakota Highway 34.
Browse numbered routes
← SD 24SD→ SD 25
Highway 27
Highway 27LocationBon Homme and Hutchinson countiesExisted1926–c. 1936
South Dakota Highway 27 (SD 27) was a state highway that existed in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It was established in 1926 from SD 50, northeast of Tabor, to U.S. Route 18 (US 18), west of Olivet. By 1936, it was redesignated as part of SD 35.
Browse numbered routes
← SD 26SD→ SD 27
Highway 35
Highway 35LocationNear Tabor to near EmeryLength19 mi (31 km)Existed1935 (approx.)–1976
South Dakota Highway 35 was a state route located in southeast South Dakota. This route was established around 1935, as a renumbering of South Dakota Highway 27. At that time, SD 27's northern terminus was at U.S. Highway 18; SD 35 was extended north to South Dakota Highway 42. The route was deleted in 1976. The segment south of U.S. 18 became part of a split South Dakota Highway 25; the segment to the north is unnumbered.
Browse numbered routes
← SD 34SD→ SD 36
Highway 41
Highway 41LocationRavinia–North DakotaLength197 mi (317 km)Existed1926–1952 (approx)
South Dakota Highway 41 was a state route located in eastern South Dakota. South Dakota 41 was the original designation of U.S. Highway 281 in the state. When assigned in the mid-1920s, SD 41 ran nearly the entire length of the state north to south. A gap existed between U.S. Highway 14 and South Dakota Highway 34 east of Wessington Springs; this was completed by 1929.
When U.S. 281 was assigned in the early 1930s, it was routed along the SD 41 alignment between the North Dakota border and U.S. 14. SD 41 remained separate south from there, as U.S. 281 continued south via Huron and Mitchell. By 1933, this segment of U.S. 281 was moved onto SD 41 as well, southward to U.S. Highway 16 at Plankinton. Around 1936, the dual signage was dropped, and the northern terminus of SD 41 was located at Plankinton.
No changes took place in the 1940s, however, in the early 1950s, another alignment change in U.S. 281 took over the remainder of SD 41, and the number was discontinued.
Browse numbered routes
← SD 40ASD→ SD 42
Highway 54
Highway 54LocationBonesteel–NebraskaLength16 mi (26 km)Existed1926 (approx.)–1960 (approx.)
South Dakota Highway 54 was a short state route in southeast Gregory County, South Dakota. South Dakota 54 was implemented around 1926 as part of the state highway network. Its western terminus was at South Dakota Highway 50 (present day U.S. Highway 18) at Bonesteel. It ran south and east through Fairfax to the Nebraska border. By 1935, it was pulled back to Fairfax, at the intersection with the new U.S. Highway 281. Around 1953, due to the pending flooding of its old alignment, U.S. 18 was rerouted south onto this route, and SD 54 was limited to a 1-mile (1.6 km) segment north of the border. This last segment was eliminated around 1960, when U.S. 281 was rerouted onto it.
Browse numbered routes
← SD 53SD→ SD 55
Highway 59
Highway 59LocationNebraska–MurdoLength51 mi (82 km)Existed1927–1935 (approx.)
South Dakota Highway 59 was a state route in south central South Dakota. South Dakota 59 was implemented in 1927 as a renumbering of part of South Dakota Highway 63, which was truncated. Its northern terminus was at U.S. Highway 16 in Murdo, and traveled south via White River to Mission (South Dakota Highway 50, present day U.S. Highway 18). The southern terminus was extended to the Nebraska border north of Valentine, Nebraska, by 1929.
Around 1932, U.S. Highway 183 was implemented along the entire alignment of SD 59. The dual signage was removed by 1935. The road became part of U.S. Highway 83 in the 1940s, when the alignments of U.S. 83 and U.S. 183 were swapped.
Browse numbered routes
← SD 55SD→ SD 61
Highway 298
Highway 298LocationFall River County
South Dakota State Highway 298 served the former Black Hills Ordnance Depot at Igloo, in far southwest South Dakota (Fall River County). South Dakota 298 extended from the depot to South Dakota Highway 471 northeast of Igloo. It was decommissioned in 1998.
Browse numbered routes
← SD 296SD→ SD 314
References
^ a b "South Dakota".
^ "S.D. 34 Will Become Major East-West Rd". The Argus-Leader. Sioux Falls, South Dakota. February 21, 1961. p. 14. Retrieved January 21, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
^ http://broermapsonline.org/online/NorthAmerica/UnitedStates/NorthCentral/South%20Dakota/unitedstates1926ra_042.html. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
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When the U.S. highway system was implemented in 1926, the road was designated as part of U.S. Highway 16. After a short period of dual signage, the SD 9 designation was dropped.[1]South Dakota Highway 9 was a short state route in Marshall County. It was one of only two known single digit state highway numbers used in South Dakota. When highways were first numbered in the 1920s, this route was the northern end of South Dakota Highway 25. Around 1935, that route was realigned east from Britton to what is now South Dakota Highway 27. The old route became Highway 9, and linked up with the corresponding North Dakota Highway 9. SD 9 was dropped around 1950, and is currently unnumbered.","title":"Highway 9"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Glacier Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glacier_Trail&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_12"},{"link_name":"South Dakota Highway 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_10"}],"text":"South Dakota Highway 12 was a state route that ran across north central and northeast South Dakota. South Dakota 12 was one of the numbers assigned to the Glacier Trail. In 1926, U.S. Highway 12 was implemented, and ran 15 or 20 miles (32 km) to the south (US 12 was South Dakota 16 before that). Because the two Highway 12 routes were so close, the state highway was redesignated as South Dakota Highway 10 in 1927.","title":"Highway 12"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Yellowstone Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_Trail"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_12"},{"link_name":"dual signage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dual_signage&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"South Dakota Highway 16 was a state route running across much of northern South Dakota. South Dakota 16 was designated in the 1920s, as a number for the Yellowstone Trail across the state. When the U.S. highway system was implemented in 1926, this road was designated as part of U.S. Highway 12. After a short period of dual signage, the SD 16 designation was dropped.","title":"Highway 16"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana"},{"link_name":"Mobridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobridge,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_18"},{"link_name":"South Dakota Highway 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_8"},{"link_name":"South Dakota Highway 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_20"}],"text":"South Dakota Highway 18 was a state route located in northwest and north central South Dakota. South Dakota 18 was first designated in the mid-1920s, running from the Montana border to near Mobridge. Shortly afterward, U.S. Highway 18 was implemented across the southern portion of the state. The northern highway 18 was redesignated as South Dakota Highway 8 around 1935. It is currently part of South Dakota Highway 20.","title":"Highway 18"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Whitewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitewood,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Sturgis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturgis,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"South Dakota Highway 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_34"},{"link_name":"Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"South Dakota Highway 73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_73"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_85"},{"link_name":"South Dakota Highway 24A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_24A"},{"link_name":"Belle Fourche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Fourche,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming"}],"text":"South Dakota Highway 24 was a state route located in west central and northwest South Dakota. When initially established in the mid-1920s, the western terminus of South Dakota 24 was at Whitewood, west of Sturgis. It traveled east along what is now South Dakota Highway 34 to near Marcus, then northward to Faith. This northward segment was shifted east around 1931, to what is now South Dakota Highway 73; it became part of the latter's alignment in 1936.Around 1940, the western terminus was pushed a bit further, to U.S. Highway 85. A branch of SD 24, called South Dakota Highway 24A, extended northwest from Whitewood to Belle Fourche. The mainline SD 24 was rerouted over this branch around 1948, to its new terminus at Belle Fourche. A further extension was made in the early 1950s west from Belle Fourche to the Wyoming border.Between 1957 and 1960, the route was eliminated by a westward extension of SD 34.","title":"Highway 24"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hills"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Belle Fourche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Fourche,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_14"},{"link_name":"South Dakota Highway 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_34"}],"text":"South Dakota Highway 24A was a state route located in the northern Black Hills of South Dakota. SD 24A was implemented around 1940, as a branch off SD 24 to Belle Fourche. By 1948, the mainline South Dakota 24 was rerouted onto this alignment when U.S. Highway 14 was realigned. This route is currently part of South Dakota Highway 34.","title":"Highway 24A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"SD 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_50"},{"link_name":"Tabor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabor,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_18_in_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Olivet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivet,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"SD 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_35"}],"text":"South Dakota Highway 27 (SD 27) was a state highway that existed in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It was established in 1926 from SD 50, northeast of Tabor, to U.S. Route 18 (US 18), west of Olivet. By 1936, it was redesignated as part of SD 35.","title":"Highway 27"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"South Dakota Highway 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_27"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_18"},{"link_name":"South Dakota Highway 42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_42"},{"link_name":"South Dakota Highway 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_25"}],"text":"South Dakota Highway 35 was a state route located in southeast South Dakota. This route was established around 1935, as a renumbering of South Dakota Highway 27. At that time, SD 27's northern terminus was at U.S. Highway 18; SD 35 was extended north to South Dakota Highway 42. The route was deleted in 1976. The segment south of U.S. 18 became part of a split South Dakota Highway 25; the segment to the north is unnumbered.","title":"Highway 35"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_281"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_14"},{"link_name":"South Dakota Highway 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_34"},{"link_name":"Wessington Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessington_Springs,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Huron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huron,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_16"},{"link_name":"Plankinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankinton,_South_Dakota"}],"text":"South Dakota Highway 41 was a state route located in eastern South Dakota. South Dakota 41 was the original designation of U.S. Highway 281 in the state. When assigned in the mid-1920s, SD 41 ran nearly the entire length of the state north to south. A gap existed between U.S. Highway 14 and South Dakota Highway 34 east of Wessington Springs; this was completed by 1929.When U.S. 281 was assigned in the early 1930s, it was routed along the SD 41 alignment between the North Dakota border and U.S. 14. SD 41 remained separate south from there, as U.S. 281 continued south via Huron and Mitchell. By 1933, this segment of U.S. 281 was moved onto SD 41 as well, southward to U.S. Highway 16 at Plankinton. Around 1936, the dual signage was dropped, and the northern terminus of SD 41 was located at Plankinton.No changes took place in the 1940s, however, in the early 1950s, another alignment change in U.S. 281 took over the remainder of SD 41, and the number was discontinued.","title":"Highway 41"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gregory County, South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_County,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"South Dakota Highway 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_50"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_18"},{"link_name":"Fairfax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_281"}],"text":"South Dakota Highway 54 was a short state route in southeast Gregory County, South Dakota. South Dakota 54 was implemented around 1926 as part of the state highway network. Its western terminus was at South Dakota Highway 50 (present day U.S. Highway 18) at Bonesteel. It ran south and east through Fairfax to the Nebraska border. By 1935, it was pulled back to Fairfax, at the intersection with the new U.S. Highway 281. Around 1953, due to the pending flooding of its old alignment, U.S. 18 was rerouted south onto this route, and SD 54 was limited to a 1-mile (1.6 km) segment north of the border. This last segment was eliminated around 1960, when U.S. 281 was rerouted onto it.","title":"Highway 54"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"South Dakota Highway 63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_63"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davidrumsey_1171471-1"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_16"},{"link_name":"Murdo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murdo,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"White River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_River,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"South Dakota Highway 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_50"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_18"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Valentine, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_183"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_83"}],"text":"South Dakota Highway 59 was a state route in south central South Dakota. South Dakota 59 was implemented in 1927 as a renumbering of part of South Dakota Highway 63, which was truncated.[3][1] Its northern terminus was at U.S. Highway 16 in Murdo, and traveled south via White River to Mission (South Dakota Highway 50, present day U.S. Highway 18). The southern terminus was extended to the Nebraska border north of Valentine, Nebraska, by 1929.Around 1932, U.S. Highway 183 was implemented along the entire alignment of SD 59. The dual signage was removed by 1935. The road became part of U.S. Highway 83 in the 1940s, when the alignments of U.S. 83 and U.S. 183 were swapped.","title":"Highway 59"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Hills Ordnance Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hills_Ordnance_Depot"},{"link_name":"Fall River County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"South Dakota Highway 471","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_471"}],"text":"South Dakota State Highway 298 served the former Black Hills Ordnance Depot at Igloo, in far southwest South Dakota (Fall River County). South Dakota 298 extended from the depot to South Dakota Highway 471 northeast of Igloo. It was decommissioned in 1998.","title":"Highway 298"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manny_Parra
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Manny Parra
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["1 Early life","2 Professional career","2.1 Milwaukee Brewers","2.2 Cincinnati Reds","2.3 Chicago Cubs","2.4 Bridgeport Bluefish","2.5 San Francisco Giants","2.6 Leones de Yucatán","2.7 Mariachis de Guadalajara","2.8 Leones de Yucatán (second stint)","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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American baseball player (born 1982)
Baseball player
Manny ParraParra pitching for the Cincinnati Reds in 2014PitcherBorn: (1982-10-30) October 30, 1982 (age 41)Carmichael, California, U.S.Batted: LeftThrew: LeftMLB debutJuly 20, 2007, for the Milwaukee BrewersLast MLB appearanceOctober 1, 2015, for the Cincinnati RedsMLB statisticsWin–loss record29–41Earned run average4.90Strikeouts592
Teams
Milwaukee Brewers (2007–2010, 2012)
Cincinnati Reds (2013–2015)
Manuel Alex Parra (born October 30, 1982) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Milwaukee Brewers and Cincinnati Reds.
Early life
Parra graduated from Casa Roble High School in Orangevale, California, in 2000. In addition to pitching in high school, he also played first base. He graduated from American River College in Sacramento, California, in 2002. He was selected as the National Junior College Player of the Year by Baseball America that season. In 14 games, he had a 7–2 win–loss record with a 2.02 earned run average (ERA).
Professional career
Parra during his tenure with the Milwaukee Brewers in 2009
Milwaukee Brewers
Parra was drafted by the Milwaukee Brewers in the 26th round of the 2001 Major League Baseball draft. Shoulder problems resulted in a slower-than-expected advancement through the Brewers' minor league system for the draft-and-follow prospect. They had also hindered the left-hander's ability to pitch deep into games, having only gone over 100 innings pitched in his 2003 season at Class A Beloit. After beginning the 2006 season at Class A-Advanced Brevard County, he was promoted to Double-A Huntsville in August and selected to participate in that year's Arizona Fall League. Through 5 years of professional baseball, Parra had a career minor league record of 28–15 with a 3.22 ERA. He had pitched just two complete games during this period. At the time, Parra relied primarily on his four-seam fastball but also utilized a curveball and split-finger fastball.
Parra attended spring training with the Brewers in 2007 where he allowed no runs or hits while striking out 3 batters in 3+1⁄3 innings over 4 relief appearances. He was assigned to Double-A Huntsville to begin the 2007 season. After 13 starts, he had a win–loss record of 7–3 with a Southern League-leading 2.68 ERA. He was promoted to the Triple-A Nashville Sounds in mid-June to replace ace pitcher Yovani Gallardo who had been called up to Milwaukee. Parra made his first career Triple-A start on June 20—a 3–0 loss in which he allowed 2 runs on 7 hits and 4 walks while striking out 6 batters in 6 innings.
On June 25, 2007, Parra's second Triple-A start, he pitched a perfect game against the Round Rock Express. This was only the third nine-inning perfect game in Pacific Coast League history. In all, Parra stuck out 11 batters, achieving strikeouts in every inning except the eighth. Six ground outs and 10 fly outs accounted for Parra's other outs in the game. Seventy-seven of his 107 pitches were counted as strikes.
After just two more Triple-A starts, Parra made his major league debut on July 20 against the San Francisco Giants. Coming on in relief, he surrendered no runs over 1+1⁄3 innings and struck out 3 of the 4 batters he faced. Parra appeared in eight more games, including two starts, before breaking his left thumb during a bunt attempt in a game on August 30, which forced him to finish the season on the disabled list. Parra ended the campaign with an 0–1 record and a 3.76 ERA in 9 games with the Brewers.
He returned to the mound at the beginning of the 2008 season, in which he had a 10–8 record. Despite throwing 17 wild pitches in that season, tying for the major league lead, his split-finger fastball was the most effective among major league starting pitchers. He remained in Milwaukee's starting rotation through 2009.
Parra was moved to the bullpen in 2010. On June 6 of that year, Parra became the 52nd major league pitcher to strike out four batters in an inning, doing so against the St. Louis Cardinals. Problems with his back and the necessary surgical removal of a bone spur in his throwing elbow resulting in him missing the entire 2011 season. He continued in a relief role for the Brewers in 2012, but was non-tendered at the season's end and became a free agent. After five years with Milwaukee, Parra held a 26–33 record with a 5.12 ERA in 74 starts and 98 relief appearances.
Cincinnati Reds
On February 1, 2013, the Cincinnati Reds signed Parra to a one-year contract. He pitched in the bullpen with the Reds as a middle reliever. On April 26, he was placed on the disabled list with a strained pectoral muscle, and missed almost a month. From June 11 to July 28, he had a 19-game, 15.1 inning scoreless streak. In a year where he filled in for the high expectations of Sean Marshall, he shined, going 2–3 with a 3.33 ERA and 16 holds, striking out 56 in 46 innings (57 games). He entered June with a 6.23 ERA, and starting on June 11 to the end of the season, he had a 1.78 ERA in 35.1 innings.
On November 27, 2013, Parra agreed to a two-year, $5.5 million contract with Cincinnati. In 150 relief appearances from 2013 to 2015, Parra accumulated a 3–8 record with a 3.91 ERA before reaching free agency after the 2015 season.
Chicago Cubs
In 2016, Parra signed a minor league contract with the Chicago Cubs that included incentives potentially bringing the total value of the deal to US$2.7 million if he made the 40-man roster. Despite a strong showing in spring training, he was released by the Cubs and resigned to a new minor league contract on the same day in late March. Ultimately, Parra missed the entire 2016 season following Tommy John surgery in early April. In 2017, he was signed to a minor league contract and pitched out of the bullpen on 11 occasions for Chicago's Triple-A Iowa Cubs. He was released on June 25 with an ERA of 14.09.
Bridgeport Bluefish
On July 31, 2017, Parra signed with the Bridgeport Bluefish of the independent Atlantic League where he played for the remainder of the season.
San Francisco Giants
Though Parra was selected by the Long Island Ducks in the Bridgeport Bluefish dispersal draft, he later signed a minor league deal with the San Francisco Giants on February 21, 2018. He made 45 relief outings for the Triple-A Sacramento River Cats, recording a 4.28 ERA with 53 strikeouts across 54+2⁄3 innings pitched. Parra elected free agency following the season on November 2.
Leones de Yucatán
On June 1, 2019, Parra signed with the Leones de Yucatán of the Mexican League. Parra did not play in a game in 2020 due to the cancellation of the Mexican League season because of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Mariachis de Guadalajara
On March 11, 2021, Parra was loaned to the Mariachis de Guadalajara of the Mexican League, a new expansion team. In 8 relief appearances, Parra posted a 3.18 ERA and 5 strikeouts over 5.2 innings pitched.
Leones de Yucatán (second stint)
On July 19, 2021, Parra was returned to the Leones de Yucatán of the Mexican League. He made 6 appearances for Yucatán, registering a 1–1 record and 3.27 ERA with 5 strikeouts in 11.0 innings pitched.
Parra retired from professional baseball in February 2022.
See also
List of Major League Baseball single-inning strikeout leaders
References
^ Hoffmann, Gregg (May 30, 2002). "The Brewers Don't Want This Record". On Milwaukee. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
^ a b "Manny Parra". The Baseball Cube. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
^ a b c d e f g h i "Manny Parra Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved April 8, 2015.
^ a b c d Winston, Lisa (October 9, 2007). "Parra's Perfection Highlights Career Year". Minor League Baseball. Retrieved April 8, 2015.
^ a b c d e f "Manny Parra Minor League Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved April 8, 2015.
^ a b c d "Manny Parra Stats, Highlights, Bio". Minor League Baseball. Retrieved April 8, 2015.
^ "Player Card: Manny Parra". Brooks Baseball. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
^ "Brewers Minor Leaguer Parra Throws Perfect Game in Triple-A". ESPN. June 25, 2007. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
^ a b "Pacific Coast League No-hit Games". Pacific Coast League. Minor League Baseball. Retrieved April 8, 2015.
^ a b c "Nashville vs. Round Rock – June 25, 2007 – Recap". Minor League Baseball. June 25, 2007. Retrieved April 8, 2015.
^ "Manny Parra 2007 Pitching Gamelogs". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved April 8, 2015.
^ "Brewers Starter Manny Parra Has Broken Thumb". USA Today. August 31, 2007. Retrieved April 8, 2015.
^ "2008 Major League Baseball Baserunning/Situ". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
^ "Major League Leaderboards » 2008 » Pitchers » Pitch Value Statistics". Fan Graphs. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
^ "4 Strikeouts in 1 Inning". Baseball Almanac. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
^ Haudricourt, Tom; Rosiak, Todd (March 29, 2012). "Parra Has a Healthy Outlook". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
^ Gleeman, Aaron (May 24, 2013). "Reds reliever Sean Marshall goes back on the disabled list". NBC Sports.
^ Sheldon, Mark (November 27, 2013). "Reds re-sign reliever Parra to two-year contract". MLB.com.
^ "Manny Parra Agrees to Minor League Contract with Cubs". ESPN. Associated Press. February 23, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
^ "LHP Manny Parra Out for Season Following Tommy John Surgery". Chicago Cubs Online. April 19, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
^ "A tweet by Atlantic League on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
^ "Giants' Manny Parra: Inks minor-league deal with Giants". CBS Sports. Retrieved February 21, 2018.
^ "Minor League Free Agents 2018". baseballamerica.com. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
^ "Mexican League Cancels 2020 Season".
^ "Dos lanzadores melenudos, a los Mariachis – Arrobadeportes".
^ "La Jornada Maya - Darles oportunidad a brazos jóvenes, meta de los Leones".
^ "Leones fortalece su pitcheo". leones.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved July 19, 2021.
^ "Manny Parra - Scottsdale, Arizona, United States". linkedin.com. Retrieved May 12, 2023.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manny Parra.
Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
Manny Parra on X
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Brewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds"}],"text":"Baseball playerManuel Alex Parra (born October 30, 1982) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Milwaukee Brewers and Cincinnati Reds.","title":"Manny Parra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Casa Roble High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Roble_High_School"},{"link_name":"Orangevale, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangevale,_California"},{"link_name":"first base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_base"},{"link_name":"American River College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_River_College"},{"link_name":"Sacramento, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California"},{"link_name":"Junior College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_College"},{"link_name":"Baseball America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_America"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffmann-1"},{"link_name":"win–loss record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win%E2%80%93loss_record_(pitching)"},{"link_name":"earned run average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run_average"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ParraCube-2"}],"text":"Parra graduated from Casa Roble High School in Orangevale, California, in 2000. In addition to pitching in high school, he also played first base. He graduated from American River College in Sacramento, California, in 2002. He was selected as the National Junior College Player of the Year by Baseball America that season.[1] In 14 games, he had a 7–2 win–loss record with a 2.02 earned run average (ERA).[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSC05462_Manny_Parra.jpg"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Brewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Milwaukee_Brewers_season"}],"text":"Parra during his tenure with the Milwaukee Brewers in 2009","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milwaukee Brewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers"},{"link_name":"2001 Major League Baseball draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Major_League_Baseball_draft"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ParraBR-3"},{"link_name":"draft-and-follow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft-and-follow"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winston-4"},{"link_name":"innings pitched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innings_pitched"},{"link_name":"Class A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Beloit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beloit_Snappers"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ParraBRM-5"},{"link_name":"Class A-Advanced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_A-Advanced"},{"link_name":"Brevard County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevard_County_Manatees"},{"link_name":"Double-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Huntsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntsville_Stars"},{"link_name":"Arizona Fall League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Fall_League"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ParraBRM-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MiLBlogs-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ParraBRM-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ParraBRM-5"},{"link_name":"four-seam fastball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-seam_fastball"},{"link_name":"curveball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curveball"},{"link_name":"split-finger fastball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split-finger_fastball"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"striking out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_out"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ParraCube-2"},{"link_name":"Southern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_League_(1964%E2%80%932020)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winston-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MiLBlogs-6"},{"link_name":"Triple-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Nashville Sounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Sounds"},{"link_name":"ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ace_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Yovani Gallardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yovani_Gallardo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winston-4"},{"link_name":"walks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_on_balls"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MiLBlogs-6"},{"link_name":"perfect game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_game_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Round Rock Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Rock_Express"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCL-9"},{"link_name":"Pacific Coast League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCL-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PGlog-10"},{"link_name":"fly outs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_out"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PGlog-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PGlog-10"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ParraBR-3"},{"link_name":"relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_pitcher"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ParraBRlog-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ParraBR-3"},{"link_name":"bunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunt_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USAToday-12"},{"link_name":"disabled list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disabled_list"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winston-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ParraBR-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ParraBR-3"},{"link_name":"wild pitches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_pitch"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"split-finger fastball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split-finger_fastball"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"starting rotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starting_rotation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ParraBR-3"},{"link_name":"bullpen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullpen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ParraBR-3"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"bone spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_spur"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ParraBR-3"}],"sub_title":"Milwaukee Brewers","text":"Parra was drafted by the Milwaukee Brewers in the 26th round of the 2001 Major League Baseball draft.[3] Shoulder problems resulted in a slower-than-expected advancement through the Brewers' minor league system for the draft-and-follow prospect.[4] They had also hindered the left-hander's ability to pitch deep into games, having only gone over 100 innings pitched in his 2003 season at Class A Beloit.[5] After beginning the 2006 season at Class A-Advanced Brevard County, he was promoted to Double-A Huntsville in August and selected to participate in that year's Arizona Fall League.[5][6] Through 5 years of professional baseball, Parra had a career minor league record of 28–15 with a 3.22 ERA.[5] He had pitched just two complete games during this period.[5] At the time, Parra relied primarily on his four-seam fastball but also utilized a curveball and split-finger fastball.[7]Parra attended spring training with the Brewers in 2007 where he allowed no runs or hits while striking out 3 batters in 3+1⁄3 innings over 4 relief appearances.[2] He was assigned to Double-A Huntsville to begin the 2007 season. After 13 starts, he had a win–loss record of 7–3 with a Southern League-leading 2.68 ERA.[4][6] He was promoted to the Triple-A Nashville Sounds in mid-June to replace ace pitcher Yovani Gallardo who had been called up to Milwaukee.[4] Parra made his first career Triple-A start on June 20—a 3–0 loss in which he allowed 2 runs on 7 hits and 4 walks while striking out 6 batters in 6 innings.[6]On June 25, 2007, Parra's second Triple-A start, he pitched a perfect game against the Round Rock Express.[8][9] This was only the third nine-inning perfect game in Pacific Coast League history.[9] In all, Parra stuck out 11 batters, achieving strikeouts in every inning except the eighth.[10] Six ground outs and 10 fly outs accounted for Parra's other outs in the game.[10] Seventy-seven of his 107 pitches were counted as strikes.[10]After just two more Triple-A starts, Parra made his major league debut on July 20 against the San Francisco Giants.[3] Coming on in relief, he surrendered no runs over 1+1⁄3 innings and struck out 3 of the 4 batters he faced.[11] Parra appeared in eight more games, including two starts,[3] before breaking his left thumb during a bunt attempt in a game on August 30,[12] which forced him to finish the season on the disabled list.[4] Parra ended the campaign with an 0–1 record and a 3.76 ERA in 9 games with the Brewers.[3]He returned to the mound at the beginning of the 2008 season, in which he had a 10–8 record.[3] Despite throwing 17 wild pitches in that season, tying for the major league lead,[13] his split-finger fastball was the most effective among major league starting pitchers.[14] He remained in Milwaukee's starting rotation through 2009.[3]Parra was moved to the bullpen in 2010.[3] On June 6 of that year, Parra became the 52nd major league pitcher to strike out four batters in an inning, doing so against the St. Louis Cardinals.[15] Problems with his back and the necessary surgical removal of a bone spur in his throwing elbow resulting in him missing the entire 2011 season.[16] He continued in a relief role for the Brewers in 2012, but was non-tendered at the season's end and became a free agent. After five years with Milwaukee, Parra held a 26–33 record with a 5.12 ERA in 74 starts and 98 relief appearances.[3]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Sean Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Marshall_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ParraBR-3"}],"sub_title":"Cincinnati Reds","text":"On February 1, 2013, the Cincinnati Reds signed Parra to a one-year contract. He pitched in the bullpen with the Reds as a middle reliever. On April 26, he was placed on the disabled list with a strained pectoral muscle, and missed almost a month.[17] From June 11 to July 28, he had a 19-game, 15.1 inning scoreless streak. In a year where he filled in for the high expectations of Sean Marshall, he shined, going 2–3 with a 3.33 ERA and 16 holds, striking out 56 in 46 innings (57 games). He entered June with a 6.23 ERA, and starting on June 11 to the end of the season, he had a 1.78 ERA in 35.1 innings.On November 27, 2013, Parra agreed to a two-year, $5.5 million contract with Cincinnati.[18] In 150 relief appearances from 2013 to 2015, Parra accumulated a 3–8 record with a 3.91 ERA before reaching free agency after the 2015 season.[3]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"40-man roster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40-man_roster"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Tommy John surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_John_surgery"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Iowa Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Cubs"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ParraBRM-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MiLBlogs-6"}],"sub_title":"Chicago Cubs","text":"In 2016, Parra signed a minor league contract with the Chicago Cubs that included incentives potentially bringing the total value of the deal to US$2.7 million if he made the 40-man roster.[19] Despite a strong showing in spring training, he was released by the Cubs and resigned to a new minor league contract on the same day in late March. Ultimately, Parra missed the entire 2016 season following Tommy John surgery in early April.[20] In 2017, he was signed to a minor league contract and pitched out of the bullpen on 11 occasions for Chicago's Triple-A Iowa Cubs.[5] He was released on June 25 with an ERA of 14.09.[6]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bridgeport Bluefish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeport_Bluefish"},{"link_name":"Atlantic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_League_of_Professional_Baseball"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ParraBRM-5"}],"sub_title":"Bridgeport Bluefish","text":"On July 31, 2017, Parra signed with the Bridgeport Bluefish of the independent Atlantic League where he played for the remainder of the season.[5]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Long Island Ducks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Ducks"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Sacramento River Cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_River_Cats"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"San Francisco Giants","text":"Though Parra was selected by the Long Island Ducks in the Bridgeport Bluefish dispersal draft,[21] he later signed a minor league deal with the San Francisco Giants on February 21, 2018.[22] He made 45 relief outings for the Triple-A Sacramento River Cats, recording a 4.28 ERA with 53 strikeouts across 54+2⁄3 innings pitched. Parra elected free agency following the season on November 2.[23]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leones de Yucatán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leones_de_Yucat%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Mexican League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_League"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Leones de Yucatán","text":"On June 1, 2019, Parra signed with the Leones de Yucatán of the Mexican League. Parra did not play in a game in 2020 due to the cancellation of the Mexican League season because of the COVID-19 pandemic.[24]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mariachis de Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariachis_de_Guadalajara"},{"link_name":"Mexican League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_League"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Mariachis de Guadalajara","text":"On March 11, 2021, Parra was loaned to the Mariachis de Guadalajara of the Mexican League, a new expansion team.[25][26] In 8 relief appearances, Parra posted a 3.18 ERA and 5 strikeouts over 5.2 innings pitched.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leones de Yucatán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leones_de_Yucat%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Mexican League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_League"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Leones de Yucatán (second stint)","text":"On July 19, 2021, Parra was returned to the Leones de Yucatán of the Mexican League.[27] He made 6 appearances for Yucatán, registering a 1–1 record and 3.27 ERA with 5 strikeouts in 11.0 innings pitched.Parra retired from professional baseball in February 2022.[28]","title":"Professional career"}]
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[{"image_text":"Parra during his tenure with the Milwaukee Brewers in 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/DSC05462_Manny_Parra.jpg/220px-DSC05462_Manny_Parra.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of Major League Baseball single-inning strikeout leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_single-inning_strikeout_leaders"}]
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[{"reference":"Hoffmann, Gregg (May 30, 2002). \"The Brewers Don't Want This Record\". On Milwaukee. Retrieved January 13, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://onmilwaukee.com/sports/articles/brewcrew053002.html","url_text":"\"The Brewers Don't Want This Record\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manny Parra\". The Baseball Cube. Retrieved January 13, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thebaseballcube.com/players/profile.asp?ID=22127","url_text":"\"Manny Parra\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manny Parra Statistics and History\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved April 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/p/parrama01.shtml","url_text":"\"Manny Parra Statistics and History\""}]},{"reference":"Winston, Lisa (October 9, 2007). \"Parra's Perfection Highlights Career Year\". Minor League Baseball. Retrieved April 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.milb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20071008&content_id=309431&vkey=news_milb&fext=.jsp","url_text":"\"Parra's Perfection Highlights Career Year\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manny Parra Minor League Statistics and History\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved April 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=parra-001man","url_text":"\"Manny Parra Minor League Statistics and History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manny Parra Stats, Highlights, Bio\". Minor League Baseball. Retrieved April 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.milb.com/player/index.jsp?sid=milb&player_id=448159#/gamelogs/R/pitching/2007/MINORS","url_text":"\"Manny Parra Stats, Highlights, Bio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Player Card: Manny Parra\". Brooks Baseball. Retrieved January 13, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brooksbaseball.net/tabs.php?player=448159&p_hand=-1&ppos=-1&cn=200&compType=none&risp=0&1b=0&2b=0&3b=0&rType=perc&gFilt=acl&time=month&minmax=ci&var=usage&s_type=2&startDate=01/01/2007&endDate=12/31/2007","url_text":"\"Player Card: Manny Parra\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brewers Minor Leaguer Parra Throws Perfect Game in Triple-A\". ESPN. June 25, 2007. Retrieved February 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espn.com/minorlbb/news/story?id=2916621","url_text":"\"Brewers Minor Leaguer Parra Throws Perfect Game in Triple-A\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pacific Coast League No-hit Games\". Pacific Coast League. Minor League Baseball. Retrieved April 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.milb.com/content/page.jsp?sid=l112&ymd=20080317&content_id=361099&vkey=stats","url_text":"\"Pacific Coast League No-hit Games\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nashville vs. Round Rock – June 25, 2007 – Recap\". Minor League Baseball. June 25, 2007. Retrieved April 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.milb.com/milb/stats/stats.jsp?gid=2007_06_25_nasaaa_rreaaa_1&t=g_log&sid=milb","url_text":"\"Nashville vs. Round Rock – June 25, 2007 – Recap\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manny Parra 2007 Pitching Gamelogs\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved April 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/gl.cgi?id=parrama01&t=p&year=2007","url_text":"\"Manny Parra 2007 Pitching Gamelogs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brewers Starter Manny Parra Has Broken Thumb\". USA Today. August 31, 2007. Retrieved April 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/2007-08-31-130407553_x.htm","url_text":"\"Brewers Starter Manny Parra Has Broken Thumb\""}]},{"reference":"\"2008 Major League Baseball Baserunning/Situ\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/MLB/2008-basesituation-pitching.shtml","url_text":"\"2008 Major League Baseball Baserunning/Situ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Major League Leaderboards » 2008 » Pitchers » Pitch Value Statistics\". Fan Graphs. Retrieved March 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fangraphs.com/leaders.aspx?pos=all&stats=pit&lg=all&qual=y&type=7&season=2008&month=0","url_text":"\"Major League Leaderboards » 2008 » Pitchers » Pitch Value Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"4 Strikeouts in 1 Inning\". Baseball Almanac. Retrieved March 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.baseball-almanac.com/feats/feats19.shtml","url_text":"\"4 Strikeouts in 1 Inning\""}]},{"reference":"Haudricourt, Tom; Rosiak, Todd (March 29, 2012). \"Parra Has a Healthy Outlook\". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved January 13, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.jsonline.com/sports/brewers/brewers-parra-has-a-healthy-outlook-lo4ppmu-145024545.html/?page=1","url_text":"\"Parra Has a Healthy Outlook\""}]},{"reference":"Gleeman, Aaron (May 24, 2013). \"Reds reliever Sean Marshall goes back on the disabled list\". NBC Sports.","urls":[{"url":"http://hardballtalk.nbcsports.com/2013/05/24/reds-reliever-sean-marshall-goes-back-on-the-disabled-list/","url_text":"\"Reds reliever Sean Marshall goes back on the disabled list\""}]},{"reference":"Sheldon, Mark (November 27, 2013). \"Reds re-sign reliever Parra to two-year contract\". MLB.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article/mlb/reds-re-sign-reliever-manny-parra-to-two-year-contract?ymd=20131127&content_id=64254988&vkey=news_mlb","url_text":"\"Reds re-sign reliever Parra to two-year contract\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manny Parra Agrees to Minor League Contract with Cubs\". ESPN. Associated Press. February 23, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/espn/wire?section=mlb&id=14826839","url_text":"\"Manny Parra Agrees to Minor League Contract with Cubs\""}]},{"reference":"\"LHP Manny Parra Out for Season Following Tommy John Surgery\". Chicago Cubs Online. April 19, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://chicagocubsonline.com/archives/2016/04/lhp-manny-parra-season-following-tommy-john-surgery.php","url_text":"\"LHP Manny Parra Out for Season Following Tommy John Surgery\""}]},{"reference":"\"A tweet by Atlantic League on Twitter\". Twitter. Retrieved May 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/AtlanticLg/status/925728788289413120","url_text":"\"A tweet by Atlantic League on Twitter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Giants' Manny Parra: Inks minor-league deal with Giants\". CBS Sports. Retrieved February 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/giants-manny-parra-inks-minor-league-deal-with-giants/","url_text":"\"Giants' Manny Parra: Inks minor-league deal with Giants\""}]},{"reference":"\"Minor League Free Agents 2018\". baseballamerica.com. Retrieved May 23, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseballamerica.com/stories/minor-league-free-agents-2018/","url_text":"\"Minor League Free Agents 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mexican League Cancels 2020 Season\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2020/07/mexican-league-cancels-2020-season.html","url_text":"\"Mexican League Cancels 2020 Season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dos lanzadores melenudos, a los Mariachis – Arrobadeportes\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arrobadeportes.com/?p=82715","url_text":"\"Dos lanzadores melenudos, a los Mariachis – Arrobadeportes\""}]},{"reference":"\"La Jornada Maya - Darles oportunidad a brazos jóvenes, meta de los Leones\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lajornadamaya.mx/yucatan/84514/darles-oportunidad-a-brazos-jovenes-meta-de-los-leones","url_text":"\"La Jornada Maya - Darles oportunidad a brazos jóvenes, meta de los Leones\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leones fortalece su pitcheo\". leones.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved July 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leones.mx/leones-fortalece-su-pitcheo/","url_text":"\"Leones fortalece su pitcheo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manny Parra - Scottsdale, Arizona, United States\". linkedin.com. Retrieved May 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/manny-parra","url_text":"\"Manny Parra - Scottsdale, Arizona, United States\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrone_Crawford
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Tyrone Crawford
|
["1 Early life","2 College career","2.1 Bakersfield College","2.2 Boise State University","2.3 College statistics","3 Professional career","4 NFL career statistics","5 References","6 External links"]
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Canadian gridiron football player (born 1989)
American football player
Tyrone CrawfordCrawford in 2017No. 70, 98Position:Defensive endPersonal informationBorn: (1989-11-22) November 22, 1989 (age 34)Windsor, Ontario, CanadaHeight:6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)Weight:290 lb (132 kg)Career informationHigh school:Catholic Central(Windsor, Ontario, Canada)College:Bakersfield (2008–2009)Boise State (2010–2011)NFL draft:2012 / Round: 3 / Pick: 81Career history
Dallas Cowboys (2012–2020)
Career highlights and awards
First-team All-MWC (2011)
Career NFL statisticsTotal tackles:194Sacks:25Forced fumbles:3Fumble recoveries:3Player stats at PFR
Tyrone Crawford (born November 22, 1989) is a Canadian former professional defensive end in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys. He was selected in the third round of the 2012 NFL Draft by the Cowboys. He played college football at Boise State University.
Early life
Crawford attended Catholic Central High School in Windsor, Ontario, where he was a three-sport athlete (football, basketball and track and field). In football, he played running back, outside linebacker and kick returner.
As a junior, he was named the conference’s MVP and received the Royal Arcanum Outstanding Athlete Award. He was voted first team all-conference (Windsor & Essex County Secondary School Athletic Association) during every one of his four prep seasons.
He practiced track and field as a freshman and sophomore, winning gold medals both years in the shot put and discus in his conference and at the OFSAA championships. In basketball as a senior, he was named the MVP in his conference and received the Bill Rogin Award, for the best player in the Ontario secondary schools.
College career
Bakersfield College
Crawford was recruited by Boise State University and Michigan State University, but the academic curriculum from his Canadian high school didn't meet NCAA requirements, so he enrolled at Bakersfield College in 2008. After concentrating on just playing football and the defensive end position, he appeared in 9 games and was named first-team All-conference as freshman in 2008, while collecting 38 tackles (13 for loss), 6 sacks, one pass breakup and one fumble recovery.
As a sophomore in 2009, he was honored as a junior college first-team All-American and was named to both first-team all-state and conference. He also was awarded as the defense's most valuable player for the Renegades. He registered 42 tackles (led the team), including 8 sacks and 14 tackles for loss.
Considered a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, Crawford was ranked as one of the most talented JUCO prospects in the nation. He committed to Boise State University.
Boise State University
In his first season at Boise State University, as a junior in 2010, Crawford appeared in each of the Broncos 13 games as a back-up weak-side defensive end. He registered 32 tackles on the season (13 solo), 13.5 tackles-for-loss (tied for the team lead), 7 sacks (second on the team), one forced fumble, one fumble recovery, one pass breakup and one blocked kick.
As a senior in 2011, Crawford started in 11 games, recording 44 tackles (20 solo), 6.5 sacks (led the team) and 13.5 tackles for loss (led the team). He was named first team All-Mountain West Conference for his performance.
College statistics
Defense
Year
Team
GP
Tackles
For Loss
Sacks
FF
PD
2010
Boise St
13
32
13.5
7.0
1
1
2011
Boise St
12
44
13.5
6.5
3
0
Total
25
76
27.0
13.5
4
1
Professional career
Pre-draft measurables
Height
Weight
Arm length
Hand span
40-yard dash
10-yard split
20-yard split
20-yard shuttle
Three-cone drill
Vertical jump
Broad jump
Bench press
6 ft 4+1⁄4 in(1.94 m)
275 lb(125 kg)
33+3⁄4 in(0.86 m)
9+1⁄2 in(0.24 m)
4.78 s
1.69 s
2.80 s
4.44 s
7.09 s
33 in(0.84 m)
9 ft 5 in(2.87 m)
28 reps
All values from NFL Combine except 40-yd dash
Crawford was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the third round (81st overall) of the 2012 NFL Draft. On June 13, he signed a four-year deal receiving a $575,252 signing bonus. At the 2012 NFL Scouting Combine in February, he was diagnosed with a heart murmur. As a rookie, he played the left defensive end position in defensive coordinator Rob Ryan's 3–4 defense. He was a reserve player and finished with 33 tackles (18 solo) and 5 quarterback pressures.
In 2013, defensive coordinator Monte Kiffin was hired to change the defense to a 4-3 alignment and Crawford was expected to backup the strongside defensive end position and play both defensive tackle spots in passing situations. On July 21, 2013, he suffered a torn Achilles on the first full day of training camp and was placed on the injured reserve list.
Entering 2014, there were initial plans to evaluate Crawford in the 3-technique defensive tackle spot vacated by free agent Jason Hatcher, but after the signing of Henry Melton he was kept at defensive end. During the regular season Melton struggled as he recovered from offseason surgery and worked through a groin strain, so Crawford was forced to play defensive tackle in week 3 against the New Orleans Saints and would earn the starter job. He finished with three sacks and 29 quarterback pressures.
In 2015, Crawford was signed to a five-year, $45 million contract ($25.7 million guaranteed). He was limited with a torn rotator cuff in his right shoulder that required offseason surgery, suffered in the second game of the season against the Philadelphia Eagles. He still managed 44 tackles, 5 sacks (third on the team), and 27 quarterback pressures (third on the team).
In 2016, Crawford struggled at the beginning of the season playing defensive tackle. The production of Terrell McClain and rookie Maliek Collins, combined with the need the team had at defensive end, made the Cowboys decide to move him to left defensive end in the fourth quarter of the second game of the season against the Washington Redskins. He would remain the starter at left defensive end for the rest of the season. His best game came in week 8 against the Philadelphia Eagles, registering 5 quarterback hurries, 1.5 sacks, 2 tackles for loss and a fumble recovery. He posted 2 sacks against the Cleveland Browns. He had to be replaced against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers with David Irving, because he was playing through shoulder and hamstring injuries. He started 14 games did not play in the last 2 contests of the season, because he was being saved for the playoffs. He finished with 21 tackles (6 tackles for loss), 4.5 sacks (third on the team) and 17 quarterback pressures (second on the team).
In 2017, he suffered an ankle injury in training camp on August 8, that looked at the time to be a season ending injury. He missed most of the preseason. He was a backup during the first 2 games of the season, until being moved to right defensive end to help improve the rushing defense. In Week 8 against the Washington Redskins, he had 3 tackles, one quarterback pressure, one forced fumble and blocked a 36-yard field goal attempt, in which teammate Orlando Scandrick returned 90 yards in the 33-19, earning him NFC Special Teams Player of the Week. He started 14 out of 16 games, collecting 38 tackles (2 for loss), 4 sacks (third on the team), 26 quarterback hurries (second on the team), 2 pass breakups, one forced fumble, one recovery and one blocked field goal attempt.
In 2018, Crawford was switched back to defensive tackle after Maliek Collins and David Irving both started the league season with injuries or suspensions. He also started games at right defensive end and made his 200th career tackle in the eleventh game against the Washington Redskins. He was bothered by bursitis in his hips late in the season. He was declared inactive in the season finale with a neck injury. He started 15 games, posting 33 tackles, 5.5 sacks (third on the team) and 25 quarterback hurries.
In 2019, he missed the entire offseason conditioning program and training camp while recovering from his hip injury. He started the first 2 games of the season, before being held out in the next 2 outings. He returned to play as a backup in Week 5 and Week 6. On October 15, he was placed on injured reserve after undergoing season-ending hip surgery. He finished with 2 tackles (one for loss), one sack and one quarterback pressure.
On July 28, 2020, he was placed on the active/physically unable to perform list at the start of training camp, still recovering from his double hip surgery. He was activated on August 14. He was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the team on November 11, and activated on November 18. He struggled with his physical health during the season, appearing in 16 games with 3 starts. He had 17 tackles (2 for loss), 2 sacks and 14 quarterback hurries.
Cowboys head coach Mike McCarthy announced Crawford's intention to retire from professional football on March 25, 2021.
NFL career statistics
Year
Team
Games
Tackles
Interceptions
Fumbles
GP
GS
Comb
Solo
Ast
Sack
Sfty
PD
Int
Yds
Avg
Lng
TD
FF
FR
2012
DAL
16
0
20
16
4
0.0
0
0
0
0
0.0
0
0
0
0
2013
DAL
0
0
Did not play due to injury
2014
DAL
15
15
33
22
11
3.0
0
1
0
0
0.0
0
0
1
0
2015
DAL
16
16
35
23
12
5.0
0
1
0
0
0.0
0
0
0
0
2016
DAL
14
14
28
16
12
4.5
0
0
0
0
0.0
0
0
0
2
2017
DAL
16
14
27
18
9
4.0
0
2
0
0
0.0
0
0
1
1
2018
DAL
15
15
34
17
17
5.5
0
2
0
0
0.0
0
0
1
0
2019
DAL
4
2
3
1
2
1.0
0
0
0
0
0.0
0
0
0
0
2020
DAL
16
3
14
7
7
2.0
0
0
0
0
0.0
0
0
0
0
Total
112
79
194
120
74
25.0
0
6
0
0
0.0
0
0
3
3
References
^ Kryk, John (May 1, 2012). "Success Story: Crawford Took Long Journey To Cowboys". DallasCowboys.com. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
^ "Tyrone Crawford Recruiting bio". rivals.
^ "2012 DE Player Ratings". Draft Scout. 2012.
^ "2012 NFL Draft Listing". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved May 14, 2023.
^ Archer, Todd (June 13, 2012). "Tyrone Crawford signs four-year deal". ESPN. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
^ Watkins, Calvin. "Tyrone Crawford has heart murmur". ESPN. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
^ Eatman, Nick (July 21, 2020). "Sun. Practice Recap: DE Crawford Suffers Season-Ending Injury". DallasCowboys.com. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
^ "Cowboys DT Tyrone Crawford having shoulder surgery Thursday". Retrieved March 12, 2021.
^ "Tyrone Crawford suffers lateral ankle sprain". Retrieved March 12, 2021.
^ "Cowboys DE Tyrone Crawford has found a home -- for now". Retrieved March 12, 2021.
^ Lam, Quang M. (November 1, 2017). "Steelers' JuJu Smith-Schuster among Players of Week". NFL.com. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
^ "Sources: Cowboys DE Tyrone Crawford to have hip surgery". Retrieved March 12, 2021.
^ Eatman, Nick (October 15, 2019). "Crawford To Have Season-Ending Hip Surgery". DallasCowboys.com. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
^ Williams, Charean (July 28, 2020). "Cowboys place Tyrone Crawford, Dontari Poe on PUP". ProFootballTalk.com. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
^ "Updates: Crawford Activated From PUP; Poe's Status". DallasCowboys.com. August 14, 2020. Archived from the original on August 20, 2020. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
^ Williams, Charean (November 11, 2020). "Cowboys place Tyrone Crawford on COVID-19 list". NBCSports.com. Retrieved December 17, 2020.
^ Lenix, Matthew (November 18, 2020). "Andy Dalton, Tyrone Crawford activated from Cowboys COVID-19 list". USAToday.com. Retrieved December 17, 2020.
^ Watkins, Calvin. "Cowboys DL Tyrone Crawford officially announces his NFL retirement: 'My next chapter will be my best chapter!'". Retrieved March 25, 2021.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tyrone Crawford.
Career statistics and player information from NFL.com · ESPN · Pro Football Reference
Crawford’s Path To Cowboys Not Typical
vteDallas Cowboys 2012 NFL draft selections
Morris Claiborne
Tyrone Crawford
Kyle Wilber
Matt Johnson
Danny Coale
James Hanna
Caleb McSurdy
|
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He registered 42 tackles (led the team), including 8 sacks and 14 tackles for loss.Considered a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, Crawford was ranked as one of the most talented JUCO prospects in the nation.[2] He committed to Boise State University.","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boise State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise_State_University"},{"link_name":"defensive end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_end"},{"link_name":"All-Mountain West Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_West_Conference"}],"sub_title":"Boise State University","text":"In his first season at Boise State University, as a junior in 2010, Crawford appeared in each of the Broncos 13 games as a back-up weak-side defensive end. 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McClain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrell_McClain"},{"link_name":"Maliek Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliek_Collins"},{"link_name":"defensive end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_end"},{"link_name":"Washington Redskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Redskins"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Browns"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Buccaneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers"},{"link_name":"David Irving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Irving_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Washington Redskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Redskins"},{"link_name":"Orlando Scandrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Scandrick"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"Maliek Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliek_Collins"},{"link_name":"David Irving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Irving"},{"link_name":"Washington Redskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Redskins"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"physically unable to perform list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physically_unable_to_perform_list"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Mike McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_McCarthy"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Crawford was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the third round (81st overall) of the 2012 NFL Draft.[4] On June 13, he signed a four-year deal receiving a $575,252 signing bonus.[5] At the 2012 NFL Scouting Combine in February, he was diagnosed with a heart murmur.[6] As a rookie, he played the left defensive end position in defensive coordinator Rob Ryan's 3–4 defense. He was a reserve player and finished with 33 tackles (18 solo) and 5 quarterback pressures.In 2013, defensive coordinator Monte Kiffin was hired to change the defense to a 4-3 alignment and Crawford was expected to backup the strongside defensive end position and play both defensive tackle spots in passing situations. On July 21, 2013, he suffered a torn Achilles on the first full day of training camp and was placed on the injured reserve list.[7]Entering 2014, there were initial plans to evaluate Crawford in the 3-technique defensive tackle spot vacated by free agent Jason Hatcher, but after the signing of Henry Melton he was kept at defensive end. During the regular season Melton struggled as he recovered from offseason surgery and worked through a groin strain, so Crawford was forced to play defensive tackle in week 3 against the New Orleans Saints and would earn the starter job. He finished with three sacks and 29 quarterback pressures.In 2015, Crawford was signed to a five-year, $45 million contract ($25.7 million guaranteed). He was limited with a torn rotator cuff in his right shoulder that required offseason surgery, suffered in the second game of the season against the Philadelphia Eagles.[8] He still managed 44 tackles, 5 sacks (third on the team), and 27 quarterback pressures (third on the team).In 2016, Crawford struggled at the beginning of the season playing defensive tackle. The production of Terrell McClain and rookie Maliek Collins, combined with the need the team had at defensive end, made the Cowboys decide to move him to left defensive end in the fourth quarter of the second game of the season against the Washington Redskins. He would remain the starter at left defensive end for the rest of the season. His best game came in week 8 against the Philadelphia Eagles, registering 5 quarterback hurries, 1.5 sacks, 2 tackles for loss and a fumble recovery. He posted 2 sacks against the Cleveland Browns. He had to be replaced against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers with David Irving, because he was playing through shoulder and hamstring injuries. He started 14 games did not play in the last 2 contests of the season, because he was being saved for the playoffs. He finished with 21 tackles (6 tackles for loss), 4.5 sacks (third on the team) and 17 quarterback pressures (second on the team).In 2017, he suffered an ankle injury in training camp on August 8, that looked at the time to be a season ending injury.[9] He missed most of the preseason. He was a backup during the first 2 games of the season, until being moved to right defensive end to help improve the rushing defense.[10] In Week 8 against the Washington Redskins, he had 3 tackles, one quarterback pressure, one forced fumble and blocked a 36-yard field goal attempt, in which teammate Orlando Scandrick returned 90 yards in the 33-19, earning him NFC Special Teams Player of the Week.[11] He started 14 out of 16 games, collecting 38 tackles (2 for loss), 4 sacks (third on the team), 26 quarterback hurries (second on the team), 2 pass breakups, one forced fumble, one recovery and one blocked field goal attempt.In 2018, Crawford was switched back to defensive tackle after Maliek Collins and David Irving both started the league season with injuries or suspensions. He also started games at right defensive end and made his 200th career tackle in the eleventh game against the Washington Redskins. He was bothered by bursitis in his hips late in the season.[12] He was declared inactive in the season finale with a neck injury. He started 15 games, posting 33 tackles, 5.5 sacks (third on the team) and 25 quarterback hurries.In 2019, he missed the entire offseason conditioning program and training camp while recovering from his hip injury. He started the first 2 games of the season, before being held out in the next 2 outings. He returned to play as a backup in Week 5 and Week 6. On October 15, he was placed on injured reserve after undergoing season-ending hip surgery.[13] He finished with 2 tackles (one for loss), one sack and one quarterback pressure.On July 28, 2020, he was placed on the active/physically unable to perform list at the start of training camp, still recovering from his double hip surgery.[14] He was activated on August 14.[15] He was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the team on November 11,[16] and activated on November 18.[17] He struggled with his physical health during the season, appearing in 16 games with 3 starts. He had 17 tackles (2 for loss), 2 sacks and 14 quarterback hurries.Cowboys head coach Mike McCarthy announced Crawford's intention to retire from professional football on March 25, 2021.[18]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"NFL career statistics"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Kryk, John (May 1, 2012). \"Success Story: Crawford Took Long Journey To Cowboys\". DallasCowboys.com. Retrieved August 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/success-story-crawford-took-long-journey-to-cowboys-281856","url_text":"\"Success Story: Crawford Took Long Journey To Cowboys\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tyrone Crawford Recruiting bio\". rivals.","urls":[{"url":"https://n.rivals.com/content/prospects/2010/tyrone-crawford-24683","url_text":"\"Tyrone Crawford Recruiting bio\""}]},{"reference":"\"2012 DE Player Ratings\". Draft Scout. 2012.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"2012 NFL Draft Listing\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved May 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2012/draft.htm","url_text":"\"2012 NFL Draft Listing\""}]},{"reference":"Archer, Todd (June 13, 2012). \"Tyrone Crawford signs four-year deal\". ESPN. Retrieved June 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/blog/dallas/cowboys/post/_/id/4693374/tyrone-crawford-agrees-to-deal","url_text":"\"Tyrone Crawford signs four-year deal\""}]},{"reference":"Watkins, Calvin. \"Tyrone Crawford has heart murmur\". ESPN. Retrieved May 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/blog/dallas/cowboys/post/_/id/4692736/tyrone-crawford-has-heart-murmur","url_text":"\"Tyrone Crawford has heart murmur\""}]},{"reference":"Eatman, Nick (July 21, 2020). \"Sun. Practice Recap: DE Crawford Suffers Season-Ending Injury\". DallasCowboys.com. Retrieved July 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/sun-practice-recap-de-crawford-suffers-season-ending-injury-339181","url_text":"\"Sun. Practice Recap: DE Crawford Suffers Season-Ending Injury\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cowboys DT Tyrone Crawford having shoulder surgery Thursday\". Retrieved March 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/blog/dallas-cowboys/post/_/id/4748745/tyrone-crawford-having-shoulder-surgery-today","url_text":"\"Cowboys DT Tyrone Crawford having shoulder surgery Thursday\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tyrone Crawford suffers lateral ankle sprain\". Retrieved March 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nfl.com/news/tyrone-crawford-suffers-lateral-ankle-sprain-0ap3000000827374","url_text":"\"Tyrone Crawford suffers lateral ankle sprain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cowboys DE Tyrone Crawford has found a home -- for now\". Retrieved March 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/blog/nflnation/post/_/id/256844/cowboys-de-tyrone-crawford-has-found-a-home-for-now","url_text":"\"Cowboys DE Tyrone Crawford has found a home -- for now\""}]},{"reference":"Lam, Quang M. (November 1, 2017). \"Steelers' JuJu Smith-Schuster among Players of Week\". NFL.com. Retrieved March 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nfl.com/news/steelers-juju-smith-schuster-among-players-of-week-0ap3000000870664","url_text":"\"Steelers' JuJu Smith-Schuster among Players of Week\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sources: Cowboys DE Tyrone Crawford to have hip surgery\". Retrieved March 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/27852303/cowboys-de-tyrone-crawford-hip-surgery","url_text":"\"Sources: Cowboys DE Tyrone Crawford to have hip surgery\""}]},{"reference":"Eatman, Nick (October 15, 2019). \"Crawford To Have Season-Ending Hip Surgery\". DallasCowboys.com. Retrieved August 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/crawford-to-have-season-ending-hip-surgery","url_text":"\"Crawford To Have Season-Ending Hip Surgery\""}]},{"reference":"Williams, Charean (July 28, 2020). \"Cowboys place Tyrone Crawford, Dontari Poe on PUP\". ProFootballTalk.com. Retrieved July 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2020/07/28/cowboys-place-tyrone-crawford-dontari-poe-on-pup/","url_text":"\"Cowboys place Tyrone Crawford, Dontari Poe on PUP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Updates: Crawford Activated From PUP; Poe's Status\". DallasCowboys.com. August 14, 2020. Archived from the original on August 20, 2020. Retrieved August 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200820230038/https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/updates-july-2020","url_text":"\"Updates: Crawford Activated From PUP; Poe's Status\""},{"url":"https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/updates-july-2020","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Charean (November 11, 2020). \"Cowboys place Tyrone Crawford on COVID-19 list\". NBCSports.com. Retrieved December 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2020/11/11/cowboys-place-tyrone-crawford-on-covid-19-list/","url_text":"\"Cowboys place Tyrone Crawford on COVID-19 list\""}]},{"reference":"Lenix, Matthew (November 18, 2020). \"Andy Dalton, Tyrone Crawford activated from Cowboys COVID-19 list\". USAToday.com. Retrieved December 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://cowboyswire.usatoday.com/2020/11/18/dallas-cowboys-andy-dalton-tyrone-crawford-reserve-covid-19-list/","url_text":"\"Andy Dalton, Tyrone Crawford activated from Cowboys COVID-19 list\""}]},{"reference":"Watkins, Calvin. \"Cowboys DL Tyrone Crawford officially announces his NFL retirement: 'My next chapter will be my best chapter!'\". Retrieved March 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dallasnews.com/sports/cowboys/2021/03/25/cowboys-dl-tyrone-crawford-retiring-from-nfl-after-8-seasons/","url_text":"\"Cowboys DL Tyrone Crawford officially announces his NFL retirement: 'My next chapter will be my best chapter!'\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/C/CrawTy00.htm","external_links_name":"PFR"},{"Link":"https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/success-story-crawford-took-long-journey-to-cowboys-281856","external_links_name":"\"Success Story: Crawford Took Long Journey To Cowboys\""},{"Link":"https://n.rivals.com/content/prospects/2010/tyrone-crawford-24683","external_links_name":"\"Tyrone Crawford Recruiting bio\""},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2012/draft.htm","external_links_name":"\"2012 NFL Draft Listing\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/blog/dallas/cowboys/post/_/id/4693374/tyrone-crawford-agrees-to-deal","external_links_name":"\"Tyrone Crawford signs four-year deal\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/blog/dallas/cowboys/post/_/id/4692736/tyrone-crawford-has-heart-murmur","external_links_name":"\"Tyrone Crawford has heart murmur\""},{"Link":"https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/sun-practice-recap-de-crawford-suffers-season-ending-injury-339181","external_links_name":"\"Sun. Practice Recap: DE Crawford Suffers Season-Ending Injury\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/blog/dallas-cowboys/post/_/id/4748745/tyrone-crawford-having-shoulder-surgery-today","external_links_name":"\"Cowboys DT Tyrone Crawford having shoulder surgery Thursday\""},{"Link":"https://www.nfl.com/news/tyrone-crawford-suffers-lateral-ankle-sprain-0ap3000000827374","external_links_name":"\"Tyrone Crawford suffers lateral ankle sprain\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/blog/nflnation/post/_/id/256844/cowboys-de-tyrone-crawford-has-found-a-home-for-now","external_links_name":"\"Cowboys DE Tyrone Crawford has found a home -- for now\""},{"Link":"https://www.nfl.com/news/steelers-juju-smith-schuster-among-players-of-week-0ap3000000870664","external_links_name":"\"Steelers' JuJu Smith-Schuster among Players of Week\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/27852303/cowboys-de-tyrone-crawford-hip-surgery","external_links_name":"\"Sources: Cowboys DE Tyrone Crawford to have hip surgery\""},{"Link":"https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/crawford-to-have-season-ending-hip-surgery","external_links_name":"\"Crawford To Have Season-Ending Hip Surgery\""},{"Link":"https://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2020/07/28/cowboys-place-tyrone-crawford-dontari-poe-on-pup/","external_links_name":"\"Cowboys place Tyrone Crawford, Dontari Poe on PUP\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200820230038/https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/updates-july-2020","external_links_name":"\"Updates: Crawford Activated From PUP; Poe's Status\""},{"Link":"https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/updates-july-2020","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2020/11/11/cowboys-place-tyrone-crawford-on-covid-19-list/","external_links_name":"\"Cowboys place Tyrone Crawford on COVID-19 list\""},{"Link":"https://cowboyswire.usatoday.com/2020/11/18/dallas-cowboys-andy-dalton-tyrone-crawford-reserve-covid-19-list/","external_links_name":"\"Andy Dalton, Tyrone Crawford activated from Cowboys COVID-19 list\""},{"Link":"https://www.dallasnews.com/sports/cowboys/2021/03/25/cowboys-dl-tyrone-crawford-retiring-from-nfl-after-8-seasons/","external_links_name":"\"Cowboys DL Tyrone Crawford officially announces his NFL retirement: 'My next chapter will be my best chapter!'\""},{"Link":"http://www.nfl.com/players/Tyrone-Crawford","external_links_name":"NFL.com"},{"Link":"http://www.espn.com/nfl/player/stats/_/id/14987","external_links_name":"ESPN"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/C/CrawTy00.htm","external_links_name":"Pro Football Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/star-crawford-s-path-to-cowboys-not-typical-330316","external_links_name":"Crawford’s Path To Cowboys Not Typical"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambrate
|
Lambrate
|
["1 History","2 The Chapel","3 See also"]
|
Coordinates: 45°28′57″N 9°14′28″E / 45.482506°N 9.241047°E / 45.482506; 9.24104745°28′57″N 9°14′28″E / 45.482506°N 9.241047°E / 45.482506; 9.241047
Quartier of Milan in Lombardy, ItalyLambrate
Lambraa (Lombard)LambalbateQuartier of MilanGalleria Treno da Chiari a Milano CentraleCountryItalyRegionLombardyProvinceMilanComuneMilanZone3Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Lambrate (Lombard: Lambraa ) is a district (quartiere) of Milan, Italy, located within the Zone 3 administrative division, six km (3.7 mi) north-east of the city centre. It owes its name to the Lambro river that traverses the area. Lambrate houses one of the major railway stations of north-eastern Milan, the Stazione di Milano Lambrate. The district is also well known for Parco Lambro, a large urban park established in 1934. The famous Lambretta motor scooter was manufactured in Lambrate, and named after this district, as is Birrificio Lambrate, a craft brewery established in 1996.
Milano Lambrate railway station, the third-largest railway station in Milan, is located in Lambrate.
History
Lambrate originated as a Roman vicus. The Romans conquered the area in 222 BC, after a long siege of Milan (then Mediolanum), where Romans fought against the local Insubres and Boii as well as their ally Hannibal. Pliny the Elder mentions mansio ad Lambrus (Lambrate) in his Naturalis historia as a supply station; it is also likely that Lambrate served as a river port for Mediolanum. The Romans largely developed the area, both for agriculture and for navigation on the Po River basin. Finds of the old Roman settlement of Lambrate, including a marble sarcophagus, have been revealed in 1905 and are now exposed at the Sforza Castle museum. The small chapel in the centre of Lambrate was supposedly one of the first places of Christian worship in the area.
In the 8th and 9th century, two monasteries of the Order of Saint Benedict were built in Lambrate. In 1162, when Milan was demolished by Frederick I Barbarossa, Lambrate was proclaimed an "imperial borgo"; many Milanese refugees found a new home here.
During Spanish rule (in the 16th century), a war factory called "Polveriera" was built in Lambrate, which played a major role in the development of the area. The Spanish transformed Lambrate into a fief, a condition that lasted until Lombardy fell under the Napoleonic Empire, when Lambrate became a free comune. A few decades later, Lambrate was annexed to Milan by the French viceroy.
In 1816, during the Austrian rule, Lambrate was again an autonomous comune, to be annexed to Milan once again in 1923. In the first half of the 20th century, the Martinitt corporation was based in Lambrate.
After World War II, the Innocenti machine factory began producing in Lambrate the famous motorcycle Lambretta, that owes its name to Lambrate.
The Chapel
One of the prominent monuments of Lambrate is the old chapel located in the centre of the district, at the corner of via Bertolazzi and via Dardanoni, which existed since Roman times (possibly having a pagan rather than Christian origin). The history of the chapel is intertwined with the lives of Saints Charles Borromeo and Federico Borromeo. According to Alessandro Manzoni's scholars, an implicit reference to the chapel is found in The Betrothed when the main character Renzo Tramaglino travels from Milan to Trezzo d'Adda.
During World War II, on 13 August 1943, the chapel was hit by a bomb that knocked down part of the roof and landed on the altar, without exploding.
See also
Lambretta
Parco Lambro
Martinitt
Stazione di Milano Lambrate
vte Zones and quarters of Milan Zone 1
Brera
Centro Storico
Conca del Naviglio
Guastalla
Porta Sempione
Porta Tenaglia
Zone 2
Adriano
Crescenzago
Gorla
Greco
Loreto
Maggiolina
Mandello
Mirabello
Ponte Seveso
Porta Nuova
Precotto
Stazione Centrale
Turro
Villaggio dei Giornalisti
Zone 3
Casoretto
Cimiano
Città Studi
Dosso
Lambrate
Ortica
Porta Monforte
Porta Venezia
Quartiere Feltre
Rottole
Zone 4
Acquabella
Calvairate
Castagnedo
Cavriano
Forlanini
Gamboloita
La Trecca
Monluè
Morsenchio
Nosedo
Omero
Ponte Lambro
Porta Vittoria
Porta Romana
Rogoredo
San Luigi
Santa Giulia
Taliedo
Triulzo Superiore
Zone 5
Basmetto
Cantalupa
Case Nuove
Chiaravalle
Chiesa Rossa
Conca Fallata
Fatima
Gratosoglio
Le Terrazze
Macconago
Missaglia
Morivione
Porta Lodovica
Porta Vigentina
Quintosole
Ronchetto delle Rane
San Gottardo
Selvanesco
Stadera
Torretta
Vaiano Valle
Vigentino
Zone 6
Arzaga
Barona
Boffalora
Cascina Bianca
Conchetta
Creta
Foppette
Giambellino-Lorenteggio
Lodovico il Moro
Moncucco
Porta Genova
Porta Ticinese
Ronchetto sul Naviglio
San Cristoforo
Sant'Ambrogio
Teramo
Villa Magentino
Villaggio dei Fiori
Zone 7
Assiano
Baggio
Figino
Fopponino
Forze Armate
Harar
La Maddalena
Muggiano
Porta Magenta
Quartiere degli Olmi
Quarto Cagnino
Quinto Romano
San Siro
Valsesia
Vercellese
Zone 8
Boldinasco
Bullona
Cagnola
Campo dei Fiori
Cascina Triulza
Comina
Fiera
Gallaratese
Garegnano
Ghisolfa
Lampugnano
Musocco
Porta Volta
Portello
Quarto Oggiaro
QT8
Roserio
San Leonardo
Trenno
Varesina
Vialba
Villapizzone
Zone 9
Affori
Bicocca
Bovisa
Bovisasca
Bruzzano
Ca' Granda
Centro Direzionale
Comasina
Dergano
Fulvio Testi
Isola
La Fontana
Montalbino
Niguarda
Porta Garibaldi
Porta Nuova
Prato Centenaro
Segnano
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"45°28′57″N 9°14′28″E / 45.482506°N 9.241047°E / 45.482506; 9.241047","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lambrate¶ms=45.482506_N_9.241047_E_"},{"link_name":"Lombard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_language"},{"link_name":"[lãˈbraː]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Lombard"},{"link_name":"quartiere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartiere"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Zone 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_3_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"Lambro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambro"},{"link_name":"Lambretta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambretta"},{"link_name":"Birrificio Lambrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birrificio_Lambrate"},{"link_name":"Milano Lambrate railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milano_Lambrate_railway_station"}],"text":"45°28′57″N 9°14′28″E / 45.482506°N 9.241047°E / 45.482506; 9.241047Quartier of Milan in Lombardy, ItalyLambrate (Lombard: Lambraa [lãˈbraː]) is a district (quartiere) of Milan, Italy, located within the Zone 3 administrative division, six km (3.7 mi) north-east of the city centre. It owes its name to the Lambro river that traverses the area. Lambrate houses one of the major railway stations of north-eastern Milan, the Stazione di Milano Lambrate. The district is also well known for Parco Lambro, a large urban park established in 1934. The famous Lambretta motor scooter was manufactured in Lambrate, and named after this district, as is Birrificio Lambrate, a craft brewery established in 1996.Milano Lambrate railway station, the third-largest railway station in Milan, is located in Lambrate.","title":"Lambrate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"vicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicus_(Rome)"},{"link_name":"Insubres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insubres"},{"link_name":"Boii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boii"},{"link_name":"Hannibal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal"},{"link_name":"Pliny the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Naturalis historia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)"},{"link_name":"Po River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po_River"},{"link_name":"sarcophagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcophagus"},{"link_name":"Sforza Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sforza_Castle"},{"link_name":"Order of Saint Benedict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict"},{"link_name":"Frederick I Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"fief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fief"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Empire"},{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Martinitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinitt"},{"link_name":"Innocenti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocenti"},{"link_name":"Lambretta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambretta"}],"text":"Lambrate originated as a Roman vicus. The Romans conquered the area in 222 BC, after a long siege of Milan (then Mediolanum), where Romans fought against the local Insubres and Boii as well as their ally Hannibal. Pliny the Elder mentions mansio ad Lambrus (Lambrate) in his Naturalis historia as a supply station; it is also likely that Lambrate served as a river port for Mediolanum. The Romans largely developed the area, both for agriculture and for navigation on the Po River basin. Finds of the old Roman settlement of Lambrate, including a marble sarcophagus, have been revealed in 1905 and are now exposed at the Sforza Castle museum. The small chapel in the centre of Lambrate was supposedly one of the first places of Christian worship in the area.In the 8th and 9th century, two monasteries of the Order of Saint Benedict were built in Lambrate. In 1162, when Milan was demolished by Frederick I Barbarossa, Lambrate was proclaimed an \"imperial borgo\"; many Milanese refugees found a new home here.During Spanish rule (in the 16th century), a war factory called \"Polveriera\" was built in Lambrate, which played a major role in the development of the area. The Spanish transformed Lambrate into a fief, a condition that lasted until Lombardy fell under the Napoleonic Empire, when Lambrate became a free comune. A few decades later, Lambrate was annexed to Milan by the French viceroy.In 1816, during the Austrian rule, Lambrate was again an autonomous comune, to be annexed to Milan once again in 1923. In the first half of the 20th century, the Martinitt corporation was based in Lambrate.After World War II, the Innocenti machine factory began producing in Lambrate the famous motorcycle Lambretta, that owes its name to Lambrate.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganism"},{"link_name":"Charles Borromeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Borromeo"},{"link_name":"Federico Borromeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Borromeo"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Manzoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni"},{"link_name":"The Betrothed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Betrothed_(Manzoni_novel)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"One of the prominent monuments of Lambrate is the old chapel located in the centre of the district, at the corner of via Bertolazzi and via Dardanoni, which existed since Roman times (possibly having a pagan rather than Christian origin). The history of the chapel is intertwined with the lives of Saints Charles Borromeo and Federico Borromeo. According to Alessandro Manzoni's scholars, an implicit reference to the chapel is found in The Betrothed when the main character Renzo Tramaglino travels from Milan to Trezzo d'Adda.During World War II, on 13 August 1943, the chapel was hit by a bomb that knocked down part of the roof and landed on the altar, without exploding.[citation needed]","title":"The Chapel"}]
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[]
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Naviglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conca_del_Naviglio"},{"title":"Guastalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guastalla_(district_of_Milan)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Porta Sempione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta_Sempione"},{"title":"Porta Tenaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta_Tenaglia"},{"title":"Zone 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_2_of_Milan"},{"title":"Adriano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adriano_(district_of_Milan)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Crescenzago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescenzago"},{"title":"Gorla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorla_(district_of_Milan)"},{"title":"Greco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco_(district_of_Milan)"},{"title":"Loreto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazzale_Loreto"},{"title":"Maggiolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maggiolina_(district_of_Milan)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Mandello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandello_(district_of_Milan)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Mirabello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirabello_(district_of_Milan)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Ponte Seveso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ponte_Seveso&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Porta Nuova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta_Nuova_(Milan)"},{"title":"Precotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precotto"},{"title":"Stazione Centrale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milano_Centrale_railway_station"},{"title":"Turro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turro_(Milan)"},{"title":"Villaggio dei Giornalisti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villaggio_dei_Giornalisti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Zone 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_3_of_Milan"},{"title":"Casoretto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casoretto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Cimiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimiano"},{"title":"Città Studi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citt%C3%A0_Studi"},{"title":"Dosso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dosso_(district_of_Milan)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Lambrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Ortica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortica"},{"title":"Porta Monforte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta_Monforte"},{"title":"Porta Venezia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta_Venezia"},{"title":"Quartiere Feltre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartiere_Feltre"},{"title":"Rottole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rottole&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Zone 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_4_of_Milan"},{"title":"Acquabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acquabella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Calvairate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvairate"},{"title":"Castagnedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castagnedo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Cavriano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavriano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Forlanini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forlanini_(district_of_Milan)"},{"title":"Gamboloita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gamboloita&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"La Trecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Trecca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Monluè","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monlu%C3%A8"},{"title":"Morsenchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morsenchio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Nosedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosedo"},{"title":"Omero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omero_(district_of_Milan)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Ponte Lambro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte_Lambro_(district_of_Milan)"},{"title":"Porta Vittoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta_Vittoria"},{"title":"Porta Romana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta_Romana_(Milan)"},{"title":"Rogoredo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogoredo"},{"title":"San Luigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Luigi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Santa Giulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milano_Santa_Giulia"},{"title":"Taliedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliedo"},{"title":"Triulzo Superiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triulzo_Superiore&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Zone 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_5_of_Milan"},{"title":"Basmetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basmetto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Cantalupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cantalupa_(district_of_Milan)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Case Nuove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Case_Nuove&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Chiaravalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiaravalle_(district_of_Milan)"},{"title":"Chiesa Rossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiesa_Rossa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Conca Fallata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conca_Fallata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Fatima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatima_(district_of_Milan)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Gratosoglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratosoglio"},{"title":"Le Terrazze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Terrazze&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Macconago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macconago&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Missaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Missaglia_(district_of_Milan)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Morivione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morivione"},{"title":"Porta Lodovica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta_Lodovica"},{"title":"Porta Vigentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta_Vigentina"},{"title":"Quintosole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintosole"},{"title":"Ronchetto delle Rane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ronchetto_delle_Rane&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"San Gottardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Gottardo_(district_of_Milan)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Selvanesco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selvanesco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Stadera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stadera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Torretta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torretta_(district_of_Milan)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Vaiano Valle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaiano_Valle"},{"title":"Vigentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigentino"},{"title":"Zone 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_6_of_Milan"},{"title":"Arzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arzaga&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Barona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barona_(district_of_Milan)"},{"title":"Boffalora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boffalora_(district_of_Milan)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Cascina Bianca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascina_Bianca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Conchetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conchetta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Creta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Creta_(district_of_Milan)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Foppette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foppette&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Giambellino-Lorenteggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giambellino-Lorenteggio"},{"title":"Lodovico il Moro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lodovico_il_Moro_(district_of_Milan)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Moncucco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moncucco_(district)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Porta Genova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta_Genova"},{"title":"Porta Ticinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta_Ticinese"},{"title":"Ronchetto sul Naviglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronchetto_sul_Naviglio"},{"title":"San Cristoforo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Cristoforo_sul_Naviglio_(district_of_Milan)"},{"title":"Sant'Ambrogio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sant%27Ambrogio_(district_of_Milan)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Teramo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teramo_(district_of_Milan)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Villa Magentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villa_Magentino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Villaggio dei Fiori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villaggio_dei_Fiori&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Zone 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_7_of_Milan"},{"title":"Assiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assiano"},{"title":"Baggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baggio_(district_of_Milan)"},{"title":"Figino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figino_(district_of_Milan)"},{"title":"Fopponino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fopponino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Forze Armate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forze_Armate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Harar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harar_(district_of_Milan)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"La Maddalena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Maddalena_(district_of_Milan)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Muggiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muggiano_(district_of_Milan)"},{"title":"Porta Magenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta_Magenta"},{"title":"Quartiere degli Olmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quartiere_degli_Olmi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Quarto Cagnino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarto_Cagnino"},{"title":"Quinto Romano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinto_Romano"},{"title":"San Siro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Siro_(district)"},{"title":"Valsesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valsesia_(district_of_Milan)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Vercellese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vercellese_(district_of_Milan)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Zone 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_8_of_Milan"},{"title":"Boldinasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boldinasco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Bullona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bullona_(district_of_Milan)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Cagnola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cagnola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Campo dei Fiori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campo_dei_Fiori_(district_of_Milan)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Cascina Triulza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascina_Triulza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Comina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Fiera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiera_(district_of_Milan)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Gallaratese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallaratese"},{"title":"Garegnano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garegnano"},{"title":"Ghisolfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghisolfa"},{"title":"Lampugnano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampugnano"},{"title":"Musocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musocco"},{"title":"Porta Volta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta_Volta"},{"title":"Portello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portello_(district_of_Milan)"},{"title":"Quarto Oggiaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarto_Oggiaro"},{"title":"QT8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QT8"},{"title":"Roserio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roserio"},{"title":"San Leonardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Leonardo_(district_of_Milan)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Trenno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenno"},{"title":"Varesina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartiere_Varesina"},{"title":"Vialba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vialba"},{"title":"Villapizzone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villapizzone"},{"title":"Zone 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_9_of_Milan"},{"title":"Affori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affori"},{"title":"Bicocca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicocca_(district_of_Milan)"},{"title":"Bovisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovisa"},{"title":"Bovisasca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovisasca"},{"title":"Bruzzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruzzano"},{"title":"Ca' Granda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ca%27_Granda_(district)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Centro Direzionale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_Direzionale_di_Milano"},{"title":"Comasina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comasina"},{"title":"Dergano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dergano"},{"title":"Fulvio Testi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fulvio_Testi_(district_of_Milan)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Isola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isola_(district)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"La Fontana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Fontana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Montalbino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montalbino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Niguarda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niguarda"},{"title":"Porta Garibaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta_Garibaldi_(Milan)"},{"title":"Porta Nuova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta_Nuova_(Milan)"},{"title":"Prato Centenaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prato_Centenaro"},{"title":"Segnano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segnano"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kids_Again_(Example_song)
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Kids Again (Example song)
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["1 Background and release","2 Critical reception","3 Music video","4 Track listing","5 Chart performance","6 Release history","7 Personnel","8 References"]
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2014 single by Example"Kids Again"Single by Examplefrom the album Live Life Living Released14 March 2014Recorded2013Genre
EDM
electronic
Length3:13Label
Epic
Sony Music
Songwriter(s)
Elliot Gleave
Alf Bamford
Fraser T Smith
Producer(s)
Smith
Example
Critikal (co-producer)
Example singles chronology
"Thursday" (2013)
"Kids Again" (2014)
"One More Day (Stay with Me)" (2014)
"Kids Again" is a 2014 song by British recording artist Example. It was released as the second single from his fifth studio album, Live Life Living, on 16 March 2014 in the United Kingdom by Epic Records. The song is written and produced by Example, Alf Bamford, and Fraser T Smith.
Background and release
The EP will feature remixes from MOTi, Zed Bias, Dimension and Critikal as well as an extended mix. On 20 January the Zed Bias, MOTi and Critikal remixes were uploaded to Example's YouTube channel.
Critical reception
Lewis Corner of Digital Spy gave the song a mixed-to-positive review stating:
"While our idea of reclaiming our youth involves Sabrina The Teenage Witch marathons, Example is feeling rather more adventurous. "We'll see wherever we wanna see/ Run away from home, they'll never reach us," he declares, leading his missus on an adrenaline-fuelled jaunt across the globe, soundtracked by his trademark mix of stomping club beats and Ibiza-ready synths. Yes, Example is re-treading previous territory with his brand of lad EDM, but it's hard not to be charmed by his new perkier outlook on life."
Music video
Example uploaded the music video to his VEVO channel on 12 February. Example filmed the music video on location in Miami at the beginning of February with several of his fans raving to the music. The video was directed by Jon Jon Augustavo. It has since gathered over 2,800,000 views. On 3 March, the video for the MOTi remix was uploaded to Example's VEVO Channel. The video for the MOTi remix has gathered over 220,000 views.
Track listing
Digital download - singleNo.TitleLength1."Kids Again" (Radio Edit)3:13
Digital download - EPNo.TitleLength1."Kids Again" (Extended Mix)5:492."Kids Again" (MOTi Remix)4:373."Kids Again" (Zed Bias Remix)4:464."Kids Again" (Dimension Remix)4:095."Kids Again" (Critikal 'Ibiza Sunset' Remix)5:016."Kids Again" (Critikal 'Miami Sunrise' Remix)5:12
Chart performance
Chart (2014)
Peakposition
Australia (ARIA)
74
Ireland (IRMA)
52
Scotland (OCC)
10
UK Dance (OCC)
6
UK Singles (OCC)
13
Release history
Region
Date
Format
Label
Ireland
14 March 2014
Digital download
Epic Records
United Kingdom
16 March 2014
Personnel
Elliot Gleave - vocals, composition, production
Fraser T Smith - production
Alfie "Critikal" Bamford - co-production
References
^ a b Lewis Corner. "Example: 'Kids Again' - Single review". Digital Spy. digitalspy.co.uk.
^ Lauren Shean (7 July 2014). "Example – Live Life Living - Album review".
^ "Example - Kids Again (Dimension Remix)". YouTube. 19 January 2014.
^ "The ARIA Report: Week Commencing 24 March 2014" (PDF). Australian Web Archive. 17 April 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
^ "Chart Track: Week 12, 2014". Irish Singles Chart.
^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
^ "Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company.
^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
vteExample singles
Discography
Won't Go Quietly (2010)
"Hooligans"
"Watch the Sun Come Up"
"Won't Go Quietly"
"Kickstarts"
"Last Ones Standing"
"Two Lives"
Playing in the Shadows (2011)
"Changed the Way You Kiss Me"
"Stay Awake"
"Natural Disaster"
"Midnight Run"
"Shot Yourself in the Foot Again"
The Evolution of Man (2012)
"Say Nothing"
"Close Enemies"
"Perfect Replacement"
Live Life Living (2014)
"All the Wrong Places"
"Kids Again"
"One More Day (Stay with Me)"
"10 Million People"
"Only Human"
Non-album singles
"Whisky Story"
"Later"
"The Answer"
"All Night"
Featured singles
"Monster"
"Game Over"
"Unorthodox"
"Daydreamer"
"We'll Be Coming Back"
"Thursday"
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz work
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomislav_Lampel
|
Tommy Lapid
|
["1 Biography","2 Media career","3 Political career","4 Non-political activities","5 Death","6 Other","7 References","8 External links"]
|
Israeli radio and television presenter, journalist, and politician (1931–2008)
Tommy Lapidטומי לפידLapid reporting from the Eichmann trial in 1961Ministerial roles2003–2004Deputy Prime Minister2003–2004Minister of JusticeFaction represented in the Knesset1999–2006Shinui2006Secular FactionOther roles2005Leader of the Opposition2005Shadow Prime Minister2005Shadow Vice Prime Minister
Personal detailsBornTomislav Lampel(1931-12-27)27 December 1931Novi Sad, YugoslaviaDied1 June 2008(2008-06-01) (aged 76)Tel Aviv, IsraelChildren3, including Yair Lapid
Joseph "Tommy" Lapid (Hebrew: יוסף "טומי" לפיד; born Tomislav Lampel ; 27 December 1931 – 1 June 2008) was a Yugoslav-born Israeli radio and television presenter, playwright, journalist, politician and government minister known for his sharp tongue and acerbic wit. Lapid headed the secular-liberal Shinui party from 1999 to 2006. He fiercely opposed the ultra-Orthodox political parties and actively sought to exclude any religious observance from the legal structure of the Israeli State. He was the father of Yair Lapid, who served as the 14th Prime Minister of Israel in 2022.
Biography
Lapid was born in Novi Sad, Kingdom of Yugoslavia (modern-day Serbia), to a family of Hungarian Jewish descent. His family was seized by the Nazis and deported to the Budapest Ghetto. His father, Dr. Bela (Meir) Lampel, a lawyer and Zionist leader, was deported to Mauthausen concentration camp, where he was murdered. His grandmother Hermione was murdered in Auschwitz. Lapid and his mother were rescued by Raoul Wallenberg in Budapest. They survived the war and moved to Israel in 1948 where he worked at the Hungarian-language Israeli paper Új Kelet with Rudolf Kasztner. After serving as a radio operator in the Israel Defense Forces between 1950 and 1953, Lapid graduated with a law degree from Tel Aviv University in 1957. He married Shulamit Lapid, an acclaimed novelist; they had three children. Their son, Yair Lapid, is the chairman of the political party Yesh Atid, which became the second-biggest party in the 2013 Israeli elections, and was a columnist and television host. Yair became Prime Minister of Israel on 1 July 2022. Tommy and Shulamit's youngest daughter, Merav, is a clinical psychologist. Their elder daughter, Michal, was killed in a car accident in 1984.
Media career
Lapid started out as a journalist for the Israeli Hungarian-language newspaper Új Kelet. Later, he was hired by the mainstream daily Maariv, where he became an influential publicist, and went on to become director-general of the Israel Broadcasting Authority and chairman of the Cable TV Union. He was also the founding editor of Israeli women's magazine At, as well as a successful playwright.
In the 1990s Lapid was a regular guest on the political talk show Popolitika aired on Channel 1 which often turned into a shouting match; later on he moved to the Channel 2 talk show, Politika.
In October 1994, on a Canada AM TV show interview with ex-Mossad agent Victor Ostrovsky, journalist Valerie Pringle spoke by phone with Lapid regarding recent inflammatory comments he had made on Popolitika regarding Ostrovsky and his latest book, "The Other Side of Deception." Lapid reiterated his earlier comments that he felt Ostrovsky was a traitor to Israel and hoped that "there will be a decent Jew in Canada who can assassinate him for us."
Lapid was awarded the Sokolov Award, Israel's top award in journalism, in 1998, for his weekly radio show.
Political career
In the late 1990s, Lapid joined Avraham Poraz's Shinui party, which boosted the party's standing in the Israeli political scene. Lapid became party chairman and Shinui won six seats in the 1999 elections, with Lapid entering the Knesset for the first time. In the 2003 elections the party ran on a secularist platform and won 15 seats, making it the third-largest in the Knesset after Likud and Labour. Shinui was invited to join the government of Ariel Sharon and Lapid was appointed Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Justice.
It was suggested that Israel's pro-Serbian position in 1999, was a result of the Serbian population's history of saving Jews during the holocaust, personal memories of which were still present among older Israeli politicians, such as Lapid, serving in government at the time.
Between 2001 and 2006, Lapid, via a bill passed by the Knesset, established the commission of "Future Generations", headed by retired judge Shlomo Shoham, an office that was later closed down by a bill passed by then Knesset member and Chairman of the Knesset Committee, Yariv Levin, on the grounds that the commission was a "big malfunction" in which "a commissioner sits above us while we're the elected officials. Apparently, this commissioner was granted the 'prophecy' that he knows what is best for future generations." In a rebuttal, Shoham stated that "the Chairman of the Knesset Committee does not understand the essence of the position of "Commissioner of Future Generations" within the checks and balances of democracy."
The tension between Shinui and Likud grew when the ultra-Orthodox party Agudat Yisrael was brought into the coalition. Shinui could not implement many of its electoral promises, such as instituting civil marriage, and a dispute erupted over state aid to religious institutions. As a result, Shinui quit the coalition in December 2004. Lapid announced the formation of a Shadow Cabinet based on the British model on 3 January 2005, before being appointed Leader of the Opposition a week later. In late March 2005, Lapid voted in favor of the budget in exchange for minor concessions in order to keep the government from falling, which was liable to lead to early elections and impede the implementation of the disengagement plan.
In Shinui's primary elections held shortly before the 2006 elections, Lapid retained the party leadership. However, his deputy Poraz lost second place on the list. In the ensuing crisis, Poraz and several other Shinui MKs left the party and founded Hetz. Lapid left Shinui two weeks after the vote and announced his support for Poraz's new party, but chose not to be involved in the new party's leadership, instead of serving as a figurehead. In the elections, he was allocated the symbolic 120th place on the Hetz list, but the party failed to win a seat.
Non-political activities
Tommy Lapid (far-left) at Yad Vashem during George W. Bush's visit, 2008
In July 2006, Lapid was appointed Advisory Board Chairman of Yad Vashem, the Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority, a role he called "a sacred duty".
He appeared on Council of Wise Men, an Israeli television program on Israel 10 channel. He hosted his own radio program on Reshet Bet. He also was a chairman of the Israel Chess Society and served as an honorary member of the Raoul Wallenberg Foundation.
Death
Lapid was hospitalized at Ichilov Hospital in Tel Aviv in serious condition on 30 May 2008. He died on 1 June 2008, aged 76, after a battle with cancer.
Other
In March 2011, street Nova 30 in Veternik, a suburb of Novi Sad, was renamed to ulica Tomija Josefa Lapida (Serbian for "Tommy Joseph Lapid Street").
References
^ a b c d e "Joseph Lapid, journalist and ex-justice minister of Israel, dies at 77". International Herald Tribune. 1 June 2008. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
^ Schmidt, Shira. (3 June 2008) www.cross-currents.com website. Cross-currents.com. Retrieved on 9 September 2011.
^ "Straight Talk". PressReader. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
^ Baruch Tenembaum. "Tommy Lapid". The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
^ a b Israel's 60th Anniversary: 'A Jew from Morning to Night', Der Spiegel, 8 May 2008
^ "Who is Yair Lapid?". Haaretz. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
^ a b Asaf Carmel (1 June 2008). "Olmert pays tribute to Yosef Lapid calling him a 'Jew through and through'". Haaretz. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
^ Atzmon, Gilad (30 September 2011). The Wandering Who: A Study of Jewish Identity Politics. John Hunt Publishing. ISBN 9781846948763. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
^ "The Contrasting Media Treatment of Israeli and Islamic Death Threats". Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. January 1995.
^ "Ex-mossad Agent Files Suit, Claiming On-air Death Plea". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 12 February 1995.
^ Russia or Ukraine? For some Israelis, Holocaust memories are key Haaretz, By David Landau, 15 Apr. 2014
^ Zarchia, Zvi; Bassuk, Moti (1 December 2010). "Why was the Commission for Future Generations abolished and what does this mean for the future of the country?" (in Hebrew). TheMarker. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
^ "Lapid and Poraz assure Sharon of Shinui's support for budget" Haaretz, 27 March 2005
^ "Report: Poraz refuses offer to rejoin Shinui after quitting". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
^ "לאחר שבועיים של שתיקה - הודיע יו"ר שינוי טומי לפיד על פרישתו מהמפלגה". TheMarker. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
^ Former Shinui head Yosef Lapid taken to hospital in serious condition; The Jerusalem Post, 30 May 2008
^ Former Shinui Party Chairman Yosef (Tommy) Lapid Dead at 77; Israel National News, 1 June 2008
^ Otkrivena Tabla Sa Imenom Tomija Josefa Lapida Archived 7 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Novisad.rs (15 March 2011). Retrieved on 9 September 2011.
^ OpenStreetMap
External links
Tommy Lapid on the Knesset website
Tommy Lapid: Champion of secularism in Israel on The Independent
vteJustice Ministers of Israel
Rosen (1948-51)
Yosef (1951-52)
Cohn (1952)
Rosen (1952-56)
Ben-Gurion (1956)
Rosen (1956-61)
Yosef (1961-66)
Shapira (1966-72)
Meir (1972)
Shapira (1972-73)
Meir (1973-74)
Zadok (1974-77)
Begin (1977)
Tamir (1977-80)
Nissim (1980-86)
Moda'i (1986)
Sharir (1986-88)
Meridor (1988-92)
Libai (1992-96)
Ne'eman (1996)
Netanyahu (1996)
Hanegbi (1996-99)
Beilin (1999-2001)
Sheetrit (2001-03)
Lapid (2003-04)
Livni* (2004-06)
Ramon (2006)
Sheetrit* (2006)
Olmert* (2006)
Livni (2006-07)
Friedmann (2007-09)
Ne'eman (2009-13)
Livni (2013-14)
Shaked (2015-19)
Ohana (2019-20)
Nissenkorn (2020-21)
Gantz* (2021)
Sa'ar (2021-22)
Levin (2022–)
* entire or partial tenure as Substitute Justice Minister, until a replacement was found
vteLeaders of the Opposition in Israel Leader of the largestopposition party
Ya'ari (1949–51)
Bernstein (1951–52)
Ya'ari (1952–55)
Bernstein (1955)
Begin (1955–67)
Levin (1967–70)
Begin (1970–77)
Peres (1977–84)
Ne'eman (1984–88)
Aloni (1988–90)
Peres (1990–92)
Rabin (1992)
Shamir (1992–93)
Netanyahu (1993–96)
Peres (1996–97)
Barak (1997–99)
Sharon (1999–2000)
Officially designatedOpposition Leader
Sharon (2000–01)
Sarid (2001–03)
Mitzna (2003)
Itzik (2003)
Peres (2003–05)
T. Lapid (2005)
Peretz (2005–06)
Netanyahu (2006–09)
Livni (2009–12)
Mofaz (2012)
Yachimovich (2012)
Mofaz (2012–13)
Yachimovich (2013)
Herzog (2013–2018)
Livni (2018–19)
Yachimovich (2019)
Y. Lapid (2020–21)
Netanyahu (2021–22)
Y. Lapid (2022–)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Poland
Other
SNAC
|
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He fiercely opposed the ultra-Orthodox political parties and actively sought to exclude any religious observance from the legal structure of the Israeli State.[2] He was the father of Yair Lapid, who served as the 14th Prime Minister of Israel in 2022.","title":"Tommy Lapid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Novi Sad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Sad"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Hungarian Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Jews"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazis"},{"link_name":"Budapest Ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"Mauthausen concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Auschwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Raoul Wallenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Wallenberg"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IHT-obit-1"},{"link_name":"Új Kelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Aj_Kelet"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Kasztner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Kasztner"},{"link_name":"Israel Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IHT-obit-1"},{"link_name":"Shulamit Lapid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shulamit_Lapid"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frommorn-5"},{"link_name":"Yair Lapid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yair_Lapid"},{"link_name":"Yesh Atid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesh_Atid"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frommorn-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Lapid was born in Novi Sad, Kingdom of Yugoslavia (modern-day Serbia), to a family of Hungarian Jewish descent. His family was seized by the Nazis and deported to the Budapest Ghetto. His father, Dr. Bela (Meir) Lampel, a lawyer and Zionist leader, was deported to Mauthausen concentration camp, where he was murdered. His grandmother Hermione was murdered in Auschwitz. Lapid and his mother were rescued by Raoul Wallenberg in Budapest.[3][4] They survived the war and moved to Israel in 1948[1] where he worked at the Hungarian-language Israeli paper Új Kelet with Rudolf Kasztner. After serving as a radio operator in the Israel Defense Forces between 1950 and 1953, Lapid graduated with a law degree from Tel Aviv University in 1957.[1] He married Shulamit Lapid, an acclaimed novelist;[5] they had three children. Their son, Yair Lapid, is the chairman of the political party Yesh Atid, which became the second-biggest party in the 2013 Israeli elections, and was a columnist and television host. Yair became Prime Minister of Israel on 1 July 2022. Tommy and Shulamit's youngest daughter, Merav, is a clinical psychologist. Their elder daughter, Michal, was killed in a car accident in 1984.[5][6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Új Kelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Aj_Kelet"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haaretz-obit-7"},{"link_name":"Maariv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maariv_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"Israel Broadcasting Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Broadcasting_Authority"},{"link_name":"Channel 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_1_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"Channel 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_2_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"Canada AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_AM"},{"link_name":"Victor Ostrovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Ostrovsky"},{"link_name":"Valerie Pringle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Pringle"},{"link_name":"The Other Side of Deception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Other_Side_of_Deception"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Sokolov Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokolov_Award"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haaretz-obit-7"}],"text":"Lapid started out as a journalist for the Israeli Hungarian-language newspaper Új Kelet.[7] Later, he was hired by the mainstream daily Maariv, where he became an influential publicist, and went on to become director-general of the Israel Broadcasting Authority and chairman of the Cable TV Union. He was also the founding editor of Israeli women's magazine At, as well as a successful playwright.In the 1990s Lapid was a regular guest on the political talk show Popolitika aired on Channel 1 which often turned into a shouting match; later on he moved to the Channel 2 talk show, Politika.In October 1994, on a Canada AM TV show interview with ex-Mossad agent Victor Ostrovsky, journalist Valerie Pringle spoke by phone with Lapid regarding recent inflammatory comments he had made on Popolitika regarding Ostrovsky and his latest book, \"The Other Side of Deception.\" Lapid reiterated his earlier comments that he felt Ostrovsky was a traitor to Israel and hoped that \"there will be a decent Jew in Canada who can assassinate him for us.\"[8][9][10]Lapid was awarded the Sokolov Award, Israel's top award in journalism, in 1998, for his weekly radio show.[7]","title":"Media career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Avraham Poraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avraham_Poraz"},{"link_name":"1999 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Israeli_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"2003 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Israeli_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"Likud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likud"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Party_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"Ariel Sharon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Sharon"},{"link_name":"Deputy Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_leaders_of_Israel#Deputy_Prime_Minister"},{"link_name":"Minister of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_Minister_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IHT-obit-1"},{"link_name":"holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Serbia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-haaretz.com-11"},{"link_name":"Shlomo Shoham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Shoham"},{"link_name":"Yariv Levin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yariv_Levin"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the-marker-december-2010-12"},{"link_name":"Agudat Yisrael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agudat_Yisrael"},{"link_name":"instituting civil marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_marriage_in_Israel"},{"link_name":"Shadow Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Tommy_Lapid"},{"link_name":"Leader of the Opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"disengagement plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%27s_unilateral_disengagement_plan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"2006 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Israeli_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Hetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetz_(political_party)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In the late 1990s, Lapid joined Avraham Poraz's Shinui party, which boosted the party's standing in the Israeli political scene. Lapid became party chairman and Shinui won six seats in the 1999 elections, with Lapid entering the Knesset for the first time. In the 2003 elections the party ran on a secularist platform and won 15 seats, making it the third-largest in the Knesset after Likud and Labour. Shinui was invited to join the government of Ariel Sharon and Lapid was appointed Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Justice.[1]It was suggested that Israel's pro-Serbian position in 1999, was a result of the Serbian population's history of saving Jews during the holocaust, personal memories of which were still present among older Israeli politicians, such as Lapid, serving in government at the time.[11]Between 2001 and 2006, Lapid, via a bill passed by the Knesset, established the commission of \"Future Generations\", headed by retired judge Shlomo Shoham, an office that was later closed down by a bill passed by then Knesset member and Chairman of the Knesset Committee, Yariv Levin, on the grounds that the commission was a \"big malfunction\" in which \"a commissioner sits above us while we're the elected officials. Apparently, this commissioner was granted the 'prophecy' that he knows what is best for future generations.\" In a rebuttal, Shoham stated that \"the Chairman of the Knesset Committee does not understand the essence of the position of \"Commissioner of Future Generations\" within the checks and balances of democracy.\"[12]The tension between Shinui and Likud grew when the ultra-Orthodox party Agudat Yisrael was brought into the coalition. Shinui could not implement many of its electoral promises, such as instituting civil marriage, and a dispute erupted over state aid to religious institutions. As a result, Shinui quit the coalition in December 2004. Lapid announced the formation of a Shadow Cabinet based on the British model on 3 January 2005, before being appointed Leader of the Opposition a week later. In late March 2005, Lapid voted in favor of the budget in exchange for minor concessions in order to keep the government from falling, which was liable to lead to early elections and impede the implementation of the disengagement plan.[13]In Shinui's primary elections held shortly before the 2006 elections, Lapid retained the party leadership. However, his deputy Poraz lost second place on the list.[14] In the ensuing crisis, Poraz and several other Shinui MKs left the party and founded Hetz.[citation needed] Lapid left Shinui two weeks after the vote and announced his support for Poraz's new party,[15] but chose not to be involved in the new party's leadership, instead of serving as a figurehead. In the elections, he was allocated the symbolic 120th place on the Hetz list, but the party failed to win a seat. [citation needed]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush_pauses_to_pay_respects_in_the_Hall_of_Remembrance.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yad Vashem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Yad Vashem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IHT-obit-1"},{"link_name":"Israel 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_10"},{"link_name":"Reshet Bet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol_Yisrael"},{"link_name":"Raoul Wallenberg Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Wallenberg_Foundation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A3_%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94.jpg"}],"text":"Tommy Lapid (far-left) at Yad Vashem during George W. Bush's visit, 2008In July 2006, Lapid was appointed Advisory Board Chairman of Yad Vashem, the Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority, a role he called \"a sacred duty\".[1]He appeared on Council of Wise Men, an Israeli television program on Israel 10 channel. He hosted his own radio program on Reshet Bet. He also was a chairman of the Israel Chess Society and served as an honorary member of the Raoul Wallenberg Foundation.","title":"Non-political activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ichilov Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Sourasky_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Lapid was hospitalized at Ichilov Hospital in Tel Aviv in serious condition on 30 May 2008.[16] He died on 1 June 2008, aged 76, after a battle with cancer.[17]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Veternik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veternik"},{"link_name":"Novi Sad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Sad"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"In March 2011, street Nova 30 in Veternik, a suburb of Novi Sad, was renamed to ulica Tomija Josefa Lapida (Serbian for \"Tommy Joseph Lapid Street\").[18][19]","title":"Other"}]
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[{"image_text":"Tommy Lapid (far-left) at Yad Vashem during George W. Bush's visit, 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/President_George_W._Bush_pauses_to_pay_respects_in_the_Hall_of_Remembrance.jpg/220px-President_George_W._Bush_pauses_to_pay_respects_in_the_Hall_of_Remembrance.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A3_%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94.jpg/220px-%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A3_%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Joseph Lapid, journalist and ex-justice minister of Israel, dies at 77\". International Herald Tribune. 1 June 2008. Retrieved 9 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/01/world/africa/01iht-obits.4.13373050.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"Joseph Lapid, journalist and ex-justice minister of Israel, dies at 77\""}]},{"reference":"\"Straight Talk\". PressReader. Retrieved 19 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pressreader.com/israel/jerusalem-post/20160904/281908772583703","url_text":"\"Straight Talk\""}]},{"reference":"Baruch Tenembaum. \"Tommy Lapid\". The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation. Retrieved 19 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.raoulwallenberg.net/highlights/tommy-lapid/","url_text":"\"Tommy Lapid\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who is Yair Lapid?\". Haaretz. Retrieved 19 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-yair-lapid-prom-king-politician-1.5269932","url_text":"\"Who is Yair Lapid?\""}]},{"reference":"Asaf Carmel (1 June 2008). \"Olmert pays tribute to Yosef Lapid calling him a 'Jew through and through'\". Haaretz. Retrieved 8 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.haaretz.com/news/olmert-pays-tribute-to-yosef-lapid-calling-him-a-jew-through-and-through-1.246992","url_text":"\"Olmert pays tribute to Yosef Lapid calling him a 'Jew through and through'\""}]},{"reference":"Atzmon, Gilad (30 September 2011). The Wandering Who: A Study of Jewish Identity Politics. John Hunt Publishing. ISBN 9781846948763. Retrieved 22 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rTbtBAAAQBAJ&dq=valerie+pringle+Yosef+Lapid&pg=PT19","url_text":"The Wandering Who: A Study of Jewish Identity Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846948763","url_text":"9781846948763"}]},{"reference":"\"The Contrasting Media Treatment of Israeli and Islamic Death Threats\". Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. January 1995.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wrmea.org/1995-january-february/the-contrasting-media-treatment-of-israeli-and-islamic-death-threats.html","url_text":"\"The Contrasting Media Treatment of Israeli and Islamic Death Threats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-mossad Agent Files Suit, Claiming On-air Death Plea\". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 12 February 1995.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jta.org/archive/ex-mossad-agent-files-suit-claiming-on-air-death-plea","url_text":"\"Ex-mossad Agent Files Suit, Claiming On-air Death Plea\""}]},{"reference":"Zarchia, Zvi; Bassuk, Moti (1 December 2010). \"Why was the Commission for Future Generations abolished and what does this mean for the future of the country?\" (in Hebrew). TheMarker. Retrieved 31 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.themarker.com/career/2010-12-01/ty-article/0000017f-dc53-db22-a17f-fcf3fa620000","url_text":"\"Why was the Commission for Future Generations abolished and what does this mean for the future of the country?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheMarker","url_text":"TheMarker"}]},{"reference":"\"Report: Poraz refuses offer to rejoin Shinui after quitting\". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 11 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jpost.com/israel/report-poraz-refuses-offer-to-rejoin-shinui-after-quitting","url_text":"\"Report: Poraz refuses offer to rejoin Shinui after quitting\""}]},{"reference":"\"לאחר שבועיים של שתיקה - הודיע יו\"ר שינוי טומי לפיד על פרישתו מהמפלגה\". TheMarker. Retrieved 11 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.themarker.com/markets/1.352195","url_text":"\"לאחר שבועיים של שתיקה - הודיע יו\"ר שינוי טומי לפיד על פרישתו מהמפלגה\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platter_(dinner)
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Platter (dishware)
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["1 See also","2 External links"]
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This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Platter" dishware – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
A platter is a large type of dishware used for serving food. It is a tray on which food is displayed and served to people. Its shape can be oval, round, octagonal, rectangular, or square. It can be made of metal, ceramic, plastic, glass or wood. Plain and ornate platters suitable for more formal settings or occasions are made of, or plated with, silver, and antique examples are considered quite valuable. Especially expensive and ceremonial platters have been made of gold.
In restaurant terminology, a platter is often a main dish served on a platter with one or more side dishes, such as a salad or french fries.
Notable platters includes the Colombian bandeja paisa, Indian thali or Arabic mixed-meat platters.
Mixed Arabic meat platter served on a bed of rice, in a restaurant in the United Kingdom
Sadya, a traditional platter originated from the Indian state of Kerala, served on Banana leaf
A platter of fruits
Five of Cheese on the platter
Carne a la tampiqueña on a platter.
A salad platter.
An Icelandic platter with goat head, head cheeses and cold meat
Fish Finger Sandwich platter
Bandeja paisa is a typical meal popular in Colombian cuisine. Paisa refers to the Paisa Region and bandeja is Spanish word for platter.
Cheese on a platter
See also
Thali
In a basket
Blue-plate special
List of restaurant terminology
Meat and three
Food portal
Nantaimori
External links
The dictionary definition of platter at Wiktionary
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States
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This article about kitchenware or a tool used in preparation or serving of food is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dishware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dishware"},{"link_name":"metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal"},{"link_name":"ceramic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic"},{"link_name":"plastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic"},{"link_name":"silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"main dish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_dish"},{"link_name":"salad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad"},{"link_name":"french fries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_fries"},{"link_name":"Colombian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"bandeja paisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandeja_paisa"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"thali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thali"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_cuisine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:14th_June_2014_Badar%27s_Mix_Platter.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sadya_2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sadya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadya"},{"link_name":"Indian state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_Union_Territories_of_India"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"Banana leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_leaf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seven_fruits_platter_(8475320398).png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spanish_Cheeses_and_European_cheeses_on_plate.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carne_a_la_tampique%C3%B1a.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carne a la tampiqueña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carne_a_la_tampique%C3%B1a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salad_platter.jpg"},{"link_name":"salad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thorramatur.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fish_finger_sandwich_at_The_Fox_Inn_public_house_at_Finchingfield,_Essex,_England.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bandeja_paisa_30062011.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bandeja paisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandeja_paisa"},{"link_name":"Colombian cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Paisa Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisa_Region"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K%C3%A4seteller_2923.JPG"}],"text":"A platter is a large type of dishware used for serving food. It is a tray on which food is displayed and served to people. Its shape can be oval, round, octagonal, rectangular, or square. It can be made of metal, ceramic, plastic, glass or wood. Plain and ornate platters suitable for more formal settings or occasions are made of, or plated with, silver, and antique examples are considered quite valuable. Especially expensive and ceremonial platters have been made of gold.In restaurant terminology, a platter is often a main dish served on a platter with one or more side dishes, such as a salad or french fries.Notable platters includes the Colombian bandeja paisa, Indian thali or Arabic mixed-meat platters.Mixed Arabic meat platter served on a bed of rice, in a restaurant in the United Kingdom\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSadya, a traditional platter originated from the Indian state of Kerala, served on Banana leaf\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA platter of fruits\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFive of Cheese on the platter\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCarne a la tampiqueña on a platter.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA salad platter.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn Icelandic platter with goat head, head cheeses and cold meat\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFish Finger Sandwich platter\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBandeja paisa is a typical meal popular in Colombian cuisine. Paisa refers to the Paisa Region and bandeja is Spanish word for platter.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCheese on a platter","title":"Platter (dishware)"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Thali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thali"},{"title":"In a basket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_a_basket"},{"title":"Blue-plate special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-plate_special"},{"title":"List of restaurant terminology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_restaurant_terminology"},{"title":"Meat and three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat_and_three"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"title":"Food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"title":"Nantaimori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantaimori"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanam%C3%B5isa_(Emmaste)
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Vanamõisa, Hiiu County
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 58°45′08″N 22°30′15″E / 58.75222°N 22.50417°E / 58.75222; 22.50417Village in Estonia
Village in Hiiu County, EstoniaVanamõisaVillageVanamõisaCoordinates: 58°45′08″N 22°30′15″E / 58.75222°N 22.50417°E / 58.75222; 22.50417Country EstoniaCountyHiiu CountyParishHiiumaa ParishTime zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Vanamõisa is a village in Hiiumaa Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
References
^ Classification of Estonian administrative units and settlements 2014 (retrieved 28 July 2021)
vteSettlements in Hiiumaa ParishTown
Kärdla
Small boroughs
Käina
Kõrgessaare
Villages
Aadma
Ala
Allika
Aruküla
Emmaste
Emmaste-Kurisu
Emmaste-Selja
Esiküla
Hagaste
Haldi
Haldreka
Harju
Hausma
Heigi
Heiste
Heistesoo
Hellamaa
Heltermaa
Hiiessaare
Hilleste
Hindu
Hirmuste
Härma
Hüti
Isabella
Jausa
Jõeküla
Jõeranna
Jõesuu
Kaasiku
Kabuna
Kaderna
Kaigutsi
Kalana
Kaleste
Kalgi
Kanapeeksi
Kassari
Kauste
Kerema
Kidaste
Kiduspe
Kiivera
Kitsa
Kleemu
Kodeste
Kogri
Koidma
Kolga
Kopa
Kukka
Kuri
Kuriste
Kurisu
Kuusiku
Kõlunõmme
Kõmmusselja
Kõpu
Kärdla-Nõmme
Külaküla
Külama
Laartsa
Laasi
Lassi
Laheküla
Lauka
Leerimetsa
Lehtma
Leigri
Leisu
Lelu
Lepiku
Ligema
Lilbi
Linnumäe
Loja
Luguse
Luidja
Lõbembe
Lõpe
Malvaste
Mangu
Mardihansu
Meelste
Metsaküla
Metsalauka
Metsapere
Moka
Muda
Mudaste
Mäeküla
Mäeltse
Mägipe
Männamaa
Mänspe
Määvli
Napi
Nasva
Niidiküla
Nurste
Nõmba
Nõmme
Nõmmerga
Ogandi
Ojaküla
Ole
Orjaku
Otste
Palade
Palli
Paluküla
Paope
Partsi
Pihla
Pilpaküla
Poama
Prassi
Prähnu
Prählamäe
Puliste
Puski
Putkaste
Pärna
Pärnselja
Pühalepa
Pühalepa-Harju
Rannaküla
Reheselja
Reigi
Reigi-Nõmme
Reikama
Riidaküla
Risti
Ristivälja
Rootsi
Sakla
Salinõmme
Sarve
Selja
Sepaste
Sigala
Sinima
Soonlepa
Suuremõisa
Suurepsi
Suureranna
Suuresadama
Sõru
Sääre
Sülluste
Taguküla
Tahkuna
Tammela
Tammistu
Tareste
Taterma
Tempa
Tiharu
Tilga
Tohvri
Tubala
Tärkma
Ulja
Undama
Utu
Vaemla
Vahtrepa
Valgu
Valipe
Vanamõisa
Viilupi
Viiri
Viita
Viitasoo
Vilima
Vilivalla
Villamaa
Villemi
Värssu
Õngu
Ühtri
Ülendi
This Hiiu County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vanam%C3%B5isa,_Hiiu_County¶ms=58_45_08_N_22_30_15_E_source:kolossus-plwiki_type:city_region:EE-205","external_links_name":"58°45′08″N 22°30′15″E / 58.75222°N 22.50417°E / 58.75222; 22.50417"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vanam%C3%B5isa,_Hiiu_County¶ms=58_45_08_N_22_30_15_E_source:kolossus-plwiki_type:city_region:EE-205","external_links_name":"58°45′08″N 22°30′15″E / 58.75222°N 22.50417°E / 58.75222; 22.50417"},{"Link":"http://metaweb.stat.ee/view_xml.htm?id=3787961&searchText=9019","external_links_name":"Classification of Estonian administrative units and settlements 2014"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vanam%C3%B5isa,_Hiiu_County&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Always_Cantare
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Always Cantare
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["1 Ratings","2 References","3 External links"]
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This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Always Cantare" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2017) South Korean TV series or program
Always CantareGenreMusic-VarietyCountry of originSouth KoreaOriginal languageKoreanNo. of seasons2No. of episodes4 episodes (Season 1) 7 episodes (Season 2)ProductionProduction locationSouth KoreaRunning time65 minutesOriginal releaseNetworktvNReleaseDecember 5, 2014 (2014-12-05) –August 1, 2015 (2015-08-01)
Always Cantare (Korean: 언제나 칸타레) is a 2014 South Korean television program. The first season consists of 4 episodes and aired on tvN from December 5 to 26, 2014. The second season began on June 20, 2015 and airs on Wednesdays at 23:00.
Ratings
In the ratings below, the highest rating for the show will be in red, and the lowest rating for the show will be in blue each year.
Ratings released by AGB Nielsen Korean and TnMS.
Episode #
Original Airdate
TNmS Ratings
AGB Ratings
Nationwide
Seoul National Capital Area
Nationwide
Seoul National Capital Area
1
December 5
2.215%
2
December 12
1.768%
3
December 19
1.700%
4
December 26
1.515%
References
^ Ghim, Sora (9 June 2015). "Will The Members Of 'Always Cantare' Season 2 Be Successful?". Bntnews. Retrieved 2015-06-22.
External links
Always Cantare 1 Archived 2014-12-07 at the Wayback Machine (in Korean)
Always Cantare 2 (in Korean)
This article related to South Korean television is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Powell_(designer)
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Anthony Powell (designer)
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["1 Biography","2 Credits","2.1 Film","2.2 Theatre","3 Awards","4 References","5 External links"]
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English costume designer (1935–2021)
Anthony PowellBorn(1935-06-02)2 June 1935Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester, EnglandDied16 April 2021(2021-04-16) (aged 85)London, EnglandNationalityEnglishOccupationCostume designerAwardsAcademy Award, BAFTA Award, Tony Award, César Award
Anthony Powell (2 June 1935 – 16 April 2021) was an English costume designer for film and stage. He won three Academy Awards, for Travels with My Aunt (1972), Death on the Nile (1978) and Tess (1979).
Biography
Powell was born in Chorlton-cum-Hardy in June 1935, and is not related to fellow costume designer Sandy Powell as Sandy Powell herself told fashion journalist Suzy Menkes on an episode of Menkes' podcast "Creative Conversations" (5 April 2023). Raised in Yorkshire and Dublin, Powell began his professional career as a teenager touring with his handmade marionettes. While serving as a wireless operator in the military, he mistakenly led the British Army of the Occupation in Germany into the Russian zone. After graduating from the Central School of Art and Design in London, he was apprenticed as an assistant to designers including Oliver Messel and Cecil Beaton.
Simultaneously, Powell served as a lecturer at his alma mater. His costume designs for John Gielgud's production of The School for Scandal (1963) earned him a Tony Award, and he received a second nomination for his scenic design. He was consulted as a designer for men's sportswear as well as worked as a design consultant for hotels and restaurants. He assisted in the restoration and renovation of Sutton Place, Guildford during the 1960s and 1970s.
Powell made his first Hollywood connection with director Irving Lerner who chose him to design the costumes for The Royal Hunt of the Sun (1969), which required styling both the Spanish conquistadors as well as the Native Americans. His first Oscar came for his outlandish designs for Maggie Smith's Augusta in George Cukor's Travels with My Aunt (1972). Powell returned to Broadway as set designer for a revival of Noël Coward's Private Lives and Peter Shaffer's Lettice and Lovage, both starring Maggie Smith.
The academy honored him with Oscars for his glamorous 1930s designs for Death on the Nile (1978), and his 19th-century attire for Tess (1979). The latter began a long-term collaboration with director Roman Polanski that included the lavish Pirates (1986), and the contemporary Frantic (1988). Additionally, Powell created the costumes and sets for the French stage production of Amadeus, in which Polanski starred as well as directed.
Powell also forged a collaboration with director Steven Spielberg, creating the period-appropriate costumes for both Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984) and Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989). Powell had spent the better part of two years working closely with David Lean on the director's film project of Nostromo; however the project was halted due to Lean's death. In 1991, he designed the fantastic clothing for Hook, some of which recalled his earlier work for Pirates.
Returning to the stage, his lavish and luxuriant costumes for Norma Desmond in Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Sunset Boulevard (1993 in London; 1994 in the USA), based on the movie, earned him another Tony Award. Glenn Close headed the American production so Powell created the over-the-top costumes for her Cruella de Vil in the live action remake of 101 Dalmatians (1996) and its sequel 102 Dalmatians (2000), for which he received another Best Costume Design Academy Award nomination. He also reinterpreted 1960s mod fashions for the film version of The Avengers (1998).
In 2004, Anthony Powell designed the costumes for Richard Strauss's opera Capriccio for the Paris Opera at the Palais Garnier, starring Renée Fleming, and directed by Robert Carsen. He collaborated again with Robert Carsen in 2010 for the costumes of My Fair Lady at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris. This production also travelled to the Mariinsky Theatre in St Petersburg where it was the first musical comedy to be presented on this stage. This production was revived again in Paris in 2012.
Powell died at a care facility in London on 16 April 2021, aged 85.
Credits
Film
Year
Film
Notes
1964
Festival (TV series) – "The Comedy of Errors"
1969
The Royal Hunt of the Sun
1972
Travels with My Aunt
Won the Academy Award for Best Costume Design
1973
Papillon
1975
That Lucky Touch
1976
Buffalo Bill and the Indians, or Sitting Bull's History Lesson
1977
Sorcerer
1978
Death on the Nile (costumes designed by)
Won the Academy Award for Best Costume Design Won the BAFTA for Best Costume Design
1979
Tess
Won the Academy Award for Best Costume Design Nominated for the BAFTA for Best Costume Design
1981
Priest of Love
1982
Evil Under the Sun
1984
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom
Nominated Saturn Award for Best Costume Design
1986
Pirates
Won César Award for Best Costume Design Nominated for the Academy Award for Best Costume Design
1987
Ishtar
1988
Frantic
1989
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
Nominated Saturn Award for Best Costume Design
1991
Hook
Nominated Academy Award for Best Costume Design
1996
101 Dalmatians
1998
The Avengers
1999
The Ninth Gate
2000
102 Dalmatians
Nominated Academy Award for Best Costume Design
2006
Miss Potter
Theatre
Year
Production
Notes
1962
Women Beware Women
The Comedy of Errors
1963
The School for Scandal
Won Tony Award for Best Costume Design
Nominated Tony Award for Best Scenic Design
1975
Private Lives
1981
Amadeus
1990
Lettice and Lovage
1992
Hay Fever
Nominated Olivier Award for Best Costume Design
1993
Trelawny of the 'Wells'
Sunset Boulevard
1994
Sunset Boulevard
Nominated Tony Award for Best Costume Design
2001
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
Nominated Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Costume Design
2002
Anything Goes
2004
Capriccio
2010
My Fair Lady
This production was revived again in Paris in 2012
2015
Singin' in the Rain
Awards
Academy Award for Best Costume Design – 1973, 1979, 1981
BAFTA Award for Best Costume Design – 1979
César Award for Best Costume Design (Meilleurs costumes=Best costumes) – 1987
Costume Designers Guild Career Achievement Award – 2000
Tony Award for Best Costume Design – 1963
References
^ Anthony Powell, What's in a name?, letter, The Times, 3rd Dec 2008, page 33
^ "Anthony Powell". The Stage. 28 April 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
^ Sandomir, Richard (29 April 2021). "Anthony Powell, Oscar-Winning Costume Designer, Dies at 85". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
^ "Search | RSC Performances | WOB196207 - Women Beware Women | Shakespeare Birthplace Trust". collections.shakespeare.org.uk. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
^ "Search | RSC Performances | COM196209 - The Comedy of Errors | Shakespeare Birthplace Trust". collections.shakespeare.org.uk. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
^ "The School for Scandal – Broadway Play – 1963 Revival | IBDB". www.ibdb.com. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
^ League, The Broadway. "Private Lives – Broadway Play – 1975 Revival | IBDB". www.ibdb.com. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
^ "Lettice and Lovage – Broadway Play – Original | IBDB". www.ibdb.com. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
^ "Hay Fever - London theatre tickets and information for the comedy starring Felicity Kendal up to 1 August 2015". www.thisistheatre.com. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
^ "Olivier Awards 1993 | WestEndTheatre.com". www.westendtheatre.com. 1 January 2009. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
^ League, The Broadway. "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer – Broadway Musical – Original | IBDB". www.ibdb.com. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
^ "Denis Quilley withdraws from Anything Goes through illness". London Theatre Guide. 14 July 2004. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
External links
Anthony Powell at the Internet Broadway Database
Anthony Powell at IMDb
BFI interview
Portraits of Anthony Powell at the National Portrait Gallery, London
Awards for Anthony Powell
vteAcademy Award for Best Costume Design1948–1956
1948 (Black and white): Roger K. Furse / (Color): Dorothy Jeakins and Barbara Karinska
1949 (bw): Edith Head and Gile Steele / (c): Marjorie Best, Leah Rhodes and William Travilla
1950 (bw): Edith Head, Charles LeMaire / (c): Edith Head, Dorothy Jeakins, Elois Jenssen, Gile Steele, Gwen Wakeling
1951 (bw): Edith Head /(c): Orry-Kelly, Walter Plunkett, Irene Sharaff
1952 (bw): Helen Rose / (c): Marcel Vertès
1953 (bw): Edith Head / (c): Charles LeMaire, Emile Santiago
1954 (bw): Edith Head / (c): Sanzo Wada
1955 (bw): Helen Rose / (c): Charles LeMaire
1956 (bw): Jean Louis / (c): Irene Sharaff
1957–1958
1957: Orry-Kelly
1958: Cecil Beaton
1959–1960
1959 (bw): Orry-Kelly / (c): Elizabeth Haffenden
1960 (bw): Edith Head and Edward Stevenson / (c): Bill Thomas and Arlington Valles
1961–1966
1961 (bw): Piero Gherardi / (c): Irene Sharaff
1962 (bw): Norma Koch / (c): Mary Wills
1963 (bw): Piero Gherardi / (c): Renié, Vittorio Nino Novarese and Irene Sharaff
1964 (bw): Dorothy Jeakins / (c): Cecil Beaton
1965 (bw): Julie Harris / (c): Phyllis Dalton
1966 (bw): Irene Sharaff / (c): Joan Bridge and Elizabeth Haffenden
1967–1980
1967: John Truscott
1968: Danilo Donati
1969: Margaret Furse
1970: Vittorio Nino Novarese
1971: Yvonne Blake and Antonio Castillo
1972: Anthony Powell
1973: Edith Head
1974: Theoni V. Aldredge
1975: Milena Canonero and Ulla-Britt Söderlund
1976: Danilo Donati
1977: John Mollo
1978: Anthony Powell
1979: Albert Wolsky
1980: Anthony Powell
1981–2000
1981: Milena Canonero
1982: Bhanu Athaiya and John Mollo
1983: Marik Vos-Lundh
1984: Theodor Pištěk
1985: Emi Wada
1986: Jenny Beavan and John Bright
1987: James Acheson
1988: James Acheson
1989: Phyllis Dalton
1990: Franca Squarciapino
1991: Albert Wolsky
1992: Eiko Ishioka
1993: Gabriella Pescucci
1994: Tim Chappel and Lizzy Gardiner
1995: James Acheson
1996: Ann Roth
1997: Deborah Lynn Scott
1998: Sandy Powell
1999: Lindy Hemming
2000: Janty Yates
2001–2020
2001: Catherine Martin and Angus Strathie
2002: Colleen Atwood
2003: Ngila Dickson and Richard Taylor
2004: Sandy Powell
2005: Colleen Atwood
2006: Milena Canonero
2007: Alexandra Byrne
2008: Michael O'Connor
2009: Sandy Powell
2010: Colleen Atwood
2011: Mark Bridges
2012: Jacqueline Durran
2013: Catherine Martin
2014: Milena Canonero
2015: Jenny Beavan
2016: Colleen Atwood
2017: Mark Bridges
2018: Ruth E. Carter
2019: Jacqueline Durran
2020: Ann Roth
2021–present
2021: Jenny Beavan
2022: Ruth E. Carter
2023: Holly Waddington
Black and White / Color separate (1948–1956, 1959–1966)
vteBAFTA Award for Best Costume Design1964–1967Black and White
Motley (1964)
No Award (1965)
No Award (1966)
Jocelyn Rickards (1967)
Colour
Margaret Furse (1964)
Osbert Lancaster and Dinah Greet (1965)
Julie Harris (1966)
Elizabeth Haffenden and Joan Bridge (1967)
1968–present
Danilo Donati (1968)
Anthony Mendleson (1969)
Maria De Matteis (1970)
Piero Tosi (1971)
Anthony Mendleson (1972)
Phyllis Dalton (1973)
Theoni V. Aldredge (1974)
Ann Roth (1975)
Moidele Bickel (1976)
Danilo Donati (1977)
Anthony Powell (1978)
Shirley Ann Russell (1979)
Seiichiro Momosawa (1980)
Milena Canonero (1981)
Michael Kaplan and Charles Knode (1982)
Piero Tosi (1983)
Gabriella Pescucci (1984)
Milena Canonero (1985)
Jenny Beavan and John Bright (1986)
Jeffrey Kurland (1987)
James Acheson (1988)
Gabriella Pescucci (1989)
Richard Bruno (1990)
Franca Squarciapino (1991)
Catherine Martin and Angus Strathie (1992)
Janet Patterson (1993)
Tim Chappel and Lizzy Gardiner (1994)
Charles Knode (1995)
Shuna Harwood (1996)
Deirdre Clancy (1997)
Sandy Powell (1998)
Colleen Atwood (1999)
Timmy Yip (2000)
Jenny Beavan (2001)
Ngila Dickson and Richard Taylor (2002)
Wendy Stites (2003)
Jacqueline Durran (2004)
Colleen Atwood (2005)
Lala Huete (2006)
Marit Allen (2007)
Michael O'Connor (2008)
Sandy Powell (2009)
Colleen Atwood (2010)
Mark Bridges (2011)
Jacqueline Durran (2012)
Catherine Martin (2013)
Milena Canonero (2014)
Jenny Beavan (2015)
Madeline Fontaine (2016)
Mark Bridges (2017)
Sandy Powell (2018)
Jacqueline Durran (2019)
Ann Roth (2020)
Jenny Beavan (2021)
Catherine Martin (2022)
Holly Waddington (2023)
vteTony Award for Best Costume Design1947–1975
Lucinda Ballard (1947)
Mary Percy Schenck (1948)
Lemuel Ayers (1949)
Aline Bernstein (1950)
Miles White (1951)
Irene Sharaff (1952)
Miles White (1953)
Richard Whorf (1954)
Cecil Beaton (1955)
Alvin Colt (1956)
Cecil Beaton (1957)
Motley: Margaret Harris, Sophie Harris and Elizabeth Montgomery (1958)
Rouben Ter-Arutunian (1959)
Cecil Beaton (1960)
Lucinda Ballard (1962)
Anthony Powell (1963)
Freddy Wittop (1964)
Patricia Zipprodt (1965)
Gunilla Palmstierna-Weiss (1966)
Patricia Zipprodt (1967)
Desmond Heeley (1968)
Loudon Sainthill (1969)
Cecil Beaton (1970)
Raoul Penè Du Bois (1971)
Florence Klotz (1972)
Florence Klotz (1973)
Franne Lee (1974)
Geoffrey Holder (1975)
1976–2004
Florence Klotz (1976)
Theoni V. Aldredge / Santo Loquasto (1977)
Edward Gorey (1978)
Franne Lee (1979)
Theoni V. Aldredge (1980)
Willa Kim (1981)
William Ivey Long (1982)
John Napier (1983)
Theoni V. Aldredge (1984)
Florence Klotz (1985)
Patricia Zipprodt (1986)
John Napier (1987)
Maria Björnson (1988)
Claudio Segovia and Héctor Orezzoli (1989)
Santo Loquasto (1990)
Willa Kim (1991)
William Ivey Long (1992)
Florence Klotz (1993)
Ann Hould-Ward (1994)
Florence Klotz (1995)
Roger Kirk (1996)
Judith Dolan (1997)
Julie Taymor (1998)
Lez Brotherston (1999)
Martin Pakledinaz (2000)
William Ivey Long (2001)
Martin Pakledinaz (2002)
William Ivey Long (2003)
Susan Hilferty (2004)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"costume designer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costume_designer"},{"link_name":"Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Travels with My Aunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travels_with_My_Aunt_(film)"},{"link_name":"Death on the Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_on_the_Nile_(1978_film)"},{"link_name":"Tess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tess_(1979_film)"}],"text":"Anthony Powell (2 June 1935 – 16 April 2021) was an English costume designer for film and stage. He won three Academy Awards, for Travels with My Aunt (1972), Death on the Nile (1978) and Tess (1979).","title":"Anthony Powell (designer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chorlton-cum-Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorlton-cum-Hardy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sandy Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Powell_(costume_designer)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Central School of Art and Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_School_of_Art_and_Design"},{"link_name":"Oliver Messel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Messel"},{"link_name":"Cecil Beaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Beaton"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"John Gielgud's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gielgud"},{"link_name":"The School for Scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_School_for_Scandal"},{"link_name":"Tony Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award"},{"link_name":"Sutton Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Place,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Irving Lerner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Lerner"},{"link_name":"The Royal Hunt of the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Hunt_of_the_Sun"},{"link_name":"Maggie Smith's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Smith"},{"link_name":"Travels with My Aunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travels_with_My_Aunt"},{"link_name":"Noël Coward's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward"},{"link_name":"Private Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Lives"},{"link_name":"Peter Shaffer's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Peter_Shaffer"},{"link_name":"Lettice and Lovage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettice_and_Lovage"},{"link_name":"Death on the Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_on_the_Nile_(1978_film)"},{"link_name":"Tess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tess_(1979_film)"},{"link_name":"Roman Polanski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Polanski"},{"link_name":"Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirates_(1986_film)"},{"link_name":"Frantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantic_(film)"},{"link_name":"Amadeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeus_(play)"},{"link_name":"Steven Spielberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Spielberg"},{"link_name":"Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Temple_of_Doom"},{"link_name":"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade"},{"link_name":"David Lean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lean"},{"link_name":"Hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_(film)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Lloyd Webber's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber"},{"link_name":"Sunset Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_Boulevard_(musical)"},{"link_name":"movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_Boulevard_(film)"},{"link_name":"Glenn Close","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Close"},{"link_name":"Cruella de Vil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruella_de_Vil"},{"link_name":"101 Dalmatians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/101_Dalmatians_(1996_film)"},{"link_name":"102 Dalmatians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/102_Dalmatians"},{"link_name":"The Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Avengers_(1998_film)"},{"link_name":"Richard Strauss's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss"},{"link_name":"Capriccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capriccio_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Palais Garnier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_Garnier"},{"link_name":"Renée Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Fleming"},{"link_name":"Robert Carsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Carsen"},{"link_name":"My Fair Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Fair_Lady"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Powell was born in Chorlton-cum-Hardy in June 1935,[1] and is not related to fellow costume designer Sandy Powell as Sandy Powell herself told fashion journalist Suzy Menkes on an episode of Menkes' podcast \"Creative Conversations\" (5 April 2023).[2] Raised in Yorkshire and Dublin, Powell began his professional career as a teenager touring with his handmade marionettes. While serving as a wireless operator in the military, he mistakenly led the British Army of the Occupation in Germany into the Russian zone. After graduating from the Central School of Art and Design in London, he was apprenticed as an assistant to designers including Oliver Messel and Cecil Beaton.[citation needed]Simultaneously, Powell served as a lecturer at his alma mater. His costume designs for John Gielgud's production of The School for Scandal (1963) earned him a Tony Award, and he received a second nomination for his scenic design. He was consulted as a designer for men's sportswear as well as worked as a design consultant for hotels and restaurants. He assisted in the restoration and renovation of Sutton Place, Guildford during the 1960s and 1970s.Powell made his first Hollywood connection with director Irving Lerner who chose him to design the costumes for The Royal Hunt of the Sun (1969), which required styling both the Spanish conquistadors as well as the Native Americans. His first Oscar came for his outlandish designs for Maggie Smith's Augusta in George Cukor's Travels with My Aunt (1972). Powell returned to Broadway as set designer for a revival of Noël Coward's Private Lives and Peter Shaffer's Lettice and Lovage, both starring Maggie Smith.The academy honored him with Oscars for his glamorous 1930s designs for Death on the Nile (1978), and his 19th-century attire for Tess (1979). The latter began a long-term collaboration with director Roman Polanski that included the lavish Pirates (1986), and the contemporary Frantic (1988). Additionally, Powell created the costumes and sets for the French stage production of Amadeus, in which Polanski starred as well as directed.Powell also forged a collaboration with director Steven Spielberg, creating the period-appropriate costumes for both Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984) and Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989). Powell had spent the better part of two years working closely with David Lean on the director's film project of Nostromo; however the project was halted due to Lean's death. In 1991, he designed the fantastic clothing for Hook, some of which recalled his earlier work for Pirates.Returning to the stage, his lavish and luxuriant costumes for Norma Desmond in Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Sunset Boulevard (1993 in London; 1994 in the USA), based on the movie, earned him another Tony Award. Glenn Close headed the American production so Powell created the over-the-top costumes for her Cruella de Vil in the live action remake of 101 Dalmatians (1996) and its sequel 102 Dalmatians (2000), for which he received another Best Costume Design Academy Award nomination. He also reinterpreted 1960s mod fashions for the film version of The Avengers (1998).In 2004, Anthony Powell designed the costumes for Richard Strauss's opera Capriccio for the Paris Opera at the Palais Garnier, starring Renée Fleming, and directed by Robert Carsen. He collaborated again with Robert Carsen in 2010 for the costumes of My Fair Lady at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris. This production also travelled to the Mariinsky Theatre in St Petersburg where it was the first musical comedy to be presented on this stage. This production was revived again in Paris in 2012.Powell died at a care facility in London on 16 April 2021, aged 85.[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Credits"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Credits"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Theatre","title":"Credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Costume Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design"},{"link_name":"BAFTA Award for Best Costume Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design"},{"link_name":"César Award for Best Costume Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design"},{"link_name":"Costume Designers Guild Career Achievement Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costume_Designers_Guild_Awards"},{"link_name":"Tony Award for Best Costume Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design"}],"text":"Academy Award for Best Costume Design – 1973, 1979, 1981\nBAFTA Award for Best Costume Design – 1979\nCésar Award for Best Costume Design (Meilleurs costumes=Best costumes) – 1987\nCostume Designers Guild Career Achievement Award – 2000\nTony Award for Best Costume Design – 1963","title":"Awards"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Anthony Powell\". The Stage. 28 April 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestage.co.uk/obituaries--archive/obituaries/anthony-powell","url_text":"\"Anthony Powell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stage","url_text":"The Stage"}]},{"reference":"Sandomir, Richard (29 April 2021). \"Anthony Powell, Oscar-Winning Costume Designer, Dies at 85\". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/29/movies/anthony-powell-oscar-winning-costume-designer-dies-at-85.html","url_text":"\"Anthony Powell, Oscar-Winning Costume Designer, Dies at 85\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Search | RSC Performances | WOB196207 - Women Beware Women | Shakespeare Birthplace Trust\". collections.shakespeare.org.uk. Retrieved 20 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://collections.shakespeare.org.uk/search/rsc-performances/wob196207/","url_text":"\"Search | RSC Performances | WOB196207 - Women Beware Women | Shakespeare Birthplace Trust\""}]},{"reference":"\"Search | RSC Performances | COM196209 - The Comedy of Errors | Shakespeare Birthplace Trust\". collections.shakespeare.org.uk. Retrieved 20 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://collections.shakespeare.org.uk/search/rsc-performances/com196209/","url_text":"\"Search | RSC Performances | COM196209 - The Comedy of Errors | Shakespeare Birthplace Trust\""}]},{"reference":"\"The School for Scandal – Broadway Play – 1963 Revival | IBDB\". www.ibdb.com. Retrieved 20 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/the-school-for-scandal-2979#Awards","url_text":"\"The School for Scandal – Broadway Play – 1963 Revival | IBDB\""}]},{"reference":"League, The Broadway. \"Private Lives – Broadway Play – 1975 Revival | IBDB\". www.ibdb.com. Retrieved 20 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/private-lives-3724#ProductionStaff","url_text":"\"Private Lives – Broadway Play – 1975 Revival | IBDB\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lettice and Lovage – Broadway Play – Original | IBDB\". www.ibdb.com. Retrieved 20 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/lettice-and-lovage-4558","url_text":"\"Lettice and Lovage – Broadway Play – Original | IBDB\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hay Fever - London theatre tickets and information for the comedy starring Felicity Kendal up to 1 August 2015\". www.thisistheatre.com. Retrieved 20 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thisistheatre.com/londonshows/hayfever.html","url_text":"\"Hay Fever - London theatre tickets and information for the comedy starring Felicity Kendal up to 1 August 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olivier Awards 1993 | WestEndTheatre.com\". www.westendtheatre.com. 1 January 2009. Retrieved 20 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.westendtheatre.com/4602/awards/olivier-awards-1993/","url_text":"\"Olivier Awards 1993 | WestEndTheatre.com\""}]},{"reference":"League, The Broadway. \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer – Broadway Musical – Original | IBDB\". www.ibdb.com. Retrieved 20 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/the-adventures-of-tom-sawyer-12838","url_text":"\"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer – Broadway Musical – Original | IBDB\""}]},{"reference":"\"Denis Quilley withdraws from Anything Goes through illness\". London Theatre Guide. 14 July 2004. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.londontheatre.co.uk/theatre-news/news/denis-quilley-withdraws-from-anything-goes-through-illness","url_text":"\"Denis Quilley withdraws from Anything Goes through illness\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210420192424/https://www.londontheatre.co.uk/theatre-news/news/denis-quilley-withdraws-from-anything-goes-through-illness","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawaraya_Sotatsu
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Tawaraya Sōtatsu
|
["1 Biography","2 Works","3 Exhibitions","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Japanese painter
In this Japanese name, the surname is Tawaraya.
Tawaraya Sōtatsu俵屋 宗達Bornc. 1570Kyoto, JapanDiedc. 1640JapanNationalityJapaneseOccupation(s)Furniture designer, painterKnown forPaintingNotable work
Wind God and Thunder God (National Treasure)
Painting of the chapters Sekiya and Miotsukushi from The Tale of Genji (National Treasure)
Water Fowl in the Lotus Pond (National Treasure)
MovementRinpa school
Tawaraya Sōtatsu (俵屋 宗達, c. 1570 – c. 1640) was a Japanese furniture designer and painter of the Rinpa school.
Sōtatsu is best known for his decorations of calligraphic works by his partner Hon'ami Kōetsu (1558–1637), and his spectacular and highly influential byōbu folding screens, such as National Treasures Wind God and Thunder God and his painting of the Sekiya and Miotsukushi chapters from The Tale of Genji. He also popularized a technique called tarashikomi, in which a second layer of paint is applied before the first layer is dry.
He is also credited with co-founding the Rinpa school of Japanese painting, together with Kōetsu. Rinpa was not strictly a school, but a group of artist directly influenced by Sōtatsu and Kōetsu. Some of the most notable Rinpa artists are Ogata Kōrin (1658–1716), Ogata Kenzan (1663–1743) and Sakai Hōitsu (1761–1828). While not particularly known at the time he lived and painted, he is now the second-most recognized Japanese painter in terms of number of inclusions in the National Treasures of Japan list.
Biography
The exact date of Sōtatsu's birth, probably around 1570, remains unknown, and so does the place of his birth. The painter Tani Bunchō (1763–1841) stated that Sōtatsu was originally from Noto and that he studied under Sumiyoshi Jokei in Kyoto. His family name may have been Nonomura.
In 1602 he was hired by the Taira family to repair the 12th-century sutra scrolls Heike nōkyō at the Itsukushima shrine on Miyajima. This is the earliest paintings attributed to Sōtatsu, but it already features the characteristics of his later work. It is suspected that Kōetsu might have also worked in the repair of the scroll.
The first confirmed collaboration with Hon'ami Kōetsu (1558–1637) is in the Sagabon (Saga Books), an ambitious project started around 1606 by Suminokura Soan (1571–1632) to publish elaborate editions of classical Japanese book and Noh librettos. Sōtatsu created the designs for the covers and paper of many of the books, while Kōetsu was the calligrapher of some of the texts. The name Sagabon comes from the suburb of Kyoto where the book were produced.
Sōtatsu married a cousin of Koetsu. He also opened a shop in Kyoto, named Tawaraya, where he sold a variety of decorated objects, including fans, lantern paper, screens, dolls and patterns for kimono, and also took commissions for decorating interiors. The shop soon gained recognition for its artistic excellence.
The collaboration between Sōtatsu and Kōetsu came to an end around 1620, perhaps because he was moving away from the profession of decorator and designer, and started focusing more on his career as a painter.
He decorated the doors and screens of the Yōgen-in temple during the reconstruction ordered by Tokugawa Hidetada's wife in 1621, and in 1630 he was given the title of hokkyō ("Bridge of the Dharma"), the third highest rank awarded to Buddhist artists.
The circumstances of Sōtatsu's death are not known, but he probably died around 1640. The most successful among his direct students were Tawaraya Sōsetsu and Kitawaga Sōsetsu.
Works
Waves at Matsushima, painted in the 1620s, is considered by some to be Sōtatsu's masterwork.
Anthology with Cranes (鶴図下絵和歌巻) is a handscroll decorated by Sōtatsu using silver and gold pigment, with calligraphy by Hon'ami Kōetsu. It contains some of the finest calligraphy by Kōetsu and one of the best examples of Sōtatsu's decorative skills. The work was most likely produced between 1602 and 1620, the period during which Sōtatsu and Kōetsu are generally considered to have worked together.
The text of the scroll is a compilation of waka poems from the poets known collectively as Thirty-Six Immortals of Poetry ("Thirty-Six Immortals of Poetry"), including one poem from each one of the 36 members of the group. The visual motif is that of cranes, which stand or fly in flocks across the entire length of the scroll. The skill of Sōtatsu's design and its "cutting-edge originality" have been highly praised.
Anthology with Cranes (details)
The scroll measures 34.1 cm x 1356 cm and belongs to the Kyoto National Museum. It is an Important Cultural Property.
Poem Scroll with Deer is another collaboration with Hon'ami Kōetsu. Silver and gold deer frolic alongside poems from the anthology Shin Kokinshu (新古今集). It was split into fragments after World War II. The largest contiguous section, accounting for more than one-third of the complete work, is currently at the Seattle Art Museum.
Wind God and Thunder God (紙本金地著色風神雷神図) is a pair of two-folded screens made using ink and color on gold-foiled paper. It depicts Raijin, the god of lightning, thunder and storms in the Shinto religion and in Japanese mythology, and Fūjin, the god of wind. The screens have no inscription or seal, but its attribution to Tawaraya Sotatsu is not questioned.
It is a particularly prominent work in the Rinpa school because two other of its major figures, Ogata Kōrin (1658–1716) and Sakai Hōitsu (1761–1828), replicated the painting in homage (see Kōrin's version). All three versions of the work were displayed together for the first time in seventy-five years in 2015, at the Kyoto National Museum exhibition "Rinpa: The Aesthetics of the Capital".
Wind God and Thunder God
Wind God Fujin (right) and Thunder God Raijin (left)
Each screen measures 169.8 cm × 154.5 cm (66.9 in × 60.8 in). They belong to the Zen Buddhist temple Kennin-ji in Kyoto, but they are exhibited occasionally in the Kyoto National Museum. They are a National Treasure of Japan.
Dragons and Clouds is a work in the Freer Gallery of Art, also known as the National Museum of Asian Art, in Washington, D.C. and was not discussed by Japanese art historians until 1971, when Yumane Yuzo placed this painting in the context of artworks in Japan, such as the Waves and Dragon screen in the Honpou-ji Temple in Kyoto. Details about the ownership of this painting prior to its purchase by Charles Lang Freer in 1905 from the art dealer Bunshichi Kobayashi are unknown, but it's now considered one of the finest example's of Sotatsu's use of the tarashikomi wet-on-wet technique, in which ink is artfully pooled to create features such as the clouds.
At the time Sotatsu created this screen, monochrome ink paintings of dragons were often based on 15th-century work by monk-painters such as Sesshu and Sesson, and also the earlier, Chinese painters Chen Rong (famed for his dragon paintings) and Muqi. By the 17th-century, dragons had emerged as a popular motif on large format works such as folding screens and sliding door panels. Sotatsu's Dragon and Clouds is a six-panel screen, is dated to early 1600s although its place in the chronology of his work is disputed, and has dimensions of 171.5x 374.3 cm (top), 171.5 x 374.6 cm (bottom). The ascending, larger dragon on one side soars towards the heavens in spring, whereas the side's dragon descends into the abyss in fall.
Dragons and Clouds
Sotatsu, Dragons and Clouds, early 1600s
Exhibitions
The Freer Gallery of Art organized the first retrospective outside Japan from October 2015 to January 2016.
Notes
^ a b c d "Sōtatsu". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-09-26.
^ "Wind God and Thunder God Screens". Kyoto National Museum. Retrieved 2017-09-19.
^ a b Bridge of Dreams: the Mary Griggs Burke collection of Japanese art. (2000) p. 308.
^ Carpenter, John T. (2012). Designing Nature: The Rinpa Aesthetic in Japanese Art. p. 22.
^ a b c d e Lippett, Yukio (2015). Sotatsu. Washington, D.C. ISBN 9781588345073.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ a b c d e f g Bridge of Dreams: the Mary Griggs Burke collection of Japanese art. (2000) p. 216.
^ T., Ulak, James (2015). Sōtatsu. ISBN 9781588345073. OCLC 952185146.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ a b Byers, Paula K. (1998). Bourgoin, Suzanne M. (ed.). Encyclopedia of world biography. Vol. 17, Index. Detroit; London: Gale. ISBN 0787622214. OCLC 59424661.
^ a b c d e f Bridge of Dreams: the Mary Griggs Burke collection of Japanese art. (2000) p. 210.
^ Carpenter, John T. (2012). Designing Nature: The Rinpa Aesthetic in Japanese Art. p. 14.
^ Carpenter, John T. (2012). Designing Nature: The Rinpa Aesthetic in Japanese Art. p. 26.
^ "Waves of Matsushima". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved 2024-01-26.
^ a b c d "Anthology with Cranes". emuseum. Retrieved 2017-09-26.
^ a b c d "Anthology with Cranes". Kyoto National Museum. Retrieved 2017-09-26.
^ "Calligraphy". web-japan.org. Retrieved 2017-09-26.
^ "Poem Scroll with Deer". Retrieved 2021-10-23.
^ a b c d e "Wind God and Thunder God". Kyoto National Museum. Retrieved 2017-09-17.
^ a b "RINPA: The Aesthetics of the Capital". Kyoto National Museum. Retrieved 2017-09-17.
^ "Dragons and Clouds 雲龍図屏風 （左隻） - National Museum of Asian Art". asia.si.edu. Retrieved 2023-12-20.
^ "Dragons and Clouds". Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art. Retrieved 2023-12-28.
^ "Lineage of Elegance: Tawaraya Sotatsu | Explore + Learn | Freer and Sackler Galleries". Archived from the original on 2015-01-10.
References
Murashige, Yasushi. Sōtatsu. Sansaisha, Tokyo, 1970.
Gowing, L (ed.) 1995, A Biographical Dictionary of Artists, Rev. edn, Andromeda Oxford Limited, Oxfordshire.
Bridge of Dreams: the Mary Griggs Burke collection of Japanese art. (2000) The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries. (fully available online as PDF)
Lippett, Yukio. Sotatsu (exhibition catalog), Washington, D.C., 2015
External links
Media related to Tawaraya Sōtatsu at Wikimedia Commons
Momoyama, Japanese Art in the Age of Grandeur, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Tawaraya Sōtatsu
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_people"},{"link_name":"painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"Rinpa school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinpa_school"},{"link_name":"Hon'ami Kōetsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hon%27ami_K%C5%8Detsu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-1"},{"link_name":"byōbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By%C5%8Dbu"},{"link_name":"National Treasures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(paintings)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Tale of Genji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tale_of_Genji"},{"link_name":"tarashikomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarashikomi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-1"},{"link_name":"Rinpa school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinpa_school"},{"link_name":"Japanese painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_painting"},{"link_name":"Kōetsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hon%27ami_K%C5%8Detsu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ogata Kōrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogata_K%C5%8Drin"},{"link_name":"Ogata Kenzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogata_Kenzan"},{"link_name":"Sakai Hōitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakai_H%C5%8Ditsu"},{"link_name":"National Treasures of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Treasures_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"text":"In this Japanese name, the surname is Tawaraya.Tawaraya Sōtatsu (俵屋 宗達, c. 1570 – c. 1640) was a Japanese furniture designer and painter of the Rinpa school.Sōtatsu is best known for his decorations of calligraphic works by his partner Hon'ami Kōetsu (1558–1637),[1] and his spectacular and highly influential byōbu folding screens, such as National Treasures Wind God and Thunder God[2] and his painting of the Sekiya and Miotsukushi chapters from The Tale of Genji. He also popularized a technique called tarashikomi, in which a second layer of paint is applied before the first layer is dry.[1]He is also credited with co-founding the Rinpa school of Japanese painting, together with Kōetsu.[3] Rinpa was not strictly a school,[3] but a group of artist directly influenced by Sōtatsu and Kōetsu.[4] Some of the most notable Rinpa artists are Ogata Kōrin (1658–1716), Ogata Kenzan (1663–1743) and Sakai Hōitsu (1761–1828). While not particularly known at the time he lived and painted, he is now the second-most recognized Japanese painter in terms of number of inclusions in the National Treasures of Japan list.[5]","title":"Tawaraya Sōtatsu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto8-6"},{"link_name":"Tani Bunchō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tani_Bunch%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Noto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noto_Province"},{"link_name":"Kyoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto8-6"},{"link_name":"Itsukushima shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsukushima_Shrine"},{"link_name":"Miyajima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyajima,_Hiroshima"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto8-6"},{"link_name":"Kōetsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hon%27ami_K%C5%8Detsu"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-9"},{"link_name":"Hon'ami Kōetsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hon%27ami_K%C5%8Detsu"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto8-6"},{"link_name":"Noh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noh"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-9"},{"link_name":"Kyoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto8-6"},{"link_name":"Kyoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto8-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-9"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa Hidetada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_Hidetada"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto8-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The exact date of Sōtatsu's birth, probably around 1570,[1] remains unknown, and so does the place of his birth.[6] The painter Tani Bunchō (1763–1841) stated that Sōtatsu was originally from Noto and that he studied under Sumiyoshi Jokei in Kyoto.[7] His family name may have been Nonomura.[6]In 1602 he was hired by the Taira family to repair the 12th-century sutra scrolls Heike nōkyō at the Itsukushima shrine on Miyajima.[8] This is the earliest paintings attributed to Sōtatsu, but it already features the characteristics of his later work.[6] It is suspected that Kōetsu might have also worked in the repair of the scroll.[9]The first confirmed collaboration with Hon'ami Kōetsu (1558–1637) is in the Sagabon (Saga Books), an ambitious project started around 1606 by Suminokura Soan (1571–1632) to publish elaborate editions of classical Japanese book[6] and Noh librettos.[9] Sōtatsu created the designs for the covers and paper of many of the books, while Kōetsu was the calligrapher of some of the texts.[9] The name Sagabon comes from the suburb of Kyoto where the book were produced.[9]Sōtatsu married a cousin of Koetsu.[6] He also opened a shop in Kyoto, named Tawaraya, where he sold a variety of decorated objects, including fans, lantern paper, screens, dolls and patterns for kimono, and also took commissions for decorating interiors. The shop soon gained recognition for its artistic excellence.[10][6]The collaboration between Sōtatsu and Kōetsu came to an end around 1620, perhaps because he was moving away from the profession of decorator and designer, and started focusing more on his career as a painter.[9]He decorated the doors and screens of the Yōgen-in temple during the reconstruction ordered by Tokugawa Hidetada's wife in 1621,[6] and in 1630 he was given the title of hokkyō[8] (\"Bridge of the Dharma\"), the third highest rank awarded to Buddhist artists.The circumstances of Sōtatsu's death are not known, but he probably died around 1640.[1] The most successful among his direct students were Tawaraya Sōsetsu and Kitawaga Sōsetsu.[11]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waves at Matsushima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waves_at_Matsushima_(S%C5%8Dtatsu)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Hon'ami Kōetsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hon%27ami_K%C5%8Detsu"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto6-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto7-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto6-13"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-9"},{"link_name":"waka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waka_(poetry)"},{"link_name":"Thirty-Six Immortals of Poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjurokkasen"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto6-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto7-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto7-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto6-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anthology_with_Cranes_I.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anthology_with_Cranes_IV.png"},{"link_name":"Kyoto National Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_National_Museum"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto7-14"},{"link_name":"Important Cultural Property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Important_Cultural_Property_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Shin Kokinshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_Kokinshu"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Seattle Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto4-17"},{"link_name":"Raijin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raijin"},{"link_name":"Shinto religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto_religion"},{"link_name":"Japanese mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_mythology"},{"link_name":"Fūjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C5%ABjin"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto4-17"},{"link_name":"Ogata Kōrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogata_K%C5%8Drin"},{"link_name":"Sakai Hōitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakai_H%C5%8Ditsu"},{"link_name":"Kōrin's version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_God_and_Thunder_God_(K%C5%8Drin)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-18"},{"link_name":"Kyoto National Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_National_Museum"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wind_God_and_Thunder_God_Screens_by_Tawaraya_Sotatsu_hi-res.png"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto4-17"},{"link_name":"Zen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"},{"link_name":"Kennin-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennin-ji"},{"link_name":"Kyoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto4-17"},{"link_name":"Kyoto National Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_National_Museum"},{"link_name":"National Treasure of 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Rong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Rong_(painter)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sotatsu_Dragons_and_Clouds.jpg"}],"text":"Waves at Matsushima, painted in the 1620s, is considered by some to be Sōtatsu's masterwork.[12]Anthology with Cranes (鶴図下絵和歌巻) is a handscroll decorated by Sōtatsu using silver and gold pigment, with calligraphy by Hon'ami Kōetsu.[13] It contains some of the finest calligraphy by Kōetsu[14] and one of the best examples of Sōtatsu's decorative skills.[13] The work was most likely produced between 1602 and 1620, the period during which Sōtatsu and Kōetsu are generally considered to have worked together.[9]The text of the scroll is a compilation of waka poems from the poets known collectively as Thirty-Six Immortals of Poetry (\"Thirty-Six Immortals of Poetry\"), including one poem from each one of the 36 members of the group.[15] The visual motif is that of cranes, which stand or fly in flocks across the entire length of the scroll.[13] The skill of Sōtatsu's design and its \"cutting-edge originality\"[14] have been highly praised.[14][13]Anthology with Cranes (details)The scroll measures 34.1 cm x 1356 cm and belongs to the Kyoto National Museum.[14] It is an Important Cultural Property.Poem Scroll with Deer is another collaboration with Hon'ami Kōetsu. Silver and gold deer frolic alongside poems from the anthology Shin Kokinshu (新古今集). It was split into fragments after World War II. The largest contiguous section, accounting for more than one-third of the complete work, is currently at the Seattle Art Museum.[16]Wind God and Thunder God (紙本金地著色風神雷神図) is a pair of two-folded screens made using ink and color on gold-foiled paper.[17] It depicts Raijin, the god of lightning, thunder and storms in the Shinto religion and in Japanese mythology, and Fūjin, the god of wind. The screens have no inscription or seal, but its attribution to Tawaraya Sotatsu is not questioned.[17]It is a particularly prominent work in the Rinpa school because two other of its major figures, Ogata Kōrin (1658–1716) and Sakai Hōitsu (1761–1828), replicated the painting in homage (see Kōrin's version).[18] All three versions of the work were displayed together for the first time in seventy-five years in 2015, at the Kyoto National Museum exhibition \"Rinpa: The Aesthetics of the Capital\".[18]Wind God and Thunder God\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWind God Fujin (right) and Thunder God Raijin (left)Each screen measures 169.8 cm × 154.5 cm (66.9 in × 60.8 in).[17] They belong to the Zen Buddhist temple Kennin-ji in Kyoto,[17] but they are exhibited occasionally in the Kyoto National Museum. They are a National Treasure of Japan.[17]Dragons and Clouds is a work in the Freer Gallery of Art, also known as the National Museum of Asian Art, in Washington, D.C. and was not discussed by Japanese art historians until 1971, when Yumane Yuzo placed this painting in the context of artworks in Japan, such as the Waves and Dragon screen in the Honpou-ji Temple in Kyoto.[5] Details about the ownership of this painting prior to its purchase by Charles Lang Freer in 1905 from the art dealer Bunshichi Kobayashi are unknown, but it's now considered one of the finest example's of Sotatsu's use of the tarashikomi wet-on-wet technique, in which ink is artfully pooled to create features such as the clouds.[5]At the time Sotatsu created this screen, monochrome ink paintings of dragons were often based on 15th-century work by monk-painters such as Sesshu and Sesson, and also the earlier, Chinese painters Chen Rong (famed for his dragon paintings) and Muqi.[5] By the 17th-century, dragons had emerged as a popular motif on large format works such as folding screens and sliding door panels.[5] Sotatsu's Dragon and Clouds is a six-panel screen, is dated to early 1600s although its place in the chronology of his work is disputed, and has dimensions of 171.5x 374.3 cm (top), 171.5 x 374.6 cm (bottom).[19] The ascending, larger dragon on one side soars towards the heavens in spring, whereas the side's dragon descends into the abyss in fall.[20]Dragons and CloudsSotatsu, Dragons and Clouds, early 1600s","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freer Gallery of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freer_Gallery_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The Freer Gallery of Art organized the first retrospective outside Japan from October 2015 to January 2016.[21]","title":"Exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto1_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto1_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto1_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto1_1-3"},{"link_name":"\"Sōtatsu\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britannica.com/biography/Sotatsu"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Wind God and Thunder God Screens\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kyohaku.go.jp/eng/syuzou/meihin/kinsei/item10.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto2_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto2_3-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_5-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_5-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_5-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781588345073","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588345073"},{"link_name":"cite 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book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto_8-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0787622214","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0787622214"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"59424661","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/59424661"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto3_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto3_9-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto3_9-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto3_9-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto3_9-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto3_9-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Waves of Matsushima\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//artsandculture.google.com/story/waves-of-matsushima/bAVBtYlilE44LQ"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto6_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto6_13-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto6_13-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto6_13-3"},{"link_name":"\"Anthology with Cranes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.emuseum.jp/detail/100973?x=&y=&s=&d_lang=en&s_lang=ja&word=%E4%BF%B5%E5%B1%8B+%E5%AE%97%E9%81%94&class=&title=&c_e=®ion=&era=&cptype=&owner=&pos=1&num=2&mode=simple¢ury="},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto7_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto7_14-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto7_14-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto7_14-3"},{"link_name":"\"Anthology with Cranes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//syuweb.kyohaku.go.jp/ibmuseum_public/index.php?app=shiryo&mode=detail&list_id=695646&data_id=815"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Calligraphy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//web-japan.org/museum/calligra/calligra01/calligra01.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Poem Scroll with Deer\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//art.seattleartmuseum.org/objects/14261/poem-scroll-with-deer"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto4_17-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto4_17-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto4_17-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto4_17-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto4_17-4"},{"link_name":"\"Wind God and Thunder God\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kyohaku.go.jp/eng/syuzou/meihin/kinsei/item10.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto5_18-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto5_18-1"},{"link_name":"\"RINPA: The Aesthetics of the Capital\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kyohaku.go.jp/eng/special/koremade/20151010_rinpa.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Dragons and Clouds 雲龍図屏風 （左隻） - National Museum of Asian Art\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//asia.si.edu/explore-art-culture/collections/search/edanmdm:fsg_F1905.229/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Dragons and Clouds\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//asia-archive.si.edu/exhibition/dragons-and-clouds/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"Lineage of Elegance: Tawaraya Sotatsu | Explore + Learn | Freer and Sackler Galleries\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150110220654/http://www.asia.si.edu/sotatsu"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.asia.si.edu/sotatsu/"}],"text":"^ a b c d \"Sōtatsu\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-09-26.\n\n^ \"Wind God and Thunder God Screens\". Kyoto National Museum. Retrieved 2017-09-19.\n\n^ a b Bridge of Dreams: the Mary Griggs Burke collection of Japanese art. (2000) p. 308.\n\n^ Carpenter, John T. (2012). Designing Nature: The Rinpa Aesthetic in Japanese Art. p. 22.\n\n^ a b c d e Lippett, Yukio (2015). Sotatsu. Washington, D.C. ISBN 9781588345073.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ a b c d e f g Bridge of Dreams: the Mary Griggs Burke collection of Japanese art. (2000) p. 216.\n\n^ T., Ulak, James (2015). Sōtatsu. ISBN 9781588345073. OCLC 952185146.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\n\n^ a b Byers, Paula K. (1998). Bourgoin, Suzanne M. (ed.). Encyclopedia of world biography. Vol. 17, Index. Detroit; London: Gale. ISBN 0787622214. OCLC 59424661.\n\n^ a b c d e f Bridge of Dreams: the Mary Griggs Burke collection of Japanese art. (2000) p. 210.\n\n^ Carpenter, John T. (2012). Designing Nature: The Rinpa Aesthetic in Japanese Art. p. 14.\n\n^ Carpenter, John T. (2012). Designing Nature: The Rinpa Aesthetic in Japanese Art. p. 26.\n\n^ \"Waves of Matsushima\". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved 2024-01-26.\n\n^ a b c d \"Anthology with Cranes\". emuseum. Retrieved 2017-09-26.\n\n^ a b c d \"Anthology with Cranes\". Kyoto National Museum. Retrieved 2017-09-26.\n\n^ \"Calligraphy\". web-japan.org. Retrieved 2017-09-26.\n\n^ \"Poem Scroll with Deer\". Retrieved 2021-10-23.\n\n^ a b c d e \"Wind God and Thunder God\". Kyoto National Museum. Retrieved 2017-09-17.\n\n^ a b \"RINPA: The Aesthetics of the Capital\". Kyoto National Museum. Retrieved 2017-09-17.\n\n^ \"Dragons and Clouds 雲龍図屏風 （左隻） - National Museum of Asian Art\". asia.si.edu. Retrieved 2023-12-20.\n\n^ \"Dragons and Clouds\". Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art. Retrieved 2023-12-28.\n\n^ \"Lineage of Elegance: Tawaraya Sotatsu | Explore + Learn | Freer and Sackler Galleries\". Archived from the original on 2015-01-10.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Sotatsu, Dragons and Clouds, early 1600s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sotatsu_Dragons_and_Clouds.jpg/500px-Sotatsu_Dragons_and_Clouds.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Sōtatsu\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sotatsu","url_text":"\"Sōtatsu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wind God and Thunder God Screens\". Kyoto National Museum. Retrieved 2017-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kyohaku.go.jp/eng/syuzou/meihin/kinsei/item10.html","url_text":"\"Wind God and Thunder God Screens\""}]},{"reference":"Lippett, Yukio (2015). Sotatsu. Washington, D.C. ISBN 9781588345073.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588345073","url_text":"9781588345073"}]},{"reference":"T., Ulak, James (2015). Sōtatsu. ISBN 9781588345073. OCLC 952185146.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588345073","url_text":"9781588345073"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/952185146","url_text":"952185146"}]},{"reference":"Byers, Paula K. (1998). Bourgoin, Suzanne M. (ed.). Encyclopedia of world biography. Vol. 17, Index. Detroit; London: Gale. ISBN 0787622214. OCLC 59424661.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0787622214","url_text":"0787622214"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59424661","url_text":"59424661"}]},{"reference":"\"Waves of Matsushima\". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved 2024-01-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://artsandculture.google.com/story/waves-of-matsushima/bAVBtYlilE44LQ","url_text":"\"Waves of Matsushima\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anthology with Cranes\". emuseum. Retrieved 2017-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emuseum.jp/detail/100973?x=&y=&s=&d_lang=en&s_lang=ja&word=%E4%BF%B5%E5%B1%8B+%E5%AE%97%E9%81%94&class=&title=&c_e=®ion=&era=&cptype=&owner=&pos=1&num=2&mode=simple¢ury=","url_text":"\"Anthology with Cranes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anthology with Cranes\". Kyoto National Museum. Retrieved 2017-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://syuweb.kyohaku.go.jp/ibmuseum_public/index.php?app=shiryo&mode=detail&list_id=695646&data_id=815","url_text":"\"Anthology with Cranes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Calligraphy\". web-japan.org. Retrieved 2017-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://web-japan.org/museum/calligra/calligra01/calligra01.html","url_text":"\"Calligraphy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Poem Scroll with Deer\". Retrieved 2021-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://art.seattleartmuseum.org/objects/14261/poem-scroll-with-deer","url_text":"\"Poem Scroll with Deer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wind God and Thunder God\". Kyoto National Museum. Retrieved 2017-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kyohaku.go.jp/eng/syuzou/meihin/kinsei/item10.html","url_text":"\"Wind God and Thunder God\""}]},{"reference":"\"RINPA: The Aesthetics of the Capital\". Kyoto National Museum. Retrieved 2017-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kyohaku.go.jp/eng/special/koremade/20151010_rinpa.html","url_text":"\"RINPA: The Aesthetics of the Capital\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dragons and Clouds 雲龍図屏風 （左隻） - National Museum of Asian Art\". asia.si.edu. Retrieved 2023-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://asia.si.edu/explore-art-culture/collections/search/edanmdm:fsg_F1905.229/","url_text":"\"Dragons and Clouds 雲龍図屏風 （左隻） - National Museum of Asian Art\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dragons and Clouds\". Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art. Retrieved 2023-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://asia-archive.si.edu/exhibition/dragons-and-clouds/","url_text":"\"Dragons and Clouds\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lineage of Elegance: Tawaraya Sotatsu | Explore + Learn | Freer and Sackler Galleries\". Archived from the original on 2015-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150110220654/http://www.asia.si.edu/sotatsu","url_text":"\"Lineage of Elegance: Tawaraya Sotatsu | Explore + Learn | Freer and Sackler Galleries\""},{"url":"http://www.asia.si.edu/sotatsu/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BK-tree
|
BK-tree
|
["1 Example","2 Insertion","3 Lookup","4 Example of the lookup algorithm","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
|
This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
A BK-tree is a metric tree suggested by Walter Austin Burkhard and Robert M. Keller specifically adapted to discrete metric spaces.
For simplicity, consider integer discrete metric
d
(
x
,
y
)
{\displaystyle d(x,y)}
. Then, BK-tree is defined in the following way. An arbitrary element a is selected as root node. The root node may have zero or more subtrees. The k-th subtree is recursively built of all elements b such that
d
(
a
,
b
)
=
k
{\displaystyle d(a,b)=k}
. BK-trees can be used for approximate string matching in a dictionary.
Example
An example of BK-tree
This picture depicts the BK-tree for the set
W
{\displaystyle W}
of words {"book", "books", "cake", "boo", "boon", "cook", "cake", "cape", "cart"} obtained by using the Levenshtein distance
each node
u
{\displaystyle u}
is labeled by a string of
w
u
∈
W
{\displaystyle w_{u}\in W}
;
each arc
(
u
,
v
)
{\displaystyle (u,v)}
is labeled by
d
u
v
=
d
(
w
u
,
w
v
)
{\displaystyle d_{uv}=d(w_{u},w_{v})}
where
w
u
{\displaystyle w_{u}}
denotes the word assigned to
u
{\displaystyle u}
.
The BK-tree is built so that:
for all node
u
{\displaystyle u}
of the BK-tree, the weight assigned to its egress arcs are distinct;
for all arc
e
=
(
u
,
v
)
{\displaystyle e=(u,v)}
labeled by
k
{\displaystyle k}
, each descendant
v
′
{\displaystyle v'}
of
v
{\displaystyle v}
satisfies the following equation:
d
(
w
u
,
w
v
′
)
=
k
{\displaystyle d(w_{u},w_{v'})=k}
:
Example 1: Consider the arc from "book" to "books". The distance between "book" and any word in {"books", "boo", "boon", "cook"} is equal to 1;
Example 2: Consider the arc from "books" to "boo". The distance between "books" and any word in {"boo", "boon", "cook"} is equal to 2.
Insertion
The insertion primitive is used to populate a BK-tree
t
{\displaystyle t}
according to a discrete metric
d
{\displaystyle d}
.
Input:
t
{\displaystyle t}
: the BK-tree;
d
u
v
{\displaystyle d_{uv}}
denotes the weight assigned to an arc
(
u
,
v
)
{\displaystyle (u,v)}
;
w
u
{\displaystyle w_{u}}
denotes word assigned to a node
u
{\displaystyle u}
);
d
{\displaystyle d}
: the discrete metric used by
t
{\displaystyle t}
(e.g. the Levenshtein distance);
w
{\displaystyle w}
: the element to be inserted into
t
{\displaystyle t}
;
Output:
The node of
t
{\displaystyle t}
corresponding to
w
{\displaystyle w}
Algorithm:
If the
t
{\displaystyle t}
is empty:
Create a root node
r
{\displaystyle r}
in
t
{\displaystyle t}
w
r
←
w
{\displaystyle w_{r}\leftarrow w}
Return
r
{\displaystyle r}
Set
u
{\displaystyle u}
to the root of
t
{\displaystyle t}
While
u
{\displaystyle u}
exists:
k
←
d
(
w
u
,
w
)
{\displaystyle k\leftarrow d(w_{u},w)}
If
k
=
0
{\displaystyle k=0}
:
Return
u
{\displaystyle u}
Find
v
{\displaystyle v}
the child of
u
{\displaystyle u}
such that
d
u
v
=
k
{\displaystyle d_{uv}=k}
If
v
{\displaystyle v}
is not found:
Create the node
v
{\displaystyle v}
w
v
←
w
{\displaystyle w_{v}\leftarrow w}
Create the arc
(
u
,
v
)
{\displaystyle (u,v)}
d
u
v
←
k
{\displaystyle d_{uv}\leftarrow k}
Return
v
{\displaystyle v}
u
←
v
{\displaystyle u\leftarrow v}
Lookup
Given a searched element
w
{\displaystyle w}
, the lookup primitive traverses the BK-tree to find the closest element of
w
{\displaystyle w}
. The key idea is to restrict the exploration of
t
{\displaystyle t}
to nodes that can only improve the best candidate found so far by taking advantage of the BK-tree organization and of the triangle inequality (cut-off criterion).
Input:
t
{\displaystyle t}
: the BK-tree;
d
{\displaystyle d}
: the corresponding discrete metric (e.g. the Levenshtein distance);
w
{\displaystyle w}
: the searched element;
d
m
a
x
{\displaystyle d_{max}}
: the maximum distance allowed between the best match and
w
{\displaystyle w}
, defaults to
+
∞
{\displaystyle +\infty }
;
Output:
w
b
e
s
t
{\displaystyle w_{best}}
: the closest element to
w
{\displaystyle w}
stored in
t
{\displaystyle t}
and according to
d
{\displaystyle d}
or
⊥
{\displaystyle \perp }
if not found;
Algorithm:
If
t
{\displaystyle t}
is empty:
Return
⊥
{\displaystyle \perp }
Create
S
{\displaystyle S}
a set of nodes to process, and insert the root of
t
{\displaystyle t}
into
S
{\displaystyle S}
.
(
w
b
e
s
t
,
d
b
e
s
t
)
←
(
⊥
,
d
m
a
x
)
{\displaystyle (w_{best},d_{best})\leftarrow (\perp ,d_{max})}
While
S
≠
∅
{\displaystyle S\neq \emptyset }
:
Pop an arbitrary node
u
{\displaystyle u}
from
S
{\displaystyle S}
d
u
←
d
(
w
,
w
u
)
{\displaystyle d_{u}\leftarrow d(w,w_{u})}
If
d
u
<
d
b
e
s
t
{\displaystyle d_{u}<d_{best}}
:
(
w
b
e
s
t
,
d
b
e
s
t
)
←
(
w
u
,
d
u
)
{\displaystyle (w_{best},d_{best})\leftarrow (w_{u},d_{u})}
For each egress-arc
(
u
,
v
)
{\displaystyle (u,v)}
:
If
|
d
u
v
−
d
u
|
<
d
b
e
s
t
{\displaystyle |d_{uv}-d_{u}|<d_{best}}
: (cut-off criterion)
Insert
v
{\displaystyle v}
into
S
{\displaystyle S}
.
Return
w
b
e
s
t
{\displaystyle w_{best}}
Example of the lookup algorithm
Consider the example 8-node B-K Tree shown above and set
w
=
{\displaystyle w=}
"cool".
S
{\displaystyle S}
is initialized to contain the root of the tree, which is subsequently popped as the first value of
u
{\displaystyle u}
with
w
u
{\displaystyle w_{u}}
="book". Further
d
u
=
2
{\displaystyle d_{u}=2}
since the distance from "book" to "cool" is 2, and
d
b
e
s
t
=
2
{\displaystyle d_{best}=2}
as this is the best (i.e. smallest) distance found thus far. Next each outgoing arc from the root is considered in turn: the arc from "book" to "books" has weight 1, and since
|
1
−
2
|
=
1
{\displaystyle |1-2|=1}
is less than
d
b
e
s
t
=
2
{\displaystyle d_{best}=2}
, the node containing "books" is inserted into
S
{\displaystyle S}
for further processing.
The next arc, from "book" to "cake," has weight 4, and since
|
4
−
2
|
=
2
{\displaystyle |4-2|=2}
is not less than
d
b
e
s
t
=
2
{\displaystyle d_{best}=2}
, the node containing "cake" is not inserted into
S
{\displaystyle S}
. Therefore, the subtree rooted at "cake" will be pruned from the search, as the word closest to "cool" cannot appear in that subtree. To see why this pruning is correct, notice that a candidate word
c
{\displaystyle c}
appearing in "cake"s subtree having distance less than 2 to "cool" would violate the triangle inequality: the triangle inequality requires that for this set of three numbers (as sides of a triangle), no two can sum to less than the third, but here the distance from "cool" to "book" (which is 2) plus the distance from "cool" to
c
{\displaystyle c}
(which is less than 2) cannot reach or exceed the distance from "book" to "cake" (which is 4). Therefore, it is safe to disregard the entire subtree rooted at "cake".
Next the node containing "books" is popped from
S
{\displaystyle S}
and now
d
u
=
3
{\displaystyle d_{u}=3}
, the distance from "cool" to "books." As
d
u
>
d
b
e
s
t
{\displaystyle d_{u}>d_{best}}
,
d
b
e
s
t
{\displaystyle d_{best}}
remains set at 2 and the single outgoing arc from the node containing "books" is considered. Next, the node containing "boo" is popped from
S
{\displaystyle S}
and
d
u
=
2
{\displaystyle d_{u}=2}
, the distance from "cool" to "boo." This again does not improve upon
d
b
e
s
t
=
2
{\displaystyle d_{best}=2}
. Each outgoing arc from "boo" is now considered; the arc from "boo" to "boon" has weight 1, and since
|
2
−
1
|
=
1
<
d
b
e
s
t
=
2
{\displaystyle |2-1|=1<d_{best}=2}
, "boon" is added to
S
{\displaystyle S}
. Similarly, since
|
2
−
2
|
=
0
<
d
b
e
s
t
{\displaystyle |2-2|=0<d_{best}}
, "cook" is also added to
S
{\displaystyle S}
.
Finally each of the two last elements in
S
{\displaystyle S}
are considered in arbitrary order: suppose the node containing "cook" is popped first, improving
d
b
e
s
t
{\displaystyle d_{best}}
to distance 1, then the node containing "boon" is popped last, which has distance 2 from "cool" and therefore does not improve the best result. Finally, "cook" is returned as the answer
w
b
e
s
t
{\displaystyle w_{best}}
with
d
b
e
s
t
=
1
{\displaystyle d_{best}=1}
.
See also
Levenshtein distance – the distance metric commonly used when building a BK-tree
Damerau–Levenshtein distance – a modified form of Levenshtein distance that allows transpositions
References
^ W. Burkhard and R. Keller. Some approaches to best-match file searching, CACM, 1973
^ R. Baeza-Yates, W. Cunto, U. Manber, and S. Wu. Proximity matching using fixed queries trees. In M. Crochemore and D. Gusfield, editors, 5th Combinatorial Pattern Matching, LNCS 807, pages 198–212, Asilomar, CA, June 1994.
^ Ricardo Baeza-Yates and Gonzalo Navarro. Fast Approximate String Matching in a Dictionary. Proc. SPIRE'98
External links
A BK-tree implementation in Common Lisp with test results and performance graphs.
An explanation of BK-Trees and their relationship to metric spaces
An explanation of BK-Trees with an implementation in C#
A BK-tree implementation in Lua
A BK-tree implementation in Python
vteTree data structuresSearch trees(dynamic sets/associative arrays)
2–3
2–3–4
AA
(a,b)
AVL
B
B+
B*
Bx
(Optimal) Binary search
Dancing
HTree
Interval
Order statistic
(Left-leaning) Red–black
Scapegoat
Splay
T
Treap
UB
Weight-balanced
Heaps
Binary
Binomial
Brodal
d-ary
Fibonacci
Leftist
Pairing
Skew binomial
Skew
van Emde Boas
Weak
Tries
Ctrie
C-trie (compressed ADT)
Hash
Radix
Suffix
Ternary search
X-fast
Y-fast
Spatial data partitioning trees
Ball
BK
BSP
Cartesian
Hilbert R
k-d (implicit k-d)
M
Metric
MVP
Octree
PH
Priority R
Quad
R
R+
R*
Segment
VP
X
Other trees
Cover
Exponential
Fenwick
Finger
Fractal tree index
Fusion
Hash calendar
iDistance
K-ary
Left-child right-sibling
Link/cut
Log-structured merge
Merkle
PQ
Range
SPQR
Top
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metric tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_trees"},{"link_name":"Robert M. Keller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_M._Keller&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BK-tree#endnote_BK73"},{"link_name":"metric spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_space"},{"link_name":"approximate string matching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximate_string_matching"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BK-tree#endnote_BN98"},{"link_name":"example needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"}],"text":"A BK-tree is a metric tree suggested by Walter Austin Burkhard and Robert M. Keller[1] specifically adapted to discrete metric spaces.\nFor simplicity, consider integer discrete metric \n \n \n \n d\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d(x,y)}\n \n. Then, BK-tree is defined in the following way. An arbitrary element a is selected as root node. The root node may have zero or more subtrees. The k-th subtree is recursively built of all elements b such that \n \n \n \n d\n (\n a\n ,\n b\n )\n =\n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d(a,b)=k}\n \n. BK-trees can be used for approximate string matching in a dictionary.[2][example needed]","title":"BK-tree"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bk_tree.svg"},{"link_name":"Levenshtein distance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levenshtein_distance"},{"link_name":"arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed_graph"}],"text":"An example of BK-treeThis picture depicts the BK-tree for the set \n \n \n \n W\n \n \n {\\displaystyle W}\n \n of words {\"book\", \"books\", \"cake\", \"boo\", \"boon\", \"cook\", \"cake\", \"cape\", \"cart\"} obtained by using the Levenshtein distanceeach node \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u}\n \n is labeled by a string of \n \n \n \n \n w\n \n u\n \n \n ∈\n W\n \n \n {\\displaystyle w_{u}\\in W}\n \n;\neach arc \n \n \n \n (\n u\n ,\n v\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (u,v)}\n \n is labeled by \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n u\n v\n \n \n =\n d\n (\n \n w\n \n u\n \n \n ,\n \n w\n \n v\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d_{uv}=d(w_{u},w_{v})}\n \n where \n \n \n \n \n w\n \n u\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle w_{u}}\n \n denotes the word assigned to \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u}\n \n.The BK-tree is built so that:for all node \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u}\n \n of the BK-tree, the weight assigned to its egress arcs are distinct;\nfor all arc \n \n \n \n e\n =\n (\n u\n ,\n v\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle e=(u,v)}\n \n labeled by \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n, each descendant \n \n \n \n \n v\n ′\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle v'}\n \n of \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n {\\displaystyle v}\n \n satisfies the following equation: \n \n \n \n d\n (\n \n w\n \n u\n \n \n ,\n \n w\n \n \n v\n ′\n \n \n \n )\n =\n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d(w_{u},w_{v'})=k}\n \n:\nExample 1: Consider the arc from \"book\" to \"books\". The distance between \"book\" and any word in {\"books\", \"boo\", \"boon\", \"cook\"} is equal to 1;\nExample 2: Consider the arc from \"books\" to \"boo\". The distance between \"books\" and any word in {\"boo\", \"boon\", \"cook\"} is equal to 2.","title":"Example"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Levenshtein distance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levenshtein_distance"}],"text":"The insertion primitive is used to populate a BK-tree \n \n \n \n t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t}\n \n according to a discrete metric \n \n \n \n d\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d}\n \n.Input:t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t}\n \n: the BK-tree;\n\n \n \n \n \n d\n \n u\n v\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle d_{uv}}\n \n denotes the weight assigned to an arc \n \n \n \n (\n u\n ,\n v\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (u,v)}\n \n;\n\n \n \n \n \n w\n \n u\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle w_{u}}\n \n denotes word assigned to a node \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u}\n \n);\n\n \n \n \n d\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d}\n \n: the discrete metric used by \n \n \n \n t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t}\n \n (e.g. the Levenshtein distance);\n\n \n \n \n w\n \n \n {\\displaystyle w}\n \n: the element to be inserted into \n \n \n \n t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t}\n \n;Output:The node of \n \n \n \n t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t}\n \n corresponding to \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n {\\displaystyle w}Algorithm:If the \n \n \n \n t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t}\n \n is empty:\nCreate a root node \n \n \n \n r\n \n \n {\\displaystyle r}\n \n in \n \n \n \n t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n w\n \n r\n \n \n ←\n w\n \n \n {\\displaystyle w_{r}\\leftarrow w}\n \n\nReturn \n \n \n \n r\n \n \n {\\displaystyle r}\n \n\nSet \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u}\n \n to the root of \n \n \n \n t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t}\n \n\nWhile \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u}\n \n exists:\n\n \n \n \n k\n ←\n d\n (\n \n w\n \n u\n \n \n ,\n w\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k\\leftarrow d(w_{u},w)}\n \n\nIf \n \n \n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k=0}\n \n:\nReturn \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u}\n \n\nFind \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n {\\displaystyle v}\n \n the child of \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u}\n \n such that \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n u\n v\n \n \n =\n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d_{uv}=k}\n \n\nIf \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n {\\displaystyle v}\n \n is not found:\nCreate the node \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n {\\displaystyle v}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n w\n \n v\n \n \n ←\n w\n \n \n {\\displaystyle w_{v}\\leftarrow w}\n \n\nCreate the arc \n \n \n \n (\n u\n ,\n v\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (u,v)}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n d\n \n u\n v\n \n \n ←\n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d_{uv}\\leftarrow k}\n \n\nReturn \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n {\\displaystyle v}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n u\n ←\n v\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u\\leftarrow v}","title":"Insertion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Levenshtein distance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levenshtein_distance"}],"text":"Given a searched element \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n {\\displaystyle w}\n \n, the lookup primitive traverses the BK-tree to find the closest element of \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n {\\displaystyle w}\n \n. The key idea is to restrict the exploration of \n \n \n \n t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t}\n \n to nodes that can only improve the best candidate found so far by taking advantage of the BK-tree organization and of the triangle inequality (cut-off criterion).Input:t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t}\n \n: the BK-tree;\n\n \n \n \n d\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d}\n \n: the corresponding discrete metric (e.g. the Levenshtein distance);\n\n \n \n \n w\n \n \n {\\displaystyle w}\n \n: the searched element;\n\n \n \n \n \n d\n \n m\n a\n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle d_{max}}\n \n: the maximum distance allowed between the best match and \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n {\\displaystyle w}\n \n, defaults to \n \n \n \n +\n ∞\n \n \n {\\displaystyle +\\infty }\n \n;Output:w\n \n b\n e\n s\n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle w_{best}}\n \n: the closest element to \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n {\\displaystyle w}\n \n stored in \n \n \n \n t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t}\n \n and according to \n \n \n \n d\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d}\n \n or \n \n \n \n ⊥\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\perp }\n \n if not found;Algorithm:If \n \n \n \n t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t}\n \n is empty:\nReturn \n \n \n \n ⊥\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\perp }\n \n\nCreate \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n a set of nodes to process, and insert the root of \n \n \n \n t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t}\n \n into \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n.\n\n \n \n \n (\n \n w\n \n b\n e\n s\n t\n \n \n ,\n \n d\n \n b\n e\n s\n t\n \n \n )\n ←\n (\n ⊥\n ,\n \n d\n \n m\n a\n x\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (w_{best},d_{best})\\leftarrow (\\perp ,d_{max})}\n \n\nWhile \n \n \n \n S\n ≠\n ∅\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S\\neq \\emptyset }\n \n:\nPop an arbitrary node \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u}\n \n from \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n d\n \n u\n \n \n ←\n d\n (\n w\n ,\n \n w\n \n u\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d_{u}\\leftarrow d(w,w_{u})}\n \n\nIf \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n u\n \n \n <\n \n d\n \n b\n e\n s\n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle d_{u}<d_{best}}\n \n:\n\n \n \n \n (\n \n w\n \n b\n e\n s\n t\n \n \n ,\n \n d\n \n b\n e\n s\n t\n \n \n )\n ←\n (\n \n w\n \n u\n \n \n ,\n \n d\n \n u\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (w_{best},d_{best})\\leftarrow (w_{u},d_{u})}\n \n\nFor each egress-arc \n \n \n \n (\n u\n ,\n v\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (u,v)}\n \n:\nIf \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n d\n \n u\n v\n \n \n −\n \n d\n \n u\n \n \n \n |\n \n <\n \n d\n \n b\n e\n s\n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |d_{uv}-d_{u}|<d_{best}}\n \n: (cut-off criterion)\nInsert \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n {\\displaystyle v}\n \n into \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n.\nReturn \n \n \n \n \n w\n \n b\n e\n s\n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle w_{best}}","title":"Lookup"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Consider the example 8-node B-K Tree shown above and set \n \n \n \n w\n =\n \n \n {\\displaystyle w=}\n \n\"cool\". \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n is initialized to contain the root of the tree, which is subsequently popped as the first value of \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u}\n \n with \n \n \n \n \n w\n \n u\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle w_{u}}\n \n=\"book\". Further \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n u\n \n \n =\n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d_{u}=2}\n \n since the distance from \"book\" to \"cool\" is 2, and \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n b\n e\n s\n t\n \n \n =\n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d_{best}=2}\n \n as this is the best (i.e. smallest) distance found thus far. Next each outgoing arc from the root is considered in turn: the arc from \"book\" to \"books\" has weight 1, and since \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n 1\n −\n 2\n \n |\n \n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |1-2|=1}\n \n is less than \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n b\n e\n s\n t\n \n \n =\n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d_{best}=2}\n \n, the node containing \"books\" is inserted into \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n for further processing. \nThe next arc, from \"book\" to \"cake,\" has weight 4, and since \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n 4\n −\n 2\n \n |\n \n =\n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |4-2|=2}\n \n is not less than \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n b\n e\n s\n t\n \n \n =\n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d_{best}=2}\n \n, the node containing \"cake\" is not inserted into \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n. Therefore, the subtree rooted at \"cake\" will be pruned from the search, as the word closest to \"cool\" cannot appear in that subtree. To see why this pruning is correct, notice that a candidate word \n \n \n \n c\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c}\n \n appearing in \"cake\"s subtree having distance less than 2 to \"cool\" would violate the triangle inequality: the triangle inequality requires that for this set of three numbers (as sides of a triangle), no two can sum to less than the third, but here the distance from \"cool\" to \"book\" (which is 2) plus the distance from \"cool\" to \n \n \n \n c\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c}\n \n (which is less than 2) cannot reach or exceed the distance from \"book\" to \"cake\" (which is 4). Therefore, it is safe to disregard the entire subtree rooted at \"cake\".Next the node containing \"books\" is popped from \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n and now \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n u\n \n \n =\n 3\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d_{u}=3}\n \n, the distance from \"cool\" to \"books.\" As \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n u\n \n \n >\n \n d\n \n b\n e\n s\n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle d_{u}>d_{best}}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n b\n e\n s\n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle d_{best}}\n \n remains set at 2 and the single outgoing arc from the node containing \"books\" is considered. Next, the node containing \"boo\" is popped from \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n u\n \n \n =\n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d_{u}=2}\n \n, the distance from \"cool\" to \"boo.\" This again does not improve upon \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n b\n e\n s\n t\n \n \n =\n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d_{best}=2}\n \n. Each outgoing arc from \"boo\" is now considered; the arc from \"boo\" to \"boon\" has weight 1, and since \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n 2\n −\n 1\n \n |\n \n =\n 1\n <\n \n d\n \n b\n e\n s\n t\n \n \n =\n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |2-1|=1<d_{best}=2}\n \n, \"boon\" is added to \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n. Similarly, since \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n 2\n −\n 2\n \n |\n \n =\n 0\n <\n \n d\n \n b\n e\n s\n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |2-2|=0<d_{best}}\n \n, \"cook\" is also added to \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n.Finally each of the two last elements in \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n are considered in arbitrary order: suppose the node containing \"cook\" is popped first, improving \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n b\n e\n s\n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle d_{best}}\n \n to distance 1, then the node containing \"boon\" is popped last, which has distance 2 from \"cool\" and therefore does not improve the best result. Finally, \"cook\" is returned as the answer \n \n \n \n \n w\n \n b\n e\n s\n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle w_{best}}\n \n with \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n b\n e\n s\n t\n \n \n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d_{best}=1}\n \n.","title":"Example of the lookup algorithm"}]
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[{"image_text":"An example of BK-tree","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bk_tree.svg/220px-Bk_tree.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"Levenshtein distance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levenshtein_distance"},{"title":"Damerau–Levenshtein distance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damerau%E2%80%93Levenshtein_distance"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27%E2%80%94All_You_Zombies%E2%80%94%27
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All You Zombies
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["1 Plot","1.1 Narrative order of events","1.2 Chronological order of events","2 Reception","3 Film adaptation","4 See also","5 Explanatory notes","6 References","6.1 Citations","6.2 General sources","7 External links"]
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1958 SF short story by Robert A. Heinlein
This article is about the short story by Robert A. Heinlein. For the song by The Hooters, see All You Zombies (song).
" '—All You Zombies—' "Short story by Robert A. HeinleinCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishGenre(s)Science fictionPublicationPublished inThe Magazine of Fantasy and Science FictionPublication date1959
" '—All You Zombies—' " is a science fiction short story by American writer Robert A. Heinlein. It was written in one day, July 11, 1958, and first published in the March 1959 issue of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction after being rejected by Playboy.
The story involves a number of paradoxes caused by time travel. In 1980, it was nominated for the Balrog Award for short fiction.
"'—All You Zombies—'" further develops themes explored by the author in a previous work: "By His Bootstraps", published some 18 years earlier. Some of the same elements also appear later in The Cat Who Walks Through Walls (1985), including the Circle of Ouroboros and the Temporal Corps.
The unusual title of the story, which includes both the quotation marks and dashes shown above, is a quotation from a sentence near the end of the story; the quotation is taken from the middle of the sentence, hence the dashes indicating elided text before and after the title.
Plot
"'—All You Zombies—'" chronicles a young man (later revealed to be intersex) taken back in time and tricked into impregnating his younger, female self (before he was forced to undergo sexual reassignment surgery); he turns out to be the offspring of that union, with the paradoxical result that he is his own mother and father. As the story unfolds, all the major characters are revealed to be the same person, at different stages of their life.
Narrative order of events
Timeline of "'—All You Zombies—'" in diagrammatic form
The story involves an intricate series of time-travel journeys (see diagram). It begins with a young man speaking to the narrator, the Bartender, in 1970. The two of them relate in that both of them are from unmarried parents. The Bartender remarks that no one in his family ever gets married, including him. He wears an Ouroboros ring. The young man is called the Unmarried Mother, because he writes stories for confession magazines, many of them presumably from the point of view of an unmarried mother.
Cajoled by the Bartender, the Unmarried Mother explains why he understands the female viewpoint so well: he was born a girl, in 1945, and raised in an orphanage. While a fairly ugly teenager in 1963, she was seduced, impregnated, and abandoned by an older man. During the delivery of her child, doctors discovered she was intersex, with internalized male sex organs as well as female sex organs. Complications during delivery, by Caesarean section, rendered the female organs unviable and the physicians gave her a gender reassignment. The baby was kidnapped by a mysterious older gentleman, and not seen again. The Unmarried Mother then had to adjust to life as a man, despite an upbringing that left him unqualified for "men's" jobs; he had planned to get into space as a sex worker for male workers and colonists. Instead, he used his secretarial skills to type manuscripts and eventually began writing.
Professing sympathy, the Bartender offers to take him to the abandoning seducer, whom the Unmarried Mother wishes revenge on. The Bartender guides him into a back room, where he (Bartender) uses a time machine to take them to 1963, and sets the young man loose. The Bartender goes forward eleven months, kidnaps a one-month-old baby, and takes her to 1945, leaving her at an orphanage. He returns to 1963 one month later and picks up the Unmarried Mother, who was instinctively attracted to his younger female self and has seduced and impregnated her. The Bartender nudges him to connect the dots and realize that the seducer, the young woman, the baby, and the time traveler are all him.
The Bartender then drops the Unmarried Mother in 1985 at an outpost of the Temporal Bureau, a time-traveling secret police force that manipulates events in history, to protect the human race. He has just created and recruited himself.
Finally, the Bartender returns to 1970, arriving a short time after he left the bar. He allows a customer to play "I'm My Own Grandpa" on the jukebox, having yelled at the customer for playing the song before he left. Closing the bar, he time travels again to his home base in 1993. As he beds down for a much-deserved rest, he contemplates the scar left over from the Caesarean section performed when he gave birth to his daughter, father, mother, and entire history. He thinks, "I know where I came from—but where did all you zombies come from?"
Chronological order of events
As the story is told as a disjointed point of view reference by several other points thereafter, this is the actual chronological history of "Jane" according to the story, although the story itself is still a classic example of a time paradox.
On September 20, 1945, the Bartender drops off baby Jane at an orphanage. She grows up there. She dreams of joining one of the "comfort organizations" dedicated to providing R&R for spacemen.
Nearly 18 years later, the man who refers to himself as "an unmarried mother" is dropped off on April 3, 1963, by the Bartender. He meets and, after some weeks of dating, seduces and impregnates the 17-year-old Jane, who has an intersex condition. From Jane's point of view, he then disappears. Actually, he has been retrieved by the Bartender, and taken to 1985 (see sixth bullet point).
Jane learns that she is pregnant by the now-missing unknown man. On waking after giving birth by C-section, she is told she is intersex and has two full sets of reproductive organs, of which the female organs have developed fully, allowing her to have a child. She is told the female organs have been severely damaged by the pregnancy and birth; she learns that she has been subjected (without her consent) to a "sex change" using her male reproductive set, which reassigns her sex to male.
On March 10, 1964, the Bartender kidnaps the baby and takes it back in time to the orphanage (see first bullet point). Jane, now male, becomes a stenographer, and then a writer. Whenever he is asked his occupation, he replies, somewhat truculently, "I'm an unmarried mother—at four cents a word. I write confession stories." He becomes a regular at the bar where the narrator, the Bartender, works, but does not interact with him significantly for six years.
On November 7, 1970, the Bartender meets the Unmarried Mother, yells at the customer playing "I'm My Own Grandpa", conducts the Unmarried Mother into the back office, and takes him back to 1963 to "find" (and, ostensibly, get revenge upon) the man who got him pregnant (see second bullet point). He returns to the bar, seconds after going into the back room, and allows the customer to play the song. From his own point of view, he has carried out his mission of ensuring his own existence.
On August 12, 1985, the Bartender travels to 1963 and retrieves the Unmarried Mother—whom he had left there and then during the events of the fifth (and second) bullet point(s)—to the Rocky Mountains base and enlists him (actually a younger version of himself) in the Temporal Bureau.
On January 12, 1993, the Bartender, who is also Jane/mother/father/Unmarried Mother, arrives back at his base from 1970 to think about his life.
Reception
Philosopher David Lewis considered "'—All You Zombies—'" and "By His Bootstraps" to be examples of "perfectly consistent" time travel stories. Stating that it and other Heinlein time-travel stories "force the reader into contemplations of the nature of causality and the arrow of time", Carl Sagan listed "'—All You Zombies—'" as an example of how science fiction "can convey bits and pieces, hints and phrases, of knowledge unknown or inaccessible to the reader". Stanisław Lem, in his monograph Science Fiction and Futurology, mentioned "'—All You Zombies—'" as an example of a minimal possible bootstrap paradox in SF.
Film adaptation
Main article: Predestination (film)
The Spierig brothers directed the Australian science fiction film Predestination (2014) based on the story. The film starred Ethan Hawke and Sarah Snook.
See also
Novels portalScience Fiction portal
"By His Bootstraps" – 1941 science fiction novella by Robert A. Heinlein
Predestination paradox – Theoretical paradox resulting from time travelPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets; Novikov self-consistency principle
Ontological paradox – Theoretical paradox resulting from time travelPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Other stories about being descended from oneself
The Man Who Folded Himself – 1973 novel by David Gerrold
Rant: An Oral Biography of Buster Casey – 2007 book by Chuck Palahniuk
In television
"Ouroboros" – episode of Red DwarfPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback (Red Dwarf episode)
"Roswell That Ends Well" – 19th episode of the third season of FuturamaPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback (Futurama episode)
Explanatory notes
^ Quotation marks and dashes are used around the story's title (in one of its common variants), with the phrase being a fragmentary quotation. (The outer quotation marks here, however, are simply the conventional notation for indicating that this is the title of a short story.)
References
Citations
^ "Locus Magazine award index, 1980 Balrog". Archived from the original on 2015-09-12. Retrieved 2018-09-05.
^ "Robert A. Heinlein", The Internet Time Travel Database
^ Lewis, David (April 1976). "The Paradoxes of Time Travel". American Philosophical Quarterly. 13 (2): 145–152. JSTOR 20009616.
^ Sagan, Carl (1978-05-28). "Growing up with Science Fiction". The New York Times. p. SM7. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-12-12.
^ "Arclight Films Snags the International Rights for the Spierig Brothers' Predestination". Anythinghorror.com. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
General sources
Robert A. Heinlein. Grumbles from the Grave. Del Rey, 1989.
James Gifford. "The New Heinlein Opus List" from Robert A. Heinlein: A Reader's Companion
External links
"All You Zombies..." title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
Fulltext of "All You Zombies", Baen Free Library
vteRobert A. Heinlein
Bibliography
Future History
The Man Who Sold the Moon (1950)
The Green Hills of Earth (1951)
Revolt in 2100 (1953)
Methuselah's Children (1958)
Orphans of the Sky (1963)
The Past Through Tomorrow (1967)
Time Enough for Love (1973)
The Notebooks of Lazarus Long (1978)
World as Myth
The Number of the Beast (1980)
The Cat Who Walks Through Walls (1985)
To Sail Beyond the Sunset (1987)
The Pursuit of the Pankera (2020)
Scribner's juveniles
Rocket Ship Galileo (1947)
Space Cadet (1948)
Red Planet (1949)
Farmer in the Sky (1950)
Between Planets (1951)
The Rolling Stones (1952)
Starman Jones (1953)
The Star Beast (1954)
Tunnel in the Sky (1955)
Time for the Stars (1956)
Citizen of the Galaxy (1957)
Have Space Suit—Will Travel (1958)
Other novels
For Us, the Living: A Comedy of Customs (1939/2003)
Beyond This Horizon (1948)
Sixth Column (1949)
The Puppet Masters (1951)
Variable Star (1955/2006)
Double Star (1956)
The Door into Summer (1957)
Starship Troopers (1959)
Stranger in a Strange Land (1961)
Podkayne of Mars (1963)
Glory Road (1963)
Farnham's Freehold (1964)
The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress (1966)
I Will Fear No Evil (1970)
Friday (1982)
Job: A Comedy of Justice (1984)
Collections
The Robert Heinlein Omnibus (1958)
The Unpleasant Profession of Jonathan Hoag (1959)
The Worlds of Robert A. Heinlein (1966)
Expanded Universe (1980)
Requiem (1992)
Non-fiction
Take Back Your Government (1946/1992)
Tramp Royale (1954/1992)
Grumbles from the Grave (1989)
Screenplays
Destination Moon (1950)
Project Moonbase (1953)
Characters
Delos D. Harriman
Jubal Harshaw
Maureen Johnson
Andrew Jackson Libby
Lazarus Long
Hazel Stone
Legacy
Heinlein Centennial
Heinlein Society
Robert A. Heinlein Award
Heinlein Prize for Advances in Space Commercialization
Related
Virginia Heinlein
The Robert Heinlein Interview and Other Heinleiniana
Starship Troopers (film)
Tribbles
Grok
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Verman
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R. Verman
|
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 References"]
|
Indian art director (1947–2019)
Ratna Verman ShettyBorn1947Mangalore, IndiaDied(2019-07-30)30 July 2019NationalityIndianOther namesR. VermanAlma materJ. J. School of Art, MumbaiOccupationArt directorOrganization(s)Takshila (publicity designing and cine advertising business company)Notable workHum, AngaarAwardsFilmfare Award for Best Art Direction (twice)
Ratna Verman Shetty (1947 – 30 July 2019), usually credited as R. Verman, was an Indian art director.
Early life
Born in Mangalore, Verman is an alumnus of J. J. School of Art, Mumbai. After completing his education he started his own publicity designing and cine advertising business company called ‘Takshila’. During this time his major clients were Navketan films and Verman worked on production houses of films like Jewel Thief and Guide.
Career
While working as a publicity designer Verman became interested in art direction and worked as an assistant of noted art director Sudhendu Roy for few years before becoming a full-fledged art director. From then on Verman has worked on more than 350 films and has won the Filmfare award for best art direction twice for the films Hum and Angaar in the year 1992 and 1993.
References
^ "Kalank director Abhishek Varman's father, Bollywood art director R Verman passes away". www.bollywoodlife.com. 31 July 2019.
^ R. Verman at IMDb
^ "Entertainment News: Latest Hollywood & Bollywood News, Movies Releases & Reviews". The Indian Express.
^ "Filmfare Awards". Archived from the original on 18 August 2005. Retrieved 19 August 2005.
^ "Filmfare Awards (1992)". IMDb.
|
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[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikkurila
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Tikkurila
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["1 History","2 Culture","3 Services and facilities","4 Transportation","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 60°17′35″N 25°02′38″E / 60.29306°N 25.04389°E / 60.29306; 25.04389This article is about a place in Finland. For Tikkurila brand paints, see Tikkurila (corporation).
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City district in FinlandTikkurila
DickursbyCity districtTikkurila railway stationEtymology: Finnish: tikkuri ("an amount of 10")Nickname: TiksiLocation on the map of Vantaa, with the district in red and the major region in light brownCoordinates: 60°17′35″N 25°02′38″E / 60.29306°N 25.04389°E / 60.29306; 25.04389Country FinlandCity VantaaMajor regionTikkurilaArea • Total1.0 km2 (0.4 sq mi) • Major region23.1 km2 (8.9 sq mi)Population (1.1.2014) • Total5,211 • Density5,200/km2 (13,000/sq mi) • Major region39,473 • Major region density1,700/km2 (4,400/sq mi)Time zoneGMT +2Postal Code(s)01300, 01301Websitewww.vantaa.fi/frontpage
Tikkurila (Finnish: ; Swedish: Dickursby) is a district and major region of the municipality of Vantaa, Finland. Located in the eastern half of the Helsinki conurbation, some 16 kilometres (10 mi) north of the capital's downtown district, it is the administrative and commercial hub of Vantaa, although Myyrmäki is a rival commercial hub within the municipality.
Tikkurila's most popular attraction is the science center Heureka. Tikkurila railway station is the busiest in Vantaa and third-busiest in Finland. As the nearest mainline station to Helsinki Airport (located 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from Tikkurila), it is served by all the high-speed Pendolino trains on the Helsinki to Tampere and Lahti routes as well as other long-distance services.
Some of the other communities surrounding Tikkurila are Jokiniemi, Simonkylä, Ruskeasanta, Hiekkaharju, and Puistola in the Helsinki municipality.
History
The old railway station of Tikkurila, now a museum
Tikkurila has been a marketplace since the 16th century, from which it has also received its name. Tikkuri is an old Finnish term referring to an amount of ten, used in fur trading at the time. The road between Turku and Vyborg, King's Road, ran through the area, though the area remained a sparsely populated piece of the Helsinki Parish until the late 1800s.
In 1862, the railway between Helsinki and Hämeenlinna was constructed, and one of its seven stations was built in Tikkurila, on its intersection with King's Road. The Swedish architect Carl Albert Edelfelt designed a Renaissance Revival styled station building, which (as of the 1970s) has since been adapted into the Vantaa City Museum. The railway brought industry into the area, including an expeller pressing plant, which currently operates in the area as the paint manufacturer Tikkurila Oyj. The railway also induced population growth.
In 1946, Tikkurila became the administrative hub of Vantaa (then known as Helsingin maalaiskunta, English: Rural municipality of Helsinki), after Malmi was transferred to Helsinki. Post-war population growth led to Tikkurila becoming the most populated area in Vantaa, though the Myyrmäki district and major region have both since become more populated than the Tikkurila equivalents. In 1960, a neofuturistic swimming hall was completed in Tikkurila.
Culture
Heureka science center
Finland's largest science center, Heureka, is located in Tikkurila. Opened in 1989, it is a nonprofit organization devoted to popularizing scientific information and to developing the methods used to teach science and scientific concepts. The hemispheric-shaped planetarium primarily presents films dealing with astronomy; until 2007, the theatre was called the Verne Theatre, and it ran super films and multimedia programmes made with special slide projectors that took advantage of the entire 500 m2 surface of the hemispheric screen.
Vantaa City Museum is a museum located in the old station building of Tikkurila railway station. It is operated by the city with free admission, and conducts diverse research and mapping work in co-operation with other parties, for example in connection with the archeology, cultural history and traditions of the urban area. It is used to host exhibitions publishing its own research and studies as well as other works related to the city's history.
Tikkurila also hosts an annual music festival, Tikkurila Festivaali, from July to August.
Services and facilities
Entrance of the Tikkuri Shopping Centre
Tikkurila Library
Tikkurila is home to several services and facilities:
Helsinki Metropolia University Lummetie campus
Laurea University of Applied Sciences campus
National Bureau of Investigation headquarters
Shopping center Dixi at the railway station
Shopping center Tikkuri
Tikkurila Library, the main library of Vantaa
Tikkurila Upper Secondary school, the largest high school in Finland
Vantaa city hall
Kielotorni (left) and Sarastus are the tallest buildings in Tikkurila as of 2022
Transportation
Tikkurila railway station is the busiest railway station in Vantaa, and the third busiest in all of Finland (after Helsinki Central and Pasila). Although the Helsinki Airport is not located in the Tikkurila major region, Tikkurila railway station is the nearest mainline station to it, connected by the Ring Rail Line and buses.
Tikkurila railway station connections include:
Mainline station long-distance trains to most Finnish cities and Russia
P-train to Helsinki
K- and N-trains to Helsinki and Kerava
H-, R-, and T-trains to Helsinki and Riihimäki
Z-train to Lahti
I-train to Helsinki Airport
Tikkurila also acts as the central bus station of eastern Vantaa, with connections to Helsinki Airport and almost all residential areas. Buses from Tikkurila also go to Helsinki. Ring III, which runs in the southern part of Tikkurila, is one of the most significant road connections in the area for car traffic.
See also
Helsinki Parish Village
Korso
Myyrmäki
References
^ Vantaan väestö 2013/2014 (PDF) (Report). Vantaa: City of Vantaa, Tietopalveluyksikkö. 20 August 2014. p. 33. ISBN 978-952-443-480-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
^ Heureka: Superelokuvia Verne-teatterissa 1989-2007 (in Finnish)
^ Kaupunginmuseon tutkimus (in Finnish)
^ Tikkurila Festival (in Finnish)
External links
Tikkurila major region on the City of Vantaa website (in Finnish)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tikkurila.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Tikkurila.
vteDistricts of VantaaMyyrmäki (Myrbacka) area
Askisto
Hämeenkylä (Tavastby)
Hämevaara (Tavastberga)
Kaivoksela (Gruvsta)
Linnainen (Linnais)
Martinlaakso (Mårtensdal)
Myyrmäki (Myrbacka)
Petikko
Vantaanlaakso (Vandadalen)
Vapaala (Friherrs)
Varisto (Varistorna)
Kivistö area
Keimola (Käinby)
Kiila (Kila)
Kivistö
Lapinkylä (Lappböle)
Luhtaanmäki (Luhtabacka)
Myllymäki (Kvarnbacka)
Piispankylä (Biskopsböle)
Riipilä (Ripuby)
Seutula (Sjöskog)
Vestra (Västra)
Aviapolis area
Lentokenttä (Flygfältet)
Pakkala (Backas)
Tammisto (Rosendal)
Veromies (Skattmans)
Viinikkala (Vinikby)
Ylästö (Övitsböle)
Tikkurila (Dickursby) area
Hakkila (Haxböle)
Helsingin pitäjän kirkonkylä (Helsinge kyrkoby)
Hiekkaharju (Sandkulla)
Jokiniemi (Ånäs)
Koivuhaka (Björkhagen)
Kuninkaala (Fastböle)
Ruskeasanta (Rödsand)
Simonkylä (Simonsböle)
Tikkurila (Dickursby)
Viertola (Bäckby)
Koivukylä (Björkby) area
Asola
Havukoski
Ilola (Gladas)
Koivukylä (Björkby)
Päiväkumpu (Lövkulla)
Rekola (Räckhals)
Korso area
Jokivarsi
Korso
Leppäkorpi (Alkärr)
Matari (Matar)
Metsola (Skogsbrinken)
Mikkola
Nikinmäki (Nissbacka)
Vallinoja (Fallbäcken)
Vierumäki
Hakunila (Håkansböle) area
Hakunila (Håkansböle)
Itä-Hakkila (Östra Haxböle)
Kuninkaanmäki (Kungsbacka)
Länsimäki (Västerkulla)
Länsisalmi (Västersundom)
Ojanko (Gjutan)
Rajakylä (Råby)
Sotunki (Sottungsby)
Vaarala (Fagersta)
|
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As the nearest mainline station to Helsinki Airport (located 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from Tikkurila), it is served by all the high-speed Pendolino trains on the Helsinki to Tampere and Lahti routes as well as other long-distance services.Some of the other communities surrounding Tikkurila are Jokiniemi, Simonkylä, Ruskeasanta, Hiekkaharju, and Puistola in the Helsinki municipality.","title":"Tikkurila"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tikkurila_Old_Railway_Station.jpg"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language"},{"link_name":"fur trading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_trading"},{"link_name":"Turku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku"},{"link_name":"Vyborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyborg"},{"link_name":"King's Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Road_(Finland)"},{"link_name":"Hämeenlinna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4meenlinna"},{"link_name":"Renaissance Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"expeller pressing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expeller_pressing"},{"link_name":"Tikkurila Oyj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikkurila_(corporation)"},{"link_name":"Malmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malmi,_Helsinki"},{"link_name":"Post-war population growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_baby_boom"},{"link_name":"Myyrmäki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myyrm%C3%A4ki"},{"link_name":"neofuturistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neofuturistic"},{"link_name":"swimming hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_hall"}],"text":"The old railway station of Tikkurila, now a museumTikkurila has been a marketplace since the 16th century, from which it has also received its name. Tikkuri is an old Finnish term referring to an amount of ten, used in fur trading at the time. The road between Turku and Vyborg, King's Road, ran through the area, though the area remained a sparsely populated piece of the Helsinki Parish until the late 1800s.In 1862, the railway between Helsinki and Hämeenlinna was constructed, and one of its seven stations was built in Tikkurila, on its intersection with King's Road. The Swedish architect Carl Albert Edelfelt designed a Renaissance Revival styled station building, which (as of the 1970s) has since been adapted into the Vantaa City Museum. The railway brought industry into the area, including an expeller pressing plant, which currently operates in the area as the paint manufacturer Tikkurila Oyj. The railway also induced population growth.In 1946, Tikkurila became the administrative hub of Vantaa (then known as Helsingin maalaiskunta, English: Rural municipality of Helsinki), after Malmi was transferred to Helsinki. Post-war population growth led to Tikkurila becoming the most populated area in Vantaa, though the Myyrmäki district and major region have both since become more populated than the Tikkurila equivalents. In 1960, a neofuturistic swimming hall was completed in Tikkurila.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Science_centre_Heureka_in_Tikkurila,_Vantaa,_Finland,_2022_June.jpg"},{"link_name":"Heureka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heureka"},{"link_name":"science center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_museum#Science_center"},{"link_name":"Heureka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heureka"},{"link_name":"nonprofit organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_organization"},{"link_name":"hemispheric-shaped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere"},{"link_name":"planetarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium"},{"link_name":"astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy"},{"link_name":"multimedia programmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia_program"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum"},{"link_name":"archeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeology"},{"link_name":"cultural history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_history"},{"link_name":"traditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradition"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"music festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_festival"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Heureka science centerFinland's largest science center, Heureka, is located in Tikkurila. Opened in 1989, it is a nonprofit organization devoted to popularizing scientific information and to developing the methods used to teach science and scientific concepts. The hemispheric-shaped planetarium primarily presents films dealing with astronomy; until 2007, the theatre was called the Verne Theatre, and it ran super films and multimedia programmes made with special slide projectors that took advantage of the entire 500 m2 surface of the hemispheric screen.[2]Vantaa City Museum is a museum located in the old station building of Tikkurila railway station. It is operated by the city with free admission, and conducts diverse research and mapping work in co-operation with other parties, for example in connection with the archeology, cultural history and traditions of the urban area. It is used to host exhibitions publishing its own research and studies as well as other works related to the city's history.[3]Tikkurila also hosts an annual music festival, Tikkurila Festivaali, from July to August.[4]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tikkuri_Shopping_Centre_by_Asematie_in_Tikkurila,_Vantaa,_Finland,_2021_May.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tikkurila_Library_in_Tikkurila,_Vantaa,_Finland,_2022_May_-_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Helsinki Metropolia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_Metropolia_University_of_Applied_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Laurea University of Applied Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurea_University_of_Applied_Sciences"},{"link_name":"National Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Investigation_(Finland)"},{"link_name":"Dixi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixi_(building)"},{"link_name":"Tikkuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tikkuri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tikkurila Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tikkurila_Library&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tikkurila Upper Secondary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikkurilan_lukio"},{"link_name":"Vantaa city hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vantaa_city_hall&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kielotorni_and_Vantaan_Sarastus_as_seen_over_Kielotie_in_Vantaa,_Finland,_2021_May.jpg"}],"text":"Entrance of the Tikkuri Shopping CentreTikkurila LibraryTikkurila is home to several services and facilities:Helsinki Metropolia University Lummetie campus\nLaurea University of Applied Sciences campus\nNational Bureau of Investigation headquarters\nShopping center Dixi at the railway station\nShopping center Tikkuri\nTikkurila Library, the main library of Vantaa\nTikkurila Upper Secondary school, the largest high school in Finland\nVantaa city hallKielotorni (left) and Sarastus are the tallest buildings in Tikkurila as of 2022","title":"Services and facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tikkurila railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikkurila_railway_station"},{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_station"},{"link_name":"Helsinki Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_Central_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Pasila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasila_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Helsinki Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_Airport"},{"link_name":"mainline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_commuter_rail#Main/Riihim%C3%A4ki_Line"},{"link_name":"Ring Rail Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_Rail_Line"},{"link_name":"Kerava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerava"},{"link_name":"Riihimäki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riihim%C3%A4ki"},{"link_name":"Lahti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahti"},{"link_name":"Helsinki Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_Airport"},{"link_name":"Ring III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_III"}],"text":"Tikkurila railway station is the busiest railway station in Vantaa, and the third busiest in all of Finland (after Helsinki Central and Pasila). Although the Helsinki Airport is not located in the Tikkurila major region, Tikkurila railway station is the nearest mainline station to it, connected by the Ring Rail Line and buses.Tikkurila railway station connections include:Mainline station long-distance trains to most Finnish cities and Russia\nP-train to Helsinki\nK- and N-trains to Helsinki and Kerava\nH-, R-, and T-trains to Helsinki and Riihimäki\nZ-train to Lahti\nI-train to Helsinki AirportTikkurila also acts as the central bus station of eastern Vantaa, with connections to Helsinki Airport and almost all residential areas. Buses from Tikkurila also go to Helsinki. Ring III, which runs in the southern part of Tikkurila, is one of the most significant road connections in the area for car traffic.","title":"Transportation"}]
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[{"image_text":"The old railway station of Tikkurila, now a museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Tikkurila_Old_Railway_Station.jpg/220px-Tikkurila_Old_Railway_Station.jpg"},{"image_text":"Heureka science center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Science_centre_Heureka_in_Tikkurila%2C_Vantaa%2C_Finland%2C_2022_June.jpg/220px-Science_centre_Heureka_in_Tikkurila%2C_Vantaa%2C_Finland%2C_2022_June.jpg"},{"image_text":"Entrance of the Tikkuri Shopping Centre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Tikkuri_Shopping_Centre_by_Asematie_in_Tikkurila%2C_Vantaa%2C_Finland%2C_2021_May.jpg/220px-Tikkuri_Shopping_Centre_by_Asematie_in_Tikkurila%2C_Vantaa%2C_Finland%2C_2021_May.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tikkurila Library","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Tikkurila_Library_in_Tikkurila%2C_Vantaa%2C_Finland%2C_2022_May_-_2.jpg/220px-Tikkurila_Library_in_Tikkurila%2C_Vantaa%2C_Finland%2C_2022_May_-_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kielotorni (left) and Sarastus are the tallest buildings in Tikkurila as of 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Kielotorni_and_Vantaan_Sarastus_as_seen_over_Kielotie_in_Vantaa%2C_Finland%2C_2021_May.jpg/220px-Kielotorni_and_Vantaan_Sarastus_as_seen_over_Kielotie_in_Vantaa%2C_Finland%2C_2021_May.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Helsinki Parish Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_Parish_Village"},{"title":"Korso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korso"},{"title":"Myyrmäki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myyrm%C3%A4ki"}]
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[{"reference":"Vantaan väestö 2013/2014 (PDF) (Report). Vantaa: City of Vantaa, Tietopalveluyksikkö. 20 August 2014. p. 33. ISBN 978-952-443-480-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150202134059/http://www.vantaa.fi/instancedata/prime_product_julkaisu/vantaa/embeds/vantaawwwstructure/102017_Vaestoraportti_2014.pdf","url_text":"Vantaan väestö 2013/2014"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-443-480-5","url_text":"978-952-443-480-5"},{"url":"http://www.vantaa.fi/instancedata/prime_product_julkaisu/vantaa/embeds/vantaawwwstructure/102017_Vaestoraportti_2014.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tikkurila¶ms=60_17_35_N_25_02_38_E_region:FI-18_type:city(5211)","external_links_name":"60°17′35″N 25°02′38″E / 60.29306°N 25.04389°E / 60.29306; 25.04389"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tikkurila%22","external_links_name":"\"Tikkurila\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tikkurila%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tikkurila%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tikkurila%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tikkurila%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tikkurila%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tikkurila¶ms=60_17_35_N_25_02_38_E_region:FI-18_type:city(5211)","external_links_name":"60°17′35″N 25°02′38″E / 60.29306°N 25.04389°E / 60.29306; 25.04389"},{"Link":"http://www.vantaa.fi/frontpage","external_links_name":"www.vantaa.fi/frontpage"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150202134059/http://www.vantaa.fi/instancedata/prime_product_julkaisu/vantaa/embeds/vantaawwwstructure/102017_Vaestoraportti_2014.pdf","external_links_name":"Vantaan väestö 2013/2014"},{"Link":"http://www.vantaa.fi/instancedata/prime_product_julkaisu/vantaa/embeds/vantaawwwstructure/102017_Vaestoraportti_2014.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.heureka.fi/planetaario/","external_links_name":"Heureka: Superelokuvia Verne-teatterissa 1989-2007"},{"Link":"http://www.vantaa.fi/vapaa-aika/kulttuuri/vantaan_kaupunginmuseo/tutkimus","external_links_name":"Kaupunginmuseon tutkimus"},{"Link":"https://tikkurilafestivaali.fi/","external_links_name":"Tikkurila Festival"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150715050720/http://www.vantaa.fi/fi/osallistu_ja_vaikuta/aluesivut_/tikkurila","external_links_name":"Tikkurila major region"},{"Link":"http://www.vantaa.fi/","external_links_name":"City of Vantaa website"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_Railroad_(album)
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Underground Railroad (album)
|
["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"]
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1969 live album by Joe McPheeUnderground RailroadLive album by Joe McPheeReleased1969RecordedOctober 13, 1968 and April 13, 1969VenueHoly Cross Monastery, West Park, New YorkGenreFree jazzLength43:55 (original release)147:36 (2CD reissue)LabelCjR CjR 1Atavistic ALP226CDJoe McPhee chronology
Underground Railroad(1969)
Nation Time(1971)
Underground Railroad is a live album by saxophonist and composer Joe McPhee recorded in 1969 at the Holy Cross Monastery and originally released on the CjR label, then reissued by Atavistic in 2001 with a bonus concert from the same venue.
Reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusicThe Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings
The Allmusic review by Thom Jurek stated "There are conical sound explorations between brass and reed and between reed and reed. Tonal variants are evoked in order to up the emotional content of the music, which is already so loaded it's a miracle it doesn't fall apart... This set is one of the most essential recordings of late-'60s free jazz, and anybody remotely interested in the period needs to hear it". On All About Jazz, Robert Spencer noted "this set shows conclusively that McPhee’s massive talent was at his disposal from the onset of his earliest efforts. Any fan of ecstatic free jazz shouldn’t pass this one up!".
Track listing
All compositions by Joe McPhee except as indicated
Disc One:
"Underground Railroad" - 22:49
"Harriet" - 11:11
"Message From Denmark" - 9:55
"New Spiritual No. 1" - 14:23 Bonus track on CD reissue
"E=MC2" (Reggy Marks) - 9:52 Bonus track on CD reissue
Disc Two:
"Justice (Evidence)" (Thelonious Monk) - 8:19 Bonus track on CD reissue
"Windy City Head Stompin' Blues" - 12:29 Bonus track on CD reissue
"Birmingham Sunday/Morning Song/Lament/Hymn of the Dragon Kings" - 25:41 Bonus track on CD reissue
"Spain Adios" (Marks) - 12:57 Bonus track on CD reissue
Personnel
Joe McPhee - tenor saxophone, pocket trumpet, trumpet, alto horn
Reggie Marks - tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone, flute
Otis Greene - alto saxophone, harmonica (Disc Two)
Joe Virgillio - tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone (Disc Two)
Tyrone Crabb - bass
Ernest Bostic - drums, percussion, vibraphone
References
^ Joe McPhee discography accessed April 20, 2015
^ a b Jurek, Thom. Underground Railroad – Review at AllMusic. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
^ Cook, Richard; Morton, Brian (2008). The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings (9th ed.). Penguin. p. 983. ISBN 978-0-141-03401-0.
^ Taylor, D., All About Jazz Review, November 1, 2001
vteJoe McPheeStudio albums
Pieces of Light (1974)
Old Eyes (1980)
Topology (1981)
Oleo (1982)
Visitation (1985)
Linear B (1990)
Impressions of Jimmy Giuffre (1992)
Sweet Freedom - Now What? (1995)
A Meeting in Chicago (1996)
As Serious As Your Life (1996)
Legend Street One (1996)
Legend Street Two (1996)
Inside Out (1996)
Finger Wrigglers (1996)
The Brass City (1997)
Chicago Tenor Duets (1998)
Zebulon (1998)
In the Spirit (1999)
No Greater Love (1999)
Grand Marquis (1999)
Tales Out of Time (2002)
Live albums
Underground Railroad (1969)
Nation Time (1971)
Black Magic Man (1971)
At WBAI's Free Music Store, 1971 (1971)
Trinity (1972)
Rotation (1976)
The Willisau Concert (1976)
Tenor (1977)
Graphics (1977)
Variations on a Blue Line (1977)
Glasses (1977)
MFG in Minnesota (1978)
Élan • Impulse (1991)
McPhee/Parker/Lazro (1995)
Common Threads (1995)
Specific Gravity (1997)
The Dream Book (1998)
Emancipation Proclamation: A Real Statement of Freedom (1999)
Manhattan Tango (2000)
Port of Saints (2000)
Voices & Dreams (2000)
Mister Peabody Goes to Baltimore (2000)
Remembrance (2001)
In Finland (2004)
Guts (2007)
What/If/They Both Could Fly (2012)
Trio X
Rapture (1999)
The Watermelon Suite (1999)
On Tour (2001)
In Black and White (2002)
Journey (2003)
The Sugar Hill Suite (2004)
Moods: Playing with the Elements (2005)
Roulette at Location One (2005)
Air: Above and Beyond (2006)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe McPhee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_McPhee"},{"link_name":"Holy Cross Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Cross_Monastery_(West_Park,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Atavistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atavistic_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joe_McPhee_discography-1"}],"text":"Underground Railroad is a live album by saxophonist and composer Joe McPhee recorded in 1969 at the Holy Cross Monastery and originally released on the CjR label, then reissued by Atavistic in 2001 with a bonus concert from the same venue.[1]","title":"Underground Railroad (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-2"},{"link_name":"All About Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_About_Jazz"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Allmusic review by Thom Jurek stated \"There are conical sound explorations between brass and reed and between reed and reed. Tonal variants are evoked in order to up the emotional content of the music, which is already so loaded it's a miracle it doesn't fall apart... This set is one of the most essential recordings of late-'60s free jazz, and anybody remotely interested in the period needs to hear it\".[2] On All About Jazz, Robert Spencer noted \"this set shows conclusively that McPhee’s massive talent was at his disposal from the onset of his earliest efforts. Any fan of ecstatic free jazz shouldn’t pass this one up!\".[4]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thelonious Monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk"}],"text":"All compositions by Joe McPhee except as indicatedDisc One:\"Underground Railroad\" - 22:49\n\"Harriet\" - 11:11\n\"Message From Denmark\" - 9:55\n\"New Spiritual No. 1\" - 14:23 Bonus track on CD reissue\n\"E=MC2\" (Reggy Marks) - 9:52 Bonus track on CD reissueDisc Two:\"Justice (Evidence)\" (Thelonious Monk) - 8:19 Bonus track on CD reissue\n\"Windy City Head Stompin' Blues\" - 12:29 Bonus track on CD reissue\n\"Birmingham Sunday/Morning Song/Lament/Hymn of the Dragon Kings\" - 25:41 Bonus track on CD reissue\n\"Spain Adios\" (Marks) - 12:57 Bonus track on CD reissue","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe McPhee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_McPhee"},{"link_name":"tenor saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_saxophone"},{"link_name":"pocket trumpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_trumpet"},{"link_name":"trumpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"alto horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_horn"},{"link_name":"soprano saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano_saxophone"},{"link_name":"flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"},{"link_name":"harmonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonica"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bass"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion"},{"link_name":"vibraphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibraphone"}],"text":"Joe McPhee - tenor saxophone, pocket trumpet, trumpet, alto horn\nReggie Marks - tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone, flute\nOtis Greene [died 2015] - alto saxophone, harmonica (Disc Two)\nJoe Virgillio [died 2018] - tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone (Disc Two)\nTyrone Crabb [died 1999] - bass\nErnest Bostic [deceased] - drums, percussion, vibraphone","title":"Personnel"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Cook, Richard; Morton, Brian (2008). The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings (9th ed.). Penguin. p. 983. ISBN 978-0-141-03401-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cook_(journalist)","url_text":"Cook, Richard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Morton_(Scottish_writer)","url_text":"Morton, Brian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Penguin_Guide_to_Jazz","url_text":"The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-03401-0","url_text":"978-0-141-03401-0"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://joemcphee.com/underground-railroad.html","external_links_name":"Joe McPhee discography"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0000015905","external_links_name":"Underground Railroad – Review"},{"Link":"http://www.allaboutjazz.com/underground-railroad--live-at-holy-cross-monastery-1968-6-joe-mcphee-review-by-derek-taylor.php","external_links_name":"All About Jazz Review"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pouill%C3%A9-les-C%C3%B4teaux
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Pouillé-les-Côteaux
|
["1 Population","2 See also","3 References"]
|
Coordinates: 47°27′22″N 1°09′39″W / 47.4561°N 1.1608°W / 47.4561; -1.1608
Commune in Pays de la Loire, FrancePouillé-les-Coteaux
Paolieg-ar-RozioùCommuneTown hallLocation of Pouillé-les-Coteaux
Pouillé-les-CoteauxShow map of FrancePouillé-les-CoteauxShow map of Pays de la LoireCoordinates: 47°27′22″N 1°09′39″W / 47.4561°N 1.1608°W / 47.4561; -1.1608CountryFranceRegionPays de la LoireDepartmentLoire-AtlantiqueArrondissementChâteaubriant-AncenisCantonAncenis-Saint-GéréonIntercommunalityPays d'AncenisGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Laurent MercierArea111.72 km2 (4.53 sq mi)Population (2021)1,067 • Density91/km2 (240/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code44134 /44522Elevation18–76 m (59–249 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Pouillé-les-Côteaux (French pronunciation: ⓘ; Breton: Paolieg-ar-Rozioù) is a commune in the Loire-Atlantique department in western France.
Population
Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 570— 1975 515−1.44%1982 561+1.23%1990 672+2.28%1999 698+0.42%2007 806+1.81%2012 951+3.36%2017 1,051+2.02%Source: INSEE
See also
Communes of the Loire-Atlantique department
References
^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.
^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pouillé-les-Côteaux.
vteCommunes of the Loire-Atlantique department
Abbaretz
Aigrefeuille-sur-Maine
Ancenis-Saint-Géréon
Assérac
Avessac
Basse-Goulaine
Batz-sur-Mer
La Baule-Escoublac
La Bernerie-en-Retz
Besné
Le Bignon
Blain
La Boissière-du-Doré
Bouaye
Bouée
Bouguenais
Boussay
Bouvron
Brains
Campbon
Carquefou
Casson
Le Cellier
La Chapelle-des-Marais
La Chapelle-Glain
La Chapelle-Heulin
La Chapelle-Launay
La Chapelle-sur-Erdre
Châteaubriantsubpr
Château-Thébaud
Chaumes-en-Retz
Chauvé
Cheix-en-Retz
La Chevallerais
La Chevrolière
Clisson
Conquereuil
Corcoué-sur-Logne
Cordemais
Corsept
Couëron
Couffé
Le Croisic
Crossac
Derval
Divatte-sur-Loire
Donges
Drefféac
Erbray
Fay-de-Bretagne
Fégréac
Fercé
Frossay
Le Gâvre
Geneston
Gétigné
Gorges
Grand-Auverné
Grandchamp-des-Fontaines
La Grigonnais
Guémené-Penfao
Guenrouet
Guérande
La Haie-Fouassière
Haute-Goulaine
Herbignac
Héric
Indre
Issé
Jans
Joué-sur-Erdre
Juigné-des-Moutiers
Le Landreau
Lavau-sur-Loire
Legé
Ligné
La Limouzinière
Loireauxence
Le Loroux-Bottereau
Louisfert
Lusanger
Machecoul-Saint-Même
Maisdon-sur-Sèvre
Malville
La Marne
Marsac-sur-Don
Massérac
Mauves-sur-Loire
La Meilleraye-de-Bretagne
Mésanger
Mesquer
Missillac
Moisdon-la-Rivière
Monnières
La Montagne
Montbert
Montoir-de-Bretagne
Montrelais
Mouais
Les Moutiers-en-Retz
Mouzeil
Mouzillon
Nantespref
Nort-sur-Erdre
Notre-Dame-des-Landes
Noyal-sur-Brutz
Nozay
Orvault
Oudon
Paimbœuf
Le Pallet
Pannecé
Paulx
Le Pellerin
Petit-Auverné
Petit-Mars
Pierric
Le Pin
Piriac-sur-Mer
La Plaine-sur-Mer
La Planche
Plessé
Pont-Saint-Martin
Pontchâteau
Pornic
Pornichet
Port-Saint-Père
Pouillé-les-Côteaux
Le Pouliguen
Préfailles
Prinquiau
Puceul
Quilly
La Regrippière
La Remaudière
Remouillé
Rezé
Riaillé
La Roche-Blanche
Rouans
Rougé
Ruffigné
Saffré
Saint-Aignan-Grandlieu
Saint-André-des-Eaux
Saint-Aubin-des-Châteaux
Saint-Brevin-les-Pins
Saint-Colomban
Sainte-Anne-sur-Brivet
Sainte-Luce-sur-Loire
Sainte-Pazanne
Sainte-Reine-de-Bretagne
Saint-Étienne-de-Mer-Morte
Saint-Étienne-de-Montluc
Saint-Fiacre-sur-Maine
Saint-Gildas-des-Bois
Saint-Herblain
Saint-Hilaire-de-Chaléons
Saint-Hilaire-de-Clisson
Saint-Jean-de-Boiseau
Saint-Joachim
Saint-Julien-de-Concelles
Saint-Julien-de-Vouvantes
Saint-Léger-les-Vignes
Saint-Lumine-de-Clisson
Saint-Lumine-de-Coutais
Saint-Lyphard
Saint-Malo-de-Guersac
Saint-Mars-de-Coutais
Saint-Mars-du-Désert
Saint-Michel-Chef-Chef
Saint-Molf
Saint-Nazairesubpr
Saint-Nicolas-de-Redon
Saint-Père-en-Retz
Saint-Philbert-de-Grand-Lieu
Saint-Sébastien-sur-Loire
Saint-Viaud
Saint-Vincent-des-Landes
Sautron
Savenay
Sévérac
Sion-les-Mines
Soudan
Les Sorinières
Soulvache
Sucé-sur-Erdre
Teillé
Le Temple-de-Bretagne
Thouaré-sur-Loire
Les Touches
Touvois
Trans-sur-Erdre
Treffieux
Treillières
Trignac
La Turballe
Vair-sur-Loire
Vallet
Vallons-de-l'Erdre
Vay
Vertou
Vieillevigne
Vigneux-de-Bretagne
Villeneuve-en-Retz
Villepot
Vue
pref: prefecture
subpr: subprefecture
Authority control databases
VIAF
This Loire-Atlantique geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[puje le koto]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Pom445-Pouill%C3%A9-les-C%C3%B4teaux.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Pom445-Pouill%C3%A9-les-C%C3%B4teaux.wav.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-Pom445-Pouill%C3%A9-les-C%C3%B4teaux.wav"},{"link_name":"Breton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_language"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Loire-Atlantique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loire-Atlantique"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Commune in Pays de la Loire, FrancePouillé-les-Côteaux (French pronunciation: [puje le koto] ⓘ; Breton: Paolieg-ar-Rozioù) is a commune in the Loire-Atlantique department in western France.","title":"Pouillé-les-Côteaux"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Communes of the Loire-Atlantique department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Loire-Atlantique_department"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-44134","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pouill%C3%A9-les-C%C3%B4teaux¶ms=47.4561_N_1.1608_W_type:city(1067)_region:FR-PDL","external_links_name":"47°27′22″N 1°09′39″W / 47.4561°N 1.1608°W / 47.4561; -1.1608"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pouill%C3%A9-les-C%C3%B4teaux¶ms=47.4561_N_1.1608_W_type:city(1067)_region:FR-PDL","external_links_name":"47°27′22″N 1°09′39″W / 47.4561°N 1.1608°W / 47.4561; -1.1608"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-44134","external_links_name":"44134"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-44134","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-44134#ancre-POP_T1","external_links_name":"Population en historique depuis 1968"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/233924111","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pouill%C3%A9-les-C%C3%B4teaux&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horton_River_(Canada)
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Horton River (Canada)
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["1 Course","2 DEW Line/NWS","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 69°56′01″N 126°48′10″W / 69.93361°N 126.80278°W / 69.93361; -126.80278River in Northwest Territories and Kitikmeot Region of Canada
For the river in the New South Wales, Australia, see Horton River (Australia).
Horton RiverHorton RiverHorton River mouth locationLocationCountryCanadaTerritoriesNorthwest Territories, NunavutRegionInuvik, Sahtu, KitikmeotPhysical characteristicsSourceLake • locationKitikmeot Region, Nunavut • coordinates67°50′38″N 120°45′02″W / 67.84389°N 120.75056°W / 67.84389; -120.75056 • elevation584 m (1,916 ft)
MouthFranklin Bay • locationInuvik Region, Northwest Territories • coordinates69°56′01″N 126°48′10″W / 69.93361°N 126.80278°W / 69.93361; -126.80278 • elevation0 m (0 ft)Length618 km (384 mi)Basin featuresRiver systemArctic Ocean drainage basin
The Horton River is a river in Inuvik and Sahtu Regions, Northwest Territories and Kitikmeot Region, Nunavut, Canada. It is a tributary of the Beaufort Sea and hence part of the Arctic Ocean drainage basin. Only the first few kilometres from its source are within Nunavut.
Course
Horton River Delta in 2012
The river begins at a small lake about 100 kilometres (62 mi) north of the northeast Dease Arm of Great Bear Lake. It passes through the Smoking Hills and reaches its mouth on the east side of Cape Bathurst at Franklin Bay on the Amundsen Gulf of the Beaufort Sea, where it forms a small delta, about 125 kilometres (78 mi) northwest of the community of Paulatuk. The mouth had been 100 kilometres (62 mi) further north at Harrowby Bay on the west side of Cape Bathurst until about 1800 when a meander eroded through.
There is an airstrip just north of the mouth.
DEW Line/NWS
Located about 8.5 km (5.3 mi) north northwest of the rivers mouth, at 70°00′59″N 126°56′35″W / 70.01639°N 126.94306°W / 70.01639; -126.94306 (Horton River SRR BAR-E), lies the Horton River Short Range Radar Site (BAR-E), also known as Malloch Hills. Originally opened as a Distant Early Warning Line site it closed in 1963. The site was reopened in 1991 as a North Warning System short range radar.
See also
List of longest rivers of Canada
List of rivers of the Northwest Territories
References
^ "Natural Resources Canada-Canadian Geographical Names (Horton River)". Retrieved 2014-08-29.
^ "Atlas of Canada Toporama". Retrieved 2014-08-29.
^ "NASA Earth Observatory (Horton River)". Retrieved 2014-08-29.
^ The DEW Line sites in Canada, Alaska and Greenland
Zoltai, SC (March 4, 2015). "Horton River". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Archived from the original on February 3, 2013. Retrieved 2011-02-04.
"Horton River". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 2011-02-04.
"Topographic Map sheet 97C11". Atlas of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. 2010-02-04. Archived from the original on 2010-08-03. Retrieved 2011-02-04.
External links
Inuvialuit Television's documentary on the Horton River DEW Line site cleanup
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Czech Republic
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[{"image_text":"Horton River Delta in 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Horton_River_Delta_Canada.jpg/220px-Horton_River_Delta_Canada.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of longest rivers of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest_rivers_of_Canada"},{"title":"List of rivers of the Northwest Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Northwest_Territories"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zora_Mintalov%C3%A1_%E2%80%93_Zubercov%C3%A1
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Zora Mintalová-Zubercová
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["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Honors and awards","4 Bibliography","4.1 Books","5 References"]
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Slovak historian
Zora Mintalová-ZubercováZubercova in 2020BornZora Zubercová (1950-06-07) 7 June 1950 (age 74)Martin, Czechoslovakia (modern-day Slovakia)NationalitySlovakAlma materComenius University in Bratislava (PhDr., 1980)Scientific careerFieldsFood history, culinary history, material culture, history of the Red Cross movementInstitutionsSlovak National MuseumSlovak Red Cross Museum
Zora Mintalová-Zubercová (née Zubercová; born 7 June 1950) is a Slovak ethnographer, historian, museologist and popular science author, best known for her study of food history and material culture of Slovakia and the history of the Slovak Red Cross. Her work has, among others, earned her the Pitrè Prize as well as the National Medal of Science of the Slovak Republic.
Mintalova-Zubercová spent more than thirty years as a researcher and later Senior Researcher and Head of the Scientific-Research Department of the Slovak National Museum in Martin, subsequently also serving as the museum's Deputy Director. She was instrumental in founding at the Slovak Red Cross Museum and later served as its Inaugural Director until her retirement in 2009.
Early life and education
Mintalová Zubercová was born in Martin, the elder daughter of Slovak publishing editor and playwright Ján Zuberec, and Darina Zubercová (née Pobudová). Both her parents had a gentry background and belonged to the Slovak intellectual circles, which attracted negative attention by the then rising Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. After the country fell under the Communist rule the family fortune of her parents was nationalised, and her father was assigned as a worker to a brick factory. Growing up in Martin, Mintalová-Zubercová attended the local grammar school, and later thanks to a family friend was despite her personnel files held by the Communist party able to apply for university. She went on to study ethnography and history at the Faculty of Arts at Comenius University in Bratislava, graduating in 1974 with a Prom. Etnograf degree. She then started working the same year as a research assistant at the Ethnographic Institute of the Slovak National Museum. After earning her PhDr. in ethnography and history in 1980 from the Comenius University in Bratislava, she was promoted to a Researcher.
Career
Because of her gentry background, Mintalová-Zubercová was not allowed to hold any senior scientific positions during the socialist era in Czechoslovakia. This changed only after the Velvet revolution of 1989, and the fall of the Communist party. She became a Senior Researcher and in 1990 the Head of the Scientific-Research department of the Slovak National Museum. This led to her scientific co-operation with many regional, national and international scientific organizations as the Musée national des Arts et Traditions Populaires Paris – department of Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Museo Nazionale delle Arti e Tradizioni Popolari in Rome – Italy etc; State Russian Museum in St. Petersburg; etc. During her career at the Slovak National Museum she participated in more than 29 international and national Scientific-research tasks as a Principal Investigator an Co-Investigator, and curatored and co-authored more than 50 museum exhibitions in Slovakia and abroad including Cuba, Netherlands, Germany, Italy etc.
From 1996 to 2000, she also served as the Vice director of the Slovak National Museum in Martin.
In the year 2000, she was entrusted by the Supreme Body of the Slovak Red Cross to found the Slovak Red Cross Museum. Two years later she was appointed to serve as the first director of the newly established museum.
Mintalová-Zubercová retired from her active scientific career in 2009, but still continues to work in the field of food history research, publishing books and articles.
Currently, she serves on the board of National Culture of the Slovak Republic.
Honors and awards
Award of the Slovak ethnographic society at the Slovak Academy of Sciences in the category exhibitions for „Z kuchyne starých matiek", 1987
Ciechanów Voivodeship Medal of Merit, Ciechanów – Poland, 1987
National Medal of Science of the Slovak Republic, 1991,(member of the scientific team);
Slovak Academy of Sciences award for scientific-research, 1995, (member of the scientific team);
Giuseppe Pitrè-Salvatore Salomone Marino International award for ethnological and anthropological studies, Palermo-Italy, 1995, for „Encyklopédia ľudovej kultúry Slovenska (member of the group of authors)
Award of the Slovak Museum Association for the development of Slovak museology, 1981 and 2000
Slovak National Museum medal for the development of museology, 2000
Commemorative medal of the Slovak Red Cross, 2009
Best Culinary History Book in Slovakia (Gourmand World Cookbook Award), 2012
Bibliography
During her career Mintalová-Zubecová authored and co-authored more than 14 monographs, and published more than 250 scientific papers in the fields of history and ethnology.
Books
Z ľudovej kultúry Turca, ISBN 80-7090-760-6 (co-author, editor)
Red Cross in Slovakia in the years 1919–1938, ISBN 80-969221-9-X.
Red Cross in Slovakia in the years 1939–1947, ISBN 80-89208-03-7.
Z turčianskej kuchyne, ISBN 978-80-89208-64-7
Veľká kniha slovenských Vianoc, ISBN 978-80-89208-92-0
Všetko okolo stola I., ISBN 978-80-89208-94-4
Všetko okolo stola II., ISBN 978-80-81150-13-5
Vianoce na Slovensku, ISBN 978-80-556-0444-2
Tradície na Slovensku ISBN 978-80-556-1482-3
Príbeh vlákna ISBN 978-80-556-2365-8
Ako sme kedysi žili ISBN 978-80-556-2795-3
References
^ "Knižná novinka: Ako sme kedysi žili". CVTISR. 21 March 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
^ "Z turčianskej kuchyne – Zora Mintalová-Zubercová – Pre gurmánov aj knižných labužníkov – LIC". Litcentrum.sk. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
^ "IEHCA". Iehca.eu. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
^ "Predstava, že Slováci boli len chudobnými roľníkmi, čo stále trpeli, je mýtus z čias socializmu". DennikN.sk. 19 June 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
^ "Fotili sme lovkyňu slovenských pokladov". sme.sk. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
^ "Zora Mintálová-Zubercová | osobnosti.sk | životopisy, diela, tvorba, články, linky". osobnosti.sk. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
^ Who is Who in the Slovak Republic, Hubners Who is Who Verlag fur Peronenenzyklopadien AG, Zug- Switzerland, 2005, p. 507
^ "Múzeum Slovenského Červeného kríža Martin /* Museum of Slovak Red Cross Martin /Muzeum.SK – múzeum, galéria, hrad, zámok/". Muzeum.sk. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
^ "Kultúrne centrum mesta Martin". Kulturnecentrum.sk. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
^ "Zora Mintalová Zubercová: Ako sme kedysi žili". Pravda.sk. 3 May 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
Portals: Biography History
Authority control databases International
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"ethnographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnographer"},{"link_name":"historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian"},{"link_name":"museologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museologist"},{"link_name":"popular science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_science"},{"link_name":"food history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_history"},{"link_name":"material culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_culture"},{"link_name":"Slovak Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement"},{"link_name":"Pitrè Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitr%C3%A8_Prize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Slovak National Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_National_Museum"},{"link_name":"Slovak Red Cross Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Red_Cross_Museum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Slovak historianZora Mintalová-Zubercová (née Zubercová; born 7 June 1950) is a Slovak ethnographer, historian, museologist and popular science author, best known for her study of food history and material culture of Slovakia and the history of the Slovak Red Cross. Her work has, among others, earned her the Pitrè Prize as well as the National Medal of Science of the Slovak Republic.[1]Mintalova-Zubercová spent more than thirty years as a researcher and later Senior Researcher and Head of the Scientific-Research Department of the Slovak National Museum in Martin, subsequently also serving as the museum's Deputy Director. She was instrumental in founding at the Slovak Red Cross Museum and later served as its Inaugural Director until her retirement in 2009.[2][3]","title":"Zora Mintalová-Zubercová"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gentry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentry"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"ethnography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnography"},{"link_name":"Comenius University in Bratislava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comenius_University_in_Bratislava"},{"link_name":"Ethnographic Institute of the Slovak National Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_National_Museum"},{"link_name":"PhDr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhDr."},{"link_name":"Comenius University in Bratislava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comenius_University_in_Bratislava"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Mintalová Zubercová was born in Martin, the elder daughter of Slovak publishing editor and playwright Ján Zuberec, and Darina Zubercová (née Pobudová). Both her parents had a gentry background and belonged to the Slovak intellectual circles, which attracted negative attention by the then rising Communist Party of Czechoslovakia.[4] After the country fell under the Communist rule the family fortune of her parents was nationalised, and her father was assigned as a worker to a brick factory.[5] Growing up in Martin, Mintalová-Zubercová attended the local grammar school, and later thanks to a family friend was despite her personnel files held by the Communist party able to apply for university. She went on to study ethnography and history at the Faculty of Arts at Comenius University in Bratislava, graduating in 1974 with a Prom. Etnograf degree. She then started working the same year as a research assistant at the Ethnographic Institute of the Slovak National Museum. After earning her PhDr. in ethnography and history in 1980 from the Comenius University in Bratislava, she was promoted to a Researcher.[6]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gentry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentry"},{"link_name":"Velvet revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velvet_revolution"},{"link_name":"Communist party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_party"},{"link_name":"Slovak National Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_National_Museum"},{"link_name":"Musée national des Arts et Traditions Populaires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_des_Arts_et_Traditions_Populaires_(France)"},{"link_name":"Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9um_national_d%27Histoire_naturelle"},{"link_name":"Slovak Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"State Russian Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Russian_Museum"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Slovak Red Cross Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Red_Cross_Museum"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Slovak Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Republic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Because of her gentry background, Mintalová-Zubercová was not allowed to hold any senior scientific positions during the socialist era in Czechoslovakia. This changed only after the Velvet revolution of 1989, and the fall of the Communist party. She became a Senior Researcher and in 1990 the Head of the Scientific-Research department of the Slovak National Museum. This led to her scientific co-operation with many regional, national and international scientific organizations as the Musée national des Arts et Traditions Populaires Paris – department of Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Museo Nazionale delle Arti e Tradizioni Popolari in Rome – Italy etc; State Russian Museum in St. Petersburg; etc. During her career at the Slovak National Museum she participated in more than 29 international and national Scientific-research tasks as a Principal Investigator an Co-Investigator, and curatored and co-authored more than 50 museum exhibitions in Slovakia and abroad including Cuba, Netherlands, Germany, Italy etc.[7]From 1996 to 2000, she also served as the Vice director of the Slovak National Museum in Martin.\nIn the year 2000, she was entrusted by the Supreme Body of the Slovak Red Cross to found the Slovak Red Cross Museum. Two years later she was appointed to serve as the first director of the newly established museum.[8]Mintalová-Zubercová retired from her active scientific career in 2009, but still continues to work in the field of food history research, publishing books and articles.\nCurrently, she serves on the board of National Culture of the Slovak Republic.[9]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Award of the Slovak ethnographic society at the Slovak Academy of Sciences in the category exhibitions for „Z kuchyne starých matiek\", 1987\nCiechanów Voivodeship Medal of Merit, Ciechanów – Poland, 1987\nNational Medal of Science of the Slovak Republic, 1991,(member of the scientific team);[10]\nSlovak Academy of Sciences award for scientific-research, 1995, (member of the scientific team);\nGiuseppe Pitrè-Salvatore Salomone Marino International award for ethnological and anthropological studies, Palermo-Italy, 1995, for „Encyklopédia ľudovej kultúry Slovenska (member of the group of authors)\nAward of the Slovak Museum Association for the development of Slovak museology, 1981 and 2000\nSlovak National Museum medal for the development of museology, 2000\nCommemorative medal of the Slovak Red Cross, 2009\nBest Culinary History Book in Slovakia (Gourmand World Cookbook Award), 2012","title":"Honors and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monographs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monographs"},{"link_name":"scientific papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_papers"},{"link_name":"ethnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnology"}],"text":"During her career Mintalová-Zubecová authored and co-authored more than 14 monographs, and published more than 250 scientific papers in the fields of history and ethnology.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"80-7090-760-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/80-7090-760-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"80-969221-9-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/80-969221-9-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"80-89208-03-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/80-89208-03-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-80-89208-64-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-89208-64-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-80-89208-92-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-89208-92-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-80-89208-94-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-89208-94-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-80-81150-13-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-81150-13-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-80-556-0444-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-556-0444-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-80-556-1482-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-556-1482-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-80-556-2365-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-556-2365-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-80-556-2795-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-556-2795-3"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Z ľudovej kultúry Turca, ISBN 80-7090-760-6 (co-author, editor)\nRed Cross in Slovakia in the years 1919–1938, ISBN 80-969221-9-X.\nRed Cross in Slovakia in the years 1939–1947, ISBN 80-89208-03-7.\nZ turčianskej kuchyne, ISBN 978-80-89208-64-7\nVeľká kniha slovenských Vianoc, ISBN 978-80-89208-92-0\nVšetko okolo stola I., ISBN 978-80-89208-94-4\nVšetko okolo stola II., ISBN 978-80-81150-13-5\nVianoce na Slovensku, ISBN 978-80-556-0444-2\nTradície na Slovensku ISBN 978-80-556-1482-3\nPríbeh vlákna ISBN 978-80-556-2365-8\nAko sme kedysi žili ISBN 978-80-556-2795-3","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisenberg_uncertainty
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Uncertainty principle
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["1 Position-momentum","1.1 Visualization","1.2 Wave mechanics interpretation","1.3 Matrix mechanics interpretation","1.4 Examples","1.5 Quantum harmonic oscillator stationary states","1.6 Quantum harmonic oscillators with Gaussian initial condition","1.7 Coherent states","1.8 Particle in a box","1.9 Constant momentum","2 Energy–time uncertainty principle","2.1 Energy spectrum line-width vs lifetime","2.2 Time in quantum mechanics","2.3 Mandelstam–Tamm","2.4 Quantum field theory","3 Intrinsic quantum uncertainty","4 Mathematical formalism","4.1 Mixed states","4.2 The Maccone–Pati uncertainty relations","4.3 Improving the Robertson–Schrödinger uncertainty relation based on decompositions of the density matrix","4.4 Phase space","4.5 Examples","4.6 Limitations","5 Additional uncertainty relations","5.1 Heisenberg limit","5.2 Systematic and statistical errors","5.3 Quantum entropic uncertainty principle","5.4 Uncertainty relation with three angular momentum components","6 Harmonic analysis","6.1 Signal processing","6.2 Discrete Fourier transform","6.3 Benedicks's theorem","6.4 Hardy's uncertainty principle","7 History","7.1 Terminology and translation","7.2 Heisenberg's microscope","8 Critical reactions","8.1 Ideal detached observer","8.2 Einstein's slit","8.3 Einstein's box","8.4 EPR paradox for entangled particles","8.5 Popper's criticism","8.6 Free will","8.7 Thermodynamics","8.8 Rejection of the principle","9 Applications","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]
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Foundational principle in quantum physics
For other uses, see Uncertainty principle (disambiguation).
Part of a series of articles aboutQuantum mechanics
i
ℏ
d
d
t
|
Ψ
⟩
=
H
^
|
Ψ
⟩
{\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {d}{dt}}|\Psi \rangle ={\hat {H}}|\Psi \rangle }
Schrödinger equation
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Canonical commutation rule for position q and momentum p variables of a particle, 1927. pq − qp = h/(2πi). Uncertainty principle of Heisenberg, 1927.
The uncertainty principle, also known as Heisenberg's indeterminacy principle, is a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics. It states that there is a limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties, such as position and momentum, can be simultaneously known. In other words, the more accurately one property is measured, the less accurately the other property can be known.
More formally, the uncertainty principle is any of a variety of mathematical inequalities asserting a fundamental limit to the product of the accuracy of certain related pairs of measurements on a quantum system, such as position, x, and momentum, p. Such paired-variables are known as complementary variables or canonically conjugate variables.
First introduced in 1927 by German physicist Werner Heisenberg, the formal inequality relating the standard deviation of position σx and the standard deviation of momentum σp was derived by Earle Hesse Kennard later that year and by Hermann Weyl in 1928:
σ
x
σ
p
≥
ℏ
2
{\displaystyle \sigma _{x}\sigma _{p}\geq {\frac {\hbar }{2}}}
where
ℏ
=
h
2
π
{\displaystyle \hbar ={\frac {h}{2\pi }}}
is the reduced Planck constant.
The quintessentially quantum mechanical uncertainty principle comes in many forms other than position–momentum. The energy–time relationship is widely used to relate quantum state lifetime to measured energy widths but its formal derivation is fraught with confusing issues about the nature of time. The basic principle has been extended in numerous directions; it must be considered in many kinds of fundamental physical measurements.
Position-momentum
Main article: Introduction to quantum mechanics
The superposition of several plane waves to form a wave packet. This wave packet becomes increasingly localized with the addition of many waves. The Fourier transform is a mathematical operation that separates a wave packet into its individual plane waves. The waves shown here are real for illustrative purposes only; in quantum mechanics the wave function is generally complex.
It is vital to illustrate how the principle applies to relatively intelligible physical situations since it is indiscernible on the macroscopic scales that humans experience. Two alternative frameworks for quantum physics offer different explanations for the uncertainty principle. The wave mechanics picture of the uncertainty principle is more visually intuitive, but the more abstract matrix mechanics picture formulates it in a way that generalizes more easily.
Mathematically, in wave mechanics, the uncertainty relation between position and momentum arises because the expressions of the wavefunction in the two corresponding orthonormal bases in Hilbert space are Fourier transforms of one another (i.e., position and momentum are conjugate variables). A nonzero function and its Fourier transform cannot both be sharply localized at the same time. A similar tradeoff between the variances of Fourier conjugates arises in all systems underlain by Fourier analysis, for example in sound waves: A pure tone is a sharp spike at a single frequency, while its Fourier transform gives the shape of the sound wave in the time domain, which is a completely delocalized sine wave. In quantum mechanics, the two key points are that the position of the particle takes the form of a matter wave, and momentum is its Fourier conjugate, assured by the de Broglie relation p = ħk, where k is the wavenumber.
In matrix mechanics, the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics, any pair of non-commuting self-adjoint operators representing observables are subject to similar uncertainty limits. An eigenstate of an observable represents the state of the wavefunction for a certain measurement value (the eigenvalue). For example, if a measurement of an observable A is performed, then the system is in a particular eigenstate Ψ of that observable. However, the particular eigenstate of the observable A need not be an eigenstate of another observable B: If so, then it does not have a unique associated measurement for it, as the system is not in an eigenstate of that observable.
Visualization
The uncertainty principle can be visualized using the position- and momentum-space wavefunctions for one spinless particle with mass in one dimension.
The more localized the position-space wavefunction, the more likely the particle is to be found with the position coordinates in that region, and correspondingly the momentum-space wavefunction is less localized so the possible momentum components the particle could have are more widespread. Conversely, the more localized the momentum-space wavefunction, the more likely the particle is to be found with those values of momentum components in that region, and correspondingly the less localized the position-space wavefunction, so the position coordinates the particle could occupy are more widespread. These wavefunctions are Fourier transforms of each other: mathematically, the uncertainty principle expresses the relationship between conjugate variables in the transform.
Position x and momentum p wavefunctions corresponding to quantum particles. The colour opacity of the particles corresponds to the probability density of finding the particle with position x or momentum component p. Top: If wavelength λ is unknown, so are momentum p, wave-vector k and energy E (de Broglie relations). As the particle is more localized in position space, Δx is smaller than for Δpx. Bottom: If λ is known, so are p, k, and E. As the particle is more localized in momentum space, Δp is smaller than for Δx.
Wave mechanics interpretation
Plane waveWave packetPropagation of de Broglie waves in 1d—real part of the complex amplitude is blue, imaginary part is green. The probability (shown as the colour opacity) of finding the particle at a given point x is spread out like a waveform, there is no definite position of the particle. As the amplitude increases above zero the curvature reverses sign, so the amplitude begins to decrease again, and vice versa—the result is an alternating amplitude: a wave.
Main articles: Wave packet and Schrödinger equation
According to the de Broglie hypothesis, every object in the universe is associated with a wave. Thus every object, from an elementary particle to atoms, molecules and on up to planets and beyond are subject to the uncertainty principle.
The time-independent wave function of a single-moded plane wave of wavenumber k0 or momentum p0 is
ψ
(
x
)
∝
e
i
k
0
x
=
e
i
p
0
x
/
ℏ
.
{\displaystyle \psi (x)\propto e^{ik_{0}x}=e^{ip_{0}x/\hbar }~.}
The Born rule states that this should be interpreted as a probability density amplitude function in the sense that the probability of finding the particle between a and b is
P
[
a
≤
X
≤
b
]
=
∫
a
b
|
ψ
(
x
)
|
2
d
x
.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {P} =\int _{a}^{b}|\psi (x)|^{2}\,\mathrm {d} x~.}
In the case of the single-mode plane wave,
|
ψ
(
x
)
|
2
{\displaystyle |\psi (x)|^{2}}
is 1 if
X
=
x
{\displaystyle X=x}
and 0 otherwise. In other words, the particle position is extremely uncertain in the sense that it could be essentially anywhere along the wave packet.
On the other hand, consider a wave function that is a sum of many waves, which we may write as
ψ
(
x
)
∝
∑
n
A
n
e
i
p
n
x
/
ℏ
,
{\displaystyle \psi (x)\propto \sum _{n}A_{n}e^{ip_{n}x/\hbar }~,}
where An represents the relative contribution of the mode pn to the overall total. The figures to the right show how with the addition of many plane waves, the wave packet can become more localized. We may take this a step further to the continuum limit, where the wave function is an integral over all possible modes
ψ
(
x
)
=
1
2
π
ℏ
∫
−
∞
∞
φ
(
p
)
⋅
e
i
p
x
/
ℏ
d
p
,
{\displaystyle \psi (x)={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\pi \hbar }}}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\varphi (p)\cdot e^{ipx/\hbar }\,dp~,}
with
φ
(
p
)
{\displaystyle \varphi (p)}
representing the amplitude of these modes and is called the wave function in momentum space. In mathematical terms, we say that
φ
(
p
)
{\displaystyle \varphi (p)}
is the Fourier transform of
ψ
(
x
)
{\displaystyle \psi (x)}
and that x and p are conjugate variables. Adding together all of these plane waves comes at a cost, namely the momentum has become less precise, having become a mixture of waves of many different momenta.
One way to quantify the precision of the position and momentum is the standard deviation σ. Since
|
ψ
(
x
)
|
2
{\displaystyle |\psi (x)|^{2}}
is a probability density function for position, we calculate its standard deviation.
The precision of the position is improved, i.e. reduced σx, by using many plane waves, thereby weakening the precision of the momentum, i.e. increased σp. Another way of stating this is that σx and σp have an inverse relationship or are at least bounded from below. This is the uncertainty principle, the exact limit of which is the Kennard bound.
Proof of the Kennard inequality using wave mechanics
We are interested in the variances of position and momentum, defined as
σ
x
2
=
∫
−
∞
∞
x
2
⋅
|
ψ
(
x
)
|
2
d
x
−
(
∫
−
∞
∞
x
⋅
|
ψ
(
x
)
|
2
d
x
)
2
{\displaystyle \sigma _{x}^{2}=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x^{2}\cdot |\psi (x)|^{2}\,dx-\left(\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x\cdot |\psi (x)|^{2}\,dx\right)^{2}}
σ
p
2
=
∫
−
∞
∞
p
2
⋅
|
φ
(
p
)
|
2
d
p
−
(
∫
−
∞
∞
p
⋅
|
φ
(
p
)
|
2
d
p
)
2
.
{\displaystyle \sigma _{p}^{2}=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }p^{2}\cdot |\varphi (p)|^{2}\,dp-\left(\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }p\cdot |\varphi (p)|^{2}\,dp\right)^{2}~.}
Without loss of generality, we will assume that the means vanish, which just amounts to a shift of the origin of our coordinates. (A more general proof that does not make this assumption is given below.) This gives us the simpler form
σ
x
2
=
∫
−
∞
∞
x
2
⋅
|
ψ
(
x
)
|
2
d
x
{\displaystyle \sigma _{x}^{2}=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x^{2}\cdot |\psi (x)|^{2}\,dx}
σ
p
2
=
∫
−
∞
∞
p
2
⋅
|
φ
(
p
)
|
2
d
p
.
{\displaystyle \sigma _{p}^{2}=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }p^{2}\cdot |\varphi (p)|^{2}\,dp~.}
The function
f
(
x
)
=
x
⋅
ψ
(
x
)
{\displaystyle f(x)=x\cdot \psi (x)}
can be interpreted as a vector in a function space. We can define an inner product for a pair of functions u(x) and v(x) in this vector space:
⟨
u
∣
v
⟩
=
∫
−
∞
∞
u
∗
(
x
)
⋅
v
(
x
)
d
x
,
{\displaystyle \langle u\mid v\rangle =\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }u^{*}(x)\cdot v(x)\,dx,}
where the asterisk denotes the complex conjugate.
With this inner product defined, we note that the variance for position can be written as
σ
x
2
=
∫
−
∞
∞
|
f
(
x
)
|
2
d
x
=
⟨
f
∣
f
⟩
.
{\displaystyle \sigma _{x}^{2}=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }|f(x)|^{2}\,dx=\langle f\mid f\rangle ~.}
We can repeat this for momentum by interpreting the function
g
~
(
p
)
=
p
⋅
φ
(
p
)
{\displaystyle {\tilde {g}}(p)=p\cdot \varphi (p)}
as a vector, but we can also take advantage of the fact that
ψ
(
x
)
{\displaystyle \psi (x)}
and
φ
(
p
)
{\displaystyle \varphi (p)}
are Fourier transforms of each other. We evaluate the inverse Fourier transform through integration by parts:
g
(
x
)
=
1
2
π
ℏ
⋅
∫
−
∞
∞
g
~
(
p
)
⋅
e
i
p
x
/
ℏ
d
p
=
1
2
π
ℏ
∫
−
∞
∞
p
⋅
φ
(
p
)
⋅
e
i
p
x
/
ℏ
d
p
=
1
2
π
ℏ
∫
−
∞
∞
[
p
⋅
∫
−
∞
∞
ψ
(
χ
)
e
−
i
p
χ
/
ℏ
d
χ
]
⋅
e
i
p
x
/
ℏ
d
p
=
i
2
π
∫
−
∞
∞
[
ψ
(
χ
)
e
−
i
p
χ
/
ℏ
|
−
∞
∞
−
∫
−
∞
∞
d
ψ
(
χ
)
d
χ
e
−
i
p
χ
/
ℏ
d
χ
]
⋅
e
i
p
x
/
ℏ
d
p
=
−
i
2
π
∫
−
∞
∞
∫
−
∞
∞
d
ψ
(
χ
)
d
χ
e
−
i
p
χ
/
ℏ
d
χ
e
i
p
x
/
ℏ
d
p
=
(
−
i
ℏ
d
d
x
)
⋅
ψ
(
x
)
,
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}g(x)&={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\pi \hbar }}}\cdot \int _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\tilde {g}}(p)\cdot e^{ipx/\hbar }\,dp\\&={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\pi \hbar }}}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }p\cdot \varphi (p)\cdot e^{ipx/\hbar }\,dp\\&={\frac {1}{2\pi \hbar }}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\left\cdot e^{ipx/\hbar }\,dp\\&={\frac {i}{2\pi }}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\left\cdot e^{ipx/\hbar }\,dp\\&={\frac {-i}{2\pi }}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {d\psi (\chi )}{d\chi }}e^{-ip\chi /\hbar }\,d\chi \,e^{ipx/\hbar }\,dp\\&=\left(-i\hbar {\frac {d}{dx}}\right)\cdot \psi (x),\end{aligned}}}
where the cancelled term vanishes because the wave function vanishes at infinity. Often the term
−
i
ℏ
d
d
x
{\textstyle -i\hbar {\frac {d}{dx}}}
is called the momentum operator in position space. Applying Parseval's theorem, we see that the variance for momentum can be written as
σ
p
2
=
∫
−
∞
∞
|
g
~
(
p
)
|
2
d
p
=
∫
−
∞
∞
|
g
(
x
)
|
2
d
x
=
⟨
g
∣
g
⟩
.
{\displaystyle \sigma _{p}^{2}=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }|{\tilde {g}}(p)|^{2}\,dp=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }|g(x)|^{2}\,dx=\langle g\mid g\rangle .}
The Cauchy–Schwarz inequality asserts that
σ
x
2
σ
p
2
=
⟨
f
∣
f
⟩
⋅
⟨
g
∣
g
⟩
≥
|
⟨
f
∣
g
⟩
|
2
.
{\displaystyle \sigma _{x}^{2}\sigma _{p}^{2}=\langle f\mid f\rangle \cdot \langle g\mid g\rangle \geq |\langle f\mid g\rangle |^{2}~.}
The modulus squared of any complex number z can be expressed as
|
z
|
2
=
(
Re
(
z
)
)
2
+
(
Im
(
z
)
)
2
≥
(
Im
(
z
)
)
2
=
(
z
−
z
∗
2
i
)
2
.
{\displaystyle |z|^{2}={\Big (}{\text{Re}}(z){\Big )}^{2}+{\Big (}{\text{Im}}(z){\Big )}^{2}\geq {\Big (}{\text{Im}}(z){\Big )}^{2}=\left({\frac {z-z^{\ast }}{2i}}\right)^{2}.}
we let
z
=
⟨
f
|
g
⟩
{\displaystyle z=\langle f|g\rangle }
and
z
∗
=
⟨
g
∣
f
⟩
{\displaystyle z^{*}=\langle g\mid f\rangle }
and substitute these into the equation above to get
|
⟨
f
∣
g
⟩
|
2
≥
(
⟨
f
∣
g
⟩
−
⟨
g
∣
f
⟩
2
i
)
2
.
{\displaystyle |\langle f\mid g\rangle |^{2}\geq \left({\frac {\langle f\mid g\rangle -\langle g\mid f\rangle }{2i}}\right)^{2}~.}
All that remains is to evaluate these inner products.
⟨
f
∣
g
⟩
−
⟨
g
∣
f
⟩
=
∫
−
∞
∞
ψ
∗
(
x
)
x
⋅
(
−
i
ℏ
d
d
x
)
ψ
(
x
)
d
x
−
∫
−
∞
∞
ψ
∗
(
x
)
(
−
i
ℏ
d
d
x
)
⋅
x
ψ
(
x
)
d
x
=
i
ℏ
⋅
∫
−
∞
∞
ψ
∗
(
x
)
[
(
−
x
⋅
d
ψ
(
x
)
d
x
)
+
d
(
x
ψ
(
x
)
)
d
x
]
d
x
=
i
ℏ
⋅
∫
−
∞
∞
ψ
∗
(
x
)
[
(
−
x
⋅
d
ψ
(
x
)
d
x
)
+
ψ
(
x
)
+
(
x
⋅
d
ψ
(
x
)
d
x
)
]
d
x
=
i
ℏ
⋅
∫
−
∞
∞
ψ
∗
(
x
)
ψ
(
x
)
d
x
=
i
ℏ
⋅
∫
−
∞
∞
|
ψ
(
x
)
|
2
d
x
=
i
ℏ
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\langle f\mid g\rangle -\langle g\mid f\rangle ={}&\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\psi ^{*}(x)\,x\cdot \left(-i\hbar {\frac {d}{dx}}\right)\,\psi (x)\,dx\\&{}-\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\psi ^{*}(x)\,\left(-i\hbar {\frac {d}{dx}}\right)\cdot x\,\psi (x)\,dx\\={}&i\hbar \cdot \int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\psi ^{*}(x)\left\,dx\\={}&i\hbar \cdot \int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\psi ^{*}(x)\left\,dx\\={}&i\hbar \cdot \int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\psi ^{*}(x)\psi (x)\,dx\\={}&i\hbar \cdot \int _{-\infty }^{\infty }|\psi (x)|^{2}\,dx\\={}&i\hbar \end{aligned}}}
Plugging this into the above inequalities, we get
σ
x
2
σ
p
2
≥
|
⟨
f
∣
g
⟩
|
2
≥
(
⟨
f
∣
g
⟩
−
⟨
g
∣
f
⟩
2
i
)
2
=
(
i
ℏ
2
i
)
2
=
ℏ
2
4
{\displaystyle \sigma _{x}^{2}\sigma _{p}^{2}\geq |\langle f\mid g\rangle |^{2}\geq \left({\frac {\langle f\mid g\rangle -\langle g\mid f\rangle }{2i}}\right)^{2}=\left({\frac {i\hbar }{2i}}\right)^{2}={\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{4}}}
or taking the square root
σ
x
σ
p
≥
ℏ
2
.
{\displaystyle \sigma _{x}\sigma _{p}\geq {\frac {\hbar }{2}}~.}
with equality if and only if p and x are linearly dependent. Note that the only physics involved in this proof was that
ψ
(
x
)
{\displaystyle \psi (x)}
and
φ
(
p
)
{\displaystyle \varphi (p)}
are wave functions for position and momentum, which are Fourier transforms of each other. A similar result would hold for any pair of conjugate variables.
Matrix mechanics interpretation
(Ref )
Main article: Matrix mechanics
In matrix mechanics, observables such as position and momentum are represented by self-adjoint operators. When considering pairs of observables, an important quantity is the commutator. For a pair of operators  and
B
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {B}}}
, one defines their commutator as
[
A
^
,
B
^
]
=
A
^
B
^
−
B
^
A
^
.
{\displaystyle ={\hat {A}}{\hat {B}}-{\hat {B}}{\hat {A}}.}
In the case of position and momentum, the commutator is the canonical commutation relation
[
x
^
,
p
^
]
=
i
ℏ
.
{\displaystyle =i\hbar .}
The physical meaning of the non-commutativity can be understood by considering the effect of the commutator on position and momentum eigenstates. Let
|
ψ
⟩
{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }
be a right eigenstate of position with a constant eigenvalue x0. By definition, this means that
x
^
|
ψ
⟩
=
x
0
|
ψ
⟩
.
{\displaystyle {\hat {x}}|\psi \rangle =x_{0}|\psi \rangle .}
Applying the commutator to
|
ψ
⟩
{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }
yields
[
x
^
,
p
^
]
|
ψ
⟩
=
(
x
^
p
^
−
p
^
x
^
)
|
ψ
⟩
=
(
x
^
−
x
0
I
^
)
p
^
|
ψ
⟩
=
i
ℏ
|
ψ
⟩
,
{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle =({\hat {x}}{\hat {p}}-{\hat {p}}{\hat {x}})|\psi \rangle =({\hat {x}}-x_{0}{\hat {I}}){\hat {p}}\,|\psi \rangle =i\hbar |\psi \rangle ,}
where Î is the identity operator.
Suppose, for the sake of proof by contradiction, that
|
ψ
⟩
{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }
is also a right eigenstate of momentum, with constant eigenvalue p0. If this were true, then one could write
(
x
^
−
x
0
I
^
)
p
^
|
ψ
⟩
=
(
x
^
−
x
0
I
^
)
p
0
|
ψ
⟩
=
(
x
0
I
^
−
x
0
I
^
)
p
0
|
ψ
⟩
=
0.
{\displaystyle ({\hat {x}}-x_{0}{\hat {I}}){\hat {p}}\,|\psi \rangle =({\hat {x}}-x_{0}{\hat {I}})p_{0}\,|\psi \rangle =(x_{0}{\hat {I}}-x_{0}{\hat {I}})p_{0}\,|\psi \rangle =0.}
On the other hand, the above canonical commutation relation requires that
[
x
^
,
p
^
]
|
ψ
⟩
=
i
ℏ
|
ψ
⟩
≠
0.
{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle =i\hbar |\psi \rangle \neq 0.}
This implies that no quantum state can simultaneously be both a position and a momentum eigenstate.
When a state is measured, it is projected onto an eigenstate in the basis of the relevant observable. For example, if a particle's position is measured, then the state amounts to a position eigenstate. This means that the state is not a momentum eigenstate, however, but rather it can be represented as a sum of multiple momentum basis eigenstates. In other words, the momentum must be less precise. This precision may be quantified by the standard deviations,
σ
x
=
⟨
x
^
2
⟩
−
⟨
x
^
⟩
2
{\displaystyle \sigma _{x}={\sqrt {\langle {\hat {x}}^{2}\rangle -\langle {\hat {x}}\rangle ^{2}}}}
σ
p
=
⟨
p
^
2
⟩
−
⟨
p
^
⟩
2
.
{\displaystyle \sigma _{p}={\sqrt {\langle {\hat {p}}^{2}\rangle -\langle {\hat {p}}\rangle ^{2}}}.}
As in the wave mechanics interpretation above, one sees a tradeoff between the respective precisions of the two, quantified by the uncertainty principle.
Examples
(Refs )
Quantum harmonic oscillator stationary states
Main articles: Quantum harmonic oscillator and Stationary state
Consider a one-dimensional quantum harmonic oscillator. It is possible to express the position and momentum operators in terms of the creation and annihilation operators:
x
^
=
ℏ
2
m
ω
(
a
+
a
†
)
{\displaystyle {\hat {x}}={\sqrt {\frac {\hbar }{2m\omega }}}(a+a^{\dagger })}
p
^
=
i
m
ω
ℏ
2
(
a
†
−
a
)
.
{\displaystyle {\hat {p}}=i{\sqrt {\frac {m\omega \hbar }{2}}}(a^{\dagger }-a).}
Using the standard rules for creation and annihilation operators on the energy eigenstates,
a
†
|
n
⟩
=
n
+
1
|
n
+
1
⟩
{\displaystyle a^{\dagger }|n\rangle ={\sqrt {n+1}}|n+1\rangle }
a
|
n
⟩
=
n
|
n
−
1
⟩
,
{\displaystyle a|n\rangle ={\sqrt {n}}|n-1\rangle ,}
the variances may be computed directly,
σ
x
2
=
ℏ
m
ω
(
n
+
1
2
)
{\displaystyle \sigma _{x}^{2}={\frac {\hbar }{m\omega }}\left(n+{\frac {1}{2}}\right)}
σ
p
2
=
ℏ
m
ω
(
n
+
1
2
)
.
{\displaystyle \sigma _{p}^{2}=\hbar m\omega \left(n+{\frac {1}{2}}\right)\,.}
The product of these standard deviations is then
σ
x
σ
p
=
ℏ
(
n
+
1
2
)
≥
ℏ
2
.
{\displaystyle \sigma _{x}\sigma _{p}=\hbar \left(n+{\frac {1}{2}}\right)\geq {\frac {\hbar }{2}}.~}
In particular, the above Kennard bound is saturated for the ground state n=0, for which the probability density is just the normal distribution.
Quantum harmonic oscillators with Gaussian initial condition
Position (blue) and momentum (red) probability densities for an initial Gaussian distribution. From top to bottom, the animations show the cases Ω = ω, Ω = 2ω, and Ω = ω/2. Note the tradeoff between the widths of the distributions.
In a quantum harmonic oscillator of characteristic angular frequency ω, place a state that is offset from the bottom of the potential by some displacement x0 as
ψ
(
x
)
=
(
m
Ω
π
ℏ
)
1
/
4
exp
(
−
m
Ω
(
x
−
x
0
)
2
2
ℏ
)
,
{\displaystyle \psi (x)=\left({\frac {m\Omega }{\pi \hbar }}\right)^{1/4}\exp {\left(-{\frac {m\Omega (x-x_{0})^{2}}{2\hbar }}\right)},}
where Ω describes the width of the initial state but need not be the same as ω. Through integration over the propagator, we can solve for the full time-dependent solution. After many cancelations, the probability densities reduce to
|
Ψ
(
x
,
t
)
|
2
∼
N
(
x
0
cos
(
ω
t
)
,
ℏ
2
m
Ω
(
cos
2
(
ω
t
)
+
Ω
2
ω
2
sin
2
(
ω
t
)
)
)
{\displaystyle |\Psi (x,t)|^{2}\sim {\mathcal {N}}\left(x_{0}\cos {(\omega t)},{\frac {\hbar }{2m\Omega }}\left(\cos ^{2}(\omega t)+{\frac {\Omega ^{2}}{\omega ^{2}}}\sin ^{2}{(\omega t)}\right)\right)}
|
Φ
(
p
,
t
)
|
2
∼
N
(
−
m
x
0
ω
sin
(
ω
t
)
,
ℏ
m
Ω
2
(
cos
2
(
ω
t
)
+
ω
2
Ω
2
sin
2
(
ω
t
)
)
)
,
{\displaystyle |\Phi (p,t)|^{2}\sim {\mathcal {N}}\left(-mx_{0}\omega \sin(\omega t),{\frac {\hbar m\Omega }{2}}\left(\cos ^{2}{(\omega t)}+{\frac {\omega ^{2}}{\Omega ^{2}}}\sin ^{2}{(\omega t)}\right)\right),}
where we have used the notation
N
(
μ
,
σ
2
)
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}(\mu ,\sigma ^{2})}
to denote a normal distribution of mean μ and variance σ2. Copying the variances above and applying trigonometric identities, we can write the product of the standard deviations as
σ
x
σ
p
=
ℏ
2
(
cos
2
(
ω
t
)
+
Ω
2
ω
2
sin
2
(
ω
t
)
)
(
cos
2
(
ω
t
)
+
ω
2
Ω
2
sin
2
(
ω
t
)
)
=
ℏ
4
3
+
1
2
(
Ω
2
ω
2
+
ω
2
Ω
2
)
−
(
1
2
(
Ω
2
ω
2
+
ω
2
Ω
2
)
−
1
)
cos
(
4
ω
t
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\sigma _{x}\sigma _{p}&={\frac {\hbar }{2}}{\sqrt {\left(\cos ^{2}{(\omega t)}+{\frac {\Omega ^{2}}{\omega ^{2}}}\sin ^{2}{(\omega t)}\right)\left(\cos ^{2}{(\omega t)}+{\frac {\omega ^{2}}{\Omega ^{2}}}\sin ^{2}{(\omega t)}\right)}}\\&={\frac {\hbar }{4}}{\sqrt {3+{\frac {1}{2}}\left({\frac {\Omega ^{2}}{\omega ^{2}}}+{\frac {\omega ^{2}}{\Omega ^{2}}}\right)-\left({\frac {1}{2}}\left({\frac {\Omega ^{2}}{\omega ^{2}}}+{\frac {\omega ^{2}}{\Omega ^{2}}}\right)-1\right)\cos {(4\omega t)}}}\end{aligned}}}
From the relations
Ω
2
ω
2
+
ω
2
Ω
2
≥
2
,
|
cos
(
4
ω
t
)
|
≤
1
,
{\displaystyle {\frac {\Omega ^{2}}{\omega ^{2}}}+{\frac {\omega ^{2}}{\Omega ^{2}}}\geq 2,\quad |\cos(4\omega t)|\leq 1,}
we can conclude the following (the right most equality holds only when Ω = ω):
σ
x
σ
p
≥
ℏ
4
3
+
1
2
(
Ω
2
ω
2
+
ω
2
Ω
2
)
−
(
1
2
(
Ω
2
ω
2
+
ω
2
Ω
2
)
−
1
)
=
ℏ
2
.
{\displaystyle \sigma _{x}\sigma _{p}\geq {\frac {\hbar }{4}}{\sqrt {3+{\frac {1}{2}}\left({\frac {\Omega ^{2}}{\omega ^{2}}}+{\frac {\omega ^{2}}{\Omega ^{2}}}\right)-\left({\frac {1}{2}}\left({\frac {\Omega ^{2}}{\omega ^{2}}}+{\frac {\omega ^{2}}{\Omega ^{2}}}\right)-1\right)}}={\frac {\hbar }{2}}.}
Coherent states
Main article: Coherent state
A coherent state is a right eigenstate of the annihilation operator,
a
^
|
α
⟩
=
α
|
α
⟩
,
{\displaystyle {\hat {a}}|\alpha \rangle =\alpha |\alpha \rangle ,}
which may be represented in terms of Fock states as
|
α
⟩
=
e
−
|
α
|
2
2
∑
n
=
0
∞
α
n
n
!
|
n
⟩
{\displaystyle |\alpha \rangle =e^{-{|\alpha |^{2} \over 2}}\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\alpha ^{n} \over {\sqrt {n!}}}|n\rangle }
In the picture where the coherent state is a massive particle in a quantum harmonic oscillator, the position and momentum operators may be expressed in terms of the annihilation operators in the same formulas above and used to calculate the variances,
σ
x
2
=
ℏ
2
m
ω
,
{\displaystyle \sigma _{x}^{2}={\frac {\hbar }{2m\omega }},}
σ
p
2
=
ℏ
m
ω
2
.
{\displaystyle \sigma _{p}^{2}={\frac {\hbar m\omega }{2}}.}
Therefore, every coherent state saturates the Kennard bound
σ
x
σ
p
=
ℏ
2
m
ω
ℏ
m
ω
2
=
ℏ
2
.
{\displaystyle \sigma _{x}\sigma _{p}={\sqrt {\frac {\hbar }{2m\omega }}}\,{\sqrt {\frac {\hbar m\omega }{2}}}={\frac {\hbar }{2}}.}
with position and momentum each contributing an amount
ℏ
/
2
{\textstyle {\sqrt {\hbar /2}}}
in a "balanced" way. Moreover, every squeezed coherent state also saturates the Kennard bound although the individual contributions of position and momentum need not be balanced in general.
Particle in a box
Main article: Particle in a box
Consider a particle in a one-dimensional box of length
L
{\displaystyle L}
. The eigenfunctions in position and momentum space are
ψ
n
(
x
,
t
)
=
{
A
sin
(
k
n
x
)
e
−
i
ω
n
t
,
0
<
x
<
L
,
0
,
otherwise,
{\displaystyle \psi _{n}(x,t)={\begin{cases}A\sin(k_{n}x)\mathrm {e} ^{-\mathrm {i} \omega _{n}t},&0<x<L,\\0,&{\text{otherwise,}}\end{cases}}}
and
φ
n
(
p
,
t
)
=
π
L
ℏ
n
(
1
−
(
−
1
)
n
e
−
i
k
L
)
e
−
i
ω
n
t
π
2
n
2
−
k
2
L
2
,
{\displaystyle \varphi _{n}(p,t)={\sqrt {\frac {\pi L}{\hbar }}}\,\,{\frac {n\left(1-(-1)^{n}e^{-ikL}\right)e^{-i\omega _{n}t}}{\pi ^{2}n^{2}-k^{2}L^{2}}},}
where
ω
n
=
π
2
ℏ
n
2
8
L
2
m
{\textstyle \omega _{n}={\frac {\pi ^{2}\hbar n^{2}}{8L^{2}m}}}
and we have used the de Broglie relation
p
=
ℏ
k
{\displaystyle p=\hbar k}
. The variances of
x
{\displaystyle x}
and
p
{\displaystyle p}
can be calculated explicitly:
σ
x
2
=
L
2
12
(
1
−
6
n
2
π
2
)
{\displaystyle \sigma _{x}^{2}={\frac {L^{2}}{12}}\left(1-{\frac {6}{n^{2}\pi ^{2}}}\right)}
σ
p
2
=
(
ℏ
n
π
L
)
2
.
{\displaystyle \sigma _{p}^{2}=\left({\frac {\hbar n\pi }{L}}\right)^{2}.}
The product of the standard deviations is therefore
σ
x
σ
p
=
ℏ
2
n
2
π
2
3
−
2
.
{\displaystyle \sigma _{x}\sigma _{p}={\frac {\hbar }{2}}{\sqrt {{\frac {n^{2}\pi ^{2}}{3}}-2}}.}
For all
n
=
1
,
2
,
3
,
…
{\displaystyle n=1,\,2,\,3,\,\ldots }
, the quantity
n
2
π
2
3
−
2
{\textstyle {\sqrt {{\frac {n^{2}\pi ^{2}}{3}}-2}}}
is greater than 1, so the uncertainty principle is never violated. For numerical concreteness, the smallest value occurs when
n
=
1
{\displaystyle n=1}
, in which case
σ
x
σ
p
=
ℏ
2
π
2
3
−
2
≈
0.568
ℏ
>
ℏ
2
.
{\displaystyle \sigma _{x}\sigma _{p}={\frac {\hbar }{2}}{\sqrt {{\frac {\pi ^{2}}{3}}-2}}\approx 0.568\hbar >{\frac {\hbar }{2}}.}
Constant momentum
Main article: Wave packet
Position space probability density of an initially Gaussian state moving at minimally uncertain, constant momentum in free space
Assume a particle initially has a momentum space wave function described by a normal distribution around some constant momentum p0 according to
φ
(
p
)
=
(
x
0
ℏ
π
)
1
/
2
exp
(
−
x
0
2
(
p
−
p
0
)
2
2
ℏ
2
)
,
{\displaystyle \varphi (p)=\left({\frac {x_{0}}{\hbar {\sqrt {\pi }}}}\right)^{1/2}\exp \left({\frac {-x_{0}^{2}(p-p_{0})^{2}}{2\hbar ^{2}}}\right),}
where we have introduced a reference scale
x
0
=
ℏ
/
m
ω
0
{\textstyle x_{0}={\sqrt {\hbar /m\omega _{0}}}}
, with
ω
0
>
0
{\displaystyle \omega _{0}>0}
describing the width of the distribution—cf. nondimensionalization. If the state is allowed to evolve in free space, then the time-dependent momentum and position space wave functions are
Φ
(
p
,
t
)
=
(
x
0
ℏ
π
)
1
/
2
exp
(
−
x
0
2
(
p
−
p
0
)
2
2
ℏ
2
−
i
p
2
t
2
m
ℏ
)
,
{\displaystyle \Phi (p,t)=\left({\frac {x_{0}}{\hbar {\sqrt {\pi }}}}\right)^{1/2}\exp \left({\frac {-x_{0}^{2}(p-p_{0})^{2}}{2\hbar ^{2}}}-{\frac {ip^{2}t}{2m\hbar }}\right),}
Ψ
(
x
,
t
)
=
(
1
x
0
π
)
1
/
2
e
−
x
0
2
p
0
2
/
2
ℏ
2
1
+
i
ω
0
t
exp
(
−
(
x
−
i
x
0
2
p
0
/
ℏ
)
2
2
x
0
2
(
1
+
i
ω
0
t
)
)
.
{\displaystyle \Psi (x,t)=\left({\frac {1}{x_{0}{\sqrt {\pi }}}}\right)^{1/2}{\frac {e^{-x_{0}^{2}p_{0}^{2}/2\hbar ^{2}}}{\sqrt {1+i\omega _{0}t}}}\,\exp \left(-{\frac {(x-ix_{0}^{2}p_{0}/\hbar )^{2}}{2x_{0}^{2}(1+i\omega _{0}t)}}\right).}
Since
⟨
p
(
t
)
⟩
=
p
0
{\displaystyle \langle p(t)\rangle =p_{0}}
and
σ
p
(
t
)
=
ℏ
/
(
2
x
0
)
{\displaystyle \sigma _{p}(t)=\hbar /({\sqrt {2}}x_{0})}
, this can be interpreted as a particle moving along with constant momentum at arbitrarily high precision. On the other hand, the standard deviation of the position is
σ
x
=
x
0
2
1
+
ω
0
2
t
2
{\displaystyle \sigma _{x}={\frac {x_{0}}{\sqrt {2}}}{\sqrt {1+\omega _{0}^{2}t^{2}}}}
such that the uncertainty product can only increase with time as
σ
x
(
t
)
σ
p
(
t
)
=
ℏ
2
1
+
ω
0
2
t
2
{\displaystyle \sigma _{x}(t)\sigma _{p}(t)={\frac {\hbar }{2}}{\sqrt {1+\omega _{0}^{2}t^{2}}}}
Energy–time uncertainty principle
Energy spectrum line-width vs lifetime
An energy–time uncertainty relation like
Δ
E
Δ
t
≳
ℏ
/
2
,
{\displaystyle \Delta E\Delta t\gtrsim \hbar /2,}
has a long, controversial history; the meaning of
Δ
t
{\displaystyle \Delta t}
and
Δ
E
{\displaystyle \Delta E}
varies and different formulations have different arenas of validity. However, one well-known application is both well established and experimentally verified: the connection between the life-time of a resonance state,
τ
1
/
2
{\displaystyle \tau _{\sqrt {1/2}}}
and its energy width
Δ
E
{\displaystyle \Delta E}
:
τ
1
/
2
Δ
E
=
π
ℏ
/
4.
{\displaystyle \tau _{\sqrt {1/2}}\Delta E=\pi \hbar /4.}
In particle-physics, widths from experimental fits to the Breit–Wigner energy distribution are used to characterize the lifetime of quasi-stable or decaying states.
An informal, heuristic meaning of the principle is the following:A state that only exists for a short time cannot have a definite energy. To have a definite energy, the frequency of the state must be defined accurately, and this requires the state to hang around for many cycles, the reciprocal of the required accuracy. For example, in spectroscopy, excited states have a finite lifetime. By the time–energy uncertainty principle, they do not have a definite energy, and, each time they decay, the energy they release is slightly different. The average energy of the outgoing photon has a peak at the theoretical energy of the state, but the distribution has a finite width called the natural linewidth. Fast-decaying states have a broad linewidth, while slow-decaying states have a narrow linewidth. The same linewidth effect also makes it difficult to specify the rest mass of unstable, fast-decaying particles in particle physics. The faster the particle decays (the shorter its lifetime), the less certain is its mass (the larger the particle's width).
Time in quantum mechanics
The concept of "time" in quantum mechanics offers many challenges. There is no quantum theory of time measurement; relativity is both fundamental to time and difficult to include in quantum mechanics. While position and momentum are associated with a single particle, time is a system property: it has no operator needed for the Robertson–Schrödinger relation. The mathematical treatment of stable and unstable quantum systems differ. These factors combine to make energy–time uncertainty principles controversial.
Three notions of "time" can be distinguished: external, intrinsic, and observable. External or laboratory time is seen by the experimenter; intrinsic time is inferred by changes in dynamic variables, like the hands of a clock or the motion of a free particle; observable time concerns time as an observable, the measurement of time-separated events.
An external-time energy–time uncertainty principle might say that measuring the energy of a quantum system to an accuracy
Δ
E
{\displaystyle \Delta E}
requires a time interval
Δ
t
>
h
/
Δ
E
{\displaystyle \Delta t>h/\Delta E}
. However, Yakir Aharonov and David Bohm have shown that, in some quantum systems, energy can be measured accurately within an arbitrarily short time: external-time uncertainty principles are not universal.
Intrinsic time is the basis for several formulations of energy–time uncertainty relations, including the Mandelstam–Tamm relation discussed in the next section. A physical system with an intrinsic time closely matching the external laboratory time is called a "clock".: 31
Observable time, measuring time between two events, remains a challenge for quantum theories; some progress has been made using positive operator-valued measure concepts.
Mandelstam–Tamm
In 1945, Leonid Mandelstam and Igor Tamm derived a non-relativistic time–energy uncertainty relation as follows. From Heisenberg mechanics, the generalized Ehrenfest theorem for an observable B without explicit time dependence, represented by a self-adjoint operator
B
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {B}}}
relates time dependence of the average value of
B
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {B}}}
to the average of its commutator with the Hamiltonian:
d
⟨
B
^
⟩
d
t
=
i
ℏ
⟨
[
H
^
,
B
^
]
⟩
.
{\displaystyle {\frac {d\langle {\hat {B}}\rangle }{dt}}={\frac {i}{\hbar }}\langle \rangle .}
The value of
⟨
[
H
^
,
B
^
]
⟩
{\displaystyle \langle \rangle }
is then substituted in the Robertson uncertainty relation for the energy operator
H
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}}
and
B
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {B}}}
:
σ
H
σ
B
≥
|
1
2
i
⟨
[
H
^
,
B
^
]
⟩
|
,
{\displaystyle \sigma _{H}\sigma _{B}\geq \left|{\frac {1}{2i}}\langle \rangle \right|,}
giving
σ
H
σ
B
|
d
⟨
B
^
⟩
d
t
|
≥
ℏ
2
{\displaystyle \sigma _{H}{\frac {\sigma _{B}}{\left|{\frac {d\langle {\hat {B}}\rangle }{dt}}\right|}}\geq {\frac {\hbar }{2}}}
(whenever the denonminator is nonzero).
While this is a universal result, it depends upon the observable chosen and that the deviations
σ
H
{\displaystyle \sigma _{H}}
and
σ
B
{\displaystyle \sigma _{B}}
are computed for a particular state.
Identifying
Δ
E
≡
σ
E
{\displaystyle \Delta E\equiv \sigma _{E}}
and the characteristic time
τ
B
≡
σ
B
|
d
⟨
B
^
⟩
d
t
|
{\displaystyle \tau _{B}\equiv {\frac {\sigma _{B}}{\left|{\frac {d\langle {\hat {B}}\rangle }{dt}}\right|}}}
gives an energy–time relationship
Δ
E
τ
B
≥
ℏ
2
.
{\displaystyle \Delta E\tau _{B}\geq {\frac {\hbar }{2}}.}
Although
τ
B
{\displaystyle \tau _{B}}
has the dimension of time, it is different from the time parameter t that enters the Schrödinger equation. This
τ
B
{\displaystyle \tau _{B}}
can be interpreted as time for which the expectation value of the observable,
⟨
B
^
⟩
,
{\displaystyle \langle {\hat {B}}\rangle ,}
changes by an amount equal to one standard deviation.
Examples:
The time a free quantum particle passes a point in space is more uncertain as the energy of the state is more precisely controlled:
Δ
T
=
ℏ
/
2
Δ
E
.
{\displaystyle \Delta T=\hbar /2\Delta E.}
Since the time spread is related to the particle position spread and the energy spread is related to the momentum spread, this relation is directly related to position–momentum uncertainty.: 144
A Delta particle, a quasistable composite of quarks related to protons and neutrons, has a lifetime of 10−23 s, so its measured mass equivalent to energy, 1232 MeV/c2, varies by ±120 MeV/c2; this variation is intrinsic and not caused by measurement errors.: 144
Two energy states
ψ
1
,
2
{\displaystyle \psi _{1,2}}
with energies
E
1
,
2
,
{\displaystyle E_{1,2},}
superimposed to create a composite state
Ψ
(
x
,
t
)
=
a
ψ
1
(
x
)
e
−
i
E
1
t
/
h
+
b
ψ
2
(
x
)
e
−
i
E
2
t
/
h
.
{\displaystyle \Psi (x,t)=a\psi _{1}(x)e^{-iE_{1}t/h}+b\psi _{2}(x)e^{-iE_{2}t/h}.}
The probability amplitude of this state has a time-dependent interference term:
|
Ψ
(
x
,
t
)
|
2
=
a
2
|
ψ
1
(
x
)
|
2
+
b
2
|
ψ
2
(
x
)
|
2
+
2
a
b
cos
(
E
2
−
E
1
ℏ
t
)
.
{\displaystyle |\Psi (x,t)|^{2}=a^{2}|\psi _{1}(x)|^{2}+b^{2}|\psi _{2}(x)|^{2}+2ab\cos({\frac {E_{2}-E_{1}}{\hbar }}t).}
The oscillation period varies inversely with the energy difference:
τ
=
2
π
ℏ
/
(
E
2
−
E
1
)
{\displaystyle \tau =2\pi \hbar /(E_{2}-E_{1})}
.: 144
Each example has a different meaning for the time uncertainty, according to the observable and state used.
Quantum field theory
Some formulations of quantum field theory uses temporary electron–positron pairs in its calculations called virtual particles. The mass-energy and lifetime of these particles are related by the energy–time uncertainty relation. The energy of a quantum systems is not known with enough precision to limit their behavior to a single, simple history. Thus the influence of all histories must be incorporated into quantum calculations, including those with much greater or much less energy than the mean of the measured/calculated energy distribution.
The energy–time uncertainty principle does not temporarily violate conservation of energy; it does not imply that energy can be "borrowed" from the universe as long as it is "returned" within a short amount of time.: 145 The energy of the universe is not an exactly known parameter at all times. When events transpire at very short time intervals, there is uncertainty in the energy of these events.
Intrinsic quantum uncertainty
Historically, the uncertainty principle has been confused with a related effect in physics, called the observer effect, which notes that measurements of certain systems cannot be made without affecting the system, that is, without changing something in a system. Heisenberg used such an observer effect at the quantum level (see below) as a physical "explanation" of quantum uncertainty. It has since become clearer, however, that the uncertainty principle is inherent in the properties of all wave-like systems, and that it arises in quantum mechanics simply due to the matter wave nature of all quantum objects. Thus, the uncertainty principle actually states a fundamental property of quantum systems and is not a statement about the observational success of current technology.
Mathematical formalism
Starting with Kennard's derivation of position-momentum uncertainty, Howard Percy Robertson developed a formulation for arbitrary Hermitian operator operators
O
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathcal {O}}}}
expressed in terms of their standard deviation
σ
O
=
⟨
O
^
2
⟩
−
⟨
O
^
⟩
2
,
{\displaystyle \sigma _{\mathcal {O}}={\sqrt {\langle {\hat {\mathcal {O}}}^{2}\rangle -\langle {\hat {\mathcal {O}}}\rangle ^{2}}},}
where the brackets
⟨
O
⟩
{\displaystyle \langle {\mathcal {O}}\rangle }
indicate an expectation value. For a pair of operators
A
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}}
and
B
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {B}}}
, define their commutator as
[
A
^
,
B
^
]
=
A
^
B
^
−
B
^
A
^
,
{\displaystyle ={\hat {A}}{\hat {B}}-{\hat {B}}{\hat {A}},}
and the Robertson uncertainty relation is given by
σ
A
σ
B
≥
|
1
2
i
⟨
[
A
^
,
B
^
]
⟩
|
=
1
2
|
⟨
[
A
^
,
B
^
]
⟩
|
,
{\displaystyle \sigma _{A}\sigma _{B}\geq \left|{\frac {1}{2i}}\langle \rangle \right|={\frac {1}{2}}\left|\langle \rangle \right|,}
Erwin Schrödinger showed how to allow for correlation between the operators, giving a stronger inequality, known as the Robertson-Schrödinger uncertainty relation,
σ
A
2
σ
B
2
≥
|
1
2
⟨
{
A
^
,
B
^
}
⟩
−
⟨
A
^
⟩
⟨
B
^
⟩
|
2
+
|
1
2
i
⟨
[
A
^
,
B
^
]
⟩
|
2
,
{\displaystyle \sigma _{A}^{2}\sigma _{B}^{2}\geq \left|{\frac {1}{2}}\langle \{{\hat {A}},{\hat {B}}\}\rangle -\langle {\hat {A}}\rangle \langle {\hat {B}}\rangle \right|^{2}+\left|{\frac {1}{2i}}\langle \rangle \right|^{2},}
where the anticommutator,
{
A
^
,
B
^
}
=
A
^
B
^
+
B
^
A
^
{\displaystyle \{{\hat {A}},{\hat {B}}\}={\hat {A}}{\hat {B}}+{\hat {B}}{\hat {A}}}
is used.
Proof of the Schrödinger uncertainty relation
The derivation shown here incorporates and builds off of those shown in Robertson, Schrödinger and standard textbooks such as Griffiths.: 138 For any Hermitian operator
A
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}}
, based upon the definition of variance, we have
σ
A
2
=
⟨
(
A
^
−
⟨
A
^
⟩
)
Ψ
|
(
A
^
−
⟨
A
^
⟩
)
Ψ
⟩
.
{\displaystyle \sigma _{A}^{2}=\langle ({\hat {A}}-\langle {\hat {A}}\rangle )\Psi |({\hat {A}}-\langle {\hat {A}}\rangle )\Psi \rangle .}
we let
|
f
⟩
=
|
(
A
^
−
⟨
A
^
⟩
)
Ψ
⟩
{\displaystyle |f\rangle =|({\hat {A}}-\langle {\hat {A}}\rangle )\Psi \rangle }
and thus
σ
A
2
=
⟨
f
∣
f
⟩
.
{\displaystyle \sigma _{A}^{2}=\langle f\mid f\rangle \,.}
Similarly, for any other Hermitian operator
B
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {B}}}
in the same state
σ
B
2
=
⟨
(
B
^
−
⟨
B
^
⟩
)
Ψ
|
(
B
^
−
⟨
B
^
⟩
)
Ψ
⟩
=
⟨
g
∣
g
⟩
{\displaystyle \sigma _{B}^{2}=\langle ({\hat {B}}-\langle {\hat {B}}\rangle )\Psi |({\hat {B}}-\langle {\hat {B}}\rangle )\Psi \rangle =\langle g\mid g\rangle }
for
|
g
⟩
=
|
(
B
^
−
⟨
B
^
⟩
)
Ψ
⟩
.
{\displaystyle |g\rangle =|({\hat {B}}-\langle {\hat {B}}\rangle )\Psi \rangle .}
The product of the two deviations can thus be expressed as
σ
A
2
σ
B
2
=
⟨
f
∣
f
⟩
⟨
g
∣
g
⟩
.
{\displaystyle \sigma _{A}^{2}\sigma _{B}^{2}=\langle f\mid f\rangle \langle g\mid g\rangle .}
(1)
In order to relate the two vectors
|
f
⟩
{\displaystyle |f\rangle }
and
|
g
⟩
{\displaystyle |g\rangle }
, we use the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality which is defined as
⟨
f
∣
f
⟩
⟨
g
∣
g
⟩
≥
|
⟨
f
∣
g
⟩
|
2
,
{\displaystyle \langle f\mid f\rangle \langle g\mid g\rangle \geq |\langle f\mid g\rangle |^{2},}
and thus Equation (1) can be written as
σ
A
2
σ
B
2
≥
|
⟨
f
∣
g
⟩
|
2
.
{\displaystyle \sigma _{A}^{2}\sigma _{B}^{2}\geq |\langle f\mid g\rangle |^{2}.}
(2)
Since
⟨
f
∣
g
⟩
{\displaystyle \langle f\mid g\rangle }
is in general a complex number, we use the fact that the modulus squared of any complex number
z
{\displaystyle z}
is defined as
|
z
|
2
=
z
z
∗
{\displaystyle |z|^{2}=zz^{*}}
, where
z
∗
{\displaystyle z^{*}}
is the complex conjugate of
z
{\displaystyle z}
. The modulus squared can also be expressed as
|
z
|
2
=
(
Re
(
z
)
)
2
+
(
Im
(
z
)
)
2
=
(
z
+
z
∗
2
)
2
+
(
z
−
z
∗
2
i
)
2
.
{\displaystyle |z|^{2}={\Big (}\operatorname {Re} (z){\Big )}^{2}+{\Big (}\operatorname {Im} (z){\Big )}^{2}={\Big (}{\frac {z+z^{\ast }}{2}}{\Big )}^{2}+{\Big (}{\frac {z-z^{\ast }}{2i}}{\Big )}^{2}.}
(3)
we let
z
=
⟨
f
∣
g
⟩
{\displaystyle z=\langle f\mid g\rangle }
and
z
∗
=
⟨
g
∣
f
⟩
{\displaystyle z^{*}=\langle g\mid f\rangle }
and substitute these into the equation above to get
|
⟨
f
∣
g
⟩
|
2
=
(
⟨
f
∣
g
⟩
+
⟨
g
∣
f
⟩
2
)
2
+
(
⟨
f
∣
g
⟩
−
⟨
g
∣
f
⟩
2
i
)
2
{\displaystyle |\langle f\mid g\rangle |^{2}={\bigg (}{\frac {\langle f\mid g\rangle +\langle g\mid f\rangle }{2}}{\bigg )}^{2}+{\bigg (}{\frac {\langle f\mid g\rangle -\langle g\mid f\rangle }{2i}}{\bigg )}^{2}}
(4)
The inner product
⟨
f
∣
g
⟩
{\displaystyle \langle f\mid g\rangle }
is written out explicitly as
⟨
f
∣
g
⟩
=
⟨
(
A
^
−
⟨
A
^
⟩
)
Ψ
|
(
B
^
−
⟨
B
^
⟩
)
Ψ
⟩
,
{\displaystyle \langle f\mid g\rangle =\langle ({\hat {A}}-\langle {\hat {A}}\rangle )\Psi |({\hat {B}}-\langle {\hat {B}}\rangle )\Psi \rangle ,}
and using the fact that
A
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}}
and
B
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {B}}}
are Hermitian operators, we find
⟨
f
∣
g
⟩
=
⟨
Ψ
|
(
A
^
−
⟨
A
^
⟩
)
(
B
^
−
⟨
B
^
⟩
)
Ψ
⟩
=
⟨
Ψ
∣
(
A
^
B
^
−
A
^
⟨
B
^
⟩
−
B
^
⟨
A
^
⟩
+
⟨
A
^
⟩
⟨
B
^
⟩
)
Ψ
⟩
=
⟨
Ψ
∣
A
^
B
^
Ψ
⟩
−
⟨
Ψ
∣
A
^
⟨
B
^
⟩
Ψ
⟩
−
⟨
Ψ
∣
B
^
⟨
A
^
⟩
Ψ
⟩
+
⟨
Ψ
∣
⟨
A
^
⟩
⟨
B
^
⟩
Ψ
⟩
=
⟨
A
^
B
^
⟩
−
⟨
A
^
⟩
⟨
B
^
⟩
−
⟨
A
^
⟩
⟨
B
^
⟩
+
⟨
A
^
⟩
⟨
B
^
⟩
=
⟨
A
^
B
^
⟩
−
⟨
A
^
⟩
⟨
B
^
⟩
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\langle f\mid g\rangle &=\langle \Psi |({\hat {A}}-\langle {\hat {A}}\rangle )({\hat {B}}-\langle {\hat {B}}\rangle )\Psi \rangle \\&=\langle \Psi \mid ({\hat {A}}{\hat {B}}-{\hat {A}}\langle {\hat {B}}\rangle -{\hat {B}}\langle {\hat {A}}\rangle +\langle {\hat {A}}\rangle \langle {\hat {B}}\rangle )\Psi \rangle \\&=\langle \Psi \mid {\hat {A}}{\hat {B}}\Psi \rangle -\langle \Psi \mid {\hat {A}}\langle {\hat {B}}\rangle \Psi \rangle -\langle \Psi \mid {\hat {B}}\langle {\hat {A}}\rangle \Psi \rangle +\langle \Psi \mid \langle {\hat {A}}\rangle \langle {\hat {B}}\rangle \Psi \rangle \\&=\langle {\hat {A}}{\hat {B}}\rangle -\langle {\hat {A}}\rangle \langle {\hat {B}}\rangle -\langle {\hat {A}}\rangle \langle {\hat {B}}\rangle +\langle {\hat {A}}\rangle \langle {\hat {B}}\rangle \\&=\langle {\hat {A}}{\hat {B}}\rangle -\langle {\hat {A}}\rangle \langle {\hat {B}}\rangle .\end{aligned}}}
Similarly it can be shown that
⟨
g
∣
f
⟩
=
⟨
B
^
A
^
⟩
−
⟨
A
^
⟩
⟨
B
^
⟩
.
{\displaystyle \langle g\mid f\rangle =\langle {\hat {B}}{\hat {A}}\rangle -\langle {\hat {A}}\rangle \langle {\hat {B}}\rangle .}
Thus, we have
⟨
f
∣
g
⟩
−
⟨
g
∣
f
⟩
=
⟨
A
^
B
^
⟩
−
⟨
A
^
⟩
⟨
B
^
⟩
−
⟨
B
^
A
^
⟩
+
⟨
A
^
⟩
⟨
B
^
⟩
=
⟨
[
A
^
,
B
^
]
⟩
{\displaystyle \langle f\mid g\rangle -\langle g\mid f\rangle =\langle {\hat {A}}{\hat {B}}\rangle -\langle {\hat {A}}\rangle \langle {\hat {B}}\rangle -\langle {\hat {B}}{\hat {A}}\rangle +\langle {\hat {A}}\rangle \langle {\hat {B}}\rangle =\langle \rangle }
and
⟨
f
∣
g
⟩
+
⟨
g
∣
f
⟩
=
⟨
A
^
B
^
⟩
−
⟨
A
^
⟩
⟨
B
^
⟩
+
⟨
B
^
A
^
⟩
−
⟨
A
^
⟩
⟨
B
^
⟩
=
⟨
{
A
^
,
B
^
}
⟩
−
2
⟨
A
^
⟩
⟨
B
^
⟩
.
{\displaystyle \langle f\mid g\rangle +\langle g\mid f\rangle =\langle {\hat {A}}{\hat {B}}\rangle -\langle {\hat {A}}\rangle \langle {\hat {B}}\rangle +\langle {\hat {B}}{\hat {A}}\rangle -\langle {\hat {A}}\rangle \langle {\hat {B}}\rangle =\langle \{{\hat {A}},{\hat {B}}\}\rangle -2\langle {\hat {A}}\rangle \langle {\hat {B}}\rangle .}
We now substitute the above two equations above back into Eq. (4) and get
|
⟨
f
∣
g
⟩
|
2
=
(
1
2
⟨
{
A
^
,
B
^
}
⟩
−
⟨
A
^
⟩
⟨
B
^
⟩
)
2
+
(
1
2
i
⟨
[
A
^
,
B
^
]
⟩
)
2
.
{\displaystyle |\langle f\mid g\rangle |^{2}={\Big (}{\frac {1}{2}}\langle \{{\hat {A}},{\hat {B}}\}\rangle -\langle {\hat {A}}\rangle \langle {\hat {B}}\rangle {\Big )}^{2}+{\Big (}{\frac {1}{2i}}\langle \rangle {\Big )}^{2}\,.}
Substituting the above into Equation (2) we get the Schrödinger uncertainty relation
σ
A
σ
B
≥
(
1
2
⟨
{
A
^
,
B
^
}
⟩
−
⟨
A
^
⟩
⟨
B
^
⟩
)
2
+
(
1
2
i
⟨
[
A
^
,
B
^
]
⟩
)
2
.
{\displaystyle \sigma _{A}\sigma _{B}\geq {\sqrt {{\Big (}{\frac {1}{2}}\langle \{{\hat {A}},{\hat {B}}\}\rangle -\langle {\hat {A}}\rangle \langle {\hat {B}}\rangle {\Big )}^{2}+{\Big (}{\frac {1}{2i}}\langle \rangle {\Big )}^{2}}}.}
This proof has an issue related to the domains of the operators involved. For the proof to make sense, the vector
B
^
|
Ψ
⟩
{\displaystyle {\hat {B}}|\Psi \rangle }
has to be in the domain of the unbounded operator
A
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}}
, which is not always the case. In fact, the Robertson uncertainty relation is false if
A
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}}
is an angle variable and
B
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {B}}}
is the derivative with respect to this variable. In this example, the commutator is a nonzero constant—just as in the Heisenberg uncertainty relation—and yet there are states where the product of the uncertainties is zero. (See the counterexample section below.) This issue can be overcome by using a variational method for the proof, or by working with an exponentiated version of the canonical commutation relations.
Note that in the general form of the Robertson–Schrödinger uncertainty relation, there is no need to assume that the operators
A
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}}
and
B
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {B}}}
are self-adjoint operators. It suffices to assume that they are merely symmetric operators. (The distinction between these two notions is generally glossed over in the physics literature, where the term Hermitian is used for either or both classes of operators. See Chapter 9 of Hall's book for a detailed discussion of this important but technical distinction.)
Mixed states
The Robertson–Schrödinger uncertainty relation may be generalized in a straightforward way to describe mixed states.
σ
A
2
σ
B
2
≥
|
1
2
tr
(
ρ
{
A
,
B
}
)
−
tr
(
ρ
A
)
tr
(
ρ
B
)
|
2
+
|
1
2
i
tr
(
ρ
[
A
,
B
]
)
|
2
.
{\displaystyle \sigma _{A}^{2}\sigma _{B}^{2}\geq \left|{\frac {1}{2}}\operatorname {tr} (\rho \{A,B\})-\operatorname {tr} (\rho A)\operatorname {tr} (\rho B)\right|^{2}+\left|{\frac {1}{2i}}\operatorname {tr} (\rho )\right|^{2}.}
The Maccone–Pati uncertainty relations
The Robertson–Schrödinger uncertainty relation can be trivial if the state of the system is chosen to be eigenstate of one of the observable. The stronger uncertainty relations proved by Lorenzo Maccone and Arun K. Pati give non-trivial bounds on the sum of the variances for two incompatible observables. (Earlier works on uncertainty relations formulated as the sum of variances include, e.g., Ref. due to Yichen Huang.) For two non-commuting observables
A
{\displaystyle A}
and
B
{\displaystyle B}
the first stronger uncertainty relation is given by
σ
A
2
+
σ
B
2
≥
±
i
⟨
Ψ
∣
[
A
,
B
]
|
Ψ
⟩
+
∣
⟨
Ψ
∣
(
A
±
i
B
)
∣
Ψ
¯
⟩
|
2
,
{\displaystyle \sigma _{A}^{2}+\sigma _{B}^{2}\geq \pm i\langle \Psi \mid |\Psi \rangle +\mid \langle \Psi \mid (A\pm iB)\mid {\bar {\Psi }}\rangle |^{2},}
where
σ
A
2
=
⟨
Ψ
|
A
2
|
Ψ
⟩
−
⟨
Ψ
∣
A
∣
Ψ
⟩
2
{\displaystyle \sigma _{A}^{2}=\langle \Psi |A^{2}|\Psi \rangle -\langle \Psi \mid A\mid \Psi \rangle ^{2}}
,
σ
B
2
=
⟨
Ψ
|
B
2
|
Ψ
⟩
−
⟨
Ψ
∣
B
∣
Ψ
⟩
2
{\displaystyle \sigma _{B}^{2}=\langle \Psi |B^{2}|\Psi \rangle -\langle \Psi \mid B\mid \Psi \rangle ^{2}}
,
|
Ψ
¯
⟩
{\displaystyle |{\bar {\Psi }}\rangle }
is a normalized vector that is orthogonal to the state of the system
|
Ψ
⟩
{\displaystyle |\Psi \rangle }
and one should choose the sign of
±
i
⟨
Ψ
∣
[
A
,
B
]
∣
Ψ
⟩
{\displaystyle \pm i\langle \Psi \mid \mid \Psi \rangle }
to make this real quantity a positive number.
The second stronger uncertainty relation is given by
σ
A
2
+
σ
B
2
≥
1
2
|
⟨
Ψ
¯
A
+
B
∣
(
A
+
B
)
∣
Ψ
⟩
|
2
{\displaystyle \sigma _{A}^{2}+\sigma _{B}^{2}\geq {\frac {1}{2}}|\langle {\bar {\Psi }}_{A+B}\mid (A+B)\mid \Psi \rangle |^{2}}
where
|
Ψ
¯
A
+
B
⟩
{\displaystyle |{\bar {\Psi }}_{A+B}\rangle }
is a state orthogonal to
|
Ψ
⟩
{\displaystyle |\Psi \rangle }
.
The form of
|
Ψ
¯
A
+
B
⟩
{\displaystyle |{\bar {\Psi }}_{A+B}\rangle }
implies that the right-hand side of the new uncertainty relation is nonzero unless
|
Ψ
⟩
{\displaystyle |\Psi \rangle }
is an eigenstate of
(
A
+
B
)
{\displaystyle (A+B)}
. One may note that
|
Ψ
⟩
{\displaystyle |\Psi \rangle }
can be an eigenstate of
(
A
+
B
)
{\displaystyle (A+B)}
without being an eigenstate of either
A
{\displaystyle A}
or
B
{\displaystyle B}
. However, when
|
Ψ
⟩
{\displaystyle |\Psi \rangle }
is an eigenstate of one of the two observables the Heisenberg–Schrödinger uncertainty relation becomes trivial. But the lower bound in the new relation is nonzero unless
|
Ψ
⟩
{\displaystyle |\Psi \rangle }
is an eigenstate of both.
Improving the Robertson–Schrödinger uncertainty relation based on decompositions of the density matrix
The Robertson–Schrödinger uncertainty can be improved noting that it must hold for all components
ϱ
k
{\displaystyle \varrho _{k}}
in any decomposition of the density matrix given as
ϱ
=
∑
k
p
k
ϱ
k
.
{\displaystyle \varrho =\sum _{k}p_{k}\varrho _{k}.}
Here, for the probabilities
p
k
≥
0
{\displaystyle p_{k}\geq 0}
and
∑
k
p
k
=
1
{\displaystyle \sum _{k}p_{k}=1}
hold. Then, using the relation
∑
k
a
k
∑
k
b
k
≥
(
∑
k
a
k
b
k
)
2
{\displaystyle \sum _{k}a_{k}\sum _{k}b_{k}\geq \left(\sum _{k}{\sqrt {a_{k}b_{k}}}\right)^{2}}
for
a
k
,
b
k
≥
0
{\displaystyle a_{k},b_{k}\geq 0}
,
it follows that
σ
A
2
σ
B
2
≥
[
∑
k
p
k
L
(
ϱ
k
)
]
2
,
{\displaystyle \sigma _{A}^{2}\sigma _{B}^{2}\geq \left^{2},}
where the function in the bound is defined
L
(
ϱ
)
=
|
1
2
tr
(
ρ
{
A
,
B
}
)
−
tr
(
ρ
A
)
tr
(
ρ
B
)
|
2
+
|
1
2
i
tr
(
ρ
[
A
,
B
]
)
|
2
.
{\displaystyle L(\varrho )={\sqrt {\left|{\frac {1}{2}}\operatorname {tr} (\rho \{A,B\})-\operatorname {tr} (\rho A)\operatorname {tr} (\rho B)\right|^{2}+\left|{\frac {1}{2i}}\operatorname {tr} (\rho )\right|^{2}}}.}
The above relation very often has a bound larger than that of the original Robertson–Schrödinger uncertainty relation. Thus, we need to calculate the bound of the Robertson–Schrödinger uncertainty for the mixed components of the quantum state rather than for the quantum state, and compute an average of their square roots. The following expression is stronger than the Robertson–Schrödinger uncertainty relation
σ
A
2
σ
B
2
≥
[
max
p
k
,
ϱ
k
∑
k
p
k
L
(
ϱ
k
)
]
2
,
{\displaystyle \sigma _{A}^{2}\sigma _{B}^{2}\geq \left^{2},}
where on the right-hand side there is a concave roof over the decompositions of the density matrix.
The improved relation above is saturated by all single-qubit quantum states.
With similar arguments, one can derive a relation with a convex roof on the right-hand side
σ
A
2
F
Q
[
ϱ
,
B
]
≥
4
[
min
p
k
,
Ψ
k
∑
k
p
k
L
(
|
Ψ
k
⟩
⟨
Ψ
k
|
)
]
2
{\displaystyle \sigma _{A}^{2}F_{Q}\geq 4\left^{2}}
where
F
Q
[
ϱ
,
B
]
{\displaystyle F_{Q}}
denotes the quantum Fisher information and the density matrix is decomposed to pure states as
ϱ
=
∑
k
p
k
|
Ψ
k
⟩
⟨
Ψ
k
|
.
{\displaystyle \varrho =\sum _{k}p_{k}\vert \Psi _{k}\rangle \langle \Psi _{k}\vert .}
The derivation takes advantage of the fact that the quantum Fisher information is the convex roof of the variance times four.
A simpler inequality follows without a convex roof
σ
A
2
F
Q
[
ϱ
,
B
]
≥
|
⟨
i
[
A
,
B
]
⟩
|
2
,
{\displaystyle \sigma _{A}^{2}F_{Q}\geq \vert \langle i\rangle \vert ^{2},}
which is stronger than the Heisenberg uncertainty relation, since for the quantum Fisher information we have
F
Q
[
ϱ
,
B
]
≤
4
σ
B
,
{\displaystyle F_{Q}\leq 4\sigma _{B},}
while for pure states the equality holds.
Phase space
In the phase space formulation of quantum mechanics, the Robertson–Schrödinger relation follows from a positivity condition on a real star-square function. Given a Wigner function
W
(
x
,
p
)
{\displaystyle W(x,p)}
with star product ★ and a function f, the following is generally true:
⟨
f
∗
⋆
f
⟩
=
∫
(
f
∗
⋆
f
)
W
(
x
,
p
)
d
x
d
p
≥
0
.
{\displaystyle \langle f^{*}\star f\rangle =\int (f^{*}\star f)\,W(x,p)\,dx\,dp\geq 0~.}
Choosing
f
=
a
+
b
x
+
c
p
{\displaystyle f=a+bx+cp}
, we arrive at
⟨
f
∗
⋆
f
⟩
=
[
a
∗
b
∗
c
∗
]
[
1
⟨
x
⟩
⟨
p
⟩
⟨
x
⟩
⟨
x
⋆
x
⟩
⟨
x
⋆
p
⟩
⟨
p
⟩
⟨
p
⋆
x
⟩
⟨
p
⋆
p
⟩
]
[
a
b
c
]
≥
0
.
{\displaystyle \langle f^{*}\star f\rangle ={\begin{bmatrix}a^{*}&b^{*}&c^{*}\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}1&\langle x\rangle &\langle p\rangle \\\langle x\rangle &\langle x\star x\rangle &\langle x\star p\rangle \\\langle p\rangle &\langle p\star x\rangle &\langle p\star p\rangle \end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}a\\b\\c\end{bmatrix}}\geq 0~.}
Since this positivity condition is true for all a, b, and c, it follows that all the eigenvalues of the matrix are non-negative.
The non-negative eigenvalues then imply a corresponding non-negativity condition on the determinant,
det
[
1
⟨
x
⟩
⟨
p
⟩
⟨
x
⟩
⟨
x
⋆
x
⟩
⟨
x
⋆
p
⟩
⟨
p
⟩
⟨
p
⋆
x
⟩
⟨
p
⋆
p
⟩
]
=
det
[
1
⟨
x
⟩
⟨
p
⟩
⟨
x
⟩
⟨
x
2
⟩
⟨
x
p
+
i
ℏ
2
⟩
⟨
p
⟩
⟨
x
p
−
i
ℏ
2
⟩
⟨
p
2
⟩
]
≥
0
,
{\displaystyle \det {\begin{bmatrix}1&\langle x\rangle &\langle p\rangle \\\langle x\rangle &\langle x\star x\rangle &\langle x\star p\rangle \\\langle p\rangle &\langle p\star x\rangle &\langle p\star p\rangle \end{bmatrix}}=\det {\begin{bmatrix}1&\langle x\rangle &\langle p\rangle \\\langle x\rangle &\langle x^{2}\rangle &\left\langle xp+{\frac {i\hbar }{2}}\right\rangle \\\langle p\rangle &\left\langle xp-{\frac {i\hbar }{2}}\right\rangle &\langle p^{2}\rangle \end{bmatrix}}\geq 0~,}
or, explicitly, after algebraic manipulation,
σ
x
2
σ
p
2
=
(
⟨
x
2
⟩
−
⟨
x
⟩
2
)
(
⟨
p
2
⟩
−
⟨
p
⟩
2
)
≥
(
⟨
x
p
⟩
−
⟨
x
⟩
⟨
p
⟩
)
2
+
ℏ
2
4
.
{\displaystyle \sigma _{x}^{2}\sigma _{p}^{2}=\left(\langle x^{2}\rangle -\langle x\rangle ^{2}\right)\left(\langle p^{2}\rangle -\langle p\rangle ^{2}\right)\geq \left(\langle xp\rangle -\langle x\rangle \langle p\rangle \right)^{2}+{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{4}}~.}
Examples
Since the Robertson and Schrödinger relations are for general operators, the relations can be applied to any two observables to obtain specific uncertainty relations. A few of the most common relations found in the literature are given below.
Position–linear momentum uncertainty relation: for the position and linear momentum operators, the canonical commutation relation
[
x
^
,
p
^
]
=
i
ℏ
{\displaystyle =i\hbar }
implies the Kennard inequality from above:
σ
x
σ
p
≥
ℏ
2
.
{\displaystyle \sigma _{x}\sigma _{p}\geq {\frac {\hbar }{2}}.}
Angular momentum uncertainty relation: For two orthogonal components of the total angular momentum operator of an object:
σ
J
i
σ
J
j
≥
ℏ
2
|
⟨
J
k
⟩
|
,
{\displaystyle \sigma _{J_{i}}\sigma _{J_{j}}\geq {\frac {\hbar }{2}}{\big |}\langle J_{k}\rangle {\big |},}
where i, j, k are distinct, and Ji denotes angular momentum along the xi axis. This relation implies that unless all three components vanish together, only a single component of a system's angular momentum can be defined with arbitrary precision, normally the component parallel to an external (magnetic or electric) field. Moreover, for
[
J
x
,
J
y
]
=
i
ℏ
ε
x
y
z
J
z
{\displaystyle =i\hbar \varepsilon _{xyz}J_{z}}
, a choice
A
^
=
J
x
{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}=J_{x}}
,
B
^
=
J
y
{\displaystyle {\hat {B}}=J_{y}}
, in angular momentum multiplets, ψ = |j, m⟩, bounds the Casimir invariant (angular momentum squared,
⟨
J
x
2
+
J
y
2
+
J
z
2
⟩
{\displaystyle \langle J_{x}^{2}+J_{y}^{2}+J_{z}^{2}\rangle }
) from below and thus yields useful constraints such as j(j + 1) ≥ m(m + 1), and hence j ≥ m, among others.
For the number of electrons in a superconductor and the phase of its Ginzburg–Landau order parameter
Δ
N
Δ
φ
≥
1.
{\displaystyle \Delta N\,\Delta \varphi \geq 1.}
Limitations
The derivation of the Robertson inequality for operators
A
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}}
and
B
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {B}}}
requires
A
^
B
^
ψ
{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}{\hat {B}}\psi }
and
B
^
A
^
ψ
{\displaystyle {\hat {B}}{\hat {A}}\psi }
to be defined. There are quantum systems where these conditions are not valid.
One example is a quantum particle on a ring, where the wave function depends on an angular variable
θ
{\displaystyle \theta }
in the interval
[
0
,
2
π
]
{\displaystyle }
. Define "position" and "momentum" operators
A
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}}
and
B
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {B}}}
by
A
^
ψ
(
θ
)
=
θ
ψ
(
θ
)
,
θ
∈
[
0
,
2
π
]
,
{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}\psi (\theta )=\theta \psi (\theta ),\quad \theta \in ,}
and
B
^
ψ
=
−
i
ℏ
d
ψ
d
θ
,
{\displaystyle {\hat {B}}\psi =-i\hbar {\frac {d\psi }{d\theta }},}
with periodic boundary conditions on
B
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {B}}}
. The definition of
A
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}}
depends the
θ
{\displaystyle \theta }
range from 0 to
2
π
{\displaystyle 2\pi }
. These operators satisfy the usual commutation relations for position and momentum operators,
[
A
^
,
B
^
]
=
i
ℏ
{\displaystyle =i\hbar }
. More precisely,
A
^
B
^
ψ
−
B
^
A
^
ψ
=
i
ℏ
ψ
{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}{\hat {B}}\psi -{\hat {B}}{\hat {A}}\psi =i\hbar \psi }
whenever both
A
^
B
^
ψ
{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}{\hat {B}}\psi }
and
B
^
A
^
ψ
{\displaystyle {\hat {B}}{\hat {A}}\psi }
are defined, and the space of such
ψ
{\displaystyle \psi }
is a dense subspace of the quantum Hilbert space.
Now let
ψ
{\displaystyle \psi }
be any of the eigenstates of
B
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {B}}}
, which are given by
ψ
(
θ
)
=
e
2
π
i
n
θ
{\displaystyle \psi (\theta )=e^{2\pi in\theta }}
. These states are normalizable, unlike the eigenstates of the momentum operator on the line. Also the operator
A
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}}
is bounded, since
θ
{\displaystyle \theta }
ranges over a bounded interval. Thus, in the state
ψ
{\displaystyle \psi }
, the uncertainty of
B
{\displaystyle B}
is zero and the uncertainty of
A
{\displaystyle A}
is finite, so that
σ
A
σ
B
=
0.
{\displaystyle \sigma _{A}\sigma _{B}=0.}
The Robertson uncertainty principle does not apply in this case:
ψ
{\displaystyle \psi }
is not in the domain of the operator
B
^
A
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {B}}{\hat {A}}}
, since multiplication by
θ
{\displaystyle \theta }
disrupts the periodic boundary conditions imposed on
B
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {B}}}
.
For the usual position and momentum operators
X
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {X}}}
and
P
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {P}}}
on the real line, no such counterexamples can occur. As long as
σ
x
{\displaystyle \sigma _{x}}
and
σ
p
{\displaystyle \sigma _{p}}
are defined in the state
ψ
{\displaystyle \psi }
, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle holds, even if
ψ
{\displaystyle \psi }
fails to be in the domain of
X
^
P
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {X}}{\hat {P}}}
or of
P
^
X
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {P}}{\hat {X}}}
.
Additional uncertainty relations
Heisenberg limit
In quantum metrology, and especially interferometry, the Heisenberg limit is the optimal rate at which the accuracy of a measurement can scale with the energy used in the measurement. Typically, this is the measurement of a phase (applied to one arm of a beam-splitter) and the energy is given by the number of photons used in an interferometer. Although some claim to have broken the Heisenberg limit, this reflects disagreement on the definition of the scaling resource. Suitably defined, the Heisenberg limit is a consequence of the basic principles of quantum mechanics and cannot be beaten, although the weak Heisenberg limit can be beaten.
Systematic and statistical errors
The inequalities above focus on the statistical imprecision of observables as quantified by the standard deviation
σ
{\displaystyle \sigma }
. Heisenberg's original version, however, was dealing with the systematic error, a disturbance of the quantum system produced by the measuring apparatus, i.e., an observer effect.
If we let
ε
A
{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{A}}
represent the error (i.e., inaccuracy) of a measurement of an observable A and
η
B
{\displaystyle \eta _{B}}
the disturbance produced on a subsequent measurement of the conjugate variable B by the former measurement of A, then the inequality proposed by Ozawa−encompassing both systematic and statistical errors—holds:
ε
A
η
B
+
ε
A
σ
B
+
σ
A
η
B
≥
1
2
|
⟨
[
A
^
,
B
^
]
⟩
|
{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{A}\,\eta _{B}+\varepsilon _{A}\,\sigma _{B}+\sigma _{A}\,\eta _{B}\,\geq \,{\frac {1}{2}}\,\left|{\Bigl \langle }{\bigl }{\Bigr \rangle }\right|}
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, as originally described in the 1927 formulation, mentions only the first term of Ozawa inequality, regarding the systematic error. Using the notation above to describe the error/disturbance effect of sequential measurements (first A, then B), it could be written as
ε
A
η
B
≥
1
2
|
⟨
[
A
^
,
B
^
]
⟩
|
{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{A}\,\eta _{B}\,\geq \,{\frac {1}{2}}\,\left|{\Bigl \langle }{\bigl }{\Bigr \rangle }\right|}
The formal derivation of the Heisenberg relation is possible but far from intuitive. It was not proposed by Heisenberg, but formulated in a mathematically consistent way only in recent years.
Also, it must be stressed that the Heisenberg formulation is not taking into account the intrinsic statistical errors
σ
A
{\displaystyle \sigma _{A}}
and
σ
B
{\displaystyle \sigma _{B}}
. There is increasing experimental evidence that the total quantum uncertainty cannot be described by the Heisenberg term alone, but requires the presence of all the three terms of the Ozawa inequality.
Using the same formalism, it is also possible to introduce the other kind of physical situation, often confused with the previous one, namely the case of simultaneous measurements (A and B at the same time):
ε
A
ε
B
≥
1
2
|
⟨
[
A
^
,
B
^
]
⟩
|
{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{A}\,\varepsilon _{B}\,\geq \,{\frac {1}{2}}\,\left|{\Bigl \langle }{\bigl }{\Bigr \rangle }\right|}
The two simultaneous measurements on A and B are necessarily unsharp or weak.
It is also possible to derive an uncertainty relation that, as the Ozawa's one, combines both the statistical and systematic error components, but keeps a form very close to the Heisenberg original inequality. By adding Robertson
σ
A
σ
B
≥
1
2
|
⟨
[
A
^
,
B
^
]
⟩
|
{\displaystyle \sigma _{A}\,\sigma _{B}\,\geq \,{\frac {1}{2}}\,\left|{\Bigl \langle }{\bigl }{\Bigr \rangle }\right|}
and Ozawa relations we obtain
ε
A
η
B
+
ε
A
σ
B
+
σ
A
η
B
+
σ
A
σ
B
≥
|
⟨
[
A
^
,
B
^
]
⟩
|
.
{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{A}\eta _{B}+\varepsilon _{A}\,\sigma _{B}+\sigma _{A}\,\eta _{B}+\sigma _{A}\sigma _{B}\geq \left|{\Bigl \langle }{\bigl }{\Bigr \rangle }\right|.}
The four terms can be written as:
(
ε
A
+
σ
A
)
(
η
B
+
σ
B
)
≥
|
⟨
[
A
^
,
B
^
]
⟩
|
.
{\displaystyle (\varepsilon _{A}+\sigma _{A})\,(\eta _{B}+\sigma _{B})\,\geq \,\left|{\Bigl \langle }{\bigl }{\Bigr \rangle }\right|.}
Defining:
ε
¯
A
≡
(
ε
A
+
σ
A
)
{\displaystyle {\bar {\varepsilon }}_{A}\,\equiv \,(\varepsilon _{A}+\sigma _{A})}
as the inaccuracy in the measured values of the variable A and
η
¯
B
≡
(
η
B
+
σ
B
)
{\displaystyle {\bar {\eta }}_{B}\,\equiv \,(\eta _{B}+\sigma _{B})}
as the resulting fluctuation in the conjugate variable B, Kazuo Fujikawa established an uncertainty relation similar to the Heisenberg original one, but valid both for systematic and statistical errors:
ε
¯
A
η
¯
B
≥
|
⟨
[
A
^
,
B
^
]
⟩
|
{\displaystyle {\bar {\varepsilon }}_{A}\,{\bar {\eta }}_{B}\,\geq \,\left|{\Bigl \langle }{\bigl }{\Bigr \rangle }\right|}
Quantum entropic uncertainty principle
For many distributions, the standard deviation is not a particularly natural way of quantifying the structure. For example, uncertainty relations in which one of the observables is an angle has little physical meaning for fluctuations larger than one period. Other examples include highly bimodal distributions, or unimodal distributions with divergent variance.
A solution that overcomes these issues is an uncertainty based on entropic uncertainty instead of the product of variances. While formulating the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics in 1957, Hugh Everett III conjectured a stronger extension of the uncertainty principle based on entropic certainty. This conjecture, also studied by I. I. Hirschman and proven in 1975 by W. Beckner and by Iwo Bialynicki-Birula and Jerzy Mycielski is that, for two normalized, dimensionless Fourier transform pairs f(a) and g(b) where
f
(
a
)
=
∫
−
∞
∞
g
(
b
)
e
2
π
i
a
b
d
b
{\displaystyle f(a)=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }g(b)\ e^{2\pi iab}\,db}
and
g
(
b
)
=
∫
−
∞
∞
f
(
a
)
e
−
2
π
i
a
b
d
a
{\displaystyle \,\,\,g(b)=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }f(a)\ e^{-2\pi iab}\,da}
the Shannon information entropies
H
a
=
∫
−
∞
∞
f
(
a
)
log
(
f
(
a
)
)
d
a
,
{\displaystyle H_{a}=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }f(a)\log(f(a))\,da,}
and
H
b
=
∫
−
∞
∞
g
(
b
)
log
(
g
(
b
)
)
d
b
{\displaystyle H_{b}=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }g(b)\log(g(b))\,db}
are subject to the following constraint,
H
a
+
H
b
≥
log
(
e
/
2
)
{\displaystyle H_{a}+H_{b}\geq \log(e/2)}
where the logarithms may be in any base.
The probability distribution functions associated with the position wave function ψ(x) and the momentum wave function φ(x) have dimensions of inverse length and momentum respectively, but the entropies may be rendered dimensionless by
H
x
=
−
∫
|
ψ
(
x
)
|
2
ln
(
x
0
|
ψ
(
x
)
|
2
)
d
x
=
−
⟨
ln
(
x
0
|
ψ
(
x
)
|
2
)
⟩
{\displaystyle H_{x}=-\int |\psi (x)|^{2}\ln \left(x_{0}\,|\psi (x)|^{2}\right)dx=-\left\langle \ln \left(x_{0}\,\left|\psi (x)\right|^{2}\right)\right\rangle }
H
p
=
−
∫
|
φ
(
p
)
|
2
ln
(
p
0
|
φ
(
p
)
|
2
)
d
p
=
−
⟨
ln
(
p
0
|
φ
(
p
)
|
2
)
⟩
{\displaystyle H_{p}=-\int |\varphi (p)|^{2}\ln(p_{0}\,|\varphi (p)|^{2})\,dp=-\left\langle \ln(p_{0}\left|\varphi (p)\right|^{2})\right\rangle }
where x0 and p0 are some arbitrarily chosen length and momentum respectively, which render the arguments of the logarithms dimensionless. Note that the entropies will be functions of these chosen parameters. Due to the Fourier transform relation between the position wave function ψ(x) and the momentum wavefunction φ(p), the above constraint can be written for the corresponding entropies as
H
x
+
H
p
≥
log
(
e
h
2
x
0
p
0
)
{\displaystyle H_{x}+H_{p}\geq \log \left({\frac {e\,h}{2\,x_{0}\,p_{0}}}\right)}
where h is the Planck constant.
Depending on one's choice of the x0 p0 product, the expression may be written in many ways. If x0 p0 is chosen to be h, then
H
x
+
H
p
≥
log
(
e
2
)
{\displaystyle H_{x}+H_{p}\geq \log \left({\frac {e}{2}}\right)}
If, instead, x0 p0 is chosen to be ħ, then
H
x
+
H
p
≥
log
(
e
π
)
{\displaystyle H_{x}+H_{p}\geq \log(e\,\pi )}
If x0 and p0 are chosen to be unity in whatever system of units are being used, then
H
x
+
H
p
≥
log
(
e
h
2
)
{\displaystyle H_{x}+H_{p}\geq \log \left({\frac {e\,h}{2}}\right)}
where h is interpreted as a dimensionless number equal to the value of the Planck constant in the chosen system of units. Note that these inequalities can be extended to multimode quantum states, or wavefunctions in more than one spatial dimension.
The quantum entropic uncertainty principle is more restrictive than the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. From the inverse logarithmic Sobolev inequalities
H
x
≤
1
2
log
(
2
e
π
σ
x
2
/
x
0
2
)
,
{\displaystyle H_{x}\leq {\frac {1}{2}}\log(2e\pi \sigma _{x}^{2}/x_{0}^{2})~,}
H
p
≤
1
2
log
(
2
e
π
σ
p
2
/
p
0
2
)
,
{\displaystyle H_{p}\leq {\frac {1}{2}}\log(2e\pi \sigma _{p}^{2}/p_{0}^{2})~,}
(equivalently, from the fact that normal distributions maximize the entropy of all such with a given variance), it readily follows that this entropic uncertainty principle is stronger than the one based on standard deviations, because
σ
x
σ
p
≥
ℏ
2
exp
(
H
x
+
H
p
−
log
(
e
h
2
x
0
p
0
)
)
≥
ℏ
2
.
{\displaystyle \sigma _{x}\sigma _{p}\geq {\frac {\hbar }{2}}\exp \left(H_{x}+H_{p}-\log \left({\frac {e\,h}{2\,x_{0}\,p_{0}}}\right)\right)\geq {\frac {\hbar }{2}}~.}
In other words, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, is a consequence of the quantum entropic uncertainty principle, but not vice versa. A few remarks on these inequalities. First, the choice of base e is a matter of popular convention in physics. The logarithm can alternatively be in any base, provided that it be consistent on both sides of the inequality. Second, recall the Shannon entropy has been used, not the quantum von Neumann entropy. Finally, the normal distribution saturates the inequality, and it is the only distribution with this property, because it is the maximum entropy probability distribution among those with fixed variance (cf. here for proof).
Entropic uncertainty of the normal distribution
We demonstrate this method on the ground state of the QHO, which as discussed above saturates the usual uncertainty based on standard deviations. The length scale can be set to whatever is convenient, so we assign
x
0
=
ℏ
2
m
ω
{\displaystyle x_{0}={\sqrt {\frac {\hbar }{2m\omega }}}}
ψ
(
x
)
=
(
m
ω
π
ℏ
)
1
/
4
exp
(
−
m
ω
x
2
2
ℏ
)
=
(
1
2
π
x
0
2
)
1
/
4
exp
(
−
x
2
4
x
0
2
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\psi (x)&=\left({\frac {m\omega }{\pi \hbar }}\right)^{1/4}\exp {\left(-{\frac {m\omega x^{2}}{2\hbar }}\right)}\\&=\left({\frac {1}{2\pi x_{0}^{2}}}\right)^{1/4}\exp {\left(-{\frac {x^{2}}{4x_{0}^{2}}}\right)}\end{aligned}}}
The probability distribution is the normal distribution
|
ψ
(
x
)
|
2
=
1
x
0
2
π
exp
(
−
x
2
2
x
0
2
)
{\displaystyle |\psi (x)|^{2}={\frac {1}{x_{0}{\sqrt {2\pi }}}}\exp {\left(-{\frac {x^{2}}{2x_{0}^{2}}}\right)}}
with Shannon entropy
H
x
=
−
∫
|
ψ
(
x
)
|
2
ln
(
|
ψ
(
x
)
|
2
⋅
x
0
)
d
x
=
−
1
x
0
2
π
∫
−
∞
∞
exp
(
−
x
2
2
x
0
2
)
ln
[
1
2
π
exp
(
−
x
2
2
x
0
2
)
]
d
x
=
1
2
π
∫
−
∞
∞
exp
(
−
u
2
2
)
[
ln
(
2
π
)
+
u
2
2
]
d
u
=
ln
(
2
π
)
+
1
2
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}H_{x}&=-\int |\psi (x)|^{2}\ln(|\psi (x)|^{2}\cdot x_{0})\,dx\\&=-{\frac {1}{x_{0}{\sqrt {2\pi }}}}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\exp {\left(-{\frac {x^{2}}{2x_{0}^{2}}}\right)}\ln \left\,dx\\&={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\pi }}}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\exp {\left(-{\frac {u^{2}}{2}}\right)}\left\,du\\&=\ln({\sqrt {2\pi }})+{\frac {1}{2}}.\end{aligned}}}
A completely analogous calculation proceeds for the momentum distribution. Choosing a standard momentum of
p
0
=
ℏ
/
x
0
{\displaystyle p_{0}=\hbar /x_{0}}
:
φ
(
p
)
=
(
2
x
0
2
π
ℏ
2
)
1
/
4
exp
(
−
x
0
2
p
2
ℏ
2
)
{\displaystyle \varphi (p)=\left({\frac {2x_{0}^{2}}{\pi \hbar ^{2}}}\right)^{1/4}\exp {\left(-{\frac {x_{0}^{2}p^{2}}{\hbar ^{2}}}\right)}}
|
φ
(
p
)
|
2
=
2
x
0
2
π
ℏ
2
exp
(
−
2
x
0
2
p
2
ℏ
2
)
{\displaystyle |\varphi (p)|^{2}={\sqrt {\frac {2x_{0}^{2}}{\pi \hbar ^{2}}}}\exp {\left(-{\frac {2x_{0}^{2}p^{2}}{\hbar ^{2}}}\right)}}
H
p
=
−
∫
|
φ
(
p
)
|
2
ln
(
|
φ
(
p
)
|
2
⋅
ℏ
/
x
0
)
d
p
=
−
2
x
0
2
π
ℏ
2
∫
−
∞
∞
exp
(
−
2
x
0
2
p
2
ℏ
2
)
ln
[
2
π
exp
(
−
2
x
0
2
p
2
ℏ
2
)
]
d
p
=
2
π
∫
−
∞
∞
exp
(
−
2
v
2
)
[
ln
(
π
2
)
+
2
v
2
]
d
v
=
ln
(
π
2
)
+
1
2
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}H_{p}&=-\int |\varphi (p)|^{2}\ln(|\varphi (p)|^{2}\cdot \hbar /x_{0})\,dp\\&=-{\sqrt {\frac {2x_{0}^{2}}{\pi \hbar ^{2}}}}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\exp {\left(-{\frac {2x_{0}^{2}p^{2}}{\hbar ^{2}}}\right)}\ln \left\,dp\\&={\sqrt {\frac {2}{\pi }}}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\exp {\left(-2v^{2}\right)}\left\,dv\\&=\ln \left({\sqrt {\frac {\pi }{2}}}\right)+{\frac {1}{2}}.\end{aligned}}}
The entropic uncertainty is therefore the limiting value
H
x
+
H
p
=
ln
(
2
π
)
+
1
2
+
ln
(
π
2
)
+
1
2
=
1
+
ln
π
=
ln
(
e
π
)
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}H_{x}+H_{p}&=\ln({\sqrt {2\pi }})+{\frac {1}{2}}+\ln \left({\sqrt {\frac {\pi }{2}}}\right)+{\frac {1}{2}}\\&=1+\ln \pi =\ln(e\pi ).\end{aligned}}}
A measurement apparatus will have a finite resolution set by the discretization of its possible outputs into bins, with the probability of lying within one of the bins given by the Born rule. We will consider the most common experimental situation, in which the bins are of uniform size. Let δx be a measure of the spatial resolution. We take the zeroth bin to be centered near the origin, with possibly some small constant offset c. The probability of lying within the jth interval of width δx is
P
[
x
j
]
=
∫
(
j
−
1
/
2
)
δ
x
−
c
(
j
+
1
/
2
)
δ
x
−
c
|
ψ
(
x
)
|
2
d
x
{\displaystyle \operatorname {P} =\int _{(j-1/2)\delta x-c}^{(j+1/2)\delta x-c}|\psi (x)|^{2}\,dx}
To account for this discretization, we can define the Shannon entropy of the wave function for a given measurement apparatus as
H
x
=
−
∑
j
=
−
∞
∞
P
[
x
j
]
ln
P
[
x
j
]
.
{\displaystyle H_{x}=-\sum _{j=-\infty }^{\infty }\operatorname {P} \ln \operatorname {P} .}
Under the above definition, the entropic uncertainty relation is
H
x
+
H
p
>
ln
(
e
2
)
−
ln
(
δ
x
δ
p
h
)
.
{\displaystyle H_{x}+H_{p}>\ln \left({\frac {e}{2}}\right)-\ln \left({\frac {\delta x\delta p}{h}}\right).}
Here we note that δx δp/h is a typical infinitesimal phase space volume used in the calculation of a partition function. The inequality is also strict and not saturated. Efforts to improve this bound are an active area of research.
Normal distribution example
We demonstrate this method first on the ground state of the QHO, which as discussed above saturates the usual uncertainty based on standard deviations.
ψ
(
x
)
=
(
m
ω
π
ℏ
)
1
/
4
exp
(
−
m
ω
x
2
2
ℏ
)
{\displaystyle \psi (x)=\left({\frac {m\omega }{\pi \hbar }}\right)^{1/4}\exp {\left(-{\frac {m\omega x^{2}}{2\hbar }}\right)}}
The probability of lying within one of these bins can be expressed in terms of the error function.
P
[
x
j
]
=
m
ω
π
ℏ
∫
(
j
−
1
/
2
)
δ
x
(
j
+
1
/
2
)
δ
x
exp
(
−
m
ω
x
2
ℏ
)
d
x
=
1
π
∫
(
j
−
1
/
2
)
δ
x
m
ω
/
ℏ
(
j
+
1
/
2
)
δ
x
m
ω
/
ℏ
e
u
2
d
u
=
1
2
[
erf
(
(
j
+
1
2
)
δ
x
⋅
m
ω
ℏ
)
−
erf
(
(
j
−
1
2
)
δ
x
⋅
m
ω
ℏ
)
]
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {P} &={\sqrt {\frac {m\omega }{\pi \hbar }}}\int _{(j-1/2)\delta x}^{(j+1/2)\delta x}\exp \left(-{\frac {m\omega x^{2}}{\hbar }}\right)\,dx\\&={\sqrt {\frac {1}{\pi }}}\int _{(j-1/2)\delta x{\sqrt {m\omega /\hbar }}}^{(j+1/2)\delta x{\sqrt {m\omega /\hbar }}}e^{u^{2}}\,du\\&={\frac {1}{2}}\left\end{aligned}}}
The momentum probabilities are completely analogous.
P
[
p
j
]
=
1
2
[
erf
(
(
j
+
1
2
)
δ
p
⋅
1
ℏ
m
ω
)
−
erf
(
(
j
−
1
2
)
δ
x
⋅
1
ℏ
m
ω
)
]
{\displaystyle \operatorname {P} ={\frac {1}{2}}\left}
For simplicity, we will set the resolutions to
δ
x
=
h
m
ω
{\displaystyle \delta x={\sqrt {\frac {h}{m\omega }}}}
δ
p
=
h
m
ω
{\displaystyle \delta p={\sqrt {hm\omega }}}
so that the probabilities reduce to
P
[
x
j
]
=
P
[
p
j
]
=
1
2
[
erf
(
(
j
+
1
2
)
2
π
)
−
erf
(
(
j
−
1
2
)
2
π
)
]
{\displaystyle \operatorname {P} =\operatorname {P} ={\frac {1}{2}}\left}
The Shannon entropy can be evaluated numerically.
H
x
=
H
p
=
−
∑
j
=
−
∞
∞
P
[
x
j
]
ln
P
[
x
j
]
=
−
∑
j
=
−
∞
∞
1
2
[
erf
(
(
j
+
1
2
)
2
π
)
−
erf
(
(
j
−
1
2
)
2
π
)
]
ln
1
2
[
erf
(
(
j
+
1
2
)
2
π
)
−
erf
(
(
j
−
1
2
)
2
π
)
]
≈
0.3226
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}H_{x}=H_{p}&=-\sum _{j=-\infty }^{\infty }\operatorname {P} \ln \operatorname {P} \\&=-\sum _{j=-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {1}{2}}\left\ln {\frac {1}{2}}\left\\&\approx 0.3226\end{aligned}}}
The entropic uncertainty is indeed larger than the limiting value.
H
x
+
H
p
≈
0.3226
+
0.3226
=
0.6452
>
ln
(
e
2
)
−
ln
1
≈
0.3069
{\displaystyle H_{x}+H_{p}\approx 0.3226+0.3226=0.6452>\ln \left({\frac {e}{2}}\right)-\ln 1\approx 0.3069}
Note that despite being in the optimal case, the inequality is not saturated.
Sinc function example
An example of a unimodal distribution with infinite variance is the sinc function. If the wave function is the correctly normalized uniform distribution,
ψ
(
x
)
=
{
1
/
2
a
for
|
x
|
≤
a
,
0
for
|
x
|
>
a
{\displaystyle \psi (x)={\begin{cases}{1}/{\sqrt {2a}}&{\text{for }}|x|\leq a,\\0&{\text{for }}|x|>a\end{cases}}}
then its Fourier transform is the sinc function,
φ
(
p
)
=
a
π
ℏ
⋅
sinc
(
a
p
ℏ
)
{\displaystyle \varphi (p)={\sqrt {\frac {a}{\pi \hbar }}}\cdot \operatorname {sinc} \left({\frac {ap}{\hbar }}\right)}
which yields infinite momentum variance despite having a centralized shape. The entropic uncertainty, on the other hand, is finite. Suppose for simplicity that the spatial resolution is just a two-bin measurement, δx = a, and that the momentum resolution is δp = h/a.
Partitioning the uniform spatial distribution into two equal bins is straightforward. We set the offset c = 1/2 so that the two bins span the distribution.
P
[
x
0
]
=
∫
−
a
0
1
2
a
d
x
=
1
2
{\displaystyle \operatorname {P} =\int _{-a}^{0}{\frac {1}{2a}}\,dx={\frac {1}{2}}}
P
[
x
1
]
=
∫
0
a
1
2
a
d
x
=
1
2
{\displaystyle \operatorname {P} =\int _{0}^{a}{\frac {1}{2a}}\,dx={\frac {1}{2}}}
H
x
=
−
∑
j
=
0
1
P
[
x
j
]
ln
P
[
x
j
]
=
−
1
2
ln
1
2
−
1
2
ln
1
2
=
ln
2
{\displaystyle H_{x}=-\sum _{j=0}^{1}\operatorname {P} \ln \operatorname {P} =-{\frac {1}{2}}\ln {\frac {1}{2}}-{\frac {1}{2}}\ln {\frac {1}{2}}=\ln 2}
The bins for momentum must cover the entire real line. As done with the spatial distribution, we could apply an offset. It turns out, however, that the Shannon entropy is minimized when the zeroth bin for momentum is centered at the origin. (The reader is encouraged to try adding an offset.) The probability of lying within an arbitrary momentum bin can be expressed in terms of the sine integral.
P
[
p
j
]
=
a
π
ℏ
∫
(
j
−
1
/
2
)
δ
p
(
j
+
1
/
2
)
δ
p
sinc
2
(
a
p
ℏ
)
d
p
=
1
π
∫
2
π
(
j
−
1
/
2
)
2
π
(
j
+
1
/
2
)
sinc
2
(
u
)
d
u
=
1
π
[
Si
(
(
4
j
+
2
)
π
)
−
Si
(
(
4
j
−
2
)
π
)
]
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {P} &={\frac {a}{\pi \hbar }}\int _{(j-1/2)\delta p}^{(j+1/2)\delta p}\operatorname {sinc} ^{2}\left({\frac {ap}{\hbar }}\right)\,dp\\&={\frac {1}{\pi }}\int _{2\pi (j-1/2)}^{2\pi (j+1/2)}\operatorname {sinc} ^{2}(u)\,du\\&={\frac {1}{\pi }}\left\end{aligned}}}
The Shannon entropy can be evaluated numerically.
H
p
=
−
∑
j
=
−
∞
∞
P
[
p
j
]
ln
P
[
p
j
]
=
−
P
[
p
0
]
ln
P
[
p
0
]
−
2
⋅
∑
j
=
1
∞
P
[
p
j
]
ln
P
[
p
j
]
≈
0.53
{\displaystyle H_{p}=-\sum _{j=-\infty }^{\infty }\operatorname {P} \ln \operatorname {P} =-\operatorname {P} \ln \operatorname {P} -2\cdot \sum _{j=1}^{\infty }\operatorname {P} \ln \operatorname {P} \approx 0.53}
The entropic uncertainty is indeed larger than the limiting value.
H
x
+
H
p
≈
0.69
+
0.53
=
1.22
>
ln
(
e
2
)
−
ln
1
≈
0.31
{\displaystyle H_{x}+H_{p}\approx 0.69+0.53=1.22>\ln \left({\frac {e}{2}}\right)-\ln 1\approx 0.31}
Uncertainty relation with three angular momentum components
For a particle of spin-
j
{\displaystyle j}
the following uncertainty relation holds
σ
J
x
2
+
σ
J
y
2
+
σ
J
z
2
≥
j
,
{\displaystyle \sigma _{J_{x}}^{2}+\sigma _{J_{y}}^{2}+\sigma _{J_{z}}^{2}\geq j,}
where
J
l
{\displaystyle J_{l}}
are angular momentum components. The relation can be derived from
⟨
J
x
2
+
J
y
2
+
J
z
2
⟩
=
j
(
j
+
1
)
,
{\displaystyle \langle J_{x}^{2}+J_{y}^{2}+J_{z}^{2}\rangle =j(j+1),}
and
⟨
J
x
⟩
2
+
⟨
J
y
⟩
2
+
⟨
J
z
⟩
2
≤
j
.
{\displaystyle \langle J_{x}\rangle ^{2}+\langle J_{y}\rangle ^{2}+\langle J_{z}\rangle ^{2}\leq j.}
The relation can be strengthened as
σ
J
x
2
+
σ
J
y
2
+
F
Q
[
ϱ
,
J
z
]
/
4
≥
j
,
{\displaystyle \sigma _{J_{x}}^{2}+\sigma _{J_{y}}^{2}+F_{Q}/4\geq j,}
where
F
Q
[
ϱ
,
J
z
]
{\displaystyle F_{Q}}
is the quantum Fisher information.
Harmonic analysis
Main article: Fourier transform § Uncertainty principle
In the context of harmonic analysis, a branch of mathematics, the uncertainty principle implies that one cannot at the same time localize the value of a function and its Fourier transform. To wit, the following inequality holds,
(
∫
−
∞
∞
x
2
|
f
(
x
)
|
2
d
x
)
(
∫
−
∞
∞
ξ
2
|
f
^
(
ξ
)
|
2
d
ξ
)
≥
‖
f
‖
2
4
16
π
2
.
{\displaystyle \left(\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x^{2}|f(x)|^{2}\,dx\right)\left(\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\xi ^{2}|{\hat {f}}(\xi )|^{2}\,d\xi \right)\geq {\frac {\|f\|_{2}^{4}}{16\pi ^{2}}}.}
Further mathematical uncertainty inequalities, including the above entropic uncertainty, hold between a function f and its Fourier transform ƒ̂:
H
x
+
H
ξ
≥
log
(
e
/
2
)
{\displaystyle H_{x}+H_{\xi }\geq \log(e/2)}
Signal processing
In the context of signal processing, and in particular time–frequency analysis, uncertainty principles are referred to as the Gabor limit, after Dennis Gabor, or sometimes the Heisenberg–Gabor limit. The basic result, which follows from "Benedicks's theorem", below, is that a function cannot be both time limited and band limited (a function and its Fourier transform cannot both have bounded domain)—see bandlimited versus timelimited. More accurately, the time-bandwidth or duration-bandwidth product satisfies
σ
energy
,
t
⋅
σ
energy
,
f
≥
1
4
π
≈
0.08
cycles
,
{\displaystyle \sigma _{{\text{energy}},t}\cdot \sigma _{{\text{energy}},f}\geq {\frac {1}{4\pi }}\approx 0.08{\text{ cycles}},}
where
σ
energy
,
t
{\displaystyle \sigma _{{\text{energy}},t}}
and
σ
energy
,
f
{\displaystyle \sigma _{{\text{energy}},f}}
are the standard deviations of the time and frequency energy or power (i.e. squared) representations respectively. The minimum is attained for a Gaussian-shaped pulse (Gabor wavelet) [For the un-squared Gaussian (i.e. signal amplitude) and its un-squared Fourier transform magnitude
σ
t
σ
f
=
1
/
2
π
{\displaystyle \sigma _{t}\sigma _{f}=1/2\pi }
; squaring reduces each
σ
{\displaystyle \sigma }
by a factor
2
{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}}
.] Another common measure is the product of the time and frequency full width at half maximum (of the power/energy), which for the Gaussian equals
2
ln
2
/
π
≈
0.44
{\displaystyle 2\ln 2/\pi \approx 0.44}
(see bandwidth-limited pulse).
Stated alternatively, "One cannot simultaneously sharply localize a signal (function f) in both the time domain and frequency domain (ƒ̂, its Fourier transform)".
When applied to filters, the result implies that one cannot achieve high temporal resolution and frequency resolution at the same time; a concrete example are the resolution issues of the short-time Fourier transform—if one uses a wide window, one achieves good frequency resolution at the cost of temporal resolution, while a narrow window has the opposite trade-off.
Alternate theorems give more precise quantitative results, and, in time–frequency analysis, rather than interpreting the (1-dimensional) time and frequency domains separately, one instead interprets the limit as a lower limit on the support of a function in the (2-dimensional) time–frequency plane. In practice, the Gabor limit limits the simultaneous time–frequency resolution one can achieve without interference; it is possible to achieve higher resolution, but at the cost of different components of the signal interfering with each other.
As a result, in order to analyze signals where the transients are important, the wavelet transform is often used instead of the Fourier.
Discrete Fourier transform
Let
{
x
n
}
:=
x
0
,
x
1
,
…
,
x
N
−
1
{\displaystyle \left\{\mathbf {x_{n}} \right\}:=x_{0},x_{1},\ldots ,x_{N-1}}
be a sequence of N complex numbers and
{
X
k
}
:=
X
0
,
X
1
,
…
,
X
N
−
1
,
{\displaystyle \left\{\mathbf {X_{k}} \right\}:=X_{0},X_{1},\ldots ,X_{N-1},}
be its discrete Fourier transform.
Denote by
‖
x
‖
0
{\displaystyle \|x\|_{0}}
the number of non-zero elements in the time sequence
x
0
,
x
1
,
…
,
x
N
−
1
{\displaystyle x_{0},x_{1},\ldots ,x_{N-1}}
and by
‖
X
‖
0
{\displaystyle \|X\|_{0}}
the number of non-zero elements in the frequency sequence
X
0
,
X
1
,
…
,
X
N
−
1
{\displaystyle X_{0},X_{1},\ldots ,X_{N-1}}
. Then,
‖
x
‖
0
⋅
‖
X
‖
0
≥
N
.
{\displaystyle \|x\|_{0}\cdot \|X\|_{0}\geq N.}
This inequality is sharp, with equality achieved when x or X is a Dirac mass, or more generally when x is a nonzero multiple of a Dirac comb supported on a subgroup of the integers modulo N (in which case X is also a Dirac comb supported on a complementary subgroup, and vice versa).
More generally, if T and W are subsets of the integers modulo N, let
L
T
,
R
W
:
ℓ
2
(
Z
/
N
Z
)
→
ℓ
2
(
Z
/
N
Z
)
{\displaystyle L_{T},R_{W}:\ell ^{2}(\mathbb {Z} /N\mathbb {Z} )\to \ell ^{2}(\mathbb {Z} /N\mathbb {Z} )}
denote the time-limiting operator and band-limiting operators, respectively. Then
‖
L
T
R
W
‖
2
≤
|
T
|
|
W
|
|
G
|
{\displaystyle \|L_{T}R_{W}\|^{2}\leq {\frac {|T||W|}{|G|}}}
where the norm is the operator norm of operators on the Hilbert space
ℓ
2
(
Z
/
N
Z
)
{\displaystyle \ell ^{2}(\mathbb {Z} /N\mathbb {Z} )}
of functions on the integers modulo N. This inequality has implications for signal reconstruction.
When N is a prime number, a stronger inequality holds:
‖
x
‖
0
+
‖
X
‖
0
≥
N
+
1.
{\displaystyle \|x\|_{0}+\|X\|_{0}\geq N+1.}
Discovered by Terence Tao, this inequality is also sharp.
Benedicks's theorem
Amrein–Berthier and Benedicks's theorem intuitively says that the set of points where f is non-zero and the set of points where ƒ̂ is non-zero cannot both be small.
Specifically, it is impossible for a function f in L2(R) and its Fourier transform ƒ̂ to both be supported on sets of finite Lebesgue measure. A more quantitative version is
‖
f
‖
L
2
(
R
d
)
≤
C
e
C
|
S
|
|
Σ
|
(
‖
f
‖
L
2
(
S
c
)
+
‖
f
^
‖
L
2
(
Σ
c
)
)
.
{\displaystyle \|f\|_{L^{2}(\mathbf {R} ^{d})}\leq Ce^{C|S||\Sigma |}{\bigl (}\|f\|_{L^{2}(S^{c})}+\|{\hat {f}}\|_{L^{2}(\Sigma ^{c})}{\bigr )}~.}
One expects that the factor CeC|S||Σ| may be replaced by CeC(|S||Σ|)1/d, which is only known if either S or Σ is convex.
Hardy's uncertainty principle
The mathematician G. H. Hardy formulated the following uncertainty principle: it is not possible for f and ƒ̂ to both be "very rapidly decreasing". Specifically, if f in
L
2
(
R
)
{\displaystyle L^{2}(\mathbb {R} )}
is such that
|
f
(
x
)
|
≤
C
(
1
+
|
x
|
)
N
e
−
a
π
x
2
{\displaystyle |f(x)|\leq C(1+|x|)^{N}e^{-a\pi x^{2}}}
and
|
f
^
(
ξ
)
|
≤
C
(
1
+
|
ξ
|
)
N
e
−
b
π
ξ
2
{\displaystyle |{\hat {f}}(\xi )|\leq C(1+|\xi |)^{N}e^{-b\pi \xi ^{2}}}
(
C
>
0
,
N
{\displaystyle C>0,N}
an integer),
then, if ab > 1, f = 0, while if ab = 1, then there is a polynomial P of degree ≤ N such that
f
(
x
)
=
P
(
x
)
e
−
a
π
x
2
.
{\displaystyle f(x)=P(x)e^{-a\pi x^{2}}.}
This was later improved as follows: if
f
∈
L
2
(
R
d
)
{\displaystyle f\in L^{2}(\mathbb {R} ^{d})}
is such that
∫
R
d
∫
R
d
|
f
(
x
)
|
|
f
^
(
ξ
)
|
e
π
|
⟨
x
,
ξ
⟩
|
(
1
+
|
x
|
+
|
ξ
|
)
N
d
x
d
ξ
<
+
∞
,
{\displaystyle \int _{\mathbb {R} ^{d}}\int _{\mathbb {R} ^{d}}|f(x)||{\hat {f}}(\xi )|{\frac {e^{\pi |\langle x,\xi \rangle |}}{(1+|x|+|\xi |)^{N}}}\,dx\,d\xi <+\infty ~,}
then
f
(
x
)
=
P
(
x
)
e
−
π
⟨
A
x
,
x
⟩
,
{\displaystyle f(x)=P(x)e^{-\pi \langle Ax,x\rangle }~,}
where P is a polynomial of degree (N − d)/2 and A is a real d × d positive definite matrix.
This result was stated in Beurling's complete works without proof and proved in Hörmander (the case
d
=
1
,
N
=
0
{\displaystyle d=1,N=0}
) and Bonami, Demange, and Jaming for the general case. Note that Hörmander–Beurling's version implies the case ab > 1 in Hardy's Theorem while the version by Bonami–Demange–Jaming covers the full strength of Hardy's Theorem. A different proof of Beurling's theorem based on Liouville's theorem appeared in ref.
A full description of the case ab < 1 as well as the following extension to Schwartz class distributions appears in ref.
Theorem — If a tempered distribution
f
∈
S
′
(
R
d
)
{\displaystyle f\in {\mathcal {S}}'(\mathbb {R} ^{d})}
is such that
e
π
|
x
|
2
f
∈
S
′
(
R
d
)
{\displaystyle e^{\pi |x|^{2}}f\in {\mathcal {S}}'(\mathbb {R} ^{d})}
and
e
π
|
ξ
|
2
f
^
∈
S
′
(
R
d
)
,
{\displaystyle e^{\pi |\xi |^{2}}{\hat {f}}\in {\mathcal {S}}'(\mathbb {R} ^{d})~,}
then
f
(
x
)
=
P
(
x
)
e
−
π
⟨
A
x
,
x
⟩
,
{\displaystyle f(x)=P(x)e^{-\pi \langle Ax,x\rangle }~,}
for some convenient polynomial P and real positive definite matrix A of type d × d.
History
See also: History of quantum mechanics
In 1925 Heisenberg published the Umdeutung (reinterpretation) paper where he showed that central aspect of quantum theory was the non-commutativity: the theory implied that the relative order of position and momentum measurement was significant. Working with Max Born and Pascual Jordan, he continued to develop matrix mechanics, that would become the first modern quantum mechanics formulation.
Werner Heisenberg and Niels Bohr
In March 1926, working in Bohr's institute, Heisenberg realized that the non-commutativity implies the uncertainty principle. Writing to Wolfgang Pauli in February 1927, he worked out the basic concepts.
In his celebrated 1927 paper "Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik" ("On the Perceptual Content of Quantum Theoretical Kinematics and Mechanics"), Heisenberg established this expression as the minimum amount of unavoidable momentum disturbance caused by any position measurement, but he did not give a precise definition for the uncertainties Δx and Δp. Instead, he gave some plausible estimates in each case separately. His paper gave an analysis in terms of a microscope that Bohr showed was incorrect; Heisenberg included an addendum to the publication.
In his 1930 Chicago lecture he refined his principle:
Δ
x
Δ
p
≳
h
{\displaystyle \Delta x\,\Delta p\gtrsim h}
(A1)
Later work broadened the concept. Any two variables that do not commute cannot be measured simultaneously—the more precisely one is known, the less precisely the other can be known. Heisenberg wrote:It can be expressed in its simplest form as follows: One can never know with perfect accuracy both of those two important factors which determine the movement of one of the smallest particles—its position and its velocity. It is impossible to determine accurately both the position and the direction and speed of a particle at the same instant.
Kennard: 204 in 1927 first proved the modern inequality:
σ
x
σ
p
≥
ℏ
2
{\displaystyle \sigma _{x}\sigma _{p}\geq {\frac {\hbar }{2}}}
(A2)
where ħ = h/2π, and σx, σp are the standard deviations of position and momentum. (Heisenberg only proved relation (A2) for the special case of Gaussian states.) In 1929 Robertson generalized the inequality to all observables and in 1930 Schrödinger extended the form to allow non-zero covariance of the operators; this result is referred to as Robertson-Schrödinger inequality.: 204
Terminology and translation
Throughout the main body of his original 1927 paper, written in German, Heisenberg used the word "Ungenauigkeit",
to describe the basic theoretical principle. Only in the endnote did he switch to the word "Unsicherheit". Later on, he always used "Unbestimmtheit". When the English-language version of Heisenberg's textbook, The Physical Principles of the Quantum Theory, was published in 1930, however, only the English word "uncertainty" was used, and it became the term in the English language.
Heisenberg's microscope
Heisenberg's gamma-ray microscope for locating an electron (shown in blue). The incoming gamma ray (shown in green) is scattered by the electron up into the microscope's aperture angle θ. The scattered gamma-ray is shown in red. Classical optics shows that the electron position can be resolved only up to an uncertainty Δx that depends on θ and the wavelength λ of the incoming light.
Main article: Heisenberg's microscope
The principle is quite counter-intuitive, so the early students of quantum theory had to be reassured that naive measurements to violate it were bound always to be unworkable. One way in which Heisenberg originally illustrated the intrinsic impossibility of violating the uncertainty principle is by using the observer effect of an imaginary microscope as a measuring device.
He imagines an experimenter trying to measure the position and momentum of an electron by shooting a photon at it.: 49–50
Problem 1 – If the photon has a short wavelength, and therefore, a large momentum, the position can be measured accurately. But the photon scatters in a random direction, transferring a large and uncertain amount of momentum to the electron. If the photon has a long wavelength and low momentum, the collision does not disturb the electron's momentum very much, but the scattering will reveal its position only vaguely.
Problem 2 – If a large aperture is used for the microscope, the electron's location can be well resolved (see Rayleigh criterion); but by the principle of conservation of momentum, the transverse momentum of the incoming photon affects the electron's beamline momentum and hence, the new momentum of the electron resolves poorly. If a small aperture is used, the accuracy of both resolutions is the other way around.
The combination of these trade-offs implies that no matter what photon wavelength and aperture size are used, the product of the uncertainty in measured position and measured momentum is greater than or equal to a lower limit, which is (up to a small numerical factor) equal to the Planck constant. Heisenberg did not care to formulate the uncertainty principle as an exact limit, and preferred to use it instead, as a heuristic quantitative statement, correct up to small numerical factors, which makes the radically new noncommutativity of quantum mechanics inevitable.
Critical reactions
Main article: Bohr–Einstein debates
The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle were, in fact, initially seen as twin targets by detractors. According to the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, there is no fundamental reality that the quantum state describes, just a prescription for calculating experimental results. There is no way to say what the state of a system fundamentally is, only what the result of observations might be.
Albert Einstein believed that randomness is a reflection of our ignorance of some fundamental property of reality, while Niels Bohr believed that the probability distributions are fundamental and irreducible, and depend on which measurements we choose to perform. Einstein and Bohr debated the uncertainty principle for many years.
Ideal detached observer
Wolfgang Pauli called Einstein's fundamental objection to the uncertainty principle "the ideal of the detached observer" (phrase translated from the German):
"Like the moon has a definite position" Einstein said to me last winter, "whether or not we look at the moon, the same must also hold for the atomic objects, as there is no sharp distinction possible between these and macroscopic objects. Observation cannot create an element of reality like a position, there must be something contained in the complete description of physical reality which corresponds to the possibility of observing a position, already before the observation has been actually made." I hope, that I quoted Einstein correctly; it is always difficult to quote somebody out of memory with whom one does not agree. It is precisely this kind of postulate which I call the ideal of the detached observer.— Letter from Pauli to Niels Bohr, February 15, 1955
Einstein's slit
The first of Einstein's thought experiments challenging the uncertainty principle went as follows:
Consider a particle passing through a slit of width d. The slit introduces an uncertainty in momentum of approximately h/d because the particle passes through the wall. But let us determine the momentum of the particle by measuring the recoil of the wall. In doing so, we find the momentum of the particle to arbitrary accuracy by conservation of momentum.
Bohr's response was that the wall is quantum mechanical as well, and that to measure the recoil to accuracy Δp, the momentum of the wall must be known to this accuracy before the particle passes through. This introduces an uncertainty in the position of the wall and therefore the position of the slit equal to h/Δp, and if the wall's momentum is known precisely enough to measure the recoil, the slit's position is uncertain enough to disallow a position measurement.
A similar analysis with particles diffracting through multiple slits is given by Richard Feynman.
Einstein's box
Bohr was present when Einstein proposed the thought experiment which has become known as Einstein's box. Einstein argued that "Heisenberg's uncertainty equation implied that the uncertainty in time was related to the uncertainty in energy, the product of the two being related to the Planck constant." Consider, he said, an ideal box, lined with mirrors so that it can contain light indefinitely. The box could be weighed before a clockwork mechanism opened an ideal shutter at a chosen instant to allow one single photon to escape. "We now know, explained Einstein, precisely the time at which the photon left the box." "Now, weigh the box again. The change of mass tells the energy of the emitted light. In this manner, said Einstein, one could measure the energy emitted and the time it was released with any desired precision, in contradiction to the uncertainty principle."
Bohr spent a sleepless night considering this argument, and eventually realized that it was flawed. He pointed out that if the box were to be weighed, say by a spring and a pointer on a scale, "since the box must move vertically with a change in its weight, there will be uncertainty in its vertical velocity and therefore an uncertainty in its height above the table. ... Furthermore, the uncertainty about the elevation above the Earth's surface will result in an uncertainty in the rate of the clock," because of Einstein's own theory of gravity's effect on time.
"Through this chain of uncertainties, Bohr showed that Einstein's light box experiment could not simultaneously measure exactly both the energy of the photon and the time of its escape."
EPR paradox for entangled particles
Main article: EPR paradox
In 1935, Einstein, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen published an analysis of spatially separated entangled particles (EPR paradox). According to EPR, one could measure the position of one of the entangled particles and the momentum of the second particle, and from those measurements deduce the position and momentum of both particles to any precision, violating the uncertainty principle. In order to avoid such possibility, the measurement of one particle must modify the probability distribution of the other particle instantaneously, possible violating the principle of locality.
In 1964, John Stewart Bell showed that this assumption can be falsified, since it would imply a certain inequality between the probabilities of different experiments. Experimental results confirm the predictions of quantum mechanics, ruling out EPR basic assumption of local hidden variables.
Popper's criticism
Main article: Popper's experiment
Science philosopher Karl Popper approached the problem of indeterminacy as a logician and metaphysical realist. He disagreed with the application of the uncertainty relations to individual particles rather than to ensembles of identically prepared particles, referring to them as "statistical scatter relations". In this statistical interpretation, a particular measurement may be made to arbitrary precision without invalidating the quantum theory.
In 1934, Popper published Zur Kritik der Ungenauigkeitsrelationen (Critique of the Uncertainty Relations) in Naturwissenschaften, and in the same year Logik der Forschung (translated and updated by the author as The Logic of Scientific Discovery in 1959), outlining his arguments for the statistical interpretation. In 1982, he further developed his theory in Quantum theory and the schism in Physics, writing:
formulae are, beyond all doubt, derivable statistical formulae of the quantum theory. But they have been habitually misinterpreted by those quantum theorists who said that these formulae can be interpreted as determining some upper limit to the precision of our measurements.
Popper proposed an experiment to falsify the uncertainty relations, although he later withdrew his initial version after discussions with Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, Heisenberg, and Einstein; Popper sent his paper to Einstein and it may have influenced the formulation of the EPR paradox.: 720
Free will
Some scientists including Arthur Compton and Martin Heisenberg have suggested that the uncertainty principle, or at least the general probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics, could be evidence for the two-stage model of free will. One critique, however, is that apart from the basic role of quantum mechanics as a foundation for chemistry, nontrivial biological mechanisms requiring quantum mechanics are unlikely, due to the rapid decoherence time of quantum systems at room temperature. Proponents of this theory commonly say that this decoherence is overcome by both screening and decoherence-free subspaces found in biological cells.
Thermodynamics
There is reason to believe that violating the uncertainty principle also strongly implies the violation of the second law of thermodynamics. See Gibbs paradox.
Rejection of the principle
Uncertainty principles relate quantum particles–electrons for example–to classical concepts–position and momentum. This presumes quantum particles have position and momentum. Edwin C. Kemble pointed out in 1937 that such properties cannot be experimentally verified and assuming they exist gives rise to many contradictions; similarly Rudolf Haag notes that position in quantum mechanics is an attribute of an interaction, say between an electron and a detector, not an intrinsic property. From this point of view the uncertainty principle is not a fundamental quantum property but a concept "carried over from the language of our ancestors" as Kemble says.
Applications
Since the uncertainty principle is such a basic result in quantum mechanics, typical experiments in quantum mechanics routinely observe aspects of it. All forms of spectroscopy, including particle physics use the relationship to relate measured energy line-width to the lifetime of quantum states. Certain experiments, however, may deliberately test a particular form of the uncertainty principle as part of their main research program. These include, for example, tests of number–phase uncertainty relations in superconducting or quantum optics systems. Applications dependent on the uncertainty principle for their operation include extremely low-noise technology such as that required in gravitational wave interferometers.
See also
Correspondence principle
Introduction to quantum mechanics
Küpfmüller's uncertainty principle
Quantum indeterminacy
Quantum tunnelling
Physics and Beyond (Heisenberg's recollections)
Stronger uncertainty relations
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^ Cassidy, David; Saperstein, Alvin M. (2009), "Beyond Uncertainty: Heisenberg, Quantum Physics, and the Bomb", Physics Today, 63 (1), New York: Bellevue Literary Press: 185, Bibcode:2010PhT....63a..49C, doi:10.1063/1.3293416, archived from the original on Jan 4, 2024
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^ Einstein, A.; Podolsky, B.; Rosen, N. (1935-05-15). "Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?". Physical Review. 47 (10): 777–780. Bibcode:1935PhRv...47..777E. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.47.777.
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^ Compton, A. H. (1931). "The Uncertainty Principle and Free Will". Science. 74 (1911): 172. Bibcode:1931Sci....74..172C. doi:10.1126/science.74.1911.172. PMID 17808216. S2CID 29126625.
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^ Hänggi, Esther; Wehner, Stephanie (2013). "A violation of the uncertainty principle implies a violation of the second law of thermodynamics". Nature Communications. 4: 1670. arXiv:1205.6894. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.1670H. doi:10.1038/ncomms2665. PMID 23575674. S2CID 205316392.
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"Uncertainty principle", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uncertainty principle (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_principle_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Werner_Heisenberg_-_Canonical_commutation_rule_for_position_and_momentum_variables_of_a_particle_-_Uncertainty_principle,_1927.jpg"},{"link_name":"quantum mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics"},{"link_name":"mathematical inequalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inequality_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Position_(vector)"},{"link_name":"momentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sen2014-1"},{"link_name":"complementary variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementarity_(physics)"},{"link_name":"canonically conjugate variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_coordinates"},{"link_name":"Werner Heisenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"standard deviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation"},{"link_name":"Earle Hesse Kennard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earle_Hesse_Kennard"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kennard-6"},{"link_name":"Hermann Weyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Weyl"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weyl1928-7"},{"link_name":"reduced Planck constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced_Planck_constant"}],"text":"For other uses, see Uncertainty principle (disambiguation).Canonical commutation rule for position q and momentum p variables of a particle, 1927. pq − qp = h/(2πi). Uncertainty principle of Heisenberg, 1927.The uncertainty principle, also known as Heisenberg's indeterminacy principle, is a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics. It states that there is a limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties, such as position and momentum, can be simultaneously known. In other words, the more accurately one property is measured, the less accurately the other property can be known.More formally, the uncertainty principle is any of a variety of mathematical inequalities asserting a fundamental limit to the product of the accuracy of certain related pairs of measurements on a quantum system, such as position, x, and momentum, p.[1] Such paired-variables are known as complementary variables or canonically conjugate variables.First introduced in 1927 by German physicist Werner Heisenberg,[2][3][4][5] the formal inequality relating the standard deviation of position σx and the standard deviation of momentum σp was derived by Earle Hesse Kennard[6] later that year and by Hermann Weyl[7] in 1928:σ\n \n x\n \n \n \n σ\n \n p\n \n \n ≥\n \n \n ℏ\n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{x}\\sigma _{p}\\geq {\\frac {\\hbar }{2}}}where \n \n \n \n ℏ\n =\n \n \n h\n \n 2\n π\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\hbar ={\\frac {h}{2\\pi }}}\n \n is the reduced Planck constant.The quintessentially quantum mechanical uncertainty principle comes in many forms other than position–momentum. The energy–time relationship is widely used to relate quantum state lifetime to measured energy widths but its formal derivation is fraught with confusing issues about the nature of time. The basic principle has been extended in numerous directions; it must be considered in many kinds of fundamental physical measurements.","title":"Uncertainty principle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sequential_superposition_of_plane_waves.gif"},{"link_name":"real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_function"},{"link_name":"complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_function"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"wave mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation"},{"link_name":"matrix mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_mechanics"},{"link_name":"orthonormal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthonormal"},{"link_name":"bases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basis_(linear_algebra)"},{"link_name":"Hilbert space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert_space"},{"link_name":"Fourier transforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transforms"},{"link_name":"conjugate variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate_variables"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"sharp spike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_delta_function"},{"link_name":"de Broglie relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_wave"},{"link_name":"wavenumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavenumber"},{"link_name":"matrix mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_mechanics"},{"link_name":"mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_formulation_of_quantum_mechanics#Postulates_of_quantum_mechanics"},{"link_name":"commuting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutator"},{"link_name":"self-adjoint operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-adjoint_operator"},{"link_name":"observables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observable"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The superposition of several plane waves to form a wave packet. This wave packet becomes increasingly localized with the addition of many waves. The Fourier transform is a mathematical operation that separates a wave packet into its individual plane waves. The waves shown here are real for illustrative purposes only; in quantum mechanics the wave function is generally complex.It is vital to illustrate how the principle applies to relatively intelligible physical situations since it is indiscernible on the macroscopic[8] scales that humans experience. Two alternative frameworks for quantum physics offer different explanations for the uncertainty principle. The wave mechanics picture of the uncertainty principle is more visually intuitive, but the more abstract matrix mechanics picture formulates it in a way that generalizes more easily.Mathematically, in wave mechanics, the uncertainty relation between position and momentum arises because the expressions of the wavefunction in the two corresponding orthonormal bases in Hilbert space are Fourier transforms of one another (i.e., position and momentum are conjugate variables). A nonzero function and its Fourier transform cannot both be sharply localized at the same time.[9] A similar tradeoff between the variances of Fourier conjugates arises in all systems underlain by Fourier analysis, for example in sound waves: A pure tone is a sharp spike at a single frequency, while its Fourier transform gives the shape of the sound wave in the time domain, which is a completely delocalized sine wave. In quantum mechanics, the two key points are that the position of the particle takes the form of a matter wave, and momentum is its Fourier conjugate, assured by the de Broglie relation p = ħk, where k is the wavenumber.In matrix mechanics, the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics, any pair of non-commuting self-adjoint operators representing observables are subject to similar uncertainty limits. An eigenstate of an observable represents the state of the wavefunction for a certain measurement value (the eigenvalue). For example, if a measurement of an observable A is performed, then the system is in a particular eigenstate Ψ of that observable. However, the particular eigenstate of the observable A need not be an eigenstate of another observable B: If so, then it does not have a unique associated measurement for it, as the system is not in an eigenstate of that observable.[10]","title":"Position-momentum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fourier transforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transform"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quantum_mechanics_travelling_wavefunctions_wavelength.svg"},{"link_name":"probability density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_density"}],"sub_title":"Visualization","text":"The uncertainty principle can be visualized using the position- and momentum-space wavefunctions for one spinless particle with mass in one dimension.The more localized the position-space wavefunction, the more likely the particle is to be found with the position coordinates in that region, and correspondingly the momentum-space wavefunction is less localized so the possible momentum components the particle could have are more widespread. Conversely, the more localized the momentum-space wavefunction, the more likely the particle is to be found with those values of momentum components in that region, and correspondingly the less localized the position-space wavefunction, so the position coordinates the particle could occupy are more widespread. These wavefunctions are Fourier transforms of each other: mathematically, the uncertainty principle expresses the relationship between conjugate variables in the transform.Position x and momentum p wavefunctions corresponding to quantum particles. The colour opacity of the particles corresponds to the probability density of finding the particle with position x or momentum component p. Top: If wavelength λ is unknown, so are momentum p, wave-vector k and energy E (de Broglie relations). As the particle is more localized in position space, Δx is smaller than for Δpx. Bottom: If λ is known, so are p, k, and E. As the particle is more localized in momentum space, Δp is smaller than for Δx.","title":"Position-momentum"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Propagation_of_a_de_broglie_plane_wave.svg"},{"link_name":"Plane wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_wave"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Propagation_of_a_de_broglie_wavepacket.svg"},{"link_name":"Wave packet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_packet"},{"link_name":"de Broglie waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_wave"},{"link_name":"complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number"},{"link_name":"opacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opacity_(optics)"},{"link_name":"curvature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvature"},{"link_name":"de Broglie hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_wave"},{"link_name":"wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave"},{"link_name":"Born rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_rule"},{"link_name":"probability density amplitude function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_density_function"},{"link_name":"sum of many waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superposition_principle"},{"link_name":"Fourier transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transform"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-L&L-11"},{"link_name":"standard deviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation"},{"link_name":"inverse relationship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_relationship"},{"link_name":"variances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance"},{"link_name":"Without loss of generality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Without_loss_of_generality"},{"link_name":"means","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expected_value"},{"link_name":"vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_space"},{"link_name":"function space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_space"},{"link_name":"inner product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_product"},{"link_name":"complex conjugate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_conjugate"},{"link_name":"integration by parts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_by_parts"},{"link_name":"momentum operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum_operator"},{"link_name":"Parseval's theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parseval%27s_theorem"},{"link_name":"Cauchy–Schwarz inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%E2%80%93Schwarz_inequality"},{"link_name":"modulus squared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulus_squared"}],"sub_title":"Wave mechanics interpretation","text":"Plane waveWave packetPropagation of de Broglie waves in 1d—real part of the complex amplitude is blue, imaginary part is green. The probability (shown as the colour opacity) of finding the particle at a given point x is spread out like a waveform, there is no definite position of the particle. As the amplitude increases above zero the curvature reverses sign, so the amplitude begins to decrease again, and vice versa—the result is an alternating amplitude: a wave.According to the de Broglie hypothesis, every object in the universe is associated with a wave. Thus every object, from an elementary particle to atoms, molecules and on up to planets and beyond are subject to the uncertainty principle.The time-independent wave function of a single-moded plane wave of wavenumber k0 or momentum p0 isψ\n (\n x\n )\n ∝\n \n e\n \n i\n \n k\n \n 0\n \n \n x\n \n \n =\n \n e\n \n i\n \n p\n \n 0\n \n \n x\n \n /\n \n ℏ\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\psi (x)\\propto e^{ik_{0}x}=e^{ip_{0}x/\\hbar }~.}The Born rule states that this should be interpreted as a probability density amplitude function in the sense that the probability of finding the particle between a and b isP\n \n [\n a\n ≤\n X\n ≤\n b\n ]\n =\n \n ∫\n \n a\n \n \n b\n \n \n \n |\n \n ψ\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n d\n \n x\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {P} [a\\leq X\\leq b]=\\int _{a}^{b}|\\psi (x)|^{2}\\,\\mathrm {d} x~.}In the case of the single-mode plane wave, \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n ψ\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |\\psi (x)|^{2}}\n \n is 1 if \n \n \n \n X\n =\n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X=x}\n \n and 0 otherwise. In other words, the particle position is extremely uncertain in the sense that it could be essentially anywhere along the wave packet.On the other hand, consider a wave function that is a sum of many waves, which we may write asψ\n (\n x\n )\n ∝\n \n ∑\n \n n\n \n \n \n A\n \n n\n \n \n \n e\n \n i\n \n p\n \n n\n \n \n x\n \n /\n \n ℏ\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\psi (x)\\propto \\sum _{n}A_{n}e^{ip_{n}x/\\hbar }~,}Anpncontinuum limitintegralψ\n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n π\n ℏ\n \n \n \n \n ∫\n \n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n φ\n (\n p\n )\n ⋅\n \n e\n \n i\n p\n x\n \n /\n \n ℏ\n \n \n \n d\n p\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\psi (x)={\\frac {1}{\\sqrt {2\\pi \\hbar }}}\\int _{-\\infty }^{\\infty }\\varphi (p)\\cdot e^{ipx/\\hbar }\\,dp~,}φ\n (\n p\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi (p)}momentum spaceφ\n (\n p\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi (p)}Fourier transformψ\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\psi (x)}xpconjugate variables[11]One way to quantify the precision of the position and momentum is the standard deviation σ. Since \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n ψ\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |\\psi (x)|^{2}}\n \n is a probability density function for position, we calculate its standard deviation.The precision of the position is improved, i.e. reduced σx, by using many plane waves, thereby weakening the precision of the momentum, i.e. increased σp. Another way of stating this is that σx and σp have an inverse relationship or are at least bounded from below. This is the uncertainty principle, the exact limit of which is the Kennard bound.Proof of the Kennard inequality using wave mechanics\nWe are interested in the variances of position and momentum, defined as\n\n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n x\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n ∫\n \n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ⋅\n \n |\n \n ψ\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n d\n x\n −\n \n \n (\n \n \n ∫\n \n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n x\n ⋅\n \n |\n \n ψ\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n d\n x\n \n )\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{x}^{2}=\\int _{-\\infty }^{\\infty }x^{2}\\cdot |\\psi (x)|^{2}\\,dx-\\left(\\int _{-\\infty }^{\\infty }x\\cdot |\\psi (x)|^{2}\\,dx\\right)^{2}}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n p\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n ∫\n \n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n p\n \n 2\n \n \n ⋅\n \n |\n \n φ\n (\n p\n )\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n d\n p\n −\n \n \n (\n \n \n ∫\n \n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n p\n ⋅\n \n |\n \n φ\n (\n p\n )\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n d\n p\n \n )\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{p}^{2}=\\int _{-\\infty }^{\\infty }p^{2}\\cdot |\\varphi (p)|^{2}\\,dp-\\left(\\int _{-\\infty }^{\\infty }p\\cdot |\\varphi (p)|^{2}\\,dp\\right)^{2}~.}\n \n\nWithout loss of generality, we will assume that the means vanish, which just amounts to a shift of the origin of our coordinates. (A more general proof that does not make this assumption is given below.) This gives us the simpler form\n\n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n x\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n ∫\n \n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ⋅\n \n |\n \n ψ\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n d\n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{x}^{2}=\\int _{-\\infty }^{\\infty }x^{2}\\cdot |\\psi (x)|^{2}\\,dx}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n p\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n ∫\n \n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n p\n \n 2\n \n \n ⋅\n \n |\n \n φ\n (\n p\n )\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n d\n p\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{p}^{2}=\\int _{-\\infty }^{\\infty }p^{2}\\cdot |\\varphi (p)|^{2}\\,dp~.}\n \n\nThe function \n \n \n \n f\n (\n x\n )\n =\n x\n ⋅\n ψ\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x)=x\\cdot \\psi (x)}\n \n can be interpreted as a vector in a function space. We can define an inner product for a pair of functions u(x) and v(x) in this vector space:\n\n \n \n \n ⟨\n u\n ∣\n v\n ⟩\n =\n \n ∫\n \n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n u\n \n ∗\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n ⋅\n v\n (\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle u\\mid v\\rangle =\\int _{-\\infty }^{\\infty }u^{*}(x)\\cdot v(x)\\,dx,}\n \n\nwhere the asterisk denotes the complex conjugate.\nWith this inner product defined, we note that the variance for position can be written as\n\n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n x\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n ∫\n \n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n |\n \n f\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n d\n x\n =\n ⟨\n f\n ∣\n f\n ⟩\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{x}^{2}=\\int _{-\\infty }^{\\infty }|f(x)|^{2}\\,dx=\\langle f\\mid f\\rangle ~.}\n \n\nWe can repeat this for momentum by interpreting the function \n \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n ~\n \n \n \n (\n p\n )\n =\n p\n ⋅\n φ\n (\n p\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tilde {g}}(p)=p\\cdot \\varphi (p)}\n \n as a vector, but we can also take advantage of the fact that \n \n \n \n ψ\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\psi (x)}\n \n and \n \n \n \n φ\n (\n p\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi (p)}\n \n are Fourier transforms of each other. We evaluate the inverse Fourier transform through integration by parts:\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n π\n ℏ\n \n \n \n ⋅\n \n ∫\n \n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n g\n ~\n \n \n \n (\n p\n )\n ⋅\n \n e\n \n i\n p\n x\n \n /\n \n ℏ\n \n \n \n d\n p\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n π\n ℏ\n \n \n \n \n ∫\n \n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n p\n ⋅\n φ\n (\n p\n )\n ⋅\n \n e\n \n i\n p\n x\n \n /\n \n ℏ\n \n \n \n d\n p\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n π\n ℏ\n \n \n \n \n ∫\n \n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n [\n \n p\n ⋅\n \n ∫\n \n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n ψ\n (\n χ\n )\n \n e\n \n −\n i\n p\n χ\n \n /\n \n ℏ\n \n \n \n d\n χ\n \n ]\n \n ⋅\n \n e\n \n i\n p\n x\n \n /\n \n ℏ\n \n \n \n d\n p\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n i\n \n 2\n π\n \n \n \n \n ∫\n \n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ψ\n (\n χ\n )\n \n e\n \n −\n i\n p\n χ\n \n /\n \n ℏ\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n −\n \n ∫\n \n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n d\n ψ\n (\n χ\n )\n \n \n d\n χ\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n i\n p\n χ\n \n /\n \n ℏ\n \n \n \n d\n χ\n \n ]\n \n ⋅\n \n e\n \n i\n p\n x\n \n /\n \n ℏ\n \n \n \n d\n p\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n −\n i\n \n \n 2\n π\n \n \n \n \n ∫\n \n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n ∫\n \n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n d\n ψ\n (\n χ\n )\n \n \n d\n χ\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n i\n p\n χ\n \n /\n \n ℏ\n \n \n \n d\n χ\n \n \n e\n \n i\n p\n x\n \n /\n \n ℏ\n \n \n \n d\n p\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n (\n \n −\n i\n ℏ\n \n \n d\n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n ⋅\n ψ\n (\n x\n )\n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}g(x)&={\\frac {1}{\\sqrt {2\\pi \\hbar }}}\\cdot \\int _{-\\infty }^{\\infty }{\\tilde {g}}(p)\\cdot e^{ipx/\\hbar }\\,dp\\\\&={\\frac {1}{\\sqrt {2\\pi \\hbar }}}\\int _{-\\infty }^{\\infty }p\\cdot \\varphi (p)\\cdot e^{ipx/\\hbar }\\,dp\\\\&={\\frac {1}{2\\pi \\hbar }}\\int _{-\\infty }^{\\infty }\\left[p\\cdot \\int _{-\\infty }^{\\infty }\\psi (\\chi )e^{-ip\\chi /\\hbar }\\,d\\chi \\right]\\cdot e^{ipx/\\hbar }\\,dp\\\\&={\\frac {i}{2\\pi }}\\int _{-\\infty }^{\\infty }\\left[{\\cancel {\\left.\\psi (\\chi )e^{-ip\\chi /\\hbar }\\right|_{-\\infty }^{\\infty }}}-\\int _{-\\infty }^{\\infty }{\\frac {d\\psi (\\chi )}{d\\chi }}e^{-ip\\chi /\\hbar }\\,d\\chi \\right]\\cdot e^{ipx/\\hbar }\\,dp\\\\&={\\frac {-i}{2\\pi }}\\int _{-\\infty }^{\\infty }\\int _{-\\infty }^{\\infty }{\\frac {d\\psi (\\chi )}{d\\chi }}e^{-ip\\chi /\\hbar }\\,d\\chi \\,e^{ipx/\\hbar }\\,dp\\\\&=\\left(-i\\hbar {\\frac {d}{dx}}\\right)\\cdot \\psi (x),\\end{aligned}}}\n \n\nwhere the cancelled term vanishes because the wave function vanishes at infinity. Often the term \n \n \n \n −\n i\n ℏ\n \n \n d\n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\textstyle -i\\hbar {\\frac {d}{dx}}}\n \n is called the momentum operator in position space. Applying Parseval's theorem, we see that the variance for momentum can be written as\n\n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n p\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n ∫\n \n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n \n g\n ~\n \n \n \n (\n p\n )\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n d\n p\n =\n \n ∫\n \n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n |\n \n g\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n d\n x\n =\n ⟨\n g\n ∣\n g\n ⟩\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{p}^{2}=\\int _{-\\infty }^{\\infty }|{\\tilde {g}}(p)|^{2}\\,dp=\\int _{-\\infty }^{\\infty }|g(x)|^{2}\\,dx=\\langle g\\mid g\\rangle .}\n \n\nThe Cauchy–Schwarz inequality asserts that\n\n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n x\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n σ\n \n p\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n ⟨\n f\n ∣\n f\n ⟩\n ⋅\n ⟨\n g\n ∣\n g\n ⟩\n ≥\n \n |\n \n ⟨\n f\n ∣\n g\n ⟩\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{x}^{2}\\sigma _{p}^{2}=\\langle f\\mid f\\rangle \\cdot \\langle g\\mid g\\rangle \\geq |\\langle f\\mid g\\rangle |^{2}~.}\n \n\nThe modulus squared of any complex number z can be expressed as\n\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n z\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n Re\n \n (\n z\n )\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n Im\n \n (\n z\n )\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n ≥\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n Im\n \n (\n z\n )\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n z\n −\n \n z\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n 2\n i\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |z|^{2}={\\Big (}{\\text{Re}}(z){\\Big )}^{2}+{\\Big (}{\\text{Im}}(z){\\Big )}^{2}\\geq {\\Big (}{\\text{Im}}(z){\\Big )}^{2}=\\left({\\frac {z-z^{\\ast }}{2i}}\\right)^{2}.}\n \n\nwe let \n \n \n \n z\n =\n ⟨\n f\n \n |\n \n g\n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z=\\langle f|g\\rangle }\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n z\n \n ∗\n \n \n =\n ⟨\n g\n ∣\n f\n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z^{*}=\\langle g\\mid f\\rangle }\n \n and substitute these into the equation above to get\n\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n ⟨\n f\n ∣\n g\n ⟩\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ≥\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ⟨\n f\n ∣\n g\n ⟩\n −\n ⟨\n g\n ∣\n f\n ⟩\n \n \n 2\n i\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |\\langle f\\mid g\\rangle |^{2}\\geq \\left({\\frac {\\langle f\\mid g\\rangle -\\langle g\\mid f\\rangle }{2i}}\\right)^{2}~.}\n \n\nAll that remains is to evaluate these inner products.\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ⟨\n f\n ∣\n g\n ⟩\n −\n ⟨\n g\n ∣\n f\n ⟩\n =\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n ∫\n \n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n ψ\n \n ∗\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n x\n ⋅\n \n (\n \n −\n i\n ℏ\n \n \n d\n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n ψ\n (\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n −\n \n ∫\n \n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n ψ\n \n ∗\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n \n (\n \n −\n i\n ℏ\n \n \n d\n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n ⋅\n x\n \n ψ\n (\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n\n \n \n \n i\n ℏ\n ⋅\n \n ∫\n \n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n ψ\n \n ∗\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n [\n \n \n (\n \n −\n x\n ⋅\n \n \n \n d\n ψ\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n +\n \n \n \n d\n (\n x\n ψ\n (\n x\n )\n )\n \n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n\n \n \n \n i\n ℏ\n ⋅\n \n ∫\n \n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n ψ\n \n ∗\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n [\n \n \n (\n \n −\n x\n ⋅\n \n \n \n d\n ψ\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n +\n ψ\n (\n x\n )\n +\n \n (\n \n x\n ⋅\n \n \n \n d\n ψ\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n ]\n \n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n\n \n \n \n i\n ℏ\n ⋅\n \n ∫\n \n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n ψ\n \n ∗\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n ψ\n (\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n\n \n \n \n i\n ℏ\n ⋅\n \n ∫\n \n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n |\n \n ψ\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n\n \n \n \n i\n ℏ\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}\\langle f\\mid g\\rangle -\\langle g\\mid f\\rangle ={}&\\int _{-\\infty }^{\\infty }\\psi ^{*}(x)\\,x\\cdot \\left(-i\\hbar {\\frac {d}{dx}}\\right)\\,\\psi (x)\\,dx\\\\&{}-\\int _{-\\infty }^{\\infty }\\psi ^{*}(x)\\,\\left(-i\\hbar {\\frac {d}{dx}}\\right)\\cdot x\\,\\psi (x)\\,dx\\\\={}&i\\hbar \\cdot \\int _{-\\infty }^{\\infty }\\psi ^{*}(x)\\left[\\left(-x\\cdot {\\frac {d\\psi (x)}{dx}}\\right)+{\\frac {d(x\\psi (x))}{dx}}\\right]\\,dx\\\\={}&i\\hbar \\cdot \\int _{-\\infty }^{\\infty }\\psi ^{*}(x)\\left[\\left(-x\\cdot {\\frac {d\\psi (x)}{dx}}\\right)+\\psi (x)+\\left(x\\cdot {\\frac {d\\psi (x)}{dx}}\\right)\\right]\\,dx\\\\={}&i\\hbar \\cdot \\int _{-\\infty }^{\\infty }\\psi ^{*}(x)\\psi (x)\\,dx\\\\={}&i\\hbar \\cdot \\int _{-\\infty }^{\\infty }|\\psi (x)|^{2}\\,dx\\\\={}&i\\hbar \\end{aligned}}}\n \n\nPlugging this into the above inequalities, we get\n\n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n x\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n σ\n \n p\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ≥\n \n |\n \n ⟨\n f\n ∣\n g\n ⟩\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ≥\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ⟨\n f\n ∣\n g\n ⟩\n −\n ⟨\n g\n ∣\n f\n ⟩\n \n \n 2\n i\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n i\n ℏ\n \n \n 2\n i\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n ℏ\n \n 2\n \n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{x}^{2}\\sigma _{p}^{2}\\geq |\\langle f\\mid g\\rangle |^{2}\\geq \\left({\\frac {\\langle f\\mid g\\rangle -\\langle g\\mid f\\rangle }{2i}}\\right)^{2}=\\left({\\frac {i\\hbar }{2i}}\\right)^{2}={\\frac {\\hbar ^{2}}{4}}}\n \n\nor taking the square root\n\n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n x\n \n \n \n σ\n \n p\n \n \n ≥\n \n \n ℏ\n 2\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{x}\\sigma _{p}\\geq {\\frac {\\hbar }{2}}~.}\n \n\nwith equality if and only if p and x are linearly dependent. Note that the only physics involved in this proof was that \n \n \n \n ψ\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\psi (x)}\n \n and \n \n \n \n φ\n (\n p\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi (p)}\n \n are wave functions for position and momentum, which are Fourier transforms of each other. A similar result would hold for any pair of conjugate variables.","title":"Position-momentum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-L&L-11"},{"link_name":"commutator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutator"},{"link_name":"eigenstates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenstate"},{"link_name":"proof by contradiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_by_contradiction"}],"sub_title":"Matrix mechanics interpretation","text":"(Ref [11])In matrix mechanics, observables such as position and momentum are represented by self-adjoint operators. When considering pairs of observables, an important quantity is the commutator. For a pair of operators  and \n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {B}}}\n \n, one defines their commutator as[\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ]\n =\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [{\\hat {A}},{\\hat {B}}]={\\hat {A}}{\\hat {B}}-{\\hat {B}}{\\hat {A}}.}canonical commutation relation[\n \n \n \n x\n ^\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n p\n ^\n \n \n \n ]\n =\n i\n ℏ\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [{\\hat {x}},{\\hat {p}}]=i\\hbar .}The physical meaning of the non-commutativity can be understood by considering the effect of the commutator on position and momentum eigenstates. Let \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n ψ\n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |\\psi \\rangle }\n \n be a right eigenstate of position with a constant eigenvalue x0. By definition, this means that \n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n ^\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n ψ\n ⟩\n =\n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n \n |\n \n ψ\n ⟩\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {x}}|\\psi \\rangle =x_{0}|\\psi \\rangle .}\n \n Applying the commutator to \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n ψ\n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |\\psi \\rangle }\n \n yields[\n \n \n \n x\n ^\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n p\n ^\n \n \n \n ]\n \n |\n \n ψ\n ⟩\n =\n (\n \n \n \n x\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n p\n ^\n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n p\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n ^\n \n \n \n )\n \n |\n \n ψ\n ⟩\n =\n (\n \n \n \n x\n ^\n \n \n \n −\n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n I\n ^\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n p\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n ψ\n ⟩\n =\n i\n ℏ\n \n |\n \n ψ\n ⟩\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [{\\hat {x}},{\\hat {p}}]|\\psi \\rangle =({\\hat {x}}{\\hat {p}}-{\\hat {p}}{\\hat {x}})|\\psi \\rangle =({\\hat {x}}-x_{0}{\\hat {I}}){\\hat {p}}\\,|\\psi \\rangle =i\\hbar |\\psi \\rangle ,}Îidentity operatorSuppose, for the sake of proof by contradiction, that \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n ψ\n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |\\psi \\rangle }\n \n is also a right eigenstate of momentum, with constant eigenvalue p0. If this were true, then one could write(\n \n \n \n x\n ^\n \n \n \n −\n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n I\n ^\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n p\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n ψ\n ⟩\n =\n (\n \n \n \n x\n ^\n \n \n \n −\n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n I\n ^\n \n \n \n )\n \n p\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n ψ\n ⟩\n =\n (\n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n I\n ^\n \n \n \n −\n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n I\n ^\n \n \n \n )\n \n p\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n ψ\n ⟩\n =\n 0.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle ({\\hat {x}}-x_{0}{\\hat {I}}){\\hat {p}}\\,|\\psi \\rangle =({\\hat {x}}-x_{0}{\\hat {I}})p_{0}\\,|\\psi \\rangle =(x_{0}{\\hat {I}}-x_{0}{\\hat {I}})p_{0}\\,|\\psi \\rangle =0.}[\n \n \n \n x\n ^\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n p\n ^\n \n \n \n ]\n \n |\n \n ψ\n ⟩\n =\n i\n ℏ\n \n |\n \n ψ\n ⟩\n ≠\n 0.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [{\\hat {x}},{\\hat {p}}]|\\psi \\rangle =i\\hbar |\\psi \\rangle \\neq 0.}When a state is measured, it is projected onto an eigenstate in the basis of the relevant observable. For example, if a particle's position is measured, then the state amounts to a position eigenstate. This means that the state is not a momentum eigenstate, however, but rather it can be represented as a sum of multiple momentum basis eigenstates. In other words, the momentum must be less precise. This precision may be quantified by the standard deviations,σ\n \n x\n \n \n =\n \n \n ⟨\n \n \n \n \n x\n ^\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n ⟩\n −\n ⟨\n \n \n \n x\n ^\n \n \n \n \n ⟩\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{x}={\\sqrt {\\langle {\\hat {x}}^{2}\\rangle -\\langle {\\hat {x}}\\rangle ^{2}}}}σ\n \n p\n \n \n =\n \n \n ⟨\n \n \n \n \n p\n ^\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n ⟩\n −\n ⟨\n \n \n \n p\n ^\n \n \n \n \n ⟩\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{p}={\\sqrt {\\langle {\\hat {p}}^{2}\\rangle -\\langle {\\hat {p}}\\rangle ^{2}}}.}As in the wave mechanics interpretation above, one sees a tradeoff between the respective precisions of the two, quantified by the uncertainty principle.","title":"Position-momentum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-L&L-11"}],"sub_title":"Examples","text":"(Refs [11])","title":"Position-momentum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"creation and annihilation operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_and_annihilation_operators"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kennard-6"},{"link_name":"ground state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_state"},{"link_name":"normal distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution"}],"sub_title":"Quantum harmonic oscillator stationary states","text":"Consider a one-dimensional quantum harmonic oscillator. It is possible to express the position and momentum operators in terms of the creation and annihilation operators:x\n ^\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n ℏ\n \n 2\n m\n ω\n \n \n \n \n (\n a\n +\n \n a\n \n †\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {x}}={\\sqrt {\\frac {\\hbar }{2m\\omega }}}(a+a^{\\dagger })}p\n ^\n \n \n \n =\n i\n \n \n \n \n m\n ω\n ℏ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n (\n \n a\n \n †\n \n \n −\n a\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {p}}=i{\\sqrt {\\frac {m\\omega \\hbar }{2}}}(a^{\\dagger }-a).}Using the standard rules for creation and annihilation operators on the energy eigenstates,a\n \n †\n \n \n \n |\n \n n\n ⟩\n =\n \n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n |\n \n n\n +\n 1\n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a^{\\dagger }|n\\rangle ={\\sqrt {n+1}}|n+1\\rangle }a\n \n |\n \n n\n ⟩\n =\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n |\n \n n\n −\n 1\n ⟩\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a|n\\rangle ={\\sqrt {n}}|n-1\\rangle ,}σ\n \n x\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n \n ℏ\n \n m\n ω\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n n\n +\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{x}^{2}={\\frac {\\hbar }{m\\omega }}\\left(n+{\\frac {1}{2}}\\right)}σ\n \n p\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n ℏ\n m\n ω\n \n (\n \n n\n +\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{p}^{2}=\\hbar m\\omega \\left(n+{\\frac {1}{2}}\\right)\\,.}σ\n \n x\n \n \n \n σ\n \n p\n \n \n =\n ℏ\n \n (\n \n n\n +\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n ≥\n \n \n ℏ\n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{x}\\sigma _{p}=\\hbar \\left(n+{\\frac {1}{2}}\\right)\\geq {\\frac {\\hbar }{2}}.~}In particular, the above Kennard bound[6] is saturated for the ground state n=0, for which the probability density is just the normal distribution.","title":"Position-momentum"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Position_and_momentum_of_a_Gaussian_initial_state_for_a_QHO,_balanced.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Position_and_momentum_of_a_Gaussian_initial_state_for_a_QHO,_narrow.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Position_and_momentum_of_a_Gaussian_initial_state_for_a_QHO,_wide.gif"}],"sub_title":"Quantum harmonic oscillators with Gaussian initial condition","text":"Position (blue) and momentum (red) probability densities for an initial Gaussian distribution. From top to bottom, the animations show the cases Ω = ω, Ω = 2ω, and Ω = ω/2. Note the tradeoff between the widths of the distributions.In a quantum harmonic oscillator of characteristic angular frequency ω, place a state that is offset from the bottom of the potential by some displacement x0 asψ\n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n m\n Ω\n \n \n π\n ℏ\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n 1\n \n /\n \n 4\n \n \n exp\n \n \n \n (\n \n −\n \n \n \n m\n Ω\n (\n x\n −\n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 2\n ℏ\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\psi (x)=\\left({\\frac {m\\Omega }{\\pi \\hbar }}\\right)^{1/4}\\exp {\\left(-{\\frac {m\\Omega (x-x_{0})^{2}}{2\\hbar }}\\right)},}ωpropagator|\n \n Ψ\n (\n x\n ,\n t\n )\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ∼\n \n \n N\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n cos\n \n \n (\n ω\n t\n )\n \n ,\n \n \n ℏ\n \n 2\n m\n Ω\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n cos\n \n 2\n \n \n \n (\n ω\n t\n )\n +\n \n \n \n Ω\n \n 2\n \n \n \n ω\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n sin\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n (\n ω\n t\n )\n \n \n )\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |\\Psi (x,t)|^{2}\\sim {\\mathcal {N}}\\left(x_{0}\\cos {(\\omega t)},{\\frac {\\hbar }{2m\\Omega }}\\left(\\cos ^{2}(\\omega t)+{\\frac {\\Omega ^{2}}{\\omega ^{2}}}\\sin ^{2}{(\\omega t)}\\right)\\right)}|\n \n Φ\n (\n p\n ,\n t\n )\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ∼\n \n \n N\n \n \n \n (\n \n −\n m\n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n ω\n sin\n \n (\n ω\n t\n )\n ,\n \n \n \n ℏ\n m\n Ω\n \n 2\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n cos\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n (\n ω\n t\n )\n \n +\n \n \n \n ω\n \n 2\n \n \n \n Ω\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n sin\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n (\n ω\n t\n )\n \n \n )\n \n \n )\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |\\Phi (p,t)|^{2}\\sim {\\mathcal {N}}\\left(-mx_{0}\\omega \\sin(\\omega t),{\\frac {\\hbar m\\Omega }{2}}\\left(\\cos ^{2}{(\\omega t)}+{\\frac {\\omega ^{2}}{\\Omega ^{2}}}\\sin ^{2}{(\\omega t)}\\right)\\right),}N\n \n \n (\n μ\n ,\n \n σ\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {N}}(\\mu ,\\sigma ^{2})}μσ2trigonometric identitiesσ\n \n x\n \n \n \n σ\n \n p\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n ℏ\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n cos\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n (\n ω\n t\n )\n \n +\n \n \n \n Ω\n \n 2\n \n \n \n ω\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n sin\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n (\n ω\n t\n )\n \n \n )\n \n \n (\n \n \n cos\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n (\n ω\n t\n )\n \n +\n \n \n \n ω\n \n 2\n \n \n \n Ω\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n sin\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n (\n ω\n t\n )\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n ℏ\n 4\n \n \n \n \n 3\n +\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n Ω\n \n 2\n \n \n \n ω\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n ω\n \n 2\n \n \n \n Ω\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n −\n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n Ω\n \n 2\n \n \n \n ω\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n ω\n \n 2\n \n \n \n Ω\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n cos\n \n \n (\n 4\n ω\n t\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}\\sigma _{x}\\sigma _{p}&={\\frac {\\hbar }{2}}{\\sqrt {\\left(\\cos ^{2}{(\\omega t)}+{\\frac {\\Omega ^{2}}{\\omega ^{2}}}\\sin ^{2}{(\\omega t)}\\right)\\left(\\cos ^{2}{(\\omega t)}+{\\frac {\\omega ^{2}}{\\Omega ^{2}}}\\sin ^{2}{(\\omega t)}\\right)}}\\\\&={\\frac {\\hbar }{4}}{\\sqrt {3+{\\frac {1}{2}}\\left({\\frac {\\Omega ^{2}}{\\omega ^{2}}}+{\\frac {\\omega ^{2}}{\\Omega ^{2}}}\\right)-\\left({\\frac {1}{2}}\\left({\\frac {\\Omega ^{2}}{\\omega ^{2}}}+{\\frac {\\omega ^{2}}{\\Omega ^{2}}}\\right)-1\\right)\\cos {(4\\omega t)}}}\\end{aligned}}}From the relationsΩ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n ω\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n ω\n \n 2\n \n \n \n Ω\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n ≥\n 2\n ,\n \n \n |\n \n cos\n \n (\n 4\n ω\n t\n )\n \n |\n \n ≤\n 1\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\Omega ^{2}}{\\omega ^{2}}}+{\\frac {\\omega ^{2}}{\\Omega ^{2}}}\\geq 2,\\quad |\\cos(4\\omega t)|\\leq 1,}Ω = ωσ\n \n x\n \n \n \n σ\n \n p\n \n \n ≥\n \n \n ℏ\n 4\n \n \n \n \n 3\n +\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n Ω\n \n 2\n \n \n \n ω\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n ω\n \n 2\n \n \n \n Ω\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n −\n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n Ω\n \n 2\n \n \n \n ω\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n ω\n \n 2\n \n \n \n Ω\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n ℏ\n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{x}\\sigma _{p}\\geq {\\frac {\\hbar }{4}}{\\sqrt {3+{\\frac {1}{2}}\\left({\\frac {\\Omega ^{2}}{\\omega ^{2}}}+{\\frac {\\omega ^{2}}{\\Omega ^{2}}}\\right)-\\left({\\frac {1}{2}}\\left({\\frac {\\Omega ^{2}}{\\omega ^{2}}}+{\\frac {\\omega ^{2}}{\\Omega ^{2}}}\\right)-1\\right)}}={\\frac {\\hbar }{2}}.}","title":"Position-momentum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"annihilation operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annihilation_operator"}],"sub_title":"Coherent states","text":"A coherent state is a right eigenstate of the annihilation operator,a\n ^\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n α\n ⟩\n =\n α\n \n |\n \n α\n ⟩\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {a}}|\\alpha \\rangle =\\alpha |\\alpha \\rangle ,}Fock states|\n \n α\n ⟩\n =\n \n e\n \n −\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n α\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n α\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n n\n !\n \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n n\n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |\\alpha \\rangle =e^{-{|\\alpha |^{2} \\over 2}}\\sum _{n=0}^{\\infty }{\\alpha ^{n} \\over {\\sqrt {n!}}}|n\\rangle }In the picture where the coherent state is a massive particle in a quantum harmonic oscillator, the position and momentum operators may be expressed in terms of the annihilation operators in the same formulas above and used to calculate the variances,σ\n \n x\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n \n ℏ\n \n 2\n m\n ω\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{x}^{2}={\\frac {\\hbar }{2m\\omega }},}σ\n \n p\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n ℏ\n m\n ω\n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{p}^{2}={\\frac {\\hbar m\\omega }{2}}.}σ\n \n x\n \n \n \n σ\n \n p\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n ℏ\n \n 2\n m\n ω\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ℏ\n m\n ω\n \n 2\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n ℏ\n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{x}\\sigma _{p}={\\sqrt {\\frac {\\hbar }{2m\\omega }}}\\,{\\sqrt {\\frac {\\hbar m\\omega }{2}}}={\\frac {\\hbar }{2}}.}ℏ\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\textstyle {\\sqrt {\\hbar /2}}}squeezed coherent state","title":"Position-momentum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eigenfunctions in position and momentum space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_in_a_box#Wavefunctions"}],"sub_title":"Particle in a box","text":"Consider a particle in a one-dimensional box of length \n \n \n \n L\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L}\n \n. The eigenfunctions in position and momentum space areψ\n \n n\n \n \n (\n x\n ,\n t\n )\n =\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n A\n sin\n \n (\n \n k\n \n n\n \n \n x\n )\n \n \n e\n \n \n −\n \n i\n \n \n ω\n \n n\n \n \n t\n \n \n ,\n \n \n 0\n <\n x\n <\n L\n ,\n \n \n \n \n 0\n ,\n \n \n \n otherwise,\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\psi _{n}(x,t)={\\begin{cases}A\\sin(k_{n}x)\\mathrm {e} ^{-\\mathrm {i} \\omega _{n}t},&0<x<L,\\\\0,&{\\text{otherwise,}}\\end{cases}}}φ\n \n n\n \n \n (\n p\n ,\n t\n )\n =\n \n \n \n \n π\n L\n \n ℏ\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n (\n \n 1\n −\n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n i\n k\n L\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n e\n \n −\n i\n \n ω\n \n n\n \n \n t\n \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n 2\n \n \n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n k\n \n 2\n \n \n \n L\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi _{n}(p,t)={\\sqrt {\\frac {\\pi L}{\\hbar }}}\\,\\,{\\frac {n\\left(1-(-1)^{n}e^{-ikL}\\right)e^{-i\\omega _{n}t}}{\\pi ^{2}n^{2}-k^{2}L^{2}}},}ω\n \n n\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n π\n \n 2\n \n \n ℏ\n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 8\n \n L\n \n 2\n \n \n m\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\textstyle \\omega _{n}={\\frac {\\pi ^{2}\\hbar n^{2}}{8L^{2}m}}}de Broglie relationp\n =\n ℏ\n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p=\\hbar k}x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}σ\n \n x\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n L\n \n 2\n \n \n 12\n \n \n \n (\n \n 1\n −\n \n \n 6\n \n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n \n π\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{x}^{2}={\\frac {L^{2}}{12}}\\left(1-{\\frac {6}{n^{2}\\pi ^{2}}}\\right)}σ\n \n p\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ℏ\n n\n π\n \n L\n \n \n )\n \n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{p}^{2}=\\left({\\frac {\\hbar n\\pi }{L}}\\right)^{2}.}The product of the standard deviations is thereforeσ\n \n x\n \n \n \n σ\n \n p\n \n \n =\n \n \n ℏ\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n \n π\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 3\n \n \n −\n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{x}\\sigma _{p}={\\frac {\\hbar }{2}}{\\sqrt {{\\frac {n^{2}\\pi ^{2}}{3}}-2}}.}n\n =\n 1\n ,\n \n 2\n ,\n \n 3\n ,\n \n …\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n=1,\\,2,\\,3,\\,\\ldots }n\n \n 2\n \n \n \n π\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 3\n \n \n −\n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\textstyle {\\sqrt {{\\frac {n^{2}\\pi ^{2}}{3}}-2}}}n\n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n=1}σ\n \n x\n \n \n \n σ\n \n p\n \n \n =\n \n \n ℏ\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n 2\n \n \n 3\n \n \n −\n 2\n \n \n ≈\n 0.568\n ℏ\n >\n \n \n ℏ\n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{x}\\sigma _{p}={\\frac {\\hbar }{2}}{\\sqrt {{\\frac {\\pi ^{2}}{3}}-2}}\\approx 0.568\\hbar >{\\frac {\\hbar }{2}}.}","title":"Position-momentum"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guassian_Dispersion.gif"},{"link_name":"momentum space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum_space"}],"sub_title":"Constant momentum","text":"Position space probability density of an initially Gaussian state moving at minimally uncertain, constant momentum in free spaceAssume a particle initially has a momentum space wave function described by a normal distribution around some constant momentum p0 according toφ\n (\n p\n )\n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n \n ℏ\n \n \n π\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n exp\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n −\n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n 2\n \n \n (\n p\n −\n \n p\n \n 0\n \n \n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n ℏ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi (p)=\\left({\\frac {x_{0}}{\\hbar {\\sqrt {\\pi }}}}\\right)^{1/2}\\exp \\left({\\frac {-x_{0}^{2}(p-p_{0})^{2}}{2\\hbar ^{2}}}\\right),}x\n \n 0\n \n \n =\n \n \n ℏ\n \n /\n \n m\n \n ω\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\textstyle x_{0}={\\sqrt {\\hbar /m\\omega _{0}}}}ω\n \n 0\n \n \n >\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega _{0}>0}nondimensionalizationΦ\n (\n p\n ,\n t\n )\n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n \n ℏ\n \n \n π\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n exp\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n −\n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n 2\n \n \n (\n p\n −\n \n p\n \n 0\n \n \n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n ℏ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n i\n \n p\n \n 2\n \n \n t\n \n \n 2\n m\n ℏ\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi (p,t)=\\left({\\frac {x_{0}}{\\hbar {\\sqrt {\\pi }}}}\\right)^{1/2}\\exp \\left({\\frac {-x_{0}^{2}(p-p_{0})^{2}}{2\\hbar ^{2}}}-{\\frac {ip^{2}t}{2m\\hbar }}\\right),}Ψ\n (\n x\n ,\n t\n )\n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n 1\n \n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n π\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n p\n \n 0\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n /\n \n 2\n \n ℏ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n +\n i\n \n ω\n \n 0\n \n \n t\n \n \n \n \n exp\n \n \n (\n \n −\n \n \n \n (\n x\n −\n i\n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n p\n \n 0\n \n \n \n /\n \n ℏ\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n 2\n \n \n (\n 1\n +\n i\n \n ω\n \n 0\n \n \n t\n )\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Psi (x,t)=\\left({\\frac {1}{x_{0}{\\sqrt {\\pi }}}}\\right)^{1/2}{\\frac {e^{-x_{0}^{2}p_{0}^{2}/2\\hbar ^{2}}}{\\sqrt {1+i\\omega _{0}t}}}\\,\\exp \\left(-{\\frac {(x-ix_{0}^{2}p_{0}/\\hbar )^{2}}{2x_{0}^{2}(1+i\\omega _{0}t)}}\\right).}Since \n \n \n \n ⟨\n p\n (\n t\n )\n ⟩\n =\n \n p\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle p(t)\\rangle =p_{0}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n p\n \n \n (\n t\n )\n =\n ℏ\n \n /\n \n (\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{p}(t)=\\hbar /({\\sqrt {2}}x_{0})}\n \n, this can be interpreted as a particle moving along with constant momentum at arbitrarily high precision. On the other hand, the standard deviation of the position isσ\n \n x\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n +\n \n ω\n \n 0\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n t\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{x}={\\frac {x_{0}}{\\sqrt {2}}}{\\sqrt {1+\\omega _{0}^{2}t^{2}}}}σ\n \n x\n \n \n (\n t\n )\n \n σ\n \n p\n \n \n (\n t\n )\n =\n \n \n ℏ\n 2\n \n \n \n \n 1\n +\n \n ω\n \n 0\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n t\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{x}(t)\\sigma _{p}(t)={\\frac {\\hbar }{2}}{\\sqrt {1+\\omega _{0}^{2}t^{2}}}}","title":"Position-momentum"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Energy–time uncertainty principle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Busch2002-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hilgevoord-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"natural linewidth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_linewidth"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"rest mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rest_mass"},{"link_name":"particle physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_physics"},{"link_name":"particle decays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_decay"},{"link_name":"width","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance_(particle_physics)"}],"sub_title":"Energy spectrum line-width vs lifetime","text":"An energy–time uncertainty relation likeΔ\n E\n Δ\n t\n ≳\n ℏ\n \n /\n \n 2\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta E\\Delta t\\gtrsim \\hbar /2,}Δ\n t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta t}Δ\n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta E}[12][13][14][15][16]τ\n \n \n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\tau _{\\sqrt {1/2}}}Δ\n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta E}τ\n \n \n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n Δ\n E\n =\n π\n ℏ\n \n /\n \n 4.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\tau _{\\sqrt {1/2}}\\Delta E=\\pi \\hbar /4.}Breit–Wigner energy distribution[17]An informal, heuristic meaning of the principle is the following:[18]A state that only exists for a short time cannot have a definite energy. To have a definite energy, the frequency of the state must be defined accurately, and this requires the state to hang around for many cycles, the reciprocal of the required accuracy. For example, in spectroscopy, excited states have a finite lifetime. By the time–energy uncertainty principle, they do not have a definite energy, and, each time they decay, the energy they release is slightly different. The average energy of the outgoing photon has a peak at the theoretical energy of the state, but the distribution has a finite width called the natural linewidth. Fast-decaying states have a broad linewidth, while slow-decaying states have a narrow linewidth.[19] The same linewidth effect also makes it difficult to specify the rest mass of unstable, fast-decaying particles in particle physics. The faster the particle decays (the shorter its lifetime), the less certain is its mass (the larger the particle's width).","title":"Energy–time uncertainty principle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HilgevoordConfusion-20"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Busch2002-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sen2014-1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Busch2002-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hilgevoord-14"},{"link_name":"Yakir Aharonov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakir_Aharonov"},{"link_name":"David Bohm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bohm"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Busch2002-12"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HilgevoordConfusion-20"},{"link_name":"positive operator-valued measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POVM"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Busch2002-12"}],"sub_title":"Time in quantum mechanics","text":"The concept of \"time\" in quantum mechanics offers many challenges.[20] There is no quantum theory of time measurement; relativity is both fundamental to time and difficult to include in quantum mechanics.[12] While position and momentum are associated with a single particle, time is a system property: it has no operator needed for the Robertson–Schrödinger relation.[1] The mathematical treatment of stable and unstable quantum systems differ.[21] These factors combine to make energy–time uncertainty principles controversial.Three notions of \"time\" can be distinguished:[12] external, intrinsic, and observable. External or laboratory time is seen by the experimenter; intrinsic time is inferred by changes in dynamic variables, like the hands of a clock or the motion of a free particle; observable time concerns time as an observable, the measurement of time-separated events.An external-time energy–time uncertainty principle might say that measuring the energy of a quantum system to an accuracy \n \n \n \n Δ\n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta E}\n \n requires a time interval \n \n \n \n Δ\n t\n >\n h\n \n /\n \n Δ\n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta t>h/\\Delta E}\n \n.[14] However, Yakir Aharonov and David Bohm[22][12] have shown that, in some quantum systems, energy can be measured accurately within an arbitrarily short time: external-time uncertainty principles are not universal.Intrinsic time is the basis for several formulations of energy–time uncertainty relations, including the Mandelstam–Tamm relation discussed in the next section. A physical system with an intrinsic time closely matching the external laboratory time is called a \"clock\".[20]: 31Observable time, measuring time between two events, remains a challenge for quantum theories; some progress has been made using positive operator-valued measure concepts.[12]","title":"Energy–time uncertainty principle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leonid Mandelstam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Mandelstam"},{"link_name":"Igor Tamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Tamm"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Busch2002-12"},{"link_name":"Ehrenfest theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehrenfest_theorem"},{"link_name":"Robertson uncertainty relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Robertson%E2%80%93Schr%C3%B6dinger_uncertainty_relations"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GriffithsSchroeter2018-25"},{"link_name":"Delta particle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_particle"},{"link_name":"mass equivalent to energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GriffithsSchroeter2018-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GriffithsSchroeter2018-25"}],"sub_title":"Mandelstam–Tamm","text":"In 1945, Leonid Mandelstam and Igor Tamm derived a non-relativistic time–energy uncertainty relation as follows.[23][12] From Heisenberg mechanics, the generalized Ehrenfest theorem for an observable B without explicit time dependence, represented by a self-adjoint operator \n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {B}}}\n \n relates time dependence of the average value of \n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {B}}}\n \n to the average of its commutator with the Hamiltonian:d\n ⟨\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n \n \n d\n t\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n i\n ℏ\n \n \n ⟨\n [\n \n \n \n H\n ^\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ]\n ⟩\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {d\\langle {\\hat {B}}\\rangle }{dt}}={\\frac {i}{\\hbar }}\\langle [{\\hat {H}},{\\hat {B}}]\\rangle .}The value of \n \n \n \n ⟨\n [\n \n \n \n H\n ^\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ]\n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle [{\\hat {H}},{\\hat {B}}]\\rangle }\n \n is then substituted in the Robertson uncertainty relation for the energy operator \n \n \n \n \n \n \n H\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {H}}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {B}}}\n \n:σ\n \n H\n \n \n \n σ\n \n B\n \n \n ≥\n \n |\n \n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n i\n \n \n \n ⟨\n [\n \n \n \n H\n ^\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ]\n ⟩\n \n |\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{H}\\sigma _{B}\\geq \\left|{\\frac {1}{2i}}\\langle [{\\hat {H}},{\\hat {B}}]\\rangle \\right|,}σ\n \n H\n \n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n B\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n d\n ⟨\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n \n \n d\n t\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n ≥\n \n \n ℏ\n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{H}{\\frac {\\sigma _{B}}{\\left|{\\frac {d\\langle {\\hat {B}}\\rangle }{dt}}\\right|}}\\geq {\\frac {\\hbar }{2}}}σ\n \n H\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{H}}σ\n \n B\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{B}}Δ\n E\n ≡\n \n σ\n \n E\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta E\\equiv \\sigma _{E}}τ\n \n B\n \n \n ≡\n \n \n \n σ\n \n B\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n d\n ⟨\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n \n \n d\n t\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\tau _{B}\\equiv {\\frac {\\sigma _{B}}{\\left|{\\frac {d\\langle {\\hat {B}}\\rangle }{dt}}\\right|}}}Δ\n E\n \n τ\n \n B\n \n \n ≥\n \n \n ℏ\n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta E\\tau _{B}\\geq {\\frac {\\hbar }{2}}.}τ\n \n B\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\tau _{B}}tSchrödinger equationτ\n \n B\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\tau _{B}}⟨\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle {\\hat {B}}\\rangle ,}[24]The time a free quantum particle passes a point in space is more uncertain as the energy of the state is more precisely controlled: \n \n \n \n Δ\n T\n =\n ℏ\n \n /\n \n 2\n Δ\n E\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta T=\\hbar /2\\Delta E.}\n \n Since the time spread is related to the particle position spread and the energy spread is related to the momentum spread, this relation is directly related to position–momentum uncertainty.[25]: 144 \nA Delta particle, a quasistable composite of quarks related to protons and neutrons, has a lifetime of 10−23 s, so its measured mass equivalent to energy, 1232 MeV/c2, varies by ±120 MeV/c2; this variation is intrinsic and not caused by measurement errors.[25]: 144 \nTwo energy states \n \n \n \n \n ψ\n \n 1\n ,\n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\psi _{1,2}}\n \n with energies \n \n \n \n \n E\n \n 1\n ,\n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E_{1,2},}\n \n superimposed to create a composite stateΨ\n (\n x\n ,\n t\n )\n =\n a\n \n ψ\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n e\n \n −\n i\n \n E\n \n 1\n \n \n t\n \n /\n \n h\n \n \n +\n b\n \n ψ\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n e\n \n −\n i\n \n E\n \n 2\n \n \n t\n \n /\n \n h\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Psi (x,t)=a\\psi _{1}(x)e^{-iE_{1}t/h}+b\\psi _{2}(x)e^{-iE_{2}t/h}.}\n \n\nThe probability amplitude of this state has a time-dependent interference term:\n\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n Ψ\n (\n x\n ,\n t\n )\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n ψ\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n b\n \n 2\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n ψ\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 2\n a\n b\n cos\n \n (\n \n \n \n \n E\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n E\n \n 1\n \n \n \n ℏ\n \n \n t\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |\\Psi (x,t)|^{2}=a^{2}|\\psi _{1}(x)|^{2}+b^{2}|\\psi _{2}(x)|^{2}+2ab\\cos({\\frac {E_{2}-E_{1}}{\\hbar }}t).}\n \n\nThe oscillation period varies inversely with the energy difference: \n \n \n \n τ\n =\n 2\n π\n ℏ\n \n /\n \n (\n \n E\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n E\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\tau =2\\pi \\hbar /(E_{2}-E_{1})}\n \n.[25]: 144Each example has a different meaning for the time uncertainty, according to the observable and state used.","title":"Energy–time uncertainty principle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"quantum field theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theory"},{"link_name":"virtual particles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_particles"},{"link_name":"conservation of energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energy"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GriffithsSchroeter2018-25"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sen2014-1"}],"sub_title":"Quantum field theory","text":"Some formulations of quantum field theory uses temporary electron–positron pairs in its calculations called virtual particles. The mass-energy and lifetime of these particles are related by the energy–time uncertainty relation. The energy of a quantum systems is not known with enough precision to limit their behavior to a single, simple history. Thus the influence of all histories must be incorporated into quantum calculations, including those with much greater or much less energy than the mean of the measured/calculated energy distribution.The energy–time uncertainty principle does not temporarily violate conservation of energy; it does not imply that energy can be \"borrowed\" from the universe as long as it is \"returned\" within a short amount of time.[25]: 145 The energy of the universe is not an exactly known parameter at all times.[1] When events transpire at very short time intervals, there is uncertainty in the energy of these events.","title":"Energy–time uncertainty principle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozawa2003-27"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"observer effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_effect_(physics)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"wave-like systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rozema-31"},{"link_name":"matter wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_wave"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nptel-33"}],"text":"Historically, the uncertainty principle has been confused[26][27] with a related effect in physics, called the observer effect, which notes that measurements of certain systems cannot be made without affecting the system,[28][29] that is, without changing something in a system. Heisenberg used such an observer effect at the quantum level (see below) as a physical \"explanation\" of quantum uncertainty.[30] It has since become clearer, however, that the uncertainty principle is inherent in the properties of all wave-like systems,[31] and that it arises in quantum mechanics simply due to the matter wave nature of all quantum objects.[32] Thus, the uncertainty principle actually states a fundamental property of quantum systems and is not a statement about the observational success of current technology.[33]","title":"Intrinsic quantum uncertainty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Howard Percy Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Percy_Robertson"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robertson1929-34"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sen2014-1"},{"link_name":"Hermitian operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-adjoint_operator"},{"link_name":"Erwin Schrödinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schrodinger1930-36"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sen2014-1"},{"link_name":"Schrödinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robertson1929-34"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schrodinger1930-36"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GriffithsSchroeter2018-25"},{"link_name":"variance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance"},{"link_name":"Cauchy–Schwarz inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%E2%80%93Schwarz_inequality"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Riley2006-37"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#math_1"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#math_4"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#math_2"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"unbounded operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbounded_operator"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hall2013-39"},{"link_name":"variational method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variational_method"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackiw-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CarruthersNieto-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hall2013-39"},{"link_name":"self-adjoint operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-adjoint_operator#Self-adjoint_operators"},{"link_name":"symmetric operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-adjoint_operator#Symmetric_operators"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Starting with Kennard's derivation of position-momentum uncertainty, Howard Percy Robertson developed[34][1] a formulation for arbitrary Hermitian operator operators \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {\\mathcal {O}}}}\n \n expressed in terms of their standard deviationσ\n \n \n O\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n ⟨\n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n ^\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n ⟩\n −\n ⟨\n \n \n \n \n O\n \n ^\n \n \n \n \n ⟩\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{\\mathcal {O}}={\\sqrt {\\langle {\\hat {\\mathcal {O}}}^{2}\\rangle -\\langle {\\hat {\\mathcal {O}}}\\rangle ^{2}}},}⟨\n \n \n O\n \n \n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle {\\mathcal {O}}\\rangle }expectation valueA\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {A}}}B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {B}}}commutator[\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ]\n =\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [{\\hat {A}},{\\hat {B}}]={\\hat {A}}{\\hat {B}}-{\\hat {B}}{\\hat {A}},}and the Robertson uncertainty relation is given byσ\n \n A\n \n \n \n σ\n \n B\n \n \n ≥\n \n |\n \n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n i\n \n \n \n ⟨\n [\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ]\n ⟩\n \n |\n \n =\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n |\n \n ⟨\n [\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ]\n ⟩\n \n |\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{A}\\sigma _{B}\\geq \\left|{\\frac {1}{2i}}\\langle [{\\hat {A}},{\\hat {B}}]\\rangle \\right|={\\frac {1}{2}}\\left|\\langle [{\\hat {A}},{\\hat {B}}]\\rangle \\right|,}Erwin Schrödinger[35] showed how to allow for correlation between the operators, giving a stronger inequality, known as the Robertson-Schrödinger uncertainty relation,[36][1]σ\n \n A\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n σ\n \n B\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ≥\n \n \n |\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n ⟨\n {\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n }\n ⟩\n −\n ⟨\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n ⟨\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n \n |\n \n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n i\n \n \n \n ⟨\n [\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ]\n ⟩\n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{A}^{2}\\sigma _{B}^{2}\\geq \\left|{\\frac {1}{2}}\\langle \\{{\\hat {A}},{\\hat {B}}\\}\\rangle -\\langle {\\hat {A}}\\rangle \\langle {\\hat {B}}\\rangle \\right|^{2}+\\left|{\\frac {1}{2i}}\\langle [{\\hat {A}},{\\hat {B}}]\\rangle \\right|^{2},}where the anticommutator, \n \n \n \n {\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n }\n =\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{{\\hat {A}},{\\hat {B}}\\}={\\hat {A}}{\\hat {B}}+{\\hat {B}}{\\hat {A}}}\n \n is used.Proof of the Schrödinger uncertainty relation\nThe derivation shown here incorporates and builds off of those shown in Robertson,[34] Schrödinger[36] and standard textbooks such as Griffiths.[25]: 138 For any Hermitian operator \n \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {A}}}\n \n, based upon the definition of variance, we have\n\n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n A\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n ⟨\n (\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n −\n ⟨\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n )\n Ψ\n \n |\n \n (\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n −\n ⟨\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n )\n Ψ\n ⟩\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{A}^{2}=\\langle ({\\hat {A}}-\\langle {\\hat {A}}\\rangle )\\Psi |({\\hat {A}}-\\langle {\\hat {A}}\\rangle )\\Psi \\rangle .}\n \n\nwe let \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n f\n ⟩\n =\n \n |\n \n (\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n −\n ⟨\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n )\n Ψ\n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |f\\rangle =|({\\hat {A}}-\\langle {\\hat {A}}\\rangle )\\Psi \\rangle }\n \n and thus\n\n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n A\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n ⟨\n f\n ∣\n f\n ⟩\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{A}^{2}=\\langle f\\mid f\\rangle \\,.}\n \n\nSimilarly, for any other Hermitian operator \n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {B}}}\n \n in the same state\n\n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n B\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n ⟨\n (\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n −\n ⟨\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n )\n Ψ\n \n |\n \n (\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n −\n ⟨\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n )\n Ψ\n ⟩\n =\n ⟨\n g\n ∣\n g\n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{B}^{2}=\\langle ({\\hat {B}}-\\langle {\\hat {B}}\\rangle )\\Psi |({\\hat {B}}-\\langle {\\hat {B}}\\rangle )\\Psi \\rangle =\\langle g\\mid g\\rangle }\n \n\nfor \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n g\n ⟩\n =\n \n |\n \n (\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n −\n ⟨\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n )\n Ψ\n ⟩\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |g\\rangle =|({\\hat {B}}-\\langle {\\hat {B}}\\rangle )\\Psi \\rangle .}\n \n\nThe product of the two deviations can thus be expressed as\n\n\n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n A\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n σ\n \n B\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n ⟨\n f\n ∣\n f\n ⟩\n ⟨\n g\n ∣\n g\n ⟩\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{A}^{2}\\sigma _{B}^{2}=\\langle f\\mid f\\rangle \\langle g\\mid g\\rangle .}\n \n (1)\nIn order to relate the two vectors \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n f\n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |f\\rangle }\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n g\n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |g\\rangle }\n \n, we use the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality[37] which is defined as\n\n \n \n \n ⟨\n f\n ∣\n f\n ⟩\n ⟨\n g\n ∣\n g\n ⟩\n ≥\n \n |\n \n ⟨\n f\n ∣\n g\n ⟩\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle f\\mid f\\rangle \\langle g\\mid g\\rangle \\geq |\\langle f\\mid g\\rangle |^{2},}\n \n\nand thus Equation (1) can be written as\n\n\n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n A\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n σ\n \n B\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ≥\n \n |\n \n ⟨\n f\n ∣\n g\n ⟩\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{A}^{2}\\sigma _{B}^{2}\\geq |\\langle f\\mid g\\rangle |^{2}.}\n \n (2)\nSince \n \n \n \n ⟨\n f\n ∣\n g\n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle f\\mid g\\rangle }\n \n is in general a complex number, we use the fact that the modulus squared of any complex number \n \n \n \n z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z}\n \n is defined as \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n z\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n z\n \n z\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |z|^{2}=zz^{*}}\n \n, where \n \n \n \n \n z\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle z^{*}}\n \n is the complex conjugate of \n \n \n \n z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z}\n \n. The modulus squared can also be expressed as\n\n\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n z\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n Re\n \n (\n z\n )\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n \n (\n \n \n Im\n \n (\n z\n )\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n \n z\n +\n \n z\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n \n z\n −\n \n z\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n 2\n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |z|^{2}={\\Big (}\\operatorname {Re} (z){\\Big )}^{2}+{\\Big (}\\operatorname {Im} (z){\\Big )}^{2}={\\Big (}{\\frac {z+z^{\\ast }}{2}}{\\Big )}^{2}+{\\Big (}{\\frac {z-z^{\\ast }}{2i}}{\\Big )}^{2}.}\n \n (3)\nwe let \n \n \n \n z\n =\n ⟨\n f\n ∣\n g\n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z=\\langle f\\mid g\\rangle }\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n z\n \n ∗\n \n \n =\n ⟨\n g\n ∣\n f\n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z^{*}=\\langle g\\mid f\\rangle }\n \n and substitute these into the equation above to get\n\n\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n ⟨\n f\n ∣\n g\n ⟩\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n \n ⟨\n f\n ∣\n g\n ⟩\n +\n ⟨\n g\n ∣\n f\n ⟩\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n \n ⟨\n f\n ∣\n g\n ⟩\n −\n ⟨\n g\n ∣\n f\n ⟩\n \n \n 2\n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |\\langle f\\mid g\\rangle |^{2}={\\bigg (}{\\frac {\\langle f\\mid g\\rangle +\\langle g\\mid f\\rangle }{2}}{\\bigg )}^{2}+{\\bigg (}{\\frac {\\langle f\\mid g\\rangle -\\langle g\\mid f\\rangle }{2i}}{\\bigg )}^{2}}\n \n (4)\nThe inner product \n \n \n \n ⟨\n f\n ∣\n g\n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle f\\mid g\\rangle }\n \n is written out explicitly as\n\n \n \n \n ⟨\n f\n ∣\n g\n ⟩\n =\n ⟨\n (\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n −\n ⟨\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n )\n Ψ\n \n |\n \n (\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n −\n ⟨\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n )\n Ψ\n ⟩\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle f\\mid g\\rangle =\\langle ({\\hat {A}}-\\langle {\\hat {A}}\\rangle )\\Psi |({\\hat {B}}-\\langle {\\hat {B}}\\rangle )\\Psi \\rangle ,}\n \n\nand using the fact that \n \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {A}}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {B}}}\n \n are Hermitian operators, we find\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ⟨\n f\n ∣\n g\n ⟩\n \n \n \n =\n ⟨\n Ψ\n \n |\n \n (\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n −\n ⟨\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n )\n (\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n −\n ⟨\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n )\n Ψ\n ⟩\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n ⟨\n Ψ\n ∣\n (\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟨\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n −\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟨\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n +\n ⟨\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n ⟨\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n )\n Ψ\n ⟩\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n ⟨\n Ψ\n ∣\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n Ψ\n ⟩\n −\n ⟨\n Ψ\n ∣\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟨\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n Ψ\n ⟩\n −\n ⟨\n Ψ\n ∣\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟨\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n Ψ\n ⟩\n +\n ⟨\n Ψ\n ∣\n ⟨\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n ⟨\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n Ψ\n ⟩\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n ⟨\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n −\n ⟨\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n ⟨\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n −\n ⟨\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n ⟨\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n +\n ⟨\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n ⟨\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n ⟨\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n −\n ⟨\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n ⟨\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}\\langle f\\mid g\\rangle &=\\langle \\Psi |({\\hat {A}}-\\langle {\\hat {A}}\\rangle )({\\hat {B}}-\\langle {\\hat {B}}\\rangle )\\Psi \\rangle \\\\[4pt]&=\\langle \\Psi \\mid ({\\hat {A}}{\\hat {B}}-{\\hat {A}}\\langle {\\hat {B}}\\rangle -{\\hat {B}}\\langle {\\hat {A}}\\rangle +\\langle {\\hat {A}}\\rangle \\langle {\\hat {B}}\\rangle )\\Psi \\rangle \\\\[4pt]&=\\langle \\Psi \\mid {\\hat {A}}{\\hat {B}}\\Psi \\rangle -\\langle \\Psi \\mid {\\hat {A}}\\langle {\\hat {B}}\\rangle \\Psi \\rangle -\\langle \\Psi \\mid {\\hat {B}}\\langle {\\hat {A}}\\rangle \\Psi \\rangle +\\langle \\Psi \\mid \\langle {\\hat {A}}\\rangle \\langle {\\hat {B}}\\rangle \\Psi \\rangle \\\\[4pt]&=\\langle {\\hat {A}}{\\hat {B}}\\rangle -\\langle {\\hat {A}}\\rangle \\langle {\\hat {B}}\\rangle -\\langle {\\hat {A}}\\rangle \\langle {\\hat {B}}\\rangle +\\langle {\\hat {A}}\\rangle \\langle {\\hat {B}}\\rangle \\\\[4pt]&=\\langle {\\hat {A}}{\\hat {B}}\\rangle -\\langle {\\hat {A}}\\rangle \\langle {\\hat {B}}\\rangle .\\end{aligned}}}\n \n\nSimilarly it can be shown that \n \n \n \n ⟨\n g\n ∣\n f\n ⟩\n =\n ⟨\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n −\n ⟨\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n ⟨\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle g\\mid f\\rangle =\\langle {\\hat {B}}{\\hat {A}}\\rangle -\\langle {\\hat {A}}\\rangle \\langle {\\hat {B}}\\rangle .}\n \n\nThus, we have\n\n \n \n \n ⟨\n f\n ∣\n g\n ⟩\n −\n ⟨\n g\n ∣\n f\n ⟩\n =\n ⟨\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n −\n ⟨\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n ⟨\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n −\n ⟨\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n +\n ⟨\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n ⟨\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n =\n ⟨\n [\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ]\n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle f\\mid g\\rangle -\\langle g\\mid f\\rangle =\\langle {\\hat {A}}{\\hat {B}}\\rangle -\\langle {\\hat {A}}\\rangle \\langle {\\hat {B}}\\rangle -\\langle {\\hat {B}}{\\hat {A}}\\rangle +\\langle {\\hat {A}}\\rangle \\langle {\\hat {B}}\\rangle =\\langle [{\\hat {A}},{\\hat {B}}]\\rangle }\n \n\nand\n\n \n \n \n ⟨\n f\n ∣\n g\n ⟩\n +\n ⟨\n g\n ∣\n f\n ⟩\n =\n ⟨\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n −\n ⟨\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n ⟨\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n +\n ⟨\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n −\n ⟨\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n ⟨\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n =\n ⟨\n {\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n }\n ⟩\n −\n 2\n ⟨\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n ⟨\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle f\\mid g\\rangle +\\langle g\\mid f\\rangle =\\langle {\\hat {A}}{\\hat {B}}\\rangle -\\langle {\\hat {A}}\\rangle \\langle {\\hat {B}}\\rangle +\\langle {\\hat {B}}{\\hat {A}}\\rangle -\\langle {\\hat {A}}\\rangle \\langle {\\hat {B}}\\rangle =\\langle \\{{\\hat {A}},{\\hat {B}}\\}\\rangle -2\\langle {\\hat {A}}\\rangle \\langle {\\hat {B}}\\rangle .}\n \n\nWe now substitute the above two equations above back into Eq. (4) and get\n\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n ⟨\n f\n ∣\n g\n ⟩\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n ⟨\n {\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n }\n ⟩\n −\n ⟨\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n ⟨\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n i\n \n \n \n ⟨\n [\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ]\n ⟩\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |\\langle f\\mid g\\rangle |^{2}={\\Big (}{\\frac {1}{2}}\\langle \\{{\\hat {A}},{\\hat {B}}\\}\\rangle -\\langle {\\hat {A}}\\rangle \\langle {\\hat {B}}\\rangle {\\Big )}^{2}+{\\Big (}{\\frac {1}{2i}}\\langle [{\\hat {A}},{\\hat {B}}]\\rangle {\\Big )}^{2}\\,.}\n \n\nSubstituting the above into Equation (2) we get the Schrödinger uncertainty relation\n\n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n A\n \n \n \n σ\n \n B\n \n \n ≥\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n ⟨\n {\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n }\n ⟩\n −\n ⟨\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n ⟨\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ⟩\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n i\n \n \n \n ⟨\n [\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ]\n ⟩\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{A}\\sigma _{B}\\geq {\\sqrt {{\\Big (}{\\frac {1}{2}}\\langle \\{{\\hat {A}},{\\hat {B}}\\}\\rangle -\\langle {\\hat {A}}\\rangle \\langle {\\hat {B}}\\rangle {\\Big )}^{2}+{\\Big (}{\\frac {1}{2i}}\\langle [{\\hat {A}},{\\hat {B}}]\\rangle {\\Big )}^{2}}}.}\n \n\nThis proof has an issue[38] related to the domains of the operators involved. For the proof to make sense, the vector \n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n Ψ\n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {B}}|\\Psi \\rangle }\n \n has to be in the domain of the unbounded operator \n \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {A}}}\n \n, which is not always the case. In fact, the Robertson uncertainty relation is false if \n \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {A}}}\n \n is an angle variable and \n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {B}}}\n \n is the derivative with respect to this variable. In this example, the commutator is a nonzero constant—just as in the Heisenberg uncertainty relation—and yet there are states where the product of the uncertainties is zero.[39] (See the counterexample section below.) This issue can be overcome by using a variational method for the proof,[40][41] or by working with an exponentiated version of the canonical commutation relations.[39]\nNote that in the general form of the Robertson–Schrödinger uncertainty relation, there is no need to assume that the operators \n \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {A}}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {B}}}\n \n are self-adjoint operators. It suffices to assume that they are merely symmetric operators. (The distinction between these two notions is generally glossed over in the physics literature, where the term Hermitian is used for either or both classes of operators. See Chapter 9 of Hall's book[42] for a detailed discussion of this important but technical distinction.)","title":"Mathematical formalism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mixed states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_matrix"}],"sub_title":"Mixed states","text":"The Robertson–Schrödinger uncertainty relation may be generalized in a straightforward way to describe mixed states.σ\n \n A\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n σ\n \n B\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ≥\n \n \n |\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n tr\n \n (\n ρ\n {\n A\n ,\n B\n }\n )\n −\n tr\n \n (\n ρ\n A\n )\n tr\n \n (\n ρ\n B\n )\n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n \n |\n \n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n i\n \n \n \n tr\n \n (\n ρ\n [\n A\n ,\n B\n ]\n )\n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{A}^{2}\\sigma _{B}^{2}\\geq \\left|{\\frac {1}{2}}\\operatorname {tr} (\\rho \\{A,B\\})-\\operatorname {tr} (\\rho A)\\operatorname {tr} (\\rho B)\\right|^{2}+\\left|{\\frac {1}{2i}}\\operatorname {tr} (\\rho [A,B])\\right|^{2}.}","title":"Mathematical formalism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arun K. Pati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arun_K._Pati"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"The Maccone–Pati uncertainty relations","text":"The Robertson–Schrödinger uncertainty relation can be trivial if the state of the system is chosen to be eigenstate of one of the observable. The stronger uncertainty relations proved by Lorenzo Maccone and Arun K. Pati give non-trivial bounds on the sum of the variances for two incompatible observables.[43] (Earlier works on uncertainty relations formulated as the sum of variances include, e.g., Ref.[44] due to Yichen Huang.) For two non-commuting observables \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n and \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n the first stronger uncertainty relation is given byσ\n \n A\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n σ\n \n B\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ≥\n ±\n i\n ⟨\n Ψ\n ∣\n [\n A\n ,\n B\n ]\n \n |\n \n Ψ\n ⟩\n +\n ∣\n ⟨\n Ψ\n ∣\n (\n A\n ±\n i\n B\n )\n ∣\n \n \n \n Ψ\n ¯\n \n \n \n ⟩\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{A}^{2}+\\sigma _{B}^{2}\\geq \\pm i\\langle \\Psi \\mid [A,B]|\\Psi \\rangle +\\mid \\langle \\Psi \\mid (A\\pm iB)\\mid {\\bar {\\Psi }}\\rangle |^{2},}σ\n \n A\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n ⟨\n Ψ\n \n |\n \n \n A\n \n 2\n \n \n \n |\n \n Ψ\n ⟩\n −\n ⟨\n Ψ\n ∣\n A\n ∣\n Ψ\n \n ⟩\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{A}^{2}=\\langle \\Psi |A^{2}|\\Psi \\rangle -\\langle \\Psi \\mid A\\mid \\Psi \\rangle ^{2}}σ\n \n B\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n ⟨\n Ψ\n \n |\n \n \n B\n \n 2\n \n \n \n |\n \n Ψ\n ⟩\n −\n ⟨\n Ψ\n ∣\n B\n ∣\n Ψ\n \n ⟩\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{B}^{2}=\\langle \\Psi |B^{2}|\\Psi \\rangle -\\langle \\Psi \\mid B\\mid \\Psi \\rangle ^{2}}|\n \n \n \n \n Ψ\n ¯\n \n \n \n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |{\\bar {\\Psi }}\\rangle }|\n \n Ψ\n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |\\Psi \\rangle }±\n i\n ⟨\n Ψ\n ∣\n [\n A\n ,\n B\n ]\n ∣\n Ψ\n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pm i\\langle \\Psi \\mid [A,B]\\mid \\Psi \\rangle }The second stronger uncertainty relation is given byσ\n \n A\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n σ\n \n B\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ≥\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n |\n \n ⟨\n \n \n \n \n Ψ\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n A\n +\n B\n \n \n ∣\n (\n A\n +\n B\n )\n ∣\n Ψ\n ⟩\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{A}^{2}+\\sigma _{B}^{2}\\geq {\\frac {1}{2}}|\\langle {\\bar {\\Psi }}_{A+B}\\mid (A+B)\\mid \\Psi \\rangle |^{2}}|\n \n \n \n \n \n Ψ\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n A\n +\n B\n \n \n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |{\\bar {\\Psi }}_{A+B}\\rangle }|\n \n Ψ\n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |\\Psi \\rangle }|\n \n \n \n \n \n Ψ\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n A\n +\n B\n \n \n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |{\\bar {\\Psi }}_{A+B}\\rangle }|\n \n Ψ\n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |\\Psi \\rangle }(\n A\n +\n B\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (A+B)}|\n \n Ψ\n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |\\Psi \\rangle }(\n A\n +\n B\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (A+B)}A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}|\n \n Ψ\n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |\\Psi \\rangle }|\n \n Ψ\n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |\\Psi \\rangle }","title":"Mathematical formalism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PhysRevResearch21-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PhysRevResearch21-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PhysRevResearch21-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Improving the Robertson–Schrödinger uncertainty relation based on decompositions of the density matrix","text":"The Robertson–Schrödinger uncertainty can be improved noting that it must hold for all components \n \n \n \n \n ϱ\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varrho _{k}}\n \n in any decomposition of the density matrix given asϱ\n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n \n \n \n p\n \n k\n \n \n \n ϱ\n \n k\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varrho =\\sum _{k}p_{k}\\varrho _{k}.}p\n \n k\n \n \n ≥\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p_{k}\\geq 0}∑\n \n k\n \n \n \n p\n \n k\n \n \n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{k}p_{k}=1}∑\n \n k\n \n \n \n a\n \n k\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n \n \n \n b\n \n k\n \n \n ≥\n \n \n (\n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n k\n \n \n \n b\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{k}a_{k}\\sum _{k}b_{k}\\geq \\left(\\sum _{k}{\\sqrt {a_{k}b_{k}}}\\right)^{2}}a\n \n k\n \n \n ,\n \n b\n \n k\n \n \n ≥\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{k},b_{k}\\geq 0}[45]σ\n \n A\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n σ\n \n B\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ≥\n \n \n [\n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n \n \n \n p\n \n k\n \n \n L\n (\n \n ϱ\n \n k\n \n \n )\n \n ]\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{A}^{2}\\sigma _{B}^{2}\\geq \\left[\\sum _{k}p_{k}L(\\varrho _{k})\\right]^{2},}L\n (\n ϱ\n )\n =\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n tr\n \n (\n ρ\n {\n A\n ,\n B\n }\n )\n −\n tr\n \n (\n ρ\n A\n )\n tr\n \n (\n ρ\n B\n )\n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n \n |\n \n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n i\n \n \n \n tr\n \n (\n ρ\n [\n A\n ,\n B\n ]\n )\n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L(\\varrho )={\\sqrt {\\left|{\\frac {1}{2}}\\operatorname {tr} (\\rho \\{A,B\\})-\\operatorname {tr} (\\rho A)\\operatorname {tr} (\\rho B)\\right|^{2}+\\left|{\\frac {1}{2i}}\\operatorname {tr} (\\rho [A,B])\\right|^{2}}}.}σ\n \n A\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n σ\n \n B\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ≥\n \n \n [\n \n \n max\n \n \n p\n \n k\n \n \n ,\n \n ϱ\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n \n \n \n p\n \n k\n \n \n L\n (\n \n ϱ\n \n k\n \n \n )\n \n ]\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{A}^{2}\\sigma _{B}^{2}\\geq \\left[\\max _{p_{k},\\varrho _{k}}\\sum _{k}p_{k}L(\\varrho _{k})\\right]^{2},}[45]With similar arguments, one can derive a relation with a convex roof on the right-hand side[45]σ\n \n A\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n F\n \n Q\n \n \n [\n ϱ\n ,\n B\n ]\n ≥\n 4\n \n \n [\n \n \n min\n \n \n p\n \n k\n \n \n ,\n \n Ψ\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n \n \n \n p\n \n k\n \n \n L\n (\n |\n \n Ψ\n \n k\n \n \n ⟩\n ⟨\n \n Ψ\n \n k\n \n \n |\n )\n \n ]\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{A}^{2}F_{Q}[\\varrho ,B]\\geq 4\\left[\\min _{p_{k},\\Psi _{k}}\\sum _{k}p_{k}L(\\vert \\Psi _{k}\\rangle \\langle \\Psi _{k}\\vert )\\right]^{2}}F\n \n Q\n \n \n [\n ϱ\n ,\n B\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F_{Q}[\\varrho ,B]}quantum Fisher informationϱ\n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n \n \n \n p\n \n k\n \n \n |\n \n Ψ\n \n k\n \n \n ⟩\n ⟨\n \n Ψ\n \n k\n \n \n |\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varrho =\\sum _{k}p_{k}\\vert \\Psi _{k}\\rangle \\langle \\Psi _{k}\\vert .}quantum Fisher information[46][47]A simpler inequality follows without a convex roof[48]σ\n \n A\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n F\n \n Q\n \n \n [\n ϱ\n ,\n B\n ]\n ≥\n |\n ⟨\n i\n [\n A\n ,\n B\n ]\n ⟩\n \n |\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{A}^{2}F_{Q}[\\varrho ,B]\\geq \\vert \\langle i[A,B]\\rangle \\vert ^{2},}F\n \n Q\n \n \n [\n ϱ\n ,\n B\n ]\n ≤\n 4\n \n σ\n \n B\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F_{Q}[\\varrho ,B]\\leq 4\\sigma _{B},}","title":"Mathematical formalism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phase space formulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_space_formulation"},{"link_name":"Wigner function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigner_quasi-probability_distribution"},{"link_name":"star product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyal_product"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"determinant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinant"}],"sub_title":"Phase space","text":"In the phase space formulation of quantum mechanics, the Robertson–Schrödinger relation follows from a positivity condition on a real star-square function. Given a Wigner function \n \n \n \n W\n (\n x\n ,\n p\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle W(x,p)}\n \n with star product ★ and a function f, the following is generally true:[49]⟨\n \n f\n \n ∗\n \n \n ⋆\n f\n ⟩\n =\n ∫\n (\n \n f\n \n ∗\n \n \n ⋆\n f\n )\n \n W\n (\n x\n ,\n p\n )\n \n d\n x\n \n d\n p\n ≥\n 0\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle f^{*}\\star f\\rangle =\\int (f^{*}\\star f)\\,W(x,p)\\,dx\\,dp\\geq 0~.}Choosing \n \n \n \n f\n =\n a\n +\n b\n x\n +\n c\n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f=a+bx+cp}\n \n, we arrive at⟨\n \n f\n \n ∗\n \n \n ⋆\n f\n ⟩\n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n a\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n \n b\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n ⟨\n x\n ⟩\n \n \n ⟨\n p\n ⟩\n \n \n \n \n ⟨\n x\n ⟩\n \n \n ⟨\n x\n ⋆\n x\n ⟩\n \n \n ⟨\n x\n ⋆\n p\n ⟩\n \n \n \n \n ⟨\n p\n ⟩\n \n \n ⟨\n p\n ⋆\n x\n ⟩\n \n \n ⟨\n p\n ⋆\n p\n ⟩\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n a\n \n \n \n \n b\n \n \n \n \n c\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n ≥\n 0\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle f^{*}\\star f\\rangle ={\\begin{bmatrix}a^{*}&b^{*}&c^{*}\\end{bmatrix}}{\\begin{bmatrix}1&\\langle x\\rangle &\\langle p\\rangle \\\\\\langle x\\rangle &\\langle x\\star x\\rangle &\\langle x\\star p\\rangle \\\\\\langle p\\rangle &\\langle p\\star x\\rangle &\\langle p\\star p\\rangle \\end{bmatrix}}{\\begin{bmatrix}a\\\\b\\\\c\\end{bmatrix}}\\geq 0~.}Since this positivity condition is true for all a, b, and c, it follows that all the eigenvalues of the matrix are non-negative.The non-negative eigenvalues then imply a corresponding non-negativity condition on the determinant,det\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n ⟨\n x\n ⟩\n \n \n ⟨\n p\n ⟩\n \n \n \n \n ⟨\n x\n ⟩\n \n \n ⟨\n x\n ⋆\n x\n ⟩\n \n \n ⟨\n x\n ⋆\n p\n ⟩\n \n \n \n \n ⟨\n p\n ⟩\n \n \n ⟨\n p\n ⋆\n x\n ⟩\n \n \n ⟨\n p\n ⋆\n p\n ⟩\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n =\n det\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n ⟨\n x\n ⟩\n \n \n ⟨\n p\n ⟩\n \n \n \n \n ⟨\n x\n ⟩\n \n \n ⟨\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ⟩\n \n \n \n ⟨\n \n x\n p\n +\n \n \n \n i\n ℏ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n ⟩\n \n \n \n \n \n ⟨\n p\n ⟩\n \n \n \n ⟨\n \n x\n p\n −\n \n \n \n i\n ℏ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n ⟩\n \n \n \n ⟨\n \n p\n \n 2\n \n \n ⟩\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n ≥\n 0\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\det {\\begin{bmatrix}1&\\langle x\\rangle &\\langle p\\rangle \\\\\\langle x\\rangle &\\langle x\\star x\\rangle &\\langle x\\star p\\rangle \\\\\\langle p\\rangle &\\langle p\\star x\\rangle &\\langle p\\star p\\rangle \\end{bmatrix}}=\\det {\\begin{bmatrix}1&\\langle x\\rangle &\\langle p\\rangle \\\\\\langle x\\rangle &\\langle x^{2}\\rangle &\\left\\langle xp+{\\frac {i\\hbar }{2}}\\right\\rangle \\\\\\langle p\\rangle &\\left\\langle xp-{\\frac {i\\hbar }{2}}\\right\\rangle &\\langle p^{2}\\rangle \\end{bmatrix}}\\geq 0~,}σ\n \n x\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n σ\n \n p\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n (\n \n ⟨\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ⟩\n −\n ⟨\n x\n \n ⟩\n \n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n (\n \n ⟨\n \n p\n \n 2\n \n \n ⟩\n −\n ⟨\n p\n \n ⟩\n \n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n ≥\n \n \n (\n \n ⟨\n x\n p\n ⟩\n −\n ⟨\n x\n ⟩\n ⟨\n p\n ⟩\n \n )\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n ℏ\n \n 2\n \n \n 4\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{x}^{2}\\sigma _{p}^{2}=\\left(\\langle x^{2}\\rangle -\\langle x\\rangle ^{2}\\right)\\left(\\langle p^{2}\\rangle -\\langle p\\rangle ^{2}\\right)\\geq \\left(\\langle xp\\rangle -\\langle x\\rangle \\langle p\\rangle \\right)^{2}+{\\frac {\\hbar ^{2}}{4}}~.}","title":"Mathematical formalism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"total angular momentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_momentum"},{"link_name":"Casimir invariant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_invariant"},{"link_name":"superconductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconductor"},{"link_name":"phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_factor"},{"link_name":"Ginzburg–Landau order parameter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginzburg%E2%80%93Landau_theory"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Examples","text":"Since the Robertson and Schrödinger relations are for general operators, the relations can be applied to any two observables to obtain specific uncertainty relations. A few of the most common relations found in the literature are given below.Position–linear momentum uncertainty relation: for the position and linear momentum operators, the canonical commutation relation \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n x\n ^\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n p\n ^\n \n \n \n ]\n =\n i\n ℏ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [{\\hat {x}},{\\hat {p}}]=i\\hbar }\n \n implies the Kennard inequality from above: \n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n x\n \n \n \n σ\n \n p\n \n \n ≥\n \n \n ℏ\n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{x}\\sigma _{p}\\geq {\\frac {\\hbar }{2}}.}\n \n\nAngular momentum uncertainty relation: For two orthogonal components of the total angular momentum operator of an object: \n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n \n J\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n \n J\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n ≥\n \n \n ℏ\n 2\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n ⟨\n \n J\n \n k\n \n \n ⟩\n \n \n |\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{J_{i}}\\sigma _{J_{j}}\\geq {\\frac {\\hbar }{2}}{\\big |}\\langle J_{k}\\rangle {\\big |},}\n \n where i, j, k are distinct, and Ji denotes angular momentum along the xi axis. This relation implies that unless all three components vanish together, only a single component of a system's angular momentum can be defined with arbitrary precision, normally the component parallel to an external (magnetic or electric) field. Moreover, for \n \n \n \n [\n \n J\n \n x\n \n \n ,\n \n J\n \n y\n \n \n ]\n =\n i\n ℏ\n \n ε\n \n x\n y\n z\n \n \n \n J\n \n z\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle [J_{x},J_{y}]=i\\hbar \\varepsilon _{xyz}J_{z}}\n \n, a choice \n \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n =\n \n J\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {A}}=J_{x}}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n =\n \n J\n \n y\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {B}}=J_{y}}\n \n, in angular momentum multiplets, ψ = |j, m⟩, bounds the Casimir invariant (angular momentum squared, \n \n \n \n ⟨\n \n J\n \n x\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n J\n \n y\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n J\n \n z\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle J_{x}^{2}+J_{y}^{2}+J_{z}^{2}\\rangle }\n \n) from below and thus yields useful constraints such as j(j + 1) ≥ m(m + 1), and hence j ≥ m, among others.For the number of electrons in a superconductor and the phase of its Ginzburg–Landau order parameter[50][51] \n \n \n \n Δ\n N\n \n Δ\n φ\n ≥\n 1.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta N\\,\\Delta \\varphi \\geq 1.}","title":"Mathematical formalism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"particle on a ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_in_a_ring"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hall2013-39"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Limitations","text":"The derivation of the Robertson inequality for operators \n \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {A}}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {B}}}\n \n requires \n \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ψ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {A}}{\\hat {B}}\\psi }\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ψ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {B}}{\\hat {A}}\\psi }\n \n to be defined. There are quantum systems where these conditions are not valid.[52]\nOne example is a quantum particle on a ring, where the wave function depends on an angular variable \n \n \n \n θ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\theta }\n \n in the interval \n \n \n \n [\n 0\n ,\n 2\n π\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [0,2\\pi ]}\n \n. Define \"position\" and \"momentum\" operators \n \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {A}}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {B}}}\n \n byA\n ^\n \n \n \n ψ\n (\n θ\n )\n =\n θ\n ψ\n (\n θ\n )\n ,\n \n θ\n ∈\n [\n 0\n ,\n 2\n π\n ]\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {A}}\\psi (\\theta )=\\theta \\psi (\\theta ),\\quad \\theta \\in [0,2\\pi ],}B\n ^\n \n \n \n ψ\n =\n −\n i\n ℏ\n \n \n \n d\n ψ\n \n \n d\n θ\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {B}}\\psi =-i\\hbar {\\frac {d\\psi }{d\\theta }},}B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {B}}}A\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {A}}}θ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\theta }2\n π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2\\pi }[\n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ]\n =\n i\n ℏ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [{\\hat {A}},{\\hat {B}}]=i\\hbar }A\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ψ\n −\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ψ\n =\n i\n ℏ\n ψ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {A}}{\\hat {B}}\\psi -{\\hat {B}}{\\hat {A}}\\psi =i\\hbar \\psi }A\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n ψ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {A}}{\\hat {B}}\\psi }B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ψ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {B}}{\\hat {A}}\\psi }ψ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\psi }[53]Now let \n \n \n \n ψ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\psi }\n \n be any of the eigenstates of \n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {B}}}\n \n, which are given by \n \n \n \n ψ\n (\n θ\n )\n =\n \n e\n \n 2\n π\n i\n n\n θ\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\psi (\\theta )=e^{2\\pi in\\theta }}\n \n. These states are normalizable, unlike the eigenstates of the momentum operator on the line. Also the operator \n \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {A}}}\n \n is bounded, since \n \n \n \n θ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\theta }\n \n ranges over a bounded interval. Thus, in the state \n \n \n \n ψ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\psi }\n \n, the uncertainty of \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n is zero and the uncertainty of \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n is finite, so thatσ\n \n A\n \n \n \n σ\n \n B\n \n \n =\n 0.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{A}\\sigma _{B}=0.}ψ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\psi }B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {B}}{\\hat {A}}}θ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\theta }B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {B}}}[39]For the usual position and momentum operators \n \n \n \n \n \n \n X\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {X}}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n \n \n P\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {P}}}\n \n on the real line, no such counterexamples can occur. As long as \n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{x}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n p\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{p}}\n \n are defined in the state \n \n \n \n ψ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\psi }\n \n, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle holds, even if \n \n \n \n ψ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\psi }\n \n fails to be in the domain of \n \n \n \n \n \n \n X\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n P\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {X}}{\\hat {P}}}\n \n or of \n \n \n \n \n \n \n P\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n X\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {P}}{\\hat {X}}}\n \n.[54]","title":"Mathematical formalism"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Additional uncertainty relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"quantum metrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_metrology"},{"link_name":"interferometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferometry"},{"link_name":"beam-splitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam-splitter"},{"link_name":"interferometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferometer"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Heisenberg limit","text":"In quantum metrology, and especially interferometry, the Heisenberg limit is the optimal rate at which the accuracy of a measurement can scale with the energy used in the measurement. Typically, this is the measurement of a phase (applied to one arm of a beam-splitter) and the energy is given by the number of photons used in an interferometer. Although some claim to have broken the Heisenberg limit, this reflects disagreement on the definition of the scaling resource.[55] Suitably defined, the Heisenberg limit is a consequence of the basic principles of quantum mechanics and cannot be beaten, although the weak Heisenberg limit can be beaten.[56]","title":"Additional uncertainty relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inaccuracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracy"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozawa2003-27"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rozema-31"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sen2014-1"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"weak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_measurement"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sen2014-1"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Systematic and statistical errors","text":"The inequalities above focus on the statistical imprecision of observables as quantified by the standard deviation \n \n \n \n σ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma }\n \n. Heisenberg's original version, however, was dealing with the systematic error, a disturbance of the quantum system produced by the measuring apparatus, i.e., an observer effect.If we let \n \n \n \n \n ε\n \n A\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varepsilon _{A}}\n \n represent the error (i.e., inaccuracy) of a measurement of an observable A and \n \n \n \n \n η\n \n B\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\eta _{B}}\n \n the disturbance produced on a subsequent measurement of the conjugate variable B by the former measurement of A, then the inequality proposed by Ozawa−encompassing both systematic and statistical errors—holds:[27]ε\n \n A\n \n \n \n \n η\n \n B\n \n \n +\n \n ε\n \n A\n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n B\n \n \n +\n \n σ\n \n A\n \n \n \n \n η\n \n B\n \n \n \n ≥\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n ⟨\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n ⟩\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varepsilon _{A}\\,\\eta _{B}+\\varepsilon _{A}\\,\\sigma _{B}+\\sigma _{A}\\,\\eta _{B}\\,\\geq \\,{\\frac {1}{2}}\\,\\left|{\\Bigl \\langle }{\\bigl [}{\\hat {A}},{\\hat {B}}{\\bigr ]}{\\Bigr \\rangle }\\right|}Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, as originally described in the 1927 formulation, mentions only the first term of Ozawa inequality, regarding the systematic error. Using the notation above to describe the error/disturbance effect of sequential measurements (first A, then B), it could be written asε\n \n A\n \n \n \n \n η\n \n B\n \n \n \n ≥\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n ⟨\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n ⟩\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varepsilon _{A}\\,\\eta _{B}\\,\\geq \\,{\\frac {1}{2}}\\,\\left|{\\Bigl \\langle }{\\bigl [}{\\hat {A}},{\\hat {B}}{\\bigr ]}{\\Bigr \\rangle }\\right|}The formal derivation of the Heisenberg relation is possible but far from intuitive. It was not proposed by Heisenberg, but formulated in a mathematically consistent way only in recent years.[57][58]\nAlso, it must be stressed that the Heisenberg formulation is not taking into account the intrinsic statistical errors \n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n A\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{A}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n B\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{B}}\n \n. There is increasing experimental evidence[31][59][60][61] that the total quantum uncertainty cannot be described by the Heisenberg term alone, but requires the presence of all the three terms of the Ozawa inequality.Using the same formalism,[1] it is also possible to introduce the other kind of physical situation, often confused with the previous one, namely the case of simultaneous measurements (A and B at the same time):ε\n \n A\n \n \n \n \n ε\n \n B\n \n \n \n ≥\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n ⟨\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n ⟩\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varepsilon _{A}\\,\\varepsilon _{B}\\,\\geq \\,{\\frac {1}{2}}\\,\\left|{\\Bigl \\langle }{\\bigl [}{\\hat {A}},{\\hat {B}}{\\bigr ]}{\\Bigr \\rangle }\\right|}The two simultaneous measurements on A and B are necessarily[62] unsharp or weak.It is also possible to derive an uncertainty relation that, as the Ozawa's one, combines both the statistical and systematic error components, but keeps a form very close to the Heisenberg original inequality. By adding Robertson[1]σ\n \n A\n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n B\n \n \n \n ≥\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n ⟨\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n ⟩\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{A}\\,\\sigma _{B}\\,\\geq \\,{\\frac {1}{2}}\\,\\left|{\\Bigl \\langle }{\\bigl [}{\\hat {A}},{\\hat {B}}{\\bigr ]}{\\Bigr \\rangle }\\right|}and Ozawa relations we obtainε\n \n A\n \n \n \n η\n \n B\n \n \n +\n \n ε\n \n A\n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n B\n \n \n +\n \n σ\n \n A\n \n \n \n \n η\n \n B\n \n \n +\n \n σ\n \n A\n \n \n \n σ\n \n B\n \n \n ≥\n \n |\n \n \n \n ⟨\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n ⟩\n \n \n \n |\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varepsilon _{A}\\eta _{B}+\\varepsilon _{A}\\,\\sigma _{B}+\\sigma _{A}\\,\\eta _{B}+\\sigma _{A}\\sigma _{B}\\geq \\left|{\\Bigl \\langle }{\\bigl [}{\\hat {A}},{\\hat {B}}{\\bigr ]}{\\Bigr \\rangle }\\right|.}(\n \n ε\n \n A\n \n \n +\n \n σ\n \n A\n \n \n )\n \n (\n \n η\n \n B\n \n \n +\n \n σ\n \n B\n \n \n )\n \n ≥\n \n \n |\n \n \n \n ⟨\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n ⟩\n \n \n \n |\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (\\varepsilon _{A}+\\sigma _{A})\\,(\\eta _{B}+\\sigma _{B})\\,\\geq \\,\\left|{\\Bigl \\langle }{\\bigl [}{\\hat {A}},{\\hat {B}}{\\bigr ]}{\\Bigr \\rangle }\\right|.}ε\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n ≡\n \n (\n \n ε\n \n A\n \n \n +\n \n σ\n \n A\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {\\varepsilon }}_{A}\\,\\equiv \\,(\\varepsilon _{A}+\\sigma _{A})}inaccuracyAη\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n \n ≡\n \n (\n \n η\n \n B\n \n \n +\n \n σ\n \n B\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {\\eta }}_{B}\\,\\equiv \\,(\\eta _{B}+\\sigma _{B})}resulting fluctuationB[63]systematic and statistical errorsε\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n η\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n \n ≥\n \n \n |\n \n \n \n ⟨\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n ⟩\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {\\varepsilon }}_{A}\\,{\\bar {\\eta }}_{B}\\,\\geq \\,\\left|{\\Bigl \\langle }{\\bigl [}{\\hat {A}},{\\hat {B}}{\\bigr ]}{\\Bigr \\rangle }\\right|}","title":"Additional uncertainty relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CarruthersNieto-41"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"bimodal distributions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimodal_distribution"},{"link_name":"unimodal distributions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimodal_distribution"},{"link_name":"entropic uncertainty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropic_uncertainty"},{"link_name":"many-worlds interpretation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation"},{"link_name":"Hugh Everett III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Everett_III"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beckner-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBM-70"},{"link_name":"information entropies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_entropy"},{"link_name":"Planck constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_constant"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"logarithmic Sobolev inequalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic_Sobolev_inequalities"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"base e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_e"},{"link_name":"Shannon entropy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_entropy"},{"link_name":"von Neumann entropy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_entropy"},{"link_name":"maximum entropy probability distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_entropy_probability_distribution"},{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_entropy#Maximization_in_the_normal_distribution"},{"link_name":"partition function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_function_(statistical_mechanics)"}],"sub_title":"Quantum entropic uncertainty principle","text":"For many distributions, the standard deviation is not a particularly natural way of quantifying the structure. For example, uncertainty relations in which one of the observables is an angle has little physical meaning for fluctuations larger than one period.[41][64][65][66] Other examples include highly bimodal distributions, or unimodal distributions with divergent variance.A solution that overcomes these issues is an uncertainty based on entropic uncertainty instead of the product of variances. While formulating the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics in 1957, Hugh Everett III conjectured a stronger extension of the uncertainty principle based on entropic certainty.[67] This conjecture, also studied by I. I. Hirschman[68] and proven in 1975 by W. Beckner[69] and by Iwo Bialynicki-Birula and Jerzy Mycielski[70] is that, for two normalized, dimensionless Fourier transform pairs f(a) and g(b) wheref\n (\n a\n )\n =\n \n ∫\n \n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n g\n (\n b\n )\n \n \n e\n \n 2\n π\n i\n a\n b\n \n \n \n d\n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(a)=\\int _{-\\infty }^{\\infty }g(b)\\ e^{2\\pi iab}\\,db}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n (\n b\n )\n =\n \n ∫\n \n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n f\n (\n a\n )\n \n \n e\n \n −\n 2\n π\n i\n a\n b\n \n \n \n d\n a\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\,\\,\\,g(b)=\\int _{-\\infty }^{\\infty }f(a)\\ e^{-2\\pi iab}\\,da}the Shannon information entropiesH\n \n a\n \n \n =\n \n ∫\n \n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n f\n (\n a\n )\n log\n \n (\n f\n (\n a\n )\n )\n \n d\n a\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{a}=\\int _{-\\infty }^{\\infty }f(a)\\log(f(a))\\,da,}H\n \n b\n \n \n =\n \n ∫\n \n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n g\n (\n b\n )\n log\n \n (\n g\n (\n b\n )\n )\n \n d\n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{b}=\\int _{-\\infty }^{\\infty }g(b)\\log(g(b))\\,db}H\n \n a\n \n \n +\n \n H\n \n b\n \n \n ≥\n log\n \n (\n e\n \n /\n \n 2\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{a}+H_{b}\\geq \\log(e/2)}where the logarithms may be in any base.The probability distribution functions associated with the position wave function ψ(x) and the momentum wave function φ(x) have dimensions of inverse length and momentum respectively, but the entropies may be rendered dimensionless byH\n \n x\n \n \n =\n −\n ∫\n \n |\n \n ψ\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ln\n \n \n (\n \n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n ψ\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n d\n x\n =\n −\n \n ⟨\n \n ln\n \n \n (\n \n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n ψ\n (\n x\n )\n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n ⟩\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{x}=-\\int |\\psi (x)|^{2}\\ln \\left(x_{0}\\,|\\psi (x)|^{2}\\right)dx=-\\left\\langle \\ln \\left(x_{0}\\,\\left|\\psi (x)\\right|^{2}\\right)\\right\\rangle }H\n \n p\n \n \n =\n −\n ∫\n \n |\n \n φ\n (\n p\n )\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ln\n \n (\n \n p\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n φ\n (\n p\n )\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n d\n p\n =\n −\n \n ⟨\n \n ln\n \n (\n \n p\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n φ\n (\n p\n )\n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n ⟩\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{p}=-\\int |\\varphi (p)|^{2}\\ln(p_{0}\\,|\\varphi (p)|^{2})\\,dp=-\\left\\langle \\ln(p_{0}\\left|\\varphi (p)\\right|^{2})\\right\\rangle }x0p0Fourier transform relationψ(x)φ(p)H\n \n x\n \n \n +\n \n H\n \n p\n \n \n ≥\n log\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n e\n \n h\n \n \n 2\n \n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n p\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{x}+H_{p}\\geq \\log \\left({\\frac {e\\,h}{2\\,x_{0}\\,p_{0}}}\\right)}where h is the Planck constant.Depending on one's choice of the x0 p0 product, the expression may be written in many ways. If x0 p0 is chosen to be h, thenH\n \n x\n \n \n +\n \n H\n \n p\n \n \n ≥\n log\n \n \n (\n \n \n e\n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{x}+H_{p}\\geq \\log \\left({\\frac {e}{2}}\\right)}If, instead, x0 p0 is chosen to be ħ, thenH\n \n x\n \n \n +\n \n H\n \n p\n \n \n ≥\n log\n \n (\n e\n \n π\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{x}+H_{p}\\geq \\log(e\\,\\pi )}If x0 and p0 are chosen to be unity in whatever system of units are being used, thenH\n \n x\n \n \n +\n \n H\n \n p\n \n \n ≥\n log\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n e\n \n h\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{x}+H_{p}\\geq \\log \\left({\\frac {e\\,h}{2}}\\right)}h[71]The quantum entropic uncertainty principle is more restrictive than the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. From the inverse logarithmic Sobolev inequalities[72]H\n \n x\n \n \n ≤\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n log\n \n (\n 2\n e\n π\n \n σ\n \n x\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n /\n \n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{x}\\leq {\\frac {1}{2}}\\log(2e\\pi \\sigma _{x}^{2}/x_{0}^{2})~,}H\n \n p\n \n \n ≤\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n log\n \n (\n 2\n e\n π\n \n σ\n \n p\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n /\n \n \n p\n \n 0\n \n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{p}\\leq {\\frac {1}{2}}\\log(2e\\pi \\sigma _{p}^{2}/p_{0}^{2})~,}stronger than the one based on standard deviationsσ\n \n x\n \n \n \n σ\n \n p\n \n \n ≥\n \n \n ℏ\n 2\n \n \n exp\n \n \n (\n \n \n H\n \n x\n \n \n +\n \n H\n \n p\n \n \n −\n log\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n e\n \n h\n \n \n 2\n \n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n p\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n )\n \n ≥\n \n \n ℏ\n 2\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{x}\\sigma _{p}\\geq {\\frac {\\hbar }{2}}\\exp \\left(H_{x}+H_{p}-\\log \\left({\\frac {e\\,h}{2\\,x_{0}\\,p_{0}}}\\right)\\right)\\geq {\\frac {\\hbar }{2}}~.}In other words, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, is a consequence of the quantum entropic uncertainty principle, but not vice versa. A few remarks on these inequalities. First, the choice of base e is a matter of popular convention in physics. The logarithm can alternatively be in any base, provided that it be consistent on both sides of the inequality. Second, recall the Shannon entropy has been used, not the quantum von Neumann entropy. Finally, the normal distribution saturates the inequality, and it is the only distribution with this property, because it is the maximum entropy probability distribution among those with fixed variance (cf. here for proof).A measurement apparatus will have a finite resolution set by the discretization of its possible outputs into bins, with the probability of lying within one of the bins given by the Born rule. We will consider the most common experimental situation, in which the bins are of uniform size. Let δx be a measure of the spatial resolution. We take the zeroth bin to be centered near the origin, with possibly some small constant offset c. The probability of lying within the jth interval of width δx isP\n \n [\n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n ]\n =\n \n ∫\n \n (\n j\n −\n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n )\n δ\n x\n −\n c\n \n \n (\n j\n +\n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n )\n δ\n x\n −\n c\n \n \n \n |\n \n ψ\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n d\n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {P} [x_{j}]=\\int _{(j-1/2)\\delta x-c}^{(j+1/2)\\delta x-c}|\\psi (x)|^{2}\\,dx}To account for this discretization, we can define the Shannon entropy of the wave function for a given measurement apparatus asH\n \n x\n \n \n =\n −\n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n P\n \n [\n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n ]\n ln\n \n P\n \n [\n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n ]\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{x}=-\\sum _{j=-\\infty }^{\\infty }\\operatorname {P} [x_{j}]\\ln \\operatorname {P} [x_{j}].}Under the above definition, the entropic uncertainty relation isH\n \n x\n \n \n +\n \n H\n \n p\n \n \n >\n ln\n \n \n (\n \n \n e\n 2\n \n \n )\n \n −\n ln\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n δ\n x\n δ\n p\n \n h\n \n \n )\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{x}+H_{p}>\\ln \\left({\\frac {e}{2}}\\right)-\\ln \\left({\\frac {\\delta x\\delta p}{h}}\\right).}Here we note that δx δp/h is a typical infinitesimal phase space volume used in the calculation of a partition function. The inequality is also strict and not saturated. Efforts to improve this bound are an active area of research.","title":"Additional uncertainty relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PhysRevResearch21-45"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"sub_title":"Uncertainty relation with three angular momentum components","text":"For a particle of spin-\n \n \n \n j\n \n \n {\\displaystyle j}\n \n the following uncertainty relation holdsσ\n \n \n J\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n σ\n \n \n J\n \n y\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n σ\n \n \n J\n \n z\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n ≥\n j\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{J_{x}}^{2}+\\sigma _{J_{y}}^{2}+\\sigma _{J_{z}}^{2}\\geq j,}J\n \n l\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle J_{l}}⟨\n \n J\n \n x\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n J\n \n y\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n J\n \n z\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ⟩\n =\n j\n (\n j\n +\n 1\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle J_{x}^{2}+J_{y}^{2}+J_{z}^{2}\\rangle =j(j+1),}⟨\n \n J\n \n x\n \n \n \n ⟩\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n ⟨\n \n J\n \n y\n \n \n \n ⟩\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n ⟨\n \n J\n \n z\n \n \n \n ⟩\n \n 2\n \n \n ≤\n j\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle J_{x}\\rangle ^{2}+\\langle J_{y}\\rangle ^{2}+\\langle J_{z}\\rangle ^{2}\\leq j.}[45][73]σ\n \n \n J\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n σ\n \n \n J\n \n y\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n F\n \n Q\n \n \n [\n ϱ\n ,\n \n J\n \n z\n \n \n ]\n \n /\n \n 4\n ≥\n j\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{J_{x}}^{2}+\\sigma _{J_{y}}^{2}+F_{Q}[\\varrho ,J_{z}]/4\\geq j,}F\n \n Q\n \n \n [\n ϱ\n ,\n \n J\n \n z\n \n \n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F_{Q}[\\varrho ,J_{z}]}","title":"Additional uncertainty relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"harmonic analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_analysis"},{"link_name":"entropic uncertainty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropic_uncertainty"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"text":"In the context of harmonic analysis, a branch of mathematics, the uncertainty principle implies that one cannot at the same time localize the value of a function and its Fourier transform. To wit, the following inequality holds,(\n \n \n ∫\n \n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n |\n \n f\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n d\n x\n \n )\n \n \n (\n \n \n ∫\n \n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n ξ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n \n f\n ^\n \n \n \n (\n ξ\n )\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n d\n ξ\n \n )\n \n ≥\n \n \n \n ‖\n f\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n 16\n \n π\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left(\\int _{-\\infty }^{\\infty }x^{2}|f(x)|^{2}\\,dx\\right)\\left(\\int _{-\\infty }^{\\infty }\\xi ^{2}|{\\hat {f}}(\\xi )|^{2}\\,d\\xi \\right)\\geq {\\frac {\\|f\\|_{2}^{4}}{16\\pi ^{2}}}.}Further mathematical uncertainty inequalities, including the above entropic uncertainty, hold between a function f and its Fourier transform ƒ̂:[74][75][76]H\n \n x\n \n \n +\n \n H\n \n ξ\n \n \n ≥\n log\n \n (\n e\n \n /\n \n 2\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{x}+H_{\\xi }\\geq \\log(e/2)}","title":"Harmonic analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"signal processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_processing"},{"link_name":"time–frequency analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%E2%80%93frequency_analysis"},{"link_name":"Dennis Gabor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Gabor"},{"link_name":"time limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_limited"},{"link_name":"band limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_limited"},{"link_name":"bandlimited versus timelimited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandlimiting#Bandlimited_versus_timelimited"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"time domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_domain"},{"link_name":"frequency domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_domain"},{"link_name":"filters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_(signal_processing)"},{"link_name":"resolution issues of the short-time Fourier transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-time_Fourier_transform#Resolution_issues"},{"link_name":"transients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient_(acoustics)"},{"link_name":"wavelet transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelet_Transform"}],"sub_title":"Signal processing","text":"In the context of signal processing, and in particular time–frequency analysis, uncertainty principles are referred to as the Gabor limit, after Dennis Gabor, or sometimes the Heisenberg–Gabor limit. The basic result, which follows from \"Benedicks's theorem\", below, is that a function cannot be both time limited and band limited (a function and its Fourier transform cannot both have bounded domain)—see bandlimited versus timelimited. More accurately, the time-bandwidth or duration-bandwidth product satisfiesσ\n \n \n energy\n \n ,\n t\n \n \n ⋅\n \n σ\n \n \n energy\n \n ,\n f\n \n \n ≥\n \n \n 1\n \n 4\n π\n \n \n \n ≈\n 0.08\n \n cycles\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{{\\text{energy}},t}\\cdot \\sigma _{{\\text{energy}},f}\\geq {\\frac {1}{4\\pi }}\\approx 0.08{\\text{ cycles}},}σ\n \n \n energy\n \n ,\n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{{\\text{energy}},t}}σ\n \n \n energy\n \n ,\n f\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{{\\text{energy}},f}}[77]GaussianGabor waveletσ\n \n t\n \n \n \n σ\n \n f\n \n \n =\n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{t}\\sigma _{f}=1/2\\pi }σ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma }2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {2}}}full width at half maximum2\n ln\n \n 2\n \n /\n \n π\n ≈\n 0.44\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2\\ln 2/\\pi \\approx 0.44}bandwidth-limited pulseStated alternatively, \"One cannot simultaneously sharply localize a signal (function f) in both the time domain and frequency domain (ƒ̂, its Fourier transform)\".When applied to filters, the result implies that one cannot achieve high temporal resolution and frequency resolution at the same time; a concrete example are the resolution issues of the short-time Fourier transform—if one uses a wide window, one achieves good frequency resolution at the cost of temporal resolution, while a narrow window has the opposite trade-off.Alternate theorems give more precise quantitative results, and, in time–frequency analysis, rather than interpreting the (1-dimensional) time and frequency domains separately, one instead interprets the limit as a lower limit on the support of a function in the (2-dimensional) time–frequency plane. In practice, the Gabor limit limits the simultaneous time–frequency resolution one can achieve without interference; it is possible to achieve higher resolution, but at the cost of different components of the signal interfering with each other.As a result, in order to analyze signals where the transients are important, the wavelet transform is often used instead of the Fourier.","title":"Harmonic analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"discrete Fourier transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_Fourier_transform#Uncertainty_principles"},{"link_name":"sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inequality_(mathematics)#Sharp_inequalities"},{"link_name":"band-limiting operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandlimiting"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donoho-78"},{"link_name":"prime number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"sub_title":"Discrete Fourier transform","text":"Let \n \n \n \n \n {\n \n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n }\n \n :=\n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n N\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left\\{\\mathbf {x_{n}} \\right\\}:=x_{0},x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{N-1}}\n \n be a sequence of N complex numbers and \n \n \n \n \n {\n \n \n X\n \n k\n \n \n \n }\n \n :=\n \n X\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n \n X\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n X\n \n N\n −\n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left\\{\\mathbf {X_{k}} \\right\\}:=X_{0},X_{1},\\ldots ,X_{N-1},}\n \n be its discrete Fourier transform.Denote by \n \n \n \n ‖\n x\n \n ‖\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\|x\\|_{0}}\n \n the number of non-zero elements in the time sequence \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n N\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{0},x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{N-1}}\n \n and by \n \n \n \n ‖\n X\n \n ‖\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\|X\\|_{0}}\n \n the number of non-zero elements in the frequency sequence \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n \n X\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n X\n \n N\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{0},X_{1},\\ldots ,X_{N-1}}\n \n. Then,‖\n x\n \n ‖\n \n 0\n \n \n ⋅\n ‖\n X\n \n ‖\n \n 0\n \n \n ≥\n N\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\|x\\|_{0}\\cdot \\|X\\|_{0}\\geq N.}This inequality is sharp, with equality achieved when x or X is a Dirac mass, or more generally when x is a nonzero multiple of a Dirac comb supported on a subgroup of the integers modulo N (in which case X is also a Dirac comb supported on a complementary subgroup, and vice versa).More generally, if T and W are subsets of the integers modulo N, let \n \n \n \n \n L\n \n T\n \n \n ,\n \n R\n \n W\n \n \n :\n \n ℓ\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n Z\n \n \n /\n \n N\n \n Z\n \n )\n →\n \n ℓ\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n Z\n \n \n /\n \n N\n \n Z\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L_{T},R_{W}:\\ell ^{2}(\\mathbb {Z} /N\\mathbb {Z} )\\to \\ell ^{2}(\\mathbb {Z} /N\\mathbb {Z} )}\n \n denote the time-limiting operator and band-limiting operators, respectively. Then‖\n \n L\n \n T\n \n \n \n R\n \n W\n \n \n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n ≤\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n T\n \n |\n \n \n |\n \n W\n \n |\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n G\n \n |\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\|L_{T}R_{W}\\|^{2}\\leq {\\frac {|T||W|}{|G|}}}operator normℓ\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n Z\n \n \n /\n \n N\n \n Z\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ell ^{2}(\\mathbb {Z} /N\\mathbb {Z} )}Nsignal reconstruction[78]When N is a prime number, a stronger inequality holds:‖\n x\n \n ‖\n \n 0\n \n \n +\n ‖\n X\n \n ‖\n \n 0\n \n \n ≥\n N\n +\n 1.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\|x\\|_{0}+\\|X\\|_{0}\\geq N+1.}Terence Tao[79]","title":"Harmonic analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"supported","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Support_of_a_function"},{"link_name":"Lebesgue measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebesgue_measure"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"sub_title":"Benedicks's theorem","text":"Amrein–Berthier[80] and Benedicks's theorem[81] intuitively says that the set of points where f is non-zero and the set of points where ƒ̂ is non-zero cannot both be small.Specifically, it is impossible for a function f in L2(R) and its Fourier transform ƒ̂ to both be supported on sets of finite Lebesgue measure. A more quantitative version is[82][83]‖\n f\n \n ‖\n \n \n L\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n \n R\n \n \n d\n \n \n )\n \n \n ≤\n C\n \n e\n \n C\n \n |\n \n S\n \n |\n \n \n |\n \n Σ\n \n |\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n ‖\n f\n \n ‖\n \n \n L\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n S\n \n c\n \n \n )\n \n \n +\n ‖\n \n \n \n f\n ^\n \n \n \n \n ‖\n \n \n L\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n Σ\n \n c\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\|f\\|_{L^{2}(\\mathbf {R} ^{d})}\\leq Ce^{C|S||\\Sigma |}{\\bigl (}\\|f\\|_{L^{2}(S^{c})}+\\|{\\hat {f}}\\|_{L^{2}(\\Sigma ^{c})}{\\bigr )}~.}One expects that the factor CeC|S||Σ| may be replaced by CeC(|S||Σ|)1/d, which is only known if either S or Σ is convex.","title":"Harmonic analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"G. H. Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._H._Hardy"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"}],"sub_title":"Hardy's uncertainty principle","text":"The mathematician G. H. Hardy formulated the following uncertainty principle:[84] it is not possible for f and ƒ̂ to both be \"very rapidly decreasing\". Specifically, if f in \n \n \n \n \n L\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n R\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L^{2}(\\mathbb {R} )}\n \n is such that|\n \n f\n (\n x\n )\n \n |\n \n ≤\n C\n (\n 1\n +\n \n |\n \n x\n \n |\n \n \n )\n \n N\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n a\n π\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |f(x)|\\leq C(1+|x|)^{N}e^{-a\\pi x^{2}}}|\n \n \n \n \n f\n ^\n \n \n \n (\n ξ\n )\n \n |\n \n ≤\n C\n (\n 1\n +\n \n |\n \n ξ\n \n |\n \n \n )\n \n N\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n b\n π\n \n ξ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |{\\hat {f}}(\\xi )|\\leq C(1+|\\xi |)^{N}e^{-b\\pi \\xi ^{2}}}C\n >\n 0\n ,\n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C>0,N}ab > 1, f = 0ab = 1P≤ Nf\n (\n x\n )\n =\n P\n (\n x\n )\n \n e\n \n −\n a\n π\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x)=P(x)e^{-a\\pi x^{2}}.}This was later improved as follows: if \n \n \n \n f\n ∈\n \n L\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n \n R\n \n \n d\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f\\in L^{2}(\\mathbb {R} ^{d})}\n \n is such that∫\n \n \n \n R\n \n \n d\n \n \n \n \n \n ∫\n \n \n \n R\n \n \n d\n \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n f\n (\n x\n )\n \n |\n \n \n |\n \n \n \n \n f\n ^\n \n \n \n (\n ξ\n )\n \n |\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n π\n \n |\n \n ⟨\n x\n ,\n ξ\n ⟩\n \n |\n \n \n \n \n (\n 1\n +\n \n |\n \n x\n \n |\n \n +\n \n |\n \n ξ\n \n |\n \n \n )\n \n N\n \n \n \n \n \n \n d\n x\n \n d\n ξ\n <\n +\n ∞\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int _{\\mathbb {R} ^{d}}\\int _{\\mathbb {R} ^{d}}|f(x)||{\\hat {f}}(\\xi )|{\\frac {e^{\\pi |\\langle x,\\xi \\rangle |}}{(1+|x|+|\\xi |)^{N}}}\\,dx\\,d\\xi <+\\infty ~,}f\n (\n x\n )\n =\n P\n (\n x\n )\n \n e\n \n −\n π\n ⟨\n A\n x\n ,\n x\n ⟩\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x)=P(x)e^{-\\pi \\langle Ax,x\\rangle }~,}P(N − d)/2Ad × dThis result was stated in Beurling's complete works without proof and proved in Hörmander[85] (the case \n \n \n \n d\n =\n 1\n ,\n N\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d=1,N=0}\n \n) and Bonami, Demange, and Jaming[86] for the general case. Note that Hörmander–Beurling's version implies the case ab > 1 in Hardy's Theorem while the version by Bonami–Demange–Jaming covers the full strength of Hardy's Theorem. A different proof of Beurling's theorem based on Liouville's theorem appeared in ref.[87]A full description of the case ab < 1 as well as the following extension to Schwartz class distributions appears in ref.[88]Theorem — If a tempered distribution \n \n \n \n f\n ∈\n \n \n \n S\n \n \n ′\n \n (\n \n \n R\n \n \n d\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f\\in {\\mathcal {S}}'(\\mathbb {R} ^{d})}\n \n is such that\n\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n π\n \n |\n \n x\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n f\n ∈\n \n \n \n S\n \n \n ′\n \n (\n \n \n R\n \n \n d\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{\\pi |x|^{2}}f\\in {\\mathcal {S}}'(\\mathbb {R} ^{d})}\n \n\nand\n\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n π\n \n |\n \n ξ\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n f\n ^\n \n \n \n ∈\n \n \n \n S\n \n \n ′\n \n (\n \n \n R\n \n \n d\n \n \n )\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{\\pi |\\xi |^{2}}{\\hat {f}}\\in {\\mathcal {S}}'(\\mathbb {R} ^{d})~,}\n \n\nthen\n\n \n \n \n f\n (\n x\n )\n =\n P\n (\n x\n )\n \n e\n \n −\n π\n ⟨\n A\n x\n ,\n x\n ⟩\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x)=P(x)e^{-\\pi \\langle Ax,x\\rangle }~,}\n \n\nfor some convenient polynomial P and real positive definite matrix A of type d × d.","title":"Harmonic analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of quantum mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_quantum_mechanics"},{"link_name":"Umdeutung (reinterpretation) paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umdeutung_paper"},{"link_name":"commutativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutativity"},{"link_name":"Max Born","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Born"},{"link_name":"Pascual Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascual_Jordan"},{"link_name":"matrix mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_mechanics"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heisenbergbohr.jpg"},{"link_name":"commutativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutativity"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Pauli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heisenberg_1930-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Kennard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earle_Hesse_Kennard"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kennard-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sen2014-1"},{"link_name":"A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#math_A2"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heisenberg_1930-91"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sen2014-1"}],"text":"See also: History of quantum mechanicsIn 1925 Heisenberg published the Umdeutung (reinterpretation) paper where he showed that central aspect of quantum theory was the non-commutativity: the theory implied that the relative order of position and momentum measurement was significant. Working with Max Born and Pascual Jordan, he continued to develop matrix mechanics, that would become the first modern quantum mechanics formulation.[89]Werner Heisenberg and Niels BohrIn March 1926, working in Bohr's institute, Heisenberg realized that the non-commutativity implies the uncertainty principle. Writing to Wolfgang Pauli in February 1927, he worked out the basic concepts.[90]In his celebrated 1927 paper \"Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik\" (\"On the Perceptual Content of Quantum Theoretical Kinematics and Mechanics\"), Heisenberg established this expression as the minimum amount of unavoidable momentum disturbance caused by any position measurement,[2] but he did not give a precise definition for the uncertainties Δx and Δp. Instead, he gave some plausible estimates in each case separately. His paper gave an analysis in terms of a microscope that Bohr showed was incorrect; Heisenberg included an addendum to the publication.In his 1930 Chicago lecture[91] he refined his principle:Later work broadened the concept. Any two variables that do not commute cannot be measured simultaneously—the more precisely one is known, the less precisely the other can be known. Heisenberg wrote:It can be expressed in its simplest form as follows: One can never know with perfect accuracy both of those two important factors which determine the movement of one of the smallest particles—its position and its velocity. It is impossible to determine accurately both the position and the direction and speed of a particle at the same instant.[92]Kennard[6][1]: 204 in 1927 first proved the modern inequality:where ħ = h/2π, and σx, σp are the standard deviations of position and momentum. (Heisenberg only proved relation (A2) for the special case of Gaussian states.[91]) In 1929 Robertson generalized the inequality to all observables and in 1930 Schrödinger extended the form to allow non-zero covariance of the operators; this result is referred to as Robertson-Schrödinger inequality.[1]: 204","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"}],"sub_title":"Terminology and translation","text":"Throughout the main body of his original 1927 paper, written in German, Heisenberg used the word \"Ungenauigkeit\",[2]\nto describe the basic theoretical principle. Only in the endnote did he switch to the word \"Unsicherheit\". Later on, he always used \"Unbestimmtheit\". When the English-language version of Heisenberg's textbook, The Physical Principles of the Quantum Theory, was published in 1930, however, only the English word \"uncertainty\" was used, and it became the term in the English language.[93]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heisenberg_gamma_ray_microscope.svg"},{"link_name":"optics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics"},{"link_name":"observer effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_effect_(physics)"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heisenberg_1930-91"},{"link_name":"electron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron"},{"link_name":"photon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GreensteinZajonc2006-94"},{"link_name":"wavelength","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength"},{"link_name":"wavelength","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength"},{"link_name":"aperture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture"},{"link_name":"Rayleigh criterion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh_criterion"},{"link_name":"conservation of momentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_momentum"},{"link_name":"Planck constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_constant"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"}],"sub_title":"Heisenberg's microscope","text":"Heisenberg's gamma-ray microscope for locating an electron (shown in blue). The incoming gamma ray (shown in green) is scattered by the electron up into the microscope's aperture angle θ. The scattered gamma-ray is shown in red. Classical optics shows that the electron position can be resolved only up to an uncertainty Δx that depends on θ and the wavelength λ of the incoming light.The principle is quite counter-intuitive, so the early students of quantum theory had to be reassured that naive measurements to violate it were bound always to be unworkable. One way in which Heisenberg originally illustrated the intrinsic impossibility of violating the uncertainty principle is by using the observer effect of an imaginary microscope as a measuring device.[91]He imagines an experimenter trying to measure the position and momentum of an electron by shooting a photon at it.[94]: 49–50Problem 1 – If the photon has a short wavelength, and therefore, a large momentum, the position can be measured accurately. But the photon scatters in a random direction, transferring a large and uncertain amount of momentum to the electron. If the photon has a long wavelength and low momentum, the collision does not disturb the electron's momentum very much, but the scattering will reveal its position only vaguely.\nProblem 2 – If a large aperture is used for the microscope, the electron's location can be well resolved (see Rayleigh criterion); but by the principle of conservation of momentum, the transverse momentum of the incoming photon affects the electron's beamline momentum and hence, the new momentum of the electron resolves poorly. If a small aperture is used, the accuracy of both resolutions is the other way around.The combination of these trade-offs implies that no matter what photon wavelength and aperture size are used, the product of the uncertainty in measured position and measured momentum is greater than or equal to a lower limit, which is (up to a small numerical factor) equal to the Planck constant.[95] Heisenberg did not care to formulate the uncertainty principle as an exact limit, and preferred to use it instead, as a heuristic quantitative statement, correct up to small numerical factors, which makes the radically new noncommutativity of quantum mechanics inevitable.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Copenhagen interpretation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation"},{"link_name":"quantum state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_state"},{"link_name":"Albert Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein"},{"link_name":"Niels Bohr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr"},{"link_name":"Einstein and Bohr debated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr%E2%80%93Einstein_debates"}],"text":"The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle were, in fact, initially seen as twin targets by detractors. According to the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, there is no fundamental reality that the quantum state describes, just a prescription for calculating experimental results. There is no way to say what the state of a system fundamentally is, only what the result of observations might be.Albert Einstein believed that randomness is a reflection of our ignorance of some fundamental property of reality, while Niels Bohr believed that the probability distributions are fundamental and irreducible, and depend on which measurements we choose to perform. Einstein and Bohr debated the uncertainty principle for many years.","title":"Critical reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"}],"sub_title":"Ideal detached observer","text":"Wolfgang Pauli called Einstein's fundamental objection to the uncertainty principle \"the ideal of the detached observer\" (phrase translated from the German):\"Like the moon has a definite position\" Einstein said to me last winter, \"whether or not we look at the moon, the same must also hold for the atomic objects, as there is no sharp distinction possible between these and macroscopic objects. Observation cannot create an element of reality like a position, there must be something contained in the complete description of physical reality which corresponds to the possibility of observing a position, already before the observation has been actually made.\" I hope, that I quoted Einstein correctly; it is always difficult to quote somebody out of memory with whom one does not agree. It is precisely this kind of postulate which I call the ideal of the detached observer.— Letter from Pauli to Niels Bohr, February 15, 1955[96]","title":"Critical reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thought experiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought_experiment"},{"link_name":"Richard Feynman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"}],"sub_title":"Einstein's slit","text":"The first of Einstein's thought experiments challenging the uncertainty principle went as follows:Consider a particle passing through a slit of width d. The slit introduces an uncertainty in momentum of approximately h/d because the particle passes through the wall. But let us determine the momentum of the particle by measuring the recoil of the wall. In doing so, we find the momentum of the particle to arbitrary accuracy by conservation of momentum.Bohr's response was that the wall is quantum mechanical as well, and that to measure the recoil to accuracy Δp, the momentum of the wall must be known to this accuracy before the particle passes through. This introduces an uncertainty in the position of the wall and therefore the position of the slit equal to h/Δp, and if the wall's momentum is known precisely enough to measure the recoil, the slit's position is uncertain enough to disallow a position measurement.A similar analysis with particles diffracting through multiple slits is given by Richard Feynman.[97]","title":"Critical reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Einstein's box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein%27s_box"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gamow-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gamow-98"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"gravity's effect on time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_time_dilation"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"}],"sub_title":"Einstein's box","text":"Bohr was present when Einstein proposed the thought experiment which has become known as Einstein's box. Einstein argued that \"Heisenberg's uncertainty equation implied that the uncertainty in time was related to the uncertainty in energy, the product of the two being related to the Planck constant.\"[98] Consider, he said, an ideal box, lined with mirrors so that it can contain light indefinitely. The box could be weighed before a clockwork mechanism opened an ideal shutter at a chosen instant to allow one single photon to escape. \"We now know, explained Einstein, precisely the time at which the photon left the box.\"[99] \"Now, weigh the box again. The change of mass tells the energy of the emitted light. In this manner, said Einstein, one could measure the energy emitted and the time it was released with any desired precision, in contradiction to the uncertainty principle.\"[98]Bohr spent a sleepless night considering this argument, and eventually realized that it was flawed. He pointed out that if the box were to be weighed, say by a spring and a pointer on a scale, \"since the box must move vertically with a change in its weight, there will be uncertainty in its vertical velocity and therefore an uncertainty in its height above the table. ... Furthermore, the uncertainty about the elevation above the Earth's surface will result in an uncertainty in the rate of the clock,\"[100] because of Einstein's own theory of gravity's effect on time.\n\"Through this chain of uncertainties, Bohr showed that Einstein's light box experiment could not simultaneously measure exactly both the energy of the photon and the time of its escape.\"[101]","title":"Critical reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boris Podolsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Podolsky"},{"link_name":"Nathan Rosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Rosen"},{"link_name":"entangled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_entanglement"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"principle of locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_locality"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"John Stewart Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stewart_Bell"},{"link_name":"inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell%27s_theorem"},{"link_name":"Experimental results","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_test"},{"link_name":"local hidden variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_hidden-variable_theory"}],"sub_title":"EPR paradox for entangled particles","text":"In 1935, Einstein, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen published an analysis of spatially separated entangled particles (EPR paradox).[102] According to EPR, one could measure the position of one of the entangled particles and the momentum of the second particle, and from those measurements deduce the position and momentum of both particles to any precision, violating the uncertainty principle. In order to avoid such possibility, the measurement of one particle must modify the probability distribution of the other particle instantaneously, possible violating the principle of locality.[103]In 1964, John Stewart Bell showed that this assumption can be falsified, since it would imply a certain inequality between the probabilities of different experiments. Experimental results confirm the predictions of quantum mechanics, ruling out EPR basic assumption of local hidden variables.","title":"Critical reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karl Popper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Popper"},{"link_name":"metaphysical realist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_realism"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Popper1959-104"},{"link_name":"ensembles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_ensemble"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Popper1959-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jarvie2006-105"},{"link_name":"Naturwissenschaften","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturwissenschaften"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Popper1934-106"},{"link_name":"Logik der Forschung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Logic_of_Scientific_Discovery"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Popper1959-104"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"falsify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifiability"},{"link_name":"Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mehra2001-108"}],"sub_title":"Popper's criticism","text":"Science philosopher Karl Popper approached the problem of indeterminacy as a logician and metaphysical realist.[104] He disagreed with the application of the uncertainty relations to individual particles rather than to ensembles of identically prepared particles, referring to them as \"statistical scatter relations\".[104][105] In this statistical interpretation, a particular measurement may be made to arbitrary precision without invalidating the quantum theory.In 1934, Popper published Zur Kritik der Ungenauigkeitsrelationen (Critique of the Uncertainty Relations) in Naturwissenschaften,[106] and in the same year Logik der Forschung (translated and updated by the author as The Logic of Scientific Discovery in 1959[104]), outlining his arguments for the statistical interpretation. In 1982, he further developed his theory in Quantum theory and the schism in Physics, writing:[Heisenberg's] formulae are, beyond all doubt, derivable statistical formulae of the quantum theory. But they have been habitually misinterpreted by those quantum theorists who said that these formulae can be interpreted as determining some upper limit to the precision of our measurements. [original emphasis][107]Popper proposed an experiment to falsify the uncertainty relations, although he later withdrew his initial version after discussions with Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, Heisenberg, and Einstein; Popper sent his paper to Einstein and it may have influenced the formulation of the EPR paradox.[108]: 720","title":"Critical reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur Compton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Compton"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Martin Heisenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heisenberg"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"nontrivial biological mechanisms requiring quantum mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_biology"},{"link_name":"decoherence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_decoherence"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-111"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-111"}],"sub_title":"Free will","text":"Some scientists including Arthur Compton[109] and Martin Heisenberg[110] have suggested that the uncertainty principle, or at least the general probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics, could be evidence for the two-stage model of free will. One critique, however, is that apart from the basic role of quantum mechanics as a foundation for chemistry, nontrivial biological mechanisms requiring quantum mechanics are unlikely, due to the rapid decoherence time of quantum systems at room temperature.[111] Proponents of this theory commonly say that this decoherence is overcome by both screening and decoherence-free subspaces found in biological cells.[111]","title":"Critical reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"second law of thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Gibbs paradox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_paradox"}],"sub_title":"Thermodynamics","text":"There is reason to believe that violating the uncertainty principle also strongly implies the violation of the second law of thermodynamics.[112] See Gibbs paradox.","title":"Critical reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edwin C. Kemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_C._Kemble"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Haag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Haag"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"}],"sub_title":"Rejection of the principle","text":"Uncertainty principles relate quantum particles–electrons for example–to classical concepts–position and momentum. This presumes quantum particles have position and momentum. Edwin C. Kemble pointed out[113] in 1937 that such properties cannot be experimentally verified and assuming they exist gives rise to many contradictions; similarly Rudolf Haag notes that position in quantum mechanics is an attribute of an interaction, say between an electron and a detector, not an intrinsic property.[114][115] From this point of view the uncertainty principle is not a fundamental quantum property but a concept \"carried over from the language of our ancestors\" as Kemble says.","title":"Critical reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"particle physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_physics"},{"link_name":"superconducting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconductivity"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"quantum optics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_optics"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"gravitational wave interferometers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational-wave_interferometer"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"}],"text":"Since the uncertainty principle is such a basic result in quantum mechanics, typical experiments in quantum mechanics routinely observe aspects of it. All forms of spectroscopy, including particle physics use the relationship to relate measured energy line-width to the lifetime of quantum states. Certain experiments, however, may deliberately test a particular form of the uncertainty principle as part of their main research program. These include, for example, tests of number–phase uncertainty relations in superconducting[116] or quantum optics[117] systems. Applications dependent on the uncertainty principle for their operation include extremely low-noise technology such as that required in gravitational wave interferometers.[118]","title":"Applications"}]
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[{"image_text":"Canonical commutation rule for position q and momentum p variables of a particle, 1927. pq − qp = h/(2πi). Uncertainty principle of Heisenberg, 1927.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Werner_Heisenberg_-_Canonical_commutation_rule_for_position_and_momentum_variables_of_a_particle_-_Uncertainty_principle%2C_1927.jpg/220px-Werner_Heisenberg_-_Canonical_commutation_rule_for_position_and_momentum_variables_of_a_particle_-_Uncertainty_principle%2C_1927.jpg"},{"image_text":"The superposition of several plane waves to form a wave packet. This wave packet becomes increasingly localized with the addition of many waves. The Fourier transform is a mathematical operation that separates a wave packet into its individual plane waves. The waves shown here are real for illustrative purposes only; in quantum mechanics the wave function is generally complex.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Sequential_superposition_of_plane_waves.gif"},{"image_text":"Position x and momentum p wavefunctions corresponding to quantum particles. The colour opacity of the particles corresponds to the probability density of finding the particle with position x or momentum component p. Top: If wavelength λ is unknown, so are momentum p, wave-vector k and energy E (de Broglie relations). As the particle is more localized in position space, Δx is smaller than for Δpx. Bottom: If λ is known, so are p, k, and E. As the particle is more localized in momentum space, Δp is smaller than for Δx.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Quantum_mechanics_travelling_wavefunctions_wavelength.svg/502px-Quantum_mechanics_travelling_wavefunctions_wavelength.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Position space probability density of an initially Gaussian state moving at minimally uncertain, constant momentum in free space","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Guassian_Dispersion.gif"},{"image_text":"Werner Heisenberg and Niels Bohr","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Heisenbergbohr.jpg/220px-Heisenbergbohr.jpg"},{"image_text":"Heisenberg's gamma-ray microscope for locating an electron (shown in blue). The incoming gamma ray (shown in green) is scattered by the electron up into the microscope's aperture angle θ. The scattered gamma-ray is shown in red. Classical optics shows that the electron position can be resolved only up to an uncertainty Δx that depends on θ and the wavelength λ of the incoming light.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Heisenberg_gamma_ray_microscope.svg/200px-Heisenberg_gamma_ray_microscope.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"Correspondence principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correspondence_principle"},{"title":"Introduction to quantum mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_quantum_mechanics"},{"title":"Küpfmüller's uncertainty principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCpfm%C3%BCller%27s_uncertainty_principle"},{"title":"Quantum indeterminacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_indeterminacy"},{"title":"Quantum tunnelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_tunnelling"},{"title":"Physics and Beyond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_and_Beyond"},{"title":"Stronger uncertainty relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stronger_uncertainty_relations"}]
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[{"reference":"Sen, D. (2014). \"The Uncertainty relations in quantum mechanics\" (PDF). Current Science. 107 (2): 203–218. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-09-24. Retrieved 2016-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/107/02/0203.pdf","url_text":"\"The Uncertainty relations in quantum mechanics\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190924115453/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/107/02/0203.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Heisenberg, W. (1927) [1927-03-01]. \"Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik\". Zeitschrift für Physik (in German). 43 (3): 172–198. Bibcode:1927ZPhy...43..172H. doi:10.1007/BF01397280. ISSN 0044-3328. S2CID 122763326.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01397280","url_text":"\"Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1927ZPhy...43..172H","url_text":"1927ZPhy...43..172H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01397280","url_text":"10.1007/BF01397280"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0044-3328","url_text":"0044-3328"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122763326","url_text":"122763326"}]},{"reference":"Heisenberg, W (1983) [1927]. \"The actual content of quantum theoretical kinematics and mechanics\". No. NAS 1.15: 77379. 1983. 43 (3–4): 172. Bibcode:1983ZhPhy..43..172H. Archived from the original on 2023-09-02. Retrieved 2023-08-28. English translation of Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik","urls":[{"url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19840008978","url_text":"\"The actual content of quantum theoretical kinematics and mechanics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983ZhPhy..43..172H","url_text":"1983ZhPhy..43..172H"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230902112403/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19840008978","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dolling, Lisa M.; Gianelli, Arthur F.; Statile, Glenn N., eds. (2003). The Tests of Time. doi:10.1515/9781400889167. ISBN 978-1400889167.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400889167","url_text":"10.1515/9781400889167"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400889167","url_text":"978-1400889167"}]},{"reference":"Kennard, E. H. (1927), \"Zur Quantenmechanik einfacher Bewegungstypen\", Zeitschrift für Physik (in German), 44 (4–5): 326–352, Bibcode:1927ZPhy...44..326K, doi:10.1007/BF01391200, S2CID 121626384.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1927ZPhy...44..326K","url_text":"1927ZPhy...44..326K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01391200","url_text":"10.1007/BF01391200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121626384","url_text":"121626384"}]},{"reference":"Weyl, H. (1928). Gruppentheorie und Quantenmechanik (in German). Leipzig: Hirzel.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jaeger, Gregg (September 2014). \"What in the (quantum) world is macroscopic?\". American Journal of Physics. 82 (9): 896–905. Bibcode:2014AmJPh..82..896J. doi:10.1119/1.4878358.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AmJPh..82..896J","url_text":"2014AmJPh..82..896J"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.4878358","url_text":"10.1119/1.4878358"}]},{"reference":"Bialynicki-Birula, Iwo; Bialynicka-Birula, Zofia (2009), \"Why photons cannot be sharply localized\", Physical Review A, 79 (3): 7–8, arXiv:0903.3712, Bibcode:2009PhRvA..79c2112B, doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.79.032112, S2CID 55632217","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0903.3712","url_text":"0903.3712"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhRvA..79c2112B","url_text":"2009PhRvA..79c2112B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevA.79.032112","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRevA.79.032112"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55632217","url_text":"55632217"}]},{"reference":"Claude Cohen-Tannoudji; Bernard Diu; Franck Laloë (1996), Quantum mechanics, Wiley-Interscience: Wiley, pp. 231–233, ISBN 978-0-471-56952-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-56952-7","url_text":"978-0-471-56952-7"}]},{"reference":"Landau, Lev Davidovich; Lifshitz, Evgeny Mikhailovich (1977). Quantum Mechanics: Non-Relativistic Theory. Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). Pergamon Press. ISBN 978-0-08-020940-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Landau","url_text":"Landau, Lev Davidovich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evgeny_Lifshitz","url_text":"Lifshitz, Evgeny Mikhailovich"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/QuantumMechanics_104","url_text":"Quantum Mechanics: Non-Relativistic Theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamon_Press","url_text":"Pergamon Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-020940-1","url_text":"978-0-08-020940-1"}]},{"reference":"Busch, Paul (2002). \"The Time-Energy Uncertainty Relation\". In Muga, J. G.; Mayato, R. Sala; Egusquiza, I. L. (eds.). Time in Quantum Mechanics. Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 69–98. doi:10.1007/3-540-45846-8_3. ISBN 978-3-540-43294-4.","urls":[{"url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/3-540-45846-8_3","url_text":"Time in Quantum Mechanics. Lecture Notes in Physics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-45846-8_3","url_text":"10.1007/3-540-45846-8_3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-43294-4","url_text":"978-3-540-43294-4"}]},{"reference":"Wigner, E. P. (1997). \"On the Time–Energy Uncertainty Relation\". In Wightman, Arthur S. (ed.). Part I: Particles and Fields. Part II: Foundations of Quantum Mechanics. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 538–548. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-09203-3_58. ISBN 978-3-642-08179-8.","urls":[{"url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-09203-3_58","url_text":"\"On the Time–Energy Uncertainty Relation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-662-09203-3_58","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-662-09203-3_58"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-08179-8","url_text":"978-3-642-08179-8"}]},{"reference":"Hilgevoord, Jan (1996-12-01). \"The uncertainty principle for energy and time\". American Journal of Physics. 64 (12): 1451–1456. Bibcode:1996AmJPh..64.1451H. doi:10.1119/1.18410. ISSN 0002-9505. Archived from the original on 2024-02-23. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Bardah
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Ronnie Bardah
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["1 Background","2 World Series of Poker","3 World Series of Poker Main Event","3.1 2010 World Series of Poker Main Event","4 World Poker Tour","5 Survivor","6 Notes","7 External links"]
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American poker player (born 1982)
Ronnie BardahResidenceBrockton, MassachusettsBorn (1982-08-29) August 29, 1982 (age 41)Stoughton, MassachusettsWorld Series of PokerBracelet(s)1Final table(s)2Money finish(es)27Highest ITMMain Event finish24th, 2010World Poker TourFinal table(s)1Money finish(es)5Information accurate as of 27 January 2021.
Ronnie Bardah (born August 29, 1982) is a professional poker player who won a World Series of Poker bracelet at the 2012 World Series of Poker and is also notable for holding the record for most consecutive World Series of Poker main event money finishes, with a streak of 5 years in a row from 2010 to 2014.
Background
Bardah's poker training came from playing Limit Hold'em at Foxwoods Resort Casino. One of his early championships was the 132-entrant $500 No Limit Hold'em 2007 Empire State Hold'em Championships at the Turning Stone Resort & Casino in Verona, New York for $21,300.
Some sources say Bardah is from Brockton, Massachusetts, while others say he is from Stoneham, Massachusetts. Bardah himself said that he was born and raised in Brockton. Bardah's parents both immigrated to the United States from Israel, and he is Jewish.
One of his hobbies when he is away from poker is kickboxing. Following his 2010 deep run in the WSOP main event, he endured unexplained medical issues that caused him to rethink his personal health part of his lifestyle. He changed his diet and exercise routines and spent two and a half months in Thailand, where he studied Muay Thai.
World Series of Poker
He earned $182,088 for winning the 302-entrant $2,500 Limit Hold'em Six Handed 2012 World Series of Poker Event 40 at a final table that included runner-up Marco Johnson and Sorel Mizzi. His largest prize was $317,161 for his 24th-place finish in the 7,319-entrant $10,000 No Limit Hold'em Championship 2010 WSOP main event. He made the final table at the $5,000 Limit Hold'em 2013 World Series of Poker Event 37. In 2014, he cashed in the World Series of Poker main event for the fifth year in a row, setting a new record.
World Series of Poker results
Year
Cashes
Final Tables
Bracelets
2010
1
0
0
2011
1
0
0
2012
2
1
1
2013
3
1
0
2014
1
0
0
2015
3
0
0
2016
6
0
0
2017
3
0
0
2018
7
0
0
World Series of Poker bracelets
Year
Tournament
Prize (US$)
2012
$2,500 Six-handed Limit Texas hold 'em
$182,088
World Series of Poker Main Event
Bardha cashed in the Main Event finishing in 453rd ($27,103) in 2011; 540th ($21,707) in 2012; 124th ($50,752) in 2013; and 475th ($25,756) in 2014. Bardah also cashed in the Main Event in 2021 finishing 577th for $21,600.
2010 World Series of Poker Main Event
In what was becoming Bardah's next top payout, and at the same time the first of a Main Event string of cashes between 2010-2014, Bardah finished 24th in the 2010 Main Event for $317,161.
World Poker Tour
Bardah finished in third-place out of 1,573 entrants at the $3,500 Season XVIII World Poker Tour (WPT) Lucky Hearts Poker Open that was held at the Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino in Hollywood, Florida on January 26, 2021. When down to the final three players, Bardah, Ilyas Muradi, and Robel Andemichael agreed to a deal where Bardah collected $566,135 in prize money, although his official payout for third place would be $392,430. This was Bardah's first WPT final table and his fifth money finish on the WPT.
Survivor
Bardah competed on Survivor: Island of the Idols, the 39th season of the CBS series Survivor. He was the first castaway voted out of the game by a 7–2 vote, placing 20th.
Notes
^ Schult, Steve (June 24, 2012). "WSOP: Bardah Wins $2,500 Limit Hold'em Six-Max". Bluff. Archived from the original on July 13, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
^ "Empire State Hold'em Championships, No Limit Hold'em". The Hendon Mob. August 19, 2007. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
^ "Ronnie Bardah". World Series of Poker. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
^ "Home : Players : Ronnie Bardah". Card Player. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
^ Bloom, Mike (September 22, 2019). "Survivor Island of the Idols: Meet Ronnie Bardah". Parade. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
^ href='https://jewishjournal.com/author/'> (September 20, 2019). "An Interview With a Reality TV Survivor". Jewish Journal. Retrieved October 1, 2019. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ a b c Rodriguez, Julio (June 24, 2012). "Ronnie Bardah Wins 2012 World Series of Poker Six-Max Limit Hold'em Event: Bardah Earns First Gold Bracelet and $182,088". Card Player. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
^ Schult, Steve (June 24, 2012). "WSOP Bracelet Winner Profile: Ronnie Bardah". Bluff. Archived from the original on July 13, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
^ Oresteen, Paul (June 23, 2013). "Michael Moore Wins First Bracelet in $5K Limit Hold'em". Bluff. Archived from the original on June 30, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
^ Peters, Don (July 11, 2014). "Bardah Sets New Main Event Record, Then Busts Cloutier". Poker News. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
^ a b "Ronnie Bardha's profile on The Hendon Mob". The Hendon Mob Poker Database.
^ "Ronnie Bardah Eliminated in 24th Place ($317,161)". PokerNews.com. July 17, 2010. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
^ "Main Tour WPT Lucky Hearts Poker Open Season 2019-2020 | World Poker Tour". Retrieved January 28, 2021.
^ "Two Mass. Natives Cast In New Season Of 'Survivor,' Boston Rob To Serve As Mentor". WBZ-TV. September 10, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2019.
^ Wigler, Josh (September 25, 2019). "'Survivor' Premiere: Jeff Probst Reveals Top Secret 'Island of the Idols' Origin Story". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
External links
Hendon Mob profile
BLUFF profile
Card Player profile
WSOP profile
WPT profile
Ronnie Bardah Interview (audio + transcript)
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vte2010s WSOP bracelet winners
Note: number in brackets represents the number of bracelets earned in that year
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2013/2013 AP/2013 E
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Calvin Anderson
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2015/2015 E
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2016
Hani Awad
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2017/2017 E
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2018/2018 E
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Series of Poker bracelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series_of_Poker_bracelet"},{"link_name":"2012 World Series of Poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_World_Series_of_Poker"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_World_Series_of_Poker"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_World_Series_of_Poker"}],"text":"Ronnie Bardah (born August 29, 1982) is a professional poker player who won a World Series of Poker bracelet at the 2012 World Series of Poker and is also notable for holding the record for most consecutive World Series of Poker main event money finishes, with a streak of 5 years in a row from 2010 to 2014.","title":"Ronnie Bardah"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Foxwoods Resort Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxwoods_Resort_Casino"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Turning Stone Resort & Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turning_Stone_Resort_%26_Casino"},{"link_name":"Verona, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verona,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Brockton, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockton,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Stoneham, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoneham,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"kickboxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickboxing"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBW2WSoPSLHE-7"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Muay Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muay_Thai"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Bardah's poker training came from playing Limit Hold'em at Foxwoods Resort Casino.[1] One of his early championships was the 132-entrant $500 No Limit Hold'em 2007 Empire State Hold'em Championships at the Turning Stone Resort & Casino in Verona, New York for $21,300.[2]Some sources say Bardah is from Brockton, Massachusetts,[3] while others say he is from Stoneham, Massachusetts.[4] Bardah himself said that he was born and raised in Brockton.[5] Bardah's parents both immigrated to the United States from Israel, and he is Jewish.[6]One of his hobbies when he is away from poker is kickboxing.[7] Following his 2010 deep run in the WSOP main event, he endured unexplained medical issues that caused him to rethink his personal health part of his lifestyle. He changed his diet and exercise routines and spent two and a half months in Thailand, where he studied Muay Thai.[8]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2012 World Series of Poker Event 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_World_Series_of_Poker_results#Event_40"},{"link_name":"Marco Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Sorel Mizzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorel_Mizzi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBW2WSoPSLHE-7"},{"link_name":"2010 WSOP main event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_World_Series_of_Poker_results#Event_57:_.2410.2C000_No_Limit_Hold.27em_Championship"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBW2WSoPSLHE-7"},{"link_name":"2013 World Series of Poker Event 37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_World_Series_of_Poker_results#Event_.2337:_.245.2C000_Limit_Hold.27em"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"He earned $182,088 for winning the 302-entrant $2,500 Limit Hold'em Six Handed 2012 World Series of Poker Event 40 at a final table that included runner-up Marco Johnson and Sorel Mizzi.[7] His largest prize was $317,161 for his 24th-place finish in the 7,319-entrant $10,000 No Limit Hold'em Championship 2010 WSOP main event.[7] He made the final table at the $5,000 Limit Hold'em 2013 World Series of Poker Event 37.[9] In 2014, he cashed in the World Series of Poker main event for the fifth year in a row, setting a new record.[10]","title":"World Series of Poker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Main Event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series_of_Poker_Main_Event"},{"link_name":"Main Event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series_of_Poker_Main_Event"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HendonMob-11"}],"text":"Bardha cashed in the Main Event finishing in 453rd ($27,103) in 2011; 540th\t\t($21,707) in 2012; 124th ($50,752) in 2013; and 475th ($25,756) in 2014. Bardah also cashed in the Main Event in 2021 finishing 577th for $21,600.[11]","title":"World Series of Poker Main Event"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Main Event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series_of_Poker_Main_Event"},{"link_name":"2010 Main Event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_World_Series_of_Poker"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HendonMob-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PokerNews-12"}],"sub_title":"2010 World Series of Poker Main Event","text":"In what was becoming Bardah's next top payout, and at the same time the first of a Main Event string of cashes between 2010-2014, Bardah finished 24th in the 2010 Main Event for $317,161.[11][12]","title":"World Series of Poker Main Event"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Season XVIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Poker_Tour_season_18_results"},{"link_name":"World Poker Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Poker_Tour"},{"link_name":"Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole_Hard_Rock_Hotel_%26_Casino_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"Hollywood, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Bardah finished in third-place out of 1,573 entrants at the $3,500 Season XVIII World Poker Tour (WPT) Lucky Hearts Poker Open that was held at the Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino in Hollywood, Florida on January 26, 2021. When down to the final three players, Bardah, Ilyas Muradi, and Robel Andemichael agreed to a deal where Bardah collected $566,135 in prize money, although his official payout for third place would be $392,430.[13] This was Bardah's first WPT final table and his fifth money finish on the WPT.","title":"World Poker Tour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Survivor: Island of the Idols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivor:_Island_of_the_Idols"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Survivor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivor_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Bardah competed on Survivor: Island of the Idols, the 39th season of the CBS series Survivor. He was the first castaway voted out of the game by a 7–2 vote, placing 20th.[14][15]","title":"Survivor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"WSOP: Bardah Wins $2,500 Limit Hold'em Six-Max\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20130713063936/http://www.bluff.com/news/wsop-bardah-wins-2500-limit-holdem-six-max-30890/"},{"link_name":"Bluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluff_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bluff.com/news/wsop-bardah-wins-2500-limit-holdem-six-max-30890/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Empire State Hold'em Championships, No Limit Hold'em\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=28201"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Ronnie 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Main Event Record, Then Busts Cloutier\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pokernews.com/live-reporting/2014-wsop/main-event/chips.99377.htm"},{"link_name":"Poker News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_News"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HendonMob_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HendonMob_11-1"},{"link_name":"\"Ronnie Bardha's profile on The Hendon Mob\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/player.php?a=r&n=30074"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PokerNews_12-0"},{"link_name":"\"Ronnie Bardah Eliminated in 24th Place ($317,161)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pokernews.com/tours/wsop/2010-wsop/main-event/post.161379.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Main Tour WPT Lucky Hearts Poker Open Season 2019-2020 | World Poker Tour\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldpokertour.com/event/main-tour-wpt-lucky-hearts-poker-open-season-2020-2021/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Two Mass. Natives Cast In New Season Of 'Survivor,' Boston Rob To Serve As Mentor\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//boston.cbslocal.com/2019/09/10/survivor-island-of-the-idols-castaways-boston-rob/"},{"link_name":"WBZ-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBZ-TV"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"'Survivor' Premiere: Jeff Probst Reveals Top Secret 'Island of the Idols' Origin Story\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/survivor-island-idols-premiere-explained-1243367"}],"text":"^ Schult, Steve (June 24, 2012). \"WSOP: Bardah Wins $2,500 Limit Hold'em Six-Max\". Bluff. Archived from the original on July 13, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2013.\n\n^ \"Empire State Hold'em Championships, No Limit Hold'em\". The Hendon Mob. August 19, 2007. Retrieved December 5, 2023.\n\n^ \"Ronnie Bardah\". World Series of Poker. Retrieved July 13, 2013.\n\n^ \"Home : Players : Ronnie Bardah\". Card Player. Retrieved July 13, 2013.\n\n^ Bloom, Mike (September 22, 2019). \"Survivor Island of the Idols: Meet Ronnie Bardah\". Parade. Retrieved October 1, 2019.\n\n^ href='https://jewishjournal.com/author/'> (September 20, 2019). \"An Interview With a Reality TV Survivor\". Jewish Journal. Retrieved October 1, 2019. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)\n\n^ a b c Rodriguez, Julio (June 24, 2012). \"Ronnie Bardah Wins 2012 World Series of Poker Six-Max Limit Hold'em Event: Bardah Earns First Gold Bracelet and $182,088\". Card Player. Retrieved July 13, 2013.\n\n^ Schult, Steve (June 24, 2012). \"WSOP Bracelet Winner Profile: Ronnie Bardah\". Bluff. Archived from the original on July 13, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2013.\n\n^ Oresteen, Paul (June 23, 2013). \"Michael Moore Wins First Bracelet in $5K Limit Hold'em\". Bluff. Archived from the original on June 30, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2013.\n\n^ Peters, Don (July 11, 2014). \"Bardah Sets New Main Event Record, Then Busts Cloutier\". Poker News. Retrieved July 15, 2014.\n\n^ a b \"Ronnie Bardha's profile on The Hendon Mob\". The Hendon Mob Poker Database.\n\n^ \"Ronnie Bardah Eliminated in 24th Place ($317,161)\". PokerNews.com. July 17, 2010. Retrieved April 3, 2024.\n\n^ \"Main Tour WPT Lucky Hearts Poker Open Season 2019-2020 | World Poker Tour\". Retrieved January 28, 2021.\n\n^ \"Two Mass. Natives Cast In New Season Of 'Survivor,' Boston Rob To Serve As Mentor\". WBZ-TV. September 10, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2019.\n\n^ Wigler, Josh (September 25, 2019). \"'Survivor' Premiere: Jeff Probst Reveals Top Secret 'Island of the Idols' Origin Story\". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 25, 2019.","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Schult, Steve (June 24, 2012). \"WSOP: Bardah Wins $2,500 Limit Hold'em Six-Max\". Bluff. Archived from the original on July 13, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130713063936/http://www.bluff.com/news/wsop-bardah-wins-2500-limit-holdem-six-max-30890/","url_text":"\"WSOP: Bardah Wins $2,500 Limit Hold'em Six-Max\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluff_(magazine)","url_text":"Bluff"},{"url":"http://www.bluff.com/news/wsop-bardah-wins-2500-limit-holdem-six-max-30890/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Empire State Hold'em Championships, No Limit Hold'em\". The Hendon Mob. August 19, 2007. Retrieved December 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=28201","url_text":"\"Empire State Hold'em Championships, No Limit Hold'em\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ronnie Bardah\". World Series of Poker. Retrieved July 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wsop.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=8511&pagecolor=FFFFFF","url_text":"\"Ronnie Bardah\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series_of_Poker","url_text":"World Series of Poker"}]},{"reference":"\"Home : Players : Ronnie Bardah\". Card Player. Retrieved July 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cardplayer.com/poker-players/8630-ronnie-bardah","url_text":"\"Home : Players : Ronnie Bardah\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_Player","url_text":"Card Player"}]},{"reference":"Bloom, Mike (September 22, 2019). \"Survivor Island of the Idols: Meet Ronnie Bardah\". Parade. Retrieved October 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://parade.com/922310/mikebloom/survivor-island-of-the-idols-meet-ronnie-bardah/","url_text":"\"Survivor Island of the Idols: Meet Ronnie Bardah\""}]},{"reference":"href='https://jewishjournal.com/author/'> (September 20, 2019). \"An Interview With a Reality TV Survivor\". Jewish Journal. Retrieved October 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://jewishjournal.com/author/'","url_text":"https://jewishjournal.com/author/'"},{"url":"https://jewishjournal.com/blogs/304748/an-interview-with-a-reality-tv-survivor/","url_text":"\"An Interview With a Reality TV Survivor\""}]},{"reference":"Rodriguez, Julio (June 24, 2012). \"Ronnie Bardah Wins 2012 World Series of Poker Six-Max Limit Hold'em Event: Bardah Earns First Gold Bracelet and $182,088\". Card Player. Retrieved July 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cardplayer.com/poker-news/13573-ronnie-bardah-wins-2012-world-series-of-poker-six-max-limit-hold-em-event","url_text":"\"Ronnie Bardah Wins 2012 World Series of Poker Six-Max Limit Hold'em Event: Bardah Earns First Gold Bracelet and $182,088\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_Player","url_text":"Card Player"}]},{"reference":"Schult, Steve (June 24, 2012). \"WSOP Bracelet Winner Profile: Ronnie Bardah\". Bluff. Archived from the original on July 13, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130713065709/http://www.bluff.com/news/wsop-bracelet-winner-profile-ronnie-bardah-30895/","url_text":"\"WSOP Bracelet Winner Profile: Ronnie Bardah\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluff_(magazine)","url_text":"Bluff"},{"url":"http://www.bluff.com/news/wsop-bracelet-winner-profile-ronnie-bardah-30895/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Oresteen, Paul (June 23, 2013). \"Michael Moore Wins First Bracelet in $5K Limit Hold'em\". Bluff. Archived from the original on June 30, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130630003403/http://www.bluff.com/news/michael-moore-wins-first-bracelet-in-5k-limit-holdem-44793/","url_text":"\"Michael Moore Wins First Bracelet in $5K Limit Hold'em\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluff_(magazine)","url_text":"Bluff"},{"url":"http://www.bluff.com/news/michael-moore-wins-first-bracelet-in-5k-limit-holdem-44793/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Peters, Don (July 11, 2014). \"Bardah Sets New Main Event Record, Then Busts Cloutier\". Poker News. Retrieved July 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pokernews.com/live-reporting/2014-wsop/main-event/chips.99377.htm","url_text":"\"Bardah Sets New Main Event Record, Then Busts Cloutier\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_News","url_text":"Poker News"}]},{"reference":"\"Ronnie Bardha's profile on The Hendon Mob\". The Hendon Mob Poker Database.","urls":[{"url":"https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/player.php?a=r&n=30074","url_text":"\"Ronnie Bardha's profile on The Hendon Mob\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ronnie Bardah Eliminated in 24th Place ($317,161)\". PokerNews.com. July 17, 2010. Retrieved April 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pokernews.com/tours/wsop/2010-wsop/main-event/post.161379.htm","url_text":"\"Ronnie Bardah Eliminated in 24th Place ($317,161)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Main Tour WPT Lucky Hearts Poker Open Season 2019-2020 | World Poker Tour\". Retrieved January 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldpokertour.com/event/main-tour-wpt-lucky-hearts-poker-open-season-2020-2021/","url_text":"\"Main Tour WPT Lucky Hearts Poker Open Season 2019-2020 | World Poker Tour\""}]},{"reference":"\"Two Mass. Natives Cast In New Season Of 'Survivor,' Boston Rob To Serve As Mentor\". WBZ-TV. September 10, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://boston.cbslocal.com/2019/09/10/survivor-island-of-the-idols-castaways-boston-rob/","url_text":"\"Two Mass. Natives Cast In New Season Of 'Survivor,' Boston Rob To Serve As Mentor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBZ-TV","url_text":"WBZ-TV"}]},{"reference":"Wigler, Josh (September 25, 2019). \"'Survivor' Premiere: Jeff Probst Reveals Top Secret 'Island of the Idols' Origin Story\". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/survivor-island-idols-premiere-explained-1243367","url_text":"\"'Survivor' Premiere: Jeff Probst Reveals Top Secret 'Island of the Idols' Origin Story\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Crespi_(basketball)
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Marco Crespi (basketball)
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["1 Coaching career","2 NBA scouting career","3 Awards and accomplishments","4 References","5 External links"]
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Italian basketball coach
Marco CrespiPersonal informationBorn (1962-06-02) June 2, 1962 (age 62)Varese, ItalyNationalityItalianPositionHead coachCoaching career1979–presentCareer historyAs coach:1979–1983Bustese Busto Arsizio (Youth Teams)1983–1990Olimpia Milano (Youth Teams)1990–1997Olimpia Milano (Assistant)1997–1998Italy Under-221997–2000Italy (Assistant)1998–2000Olimpia Milano2000–2001Pallacanestro Biella2001–2002CB Sevilla2002–2003,2004–2005Vuelle Pesaro2006–2012Junior Casale Monferrato2012–2013Mens Sana Basket Siena (Assistant)2013–2014Mens Sana Basket Siena2014Baskonia2015–2016Scaligera Verona
Career highlights and awardsAs head coach:
Italian Super Cup winner (2013)
2× Italian 2nd Division champion (2001, 2011)
Marco Crespi (born June 2, 1962) is an Italian professional basketball coach. He served as a Head Coach of Baskonia and Scaligera Verona of the Italian League. He ended his career 2021 as Head Coach for Sweden women's national basketball team.
Coaching career
Crespi became the head coach of the Italian League club Mens Sana Basket Siena in 2013.
NBA scouting career
Crespi has worked as the director of international scouting for NBA clubs like the Boston Celtics and the Phoenix Suns.
Awards and accomplishments
2× Italian 2nd Division Champion: (2001, 2011)
Italian Super Cup Winner: (2013)
References
^ Euroleague.net MONTEPASCHI SIENA promotes Crespi to head coach.
^ InsideHoops.com Celtics add international scout.
External links
Euroleague.net Coaching Profile
Italian League Coaching Profile (in Italian)
Spanish League Profile (in Spanish)
Marco Crespi on X
This biographical article relating to an Italian basketball figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Baskonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saski_Baskonia"},{"link_name":"Scaligera Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaligera_Basket_Verona"},{"link_name":"Italian League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Basket_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"Sweden women's national basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_women%27s_national_basketball_team"}],"text":"Marco Crespi (born June 2, 1962) is an Italian professional basketball coach. He served as a Head Coach of Baskonia and Scaligera Verona of the Italian League. He ended his career 2021 as Head Coach for Sweden women's national basketball team.","title":"Marco Crespi (basketball)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"head coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_coach"},{"link_name":"Italian League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Basket_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"Mens Sana Basket Siena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mens_Sana_Basket_Siena"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Crespi became the head coach of the Italian League club Mens Sana Basket Siena in 2013.[1]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA"},{"link_name":"Boston Celtics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Celtics"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Suns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Suns"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Crespi has worked as the director of international scouting for NBA clubs like the Boston Celtics and the Phoenix Suns.[2]","title":"NBA scouting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian 2nd Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legadue_Basket"},{"link_name":"Italian Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Basketball_Supercup"}],"text":"2× Italian 2nd Division Champion: (2001, 2011)\nItalian Super Cup Winner: (2013)","title":"Awards and accomplishments"}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.euroleague.net/euroleaguenews/transactions/2013-14-signings/i/114464/8177/montepaschi-siena-promotes-crespi-to-head-coach","external_links_name":"Euroleague.net MONTEPASCHI SIENA promotes Crespi to head coach."},{"Link":"http://www.insidehoops.com/crespi-celtics-090204.shtml","external_links_name":"InsideHoops.com Celtics add international scout."},{"Link":"http://www.euroleague.net/competition/coaches/showcoach?pcode=KGZ","external_links_name":"Euroleague.net Coaching Profile"},{"Link":"http://web.legabasket.it/coach/CRE-MAR/marco_crespi","external_links_name":"Italian League Coaching Profile"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150417005721/http://www.acb.com/entrenador.php?id=AEG","external_links_name":"Spanish League Profile"},{"Link":"https://x.com/marcocrespi","external_links_name":"Marco Crespi"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marco_Crespi_(basketball)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_Metal_Show
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That Metal Show
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["1 Recurring segments","2 Miss Box of Junk Girl","3 Series overview","4 Episodes","4.1 Season 1 (2008)","4.2 Season 2 (2009)","4.3 Season 3 (2009)","4.4 Season 4 (2010)","4.5 Season 5 (2010)","4.6 Season 6 (2010)","4.7 Season 7 (2011)","4.8 Season 8 (2011)","4.9 Season 9 (2011–12)","4.10 Season 10 (2012)","4.11 Season 11 (2012)","4.12 Season 12 (2013)","4.13 Season 13 (2014)","4.14 Season 14 (2015)","5 Specials","6 References","7 External links"]
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US talk show
That Metal ShowPresented by
Eddie Trunk
Don Jamieson
Jim Florentine
Narrated by
David Coverdale (season 12)
Bobby Blitz (season 13)
Leslie West (season 14)
Theme music composerRon "Bumblefoot" ThalCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons14No. of episodes127ProductionProduction locations
New York City (seasons 1–4 & 13–14)
Los Angeles (seasons 5–12)
Running time
21–22 minutes (seasons 1–5)
43–45 minutes (season 3 premiere & seasons 6–14)
Original releaseNetworkVH1 ClassicReleaseNovember 15, 2008 (2008-11-15) –May 9, 2015 (2015-05-09)
That Metal Show is a talk show that premiered on VH1 Classic on November 15, 2008 and ended on May 9, 2015 with a span of 14 seasons. Hosted by Eddie Trunk, Don Jamieson and Jim Florentine, the series features three hosts interviewing musicians from the hard rock and heavy metal genre in addition to artists and non-musicians who are metal fans while various segments intervene throughout the episode.
VH1 Classic discontinued producing more episodes of That Metal Show on January 19, 2016 due to the network's transition to MTV Classic seven months later.
Recurring segments
Stump the Trunk
Pick of the Week (Seasons 1–11 & 13–14)
What's Going On with... (formerly Whatever Happened to...) (Seasons 1–11 & 13)
The Throwdown (Seasons 1–11 & 13–14)
Living the High Life with... (Season 3)
The Rant (Seasons 4 & 12)
TMS Vault (Seasons 5–14)
TMS Top 5 (Seasons 6–14)
TMS Top 4 (Season 10)
Metal Modem (Seasons 12–14)
Take It or Leave It (Seasons 12–14)
Put it On the Table (Seasons 12–14)
On the Shelf (Seasons 12–13)
On the Fringes (Seasons 12–13)
TMS Book Club (Seasons 12–13)
TMS Worldwide (Season 12)
Behind the Music Video (Season 12)
Rock & Roll Landmarks (Season 12)
Origins (Season 12)
Rank (Seasons 12–14)
Underrated (Seasons 12–14)
Take It or Take It (Season 13)
Miss Box of Junk Girl
The duties of the Miss Box of Junk Girl are to bring out the prize box for Stump the Trunk and to place choices in order for TMS Top 5.
Kerri Lee Tucker (Seasons 2–3; died 2009)
Jennifer Gottlieb (Seasons 4–14)
Series overview
SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired17November 15, 2008 (2008-11-15)December 27, 2008 (2008-12-27)28March 7, 2009 (2009-03-07)April 27, 2009 (2009-04-27)39October 3, 2009 (2009-10-03)November 28, 2009 (2009-11-28)410February 6, 2010 (2010-02-06)April 24, 2010 (2010-04-24)59May 8, 2010 (2010-05-08)July 17, 2010 (2010-07-17)69October 16, 2010 (2010-10-16)December 11, 2010 (2010-12-11)78March 19, 2011 (2011-03-19)May 14, 2011 (2011-05-14)810August 20, 2011 (2011-08-20)October 22, 2011 (2011-10-22)99November 11, 2011 (2011-11-11)January 14, 2012 (2012-01-14)108March 31, 2012 (2012-03-31)May 19, 2012 (2012-05-19)118July 21, 2012 (2012-07-21)September 29, 2012 (2012-09-29)128June 1, 2013 (2013-06-01)July 20, 2013 (2013-07-20)1312January 18, 2014 (2014-01-18)April 5, 2014 (2014-04-05)1412February 21, 2015 (2015-02-21)May 9, 2015 (2015-05-09)
Episodes
Season 1 (2008)
No. inseries
No. inseason
Title
Guest(s)
Original air date
11"Lita Ford"Lita FordNovember 15, 2008 (2008-11-15)
22"Yngwie Malmsteen"Yngwie MalmsteenNovember 22, 2008 (2008-11-22)
33"Twisted Sister"Dee Snider & Jay Jay FrenchNovember 29, 2008 (2008-11-29)
44"Mike Portnoy"Mike PortnoyDecember 6, 2008 (2008-12-06)
55"Mike Piazza"Mike PiazzaDecember 13, 2008 (2008-12-13)
66"Ace Frehley"Ace FrehleyDecember 20, 2008 (2008-12-20)
77"Rush"Geddy Lee & Alex LifesonDecember 27, 2008 (2008-12-27)
Season 2 (2009)
No. inseries
No. inseason
Title
Guest(s)
Original air date
81"Vinnie Paul"Vinnie PaulMarch 7, 2009 (2009-03-07)
92"Frank Bello"Frank BelloMarch 14, 2009 (2009-03-14)
103"Extreme"Nuno Bettencourt & Gary CheroneMarch 21, 2009 (2009-03-21)
114"Anvil"Steve "Lips" Kudlow & Rob ReinerMarch 28, 2009 (2009-03-28)
125"Duff McKagan"Duff McKaganApril 4, 2009 (2009-04-04)
136"Geoff Tate"Geoff TateApril 11, 2009 (2009-04-11)
147"Scott Gorham"Scott GorhamApril 18, 2009 (2009-04-18)
158"Heaven & Hell"Ronnie James Dio & Geezer ButlerApril 27, 2009 (2009-04-27)
Season 3 (2009)
The season premiere kicked off as a one-hour special at the Hard Rock Cafe featuring live performances from Anvil plus Q&A with the band and an appearance from some special guests.
No. inseries
No. inseason
Title
Guest(s)
Original air date
161"Anvil & Sacha Gervasi"Steve "Lips" Kudlow, Rob Reiner, G5 and Sacha GervasiOctober 3, 2009 (2009-10-03)
172"Rob Halford"Rob HalfordOctober 10, 2009 (2009-10-10)
183"Chris Jericho"Chris JerichoOctober 17, 2009 (2009-10-17)
194"Overkill"Bobby Blitz & D.D. VerniOctober 24, 2009 (2009-10-24)
205"Blackie Lawless"Blackie LawlessOctober 31, 2009 (2009-10-31)
216"Steve Vai"Steve VaiNovember 7, 2009 (2009-11-07)
227"Jamey Jasta"Jamey JastaNovember 14, 2009 (2009-11-14)
238"Ratt"Stephen Pearcy & Warren DeMartiniNovember 21, 2009 (2009-11-21)
249"Peter Criss"Peter CrissNovember 28, 2009 (2009-11-28)
Season 4 (2010)
Keri Leigh Tucker, the first Miss Box of Junk Girl, died in late 2009 and was replaced by Jennifer Gottlieb. A memorial dedicated to Keri Leigh was shown after the end credits to the season premiere. This season also marks the last to be filmed in New York before the show relocated to Los Angeles beginning with Season 5 until Season 13.
No. inseries
No. inseason
Title
Guest(s)
Original air date
251"Dave Mustaine"Dave MustaineFebruary 6, 2010 (2010-02-06)
262"Joey Kramer"Joey KramerFebruary 13, 2010 (2010-02-13)
273"Accept"Wolf Hoffmann & Mark TornilloFebruary 20, 2010 (2010-02-20)
284"Joe Lynn Turner"Joe Lynn TurnerFebruary 27, 2010 (2010-02-27)
295"Scott Ian & Pearl Aday"Scott Ian & Pearl AdayMarch 13, 2010 (2010-03-13)
306"Rudy Sarzo & Richard Christy"Rudy Sarzo & Richard ChristyMarch 20, 2010 (2010-03-20)
317"Brian Posehn"Brian PosehnMarch 27, 2010 (2010-03-27)
328"Winger"Kip Winger & Reb BeachApril 3, 2010 (2010-04-03)
339"Joe Satriani"Joe SatrianiApril 17, 2010 (2010-04-17)
3410"Scrap Metal"noneApril 24, 2010 (2010-04-24)
Season 5 (2010)
This season marks the first to be filmed at the Sony Pictures Studios in Glendale, California (a suburb of Los Angeles).
No. inseries
No. inseason
Title
Guest(s)
Original air date
351"Lemmy Kilmister"Lemmy KilmisterMay 8, 2010 (2010-05-08)
362"Zakk Wylde"Zakk WyldeMay 15, 2010 (2010-05-15)
373"Rob Halford"Rob HalfordMay 22, 2010 (2010-05-22)
384"Steven Adler & Chip Z'Nuff"Steven Adler & Chip Z'NuffJune 5, 2010 (2010-06-05)
395"Alice Cooper"Alice CooperJune 12, 2010 (2010-06-12)
406"Rob Zombie"Rob ZombieJune 10, 2010 (2010-06-10)
417"Dokken"Don Dokken & George LynchJune 26, 2010 (2010-06-26)
428"Slayer"Kerry King & Dave LombardoJuly 10, 2010 (2010-07-10)
439"Scrap Metal"noneJuly 17, 2010 (2010-07-17)
Season 6 (2010)
Beginning with Season 6, the show aired as a one-hour format in addition to including a musical guest for each episode.
No. inseries
No. inseason
Title
Guest(s)
Musical Guest
Original air date
441"Tribute to Ronnie James Dio"Geezer Butler, Vinny Appice, Wendy Dio, Simon Wright, Rob Halford and Tom MorelloCraig GoldyOctober 16, 2010 (2010-10-16)
452"Michael Anthony/Kip Winger/Carrie Keagan"Michael Anthony, Kip Winger and Carrie KeaganTracii GunsOctober 23, 2010 (2010-10-23)
463"Philip Anselmo & Bruce Kulick"Philip Anselmo & Bruce KulickGeorge LynchOctober 30, 2010 (2010-10-30)
474"Phil Collen & Frankie Banali"Phil Collen & Frankie BanaliRichie KotzenNovember 6, 2010 (2010-11-06)
485"Tesla & Chuck Billy"Jeff Keith, Frank Hannon and Chuck BillyTracii GunsNovember 13, 2010 (2010-11-13)
496"Bill Ward & Glenn Danzig"Bill Ward & Glenn DanzigRichie KotzenNovember 20, 2010 (2010-11-20)
507"Jason Bonham & Rikki Rocket"Jason Bonham & Rikki RocketCraig GoldyNovember 26, 2010 (2010-11-26)
518"Slash & Myles Kennedy"Slash & Myles KennedyGeorge LynchDecember 4, 2010 (2010-12-04)
529"Scrap Metal"nonenoneDecember 11, 2010 (2010-12-11)
Season 6 outtakes and unseen extras
Season 7 (2011)
Season 7 continued to have a guest guitarist for each episode while introducing a guest bassist.
No. inseries
No. inseason
Title
Guest(s)
Musical Guest
Original air date
531"Kirk Hammet & Uli Jon Roth"Kirk Hammett & Uli Jon RothDoug AldrichMarch 19, 2011 (2011-03-19)
542"Ace Frehley & Billy Sheehan"Ace Frehley & Billy SheehanGilby ClarkeMarch 26, 2011 (2011-03-26)
553"David Coverdale & Lita Ford"David Coverdale & Lita FordDoug AldrichApril 2, 2011 (2011-04-02)
564"Chris Jericho & Yngwie Malmsteen"Chris Jericho & Yngwie MalmsteenGilby ClarkeApril 9, 2011 (2011-04-09)
575"Duff McKagan & Glenn Hughes"Duff McKagan & Glenn HughesBilly SheehanApril 16, 2011 (2011-04-16)
586"Matt Sorum/Cherie Currie/Jim Norton"Matt Sorum, Cherie Curie and Jim NortonPaul GilbertApril 23, 2011 (2011-04-23)
597"Sebastian Bach & Anvil"Sebastian Bach, Steve "Lips" Kudlow and Robb ReinerPaul GilbertApril 30, 2011 (2011-04-30)
608"Carmine Appice & Dave Meniketti"Carmine Appice & Dave MenikettiBilly SheehanMay 7, 2011 (2011-05-07)
Season 8 (2011)
The episode featuring guests Michael Sweet, Jani Lane and Taime Downe featured the final appearance of Jani Lane as this episode was already taped prior to his death on August 11. It was originally scheduled to air on October 1, but was moved to August 27 as the second episode where the episode included a special opening dedicated Lane's memory. In addition, the episode with Stephen Pearcy and Tim "Ripper" Owens now aired as the seventh episode.
No. inseries
No. inseason
Title
Guest(s)
Musical Guest
Original air date
611"Tony Iommi"Tony IommiPhil CollenAugust 20, 2011 (2011-08-20)
622"Michael Sweet/Jani Lane/Taime Downe"Michael Sweet, Jani Lane and Taime DownePhil CollenAugust 27, 2011 (2011-08-27)
633"Tom Morello & Doug Pinnick"Tom Morello & Doug PinnickTony MacAlpineSeptember 3, 2011 (2011-09-03)
644"Corey Taylor & Night Ranger"Corey Taylor, Jack Blades and Brad GillisBilly SheehanSeptember 10, 2011 (2011-09-10)
655"Anthrax and Dave Sabo"Scott Ian, Charlie Benante and Dave SaboVinnie MooreSeptember 17, 2011 (2011-09-17)
666"Sammy Hagar"Sammy HagarAlex SkolnickSeptember 24, 2011 (2011-09-24)
677"Stephen Pearcy & Tim "Ripper" Owens"Stephen Pearcy & Tim "Ripper" OwensBilly SheehanOctober 1, 2011 (2011-10-01)
688"Mike Portnoy & John Sykes"Mike Portnoy & John SykesTony MacAlpineOctober 8, 2011 (2011-10-08)
699"Rick Nielsen & Graham Bonnet"Rick Nielsen & Graham BonnetVinnie MooreOctober 15, 2011 (2011-10-15)
7010"Lars Ulrich"Lars UlrichAlex SkolnickOctober 22, 2011 (2011-10-22)
Season 9 (2011–12)
The season premiere was filmed during Guns N' Roses' Chinese Democracy Tour at the American Airlines Arena in Miami, FL. Season 9 marked the first season to be presented in widescreen format.
No. inseries
No. inseason
Title
Guest(s)
Musical Guest
Original air date
711"Axl Rose Special"Axl Rose & DJ AshbanoneNovember 11, 2011 (2011-11-11)
722"Slash & Sam Dunn"Slash & Sam DunnGlenn HughesNovember 19, 2011 (2011-11-19)
733"Brian Johnson"Brian JohnsonWarren DeMartiniNovember 26, 2011 (2011-11-26)
744"Dave Mustaine & Kill Devil Hill"Dave Mustaine, Vinnie Appice and Rex BrownWarren DeMartiniDecember 3, 2011 (2011-12-03)
755"Marilyn Manson & Biff Byford"Marilyn Manson & Biff ByfordChris BroderickDecember 10, 2011 (2011-12-10)
766"Sully Erna & Jesse James Dupree"Sully Erna & Jesse James DupreeGlenn HughesDecember 17, 2011 (2011-12-17)
777"Tracii Guns & Michael Monroe"Tracii Guns & Michael MonroeJohn 5December 31, 2011 (2011-12-31)
788"Paul Rodgers & Buckcherry"Paul Rodgers, Josh Todd and Keith NelsonJohn 5January 7, 2012 (2012-01-07)
799"Herman Rarebell & Andrew Dice Clay"Herman Rarebell & Andrew Dice ClayChris BroderickJanuary 14, 2012 (2012-01-14)
Season 10 (2012)
Season 10 is the first to feature a drummer as a musical guest. According to Eddie Trunk, eight out of the ten episodes were shown while two of them debuted in the next season after the VH1 Classic revised the schedule. Jason Newsted, who was originally scheduled to appear in the fifth episode, cancelled his appearance at the last minute during the taping and was replaced by the members of Warrant.
No. inseries
No. inseason
Title
Guest(s)
Musical Guest
Original air date
801"Lars Ulrich & Robb Flynn"Lars Ulrich & Robb FlynnMike PortnoyMarch 31, 2012 (2012-03-31)
812"Alice Cooper & Jack Russell"Alice Cooper & Jack RussellBrian TichyApril 7, 2012 (2012-04-07)
823"T&N"George Lynch, Jeff Pilson and Mick BrownBrian TichyApril 14, 2012 (2012-04-14)
834"Adrian Smith"Adrian SmithMichael SchenkerApril 21, 2012 (2012-04-21)
845"Lemmy Kilmister & Warrant"Lemmy Kilmister, Jerry Dixon and Robert MasonMichael SchenkerApril 28, 2012 (2012-04-28)
856"Michael Schenker & Mike McCready"Michael Schenker & Mike McCreadyFrank HannonMay 2, 2012 (2012-05-02)
867"The Cult & Doro"Ian Astbury, Billy Duffy and DoroFrank HannonMay 12, 2012 (2012-05-12)
878"Vinnie Paul & Styx"Vinnie Paul, Tommy Shaw and James YoungSteve StevensMay 19, 2012 (2012-05-19)
Season 11 (2012)
The "David Draiman/Adrenaline Mob" and "Bobby Blotzer/L.A. Guns" episodes were originally going to be included in the previous season after both episodes were taped but were moved to Season 11 after VH1 Classic revised the Season 10 schedule. The TMS marathon premiered the season premiere as a sneak preview ahead of its August 11 premiere.
No. inseries
No. inseason
Title
Guest(s)
Musical Guest
Original air date
881"David Draiman & Adrenaline Mob"David Draiman, Russell Allen and Mike OrlandoMike PortnoyJuly 21, 2012 (2012-07-21)
892"Bobby Blotzer & L.A. Guns"Bobby Blotzer, Steve Riley and Phil LewisSteve StevensAugust 18, 2012 (2012-08-18)
903"Geoff Tate & Zakk Wylde"Geoff Tate & Zakk WyldeGeorge LynchAugust 25, 2012 (2012-08-25)
914"Aerosmith"Joey Kramer & Brad WhitfordGeorge LynchSeptember 1, 2012 (2012-09-01)
925"King Diamond & Mark Tremonti"King Diamond & Mark TremontiDoug AldrichSeptember 8, 2012 (2012-09-08)
936"Sammy Hagar & Michael Anthony"Sammy Hagar & Michael AnthonyJohn 5September 15, 2012 (2012-09-15)
947"Steve Harris"Steve HarrisJohn 5September 22, 2012 (2012-09-22)
958"Heart & Lita Ford"Ann Wilson, Nancy Wilson and Lita FordDoug AldrichSeptember 29, 2012 (2012-09-29)
Season 12 (2013)
Several new segments were introduced with only two "Top 5" lists being debated in the series. Another new inclusion to the show is an announcer for the opening credits as well as surprise special guests appearing via satellite to chat with the hosts in the new segment "Metal Modem". This is the last season to be taped in Los Angeles before returning to New York in Season 13. Season 12 was also the only season to include the round table format.
No. inseries
No. inseason
Title
Guest(s)
Musical Guest
Original air date
961"Jason Newsted"Jason NewstedCarmine AppiceJune 1, 2013 (2013-06-01)
972"Stone Sour"Corey Taylor & Josh RandRichie KotzenJune 8, 2013 (2013-06-08)
983"Rex Brown & Sebastian Bach"Rex Brown & Sebastian BachVinny AppiceJune 15, 2013 (2013-06-15)
994"Jake E. Lee & Rick Allen"Jake E. Lee & Rick AllenVinny AppiceJune 22, 2013 (2013-06-22)
1005"Queensrÿche & Dave Mustaine"Scott Rockenfield, Todd La Torre and Dave MustaineCarmine AppiceJune 29, 2013 (2013-06-29)
1016"Rob Zombie/John 5/Tom Keifer"Rob Zombie, John 5 and Tom KeiferRichie KotzenJuly 6, 2013 (2013-07-06)
1027"Black Star Riders & Neil Fallon"Scott Gorham, Ricky Warwick and Neil FallonJake E. LeeJuly 13, 2013 (2013-07-13)
1038"Buck Dharma & Kix"Buck Dharma, Steve Whiteman and Brian ForsytheJake E. LeeJuly 20, 2013 (2013-07-20)
Season 13 (2014)
For the first time since Season 4, the series made its return to New York with episodes being taped every Tuesday at the Metropolis Studio for 12 weeks except for the last two episodes that were both filmed on the same day. This season also marks the return of "The Throwdown", "Pick of the Week" and "What's Going On With..." after they were absent in the previous season. Ace Frehley was originally supposed to appear on the same episode as Peter Criss but was unable to make it.
No. inseries
No. inseason
Title
Guest(s)
Musical Guest
Original air date
1041"M. Shadows & Zakk Wylde"M. Shadows & Zakk WyldeJason HookJanuary 18, 2014 (2014-01-18)
1052"Living Colour & Morgan Rose"Corey Glover, Vernon Reid and Morgan RoseJoel HoekstraJanuary 25, 2014 (2014-01-25)
1063"Dave Ellefson & Frank Bello"Dave Ellefson & Frank BelloRon "Bumblefoot" ThalFebruary 1, 2014 (2014-02-01)
1074"Ted Nugent"Ted NugentGary HoeyFebruary 8, 2014 (2014-02-08)
1085"Alter Bridge & Matt Nathanson"Mark Tremonti, Myles Kennedy and Matt NathansonSteve BrownFebruary 15, 2014 (2014-02-15)
1096"Lamb of God"Randy Blythe & Chris AdlerCharlie BenanteFebruary 22, 2014 (2014-02-22)
1107"Mick Jones & Leslie West"Mick Jones & Leslie WestLita FordMarch 1, 2014 (2014-03-01)
1118"Mick Mars"Mick MarsTom KeiferMarch 8, 2014 (2014-03-08)
1129"Dee Snider"Dee SniderChris CafferyMarch 15, 2014 (2014-03-15)
11310"Peter Criss"Peter CrissRichard ChristyMarch 22, 2014 (2014-03-22)
11411"The Winery Dogs & Vinnie Paul"Mike Portnoy, Richie Kotzen, Billy Sheehan and Vinnie PaulYngwie MalmsteenMarch 29, 2014 (2014-03-29)
11512"Joe Satriani/Artie Lange/Jim Breuer"Joe Satriani, Artie Lange and Jim BreuerYngwie MalmsteenApril 5, 2014 (2014-04-05)
Season 14 (2015)
Season 14 premiered on February 21, 2015 in their new timeslot at 9/8c with a repeat airing in their former 11/10c slot. All the episodes were once again filmed on Tuesday nights at the Metropolis Studios in New York City while the ninth and tenth were both shot back-to-back. A special last-minute tribute to Twisted Sister drummer A.J. Pero, who died a week earlier on March 20, was included in the sixth episode along with an appearance by his bandmates. Despite Trunk telling the audience at the end of the season, now series finale, "We'll see you next season on That Metal Show", Season 14 proved to be the show's final season after VH1 Classic announced its decision not to renew the show for a 15th season in January 2016 a year after the airing, and before the network's re-branding to MTV Classic in August that year.
No. inseries
No. inseason
Title
Guest(s)
Musical guest
Original air date
1161"Geddy Lee"Geddy LeeJohn PetrucciFebruary 21, 2015 (2015-02-21)
1172"Anthrax"Scott Ian, Charlie Benante and Frank BelloAlex SkolnickFebruary 28, 2015 (2015-02-28)
1183"Dave Lombardo & John 5"Dave Lombardo & John 5John 5March 7, 2015 (2015-03-07)
1194"Marky Ramone/Darryl McDaniels/Gary Holt"Marky Ramone, Darryl McDaniels and Gary HoltJoel HoekstraMarch 14, 2015 (2015-03-14)
1205"Jamey Jasta & Armored Saint"Jamey Jasta, John Bush and Joey VeraMichael Angelo BatioMarch 21, 2015 (2015-03-21)
1216"Mark Tremonti & Taylor Momsen"Mark Tremonti & Taylor MomsenFrank HannonMarch 28, 2015 (2015-03-28)
1227"Chris Jericho/Max Cavalera/Billy Corgan"Chris Jericho, Max Cavalera and Billy CorganRich WardApril 4, 2015 (2015-04-04)
1238"Kerry King & Lzzy Hale"Kerry King & Lzzy HaleZakk WyldeApril 11, 2015 (2015-04-11)
1249"Kirk Hammett & Michael Schenker"Kirk Hammett & Michael SchenkerDamon JohnsonApril 18, 2015 (2015-04-18)
12510"Ace Frehley & Mark Farner"Ace Frehley & Mark FarnerNita StraussApril 25, 2015 (2015-04-25)
12611"Taime Downe/Mark Slaughter/Andy Biersack"Taime Downe, Mark Slaughter and Andy BiersackMike OrlandoMay 2, 2015 (2015-05-02)
12712"Bobby Blitz & Franki Banali"Bobby Blitz & Franki Banali plus pre-recorded interview with Joe ElliotBilly SheehanMay 9, 2015 (2015-05-09)
Specials
Title
Guest(s)
Original air date
"The Best of..."N/AJanuary 10, 2009 (2009-01-10)
"That Metal Show Presents: Download Festival '09"Tommy Lee, Slipknot, Hatebreed, Tesla, Mike Portnoy, Buckcherry, Duff McKagan, Tim "Ripper" Owens and many othersJuly 18, 2009 (2009-07-18)
"That Metal Special"Vince Neil with cameo appearances by Jake E. Lee, Frank DiMino, Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal and Chris KaelNovember 11, 2012 (2012-11-11)
References
^ "VH1 CLASSIC Will No Longer Produce 'That Metal Show'". Blabbermouth.net. January 19, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
^ "The reason @ThatMetalShow was discontinued is now obvious to all, the channel was going away.. !". Twitter. July 28, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
^ "BLABBERMOUTH.NET - 'Miss Box Of Junk' From 'That Metal Show' Found Dead". Legacy.roadrunnerrecords.com. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
External links
That Metal Show at VH1.com
That Metal Show Blog
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"talk show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_show"},{"link_name":"VH1 Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1_Classic"},{"link_name":"Eddie Trunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Trunk"},{"link_name":"Don Jamieson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Jamieson_(comedian)"},{"link_name":"Jim Florentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Florentine"},{"link_name":"hard rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock"},{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"MTV Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Classic_(U.S._TV_network)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"That Metal Show is a talk show that premiered on VH1 Classic on November 15, 2008 and ended on May 9, 2015 with a span of 14 seasons. Hosted by Eddie Trunk, Don Jamieson and Jim Florentine, the series features three hosts interviewing musicians from the hard rock and heavy metal genre in addition to artists and non-musicians who are metal fans while various segments intervene throughout the episode.VH1 Classic discontinued producing more episodes of That Metal Show on January 19, 2016 due to the network's transition to MTV Classic seven months later.[1][2]","title":"That Metal Show"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Stump the Trunk\nPick of the Week (Seasons 1–11 & 13–14)\nWhat's Going On with... (formerly Whatever Happened to...) (Seasons 1–11 & 13)\nThe Throwdown (Seasons 1–11 & 13–14)\nLiving the High Life with... (Season 3)\nThe Rant (Seasons 4 & 12)\nTMS Vault (Seasons 5–14)\nTMS Top 5 (Seasons 6–14)\nTMS Top 4 (Season 10)\nMetal Modem (Seasons 12–14)\nTake It or Leave It (Seasons 12–14)\nPut it On the Table (Seasons 12–14)\nOn the Shelf (Seasons 12–13)\nOn the Fringes (Seasons 12–13)\nTMS Book Club (Seasons 12–13)\nTMS Worldwide (Season 12)\nBehind the Music Video (Season 12)\nRock & Roll Landmarks (Season 12)\nOrigins (Season 12)\nRank (Seasons 12–14)\nUnderrated (Seasons 12–14)\nTake It or Take It (Season 13)","title":"Recurring segments"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The duties of the Miss Box of Junk Girl are to bring out the prize box for Stump the Trunk and to place choices in order for TMS Top 5.Kerri Lee Tucker (Seasons 2–3; died 2009)\nJennifer Gottlieb (Seasons 4–14)","title":"Miss Box of Junk Girl"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_1_(2008)"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_2_(2009)"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_3_(2009)"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_4_(2010)"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_5_(2010)"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_6_(2010)"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_7_(2011)"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_8_(2011)"},{"link_name":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_9_(2011%E2%80%9312)"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_10_(2012)"},{"link_name":"11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_11_(2012)"},{"link_name":"12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_12_(2013)"},{"link_name":"13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_13_(2014)"},{"link_name":"14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_14_(2015)"}],"text":"SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired17November 15, 2008 (2008-11-15)December 27, 2008 (2008-12-27)28March 7, 2009 (2009-03-07)April 27, 2009 (2009-04-27)39October 3, 2009 (2009-10-03)November 28, 2009 (2009-11-28)410February 6, 2010 (2010-02-06)April 24, 2010 (2010-04-24)59May 8, 2010 (2010-05-08)July 17, 2010 (2010-07-17)69October 16, 2010 (2010-10-16)December 11, 2010 (2010-12-11)78March 19, 2011 (2011-03-19)May 14, 2011 (2011-05-14)810August 20, 2011 (2011-08-20)October 22, 2011 (2011-10-22)99November 11, 2011 (2011-11-11)January 14, 2012 (2012-01-14)108March 31, 2012 (2012-03-31)May 19, 2012 (2012-05-19)118July 21, 2012 (2012-07-21)September 29, 2012 (2012-09-29)128June 1, 2013 (2013-06-01)July 20, 2013 (2013-07-20)1312January 18, 2014 (2014-01-18)April 5, 2014 (2014-04-05)1412February 21, 2015 (2015-02-21)May 9, 2015 (2015-05-09)","title":"Series overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 1 (2008)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 2 (2009)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hard Rock Cafe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Rock_Cafe"}],"sub_title":"Season 3 (2009)","text":"The season premiere kicked off as a one-hour special at the Hard Rock Cafe featuring live performances from Anvil plus Q&A with the band and an appearance from some special guests.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Season 4 (2010)","text":"Keri Leigh Tucker, the first Miss Box of Junk Girl, died in late 2009 and was replaced by Jennifer Gottlieb. A memorial dedicated to Keri Leigh was shown after the end credits to the season premiere.[3] This season also marks the last to be filmed in New York before the show relocated to Los Angeles beginning with Season 5 until Season 13.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sony Pictures Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Studios"},{"link_name":"Glendale, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendale,_California"}],"sub_title":"Season 5 (2010)","text":"This season marks the first to be filmed at the Sony Pictures Studios in Glendale, California (a suburb of Los Angeles).","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 6 (2010)","text":"Beginning with Season 6, the show aired as a one-hour format in addition to including a musical guest for each episode.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 7 (2011)","text":"Season 7 continued to have a guest guitarist for each episode while introducing a guest bassist.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 8 (2011)","text":"The episode featuring guests Michael Sweet, Jani Lane and Taime Downe featured the final appearance of Jani Lane as this episode was already taped prior to his death on August 11. It was originally scheduled to air on October 1, but was moved to August 27 as the second episode where the episode included a special opening dedicated Lane's memory. In addition, the episode with Stephen Pearcy and Tim \"Ripper\" Owens now aired as the seventh episode.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guns N' Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses"},{"link_name":"Chinese Democracy Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Democracy_Tour"},{"link_name":"American Airlines Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines_Arena"}],"sub_title":"Season 9 (2011–12)","text":"The season premiere was filmed during Guns N' Roses' Chinese Democracy Tour at the American Airlines Arena in Miami, FL. Season 9 marked the first season to be presented in widescreen format.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jason Newsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Newsted"},{"link_name":"Warrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrant_(American_band)"}],"sub_title":"Season 10 (2012)","text":"Season 10 is the first to feature a drummer as a musical guest. According to Eddie Trunk, eight out of the ten episodes were shown while two of them debuted in the next season after the VH1 Classic revised the schedule. Jason Newsted, who was originally scheduled to appear in the fifth episode, cancelled his appearance at the last minute during the taping and was replaced by the members of Warrant.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 11 (2012)","text":"The \"David Draiman/Adrenaline Mob\" and \"Bobby Blotzer/L.A. Guns\" episodes were originally going to be included in the previous season after both episodes were taped but were moved to Season 11 after VH1 Classic revised the Season 10 schedule. The TMS marathon premiered the season premiere as a sneak preview ahead of its August 11 premiere.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 12 (2013)","text":"Several new segments were introduced with only two \"Top 5\" lists being debated in the series. Another new inclusion to the show is an announcer for the opening credits as well as surprise special guests appearing via satellite to chat with the hosts in the new segment \"Metal Modem\". This is the last season to be taped in Los Angeles before returning to New York in Season 13. Season 12 was also the only season to include the round table format.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 13 (2014)","text":"For the first time since Season 4, the series made its return to New York with episodes being taped every Tuesday at the Metropolis Studio for 12 weeks except for the last two episodes that were both filmed on the same day. This season also marks the return of \"The Throwdown\", \"Pick of the Week\" and \"What's Going On With...\" after they were absent in the previous season. Ace Frehley was originally supposed to appear on the same episode as Peter Criss but was unable to make it.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A.J. Pero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.J._Pero"},{"link_name":"MTV Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Classic_(U.S._TV_network)"}],"sub_title":"Season 14 (2015)","text":"Season 14 premiered on February 21, 2015 in their new timeslot at 9/8c with a repeat airing in their former 11/10c slot. All the episodes were once again filmed on Tuesday nights at the Metropolis Studios in New York City while the ninth and tenth were both shot back-to-back. A special last-minute tribute to Twisted Sister drummer A.J. Pero, who died a week earlier on March 20, was included in the sixth episode along with an appearance by his bandmates. Despite Trunk telling the audience at the end of the season, now series finale, \"We'll see you next season on That Metal Show\", Season 14 proved to be the show's final season after VH1 Classic announced its decision not to renew the show for a 15th season in January 2016 a year after the airing, and before the network's re-branding to MTV Classic in August that year.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Specials"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epit%C3%A1cio_Pessoa
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Epitácio Pessoa
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["1 Biography","2 Presidency","2.1 Crisis of the False Letters","3 Notable facts","4 Last years","5 Academia Paraibana de Letras","6 Composition of the government","7 Bibliography","8 Legacy","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]
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President of Brazil from 1919 to 1922
In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is Silva and the second or paternal family name is Pessoa.
His ExcellencyEpitácio PessoaOfficial portrait, 1919President of BrazilIn office28 July 1919 – 15 November 1922Vice PresidentDelfim Moreira (1919–1920)None (Jul–Nov 1920)Bueno de Paiva (1920–1922)Preceded byDelfim MoreiraSucceeded byArtur Bernardes
Other offices held
1923–1930Member of the Permanent Court of International Justice1918–1919Head of the Brazilian Delegation to the Versailles Peace Conference1912–1919Senator for Paraíba1902–1912Minister of the Supreme Federal Court1902–1905Prosecutor General of the Republic1900–1901Minister of Industry, Transport and Public Works (interim)1898–1901Minister of Justice and Internal Affairs1890–1893Federal Deputy for Paraíba1889–1890Secretary-General of Paraíba
Personal detailsBorn(1865-05-23)23 May 1865Umbuzeiro, Paraíba, Empire of BrazilDied13 February 1942(1942-02-13) (aged 76)Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilPolitical partyRepublican Party of Minas GeraisSpouses
Francisca Justina das Chagas
(m. 1894; died 1895)
Maria da Conceição de Manso Sayão
(m. 1898)
RelationsJoão Pessoa (nephew)Children3ParentsJosé da Silva Pessoa (father)Henriqueta Barbosa de Lucena (mother)Alma materRecife Law SchoolSignature
Epitácio Lindolfo da Silva Pessoa (Portuguese pronunciation: ; 23 May 1865 – 13 February 1942) was a Brazilian politician and jurist who served as 11th president of Brazil between 1919 and 1922, when Rodrigues Alves was unable to take office due to illness, after being elected in 1918. His period of government was marked by military revolts that would culminate in the Revolution of 1930, which brought Getúlio Vargas into control of the federal government.
In addition to his term as president, Pessoa served as Minister of Justice, a justice in the Supreme Federal Tribunal, Attorney General, a two-term Federal Deputy, a three-term Senator, Chief of the Brazilian delegation for the Treaty of Versailles, and a judge on the Permanent Court of International Justice.
In 1921, President Epitácio Pessoa, concerned about causing a geopolitical faux pas, is known for having banned any non-white players from Brazil national football team.
Biography
Epitácio Pessoa was born in Umbuzeiro, a small town in the state of Paraíba. His parents died of smallpox when he was only seven years old. He was taken in and educated by his uncle Henrique de Lucena , then the governor of Pernambuco. Pessoa endured a very poor childhood, but with great effort managed to earn a degree in law from the Faculty of Law of the Federal University of Pernambuco, where he went on to become a professor. He eventually made his way to Rio de Janeiro.
Young Epitácio managed to make the acquaintance of Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca through the connections of his eldest brother José. With the proclamation of the Brazilian Republic he was invited by governor Venâncio Neiva to serve as secretary-general of the first republican government of Paraíba. He was a deputy to the constituent assembly from 1890 to 1891, during which time he was noted as a standout figure. By the time he was twenty-five years old, he was already noted as an accomplished jurist.
During his time in the Constituent Assembly, Pessoa gave an outstanding speech in which he articulated the political responsibilities of the President of the Republic. In 1894, he resolved to abandon politics because of his disagreements with then-president Floriano Peixoto. After marrying Maria da Conceição Manso Saião, he left for Europe.
After his return to Brazil he became Minister of Justice in the government of Campos Sales, during which time he invited Clóvis Beviláqua, a colleague from his days as a professor at the Faculty of Law of the University of Recife, to write a civil code for the country that would eventually be adopted in 1916. After leaving the Ministry of Justice, Pessoa would then successively serve as Minister of Transportation, Justice of the Supreme Federal Tribunal, and Attorney General of the Republic. Levi Carneiro, in his "Livro de um Advogado", notes that as a justice Pessoa never voted in favor of any case in which he had been assigned to elaborate the views of the court.
Elected as a senator for his home state of Paraíba in 1911, Pessoa then moved to Europe, where he lived until 1914. Returning to Brazil, he would soon assume the post of realtor for the Commission for the Verification of Powers.
With the end of the First World War, Pessoa was chosen to lead the Brazilian delegation for the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. Ruy Barbosa had originally been chosen to lead the delegation, but he resigned and Pessoa was picked as his substitute. The Brazilian delegation, which supported the aims of the United States, obtained good results in its attempts to resolve issues that Brazil had an interest in: the sale of Brazilian coffee that had been stored in European ports and the fate of 70 German ships seized by Brazil during the war.
Pessoa disputed the succession of Delfim Moreira, the vice-president of president-elect Rodrigues Alves, who had died before he could take office. He won the presidency of the Republic by defeating the septuagenarian Ruy Barbosa in a snap election without having even left France, the only such case in the history of the Brazilian republic. His candidacy had been supported in Minas Gerais and was considered fairly symbolic. The election of a president from Paraíba represented a defeat for the old political system of café com leite, with the election of Marshal Hermes da Fonseca from Rio Grande do Sul a decade earlier being the only previous exception. Regardless, Pessoa still represented the interests of the traditional oligarchies of Minas Gerais and São Paulo.
There is another view of this election, however: the belief that after the death of Rodrigues Alves the elite of Minas Gerais and São Paulo wanted to choose a new candidate from outside their own ranks. That Artur Bernardes of Minas Gerais was elected president in the next election supports the conspiracy theory that the oligarchies had never lost control in the intervening years.
Presidency
Brazil had greatly improved its financial situation over the course of the First World War. The industrialized countries had been forced to concentrate all of their resources towards the arms industry. Brazil exported raw materials at compensatory prices and enlarged its industrial base, manufacturing products that were previously imported. With the end of the war, Europe began to rehabilitate its industries. At the same time, Brazil was plagued with a number of workers strikes, and the business community along with the coffee-growers tried to reimpose their control. In response to these events, Pessoa introduced a program of austere financial planning. Nevertheless, the pressures on the State continued to grow. New loans, totaling nine million pounds, financed the retention of green coffee in Brazilian ports. Another loan was secured from the United States for the electrification of the Estrada de Ferro Central do Brasil.
Pessoa did not escape from the intrigues of state politics and used the federal government to intervene on behalf of state-based interest groups in return for support in Congress. He was embroiled in one of the most troubled periods in the history of the Old Republic with the outbreak of the 18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt on 5 July 1922, the crisis of the false letters (see below) and the revolt of the Military Club. The process of finding a successor for Pessoa therefore happened within a highly charged climate in which the lieutenants and subalterns (the tenentes) of the Armed Forces called for profound political reforms.
Crisis of the False Letters
In 1921, the Correio de Manhã published letters supposedly sent by Artur Bernardes and Raul Soares de Moura that contained insults towards the Armed Forces and Marshal Hermes da Fonseca. A commission attested to the veracity of this correspondence. A year later, Bernardes claimed victory in the presidential elections. In response, the Military Club and the noted politician Borges de Medeiros called for the creation of a court of honor to review the legitimacy of Bernardes' election. The Federal Congress reviewed the election results and declared them legitimate.
Notable facts
Statue honoring Epitácio Pessoa
Pessoa's principal acts as president were the following:
The construction of more than 200 dams in Northeast (Considered the largest accomplishment of his government).
The creation of the University of Rio de Janeiro – considered by official historians at the time to be first one of its kind in Brazil, though the Universidade do Paraná had been created almost a decade before, in 1912.
The commemoration of the first centenary of independence.
The opening of the first radio station in Brazil.
The substitution of the pound for the dollar as the basis of the nation's monetary standard.
The construction of more than 1000 km of railroads in the south of Brazil.
The nomination of a civilian – the historian Pandiá Calógeras – for Minister of War.
The defeat of the 18 of the Fort of Copacabana Revolt.
Successful inroads into creating public works to lessen the droughts of the Northeast region.
Abolished the law that banished the Brazilian Imperial Family from national territory.
Last years
After leaving the presidency, Epitácio Pessoa was elected to be a Justice of the Permanent Court of International Justice at The Hague, and stayed on the bench until November 1930. From 1924 until the Revolution of 1930, he was a senator for Paraíba. He supported the revolution, which implemented the ideals of earlier army revolts.
The assassination of his nephew João Pessoa was a strong emotional blow to Epitácio, and in its aftermath he retired from public life. In 1937, he began to show signs of declining health. He developed Parkinson's disease and severe heart problems. Epitácio Pessoa would live until 13 February 1942, when he died in Nova Betânia, part of Petrópolis (Rio de Janeiro). In 1965 his remains, along with those of his wife, were transported to João Pessoa, Paraíba, for reinterment.
Academia Paraibana de Letras
Pessoa was the patron of chair no. 31 of the Academia Paraibana de Letras, which was founded by Father Francisco Lima. It is currently occupied by Angela Bezerra de Castro.
Composition of the government
Vice-presidents
Delfim Moreira
Francisco Álvaro Bueno de Paiva
Ministers
Agriculture, Industry and Commerce: Ildefonso Simões Lopes, José Pires do Rio – intern
Finance: Homero Batista
War: Alfredo Pinto Vieira de Melo – intern, João Pandiá Calógeras, João Pedro da Veiga Miranda – intern
Justice: Alfredo Pinto Vieira de Melo, Joaquim Ferreira Chaves – intern
Navy: Raul Soares de Moura, Joaquim Ferreira Chaves, João Pedro da Veiga Miranda
Foreign Relations: José Manuel de Azevedo Marques
Transport and Public Works: José Pires do Rio
Bibliography
__________ Perfis Parliamentares 07 – Epitácio Pessoa, Editora Câmara dos Deputados, 1978.
__________ Bacharel Epitácio Pessoa e o Glorioso Levante Militar de 5 de Julho, Editora S / E, 1922.
__________ 1º Centenário de Nascimento de Epitácio Pessoa, Editora A União, 1965.
Gabaglia, Joao Scott, Matheus Castello 1865–1942, Editora José Olympio, 1951.
Koifman, Fábio, Organizador – Presidentes do Brasil, Editora Rio, 2001.
Pessoa, Epitácio, Obras Completas, Editora Instituto Nacional do Livro, 1955.
Pessoa, Mário, Legalismo e Coragem em Epitácio Pessoa, Editora Imprensa Universitária, 1965.
Melo, Fernando, Epitácio Pessoa uma Biografia, Editora Idéia, 2005.
Silva, Hélio, Epitácio Pessoa 11º Presidente do Brasil, Editora Três, 1984.
Valadão, Haroldo, Epitácio Pessoa Jurista da Codificação Americana do Direito Internacional, Rio de Janeiro, 1977.
Zenaide, Hélio Nóbrega, Epitácio Pessoa, Editora A União, 2000.
Legacy
Presidente Epitácio, a municipality in the state of São Paulo
See also
List of presidents of Brazil
References
^ Storey, Daniel (5 May 2020). "Arthur Friedenrich: Brazilian football's pioneer who overcame racial prejudice to become a superstar". iNews. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
^ Rial, Carmen (2020). "Black Atlantic Footballer". CSOnline – Revista Eletrônica de Ciências Sociais (31): 20. doi:10.34019/1981-2140.2020.30951.
External links
O governo Epitácio Pessoa no sítio oficial da Presidência da República do Brasil
Mensagem ao Congresso Nacional de 1920 Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine
Mensagem ao Congresso Nacional de 1921 Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine
Mensagem ao Congresso Nacional de 1922 Archived 2008-04-24 at the Wayback Machine
Political offices
Preceded byDelfim Moreira
President of Brazil 1919–1922
Succeeded byArtur Bernardes
vtePresidents of BrazilOld Republic(1889–1930)
Deodoro da Fonseca (1889–1891) ¤
Floriano Peixoto (1891–1894)
Prudente de Morais (1894–1898)
Campos Sales (1898–1902)
Rodrigues Alves (1902–1906)
Afonso Pena (1906–1909) †
Nilo Peçanha (1909–1910)
Hermes da Fonseca (1910–1914)
Venceslau Brás (1914–1918)
Rodrigues Alves (never took office)
Delfim Moreira (1918–1919) ‡
Epitácio Pessoa (1919–1922)
Artur Bernardes (1922–1926)
Washington Luís (1926–1930) ×
Júlio Prestes (never took office)
Second Republic(1930–37)
Military Junta (Tasso Fragoso, Isaías de Noronha, Mena Barreto) (1930)
Getúlio Vargas (1930–1937) ×
Estado Novo(1937–46)
Getúlio Vargas (1937–1945)
José Linhares (1945–1946)
Populist Republic(1946–64)
Eurico Gaspar Dutra (1946–1951)
Getúlio Vargas (1951–1954) †
Café Filho (1954–1955)
Carlos Luz (1955)
Nereu Ramos (1955–1956)
Juscelino Kubitschek (1956–1961)
Jânio Quadros (1961) ¤
Ranieri Mazzilli (1961)
João Goulart (1961–1964) ×
Military dictatorship(1964–85)
Ranieri Mazzilli (1964)
Castelo Branco (1964–1967)
Costa e Silva (1967–1969) †
Pedro Aleixo (posthumous)
Military Junta (1969)
Emílio Garrastazu Médici (1969–1974)
Ernesto Geisel (1974–1979)
João Figueiredo (1979–1985)
New Republic(1985–present)
Tancredo Neves (never took office)
José Sarney (1985–1990)
Collor de Mello (1990–1992) ¤
Itamar Franco (1992–1995)
Fernando H. Cardoso (1995–2003)
Lula da Silva (2003–2011)
Dilma Rousseff (2011–2016) +
Michel Temer (2016–2019)
Jair Bolsonaro (2019–2023)
Lula da Silva (2023–present)
End of term: ¤ Resigned; † Died in office; × Coup d'état or self-coup; ‡ New elections held; + Impeached
Category
List
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
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France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
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Vatican
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IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"[epiˈtasju lĩˈdowfu dɐ ˈsiwvɐ peˈsoɐ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_figure"},{"link_name":"jurist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurist"},{"link_name":"president of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Rodrigues Alves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigues_Alves"},{"link_name":"Revolution of 1930","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1930"},{"link_name":"Getúlio Vargas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas"},{"link_name":"Minister of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"Supreme Federal Tribunal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Federal_Tribunal"},{"link_name":"Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Senate_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"Permanent Court of International Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_International_Justice"},{"link_name":"faux pas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faux_pas"},{"link_name":"Brazil national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is Silva and the second or paternal family name is Pessoa.Epitácio Lindolfo da Silva Pessoa (Portuguese pronunciation: [epiˈtasju lĩˈdowfu dɐ ˈsiwvɐ peˈsoɐ]; 23 May 1865 – 13 February 1942) was a Brazilian politician and jurist who served as 11th president of Brazil between 1919 and 1922, when Rodrigues Alves was unable to take office due to illness, after being elected in 1918. His period of government was marked by military revolts that would culminate in the Revolution of 1930, which brought Getúlio Vargas into control of the federal government.In addition to his term as president, Pessoa served as Minister of Justice, a justice in the Supreme Federal Tribunal, Attorney General, a two-term Federal Deputy, a three-term Senator, Chief of the Brazilian delegation for the Treaty of Versailles, and a judge on the Permanent Court of International Justice.In 1921, President Epitácio Pessoa, concerned about causing a geopolitical faux pas, is known for having banned any non-white players from Brazil national football team.[1][2]","title":"Epitácio Pessoa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Umbuzeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbuzeiro"},{"link_name":"Paraíba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para%C3%ADba"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"Henrique de Lucena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henrique_de_Lucena&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrique_de_Lucena"},{"link_name":"Pernambuco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernambuco"},{"link_name":"Faculty of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculdade_de_Direito_do_Recife"},{"link_name":"Federal University of Pernambuco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_University_of_Pernambuco"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"Deodoro da Fonseca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deodoro_da_Fonseca"},{"link_name":"constituent assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_assembly"},{"link_name":"jurist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurist"},{"link_name":"Floriano Peixoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floriano_Peixoto"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Campos Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campos_Sales"},{"link_name":"Clóvis Beviláqua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%B3vis_Bevil%C3%A1qua"},{"link_name":"Recife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recife"},{"link_name":"civil code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_code"},{"link_name":"Supreme Federal Tribunal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Federal_Tribunal"},{"link_name":"Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"Ruy Barbosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_Barbosa"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee"},{"link_name":"Delfim Moreira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delfim_Moreira"},{"link_name":"Rodrigues Alves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigues_Alves"},{"link_name":"Ruy Barbosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_Barbosa"},{"link_name":"Minas Gerais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minas_Gerais"},{"link_name":"café com leite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_com_leite_politics"},{"link_name":"Hermes da Fonseca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes_da_Fonseca"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande do Sul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"Artur Bernardes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_Bernardes"}],"text":"Epitácio Pessoa was born in Umbuzeiro, a small town in the state of Paraíba. His parents died of smallpox when he was only seven years old. He was taken in and educated by his uncle Henrique de Lucena [pt], then the governor of Pernambuco. Pessoa endured a very poor childhood, but with great effort managed to earn a degree in law from the Faculty of Law of the Federal University of Pernambuco, where he went on to become a professor. He eventually made his way to Rio de Janeiro.Young Epitácio managed to make the acquaintance of Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca through the connections of his eldest brother José. With the proclamation of the Brazilian Republic he was invited by governor Venâncio Neiva to serve as secretary-general of the first republican government of Paraíba. He was a deputy to the constituent assembly from 1890 to 1891, during which time he was noted as a standout figure. By the time he was twenty-five years old, he was already noted as an accomplished jurist.During his time in the Constituent Assembly, Pessoa gave an outstanding speech in which he articulated the political responsibilities of the President of the Republic. In 1894, he resolved to abandon politics because of his disagreements with then-president Floriano Peixoto. After marrying Maria da Conceição Manso Saião, he left for Europe.After his return to Brazil he became Minister of Justice in the government of Campos Sales, during which time he invited Clóvis Beviláqua, a colleague from his days as a professor at the Faculty of Law of the University of Recife, to write a civil code for the country that would eventually be adopted in 1916. After leaving the Ministry of Justice, Pessoa would then successively serve as Minister of Transportation, Justice of the Supreme Federal Tribunal, and Attorney General of the Republic. Levi Carneiro, in his \"Livro de um Advogado\", notes that as a justice Pessoa never voted in favor of any case in which he had been assigned to elaborate the views of the court.Elected as a senator for his home state of Paraíba in 1911, Pessoa then moved to Europe, where he lived until 1914. Returning to Brazil, he would soon assume the post of realtor for the Commission for the Verification of Powers.With the end of the First World War, Pessoa was chosen to lead the Brazilian delegation for the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. Ruy Barbosa had originally been chosen to lead the delegation, but he resigned and Pessoa was picked as his substitute. The Brazilian delegation, which supported the aims of the United States, obtained good results in its attempts to resolve issues that Brazil had an interest in: the sale of Brazilian coffee that had been stored in European ports and the fate of 70 German ships seized by Brazil during the war.Pessoa disputed the succession of Delfim Moreira, the vice-president of president-elect Rodrigues Alves, who had died before he could take office. He won the presidency of the Republic by defeating the septuagenarian Ruy Barbosa in a snap election without having even left France, the only such case in the history of the Brazilian republic. His candidacy had been supported in Minas Gerais and was considered fairly symbolic. The election of a president from Paraíba represented a defeat for the old political system of café com leite, with the election of Marshal Hermes da Fonseca from Rio Grande do Sul a decade earlier being the only previous exception. Regardless, Pessoa still represented the interests of the traditional oligarchies of Minas Gerais and São Paulo.There is another view of this election, however: the belief that after the death of Rodrigues Alves the elite of Minas Gerais and São Paulo wanted to choose a new candidate from outside their own ranks. That Artur Bernardes of Minas Gerais was elected president in the next election supports the conspiracy theory that the oligarchies had never lost control in the intervening years.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_Sterling"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"electrification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrification"},{"link_name":"Estrada de Ferro Central do Brasil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrada_de_Ferro_Central_do_Brasil"},{"link_name":"18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_of_the_Copacabana_Fort_revolt"},{"link_name":"tenentes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenente_revolts"}],"text":"Brazil had greatly improved its financial situation over the course of the First World War. The industrialized countries had been forced to concentrate all of their resources towards the arms industry. Brazil exported raw materials at compensatory prices and enlarged its industrial base, manufacturing products that were previously imported. With the end of the war, Europe began to rehabilitate its industries. At the same time, Brazil was plagued with a number of workers strikes, and the business community along with the coffee-growers tried to reimpose their control. In response to these events, Pessoa introduced a program of austere financial planning. Nevertheless, the pressures on the State continued to grow. New loans, totaling nine million pounds, financed the retention of green coffee in Brazilian ports. Another loan was secured from the United States for the electrification of the Estrada de Ferro Central do Brasil.Pessoa did not escape from the intrigues of state politics and used the federal government to intervene on behalf of state-based interest groups in return for support in Congress. He was embroiled in one of the most troubled periods in the history of the Old Republic with the outbreak of the 18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt on 5 July 1922, the crisis of the false letters (see below) and the revolt of the Military Club. The process of finding a successor for Pessoa therefore happened within a highly charged climate in which the lieutenants and subalterns (the tenentes) of the Armed Forces called for profound political reforms.","title":"Presidency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Correio de Manhã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correio_da_Manh%C3%A3_(Brazil)"},{"link_name":"Artur Bernardes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_Bernardes"},{"link_name":"Hermes da Fonseca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes_da_Fonseca"}],"sub_title":"Crisis of the False Letters","text":"In 1921, the Correio de Manhã published letters supposedly sent by Artur Bernardes and Raul Soares de Moura that contained insults towards the Armed Forces and Marshal Hermes da Fonseca. A commission attested to the veracity of this correspondence. A year later, Bernardes claimed victory in the presidential elections. In response, the Military Club and the noted politician Borges de Medeiros called for the creation of a court of honor to review the legitimacy of Bernardes' election. The Federal Congress reviewed the election results and declared them legitimate.","title":"Presidency"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Est%C3%A1tua_de_Epit%C3%A1cio_Pessoa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Northeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"Universidade do Paraná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_Federal_do_Paran%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"pound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency"},{"link_name":"dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar"},{"link_name":"railroads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroads"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Imperial Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Imperial_Family"}],"text":"Statue honoring Epitácio PessoaPessoa's principal acts as president were the following:The construction of more than 200 dams in Northeast (Considered the largest accomplishment of his government).\nThe creation of the University of Rio de Janeiro – considered by official historians at the time to be first one of its kind in Brazil, though the Universidade do Paraná had been created almost a decade before, in 1912.\nThe commemoration of the first centenary of independence.\nThe opening of the first radio station in Brazil.\nThe substitution of the pound for the dollar as the basis of the nation's monetary standard.\nThe construction of more than 1000 km of railroads in the south of Brazil.\nThe nomination of a civilian – the historian Pandiá Calógeras – for Minister of War.\nThe defeat of the 18 of the Fort of Copacabana Revolt.\nSuccessful inroads into creating public works to lessen the droughts of the Northeast region.\nAbolished the law that banished the Brazilian Imperial Family from national territory.","title":"Notable facts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"João Pessoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Pessoa,_Para%C3%ADba"},{"link_name":"Parkinson's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"Petrópolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr%C3%B3polis"},{"link_name":"João Pessoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Pessoa,_Para%C3%ADba"}],"text":"After leaving the presidency, Epitácio Pessoa was elected to be a Justice of the Permanent Court of International Justice at The Hague, and stayed on the bench until November 1930. From 1924 until the Revolution of 1930, he was a senator for Paraíba. He supported the revolution, which implemented the ideals of earlier army revolts.\nThe assassination of his nephew João Pessoa was a strong emotional blow to Epitácio, and in its aftermath he retired from public life. In 1937, he began to show signs of declining health. He developed Parkinson's disease and severe heart problems. Epitácio Pessoa would live until 13 February 1942, when he died in Nova Betânia, part of Petrópolis (Rio de Janeiro). In 1965 his remains, along with those of his wife, were transported to João Pessoa, Paraíba, for reinterment.","title":"Last years"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Pessoa was the patron of chair no. 31 of the Academia Paraibana de Letras, which was founded by Father Francisco Lima. It is currently occupied by Angela Bezerra de Castro.","title":"Academia Paraibana de Letras"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delfim Moreira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delfim_Moreira"},{"link_name":"Francisco Álvaro Bueno de Paiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_%C3%81lvaro_Bueno_de_Paiva"},{"link_name":"Ildefonso Simões Lopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ildefonso_Sim%C3%B5es_Lopes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José Pires do Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Pires_do_Rio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Homero Batista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homero_Batista&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alfredo Pinto Vieira de Melo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfredo_Pinto_Vieira_de_Melo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"João Pandiá Calógeras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Pandi%C3%A1_Cal%C3%B3geras&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"João Pedro da Veiga Miranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Pedro_da_Veiga_Miranda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alfredo Pinto Vieira de Melo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfredo_Pinto_Vieira_de_Melo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joaquim Ferreira Chaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joaquim_Ferreira_Chaves&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Raul Soares de Moura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raul_Soares_de_Moura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joaquim Ferreira Chaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joaquim_Ferreira_Chaves&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"João Pedro da Veiga Miranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Pedro_da_Veiga_Miranda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José Manuel de Azevedo Marques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_de_Azevedo_Marques&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José Pires do Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Pires_do_Rio&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Vice-presidentsDelfim Moreira\nFrancisco Álvaro Bueno de PaivaMinistersAgriculture, Industry and Commerce: Ildefonso Simões Lopes, José Pires do Rio – intern\nFinance: Homero Batista\nWar: Alfredo Pinto Vieira de Melo – intern, João Pandiá Calógeras, João Pedro da Veiga Miranda – intern\nJustice: Alfredo Pinto Vieira de Melo, Joaquim Ferreira Chaves – intern\nNavy: Raul Soares de Moura, Joaquim Ferreira Chaves, João Pedro da Veiga Miranda\nForeign Relations: José Manuel de Azevedo Marques\nTransport and Public Works: José Pires do Rio","title":"Composition of the government"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"__________ Perfis Parliamentares 07 – Epitácio Pessoa, Editora Câmara dos Deputados, 1978.\n__________ Bacharel Epitácio Pessoa e o Glorioso Levante Militar de 5 de Julho, Editora S / E, 1922.\n__________ 1º Centenário de Nascimento de Epitácio Pessoa, Editora A União, 1965.\nGabaglia, Joao Scott, Matheus Castello 1865–1942, Editora José Olympio, 1951.\nKoifman, Fábio, Organizador – Presidentes do Brasil, Editora Rio, 2001.\nPessoa, Epitácio, Obras Completas, Editora Instituto Nacional do Livro, 1955.\nPessoa, Mário, Legalismo e Coragem em Epitácio Pessoa, Editora Imprensa Universitária, 1965.\nMelo, Fernando, Epitácio Pessoa uma Biografia, Editora Idéia, 2005.\nSilva, Hélio, Epitácio Pessoa 11º Presidente do Brasil, Editora Três, 1984.\nValadão, Haroldo, Epitácio Pessoa Jurista da Codificação Americana do Direito Internacional, Rio de Janeiro, 1977.\nZenaide, Hélio Nóbrega, Epitácio Pessoa, Editora A União, 2000.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Presidente Epitácio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_Epit%C3%A1cio"}],"text":"Presidente Epitácio, a municipality in the state of São Paulo","title":"Legacy"}]
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[{"image_text":"Statue honoring Epitácio Pessoa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Est%C3%A1tua_de_Epit%C3%A1cio_Pessoa.jpg/220px-Est%C3%A1tua_de_Epit%C3%A1cio_Pessoa.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of presidents of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Brazil"}]
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[{"reference":"Storey, Daniel (5 May 2020). \"Arthur Friedenrich: Brazilian football's pioneer who overcame racial prejudice to become a superstar\". iNews. Retrieved 27 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://inews.co.uk/sport/arthur-friedenrich-the-forefather-of-brazilian-football-who-tore-down-racial-barriers-to-become-a-superstar-425068","url_text":"\"Arthur Friedenrich: Brazilian football's pioneer who overcame racial prejudice to become a superstar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_(newspaper)","url_text":"iNews"}]},{"reference":"Rial, Carmen (2020). \"Black Atlantic Footballer\". CSOnline – Revista Eletrônica de Ciências Sociais (31): 20. doi:10.34019/1981-2140.2020.30951.","urls":[{"url":"https://periodicos.ufjf.br/index.php/csonline/article/view/30951","url_text":"\"Black Atlantic Footballer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.34019%2F1981-2140.2020.30951","url_text":"10.34019/1981-2140.2020.30951"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://inews.co.uk/sport/arthur-friedenrich-the-forefather-of-brazilian-football-who-tore-down-racial-barriers-to-become-a-superstar-425068","external_links_name":"\"Arthur Friedenrich: Brazilian football's pioneer who overcame racial prejudice to become a superstar\""},{"Link":"https://periodicos.ufjf.br/index.php/csonline/article/view/30951","external_links_name":"\"Black Atlantic Footballer\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.34019%2F1981-2140.2020.30951","external_links_name":"10.34019/1981-2140.2020.30951"},{"Link":"http://www.presidencia.gov.br/info_historicas/galeria_pres/galepitacio/galepitacio/integrapresidente_view/","external_links_name":"O governo Epitácio Pessoa no sítio oficial da Presidência da República do Brasil"},{"Link":"http://brazil.crl.edu/bsd/bsd/u1312/index.html","external_links_name":"Mensagem ao Congresso Nacional de 1920"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719180335/http://brazil.crl.edu/bsd/bsd/u1312/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://brazil.crl.edu/bsd/bsd/u1313/index.html","external_links_name":"Mensagem ao Congresso Nacional de 1921"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719180351/http://brazil.crl.edu/bsd/bsd/u1313/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://brazil.crl.edu/bsd/bsd/u1314/index.html","external_links_name":"Mensagem ao Congresso Nacional de 1922"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080424061503/http://brazil.crl.edu/bsd/bsd/u1314/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/60242/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000119482482","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/33304212","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfRGRtTBF3677xxtgvyh3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb162668843","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb162668843","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1011397285","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007437435205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80113427","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p149725825","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/347327","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/083823395","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_studies
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Italian studies
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["1 List of academic institutions offering Italian Studies programmes outside of Italy","1.1 Australia","1.2 Canada","1.3 China","1.4 Croatia","1.5 Ireland","1.6 Japan","1.7 Lithuania","1.8 Slovenia","1.9 South Africa","1.10 United Kingdom","1.11 United States","2 Non-Italian Italian Studies Associations","2.1 The American Association for Italian Studies","2.2 The Association for the Study of Modern Italy","2.3 The Canadian Association for Italian Studies","2.4 The Society for Italian Studies","2.5 Association of Professional Italianists in South Africa / Associazione di Professori d’Italiano in Sudafrica (API)","3 International scholarly Journals","3.1 Annali d’Italianistica","3.2 Contemporary Italian Politics","3.3 Forum Italicum","3.4 Italian Culture","3.5 Italian Poetry Review","3.6 Italian Quarterly","3.7 Modern Italy","3.8 Journal of Modern Italian Studies","3.9 Spunti e ricerche","3.10 The Italianist","3.11 Quaderni d'Italianistica","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Field of philology related to Italian language or literature
For the film, see Italian Studies (film).
Italian studies is an interdisciplinary field dealing with the study of the Italian language, literature, art, history, politics, culture and society.
List of academic institutions offering Italian Studies programmes outside of Italy
Australia
Department of Italian Studies at University of Melbourne;
Department of Languages and Culture at La Trobe University;
Department of European Languages at Monash University;
Department of Italian Studies at University of Sydney;
Department of Italian Studies at The Australian National University;
Department of Italian Studies at Flinders University;
Department of Italian Studies at Griffith University;
Department of Italian Studies at University of Western Australia;
Department of Languages and Culture at University of Queensland;
Canada
Department of Italian Studies at University of Toronto;
Department of Language Studies at University of Toronto Mississauga;
Department of Italian Studies at McGill University;
Department of Modern Languages and Literatures at Université de Montréal;
Department of Modern Languages and Literatures at University of Ottawa;
Department of French, Hispanic and Italian Studies at University of British Columbia;
Department of Spanish and Italian at Queen's University;
Department of Modern Languages and Cultural Studies at University of Alberta;
Department of Modern Languages, Literatures, and Cultures Brock University;
China
Department of Italian Studies at University of International Business and Economics;
School of European Languages and Culture at Beijing Foreign Studies University
Department of Italian at Nankai University
Croatia
Department of Italian Studies at University of Rijeka
Ireland
Department of Italian at University College Cork
Department of Italian at Trinity College Dublin
Discipline of Italian at University of Galway
Japan
Department of Italian Linguistics at Kyoto Sangyo University;
Lithuania
Department of Italian Linguistics and Literature at Vilnius University Faculty of Philology;
Slovenia
Italian Studies at University of Primorska
South Africa
Department of Italian at University of the Witwatersrand
United Kingdom
Italian Studies at Oxford University;
Department of Italian at Cambridge University;
Department of Italian Studies at Manchester University;
Department of Italian at University College London;
Department of Italian at Leeds University;
Department of Italian at Warwick University;
Department of Italian at Reading University;
Department of Italian at St. Andrews University;
Department of Italian at Bristol University;
Department of Languages and International Studies at Nottingham Trent University;
United States
Department of Italian Studies at Yale University;
Department of Italian Studies at Georgetown University;
Department of Italian Studies at the College of William & Mary;
Department of Italian Studies at New York University (Casa Italiana Zerilli-Marimò);
Department of Italian Studies at Brown University;
Department of Italian Studies at University of California, Berkeley;
Department of Romance, German, Russian Languages and Literature at University of California, Long Beach;
Department of Italian at University of California, Los Angeles;
Department of Italian at Columbia University;
Italian Academy for Advanced Studies (Casa Italiana);
Department of Italian at Yale University;
Department of French and Italian at The University of Texas at Austin
Department of French and Italian at University of Wisconsin;
Department of French and Italian at Stanford University;
Department of French and Italian at Princeton University;
Department of French and Italian at Indiana University;
Department of French and Italian at Ohio State University;
Department of Romance Studies at Duke University
Department of Romance Studies at Cornell University
Department of Romance Languages and Literatures at Harvard University;
Department of Romance Languages and Literatures at University of Chicago;
Department of Romance Languages and Literatures at University of Michigan;
Department of Romance Languages and Literatures at University of Notre Dame;
Casa Italiana at the Nazareth College.
Department of Romance Languages at University of Pennsylvania;
Department of Romance Studies at Boston University;
Department of Romance studies at The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill;
Non-Italian Italian Studies Associations
The American Association for Italian Studies
The American Association for Italian Studies (AAIS) was founded in 1988. Its purpose is to encourage, support, and conduct research activities in Italian culture, including areas such as Italian language, art, music, history, literature, folklore, and popular culture, and well as its influence on other cultures.
Members of the Association are individuals either holding a Ph.D or Laurea in an area of Italian studies or an equivalent degree in Italian Studies; holding an academic position at the University or College level; enrolled in an advanced degree program in an area of Italian Studies above the master's degree Level.
The AAIS holds an annual meeting and periodically publishes a scholarly journal called Italian Culture.
The Association for the Study of Modern Italy
The Association for the Study of Modern Italy was founded in 1982 by Christopher Seton-Watson, to bring together individuals and organisations from the UK and abroad with teaching, research, professional or general interests in modern Italy from all disciplinary angles.
Today, ASMI’s membership is international and includes scholars and others from a wide range of disciplinary backgrounds including history, political science, languages, geography, literature and anthropology.
ASMI publishes a quarterly journal called Modern Italy.
The Canadian Association for Italian Studies
The Canadian Association for Italian Studies (CAIS, formerly known as the Canadian Society for Italian Studies or CSIS) was established in 1972, to foster and advance Italian studies in Canada and in the larger global community.
The CAIS aim is to provide a forum for the exchange of ideas through the presentation and discussion of papers that deal with diverse aspects of Italian language, literature, pedagogy, society, and culture. The CAIS publishes a biannual Journal called Quaderni d’italianistica.
The Society for Italian Studies
The Society for Italian Studies (SIS) is a registered charity that strives "...to advance public education by furthering the study of Italy, Italian language, literature, thought, history, society and arts in the United Kingdom and Ireland."
It does this through publications, conferences and its Annual General Meeting and Colloquium. It also publishes a bi-annual journal called Italian Studies.
Association of Professional Italianists in South Africa / Associazione di Professori d’Italiano in Sudafrica (API)
The purpose of A.P.I. (Association of Professional Italianists / Associazione Professori d’Italiano), established in 1981 in Johannesburg, is to promote cultural exchanges and discussions on didactic and literary topics concerning the preservation and teaching of the Italian language and literature in Southern Africa both at school and university level, and to keep abreast with international developments in this field.
API publishes a bi-annual journal called Italian Studies in Southern Africa / Studi d’Italianistica nell’Africa Australe (ISSA).
International scholarly Journals
Annali d’Italianistica
Annali d’Italianistica seeks to promote the study of Italian literature in its cultural context, to foster scholarly excellence, and to select topics of interest to a large number of Italianists. Monographic in nature, the journal is receptive to a variety of topics, critical approaches, and theoretical perspectives.
Contemporary Italian Politics
Contemporary Italian Politics, formerly Bulletin of Italian Politics, is a political science journal aimed at academics and policy makers as well as others with a professional or intellectual interest in the politics of Italy.
Forum Italicum
Forum Italicum is a peer-reviewed international journal of Italian Studies based at Stony Brook University, NY, USA, and founded by M. Ricciardelli in 1967. The journal is intended as a meeting-place where scholars, critics, and teachers can present their views on the literature, language, and culture of Italy and other countries in relation to Italy. Young and hitherto unpublished scholars are encouraged to contribute their critical works.
Italian Culture
Italian Culture is the official publication of the American Association for Italian Studies and is currently housed at the University of Minnesota and Cornell University. Its interdisciplinary scope reflects the broad and diverse interests of the Association's members, offering subscribers scholarly articles in Italian language, linguistics, history, literature, cinema, politics, philosophy, folklore, popular culture, migration, and the influence of Italy on other cultures. It also includes articles on comparative literature and cultural studies.
Italian Poetry Review
Italian Poetry Review, is a plurilingual journal of creativity and criticism that is part of a larger cultural program located at Columbia University in the City of New York and associated with the Department of Italian and the Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America.
Italian Quarterly
Italian Quarterly is published by the Department of Italian at Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey. The Journal welcomes critical contributions in English or Italian on Italian literature and culture, including film; artistic translations of work of merit; and original work, poetry or prose, in Italian.
Modern Italy
Modern Italy is the official journal of the Association for the Study of Modern Italy. Founded in 1995, the journal’s focus is the history, politics and social, economic and cultural studies of Italy, Italian affairs and the Italian peoples from the eighteenth to the twenty-first century. The journal publishes fully refereed research articles, a regular ‘Contexts and Debates’ section, review articles, book reviews, conference reports and exhibition reviews.
Journal of Modern Italian Studies
The Journal of Modern Italian Studies (JMIS) is one of the leading English language forums for debate and discussion on modern Italy. This peer-reviewed journal publishes five issues a year, each containing scholarly articles, book reviews and review essays relating to the political, economic, cultural, and social history of modern Italy from 1700 to the present.
Spunti e ricerche
Spunti e ricerche is an academic journal based in Melbourne founded in 1985 and with a circulation to individuals and libraries in Australia, Europe and North America. Spunti e ricerche's Editorial Board is composed of Italianists from Melbourne tertiary institutions and is assisted by an Advisory Board made up of Italianists.
The Italianist
The Italianist first appeared in 1981, and publishes articles on all aspects of Italian art, culture, and life from the Middle Ages to the present.
Quaderni d'Italianistica
Quaderni d'Italianistica is the official journal of the CAIS (Canadian Association for Italian Studies), formerly CSIS (Canadian Society for Italian Studies). Quaderni d'Italianistica is peer-reviewed and publishes two yearly issues of essays and book reviews in English, French, or Italian on any aspect of Italian language, literature, culture and pedagogy. Quaderni also embraces a transnational perspective, addressing questions of race, gender, and diasporic communities.
See also
Serena Professor of Italian
Casa Italiana Zerilli Marimò
Casa Italiana
Italian Renaissance
References
^ "Canadian Association for Italian Studies - Home". www.canadianassociationforitalianstudies.org. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
External links
American Association for Italian Studies: AAIS
Association for the Study of Modern Italy: ASMI
Canadian Society for Italian Studies: CSIS
Society for Italian Studies: SIS
Spunti e ricerche; rivista d'italianistica Journal of Italian Studies
Modern Italy, official journal of ASMI
Journal of Modern Italian Studies
Contemporary Italian Politics
Association of Professional Italianists in South Africa / Associazione Professori d’Italiano in Sudafrica: API
"Italian Studies Web". USA: American Library Association, Association of College and Research Libraries, Western European Studies Section.
Library guides to Italian studies
"Italian Studies". Subject Guides. Australian National University, Library.
"Italian Studies – Medieval and Early Modern". Research Guides. USA: New York University Libraries.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian Studies (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Studies_(film)"},{"link_name":"interdisciplinary field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdisciplinarity"},{"link_name":"language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_literature"},{"link_name":"art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_art"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_history"},{"link_name":"politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_politics"},{"link_name":"culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_culture"}],"text":"For the film, see Italian Studies (film).Italian studies is an interdisciplinary field dealing with the study of the Italian language, literature, art, history, politics, culture and society.","title":"Italian studies"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of academic institutions offering Italian Studies programmes outside of Italy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"La Trobe University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Trobe_University"},{"link_name":"Monash University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monash_University"},{"link_name":"University of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"The Australian National University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian_National_University"},{"link_name":"Flinders University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinders_University"},{"link_name":"Griffith University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffith_University"},{"link_name":"University of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"University of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Queensland"}],"sub_title":"Australia","text":"Department of Italian Studies at University of Melbourne;\nDepartment of Languages and Culture at La Trobe University;\nDepartment of European Languages at Monash University;\nDepartment of Italian Studies at University of Sydney;\nDepartment of Italian Studies at The Australian National University;\nDepartment of Italian Studies at Flinders University;\nDepartment of Italian Studies at Griffith University;\nDepartment of Italian Studies at University of Western Australia;\nDepartment of Languages and Culture at University of Queensland;","title":"List of academic institutions offering Italian Studies programmes outside of Italy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto"},{"link_name":"University of Toronto 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University;\nDepartment of Modern Languages and Literatures at Université de Montréal;\nDepartment of Modern Languages and Literatures at University of Ottawa;\nDepartment of French, Hispanic and Italian Studies at University of British Columbia;\nDepartment of Spanish and Italian at Queen's University;\nDepartment of Modern Languages and Cultural Studies at University of Alberta;\nDepartment of Modern Languages, Literatures, and Cultures Brock University;","title":"List of academic institutions offering Italian Studies programmes outside of Italy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of International Business and Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_International_Business_and_Economics_(Beijing)"},{"link_name":"Beijing Foreign Studies University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Foreign_Studies_University"},{"link_name":"Nankai University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nankai_University"}],"sub_title":"China","text":"Department of Italian Studies at University of International Business and Economics;\nSchool of European Languages and Culture at Beijing Foreign Studies University\nDepartment of Italian at Nankai University","title":"List of academic institutions offering Italian Studies programmes outside of Italy"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Croatia","text":"Department of Italian Studies at University of Rijeka","title":"List of academic institutions offering Italian Studies programmes outside of Italy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University College Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_Cork"},{"link_name":"Trinity College Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin"},{"link_name":"University of Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Galway"}],"sub_title":"Ireland","text":"Department of Italian at University College Cork\nDepartment of Italian at Trinity College Dublin\nDiscipline of Italian at University of Galway","title":"List of academic institutions offering Italian Studies programmes outside of Italy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Department of Italian Linguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.kyoto-su.ac.jp/faculty/ffl/el/ei/index.html"},{"link_name":"Kyoto Sangyo University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Sangyo_University"}],"sub_title":"Japan","text":"Department of Italian Linguistics at Kyoto Sangyo University;","title":"List of academic institutions offering Italian Studies programmes outside of Italy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Department of Italian Linguistics and Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.flf.vu.lt/en/institutes/arksi/structure/italian"},{"link_name":"Vilnius University Faculty of Philology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius_University_Faculty_of_Philology"}],"sub_title":"Lithuania","text":"Department of Italian Linguistics and Literature at Vilnius University Faculty of Philology;","title":"List of academic institutions offering Italian Studies programmes outside of Italy"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Slovenia","text":"Italian Studies at University of Primorska","title":"List of academic institutions offering Italian Studies programmes outside of Italy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Department of Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141006073836/http://www.wits.ac.za/sllm/italian/7729/italian.html"},{"link_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand"}],"sub_title":"South Africa","text":"Department of Italian at University of the Witwatersrand","title":"List of academic institutions offering Italian Studies programmes outside of Italy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University"},{"link_name":"Manchester 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of Italian at Leeds University;\nDepartment of Italian at Warwick University;\nDepartment of Italian at Reading University;\nDepartment of Italian at St. Andrews University;\nDepartment of Italian at Bristol University;\nDepartment of Languages and International Studies at Nottingham Trent University;","title":"List of academic institutions offering Italian Studies programmes outside of Italy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"Georgetown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University"},{"link_name":"College of William & Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary"},{"link_name":"Department of Italian Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Italiana_Zerilli-Marim%C3%B2"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"Casa Italiana 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Italiana Zerilli-Marimò);\nDepartment of Italian Studies at Brown University;\nDepartment of Italian Studies at University of California, Berkeley;\nDepartment of Romance, German, Russian Languages and Literature at University of California, Long Beach;\nDepartment of Italian at University of California, Los Angeles;\nDepartment of Italian at Columbia University;\nItalian Academy for Advanced Studies (Casa Italiana);\nDepartment of Italian at Yale University;\nDepartment of French and Italian at The University of Texas at Austin\nDepartment of French and Italian at University of Wisconsin;\nDepartment of French and Italian at Stanford University;\nDepartment of French and Italian at Princeton University;\nDepartment of French and Italian at Indiana University;\nDepartment of French and Italian at Ohio State University;\nDepartment of Romance Studies at Duke University\nDepartment of Romance Studies at Cornell University\nDepartment of Romance Languages and Literatures at Harvard University;\nDepartment of Romance Languages and Literatures at University of Chicago;\nDepartment of Romance Languages and Literatures at University of Michigan;\nDepartment of Romance Languages and Literatures at University of Notre Dame;\nCasa Italiana at the Nazareth College.\nDepartment of Romance Languages at University of Pennsylvania;\nDepartment of Romance Studies at Boston University;\nDepartment of Romance studies at The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill;","title":"List of academic institutions offering Italian Studies programmes outside of Italy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Non-Italian Italian Studies Associations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The American Association for Italian Studies","text":"The American Association for Italian Studies (AAIS) was founded in 1988. Its purpose is to encourage, support, and conduct research activities in Italian culture, including areas such as Italian language, art, music, history, literature, folklore, and popular culture, and well as its influence on other cultures.Members of the Association are individuals either holding a Ph.D or Laurea in an area of Italian studies or an equivalent degree in Italian Studies; holding an academic position at the University or College level; enrolled in an advanced degree program in an area of Italian Studies above the master's degree Level.The AAIS holds an annual meeting and periodically publishes a scholarly journal called Italian Culture.","title":"Non-Italian Italian Studies Associations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Association for the Study of Modern Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_Modern_Italy"},{"link_name":"Modern Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-italy"}],"sub_title":"The Association for the Study of Modern Italy","text":"The Association for the Study of Modern Italy was founded in 1982 by Christopher Seton-Watson, to bring together individuals and organisations from the UK and abroad with teaching, research, professional or general interests in modern Italy from all disciplinary angles.Today, ASMI’s membership is international and includes scholars and others from a wide range of disciplinary backgrounds including history, political science, languages, geography, literature and anthropology.ASMI publishes a quarterly journal called Modern Italy.","title":"Non-Italian Italian Studies Associations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"The Canadian Association for Italian Studies","text":"The Canadian Association for Italian Studies[1] (CAIS, formerly known as the Canadian Society for Italian Studies or CSIS) was established in 1972, to foster and advance Italian studies in Canada and in the larger global community.The CAIS aim is to provide a forum for the exchange of ideas through the presentation and discussion of papers that deal with diverse aspects of Italian language, literature, pedagogy, society, and culture. The CAIS publishes a biannual Journal called Quaderni d’italianistica.","title":"Non-Italian Italian Studies Associations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The Society for Italian Studies","text":"The Society for Italian Studies (SIS) is a registered charity that strives \"...to advance public education by furthering the study of Italy, Italian language, literature, thought, history, society and arts in the United Kingdom and Ireland.\"\nIt does this through publications, conferences and its Annual General Meeting and Colloquium. It also publishes a bi-annual journal called Italian Studies.","title":"Non-Italian Italian Studies Associations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A.P.I.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141006074055/http://api.org.za/home-2/"},{"link_name":"Italian Studies in Southern Africa / Studi d’Italianistica nell’Africa Australe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Studies_in_Southern_Africa"}],"sub_title":"Association of Professional Italianists in South Africa / Associazione di Professori d’Italiano in Sudafrica (API)","text":"The purpose of A.P.I. (Association of Professional Italianists / Associazione Professori d’Italiano), established in 1981 in Johannesburg, is to promote cultural exchanges and discussions on didactic and literary topics concerning the preservation and teaching of the Italian language and literature in Southern Africa both at school and university level, and to keep abreast with international developments in this field.API publishes a bi-annual journal called Italian Studies in Southern Africa / Studi d’Italianistica nell’Africa Australe (ISSA).","title":"Non-Italian Italian Studies Associations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"International scholarly Journals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Annali d’Italianistica","text":"Annali d’Italianistica seeks to promote the study of Italian literature in its cultural context, to foster scholarly excellence, and to select topics of interest to a large number of Italianists. Monographic in nature, the journal is receptive to a variety of topics, critical approaches, and theoretical perspectives.","title":"International scholarly Journals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Contemporary Italian Politics","text":"Contemporary Italian Politics, formerly Bulletin of Italian Politics, is a political science journal aimed at academics and policy makers as well as others with a professional or intellectual interest in the politics of Italy.","title":"International scholarly Journals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Forum Italicum","text":"Forum Italicum is a peer-reviewed international journal of Italian Studies based at Stony Brook University, NY, USA, and founded by M. Ricciardelli in 1967. The journal is intended as a meeting-place where scholars, critics, and teachers can present their views on the literature, language, and culture of Italy and other countries in relation to Italy. Young and hitherto unpublished scholars are encouraged to contribute their critical works.","title":"International scholarly Journals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Italian Culture","text":"Italian Culture is the official publication of the American Association for Italian Studies and is currently housed at the University of Minnesota and Cornell University. Its interdisciplinary scope reflects the broad and diverse interests of the Association's members, offering subscribers scholarly articles in Italian language, linguistics, history, literature, cinema, politics, philosophy, folklore, popular culture, migration, and the influence of Italy on other cultures. It also includes articles on comparative literature and cultural studies.","title":"International scholarly Journals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Italian Poetry Review","text":"Italian Poetry Review, is a plurilingual journal of creativity and criticism that is part of a larger cultural program located at Columbia University in the City of New York and associated with the Department of Italian and the Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America.","title":"International scholarly Journals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Italian Quarterly","text":"Italian Quarterly is published by the Department of Italian at Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey. The Journal welcomes critical contributions in English or Italian on Italian literature and culture, including film; artistic translations of work of merit; and original work, poetry or prose, in Italian.","title":"International scholarly Journals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Modern Italy","text":"Modern Italy is the official journal of the Association for the Study of Modern Italy. Founded in 1995, the journal’s focus is the history, politics and social, economic and cultural studies of Italy, Italian affairs and the Italian peoples from the eighteenth to the twenty-first century. The journal publishes fully refereed research articles, a regular ‘Contexts and Debates’ section, review articles, book reviews, conference reports and exhibition reviews.","title":"International scholarly Journals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Journal of Modern Italian Studies","text":"The Journal of Modern Italian Studies (JMIS) is one of the leading English language forums for debate and discussion on modern Italy. This peer-reviewed journal publishes five issues a year, each containing scholarly articles, book reviews and review essays relating to the political, economic, cultural, and social history of modern Italy from 1700 to the present.","title":"International scholarly Journals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spunti e ricerche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spunti_e_ricerche"}],"sub_title":"Spunti e ricerche","text":"Spunti e ricerche is an academic journal based in Melbourne founded in 1985 and with a circulation to individuals and libraries in Australia, Europe and North America. Spunti e ricerche's Editorial Board is composed of Italianists from Melbourne tertiary institutions and is assisted by an Advisory Board made up of Italianists.","title":"International scholarly Journals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The Italianist","text":"The Italianist first appeared in 1981, and publishes articles on all aspects of Italian art, culture, and life from the Middle Ages to the present.","title":"International scholarly Journals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian Association for Italian Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//canadianassociationforitalianstudies.org/"}],"sub_title":"Quaderni d'Italianistica","text":"Quaderni d'Italianistica is the official journal of the CAIS (Canadian Association for Italian Studies), formerly CSIS (Canadian Society for Italian Studies). Quaderni d'Italianistica is peer-reviewed and publishes two yearly issues of essays and book reviews in English, French, or Italian on any aspect of Italian language, literature, culture and pedagogy. Quaderni also embraces a transnational perspective, addressing questions of race, gender, and diasporic communities.","title":"International scholarly Journals"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Serena Professor of Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Professor_of_Italian"},{"title":"Casa Italiana Zerilli Marimò","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Italiana_Zerilli_Marim%C3%B2"},{"title":"Casa Italiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Italiana"},{"title":"Italian Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Renaissance"}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_UEFA_European_Under-21_Championship_squads
|
2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship squads
|
["1 Group A","1.1 Czech Republic","1.2 Denmark","1.3 Germany","1.4 Serbia","2 Group B","2.1 England","2.2 Italy","2.3 Portugal","2.4 Sweden","3 Footnotes","4 References"]
|
Main article: 2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship
The following is a list of squads for all eight national teams that competed at the 2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship. Each national team had to submit a final squad of 23 players, three of whom had to be goalkeepers. If a player was injured or ill severely enough to prevent his participation in the tournament before his team's first match, he could be replaced by another player.
Players in boldface have been capped at full international level either prior to the completion of the tournament or afterwards.
Age, caps, goals and club as of 17 June 2015.
Group A
Czech Republic
On 25 May 2015, the Czech Republic named a 27-man provisional squad. On 7 June 2015, the final squad was announced.
Head coach: Jakub Dovalil
No.
Pos.
Player
Date of birth (age)
Caps
Goals
Club
1
1GK
Tomáš Koubek
(1992-08-26)26 August 1992 (aged 22)
13
0
Hradec Králové
2
2DF
Pavel Kadeřábek
(1992-04-25)25 April 1992 (aged 23)
4
0
1899 Hoffenheim
3
4FW
Václav Kadlec
(1992-05-20)20 May 1992 (aged 23)
13
7
Sparta Prague
4
3MF
Adam Jánoš
(1992-07-20)20 July 1992 (aged 22)
8
0
Vysočina Jihlava
5
2DF
Jakub Brabec
(1992-08-06)6 August 1992 (aged 22)
10
0
Sparta Prague
6
3MF
Ondřej Petrák
(1992-03-11)11 March 1992 (aged 23)
9
1
1. FC Nürnberg
7
3MF
David Houska
(1993-06-29)29 June 1993 (aged 21)
12
0
Sigma Olomouc
8
3MF
Jaromír Zmrhal
(1993-08-02)2 August 1993 (aged 21)
15
1
Slavia Prague
9
3MF
Jan Kliment
(1993-09-01)1 September 1993 (aged 21)
0
0
Vysočina Jihlava
10
4FW
Jiří Skalák
(1992-03-12)12 March 1992 (aged 23)
14
0
Mladá Boleslav
11
3MF
Martin Frýdek
(1992-03-24)24 March 1992 (aged 23)
7
0
Slovan Liberec
12
3MF
Michal Trávník
(1994-05-17)17 May 1994 (aged 21)
6
1
Slovácko
13
3MF
Ladislav Krejčí
(1992-07-05)5 July 1992 (aged 22)
5
0
Sparta Prague
14
2DF
Ladislav Takács
(1996-07-15)15 July 1996 (aged 18)
4
1
Teplice
15
2DF
Jan Baránek
(1993-06-26)26 June 1993 (aged 21)
6
0
Viktoria Plzeň
16
1GK
Jiří Pavlenka
(1992-04-14)14 April 1992 (aged 23)
5
0
Baník Ostrava
17
4FW
Tomáš Přikryl
(1992-07-04)4 July 1992 (aged 22)
9
1
Dukla Prague
18
3MF
Lukáš Masopust
(1993-02-12)12 February 1993 (aged 22)
7
0
Baumit Jablonec
19
2DF
Matěj Hybš
(1993-01-03)3 January 1993 (aged 22)
8
0
Vysočina Jihlava
20
2DF
Jakub Jugas
(1992-05-05)5 May 1992 (aged 23)
8
0
Zbrojovka Brno
21
2DF
Matěj Hanousek
(1993-06-02)2 June 1993 (aged 22)
11
1
Dukla Prague
22
2DF
Tomáš Kalas
(1993-05-15)15 May 1993 (aged 22)
19
0
Chelsea
23
1GK
Michal Reichl
(1992-09-14)14 September 1992 (aged 22)
1
0
Sigma Olomouc
Denmark
On 1 June 2015, Denmark named their squad. At the time, Jores Okore was in the selection, however Patrick Banggaard was named as a replacement, if Okore did not recover from his injury. The next day, Okore ruled himself out.
Head coach: Jess Thorup
No.
Pos.
Player
Date of birth (age)
Caps
Goals
Club
1
1GK
Jakob Busk
(1993-09-12)12 September 1993 (aged 21)
12
0
Sandefjord
2
2DF
Alexander Scholz
(1992-10-24)24 October 1992 (aged 22)
9
0
Standard Liège
3
2DF
Frederik Sørensen
(1992-04-14)14 April 1992 (aged 23)
15
0
Hellas Verona
4
2DF
Jannik Vestergaard
(1992-08-03)3 August 1992 (aged 22)
24
3
Werder Bremen
5
2DF
Jonas Knudsen
(1992-09-16)16 September 1992 (aged 22)
13
0
Esbjerg
6
2DF
Andreas Christensen
(1996-04-10)10 April 1996 (aged 19)
15
1
Chelsea
7
4FW
Viktor Fischer
(1994-06-09)9 June 1994 (aged 21)
1
0
Ajax
8
3MF
Lasse Vigen Christensen
(1994-08-15)15 August 1994 (aged 20)
14
5
Fulham
9
4FW
Yussuf Poulsen
(1994-06-15)15 June 1994 (aged 21)
11
4
RB Leipzig
10
3MF
Pierre-Emile Højbjerg
(1995-08-05)5 August 1995 (aged 19)
5
4
FC Augsburg
11
4FW
Uffe Bech
(1993-01-13)13 January 1993 (aged 22)
5
1
Nordsjælland
12
2DF
Patrick Banggaard
(1994-04-04)4 April 1994 (aged 21)
6
1
Midtjylland
13
2DF
Riza Durmisi
(1994-01-08)8 January 1994 (aged 21)
6
1
Brøndby
14
2DF
Christoffer Remmer
(1993-01-16)16 January 1993 (aged 22)
10
2
Copenhagen
15
3MF
Nicolaj Thomsen
(1993-05-08)8 May 1993 (aged 22)
17
3
Aalborg BK
16
1GK
Frederik Rønnow
(1992-08-04)4 August 1992 (aged 22)
13
0
Horsens
17
3MF
Christian Nørgaard
(1994-03-10)10 March 1994 (aged 21)
7
0
Brøndby
18
3MF
Rasmus Falk Jensen
(1992-01-15)15 January 1992 (aged 23)
8
1
OB
19
3MF
Jens Jønsson
(1993-01-10)10 January 1993 (aged 22)
12
2
AGF
20
4FW
Nicolai Brock-Madsen
(1993-01-09)9 January 1993 (aged 22)
14
7
Randers
21
4FW
Emil Berggreen
(1993-05-10)10 May 1993 (aged 22)
5
1
Eintracht Braunschweig
22
1GK
David Jensen
(1992-03-25)25 March 1992 (aged 23)
4
0
Nordsjælland
23
3MF
Pione Sisto
(1995-02-04)4 February 1995 (aged 20)
0
0
Midtjylland
Germany
On 26 May 2015, Germany named a 28-man provisional squad. The final squad was announced on 7 June 2015.
Head coach: Horst Hrubesch
No.
Pos.
Player
Date of birth (age)
Caps
Goals
Club
1
1GK
Bernd Leno
(1992-03-04)4 March 1992 (aged 23)
14
0
Bayer Leverkusen
2
2DF
Julian Korb
(1992-03-21)21 March 1992 (aged 23)
6
0
Borussia Mönchengladbach
3
2DF
Christian Günter
(1993-02-28)28 February 1993 (aged 22)
6
0
SC Freiburg
4
2DF
Matthias Ginter
(1994-01-19)19 January 1994 (aged 21)
10
0
Borussia Dortmund
5
2DF
Nico Schulz
(1993-04-01)1 April 1993 (aged 22)
10
1
Hertha BSC
6
3MF
Johannes Geis
(1993-08-17)17 August 1993 (aged 21)
10
0
Mainz 05
7
3MF
Leonardo Bittencourt
(1993-12-19)19 December 1993 (aged 21)
16
3
Hannover 96
8
3MF
Yunus Mallı
(1992-02-24)24 February 1992 (aged 23)
10
1
Mainz 05
9
4FW
Kevin Volland (captain)
(1992-07-30)30 July 1992 (aged 22)
18
9
1899 Hoffenheim
10
3MF
Moritz Leitner
(1992-12-08)8 December 1992 (aged 22)
23
7
VfB Stuttgart
11
3MF
Emre Can
(1994-01-12)12 January 1994 (aged 21)
12
0
Liverpool
12
1GK
Marc-André ter Stegen
(1992-04-30)30 April 1992 (aged 23)
9
0
Barcelona
13
4FW
Philipp Hofmann
(1993-03-30)30 March 1993 (aged 22)
15
9
1. FC Kaiserslautern
14
3MF
Kerem Demirbay
(1993-07-03)3 July 1993 (aged 21)
0
0
1. FC Kaiserslautern
15
4FW
Serge Gnabry
(1995-07-14)14 July 1995 (aged 19)
3
0
Arsenal
16
2DF
Robin Knoche
(1992-05-22)22 May 1992 (aged 23)
12
2
VfL Wolfsburg
17
3MF
Joshua Kimmich
(1995-02-08)8 February 1995 (aged 20)
4
0
RB Leipzig
18
3MF
Maximilian Arnold
(1994-05-27)27 May 1994 (aged 21)
8
0
VfL Wolfsburg
19
3MF
Amin Younes
(1993-08-06)6 August 1993 (aged 21)
14
3
1. FC Kaiserslautern
20
3MF
Max Meyer
(1995-09-18)18 September 1995 (aged 19)
5
1
Schalke 04
21
3MF
Felix Klaus
(1992-09-13)13 September 1992 (aged 22)
2
0
SC Freiburg
22
2DF
Dominique Heintz
(1993-08-15)15 August 1993 (aged 21)
5
1
1. FC Kaiserslautern
23
1GK
Timo Horn
(1993-05-12)12 May 1993 (aged 22)
4
0
1. FC Köln
Serbia
On 29 May 2015, Serbia named their squad.
Head coach: Mladen Dodić
No.
Pos.
Player
Date of birth (age)
Caps
Goals
Club
1
1GK
Marko Dmitrović
(1992-01-24)24 January 1992 (aged 23)
15
0
Charlton Athletic
2
3MF
Aleksandar Kovačević
(1992-01-09)9 January 1992 (aged 23)
10
0
Red Star
3
2DF
Marko Petković
(1992-09-03)3 September 1992 (aged 22)
18
0
Red Star
4
3MF
Srđan Mijailović
(1993-11-10)10 November 1993 (aged 21)
12
0
Kayserispor
5
2DF
Uroš Ćosić
(1992-10-24)24 October 1992 (aged 22)
10
0
Pescara
6
2DF
Aleksandar Pantić
(1992-04-11)11 April 1992 (aged 23)
16
1
Córdoba
7
3MF
Goran Čaušić
(1992-05-05)5 May 1992 (aged 23)
10
1
Eskişehirspor
8
3MF
Mirko Ivanić
(1993-09-13)13 September 1993 (aged 21)
0
0
Vojvodina
9
4FW
Aleksandar Pešić
(1992-05-21)21 May 1992 (aged 23)
9
3
Toulouse
10
3MF
Filip Đuričić
(1992-01-30)30 January 1992 (aged 23)
16
3
Benfica
11
4FW
Aleksandar Čavrić
(1994-05-18)18 May 1994 (aged 21)
4
0
Genk
12
1GK
Nikola Perić
(1992-02-04)4 February 1992 (aged 23)
5
5
Jagodina
13
2DF
Nemanja Petrović
(1992-04-17)17 April 1992 (aged 23)
8
0
Partizan
14
3MF
Darko Brašanac
(1992-02-12)12 February 1992 (aged 23)
12
1
Partizan
15
2DF
Uroš Spajić
(1993-02-13)13 February 1993 (aged 22)
10
0
Toulouse
16
4FW
Luka Milunović
(1992-12-21)21 December 1992 (aged 22)
16
5
Platanias
17
2DF
Aleksandar Filipović
(1994-12-20)20 December 1994 (aged 20)
1
0
Jagodina
18
3MF
Miloš Jojić
(1992-03-19)19 March 1992 (aged 23)
16
3
Borussia Dortmund
19
4FW
Nikola Trujic
(1992-04-14)14 April 1992 (aged 23)
8
1
Napredak Kruševac
20
2DF
Lazar Ćirković
(1992-08-22)22 August 1992 (aged 22)
4
0
Partizan
21
4FW
Slavoljub Srnić
(1992-01-12)12 January 1992 (aged 23)
3
2
Čukarički
22
2DF
Filip Stojković
(1993-01-22)22 January 1993 (aged 22)
3
0
Čukarički
23
1GK
Nemanja Stevanović
(1992-05-05)5 May 1992 (aged 23)
0
0
Čukarički
Group B
England
On 20 May 2015, England named a 27-man provisional squad. On 2 June 2015, they named their final squad. On 18 June 2015, Benik Afobe replaced the injured Saido Berahino.
Head coach: Gareth Southgate
No.
Pos.
Player
Date of birth (age)
Caps
Goals
Club
1
1GK
Jack Butland
(1993-03-10)10 March 1993 (aged 22)
29
0
Stoke City
2
2DF
Carl Jenkinson
(1992-02-08)8 February 1992 (aged 23)
19
2
Arsenal
3
2DF
Luke Garbutt
(1993-05-21)21 May 1993 (aged 22)
11
0
Everton
4
3MF
Jake Forster-Caskey
(1994-04-25)25 April 1994 (aged 21)
9
1
Brighton & Hove Albion
5
2DF
John Stones
(1994-05-28)28 May 1994 (aged 21)
17
0
Everton
6
2DF
Ben Gibson
(1993-01-15)15 January 1993 (aged 22)
7
1
Middlesbrough
7
3MF
Alex Pritchard
(1993-05-03)3 May 1993 (aged 22)
10
0
Tottenham Hotspur
8
3MF
James Ward-Prowse
(1994-11-01)1 November 1994 (aged 20)
14
3
Southampton
9
4FW
Harry Kane
(1993-07-28)28 July 1993 (aged 21)
18
12
Tottenham Hotspur
10
3MF
Tom Carroll
(1992-05-28)28 May 1992 (aged 23)
19
2
Tottenham Hotspur
11
3MF
Nathan Redmond
(1994-03-06)6 March 1994 (aged 21)
24
5
Norwich City
12
1GK
Jonathan Bond
(1993-05-19)19 May 1993 (aged 22)
5
0
Watford
13
1GK
Marcus Bettinelli
(1992-05-24)24 May 1992 (aged 23)
1
0
Fulham
14
3MF
Nathaniel Chalobah
(1994-12-12)12 December 1994 (aged 20)
23
0
Chelsea
15
2DF
Michael Keane
(1993-01-11)11 January 1993 (aged 22)
16
3
Burnley
16
3MF
Jesse Lingard
(1992-12-15)15 December 1992 (aged 22)
16
5
Manchester United
17
4FW
Danny Ings
(1992-07-23)23 July 1992 (aged 22)
16
4
Burnley
18
4FW
Benik Afobe
(1993-02-12)12 February 1993 (aged 22)
8
1
Wolverhampton Wanderers
19
3MF
Will Hughes
(1995-04-17)17 April 1995 (aged 20)
25
2
Derby County
20
2DF
Liam Moore
(1993-01-31)31 January 1993 (aged 22)
18
1
Leicester City
21
2DF
Calum Chambers
(1995-01-20)20 January 1995 (aged 20)
7
0
Arsenal
22
2DF
Matt Targett
(1995-09-18)18 September 1995 (aged 19)
1
0
Southampton
23
3MF
Ruben Loftus-Cheek
(1996-01-23)23 January 1996 (aged 19)
12
0
Chelsea
Italy
On 1 June 2015, Italy named a 27-man provisional squad. On 7 June 2015, they named their final squad.
Head coach: Luigi Di Biagio
No.
Pos.
Player
Date of birth (age)
Caps
Goals
Club
1
1GK
Francesco Bardi
(1992-01-18)18 January 1992 (aged 23)
Inter Milan
2
2DF
Stefano Sabelli
(1993-01-13)13 January 1993 (aged 22)
Bari
3
2DF
Cristiano Biraghi
(1992-09-01)1 September 1992 (aged 22)
Inter Milan
4
3MF
Lorenzo Crisetig
(1993-01-20)20 January 1993 (aged 22)
Inter Milan
5
2DF
Daniele Rugani
(1994-07-29)29 July 1994 (aged 20)
Empoli
6
2DF
Alessio Romagnoli
(1995-01-12)12 January 1995 (aged 20)
Roma
7
3MF
Federico Viviani
(1992-03-24)24 March 1992 (aged 23)
Roma
8
3MF
Stefano Sturaro
(1993-03-09)9 March 1993 (aged 22)
Juventus
9
4FW
Andrea Belotti
(1993-12-20)20 December 1993 (aged 21)
Palermo
10
4FW
Domenico Berardi
(1994-08-01)1 August 1994 (aged 20)
Sassuolo
11
4FW
Federico Bernardeschi
(1994-02-16)16 February 1994 (aged 21)
Fiorentina
12
2DF
Federico Barba
(1993-09-01)1 September 1993 (aged 21)
Empoli
13
2DF
Matteo Bianchetti (captain)
(1993-03-17)17 March 1993 (aged 22)
Hellas Verona
14
1GK
Marco Sportiello
(1992-05-10)10 May 1992 (aged 23)
Atalanta
15
3MF
Marco Benassi
(1994-09-08)8 September 1994 (aged 20)
Torino
16
3MF
Daniele Baselli
(1992-03-12)12 March 1992 (aged 23)
Atalanta
17
2DF
Armando Izzo
(1992-03-02)2 March 1992 (aged 23)
Genoa
18
3MF
Cristian Battocchio
(1992-02-10)10 February 1992 (aged 23)
Virtus Entella
19
4FW
Marcello Trotta
(1992-09-29)29 September 1992 (aged 22)
Avellino
20
1GK
Nicola Leali
(1993-02-17)17 February 1993 (aged 22)
Juventus
21
3MF
Danilo Cataldi
(1994-08-06)6 August 1994 (aged 20)
Lazio
22
2DF
Davide Zappacosta
(1992-06-23)23 June 1992 (aged 22)
Atalanta
23
4FW
Simone Verdi
(1992-07-12)12 July 1992 (aged 22)
Empoli
Portugal
On 1 June 2015, Portugal named a 25-man provisional squad.
Head coach: Rui Jorge
No.
Pos.
Player
Date of birth (age)
Caps
Goals
Club
1
1GK
José Sá
(1993-01-17)17 January 1993 (aged 22)
11
0
Marítimo
2
2DF
Ricardo Esgaio
(1993-05-16)16 May 1993 (aged 22)
13
3
Académica de Coimbra
3
2DF
Tiago Ilori
(1993-02-26)26 February 1993 (aged 22)
6
1
Liverpool
4
2DF
Paulo Oliveira
(1992-01-08)8 January 1992 (aged 23)
18
1
Sporting CP
5
2DF
Raphaël Guerreiro
(1993-12-22)22 December 1993 (aged 21)
8
0
Lorient
6
3MF
William Carvalho
(1992-04-07)7 April 1992 (aged 23)
10
2
Sporting CP
7
3MF
Rafa Silva
(1993-05-17)17 May 1993 (aged 22)
11
3
Braga
8
3MF
Sérgio Oliveira (captain)
(1992-06-02)2 June 1992 (aged 23)
18
3
Paços de Ferreira
9
4FW
Gonçalo Paciência
(1994-08-01)1 August 1994 (aged 20)
4
0
Porto
10
3MF
Bernardo Silva
(1994-08-10)10 August 1994 (aged 20)
9
5
Monaco
11
4FW
Iuri Medeiros
(1994-07-10)10 July 1994 (aged 20)
4
0
Arouca
12
1GK
Daniel Fernandes
(1992-11-13)13 November 1992 (aged 22)
6
0
SC Paderborn
13
2DF
João Cancelo
(1994-05-27)27 May 1994 (aged 21)
3
0
Valencia
14
2DF
Tobias Figueiredo
(1994-02-02)2 February 1994 (aged 21)
2
0
Sporting CP
15
2DF
Frederico Venâncio
(1993-02-04)4 February 1993 (aged 22)
2
0
Vitória de Setúbal
16
3MF
Rúben Neves
(1997-03-13)13 March 1997 (aged 18)
6
1
Porto
17
4FW
Carlos Mané
(1994-03-11)11 March 1994 (aged 21)
9
2
Sporting CP
18
4FW
Ivan Cavaleiro
(1993-10-18)18 October 1993 (aged 21)
10
6
Benfica
19
4FW
Ricardo Horta
(1994-09-15)15 September 1994 (aged 20)
5
0
Málaga
20
3MF
Tozé
(1993-01-14)14 January 1993 (aged 22)
10
0
Estoril
21
4FW
Ricardo Pereira
(1993-10-06)6 October 1993 (aged 21)
14
6
Porto
22
1GK
Bruno Varela
(1994-11-04)4 November 1994 (aged 20)
1
0
Benfica
23
3MF
João Mário
(1993-01-19)19 January 1993 (aged 22)
8
1
Sporting CP
Sweden
On 2 June 2015, Sweden named their squad. On 15 June 2015, defender Emil Krafth was ruled out of the tournament after a back injury, being replaced by defender Victor Lindelöf.
Head coach: Håkan Ericson
No.
Pos.
Player
Date of birth (age)
Caps
Goals
Club
1
1GK
Patrik Carlgren
(1992-01-08)8 January 1992 (aged 23)
13
0
AIK
2
2DF
Victor Lindelöf
(1994-07-17)17 July 1994 (aged 20)
4
0
Benfica
3
2DF
Alexander Milošević
(1992-01-30)30 January 1992 (aged 23)
20
3
Beşiktaş
4
2DF
Filip Helander
(1993-04-22)22 April 1993 (aged 22)
14
0
Malmö FF
5
2DF
Ludwig Augustinsson
(1994-04-21)21 April 1994 (aged 21)
11
0
Copenhagen
6
3MF
Oscar Lewicki
(1992-07-14)14 July 1992 (aged 22)
22
2
Malmö FF
7
3MF
Oscar Hiljemark (captain)
(1992-06-28)28 June 1992 (aged 22)
32
3
PSV Eindhoven
8
3MF
Abdul Khalili
(1992-06-07)7 June 1992 (aged 23)
8
0
Mersin İdman Yurdu
9
4FW
Branimir Hrgota
(1993-01-12)12 January 1993 (aged 22)
13
3
Borussia Mönchengladbach
10
4FW
John Guidetti
(1992-04-15)15 April 1992 (aged 23)
18
10
Celtic
11
4FW
Isaac Kiese Thelin
(1992-06-24)24 June 1992 (aged 22)
6
6
Bordeaux
12
1GK
Jacob Rinne
(1993-06-20)20 June 1993 (aged 21)
3
0
Örebro SK
13
3MF
Arbër Zeneli
(1995-02-25)25 February 1995 (aged 20)
5
1
IF Elfsborg
14
4FW
Mikael Ishak
(1993-03-31)31 March 1993 (aged 22)
21
10
Randers
15
3MF
Kristoffer Olsson
(1995-06-30)30 June 1995 (aged 19)
10
3
Midtjylland
16
3MF
Simon Tibbling
(1994-09-07)7 September 1994 (aged 20)
14
0
Groningen
17
2DF
Joseph Baffoe
(1992-11-07)7 November 1992 (aged 22)
13
0
Halmstads BK
18
2DF
Sebastian Holmén
(1992-04-29)29 April 1992 (aged 23)
12
0
IF Elfsborg
19
3MF
Sam Larsson
(1993-04-10)10 April 1993 (aged 22)
7
1
Heerenveen
20
3MF
Robin Quaison
(1993-10-09)9 October 1993 (aged 21)
12
0
Palermo
21
2DF
Pa Konate
(1994-04-25)25 April 1994 (aged 21)
6
0
Malmö FF
22
3MF
Simon Gustafson
(1995-01-11)11 January 1995 (aged 20)
7
3
BK Häcken
23
1GK
Andreas Linde
(1993-07-24)24 July 1993 (aged 21)
4
0
Molde
Footnotes
^ Capped for Turkey
^ Capped for Montenegro
^ Capped for Montenegro
^ Capped for DR Congo
^ Capped for Jamaica
^ Capped for Kosovo
^ Capped for Guinea
References
^ "Regulations of the UEFA European Under-21 Championship 2013–15" (PDF). UEFA.com. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
^ Reprezentace do 21 let: Nominace a program na ME 2015 (in Czech)
^ Lvíčata: Nominace hráčů pro ME do 21 let (in Czech)
^ Thorup har EM-truppen klar Archived 2015-06-30 at the Wayback Machine (in Danish)
^ Højbjerg udtaget til U21-EM - Hvilsom siet fra (in Danish)
^ Skade tvinger Jores Okore til EM-afbud (in Danish)
^ "Hrubesch beruft Toljan und Goretzka ins vorläufige EM-Aufgebot". dfb.de. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
^ "Hrubesch beruft endgültigen Kader für EM in Tschechien". dfb.de. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
^ Mlada reprezentacija: Dodić odabrao putnike za Češku (in Serbian)
^ England U21s name 27-man long squad for Euro Finals
^ Final England U21s Euro Championship squad confirmed
^ "England replace Berahino with Afobe at U21 EURO". UEFA. 18 June 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
^ NAZIONALE UNDER 21 Verso l’Europeo: 27 Azzurrini convocati da Di Biagio per il raduno di Appiano Gentile Archived 2015-06-10 at the Wayback Machine (in Italian)
^ Ufficializzata la lista dei 23 convocati per la Fase Finale del Campionato Europeo (in Italian)
^ Sub-21: convocados para o estágio de preparação do Europeu (in Portuguese)
^ "Zeneli med i Ericsons EM-trupp" (in Swedish). Svenskfotboll. 2 June 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
^ "Krafth missar U21-EM" (in Swedish). Svenskfotboll. 15 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
vteUEFA European U-21 and U-23 ChampionshipUnder-23Without host
1970–1972
1972–1974
1974–1976
Under-21Without host
1976–1978
1978–1980
1980–1982
1982–1984
1984–1986
1986–1988
1988–1990
1990–1992
With host
France 1994
Spain 1996
Romania 1998
Slovakia 2000
Switzerland 2002
Germany 2004
Portugal 2006
Netherlands 2007
Sweden 2009
Denmark 2011
Israel 2013
Czech Republic 2015
Poland 2017
Italy 2019
Hungary / Slovenia 2021
Romania / Georgia 2023
Slovakia 2025
TBD 2027
Qualification
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
2021
2023
2025
Finals
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
2021
2023
Squads
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
2021
2023
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_UEFA_European_Under-21_Championship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The following is a list of squads for all eight national teams that competed at the 2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship. Each national team had to submit a final squad of 23 players, three of whom had to be goalkeepers. If a player was injured or ill severely enough to prevent his participation in the tournament before his team's first match, he could be replaced by another player.[1]Players in boldface have been capped at full international level either prior to the completion of the tournament or afterwards.Age, caps, goals and club as of 17 June 2015.","title":"2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship squads"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Group A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_national_under-21_football_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jakub Dovalil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jakub_Dovalil&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Czech Republic","text":"On 25 May 2015, the Czech Republic named a 27-man provisional squad.[2] On 7 June 2015, the final squad was announced.[3]Head coach: Jakub Dovalil","title":"Group A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_national_under-21_football_team"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jores Okore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jores_Okore"},{"link_name":"Patrick Banggaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Banggaard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jess Thorup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jess_Thorup"}],"sub_title":"Denmark","text":"On 1 June 2015, Denmark named their squad.[4] At the time, Jores Okore was in the selection, however Patrick Banggaard was named as a replacement, if Okore did not recover from his injury.[5] The next day, Okore ruled himself out.[6]Head coach: Jess Thorup","title":"Group A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_national_under-21_football_team"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Horst Hrubesch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Hrubesch"}],"sub_title":"Germany","text":"On 26 May 2015, Germany named a 28-man provisional squad.[7] The final squad was announced on 7 June 2015.[8]Head coach: Horst Hrubesch","title":"Group A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_national_under-21_football_team"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Mladen Dodić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mladen_Dodi%C4%87"}],"sub_title":"Serbia","text":"On 29 May 2015, Serbia named their squad.[9]Head coach: Mladen Dodić","title":"Group A"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Group B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_under-21_football_team"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Benik Afobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benik_Afobe"},{"link_name":"Saido Berahino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saido_Berahino"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Gareth Southgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Southgate"}],"sub_title":"England","text":"On 20 May 2015, England named a 27-man provisional squad.[10] On 2 June 2015, they named their final squad.[11] On 18 June 2015, Benik Afobe replaced the injured Saido Berahino.[12]Head coach: Gareth Southgate","title":"Group B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_national_under-21_football_team"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Luigi Di Biagio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Di_Biagio"}],"sub_title":"Italy","text":"On 1 June 2015, Italy named a 27-man provisional squad.[13] On 7 June 2015, they named their final squad.[14]Head coach: Luigi Di Biagio","title":"Group B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_national_under-21_football_team"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Rui Jorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rui_Jorge"}],"sub_title":"Portugal","text":"On 1 June 2015, Portugal named a 25-man provisional squad.[15]Head coach: Rui Jorge","title":"Group B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_national_under-21_football_team"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Emil Krafth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Krafth"},{"link_name":"Victor Lindelöf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Lindel%C3%B6f"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Håkan Ericson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A5kan_Ericson"}],"sub_title":"Sweden","text":"On 2 June 2015, Sweden named their squad.[16] On 15 June 2015, defender Emil Krafth was ruled out of the tournament after a back injury, being replaced by defender Victor Lindelöf.[17]Head coach: Håkan Ericson","title":"Group B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"DR Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR_Congo_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_national_football_team"}],"text":"^ Capped for Turkey\n\n^ Capped for Montenegro\n\n^ Capped for Montenegro\n\n^ Capped for DR Congo\n\n^ Capped for Jamaica\n\n^ Capped for Kosovo\n\n^ Capped for Guinea","title":"Footnotes"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Regulations of the UEFA European Under-21 Championship 2013–15\" (PDF). UEFA.com. Retrieved 18 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/Regulations/competitions/Regulations/01/88/95/94/1889594_DOWNLOAD.pdf","url_text":"\"Regulations of the UEFA European Under-21 Championship 2013–15\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hrubesch beruft Toljan und Goretzka ins vorläufige EM-Aufgebot\". dfb.de. Retrieved 26 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dfb.de/news/detail/hrubesch-beruft-toljan-und-goretzka-ins-vorlaeufige-em-aufgebot-123690/","url_text":"\"Hrubesch beruft Toljan und Goretzka ins vorläufige EM-Aufgebot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hrubesch beruft endgültigen Kader für EM in Tschechien\". dfb.de. Retrieved 7 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dfb.de/news/detail/hrubesch-beruft-endgueltigen-kader-fuer-em-in-tschechien-124497/","url_text":"\"Hrubesch beruft endgültigen Kader für EM in Tschechien\""}]},{"reference":"\"England replace Berahino with Afobe at U21 EURO\". UEFA. 18 June 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/under21/news/newsid=2259342.html#england+replace+berahino+with+afobe+u21+euro","url_text":"\"England replace Berahino with Afobe at U21 EURO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zeneli med i Ericsons EM-trupp\" (in Swedish). Svenskfotboll. 2 June 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://svenskfotboll.se/landslag/u21-herr/arkiv/landslag/2015/06/u21emtrupp2015/","url_text":"\"Zeneli med i Ericsons EM-trupp\""}]},{"reference":"\"Krafth missar U21-EM\" (in Swedish). Svenskfotboll. 15 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://svenskfotboll.se/landslag/u21-herr/arkiv/landslag/2015/06/krafth-missar-u21-em/","url_text":"\"Krafth missar U21-EM\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/Regulations/competitions/Regulations/01/88/95/94/1889594_DOWNLOAD.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Regulations of the UEFA European Under-21 Championship 2013–15\""},{"Link":"http://nv.fotbal.cz/scripts/detail.php?id=173488&tmplid=1440","external_links_name":"Reprezentace do 21 let: Nominace a program na ME 2015"},{"Link":"http://nv.fotbal.cz/scripts/detail.php?id=174401&tmplid=1447","external_links_name":"Lvíčata: Nominace hráčů pro ME do 21 let"},{"Link":"http://www.dbu.dk/Nyheder/2015/Juni/U21_EM","external_links_name":"Thorup har EM-truppen klar"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150630024722/http://www.dbu.dk/Nyheder/2015/Juni/U21_EM","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.dr.dk/Sporten/Fodbold/2015/06/01/0601152738.htm","external_links_name":"Højbjerg udtaget til U21-EM - Hvilsom siet fra"},{"Link":"http://www.dr.dk/sporten/fodbold/2015/06/02/0602195147.htm","external_links_name":"Skade tvinger Jores Okore til EM-afbud"},{"Link":"https://www.dfb.de/news/detail/hrubesch-beruft-toljan-und-goretzka-ins-vorlaeufige-em-aufgebot-123690/","external_links_name":"\"Hrubesch beruft Toljan und Goretzka ins vorläufige EM-Aufgebot\""},{"Link":"https://www.dfb.de/news/detail/hrubesch-beruft-endgueltigen-kader-fuer-em-in-tschechien-124497/","external_links_name":"\"Hrubesch beruft endgültigen Kader für EM in Tschechien\""},{"Link":"http://www.fss.rs/index.php?id=21&aid=7963","external_links_name":"Mlada reprezentacija: Dodić odabrao putnike za Češku"},{"Link":"http://thefa.com/news/england/under-21/2015/may/southgate-names-long-squad-for-euros-190515","external_links_name":"England U21s name 27-man long squad for Euro Finals"},{"Link":"http://www.thefa.com/news/england/under-21/2015/jun/final-23-squad-for-euros-confirmed-020615","external_links_name":"Final England U21s Euro Championship squad confirmed"},{"Link":"http://www.uefa.com/under21/news/newsid=2259342.html#england+replace+berahino+with+afobe+u21+euro","external_links_name":"\"England replace Berahino with Afobe at U21 EURO\""},{"Link":"http://www.figc.it/it/204/2528287/2015/06/News.shtml","external_links_name":"NAZIONALE UNDER 21 Verso l’Europeo: 27 Azzurrini convocati da Di Biagio per il raduno di Appiano Gentile"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150610050157/http://www.figc.it/it/204/2528287/2015/06/News.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://vivoazzurro.it/news/ufficializzata-la-lista-dei-23-convocati-per-la-fase-finale-del-campionato-europeo/","external_links_name":"Ufficializzata la lista dei 23 convocati per la Fase Finale del Campionato Europeo"},{"Link":"https://www.fpf.pt/Noticias/Noticia/Id/8755/Cat/746/highlight/1/caller/56/Sub-21-convocados-para-o-estagio-de-preparacao-do-Europeu","external_links_name":"Sub-21: convocados para o estágio de preparação do Europeu"},{"Link":"https://svenskfotboll.se/landslag/u21-herr/arkiv/landslag/2015/06/u21emtrupp2015/","external_links_name":"\"Zeneli med i Ericsons EM-trupp\""},{"Link":"https://svenskfotboll.se/landslag/u21-herr/arkiv/landslag/2015/06/krafth-missar-u21-em/","external_links_name":"\"Krafth missar U21-EM\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_T-banedrift
|
Sporveien T-banen
|
["1 References"]
|
Norwegian transport company
Sporveien T-banen ASCompany typeSubsidiaryIndustryTransportHeadquartersOslo, NorwayArea servedGreater OsloKey peoplePer Magne Mathisen (CEO)Net income52,120,000 Norwegian krone (2018) Number of employees594 (2022)ParentSporveienWebsitewww.tbanen.noFootnotes / references
Sporveien T-banen AS is a limited company that is responsible for operating Oslo Metro (Norwegian: Oslo T-bane), the rapid transit in Oslo, Norway. The company is owned by Sporveien, which is owned by the municipal Oslo. Sporveien operates on a contract with Ruter, the public transport administration in Oslo and Akershus.
The company has 594 employees, and operates 115 metro cars. A total of 101 million passengers used the rapid transit in Oslo in 2022.
References
^ Oslo Sporveier. "T-bane" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-01-29.
vte Oslo MetroLines
Common
Holmenkollen
Lambertseter
Furuset
Røa
Kolsås
Østensjø
Løren
Grorud
Ring
Sognsvann
Under construction: Fornebu
Rolling stock
MX3000
Operators
Akersbanerne
Bærumsbanen
Holmenkolbanen
Oslo Sporveier
Oslo Vognselskap
Ruter
Sporveien
Sporveien T-banen
Tryvandsbanen
Stations
Ammerud
Avløs
Bekkestua
Berg
Bergkrystallen
Besserud
Bjørnsletta
Blindern
Bogerud
Borgen
Brattlikollen
Brynseng
Bøler
Carl Berners plass
Eiksmarka
Ekraveien
Ellingsrudåsen
Ensjø
Forskningsparken
Frognerseteren
Frøen
Furuset
Gaustad
Gjettum
Gjønnes
Godlia
Grorud
Grønland
Gråkammen
Gulleråsen
Hasle
Haslum
Hauger
Haugerud
Hellerud
Helsfyr
Holmen
Holmenkollen
Holstein
Hovseter
Høyenhall
Jar
Jernbanetorget
Kalbakken
Karlsrud
Kolsås
Kringsjå
Lijordet
Lillevann
Lindeberg
Linderud
Løren
Majorstuen
Makrellbekken
Manglerud
Midtstuen
Montebello
Mortensrud
Munkelia
Nationaltheatret
Nydalen
Oppsal
Ringstabekk
Ris
Risløkka
Rommen
Romsås
Ryen
Røa
Rødtvet
Sinsen
Skogen
Skullerud
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This Norwegian corporation or company article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to the Oslo Metro is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"limited company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksjeselskap"},{"link_name":"Oslo Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_Metro"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"rapid transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Sporveien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporveien"},{"link_name":"Ruter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruter"},{"link_name":"public transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport"}],"text":"Sporveien T-banen AS is a limited company that is responsible for operating Oslo Metro (Norwegian: Oslo T-bane), the rapid transit in Oslo, Norway. The company is owned by Sporveien, which is owned by the municipal Oslo. Sporveien operates on a contract with Ruter, the public transport administration in Oslo and Akershus.The company has 594 employees, and operates 115 metro cars. A total of 101 million passengers used the rapid transit in Oslo in 2022.","title":"Sporveien T-banen"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Oslo Sporveier. \"T-bane\" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_Sporveier","url_text":"Oslo Sporveier"},{"url":"http://www.sporveien.no/templates/Page____1249.aspx","url_text":"\"T-bane\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.tbanen.no/","external_links_name":"www.tbanen.no"},{"Link":"http://www.sporveien.no/templates/Page____1249.aspx","external_links_name":"\"T-bane\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sporveien_T-banen&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sporveien_T-banen&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Augustus_Boardman
|
Henry Augustus Boardman
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Henry Augustus BoardmanBornJanuary 9, 1808 Troy DiedJune 15, 1880 (aged 72)Philadelphia Alma materPrinceton Theological SeminaryYale University OccupationCleric
Henry Augustus Boardman (January 9, 1808 – June 15, 1880) was an American minister and author.
Boardman was born in Troy, N Y, January 9, 1808. His parents were John Boardman and Clarinda (Folger) Starbuck, and he often said that he was the product of a Puritan father and a Quaker mother. He graduated from Yale College in 1829. In the fall of 1830 he entered the Theological Seminary in Princeton, N. J., and in April 1833, was licensed to preach. In September 1833, he was called to the pastorate of the Tenth Presbyterian Church of Philadelphia, over which he was duly installed, November 8, 1833, and of which he continued in charge until May 1876, when he became Pastor Emeritus. He served as moderator of the Presbyterian General Assembly in 1854 and was also on the board of directors for the Princeton seminary, which now holds his papers.
In 1851, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.
During his long and eminent pastorate, he was repeatedly called to other fields of labor,—notably in May 1853, to the chair of Pastoral Theology in Princeton Seminary. He published many volumes and pamphlets, on theological subjects. The degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Marshall College. After an interval of feeble health, he died in Philadelphia, June 15, 1880, aged 72 years. He left three sons and two daughters, one son being a graduate of Yale in the Class of 1859.
References
^ John DeWitt, D.D., "Rev. Henry A. Boardman, D. D." in William Mason Cornell, Cornell's Lives of Clergymen, Physicians and Eminent Business Men of the Nineteenth Century: With Recollections of the Olden Time (Boston: Howard Gannett, 1881), pp. 194-216.
^ "Henry Augustus Boardman Manuscript Collection". Princeton Theological Seminary.
^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2021-04-14.
This article incorporates public domain material from the 1880 Yale Obituary Record.
External links
Henry Augustus Boardman at Find a Grave
Books by Boardman
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|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_Coast_Adventurer%27s_Guide
|
Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide
|
["1 Publication history","2 Reception","3 References"]
|
Tabletop role-playing game supplement
Sword Coast Adventurer's GuideRules requiredDungeons & Dragons, 5th editionCampaign settingForgotten RealmsFirst published3 November 2015Pages159ISBN978-0786965809
Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide is a supplement to the 5th edition of the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game.
Publication history
Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide was written by Joseph Carriker, Brian Cortijo, and Jeremy Crawford, and was published by Wizards of the Coast with Green Ronin Publishing in 2015. On book's development process, Steve Kenson, Lead Designer of Sword Coast Adventurer’s Guide, said "we had to balance rooting those options strongly in the Realms – and the Sword Coast, in particular – while also making them as broadly useful to D&D players as possible. Too much one way and you lose the unique character and style of the Realms that make it such an appealing setting; too much the other and the Adventurer’s Guide would only be useful to those looking to adventure in the Realms".
Reception
In Publishers Weekly's "Best-selling Books Week Ending November 16, 2015", Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide was #18 in "Hardcover Nonfiction". The book was a Judges’ Spotlight Winner at the 2016 ENnies Awards.
Jonathan Bolding, for The Escapist, highlighted that the book fails to meet its $40 MSRP — "Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide, taken as a whole, is not a very good roleplaying game book. It's a 20-page whirlwind tour of thirty-some years of Forgotten Realms history and geography, a kinda-useful 40-page whirlwind tour of the Sword Coast region. The rest of the book is 60 pages of mostly-superfluous descriptions of what standard D&D characters are like in the realms, with scattered nuggets of game mechanics customizing specific classes, a few alternate racial mechanics, and a trove of backgrounds. None of these sections particularly excels".
Alex Lucard, for DieHard GameFan, also highlighted the cost of the book and wrote "what you’re getting here is extremely overpriced for the page count. The book basically assumes you are a long time D&D veteran and expects your memories and previous Forgotten Realms releases to fill in the gaps – which is not cool. The Sword Coast deserved a lot better than this, especially for the price you pay. This book is my first real disappointment with Dungeons & Dragons, Fifth Edition and unless you want some of the new PC options or are a completionist, this is a very easy pass".
In a review of Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide in Black Gate, Howard Andrew Jones said "this a wonderful campaign sourcebook, and a great inspiration for game masters. Two thumbs up."
References
^ "Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide - RPGnet d20 RPG Game Index". index.rpg.net. Retrieved 2020-07-11.
^ Mappin, Don (2016-02-06). "Reviewed: Dungeons & Dragons 5th edition". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
^ Kenson, Steve (August 2015). "Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide". Dragon+ (Issue 3). Retrieved 2020-08-20.
^ "This Week's Bestsellers | Back issue 11/16/2015". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
^ "2016 ENnie Award Winners". ENnie Award. Archived from the original on 2017-03-01. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
^ Bolding, Jonathan (November 5, 2015). "D&D Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide Review - Best Left Forgotten". The Escapist. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
^ Lucard, Alex (November 9, 2015). "Tabletop Review: Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide (Dungeons & Dragons, Fifth Edition)". DieHard GameFan. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
^ "Dungeons & Dragons Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide". Black Gate. 6 November 2015.
|
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|
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide - RPGnet d20 RPG Game Index\". index.rpg.net. Retrieved 2020-07-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?mainid=21429","url_text":"\"Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide - RPGnet d20 RPG Game Index\""}]},{"reference":"Mappin, Don (2016-02-06). \"Reviewed: Dungeons & Dragons 5th edition\". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2020-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2016/02/reviewed-dungeons-dragons-5th-edition/","url_text":"\"Reviewed: Dungeons & Dragons 5th edition\""}]},{"reference":"Kenson, Steve (August 2015). \"Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide\". Dragon+ (Issue 3). Retrieved 2020-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://dnd.dragonmag.com/2019/09/26/sword-coast-adventurers-guide/content.html","url_text":"\"Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"This Week's Bestsellers | Back issue 11/16/2015\". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved 2020-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/nielsen/HardcoverNonfiction/20151116.html","url_text":"\"This Week's Bestsellers | Back issue 11/16/2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"2016 ENnie Award Winners\". ENnie Award. Archived from the original on 2017-03-01. Retrieved 2020-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170301190720/http://ennie-awards.com/blog/about-us/2016-ennie-award-winners/","url_text":"\"2016 ENnie Award Winners\""},{"url":"http://ennie-awards.com/blog/about-us/2016-ennie-award-winners/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bolding, Jonathan (November 5, 2015). \"D&D Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide Review - Best Left Forgotten\". The Escapist. Retrieved 2020-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://v1.escapistmagazine.com/articles/view/tabletop/reviews/14912-Sword-Coast-Adventurer-s-Guide-Review-First-DnD-5th-Edition-Supp","url_text":"\"D&D Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide Review - Best Left Forgotten\""}]},{"reference":"Lucard, Alex (November 9, 2015). \"Tabletop Review: Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide (Dungeons & Dragons, Fifth Edition)\". DieHard GameFan. Retrieved 2020-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://diehardgamefan.com/2015/11/09/tabletop-review-sword-coast-adventurers-guide-dungeons-dragons-fifth-edition/","url_text":"\"Tabletop Review: Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide (Dungeons & Dragons, Fifth Edition)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dungeons & Dragons Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide\". Black Gate. 6 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blackgate.com/2015/11/06/dungeons-dragons-sword-coast-adventurers-guide/","url_text":"\"Dungeons & Dragons Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?mainid=21429","external_links_name":"\"Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide - RPGnet d20 RPG Game Index\""},{"Link":"https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2016/02/reviewed-dungeons-dragons-5th-edition/","external_links_name":"\"Reviewed: Dungeons & Dragons 5th edition\""},{"Link":"https://dnd.dragonmag.com/2019/09/26/sword-coast-adventurers-guide/content.html","external_links_name":"\"Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide\""},{"Link":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/nielsen/HardcoverNonfiction/20151116.html","external_links_name":"\"This Week's Bestsellers | Back issue 11/16/2015\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170301190720/http://ennie-awards.com/blog/about-us/2016-ennie-award-winners/","external_links_name":"\"2016 ENnie Award Winners\""},{"Link":"http://ennie-awards.com/blog/about-us/2016-ennie-award-winners/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://v1.escapistmagazine.com/articles/view/tabletop/reviews/14912-Sword-Coast-Adventurer-s-Guide-Review-First-DnD-5th-Edition-Supp","external_links_name":"\"D&D Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide Review - Best Left Forgotten\""},{"Link":"http://diehardgamefan.com/2015/11/09/tabletop-review-sword-coast-adventurers-guide-dungeons-dragons-fifth-edition/","external_links_name":"\"Tabletop Review: Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide (Dungeons & Dragons, Fifth Edition)\""},{"Link":"https://www.blackgate.com/2015/11/06/dungeons-dragons-sword-coast-adventurers-guide/","external_links_name":"\"Dungeons & Dragons Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dae_Jo_Yeong_(TV_series)
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Dae Jo-yeong (TV series)
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["1 Overview of the plot","1.1 Early","1.2 Middle","1.3 Last","2 Cast","2.1 Balhae","2.2 Goguryeo","2.3 Tang","2.4 Khitans","2.5 Göktürks","3 Ratings","4 Original soundtrack","5 Awards and nominations","6 References","7 External links"]
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Dae Jo-yeongPromotional posterHangul대조영Hanja大祚榮Revised RomanizationDae JoyeongMcCune–ReischauerTae Joyŏng
GenreHistoricalWritten byJang Young-chulDirected byKim Jong-sunYoon Sung-sikStarringChoi Soo-jongLee Deok-hwaJeong Bo-seokPark Ye-jinHong Soo-hyunIm HyukChoi Cheol-hoKim Hak-cheolMusic byLee Pil-ho (Music Director)Country of originSouth KoreaOriginal languageKoreanNo. of episodes134ProductionExecutive producerLee Sung Joo (KBS)
Go Young Tak
Kim Myung Wook
Moon Bo HyunProducerJung Young ChulRunning time50 minutesProduction companyKBS Self-productionBudget₩ 35 billionOriginal releaseNetworkKBS 1TVReleaseSeptember 16, 2006 (2006-09-16) –December 23, 2007 (2007-12-23)
Dae Jo-yeong (Korean: 대조영; Hanja: 大祚榮; RR: Dae Jo-yeong; MR: Tae Joyŏng) is a South Korean television series aired from September 16, 2006, to December 23, 2007, on KBS1. It tells the life of Dae Jo-yeong, the founder of the kingdom of Balhae.
Filmed at Hanwha Resort near Mount Seorak with a budget of 35 billion wons, it was a critical and ratings success. It was originally planned as a 100-episode series, but was extended by 34 episodes.
Overview of the plot
This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Early
The drama begins during a war between Tang and Goguryeo in 645 before Dae Jo-yeong is born. Dae Jung-sang, Dae Jo-yeong's father is introduced as a general. We are also introduced to Xue Rengui (Seol Ingui in Korean), a man with a brilliant mind who comes up with a plan to bring down Liaodong Fortress. After a failed attempt to assassinate the Tang emperor Li Shimin, Jungsang is captured by Tang. Seol, enraged for not receiving credit for his actions, frees him. Dae leaves Seol to himself, and heads to Ansi Fortress. Thereafter, Seol rescues some Tang soldiers about to be killed. He catches the emperor's eye and is promoted to the rank of general.
The emperor, meanwhile, begins plans for making a mountain of earth in order to deliberately destroy the fortress. Dae Jo-yeong's mother, Dalgi, comes up with the plan to dig under the mountain as it is being built. She is already pregnant with Dae Jo-yeong. As the battle begins, Tang's million men come onto the mountain. The order is given and water is released through the tunnel underneath the mountain, causing it to collapse and it crushes hundreds of thousands of Tang soldiers. Dae Jo-yeong was born during this time.
When Dae Jo-yeong is born in 645, a prophecy says that he will become a king. Naturally, this is seen as treachery because there is already a king. So his father flees from the Supreme Commander Yeon Gaesomun, who wishes to kill the baby, only to be captured as his wife and son try to escape on a raft. She is later found and captured by the Supreme Commander as well.
The Supreme Commander intended to kill them at first but when General Yang Manchun tells him that perhaps the heavens sent Dae Jo-yeong to protect their country after they die, he changes his mind. General Dae Jungsang is told his wife and son are dead and ordered to command Goryeo Fortress. His wife is ordered to never communicate with her son, or be killed along with him.
Dae Jo-yeong is raised by Yeon Gaesomun, the Supreme Commander of Goguryeo as a slave and is called Gaedong (dog boy) so he wouldn't question why he is a slave and discover who he was with his real name. As a child he is often shown running away from the Supreme Commander's estate and trying to find his parents, although not knowing his parents are alive since the Supreme Commander constantly tells him that his parents are dead.
Dae Jo-yeong teaches himself to read and fight. He also (when he grown up in 660) begs the Supreme Commander's eldest son (Yeon Namsaeng) to allow him to join the martial arts contest because the reward is emancipation (freedom), but he refuses. When he hears Namseng say that he would accept anyone who had a recommendation from the Grand Martial General Yang Manchun, he runs away to Ansi Fortress and impresses Yang Manchun, who wonders if he is Dae Jungsang's son.
Dae Jo-yeong tells Yang Manchun that he is a slave and that he wants to be a warrior. Yang Manchun, not wanting to hurt him by letting him think he has a chance, tells him to fight the best fighter (Geol sabiu) in Yodong Fort. He surprises everyone and is about to smash the Geol Sa-Biwoo's head with a rock when General Yang Manchun stops the fight. He asks Dae-Joyeong why he would try cheating and he replies that in a fight, there are no rules, since for him this fight is worth more than his life.
Later, Yang Manchun gives him a recommendation, but when Dae Jo-yeong returns to Pyongyang and gives the recommendation to Yeon Gaesomun, Yeon Gaesomun angrily rips it up and says that no one can stop Dae Joyeong from entering the contest now except for him. Dae Jo-yeong is flogged and returns to being a slave. On the day of the contest, he desperately tries to sneak in one last time, but gets caught and thrown into a barn.
During this time, the princess, King Bojang's niece Sukyeong dresses up as a soldier to watch the contest. Meanwhile, at the Pyongyang palace, a Tang envoy (Seol Ingui) arrives and causes mischief by offering a peace treaty, in which a princess from Goguryeo and a prince from Tang are to marry. Yeon Gaesomun instantly rejects it and forces the civil officials to reject it too, but Seol had not come for the peace treaty, but for a chance to assassinate Yeon Gaesomun, who is one of the pillars of the country. Seol teams up with Bu Kiwon, one of the civil officials, and hires some assassins to kill Yeon Gaesomun.
Right before the contest begins the assassins go to the same barn Dae Jo-yeong was locked in to form a plan (each of their swords are laced with a deadly poison). Dae Jo-yeong hears them talking and figures out what they are up to, but he then makes a tiny noise which immediately catches the assassins' attention. One of the assassins tells the others to go ahead since the martial arts contest was beginning and stays to take care of Dae Jo-yeong. The princess enters the barn, and the assassin is about to kill her. Dae Jo-yeong is able to save the princess and knock out the assassin. When Sukyeong tries to prevent him from leaving, as she thinks that he is the assassin, he knocks her out. The assassination attempt fails, thanks to Dae Jo-yeong, but he is cut by one of the poisoned blades and falls unconscious. Yeon Gaesomun immediately orders a royal doctor to heal him.
Middle
The war between Tang and Goguryeo took place in 661 - 662. Dae Jo-yeong eventually goes to find his father at Goryeo Fortress. Dae Jo-yeong doesn't tell Dae Jung-sang at first, but in the end, they reconcile and return to Goguryeo. On the way, they meet Mimosa, a Baekje citizen. In that time, Dae Jo-yeong runs into the Khitans and meets Chulin (Chorin in Korean) and he love chulin, a Khitan princess, and Li Kaigu (Li Haego in Korean), a Khitan general. Li Kaigu soon becomes Dae Joyeong's greatest rival. Li Kaigu has feelings for Chulin, who falls in love with Dae Joyeong. Dae Jo-yeong gave a hand in the victory of Goguryeo in 662.
Goguryeo falls in 668 with the deaths of Yeon Gaesomun and Yang Manchun in 666. Dae Jo-yeong does everything in his effort to save Goguryeo, but Bu Kiwon, Sa Bugu and other Goguryeo ministers, with the Tang and Khitan armies, are able to destroy it. Dae Jo-yeong, with his subordinates Geol Sabiwu and Heuk Sudol, set off to rescue the refugees and, with some surviving Goguryeo officials, makes a second Goguryeo from 669 to 674. Dae Jo-yeong gets Chulin pregnant in 674, but only Chulin knows. Dae Jo-yeong is nearly killed by Li Kaigu, Geolsa Biu is captured by Tang, and the second Goguryeo is destroyed after a Silla-aided coup d'état in 674. Li Kaigu takes in Dae Jo-yeong's son as his own. Only Chulin, Geolsa Biu, and Li Kaigu know that Chulin's son, named Geom, is Dae Jo-yeong's son.
Dae Jo-yeong plans to make the second Goguryeo. He tries many things, buying help Mimosa and his subordinate Geumlan, and building a new organization, Dong Myeong Cheon Ki Gae Tse (in 677) that is brought to kill the enemies that brought Goguryeo down. They are aided by the former Goguryeo king, Bojang. Sa Bugu was killed in 678, Shin Sung was killed in 679 and Bu Kiwon was killed in 680. However, this organization is felled by Li Kaigu and Xue Rengui in 681. Even as this organization falls, Dae Joyeong and his followers refuse to give up restoring Gorguryeo.
Dae Jo-yeong acquires two subordinates of Göktürk descent, Gaepilsamun and Tungso. While in battle, to rescue the people captured in the collapse of the Dong Myeong Cheon Ki Gae Tse, Dae Jo-yeong and Heuk Sudol are captured by the Chinese commander Li Wen in 681, who hates Dae Jo-yeong with all of his heart. They suffer many hardships, including being forced to fight Wugol, a giant, after being starved for six days but Dae Jo-yeong eventually unites the slaves to fight against the Chinese. During this time, he meets Ashina Muchou, who eventually becomes Khan of the Göktürks. Dae Jo-yeong survives by pledging allegiance to China and then fleeing to the lands of Goguryeo. There he begins to build up Goguryeo. Dae Jo-yeong has married Suk-yong in 681, King Bojang's niece. In China, Empress Wu Zetian has risen to the throne.
Fifteen years later, the Khitans rebel from the Tang in 696, and Dae Jo-yeong comes to aid the Khitans; in exchange, they ask for all of the thousands of Goguryeo refugees living in the Khitan country. During this time, his tensions with Li Kaigu get bigger and bigger. Dae Jo-yeong also meets his son Geom and works with him. Li Kaigu is captured, but Dae Joyeong saves him by capturing Li Wen and making a deal with Xue Rengui. Dae Jo-yeong took over Shin Seong, Liaodong, Beakam and Ansi of Wu Zetian in the east. Li Kaigu took over 9 cities of Wu Zetian in the west. Eventually, the reigning king, Li Jinzhong, is assassinated, and the war ends. Dae Joyeong takes the Goguryeo refugees home.
The Khitan country is nearly destroyed by a Tang-Göktürk alliance in 697, but the few defenders are rescued by Dae Jo-yeong, after he finds out that Geom is his son. Geom, and nearly everyone else, have been aware of this before. When Li Kaigu flees from Dae Jo-yeong, Dae Jo Yeong nearly kills Li Kaigu, and the Khitans are destroyed. Li Kaigu survives and goes to Tang to become a commander, trading his own eye to show he would be loyal to not only Xue Rengui, but also Tang. Dae Jo-yeong is leading the last of the refugees and all of his army from Ansi, Liaodong, Baekham and Shin Seong to his base in Mount Dong-mo, where he intends to create a new Goguryeo. Li Kaigu is assigned the leading role.
While they are going, the Tang army catches up in 698. Heuk Sudol and Gaepilsamun stay behind to delay the army. Gaepilsamun was killed by Li Kaigu's arrows, and Heuk Sudol stays to avenge him, but was killed by Zhao Renshi (Jo Insa), a Tang commander. The refugees are safe, but Dae Jo-yeong sets up Cheonmunryeong Hill as a huge battlefield for him. The Khitan force under Chulin and Geom cannot block the Tang advance. Dae Jo-yeong kills Zhao Renshi in an act to avenge his brother, Heuk Sudol. Geumlan was killed by arrows, and Dae Jung-sang is captured. Dae Jung-sang is killed, and that fuels the morale of the Goguryeo-Mohe army so much that out of 30,000 Tang soldiers to enter, less than 1000 leave.
Last
Dae Jo-yeong wins Li Kaigu and Xue Rengui's forces at Cheonmunryeong with help of Malgal Tribe. Li Kaigu runs away from Dae but Dae finds him. Li Kaigu sends his message that he will like to battle with him. Dae Jo-yeong manages to win after a fierce fight even he is the first one to get hurt. Chulin drinks a poisoned potion after seeing Li Kaigu die. After their deaths, Dae Jo-yeong builds the new Gorguryeo in 698 and names the country, Balhae. When Dae thinks all is over, Mimosa comes and says it isn't as Tang can go to Gokturks and persuade them to attack Balhae and the only way to stop is to enter with friendly relations with Gokturks, send people faster than Tang. Jo-yeong sends Geom to Gokturks tribe. As Mimosa has expected, Li Wen of Tang (to get Gokturks in Tang's group with a mind to perish Balhae with them) arrives after a few moments after Geom has arrived. Geom is the one who succeeds, beating Li Wen (although there are many things Balhae must fulfill for Gokturks). Dae Jo-yeong thinks all the things settled down and makes up rules.
Soon, Gokturks attack Tang in 698 and 701 and Balhae helps Gokturks as they demanded military support from Balhae. Tang almost loses so Li Wen thinks that the only way to survive is to send Dae Jo-yeong a peace treaty. Empress Wu Zetian is angry at this and hesitant over it but at last agrees, thinking of what's good for Tang. They send Dae Jo Yeong a peace treaty between them (enter into friendly relations) in 705. Dae Jo-yeong agrees on condition that Tang should give Liaodong to Balhae. They agree although there were some harsh things to get them agree.
Then Dae Jo-yeong starts to think about who will succeed him. He has two sons in mind, Geom and Dan-ni, but cannot make up his mind although he has Geom more in mind. (Dan-ni is Suk-yeong's son so has the last Goguryeo royal blood while Geom has the blood of the Khitan tribe, through his mother Chulin; but Geom demonstrates unusual talent, leadership abilities, and intelligence). Finally Geom decides to leave the country, thinking that if he stays there will be dissension among Dae Jo Yeong's followers about the succession. He tells Geol Sabiwu what he wants most is to be close to Jo Yeong, but if they try to make him the successor he will take his own life.
Dae comes to see Geom and finds him writing a farewell letter. He tries to stop him, saying "Don't go..." and blurts out the word he always wanted to say to Geom, "Son..." Geom, hearing the word, "Son", melts in tears and also uses the word he always wanted to say to Dae, "Father..." (Geom is actually Dae and Chu-lin's son but since he was born a Khitan Chulin knew he would be in danger as Dae was Khitan's enemy at that time. Li Kaigu, who was one of Khitan's greatest warriors and had loved Chu-lin for a long time, offered to protect mother and son and raise Geom as his own. Eventually Geom discovered the truth, and so did Dae Jo Yeong, but they couldn't acknowledge the truth openly.) Geom and Jo Yeong embrace each other sadly as son and father then Geom rides off to an unknown destiny.
The drama ends with a scene where Dae Jo-yeong, with his royal procession, visits the Gwanggaeto Stele in 719. He and his original remaining followers, Geolsa Biu and Mimosa, bow before it, promising that never again will their people suffer as they have in the past. In June 719, Dae Jo-yeong died.
Cast
Balhae
Choi Soo-jong as Gaedong / Dae Jo-yeong, later Go of Balhae he was adopted by Supreme Commander General Yeon Gaesomun and named him Gaedong. He grew up as a serf without knowing his real parents.
Hong Soo-hyun as Suk-yeong
Dae Jo-yeong's wife, later Queen of Balhae.
Im Hyuk as Dae Jung-sang
Dae Jo-yeong's father. He was sent to Goryeo Fort away from his wife and son after a long years but reunited when Gaedong found out from his mother his real identity.
Kim Seok as Dae Dan (Dae Muye)
Dae Jo-yeong's eldest son, later Mu of Balhae.
(Kim Seok also as a young Goguryeo soldier who died in battle of Baekbing mount).
Choi Cheol-ho as Geolsa Biu
A Mohe and sworn brother of Dae Jo-yeong.
Kim Hak-cheol as Heuksudol
A sworn brother of Dae Jo-yeong.
Kim Jeong-hyeon as Mimosa
He was from Baekje and later became Chief tactician of Dae Jo-yeong.
Shim Eun-jin as Geum-ran
Adopted sister of Mimosa; later become a meritorious retainer of Balhae. She died saving Geolsabiwu.
Yoon Yong-hyeon as Gyepil Samun
Leader of Göktürks. He was dubbed as “Wolf of Mt. Madu”. He was killed by Tang soldiers with an arrow while luring their enemies at the ravine.
Bang Hyeong-ju as Tungso
Göktürks' general and follower of Gyepil Samun.
Im Seon-taek as Jang San-hae
Civil official (appointed as Prime Minister) of Balhae and follower of Dae Jung-sang.
Jang Sun-guk as Dolbal
Dae Jung-sang's younger brother and general.
Shin Won-gyun as Mu Yeom
Dae Jung-sang's subordinate officer, later general of Balhae.
Im Chae-won as Auhong
Heuksudol's wife.
Goguryeo
Kim Jin-tae as Yeon Gaesomun
Generalissimo of Goguryeo. He adopted and raised Joyoung as a lowly serf.
Im Dong-jin as Yang Manchun
The lord of Ansi Fortress. Murdered by Bu Giwon's collaborators.
Kil Yong-woo as King Bojang
28th and last King of Goguryeo. He also founded the Dongmyeongchun League.
Kim Ha-gyun as Bu Giwon
Former chancellor of Goguryeo, collaborator of Tang. Killed by Dae Joyoung as the Leader of Dongmyeongchun League.
Tang
Lee Deok-hwa as Xue Rengui
General of Tang.
Ryu Tae-seul as Hong Pei
Xue Rengui's right-hand man.
Song Yong-tae as Emperor Taizong of Tang
Yang Geum-seok as Wu Zetian
Nam Seong-jin as Li Wen
General of Tang, later follower of Xue Rengui.
Jeon Hyeon as Wu Chengsi
Chancellor of Tang and Wu Zetian's nephew.
Khitans
Park Ye-jin as Chulin
Daughter of Khan Li Jinzhong.
Jeong Bo-seok as Li Kaigu
Chief general and Chulin's husband. Archenemy of Dae Jo-yeong. He was killed at Liaodong Fort by Jo-yeong).
Kim Dong-hyeon as Li Jinzhong
First Khan of Khitans. Later became allies with Dae Jo-yeong.
Cho In-pyo as Sun Wanrong
Second Khan of Khitans. He was held captive and killed by Tang at Liadong Fort.
Kim Kyu-chul as Shinhong
Tactician of Li Kaigu. He was killed by Dae Jo-yeong.
Lee Dal-hyeong as Xue Jietou
Follower of Li Kaigu.
Hwang Taek-ha as Mou Jie
Another follower of Li Kaigu, later Geom's.
Jung Tae-woo as Li Geom
Chulin and Dae Jo-yeong's son, believed to be Li Kaigu's.
Göktürks
Kang Jae-ik as Muchuo Khan
Khan of Göktürks. He was first met by Dae Joyoung at Mt. Guifu as a prisoner.
Lee Yeong-ho as Inäl
Prince of Göktürks.
Kim Seong-hun as Tonyukuk
General and facilitator of Göktürks.
Kim Jong Kook as Bilge
Prince of Göktürks.
Ham Suk-hoon as Kul Tigin
Prince of Göktürks.
Ratings
Episode #
Original broadcast date
TNmS Ratings
AGB Nielsen
Nationwide
1
16 September 2006
11.9%
12.6%
2
17 September 2006
16.6%
16.0%
3
23 September 2006
13.4%
13.6%
4
24 September 2006
16.2%
16.9%
5
30 September 2006
16.4%
16.3%
6
1 October 2006
17.6%
18.7%
7
7 October 2006
14.4%
15.9%
8
8 October 2006
21.6%
22.5%
9
14 October 2006
19.9%
19.2%
10
15 October 2006
23.4%
23.2%
11
21 October 2006
20.7%
20.2%
12
22 October 2006
22.6%
23.9%
13
28 October 2006
22.1%
23.0%
14
29 October 2006
23.9%
24.3%
15
4 November 2006
21.2%
20.1%
16
5 November 2006
23.3%
24.7%
17
11 November 2006
19.6%
19.8%
18
12 November 2006
24.1%
23.3%
19
18 November 2006
20.7%
22.5%
20
19 November 2006
26.1%
26.9%
21
25 November 2006
19.1%
22.3%
22
26 November 2006
23.9%
25.8%
23
2 December 2006
21.5%
22.3%
24
3 December 2006
23.6%
24.7%
25
9 December 2006
18.9%
20.4%
26
10 December 2006
23.5%
23.6%
27
16 December 2006
19.5%
21.4%
28
17 December 2006
22.3%
23.9%
29
23 December 2006
18.4%
20.8%
30
24 December 2006
18.8%
21.3%
31
30 December 2006
19.8%
22.2%
32
31 December 2006
17.4%
19.9%
33
6 January 2007
20.2%
24.5%
34
7 January 2007
23.0%
25.9%
35
13 January 2007
15.2%
19.7%
36
14 January 2007
20.5%
22.9%
37
20 January 2007
20.7%
23.8%
38
21 January 2007
22.0%
25.9%
39
27 January 2007
18.9%
21.2%
40
28 January 2007
20.2%
24.1%
41
3 February 2007
20.3%
23.3%
42
4 February 2007
20.9%
23.7%
43
10 February 2007
19.6%
21.6%
44
11 February 2007
21.6%
25.7%
45
17 February 2007
15.5%
18.9%
46
18 February 2007
15.6%
17.2%
47
24 February 2007
20.7%
23.1%
48
25 February 2007
21.7%
25.8%
49
3 March 2007
19.0%
19.1%
50
4 March 2007
22.7%
25.0%
51
10 March 2007
19.8%
21.4%
52
11 March 2007
22.6%
26.5%
53
17 March 2007
21.7%
22.9%
54
18 March 2007
26.0%
27.3%
55
24 March 2007
20.1%
21.3%
56
25 March 2007
29.4%
29.7%
57
31 March 2007
26.9%
27.5%
58
1 April 2007
28.5%
30.3%
59
7 April 2007
23.1%
25.7%
60
8 April 2007
27.0%
29.5%
61
14 April 2007
22.5%
24.3%
62
15 April 2007
25.9%
26.7%
63
21 April 2007
22.6%
26.6%
64
22 April 2007
26.5%
29.4%
65
28 April 2007
22.4%
24.9%
66
29 April 2007
25.7%
28.6%
67
5 May 2007
22.1%
25.6%
68
6 May 2007
26.9%
29.1%
69
12 May 2007
24.0%
26.7%
70
13 May 2007
28.4%
30.6%
71
19 May 2007
22.0%
25.1%
72
20 May 2007
25.1%
29.5%
73
26 May 2007
24.3%
27.7%
74
27 May 2007
29.2%
32.7%
75
2 June 2007
23.6%
26.0%
76
3 June 2007
28.0%
31.9%
77
9 June 2007
25.5%
28.0%
78
10 June 2007
28.3%
31.0%
79
16 June 2007
23.0%
26.7%
80
17 June 2007
30.1%
32.5%
81
23 June 2007
25.7%
28.0%
82
24 June 2007
30.1%
30.9%
83
30 June 2007
25.1%
27.9%
84
1 July 2007
29.5%
33.0%
85
7 July 2007
26.6%
27.5%
86
8 July 2007
30.0%
30.8%
87
14 July 2007
28.6%
28.4%
88
15 July 2007
24.5%
26.2%
89
21 July 2007
28.6%
29.5%
90
22 July 2007
28.4%
28.6%
91
28 July 2007
22.4%
23.5%
92
29 July 2007
32.1%
31.9%
93
4 August 2007
27.9%
28.1%
94
5 August 2007
32.7%
30.8%
95
11 August 2007
29.4%
32.1%
96
12 August 2007
31.9%
34.4%
97
18 August 2007
28.4%
30.0%
98
19 August 2007
31.4%
30.7%
99
25 August 2007
29.1%
29.7%
100
26 August 2007
32.1%
33.5%
101
1 September 2007
30.1%
31.6%
102
2 September 2007
33.2%
33.4%
103
8 September 2007
28.6%
28.7%
104
9 September 2007
33.3%
34.5%
105
15 September 2007
31.9%
29.7%
106
16 September 2007
35.5%
36.2%
107
22 September 2007
28.1%
29.4%
108
23 September 2007
25.8%
29.8%
109
29 September 2007
29.8%
32.6%
110
30 September 2007
32.6%
33.8%
111
6 October 2007
28.3%
30.2%
112
7 October 2007
33.5%
33.3%
113
13 October 2007
29.5%
29.3%
114
14 October 2007
33.6%
34.2%
115
20 October 2007
28.6%
30.4%
116
21 October 2007
33.0%
36.3%
117
27 October 2007
28.9%
30.5%
118
28 October 2007
32.4%
34.4%
119
3 November 2007
27.6%
31.8%
120
4 November 2007
31.0%
33.1%
121
10 November 2007
29.4%
31.7%
122
11 November 2007
31.9%
32.6%
123
17 November 2007
28.5%
31.6%
124
18 November 2007
31.6%
35.3%
125
24 November 2007
29.2%
32.3%
126
25 November 2007
31.1%
34.5%
127
1 December 2007
30.0%
32.1%
128
2 December 2007
31.0%
32.9%
129
8 December 2007
28.9%
31.1%
130
9 December 2007
33.0%
36.8%
131
15 December 2007
30.9%
32.1%
132
16 December 2007
30.1%
32.8%
133
22 December 2007
25.5%
28.1%
134
23 December 2007
30.8%
33.3%
Average
25.1%
26.9%
Original soundtrack
The album of the soundtrack was released on 23 July 2007.
Mother's Land (Dae Jo Yeong Main Title) (어머니의 나라 (대조영 Main Title)) – Joo Byung-sun
Cutting Through The Winds (바람을 가르며)
Prairie (초원)
Sorrow (애상(哀想)) – Park Hyo-shin
My Way (나의 길) – Go Jin-young
Waiting (기다림)
Sun Shines Bright (새로운 태양)
Coalition (연정)
Only You Don't Know (그대만 모르죠) – Narsha
Before The Break Up (이별이 오기전에) – Eunwoo, Sung Ho
Come After Me (나를 따르라) – J3
Dae Jo Yeong (대조영)
Millenium Wait (천년의 기다림)
Remember of Bohai Sea (발해를 기억하라)
Dream of Goguryeo (고구려의 꿈)
The Way of Destiny (숙명의 길)
Sorrow (비통)
Chulin (초린)
Another Hope (또다른 희망)
Awards and nominations
Year
Award
Category
Recipient
Result
Ref.
2006
KBS Drama Awards
Excellence Award, Actor
Kim Jin-tae
Won
Top Excellence Award, Actor
Choi Soo-jong
Nominated
2007
KBS Drama Awards
Grand Prize/Daesang
Choi Soo-jong
Won
Top Excellence Award, Actor
Lee Deok-hwa
Won
Best Supporting Actor
Im Hyuk
Won
Best Writer
Jang Young-chul
Won
Popularity Award
Jeong Bo-seok
Won
Netizen Award
Choi Soo-jong
Won
Top Excellence Award, Actress
Park Ye-jin
Nominated
Excellence Award, Actor in a Serial Drama
Jeong Bo-seok
Nominated
Excellence Award, Actress in a Serial Drama
Yang Geum-seok
Nominated
Best Supporting Actor
Choi Cheol-ho
Nominated
Best Young Actor
Kim Seok
Nominated
2008
Korean Broadcasting Awards
Talent Award
Choi Soo-jong
Won
Korea Drama Awards
Top Excellence Award, Actor
Choi Soo-jong
Won
Best Drama
Dae Jo-yeong
Nominated
References
^ a b "KBS 대하사극이 어찌 이 지경이 되었단 말이더냐". entertain.naver.com (in Korean). Archived from the original on 2020-08-22. Retrieved 2019-07-13.
^ Hong Sung-hwan (2019-04-05). " 드라마 '대조영' 촬영지 설악씨네라마 모두 불타". Aju Business Daily (in Korean). Archived from the original on 2019-07-13. Retrieved 2019-07-13.
^ "속초 한화리조트에 '대조영' 촬영세트장". The Hankyoreh (in Korean). 2006-05-24. Archived from the original on 2019-07-13. Retrieved 2019-07-13.
^ a b "숫자로 되돌아 본". OhmyNews (in Korean). 2007-12-24. Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2019-07-14.
^ "'대조영' 연말까지 연장.. 연기자 출연협상 남아". Star News (in Korean). 2007-06-04. Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2019-07-14.
^ Dae Jo Young (대조영) by Various Artists, archived from the original on 2019-07-14, retrieved 2019-07-14
^ "KBS 연기대상 시상한 최진실, MBC 드라마 봐주세요". No Cut News (in Korean). 2007-01-01. Archived from the original on 2019-07-14. Retrieved 2019-07-14.
^ "2007 Year-end Korean drama awards round-up". HanCinema. Archived from the original on 2019-04-04. Retrieved 2019-07-14.
^ "'대조영', 2007 KBS 연기대상 장악". Jungan Ilbo (in Korean). 2008-01-01. Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2019-07-14.
^ "'대조영' 최수종, 방송대상 탤런트상 수상". Star News (in Korean). 2008-09-03. Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2019-07-14.
^ "'방송대상' 최수종, "'대조영' 제작진과 가족에게 감사"". EDaily (in Korean). 2008-09-03. Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2019-07-14.
^ "김혜자·김명민, 코리아드라마페스티벌 어워즈 대상 격돌". Jungan Ilbo (in Korean). 2008-10-15. Archived from the original on 2019-07-14. Retrieved 2019-07-14.
^ "진주 '코리아드라마페스티벌' 막올라". The Hankyoreh (in Korean). 2008-11-01. Archived from the original on 2019-07-14. Retrieved 2019-07-14.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dae Jo-young.
"Official website" (in Korean). Archived from the original on 2007-12-30.
"The King Dae Joyoung". KBS Global Marketing. Archived from the original on 2008-04-06. Retrieved 2007-05-26.
Dae Jo-yeong at HanCinema
vteWorks by Jang Young-chulAs screenwriter
Dae Jo-yeong (2006)
Giant (2010)
History of a Salaryman (2012)
Incarnation of Money (2013)
Empress Ki (2013)
Monster (2016)
Vagabond (2019)
As creator
Big Mouth (2022)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"Hanja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja"},{"link_name":"RR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean"},{"link_name":"MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer"},{"link_name":"South Korean television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_drama"},{"link_name":"KBS1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"Dae Jo-yeong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dae_Jo-yeong"},{"link_name":"Balhae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balhae"},{"link_name":"Mount Seorak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoraksan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-budget-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Dae Jo-yeong (Korean: 대조영; Hanja: 大祚榮; RR: Dae Jo-yeong; MR: Tae Joyŏng) is a South Korean television series aired from September 16, 2006, to December 23, 2007, on KBS1. It tells the life of Dae Jo-yeong, the founder of the kingdom of Balhae.Filmed at Hanwha Resort near Mount Seorak with a budget of 35 billion wons,[1][2][3] it was a critical and ratings success.[4] It was originally planned as a 100-episode series, but was extended by 34 episodes.[4][5]","title":"Dae Jo-yeong (TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Overview of the plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Goguryeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeo"},{"link_name":"Dae Jung-sang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dae_Jung-sang"},{"link_name":"Xue Rengui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xue_Rengui"},{"link_name":"Li Shimin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Shimin"},{"link_name":"Yeon Gaesomun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeon_Gaesomun"},{"link_name":"Yeon Namsaeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeon_Namsaeng"},{"link_name":"Yang Manchun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Manchun"},{"link_name":"Geol sabiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geol_sabiu"}],"sub_title":"Early","text":"The drama begins during a war between Tang and Goguryeo in 645 before Dae Jo-yeong is born. Dae Jung-sang, Dae Jo-yeong's father is introduced as a general. We are also introduced to Xue Rengui (Seol Ingui in Korean), a man with a brilliant mind who comes up with a plan to bring down Liaodong Fortress. After a failed attempt to assassinate the Tang emperor Li Shimin, Jungsang is captured by Tang. Seol, enraged for not receiving credit for his actions, frees him. Dae leaves Seol to himself, and heads to Ansi Fortress. Thereafter, Seol rescues some Tang soldiers about to be killed. He catches the emperor's eye and is promoted to the rank of general.The emperor, meanwhile, begins plans for making a mountain of earth in order to deliberately destroy the fortress. Dae Jo-yeong's mother, Dalgi, comes up with the plan to dig under the mountain as it is being built. She is already pregnant with Dae Jo-yeong. As the battle begins, Tang's million men come onto the mountain. The order is given and water is released through the tunnel underneath the mountain, causing it to collapse and it crushes hundreds of thousands of Tang soldiers. Dae Jo-yeong was born during this time.When Dae Jo-yeong is born in 645, a prophecy says that he will become a king. Naturally, this is seen as treachery because there is already a king. So his father flees from the Supreme Commander Yeon Gaesomun, who wishes to kill the baby, only to be captured as his wife and son try to escape on a raft. She is later found and captured by the Supreme Commander as well.The Supreme Commander intended to kill them at first but when General Yang Manchun tells him that perhaps the heavens sent Dae Jo-yeong to protect their country after they die, he changes his mind. General Dae Jungsang is told his wife and son are dead and ordered to command Goryeo Fortress. His wife is ordered to never communicate with her son, or be killed along with him.Dae Jo-yeong is raised by Yeon Gaesomun, the Supreme Commander of Goguryeo as a slave and is called Gaedong (dog boy) so he wouldn't question why he is a slave and discover who he was with his real name. As a child he is often shown running away from the Supreme Commander's estate and trying to find his parents, although not knowing his parents are alive since the Supreme Commander constantly tells him that his parents are dead.Dae Jo-yeong teaches himself to read and fight. He also (when he grown up in 660) begs the Supreme Commander's eldest son (Yeon Namsaeng) to allow him to join the martial arts contest because the reward is emancipation (freedom), but he refuses. When he hears Namseng say that he would accept anyone who had a recommendation from the Grand Martial General Yang Manchun, he runs away to Ansi Fortress and impresses Yang Manchun, who wonders if he is Dae Jungsang's son.Dae Jo-yeong tells Yang Manchun that he is a slave and that he wants to be a warrior. Yang Manchun, not wanting to hurt him by letting him think he has a chance, tells him to fight the best fighter (Geol sabiu) in Yodong Fort. He surprises everyone and is about to smash the Geol Sa-Biwoo's head with a rock when General Yang Manchun stops the fight. He asks Dae-Joyeong why he would try cheating and he replies that in a fight, there are no rules, since for him this fight is worth more than his life.Later, Yang Manchun gives him a recommendation, but when Dae Jo-yeong returns to Pyongyang and gives the recommendation to Yeon Gaesomun, Yeon Gaesomun angrily rips it up and says that no one can stop Dae Joyeong from entering the contest now except for him. Dae Jo-yeong is flogged and returns to being a slave. On the day of the contest, he desperately tries to sneak in one last time, but gets caught and thrown into a barn.During this time, the princess, King Bojang's niece Sukyeong dresses up as a soldier to watch the contest. Meanwhile, at the Pyongyang palace, a Tang envoy (Seol Ingui) arrives and causes mischief by offering a peace treaty, in which a princess from Goguryeo and a prince from Tang are to marry. Yeon Gaesomun instantly rejects it and forces the civil officials to reject it too, but Seol had not come for the peace treaty, but for a chance to assassinate Yeon Gaesomun, who is one of the pillars of the country. Seol teams up with Bu Kiwon, one of the civil officials, and hires some assassins to kill Yeon Gaesomun.Right before the contest begins the assassins go to the same barn Dae Jo-yeong was locked in to form a plan (each of their swords are laced with a deadly poison). Dae Jo-yeong hears them talking and figures out what they are up to, but he then makes a tiny noise which immediately catches the assassins' attention. One of the assassins tells the others to go ahead since the martial arts contest was beginning and stays to take care of Dae Jo-yeong. The princess enters the barn, and the assassin is about to kill her. Dae Jo-yeong is able to save the princess and knock out the assassin. When Sukyeong tries to prevent him from leaving, as she thinks that he is the assassin, he knocks her out. The assassination attempt fails, thanks to Dae Jo-yeong, but he is cut by one of the poisoned blades and falls unconscious. Yeon Gaesomun immediately orders a royal doctor to heal him.","title":"Overview of the plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Middle","text":"The war between Tang and Goguryeo took place in 661 - 662. Dae Jo-yeong eventually goes to find his father at Goryeo Fortress. Dae Jo-yeong doesn't tell Dae Jung-sang at first, but in the end, they reconcile and return to Goguryeo. On the way, they meet Mimosa, a Baekje citizen. In that time, Dae Jo-yeong runs into the Khitans and meets Chulin (Chorin in Korean) and he love chulin, a Khitan princess, and Li Kaigu (Li Haego in Korean), a Khitan general. Li Kaigu soon becomes Dae Joyeong's greatest rival. Li Kaigu has feelings for Chulin, who falls in love with Dae Joyeong. Dae Jo-yeong gave a hand in the victory of Goguryeo in 662.\nGoguryeo falls in 668 with the deaths of Yeon Gaesomun and Yang Manchun in 666. Dae Jo-yeong does everything in his effort to save Goguryeo, but Bu Kiwon, Sa Bugu and other Goguryeo ministers, with the Tang and Khitan armies, are able to destroy it. Dae Jo-yeong, with his subordinates Geol Sabiwu and Heuk Sudol, set off to rescue the refugees and, with some surviving Goguryeo officials, makes a second Goguryeo from 669 to 674. Dae Jo-yeong gets Chulin pregnant in 674, but only Chulin knows. Dae Jo-yeong is nearly killed by Li Kaigu, Geolsa Biu is captured by Tang, and the second Goguryeo is destroyed after a Silla-aided coup d'état in 674. Li Kaigu takes in Dae Jo-yeong's son as his own. Only Chulin, Geolsa Biu, and Li Kaigu know that Chulin's son, named Geom, is Dae Jo-yeong's son.Dae Jo-yeong plans to make the second Goguryeo. He tries many things, buying help Mimosa and his subordinate Geumlan, and building a new organization, Dong Myeong Cheon Ki Gae Tse (in 677) that is brought to kill the enemies that brought Goguryeo down. They are aided by the former Goguryeo king, Bojang. Sa Bugu was killed in 678, Shin Sung was killed in 679 and Bu Kiwon was killed in 680. However, this organization is felled by Li Kaigu and Xue Rengui in 681. Even as this organization falls, Dae Joyeong and his followers refuse to give up restoring Gorguryeo.Dae Jo-yeong acquires two subordinates of Göktürk descent, Gaepilsamun and Tungso. While in battle, to rescue the people captured in the collapse of the Dong Myeong Cheon Ki Gae Tse, Dae Jo-yeong and Heuk Sudol are captured by the Chinese commander Li Wen in 681, who hates Dae Jo-yeong with all of his heart. They suffer many hardships, including being forced to fight Wugol, a giant, after being starved for six days but Dae Jo-yeong eventually unites the slaves to fight against the Chinese. During this time, he meets Ashina Muchou, who eventually becomes Khan of the Göktürks. Dae Jo-yeong survives by pledging allegiance to China and then fleeing to the lands of Goguryeo. There he begins to build up Goguryeo. Dae Jo-yeong has married Suk-yong in 681, King Bojang's niece. In China, Empress Wu Zetian has risen to the throne.Fifteen years later, the Khitans rebel from the Tang in 696, and Dae Jo-yeong comes to aid the Khitans; in exchange, they ask for all of the thousands of Goguryeo refugees living in the Khitan country. During this time, his tensions with Li Kaigu get bigger and bigger. Dae Jo-yeong also meets his son Geom and works with him. Li Kaigu is captured, but Dae Joyeong saves him by capturing Li Wen and making a deal with Xue Rengui. Dae Jo-yeong took over Shin Seong, Liaodong, Beakam and Ansi of Wu Zetian in the east. Li Kaigu took over 9 cities of Wu Zetian in the west. Eventually, the reigning king, Li Jinzhong, is assassinated, and the war ends. Dae Joyeong takes the Goguryeo refugees home.The Khitan country is nearly destroyed by a Tang-Göktürk alliance in 697, but the few defenders are rescued by Dae Jo-yeong, after he finds out that Geom is his son. Geom, and nearly everyone else, have been aware of this before. When Li Kaigu flees from Dae Jo-yeong, Dae Jo Yeong nearly kills Li Kaigu, and the Khitans are destroyed. Li Kaigu survives and goes to Tang to become a commander, trading his own eye to show he would be loyal to not only Xue Rengui, but also Tang. Dae Jo-yeong is leading the last of the refugees and all of his army from Ansi, Liaodong, Baekham and Shin Seong to his base in Mount Dong-mo, where he intends to create a new Goguryeo. Li Kaigu is assigned the leading role.While they are going, the Tang army catches up in 698. Heuk Sudol and Gaepilsamun stay behind to delay the army. Gaepilsamun was killed by Li Kaigu's arrows, and Heuk Sudol stays to avenge him, but was killed by Zhao Renshi (Jo Insa), a Tang commander. The refugees are safe, but Dae Jo-yeong sets up Cheonmunryeong Hill as a huge battlefield for him. The Khitan force under Chulin and Geom cannot block the Tang advance. Dae Jo-yeong kills Zhao Renshi in an act to avenge his brother, Heuk Sudol. Geumlan was killed by arrows, and Dae Jung-sang is captured. Dae Jung-sang is killed, and that fuels the morale of the Goguryeo-Mohe army so much that out of 30,000 Tang soldiers to enter, less than 1000 leave.","title":"Overview of the plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Last","text":"Dae Jo-yeong wins Li Kaigu and Xue Rengui's forces at Cheonmunryeong with help of Malgal Tribe. Li Kaigu runs away from Dae but Dae finds him. Li Kaigu sends his message that he will like to battle with him. Dae Jo-yeong manages to win after a fierce fight even he is the first one to get hurt. Chulin drinks a poisoned potion after seeing Li Kaigu die. After their deaths, Dae Jo-yeong builds the new Gorguryeo in 698 and names the country, Balhae. When Dae thinks all is over, Mimosa comes and says it isn't as Tang can go to Gokturks and persuade them to attack Balhae and the only way to stop is to enter with friendly relations with Gokturks, send people faster than Tang. Jo-yeong sends Geom to Gokturks tribe. As Mimosa has expected, Li Wen of Tang (to get Gokturks in Tang's group with a mind to perish Balhae with them) arrives after a few moments after Geom has arrived. Geom is the one who succeeds, beating Li Wen (although there are many things Balhae must fulfill for Gokturks). Dae Jo-yeong thinks all the things settled down and makes up rules.Soon, Gokturks attack Tang in 698 and 701 and Balhae helps Gokturks as they demanded military support from Balhae. Tang almost loses so Li Wen thinks that the only way to survive is to send Dae Jo-yeong a peace treaty. Empress Wu Zetian is angry at this and hesitant over it but at last agrees, thinking of what's good for Tang. They send Dae Jo Yeong a peace treaty between them (enter into friendly relations) in 705. Dae Jo-yeong agrees on condition that Tang should give Liaodong to Balhae. They agree although there were some harsh things to get them agree.Then Dae Jo-yeong starts to think about who will succeed him. He has two sons in mind, Geom and Dan-ni, but cannot make up his mind although he has Geom more in mind. (Dan-ni is Suk-yeong's son so has the last Goguryeo royal blood while Geom has the blood of the Khitan tribe, through his mother Chulin; but Geom demonstrates unusual talent, leadership abilities, and intelligence). Finally Geom decides to leave the country, thinking that if he stays there will be dissension among Dae Jo Yeong's followers about the succession. He tells Geol Sabiwu what he wants most is to be close to Jo Yeong, but if they try to make him the successor he will take his own life.Dae comes to see Geom and finds him writing a farewell letter. He tries to stop him, saying \"Don't go...\" and blurts out the word he always wanted to say to Geom, \"Son...\" Geom, hearing the word, \"Son\", melts in tears and also uses the word he always wanted to say to Dae, \"Father...\" (Geom is actually Dae and Chu-lin's son but since he was born a Khitan Chulin knew he would be in danger as Dae was Khitan's enemy at that time. Li Kaigu, who was one of Khitan's greatest warriors and had loved Chu-lin for a long time, offered to protect mother and son and raise Geom as his own. Eventually Geom discovered the truth, and so did Dae Jo Yeong, but they couldn't acknowledge the truth openly.) Geom and Jo Yeong embrace each other sadly as son and father then Geom rides off to an unknown destiny.The drama ends with a scene where Dae Jo-yeong, with his royal procession, visits the Gwanggaeto Stele in 719. He and his original remaining followers, Geolsa Biu and Mimosa, bow before it, promising that never again will their people suffer as they have in the past. In June 719, Dae Jo-yeong died.","title":"Overview of the plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Choi Soo-jong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choi_Soo-jong"},{"link_name":"Dae Jo-yeong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dae_Jo-yeong"},{"link_name":"Go of Balhae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_of_Balhae"},{"link_name":"Hong Soo-hyun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Soo-hyun"},{"link_name":"Im Hyuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im_Hyuk"},{"link_name":"Dae Jung-sang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dae_Jung-sang"},{"link_name":"Kim Seok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Seok_(equestrian)"},{"link_name":"Mu of Balhae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu_of_Balhae"},{"link_name":"Kim Seok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Seok_(equestrian)"},{"link_name":"Choi Cheol-ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choi_Cheol-ho"},{"link_name":"Geolsa Biu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geolsa_Biu"},{"link_name":"Heuksudol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuksudol"},{"link_name":"Shim Eun-jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shim_Eun-jin"},{"link_name":"Göktürks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks"},{"link_name":"Dae Jung-sang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dae_Jung-sang"}],"sub_title":"Balhae","text":"Choi Soo-jong as Gaedong / Dae Jo-yeong, later Go of Balhae he was adopted by Supreme Commander General Yeon Gaesomun and named him Gaedong. He grew up as a serf without knowing his real parents.\nHong Soo-hyun as Suk-yeongDae Jo-yeong's wife, later Queen of Balhae.Im Hyuk as Dae Jung-sangDae Jo-yeong's father. He was sent to Goryeo Fort away from his wife and son after a long years but reunited when Gaedong found out from his mother his real identity.Kim Seok as Dae Dan (Dae Muye)Dae Jo-yeong's eldest son, later Mu of Balhae.\n(Kim Seok also as a young Goguryeo soldier who died in battle of Baekbing mount).Choi Cheol-ho as Geolsa BiuA Mohe and sworn brother of Dae Jo-yeong.Kim Hak-cheol as HeuksudolA sworn brother of Dae Jo-yeong.Kim Jeong-hyeon as MimosaHe was from Baekje and later became Chief tactician of Dae Jo-yeong.Shim Eun-jin as Geum-ranAdopted sister of Mimosa; later become a meritorious retainer of Balhae. She died saving Geolsabiwu.Yoon Yong-hyeon as Gyepil SamunLeader of Göktürks. He was dubbed as “Wolf of Mt. Madu”. He was killed by Tang soldiers with an arrow while luring their enemies at the ravine.Bang Hyeong-ju as TungsoGöktürks' general and follower of Gyepil Samun.Im Seon-taek as Jang San-haeCivil official (appointed as Prime Minister) of Balhae and follower of Dae Jung-sang.Jang Sun-guk as DolbalDae Jung-sang's younger brother and general.Shin Won-gyun as Mu YeomDae Jung-sang's subordinate officer, later general of Balhae.Im Chae-won as AuhongHeuksudol's wife.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kim Jin-tae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jin-tae_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Yeon Gaesomun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeon_Gaesomun"},{"link_name":"Im Dong-jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im_Dong-jin"},{"link_name":"Yang Manchun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Manchun"},{"link_name":"Kil Yong-woo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kil_Yong-woo"},{"link_name":"King Bojang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojang_of_Goguryeo"}],"sub_title":"Goguryeo","text":"Kim Jin-tae as Yeon GaesomunGeneralissimo of Goguryeo. He adopted and raised Joyoung as a lowly serf.Im Dong-jin as Yang ManchunThe lord of Ansi Fortress. Murdered by Bu Giwon's collaborators.Kil Yong-woo as King Bojang28th and last King of Goguryeo. He also founded the Dongmyeongchun League.Kim Ha-gyun as Bu GiwonFormer chancellor of Goguryeo, collaborator of Tang. Killed by Dae Joyoung as the Leader of Dongmyeongchun League.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lee Deok-hwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Deok-hwa"},{"link_name":"Xue Rengui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xue_Rengui"},{"link_name":"Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Emperor Taizong of Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang"},{"link_name":"Yang Geum-seok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Geum-seok"},{"link_name":"Wu Zetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Zetian"},{"link_name":"Wu Chengsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Chengsi"}],"sub_title":"Tang","text":"Lee Deok-hwa as Xue RenguiGeneral of Tang.Ryu Tae-seul as Hong PeiXue Rengui's right-hand man.Song Yong-tae as Emperor Taizong of Tang\nYang Geum-seok as Wu Zetian\nNam Seong-jin as Li WenGeneral of Tang, later follower of Xue Rengui.Jeon Hyeon as Wu ChengsiChancellor of Tang and Wu Zetian's nephew.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Park Ye-jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Ye-jin"},{"link_name":"Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_(title)"},{"link_name":"Jeong Bo-seok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeong_Bo-seok"},{"link_name":"Li Kaigu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Kaigu"},{"link_name":"Li Jinzhong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Jinzhong"},{"link_name":"Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_(title)"},{"link_name":"Sun Wanrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Wanrong"},{"link_name":"Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_(title)"},{"link_name":"Kim Kyu-chul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Kyu-chul"},{"link_name":"Jung Tae-woo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Tae-woo"},{"link_name":"Li Geom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Geom"}],"sub_title":"Khitans","text":"Park Ye-jin as ChulinDaughter of Khan Li Jinzhong.Jeong Bo-seok as Li KaiguChief general and Chulin's husband. Archenemy of Dae Jo-yeong. He was killed at Liaodong Fort by Jo-yeong).Kim Dong-hyeon as Li JinzhongFirst Khan of Khitans. Later became allies with Dae Jo-yeong.Cho In-pyo as Sun WanrongSecond Khan of Khitans. He was held captive and killed by Tang at Liadong Fort.Kim Kyu-chul as ShinhongTactician of Li Kaigu. He was killed by Dae Jo-yeong.Lee Dal-hyeong as Xue JietouFollower of Li Kaigu.Hwang Taek-ha as Mou JieAnother follower of Li Kaigu, later Geom's.Jung Tae-woo as Li GeomChulin and Dae Jo-yeong's son, believed to be Li Kaigu's.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muchuo Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qapagan_Khaghan"},{"link_name":"Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_(title)"},{"link_name":"Inäl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inel_Qaghan"},{"link_name":"Tonyukuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonyukuk"},{"link_name":"Bilge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilge_Qaghan"},{"link_name":"Kul Tigin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kul_Tigin"}],"sub_title":"Göktürks","text":"Kang Jae-ik as Muchuo KhanKhan of Göktürks. He was first met by Dae Joyoung at Mt. Guifu as a prisoner.Lee Yeong-ho as InälPrince of Göktürks.Kim Seong-hun as TonyukukGeneral and facilitator of Göktürks.Kim Jong Kook as BilgePrince of Göktürks.Ham Suk-hoon as Kul TiginPrince of Göktürks.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ratings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Park Hyo-shin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Hyo-shin"},{"link_name":"Narsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narsha"}],"text":"The album of the soundtrack was released on 23 July 2007.[6]Mother's Land (Dae Jo Yeong Main Title) (어머니의 나라 (대조영 Main Title)) – Joo Byung-sun\nCutting Through The Winds (바람을 가르며)\nPrairie (초원)\nSorrow (애상(哀想)) – Park Hyo-shin\nMy Way (나의 길) – Go Jin-young\nWaiting (기다림)\nSun Shines Bright (새로운 태양)\nCoalition (연정)\nOnly You Don't Know (그대만 모르죠) – Narsha\nBefore The Break Up (이별이 오기전에) – Eunwoo, Sung Ho\nCome After Me (나를 따르라) – J3\nDae Jo Yeong (대조영)\nMillenium Wait (천년의 기다림)\nRemember of Bohai Sea (발해를 기억하라)\nDream of Goguryeo (고구려의 꿈)\nThe Way of Destiny (숙명의 길)\nSorrow (비통)\nChulin (초린)\nAnother Hope (또다른 희망)","title":"Original soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"KBS 대하사극이 어찌 이 지경이 되었단 말이더냐\". entertain.naver.com (in Korean). Archived from the original on 2020-08-22. Retrieved 2019-07-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=028&aid=0002332949","url_text":"\"KBS 대하사극이 어찌 이 지경이 되었단 말이더냐\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200822143543/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=028&aid=0002332949","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hong Sung-hwan (2019-04-05). \"[강원도 산불] 드라마 '대조영' 촬영지 설악씨네라마 모두 불타\". Aju Business Daily (in Korean). Archived from the original on 2019-07-13. Retrieved 2019-07-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ajunews.com/view/20190405095742284","url_text":"\"[강원도 산불] 드라마 '대조영' 촬영지 설악씨네라마 모두 불타\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aju_Business_Daily","url_text":"Aju Business Daily"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190713151505/https://www.ajunews.com/view/20190405095742284","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"속초 한화리조트에 '대조영' 촬영세트장\". The Hankyoreh (in Korean). 2006-05-24. Archived from the original on 2019-07-13. Retrieved 2019-07-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/area/area_general/126404.html","url_text":"\"속초 한화리조트에 '대조영' 촬영세트장\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hankyoreh","url_text":"The Hankyoreh"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190713151504/http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/area/area_general/126404.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"숫자로 되돌아 본\". OhmyNews (in Korean). 2007-12-24. Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2019-07-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ohmynews.com/nws_web/view/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0000797302","url_text":"\"숫자로 되돌아 본\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OhmyNews","url_text":"OhmyNews"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220902105522/http://www.ohmynews.com/nws_web/view/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0000797302","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'대조영' 연말까지 연장.. 연기자 출연협상 남아\". Star News (in Korean). 2007-06-04. Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. 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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Sobule
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Jill Sobule
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["1 History and studio recordings","1.1 1990s","1.2 2000s","2 Collaborations","3 Katy Perry's \"I Kissed a Girl\"","4 Personal life","5 Discography","5.1 Studio albums","5.2 Live albums","5.3 DVD","5.4 Compilations","5.5 EPs","5.6 Singles","5.7 Soundtrack appearances","5.8 Various artist compilations","5.9 B-sides","5.10 Other","6 References","7 External links"]
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American singer-songwriter
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Jill Sobule" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Jill SobuleSobule performing in 2013Background informationBorn (1959-01-16) January 16, 1959 (age 65)Denver, Colorado, U.S.GenresFolk-popOccupation(s)Songwriter, musicianInstrument(s)Vocals, guitarYears active1986–presentLabelsMCAAtlanticBeyond MusicArtemisPinkoWebsitejillsobule.comMusical artist
Jill Sobule (/ˈsoʊbjuːl/ SOH-byool; born January 16, 1959) is an American singer-songwriter best known for the 1995 single "I Kissed a Girl", and "Supermodel" from the soundtrack of the 1995 film Clueless. Her folk-inflected compositions alternate between ironic, story-driven character studies and emotive ballads, a duality reminiscent of such 1970s American songwriters as Warren Zevon, Harry Nilsson, Loudon Wainwright III, Harry Chapin, and Randy Newman. Autobiographical elements, including Sobule's Jewish heritage and her adolescent battles with anorexia and depression, frequently occur in Sobule's writing.
In 2009, she released California Years, an album funded entirely by fan donations, making her an early pioneer of crowdfunding.
History and studio recordings
This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Jill Sobule" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
To date Sobule has released eight studio albums of original songs, four EPs, and a greatest hits compilation album. Sobule's output also includes original songs available only via the Internet, a cover of Robert Earl Keen's Christmas novelty track "Merry Christmas from the Family," and a version of the late Warren Zevon's "Don't Let Us Get Sick" included on both Sobule's acoustic album and on a posthumous Zevon tribute record.
1990s
Sobule's debut album Things Here Are Different was released in 1990. Produced by pop legend Todd Rundgren, the album failed to sell. During this period a follow-up record was produced by British New Wave rocker Joe Jackson (for whom she opened during 1991) but Sobule was dropped from her label and the second record was never released. It was five years before Sobule landed another recording contract.
Her 1995 album Jill Sobule established Sobule as part of a fruitful mid-90s movement of female singer-songwriters that included such artists as Lisa Loeb, Juliana Hatfield and Alanis Morissette. The album contains Sobule's best-known composition "I Kissed a Girl", a story-song about a lesbian flirtation between two suburban girlfriends which became an unlikely radio success thanks in part to a comedic music video featuring beefcake model Fabio. "Supermodel" (sample lyric: "I didn't eat yesterday ... and I'm not gonna eat today ... and I'm not gonna eat tomorrow ... 'Cause I'm gonna be a supermodel") managed to both send up and celebrate American teenage lifestyles, and became well known after its inclusion in 1995's hit teen comedy film Clueless.
The Jill Sobule album seemed to establish Sobule's commercial prospects, but her third album slowed that momentum while setting what has so far been the musical and production patterns for the rest of her career. 1997's Happy Town featured Sobule's most elaborate pop productions to date and contains songs about an eclectic range of topics including reactionary Christianity ("Soldiers of Christ"), the negative impact of anti-depressant medication on the libido ("Happy Town"), and a track that uses Anne Frank's enforced Nazi-era hibernation as the metaphor for a love song ("Attic"). Though embraced by record reviewers from publications as diverse as The Advocate and Entertainment Weekly, Happy Town sold poorly, simultaneously solidifying Sobule's critical reputation while stalling her commercial momentum.
2000s
The 2000 record Pink Pearl may be Sobule's most characteristic set. It is anchored by three female character studies: "Lucy at the Gym", about an anorexic exercise addict; "Claire", about an aging lesbian aviator succumbing to Alzheimer's disease; and "Mary Kay", about Mary Kay Letourneau, the notorious real-life schoolteacher who became impregnated and was imprisoned as the result of the statutory rape of a 13-year-old male student, whom she married when he reached the age of consent.
Pink Pearl also contains some of Sobule's most directly confessional songwriting, especially the atheist's prayer "Somewhere in New Mexico" and the insomniac's lullaby "Rock Me To Sleep". Don Henley contributed a promotional quotation to the ad campaign for the album and selected Sobule to open for him during his solo tour that year.
In 2004, Sobule self-released an album of acoustic tracks titled The Folk Years 2003–2003. In addition to some of her rarer compositions and several tracks that would later receive fuller arrangements on Sobule's next major-label release, Sobule performed offbeat cover versions of such standards as the Doris Day theme song "Que Sera Sera" and "Sunrise, Sunset" from the Broadway musical Fiddler on the Roof.
The more elaborately recorded Underdog Victorious, also released in 2004, was one of the last albums distributed by legendary personal manager and media entrepreneur Danny Goldberg's now-defunct Artemis Records. The liquidation of Artemis Records led Sobule to extend her experiments with online music distribution and to relocate from New York City to Los Angeles. She continued to write and perform prolifically and to compose original music for television, including for the popular Nickelodeon series Unfabulous.
Sobule also acted and performed her songs in writer-director Eric Schaeffer's 2004 film Mind the Gap, as a street musician in Astoria, Queens with a heart condition, who aspires to play in Manhattan.
In mid-January 2008, Sobule launched a website, jillsnextrecord.com, which sought to raise $75,000 through fan donations in order to produce, manufacture, distribute and promote an upcoming studio album. In exchange for their donations, Sobule offered her patrons an assortment of rewards with values commensurate with the amount of the donation. These ranged from a free download of the album upon its release ($10) to the opportunity to attend a recording session and sing on the record ($10,000).
On March 8, 2008, 53 days after the public launch of the site, Sobule reached her target through donations from more than 500 people in 44 U.S. states and the District of Columbia, and 11 foreign countries. The subsequent album, California Years, was released on April 14, 2009 on Sobule's own label, Pinko Records.
On Sobule's next record "Dottie's Charms" in 2014, she put music to lyrics of her friends and favorite authors including David Hajdu, Jonathan Lethem, Vendela Vida and Lucy Sante, with each song relating to individual charms on an antique charm bracelet she had been given.
In 2018, Sobule again used crowd funding to assist with the production of her next album, "Nostalgia Kills". Rolling Stone listed the first single from the album, "Island of Lost Things", among the 10 best new country and Americana songs.
Since 2020, Sobule has acted as musician-in-residence at the Bayard Rustin Center for Social Justice, an LGBTQIA community center.
Jill Sobule and Lloyd Cole during a concert in Seattle, Washington in 2005
Collaborations
Jill Sobule, in 2007, performing at D5 in Carlsbad Caverns
In the late 90s, Sobule toured with Richard Barone as "The Richard & Jill Show". Together they wrote "Bitter" on Happy Town, "Rock Me To Sleep" on Pink Pearl, "Big Shoes" on I Never Learned to Swim, and "Waiting for the Train" on Barone's Clouds Over Eden album. They also appeared together (as Mr. and Mrs. Sobule) in the underground film Next Year in Jerusalem, which featured another of their compositions, "Everybody's Queer". The pair continue to collaborate, including "Odd Girl Out" for Barone's 2010 album, Glow (Bar/None Records), and to perform together. Their songs have been used on The West Wing. Felicity, Dawson's Creek, South of Nowhere and other television shows. In 2018, Barone produced and sang backing vocals on "Island of Lost Things" on Sobule's album Nostalgia Kills.
In 1997-1998, Sobule joined Lloyd Cole's short-lived band The Negatives.
In 2004, she played one of the five leads in the film Mind The Gap with six of her songs featured on the soundtrack.
In 2005, Sobule contributed music to Unfabulous, a popular Nickelodeon TV series about a 13-year-old aspiring songwriter, including a title song performed by Sobule under the program's opening credits. Four Sobule compositions or co-compositions appear on the series star's debut album, Unfabulous and More: Emma Roberts: credits a Roberts cover version of "Mexican Wrestler" from Sobule's album Pink Pearl; "Punch Rocker" and "94 Weeks (Metal Mouth Freak)," both written by Sobule for Roberts' character to "compose" on the program; and "New Shoes," a track co-written by Sobule with Unfabulous series creator Sue Rose.
In 2006, Sobule met Julia Sweeney, the actress, writer and comedian, and started performing the "Jill and Julia Show", a compilation of songs and stories. They performed at the James Randi Educational Foundation meeting in Las Vegas on January 19, 2007, as well as at regular showings for the Groundlings Theater in Los Angeles. Also in 2006, Sobule created a theme song for blogger Arianna Huffington's self-help book On Becoming Fearless.
In 2007, Sobule teamed up with John Doe to produce and record a cover of Neil Young's "Down by the River" for the American Laundromat Records benefit CD Cinnamon Girl – Women Artists Cover Neil Young For Charity. Other contributing artists included Lori McKenna, Tanya Donelly, Josie Cotton, Kristin Hersh, Britta Phillips, and The Watsons Twins.
Also in 2007, Sobule's song "San Francisco" became the first single released by Don Was as part of his Wasmopolitan Cavalcade of Recorded Music, an advertiser-sponsored means for the recording and distribution of new music, part of the multimedia website mydamnchannel.com. The pair also collaborated on a 16-minute concert video entitled "Jill Sobule's Dance Party," distributed for free in two parts on both mydamnchannel.com and YouTube.
In May 2008, Sobule released a CD of music from Prozak and the Platypus, a multi-media collaboration of Sobule, playwright Elise Thoron, and graphic artist KellyAnne Hanrahan. The play, written by Thoron (book, lyrics) and Sobule (music) and illustrated in a graphic novella by Hanrahan, tells the story of a fierce young woman, Sara (a musician) and her father Arvin, a neuroscientist, who relocates his family from Los Angeles to Brisbane, Australia to study REM sleep in the platypus, a unique species native to Australia. Shattered by her mother's recent suicide and unhappy with the side-effects of her own treatment for depression, Sara renames herself "Prozak," rages through her songwriting, and rebels. Meanwhile, in her father's lab, Sara finds an unexpected confidant in her father's current lab subject, a jaunty platypus who speaks to her and calls himself "Frankie". In the piece, according to its website, "Music club and science lab become testing grounds in which angry teen and scientist father pit aboriginal mythology against modern neuroscience research. The dreams of a platypus prove to be the link between the two."
In 2009-10, Sobule performed with Julia Sweeney in a revue called "Jill and Julia". Sobule and Sweeney originally met at a TED (conference) and performed together at TED in 2008. They brought the show on the road in 2009 and 2010, performing in New York and Denver among other locations. The show is an autobiographical mix of music, stories and commentary.
Katy Perry's "I Kissed a Girl"
In 2008, Katy Perry issued her own "I Kissed a Girl" for her debut album One of the Boys. The song received mixed reviews but skyrocketed to #1.
Sobule shared her feelings about Perry's song and use of the title in a July 2009 interview with The Rumpus:
When Katy Perry's song came out I started getting tons of inquiries about what I thought. Some folks (and protective friends) were angry, and wondered why she took my title and made it into this kind of "girls gone wild" thing. ... As a musician I have always refrained from criticizing another artist. I was, "Well, good for her." It did bug me a little bit, however, when she said she came up with the idea for the title in a dream. In truth, she wrote it with a team of professional writers and was signed by the very same guy that signed me in 1995. I have not mentioned that in interviews as I don't want to sound bitter or petty ... Okay, maybe, if I really think about it, there were a few jealous and pissed-off moments. So here goes, for the first time in an interview: Fuck you Katy Perry, you fucking stupid, maybe 'not good for the gays' title-thieving, haven't heard much else, so not quite sure if you're talented, fucking little slut. God that felt good.
Days later, in an article she wrote for The Huffington Post, Sobule stated:
I thought maybe this time I would have fun with it and goof on what many of my fans were hoping to hear over the last year. I prefaced my reply with a wink, and then rambled on with a string of over the top dumb-ass profanities, purposely out of character and completely in jest ... I may be a touch cynical about the business, but I have never really been angry or had ill feelings towards Katy herself. I was actually in a small way happy to not be the "Kissed a Girl" girl anymore.
Personal life
Sobule identifies as bisexual.
Discography
Studio albums
Things Here Are Different (1990)
Jill Sobule (1995)
Happy Town (1997) – AUS No. 83
Pink Pearl (2000)
The Folk Years 2003–2003 (2004)
Underdog Victorious (2004)
Jill Sobule Sings Prozak and the Platypus (2008)
California Years (2009)
Dottie's Charms (2014)
Nostalgia Kills (2018)
Live albums
Live at Joe's Pub 2008 (2008)
A Day at the Pass (2011)
DVD
Live in Pittsburgh (2003)
Compilations
I Never Learned to Swim: Jill Sobule 1990–2000 (2001)
EPs
Jill's Holiday Songs 2000 (2000)
It's the Thought That Counts (2001) – re-issued in 2005
Be Mine... Please (2001)
It's the Thought That Counts (2005)
The Pinko Record Junior Executive EP (2012)
Singles
List of singles, with selected chart positions
Title
Year
Peak chart positions
Album
US
USRadio
USAdult
AUS
"Too Cool to Fall in Love"
1990
—
—
17
—
Things Here Are Different
"Living Color"
—
—
—
—
"I Kissed a Girl"
1995
67
74
—
36
Jill Sobule
"Supermodel"
—
—
—
53
"Good Person Inside"
1996
—
—
—
—
"Bitter"
1997
—
—
—
74
Happy Town
"When My Ship Comes In"
—
—
—
—
"One of These Days"
2000
—
—
—
—
Pink Pearl
"Rainy Day Parade"
—
—
—
—
"Stoned Soul Picnic"
2001
—
—
—
—
I Never Learned to Swim: Jill Sobule 1990–2000
"Cinnamon Park"
2004
—
—
—
—
Underdog Victorious
"San Francisco"
2007
—
—
—
—
California Years
"Island of Lost Things"
2018
—
—
—
—
Nostalgia Kills
Soundtrack appearances
1987: "There is More to Love" from Mind Killer
1995: "Supermodel" from Clueless
1996: "Where Do I Begin" from The Truth About Cats & Dogs
1996: "Truth Is You Lied" from Grace of My Heart
1996: "The Secretive Life" from Harriet the Spy
1999: "Rainy Day Parade" from Mystery Men
2003: "Tel Aviv," "Nothing Natural," "Bitter," "Somewhere in New Mexico," "Freshman," and "Vrbana Bridge" from Mind the Gap
2005: "Love Is Never Equal" from Jenny McCarthy's Dirty Love
Various artist compilations
1992: "Too Cool to Fall in Love" from An Elpee's Worth of Productions
1995: "The Jig Is Up" from Grooves: Volume 8
1995: "Good Person Inside" and "The Man in the Boat" from Spew
1995: "Merry Christmas from the Family" from You Sleigh Me
1997: "Stoned Soul Picnic" from Time and Love: The Music of Laura Nyro
1997: "I Will Survive" from In Their Own Words and from Hard Rock Live
1998: "Saddest Day of the Year" from A Christmas to Remember
1999: "Just a Little Lovin'" from Forever Dusty
1999: "Sunrise, Sunset" from Knitting on the Roof
2000: "Rainy Day Parade" from New Talent Spotlight Volume 2
2000: "I Kissed a Girl" from K-TEL Pop Alternative
2004: "Don't Let Us Get Sick" from Enjoy Every Sandwich: The Songs of Warren Zevon
2007: "Down by the River" with John Doe from Cinnamon Girl – Women Artists Cover Neil Young For Charity
B-sides
1995: "Queen of Spades" (from the "Supermodel" single)
1997: "Loveless Motel" (from the "Bitter" single, later included on the album Pink Pearl)
2000: "Lucy at the Gym" (from the "When My Ship Comes In" single, later included on the album Pink Pearl)
2004: "Almost Fell" (bonus track on the Borders edition of Underdog Victorious)
Other
Clouds Over Eden (1994) – Richard Barone
Glow (2010) - Richard Barone
The Negatives (2000) – Lloyd Cole and The Negatives
Unfabulous – TV show soundtrack
So Jill – Tribute song written & performed by Jane Wiedlin, Lloyd Cole & Charlotte Caffey
Lumberjill (2019) – Song written and performed for The Simpsons episode “Marge the Lumberjill”.
References
^ Jill Sobule at AllMusic
^ Rose, Mike (January 16, 2023). "Today's famous birthdays list for January 16, 2023 includes celebrities Lin-Manuel Miranda, Kate Moss". Cleveland.com. Retrieved January 16, 2023.
^ Quan, Denise (March 24, 2009). "Sponsor Jill Sobule's album, get a spot on it". CNN. Retrieved July 21, 2015.
^ "Jill Sobule Handpicked by Legendary Artist Don Henley to Open on His Upcoming U.S. Tour; Sobule's Latest Album, Pink Pearl, Continues to Win Over Critics." The Free Library. October 3, 2000. Retrieved September 4, 2014.
^ "IMDB page, Clueless Soundtrack". IMDB. Retrieved September 4, 2014.
^ Barry Walters (April 1997). Review of 'Happy Town' in The Advocate. Retrieved September 4, 2014.
^ Elysa Gardner (March 28, 1997). "A 'bitter' Jill to swallow". No. 372. Entertainment Weekly. p. 68.
^ Archived February 12, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Sometimes a Bad Birthday Gift Has Its Uses: Jill Sobule Finds Seeds of 'Dottie's Charms' in a Drawer". NY Times. April 17, 2014. Retrieved December 6, 2016.
^ "I'm making my first record in 9 years. I'm back & I mean it". Kickstarter. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
^ Crawford, Robert (June 29, 2018). "10 Best Country and Americana Songs of the Week: Luke Combs, Kacey Musgraves". Rollingstone.com. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
^ Biese, Alex. "Jill Sobule playing 'imperative' fundraiser for LGBTQ social justice community center". Asbury Park Press. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
^ "Jill Sobule Breaks a Nine-Year Silence with 'Nostalgia Kills', PopMatters". September 24, 2018.
^ Vanhorn, Teri (December 7, 1998). "Lloyd Cole, Jill Sobule Out To Prove Two Negatives Make A Positive". MTV News. Retrieved July 21, 2015.
^ "Unfabulous soundtrack". AllMusic. Retrieved July 21, 2015.
^ Hanley, Kay (October 4, 2006). "The Huffington Express". Boston Phoenix. Archived from the original on October 30, 2015. Retrieved July 21, 2015.
^ "Various Artists-Cinnamon Girl: Women Artists Cover Neil Young for Charity". AllMusic. Retrieved July 21, 2015.
^ "Don Was - Jill Sobule - Dance Party I". YouTube. Retrieved July 21, 2015.
^ Collins, Roger. "Jill Sobule". Iomusic News. Retrieved December 20, 2008.
^ "TED Blog:The Jill and Julia Show". TED.com. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
^ "The Rumpus Interview with Jill Sobule". The Rumpus. July 30, 2009.
^ Sobule, Jill (August 19, 2009). "My "Feud" With Katy Perry". The Huffington Post. Retrieved February 27, 2011.
^ Hajdu, David (August 18, 2002). "Queer as Folk". The New York Times.
^ a b Australian (ARIA) chart peaks:
Top 50 peaks: "australian-charts.com > Jill Sobule in Australian Charts". Hung Medien. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
Top 100 peaks to December 2010: Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 259.
"Supermodel": "The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 18 Feb 1996". Retrieved July 21, 2017 – via Imgur.com (original document published by ARIA). N.B. The HP column displays the highest peak reached.
"Bitter": "The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 13 Jul 1997". Retrieved July 21, 2017 – via Imgur.com (original document published by ARIA).
^ "Billboard > Artists / Jill Sobule > Chart History > The Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
^ "Billboard > Artists / Jill Sobule > Chart History > Radio Songs". Billboard. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
^ "Billboard > Artists / Jill Sobule > Chart History > Adult Contemporary". Billboard. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
External links
This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jill Sobule.
Official website
Jill Sobule's Blog on The Huffington Post
March 2008 Interview @ feeltheword.net
Prozak and the Platypus site
Audio interview with Erin McKeown and Jill Sobule on Well-Rounded Radio, 2009
vteJill SobuleStudio albums
Things Here Are Different
Jill Sobule
Happy Town
Pink Pearl
The Folk Years 2003–2003
Underdog Victorious
California Years
Compilations
I Never Learned to Swim: Jill Sobule 1990–2000
Singles
"I Kissed a Girl"
"Supermodel"
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈsoʊbjuːl/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"SOH-byool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"I Kissed a Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Kissed_a_Girl_(Jill_Sobule_song)"},{"link_name":"Supermodel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermodel_(Jill_Sobule_song)"},{"link_name":"Clueless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clueless_(film)"},{"link_name":"Warren Zevon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Zevon"},{"link_name":"Harry Nilsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Nilsson"},{"link_name":"Loudon Wainwright III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudon_Wainwright_III"},{"link_name":"Harry Chapin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Chapin"},{"link_name":"Randy Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Newman"},{"link_name":"anorexia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Musical artistJill Sobule (/ˈsoʊbjuːl/ SOH-byool; born January 16, 1959)[2] is an American singer-songwriter best known for the 1995 single \"I Kissed a Girl\", and \"Supermodel\" from the soundtrack of the 1995 film Clueless. Her folk-inflected compositions alternate between ironic, story-driven character studies and emotive ballads, a duality reminiscent of such 1970s American songwriters as Warren Zevon, Harry Nilsson, Loudon Wainwright III, Harry Chapin, and Randy Newman. Autobiographical elements, including Sobule's Jewish heritage and her adolescent battles with anorexia and depression, frequently occur in Sobule's writing.In 2009, she released California Years, an album funded entirely by fan donations, making her an early pioneer of crowdfunding.[3]","title":"Jill Sobule"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"greatest hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_hits"},{"link_name":"Robert Earl Keen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Earl_Keen"},{"link_name":"Warren Zevon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Zevon"},{"link_name":"Zevon tribute record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enjoy_Every_Sandwich:_Songs_of_Warren_Zevon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"To date Sobule has released eight studio albums of original songs, four EPs, and a greatest hits compilation album. Sobule's output also includes original songs available only via the Internet, a cover of Robert Earl Keen's Christmas novelty track \"Merry Christmas from the Family,\" and a version of the late Warren Zevon's \"Don't Let Us Get Sick\" included on both Sobule's acoustic album and on a posthumous Zevon tribute record.[4]","title":"History and studio recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Things Here Are Different","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Things_Here_Are_Different"},{"link_name":"Todd Rundgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Rundgren"},{"link_name":"Joe Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Jackson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Jill Sobule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Sobule_(album)"},{"link_name":"Lisa Loeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Loeb"},{"link_name":"Juliana Hatfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliana_Hatfield"},{"link_name":"Alanis Morissette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanis_Morissette"},{"link_name":"Fabio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabio_(model)"},{"link_name":"Clueless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clueless_(film)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Happy Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Town_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Advocate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advocate_(LGBT_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"1990s","text":"Sobule's debut album Things Here Are Different was released in 1990. Produced by pop legend Todd Rundgren, the album failed to sell. During this period a follow-up record was produced by British New Wave rocker Joe Jackson (for whom she opened during 1991) but Sobule was dropped from her label and the second record was never released. It was five years before Sobule landed another recording contract.Her 1995 album Jill Sobule established Sobule as part of a fruitful mid-90s movement of female singer-songwriters that included such artists as Lisa Loeb, Juliana Hatfield and Alanis Morissette. The album contains Sobule's best-known composition \"I Kissed a Girl\", a story-song about a lesbian flirtation between two suburban girlfriends which became an unlikely radio success thanks in part to a comedic music video featuring beefcake model Fabio. \"Supermodel\" (sample lyric: \"I didn't eat yesterday ... and I'm not gonna eat today ... and I'm not gonna eat tomorrow ... 'Cause I'm gonna be a supermodel\") managed to both send up and celebrate American teenage lifestyles, and became well known after its inclusion in 1995's hit teen comedy film Clueless.[5]The Jill Sobule album seemed to establish Sobule's commercial prospects, but her third album slowed that momentum while setting what has so far been the musical and production patterns for the rest of her career. 1997's Happy Town featured Sobule's most elaborate pop productions to date and contains songs about an eclectic range of topics including reactionary Christianity (\"Soldiers of Christ\"), the negative impact of anti-depressant medication on the libido (\"Happy Town\"), and a track that uses Anne Frank's enforced Nazi-era hibernation as the metaphor for a love song (\"Attic\"). Though embraced by record reviewers from publications as diverse as The Advocate[6] and Entertainment Weekly,[7] Happy Town sold poorly, simultaneously solidifying Sobule's critical reputation while stalling her commercial momentum.","title":"History and studio recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pink Pearl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Pearl"},{"link_name":"Alzheimer's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"Mary Kay Letourneau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Kay_Letourneau"},{"link_name":"statutory rape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory_rape"},{"link_name":"The Folk Years 2003–2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Folk_Years_2003%E2%80%932003"},{"link_name":"Que Sera Sera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Que_Sera,_Sera_(Whatever_Will_Be,_Will_Be)"},{"link_name":"Sunrise, Sunset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise,_Sunset"},{"link_name":"Fiddler on the Roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddler_on_the_Roof"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Underdog Victorious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underdog_Victorious"},{"link_name":"Danny Goldberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Goldberg"},{"link_name":"Artemis Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_Records"},{"link_name":"Nickelodeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon"},{"link_name":"Unfabulous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfabulous"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Eric Schaeffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Schaeffer"},{"link_name":"Mind the Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_the_Gap_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"Astoria, Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astoria,_Queens"},{"link_name":"California Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Years"},{"link_name":"Pinko Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinko_Records&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"David Hajdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hajdu"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Lethem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Lethem"},{"link_name":"Vendela Vida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendela_Vida"},{"link_name":"Lucy Sante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Sante"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Bayard Rustin Center for Social Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayard_Rustin_Center_for_Social_Justice"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lcjill.JPG"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Cole"}],"sub_title":"2000s","text":"The 2000 record Pink Pearl may be Sobule's most characteristic set. It is anchored by three female character studies: \"Lucy at the Gym\", about an anorexic exercise addict; \"Claire\", about an aging lesbian aviator succumbing to Alzheimer's disease; and \"Mary Kay\", about Mary Kay Letourneau, the notorious real-life schoolteacher who became impregnated and was imprisoned as the result of the statutory rape of a 13-year-old male student, whom she married when he reached the age of consent.Pink Pearl also contains some of Sobule's most directly confessional songwriting, especially the atheist's prayer \"Somewhere in New Mexico\" and the insomniac's lullaby \"Rock Me To Sleep\". Don Henley contributed a promotional quotation to the ad campaign for the album and selected Sobule to open for him during his solo tour that year.In 2004, Sobule self-released an album of acoustic tracks titled The Folk Years 2003–2003. In addition to some of her rarer compositions and several tracks that would later receive fuller arrangements on Sobule's next major-label release, Sobule performed offbeat cover versions of such standards as the Doris Day theme song \"Que Sera Sera\" and \"Sunrise, Sunset\" from the Broadway musical Fiddler on the Roof.[citation needed]The more elaborately recorded Underdog Victorious, also released in 2004, was one of the last albums distributed by legendary personal manager and media entrepreneur Danny Goldberg's now-defunct Artemis Records. The liquidation of Artemis Records led Sobule to extend her experiments with online music distribution and to relocate from New York City to Los Angeles. She continued to write and perform prolifically and to compose original music for television, including for the popular Nickelodeon series Unfabulous.[citation needed]Sobule also acted and performed her songs in writer-director Eric Schaeffer's 2004 film Mind the Gap, as a street musician in Astoria, Queens with a heart condition, who aspires to play in Manhattan.In mid-January 2008, Sobule launched a website, jillsnextrecord.com, which sought to raise $75,000 through fan donations in order to produce, manufacture, distribute and promote an upcoming studio album. In exchange for their donations, Sobule offered her patrons an assortment of rewards with values commensurate with the amount of the donation. These ranged from a free download of the album upon its release ($10) to the opportunity to attend a recording session and sing on the record ($10,000).On March 8, 2008, 53 days after the public launch of the site, Sobule reached her target through donations from more than 500 people in 44 U.S. states and the District of Columbia, and 11 foreign countries. The subsequent album, California Years, was released on April 14, 2009 on Sobule's own label, Pinko Records.[8]On Sobule's next record \"Dottie's Charms\" in 2014, she put music to lyrics of her friends and favorite authors including David Hajdu, Jonathan Lethem, Vendela Vida and Lucy Sante, with each song relating to individual charms on an antique charm bracelet she had been given.[9]In 2018, Sobule again used crowd funding to assist with the production of her next album, \"Nostalgia Kills\".[10] Rolling Stone listed the first single from the album, \"Island of Lost Things\", among the 10 best new country and Americana songs.[11]Since 2020, Sobule has acted as musician-in-residence at the Bayard Rustin Center for Social Justice, an LGBTQIA community center.[12]Jill Sobule and Lloyd Cole during a concert in Seattle, Washington in 2005","title":"History and studio recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JillSobuleji1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Richard Barone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Barone"},{"link_name":"Bar/None Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar/None_Records"},{"link_name":"The West Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_West_Wing"},{"link_name":"Felicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicity_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Dawson's Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson%27s_Creek"},{"link_name":"South of Nowhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_of_Nowhere"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Cole"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Mind The Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_The_Gap_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Nickelodeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon"},{"link_name":"Unfabulous and More: Emma Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfabulous_and_More:_Emma_Roberts"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Jill and Julia Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jill_and_Julia_Show&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"James Randi Educational Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Randi_Educational_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"John Doe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doe_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Neil Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Young"},{"link_name":"American Laundromat Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Laundromat_Records"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Don Was","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Was"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Elise Thoron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elise_Thoron&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"platypus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platypus"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Julia Sweeney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Sweeney"},{"link_name":"TED (conference)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TED_(conference)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Jill Sobule, in 2007, performing at D5 in Carlsbad CavernsIn the late 90s, Sobule toured with Richard Barone as \"The Richard & Jill Show\". Together they wrote \"Bitter\" on Happy Town, \"Rock Me To Sleep\" on Pink Pearl, \"Big Shoes\" on I Never Learned to Swim, and \"Waiting for the Train\" on Barone's Clouds Over Eden album. They also appeared together (as Mr. and Mrs. Sobule) in the underground film Next Year in Jerusalem, which featured another of their compositions, \"Everybody's Queer\". The pair continue to collaborate, including \"Odd Girl Out\" for Barone's 2010 album, Glow (Bar/None Records), and to perform together. Their songs have been used on The West Wing. Felicity, Dawson's Creek, South of Nowhere and other television shows.[citation needed] In 2018, Barone produced and sang backing vocals on \"Island of Lost Things\" on Sobule's album Nostalgia Kills.[13]In 1997-1998, Sobule joined Lloyd Cole's short-lived band The Negatives.[14]In 2004, she played one of the five leads in the film Mind The Gap with six of her songs featured on the soundtrack.[citation needed]In 2005, Sobule contributed music to Unfabulous, a popular Nickelodeon TV series about a 13-year-old aspiring songwriter, including a title song performed by Sobule under the program's opening credits. Four Sobule compositions or co-compositions appear on the series star's debut album, Unfabulous and More: Emma Roberts:[15] credits a Roberts cover version of \"Mexican Wrestler\" from Sobule's album Pink Pearl; \"Punch Rocker\" and \"94 Weeks (Metal Mouth Freak),\" both written by Sobule for Roberts' character to \"compose\" on the program; and \"New Shoes,\" a track co-written by Sobule with Unfabulous series creator Sue Rose.In 2006, Sobule met Julia Sweeney, the actress, writer and comedian, and started performing the \"Jill and Julia Show\", a compilation of songs and stories. They performed at the James Randi Educational Foundation meeting in Las Vegas on January 19, 2007, as well as at regular showings for the Groundlings Theater in Los Angeles. Also in 2006, Sobule created a theme song for blogger Arianna Huffington's self-help book On Becoming Fearless.[16]In 2007, Sobule teamed up with John Doe to produce and record a cover of Neil Young's \"Down by the River\" for the American Laundromat Records benefit CD Cinnamon Girl – Women Artists Cover Neil Young For Charity. Other contributing artists included Lori McKenna, Tanya Donelly, Josie Cotton, Kristin Hersh, Britta Phillips, and The Watsons Twins.[17]Also in 2007, Sobule's song \"San Francisco\" became the first single released by Don Was as part of his Wasmopolitan Cavalcade of Recorded Music, an advertiser-sponsored means for the recording and distribution of new music, part of the multimedia website mydamnchannel.com. The pair also collaborated on a 16-minute concert video entitled \"Jill Sobule's Dance Party,\" distributed for free in two parts on both mydamnchannel.com and YouTube.[18]In May 2008, Sobule released a CD of music from Prozak and the Platypus, a multi-media collaboration of Sobule, playwright Elise Thoron, and graphic artist KellyAnne Hanrahan. The play, written by Thoron (book, lyrics) and Sobule (music) and illustrated in a graphic novella by Hanrahan, tells the story of a fierce young woman, Sara (a musician) and her father Arvin, a neuroscientist, who relocates his family from Los Angeles to Brisbane, Australia to study REM sleep in the platypus, a unique species native to Australia. Shattered by her mother's recent suicide and unhappy with the side-effects of her own treatment for depression, Sara renames herself \"Prozak,\" rages through her songwriting, and rebels.[19] Meanwhile, in her father's lab, Sara finds an unexpected confidant in her father's current lab subject, a jaunty platypus who speaks to her and calls himself \"Frankie\". In the piece, according to its website, \"Music club and science lab become testing grounds in which angry teen and scientist father pit aboriginal mythology against modern neuroscience research. The dreams of a platypus prove to be the link between the two.\"In 2009-10, Sobule performed with Julia Sweeney in a revue called \"Jill and Julia\". Sobule and Sweeney originally met at a TED (conference) and performed together at TED in 2008.[20] They brought the show on the road in 2009 and 2010, performing in New York and Denver among other locations. The show is an autobiographical mix of music, stories and commentary.","title":"Collaborations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Katy Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katy_Perry"},{"link_name":"I Kissed a Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Kissed_a_Girl"},{"link_name":"One of the Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_of_the_Boys_(Katy_Perry_album)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Rumpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Elliott_(author)"},{"link_name":"girls gone wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls_Gone_Wild_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sobule-21"},{"link_name":"The Huffington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huff-22"}],"text":"In 2008, Katy Perry issued her own \"I Kissed a Girl\" for her debut album One of the Boys. The song received mixed reviews but skyrocketed to #1.[citation needed] \nSobule shared her feelings about Perry's song and use of the title in a July 2009 interview with The Rumpus:When Katy Perry's song came out I started getting tons of inquiries about what I thought. Some folks (and protective friends) were angry, and wondered why she took my title and made it into this kind of \"girls gone wild\" thing. ... As a musician I have always refrained from criticizing another artist. I was, \"Well, good for her.\" It did bug me a little bit, however, when she said she came up with the idea for the title in a dream. In truth, she wrote it with a team of professional writers and was signed by the very same guy that signed me in 1995. I have not mentioned that in interviews as I don't want to sound bitter or petty ... Okay, maybe, if I really think about it, there were a few jealous and pissed-off moments. So here goes, for the first time in an interview: Fuck you Katy Perry, you fucking stupid, maybe 'not good for the gays' title-thieving, haven't heard much else, so not quite sure if you're talented, fucking little slut. God that felt good.[21]Days later, in an article she wrote for The Huffington Post, Sobule stated:I thought maybe this time I would have fun with it and goof on what many of my fans were hoping to hear over the last year. I prefaced my reply with a wink, and then rambled on with a string of over the top dumb-ass profanities, purposely out of character and completely in jest ... I may be a touch cynical about the business, but I have never really been angry or had ill feelings towards Katy herself. I was actually in a small way happy to not be the \"Kissed a Girl\" girl anymore.[22]","title":"Katy Perry's \"I Kissed a Girl\""},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisexuality"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Sobule identifies as bisexual.[23]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Things Here Are Different","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Things_Here_Are_Different"},{"link_name":"Jill Sobule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Sobule_(album)"},{"link_name":"Happy Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Town_(album)"},{"link_name":"AUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-24"},{"link_name":"Pink Pearl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Pearl"},{"link_name":"The Folk Years 2003–2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Folk_Years_2003%E2%80%932003"},{"link_name":"Underdog Victorious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underdog_Victorious"},{"link_name":"California Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Years"}],"sub_title":"Studio albums","text":"Things Here Are Different (1990)\nJill Sobule (1995)\nHappy Town (1997) – AUS No. 83[24]\nPink Pearl (2000)\nThe Folk Years 2003–2003 (2004)\nUnderdog Victorious (2004)\nJill Sobule Sings Prozak and the Platypus (2008)\nCalifornia Years (2009)\nDottie's Charms (2014)\nNostalgia Kills (2018)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Live albums","text":"Live at Joe's Pub 2008 (2008)\nA Day at the Pass (2011)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"DVD","text":"Live in Pittsburgh (2003)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I Never Learned to Swim: Jill Sobule 1990–2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Never_Learned_to_Swim:_Jill_Sobule_1990%E2%80%932000"}],"sub_title":"Compilations","text":"I Never Learned to Swim: Jill Sobule 1990–2000 (2001)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"EPs","text":"Jill's Holiday Songs 2000 (2000)\nIt's the Thought That Counts (2001) – re-issued in 2005\nBe Mine... Please (2001)\nIt's the Thought That Counts (2005)\nThe Pinko Record Junior Executive EP (2012)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mind Killer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mind_Killer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clueless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clueless_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Truth About Cats & Dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Truth_About_Cats_%26_Dogs"},{"link_name":"Grace of My Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_of_My_Heart"},{"link_name":"Harriet the Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_the_Spy_(film)"},{"link_name":"Mystery Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_Men"},{"link_name":"Mind the Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_the_Gap_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"Dirty Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Love_(film)"}],"sub_title":"Soundtrack appearances","text":"1987: \"There is More to Love\" from Mind Killer\n1995: \"Supermodel\" from Clueless\n1996: \"Where Do I Begin\" from The Truth About Cats & Dogs\n1996: \"Truth Is You Lied\" from Grace of My Heart\n1996: \"The Secretive Life\" from Harriet the Spy\n1999: \"Rainy Day Parade\" from Mystery Men\n2003: \"Tel Aviv,\" \"Nothing Natural,\" \"Bitter,\" \"Somewhere in New Mexico,\" \"Freshman,\" and \"Vrbana Bridge\" from Mind the Gap\n2005: \"Love Is Never Equal\" from Jenny McCarthy's Dirty Love","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laura Nyro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Nyro"},{"link_name":"Warren Zevon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Zevon"},{"link_name":"Down by the River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_by_the_River_(Neil_Young_song)"},{"link_name":"John Doe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doe_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Neil Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Young"}],"sub_title":"Various artist compilations","text":"1992: \"Too Cool to Fall in Love\" from An Elpee's Worth of Productions\n1995: \"The Jig Is Up\" from Grooves: Volume 8\n1995: \"Good Person Inside\" and \"The Man in the Boat\" from Spew\n1995: \"Merry Christmas from the Family\" from You Sleigh Me\n1997: \"Stoned Soul Picnic\" from Time and Love: The Music of Laura Nyro\n1997: \"I Will Survive\" from In Their Own Words and from Hard Rock Live\n1998: \"Saddest Day of the Year\" from A Christmas to Remember\n1999: \"Just a Little Lovin'\" from Forever Dusty\n1999: \"Sunrise, Sunset\" from Knitting on the Roof\n2000: \"Rainy Day Parade\" from New Talent Spotlight Volume 2\n2000: \"I Kissed a Girl\" from K-TEL Pop Alternative\n2004: \"Don't Let Us Get Sick\" from Enjoy Every Sandwich: The Songs of Warren Zevon\n2007: \"Down by the River\" with John Doe from Cinnamon Girl – Women Artists Cover Neil Young For Charity","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pink Pearl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Pearl"},{"link_name":"Pink Pearl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Pearl"},{"link_name":"Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_Group"},{"link_name":"Underdog Victorious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underdog_Victorious"}],"sub_title":"B-sides","text":"1995: \"Queen of Spades\" (from the \"Supermodel\" single)\n1997: \"Loveless Motel\" (from the \"Bitter\" single, later included on the album Pink Pearl)\n2000: \"Lucy at the Gym\" (from the \"When My Ship Comes In\" single, later included on the album Pink Pearl)\n2004: \"Almost Fell\" (bonus track on the Borders edition of Underdog Victorious)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Barone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Barone"},{"link_name":"Richard Barone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Barone"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Cole"},{"link_name":"Jane Wiedlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Wiedlin"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Cole"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Caffey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Caffey"},{"link_name":"The Simpsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons"},{"link_name":"Marge the Lumberjill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marge_the_Lumberjill"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"Clouds Over Eden (1994) – Richard Barone\nGlow (2010) - Richard Barone\nThe Negatives (2000) – Lloyd Cole and The Negatives\nUnfabulous – TV show soundtrack\nSo Jill – Tribute song written & performed by Jane Wiedlin, Lloyd Cole & Charlotte Caffey\nLumberjill (2019) – Song written and performed for The Simpsons episode “Marge the Lumberjill”.","title":"Discography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Jill Sobule and Lloyd Cole during a concert in Seattle, Washington in 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lcjill.JPG/220px-Lcjill.JPG"},{"image_text":"Jill Sobule, in 2007, performing at D5 in Carlsbad Caverns","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/JillSobuleji1.jpg/170px-JillSobuleji1.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Rose, Mike (January 16, 2023). \"Today's famous birthdays list for January 16, 2023 includes celebrities Lin-Manuel Miranda, Kate Moss\". Cleveland.com. Retrieved January 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2023/01/todays-famous-birthdays-list-for-january-16-2023-includes-celebrities-lin-manuel-miranda-kate-moss.html","url_text":"\"Today's famous birthdays list for January 16, 2023 includes celebrities Lin-Manuel Miranda, Kate Moss\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland.com","url_text":"Cleveland.com"}]},{"reference":"Quan, Denise (March 24, 2009). \"Sponsor Jill Sobule's album, get a spot on it\". CNN. Retrieved July 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/03/24/jill.sobule.album","url_text":"\"Sponsor Jill Sobule's album, get a spot on it\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jill Sobule Handpicked by Legendary Artist Don Henley to Open on His Upcoming U.S. Tour; Sobule's Latest Album, Pink Pearl, Continues to Win Over Critics.\" The Free Library. October 3, 2000. Retrieved September 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Jill+Sobule+Handpicked+by+Legendary+Artist+Don+Henley+to+Open+on+His...-a065687591","url_text":"\"Jill Sobule Handpicked by Legendary Artist Don Henley to Open on His Upcoming U.S. Tour; Sobule's Latest Album, Pink Pearl, Continues to Win Over Critics.\""}]},{"reference":"\"IMDB page, Clueless Soundtrack\". IMDB. Retrieved September 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0112697/soundtrack","url_text":"\"IMDB page, Clueless Soundtrack\""}]},{"reference":"Barry Walters (April 1997). Review of 'Happy Town' in The Advocate. Retrieved September 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T2QEAAAAMBAJ&q=sobule+%22happy+town%22+advocate&pg=PT48","url_text":"Review of 'Happy Town' in The Advocate"}]},{"reference":"Elysa Gardner (March 28, 1997). \"A 'bitter' Jill to swallow\". No. 372. Entertainment Weekly. p. 68.","urls":[{"url":"http://pdc-connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/9703311046/a-bitter-jill-swallow","url_text":"\"A 'bitter' Jill to swallow\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sometimes a Bad Birthday Gift Has Its Uses: Jill Sobule Finds Seeds of 'Dottie's Charms' in a Drawer\". NY Times. April 17, 2014. Retrieved December 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/18/arts/music/jill-sobule-finds-seeds-of-dotties-charms-in-a-drawer.html","url_text":"\"Sometimes a Bad Birthday Gift Has Its Uses: Jill Sobule Finds Seeds of 'Dottie's Charms' in a Drawer\""}]},{"reference":"\"I'm making my first record in 9 years. I'm back & I mean it\". Kickstarter. Retrieved July 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/782492636/im-making-my-first-record-in-8-years-im-back-and-i","url_text":"\"I'm making my first record in 9 years. I'm back & I mean it\""}]},{"reference":"Crawford, Robert (June 29, 2018). \"10 Best Country and Americana Songs of the Week: Luke Combs, Kacey Musgraves\". Rollingstone.com. Retrieved July 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country-lists/10-best-country-and-americana-songs-of-the-week-luke-combs-kacey-musgraves-and-more-667056/jill-sobule-island-of-lost-things-667068/","url_text":"\"10 Best Country and Americana Songs of the Week: Luke Combs, Kacey Musgraves\""}]},{"reference":"Biese, Alex. \"Jill Sobule playing 'imperative' fundraiser for LGBTQ social justice community center\". Asbury Park Press. Retrieved January 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.app.com/story/entertainment/music/2021/07/27/jill-sobule-lgbtq-fundraiser-rustin-center-princeton/8069262002/","url_text":"\"Jill Sobule playing 'imperative' fundraiser for LGBTQ social justice community center\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jill Sobule Breaks a Nine-Year Silence with 'Nostalgia Kills', PopMatters\". September 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popmatters.com/jill-sobule-nostagia-kills-2607151334.html","url_text":"\"Jill Sobule Breaks a Nine-Year Silence with 'Nostalgia Kills', PopMatters\""}]},{"reference":"Vanhorn, Teri (December 7, 1998). \"Lloyd Cole, Jill Sobule Out To Prove Two Negatives Make A Positive\". MTV News. Retrieved July 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/509995/lloyd-cole-jill-sobule-out-to-prove-two-negatives-make-a-positive","url_text":"\"Lloyd Cole, Jill Sobule Out To Prove Two Negatives Make A Positive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Unfabulous soundtrack\". AllMusic. Retrieved July 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/unfabulous-and-more-mw0000390743/","url_text":"\"Unfabulous soundtrack\""}]},{"reference":"Hanley, Kay (October 4, 2006). \"The Huffington Express\". Boston Phoenix. Archived from the original on October 30, 2015. Retrieved July 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151030092630/http://thephoenix.com/Boston/News/24291-Huffington-express","url_text":"\"The Huffington Express\""},{"url":"http://thephoenix.com/boston/news/24291-huffington-express","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Various Artists-Cinnamon Girl: Women Artists Cover Neil Young for Charity\". AllMusic. Retrieved July 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/cinnamon-girl-women-artists-cover-neil-young-for-charity-mw0000495973","url_text":"\"Various Artists-Cinnamon Girl: Women Artists Cover Neil Young for Charity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Don Was - Jill Sobule - Dance Party I\". YouTube. Retrieved July 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JBvu9V-0_cs","url_text":"\"Don Was - Jill Sobule - Dance Party I\""}]},{"reference":"Collins, Roger. \"Jill Sobule\". Iomusic News. Retrieved December 20, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://iomusic.com/Bands_and_Artists/S/Sobule__Jill/","url_text":"\"Jill Sobule\""}]},{"reference":"\"TED Blog:The Jill and Julia Show\". TED.com. Retrieved June 30, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.ted.com/2008/02/jill_and_julia.php","url_text":"\"TED Blog:The Jill and Julia Show\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Rumpus Interview with Jill Sobule\". The Rumpus. July 30, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://therumpus.net/2009/07/the-rumpus-interview-with-jill-sobule","url_text":"\"The Rumpus Interview with Jill Sobule\""}]},{"reference":"Sobule, Jill (August 19, 2009). \"My \"Feud\" With Katy Perry\". The Huffington Post. Retrieved February 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/jill-sobule/my-feud-with-katy-perry_b_263287.html","url_text":"\"My \"Feud\" With Katy Perry\""}]},{"reference":"Hajdu, David (August 18, 2002). \"Queer as Folk\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/18/magazine/queer-as-folk.html","url_text":"\"Queer as Folk\""}]},{"reference":"\"australian-charts.com > Jill Sobule in Australian Charts\". Hung Medien. Retrieved July 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Jill+Sobule","url_text":"\"australian-charts.com > Jill Sobule in Australian Charts\""}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 259.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 18 Feb 1996\". Retrieved July 21, 2017 – via Imgur.com (original document published by ARIA).","urls":[{"url":"http://i.imgur.com/s40XbGC.jpg","url_text":"\"The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 18 Feb 1996\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"ARIA"}]},{"reference":"\"The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 13 Jul 1997\". Retrieved July 21, 2017 – via Imgur.com (original document published by ARIA).","urls":[{"url":"http://i.imgur.com/OnpNkqb.jpg","url_text":"\"The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 13 Jul 1997\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard > Artists / Jill Sobule > Chart History > The Hot 100\". Billboard. Retrieved July 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/304614/jill-sobule/chart?f=379","url_text":"\"Billboard > Artists / Jill Sobule > Chart History > The Hot 100\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard > Artists / Jill Sobule > Chart History > Radio Songs\". Billboard. Retrieved July 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/304614/jill-sobule/chart?f=350","url_text":"\"Billboard > Artists / Jill Sobule > Chart History > Radio Songs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard > Artists / Jill Sobule > Chart History > Adult Contemporary\". Billboard. Retrieved July 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/304614/jill-sobule/chart?f=341","url_text":"\"Billboard > Artists / Jill Sobule > Chart History > Adult Contemporary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]}]
|
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I'm back & I mean it\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country-lists/10-best-country-and-americana-songs-of-the-week-luke-combs-kacey-musgraves-and-more-667056/jill-sobule-island-of-lost-things-667068/","external_links_name":"\"10 Best Country and Americana Songs of the Week: Luke Combs, Kacey Musgraves\""},{"Link":"https://www.app.com/story/entertainment/music/2021/07/27/jill-sobule-lgbtq-fundraiser-rustin-center-princeton/8069262002/","external_links_name":"\"Jill Sobule playing 'imperative' fundraiser for LGBTQ social justice community center\""},{"Link":"https://www.popmatters.com/jill-sobule-nostagia-kills-2607151334.html","external_links_name":"\"Jill Sobule Breaks a Nine-Year Silence with 'Nostalgia Kills', PopMatters\""},{"Link":"http://www.mtv.com/news/509995/lloyd-cole-jill-sobule-out-to-prove-two-negatives-make-a-positive","external_links_name":"\"Lloyd Cole, Jill Sobule Out To Prove Two Negatives Make A Positive\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/unfabulous-and-more-mw0000390743/","external_links_name":"\"Unfabulous soundtrack\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151030092630/http://thephoenix.com/Boston/News/24291-Huffington-express","external_links_name":"\"The Huffington Express\""},{"Link":"http://thephoenix.com/boston/news/24291-huffington-express","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/cinnamon-girl-women-artists-cover-neil-young-for-charity-mw0000495973","external_links_name":"\"Various Artists-Cinnamon Girl: Women Artists Cover Neil Young for Charity\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JBvu9V-0_cs","external_links_name":"\"Don Was - Jill Sobule - Dance Party I\""},{"Link":"http://iomusic.com/Bands_and_Artists/S/Sobule__Jill/","external_links_name":"\"Jill Sobule\""},{"Link":"http://blog.ted.com/2008/02/jill_and_julia.php","external_links_name":"\"TED Blog:The Jill and Julia Show\""},{"Link":"http://therumpus.net/2009/07/the-rumpus-interview-with-jill-sobule","external_links_name":"\"The Rumpus Interview with Jill Sobule\""},{"Link":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/jill-sobule/my-feud-with-katy-perry_b_263287.html","external_links_name":"\"My \"Feud\" With Katy Perry\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/18/magazine/queer-as-folk.html","external_links_name":"\"Queer as Folk\""},{"Link":"http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Jill+Sobule","external_links_name":"\"australian-charts.com > Jill Sobule in Australian Charts\""},{"Link":"http://i.imgur.com/s40XbGC.jpg","external_links_name":"\"The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 18 Feb 1996\""},{"Link":"http://i.imgur.com/OnpNkqb.jpg","external_links_name":"\"The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 13 Jul 1997\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/304614/jill-sobule/chart?f=379","external_links_name":"\"Billboard > Artists / Jill Sobule > Chart History > The Hot 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/304614/jill-sobule/chart?f=350","external_links_name":"\"Billboard > Artists / Jill Sobule > Chart History > Radio Songs\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/304614/jill-sobule/chart?f=341","external_links_name":"\"Billboard > Artists / Jill Sobule > Chart History > Adult Contemporary\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jill_Sobule&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"http://www.jillsobule.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/jill-sobule/","external_links_name":"Jill Sobule's Blog"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080413013438/http://www.feeltheword.net/magazine/2008/03/03/fiercely-independent-an-interview-with-jill-sobule","external_links_name":"March 2008 Interview @ feeltheword.net"},{"Link":"http://www.prozakandtheplatypus.com/","external_links_name":"Prozak and the Platypus site"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110507000245/http://www.wellroundedradio.net/erinmckeownjillsobule","external_links_name":"Audio interview with Erin McKeown and Jill Sobule on Well-Rounded Radio"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000055148716","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/64194616","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdcvqxpTytPvyGMkjRh73","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13931903h","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13931903h","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/134670817","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007344398405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91129233","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/2b2df5fd-7d41-4d78-a456-62c738bb4d9c","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN76496
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Texas Instruments SN76489
|
["1 Overview","1.1 Tone Generators","1.2 Noise Generator","2 Product Family","3 Clones and successors","4 Usage","4.1 Arcade video games","4.2 Home hardware","5 References","6 External links"]
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Pinout of the standard Texas Instruments SN76489 chip. The packaging is a standard 16-pin DIP.
The SN76489 Digital Complex Sound Generator (DCSG) is a TTL-compatible programmable sound generator chip from Texas Instruments. Its main application was the generation of music and sound effects in game consoles, arcade video games, and home computers (TI-99/4A, BBC Micro, ColecoVision, IBM PCjr, Tomy Tutor, Master System, Game Gear, Tandy 1000), competing with the similar General Instrument AY-3-8910.
It contains:
3 square wave tone generators
A wide range of frequencies
16 different volume levels
1 noise generator
2 types (white noise and periodic)
3 different frequencies
16 different volume levels
Overview
The SN76489 was originally designed to be used in the TI-99/4 computer, where it was first called the TMS9919 and later SN94624, and had a 500 kHz max clock input rate. Later, when it was sold outside of TI, it was renamed the SN76489, and a divide-by-8 was added to its clock input, increasing the max clock input rate to 4 MHz, to facilitate sharing a crystal for both NTSC colorburst and clocking the sound chip. A version of the chip without the divide-by-8 input was also sold outside of TI as the SN76494, which has a 500 kHz max clock input rate.
Tone Generators
The frequency of the square waves produced by the tone generators on each channel is derived from two factors:
The speed of the external clock
A 10-bit value provided in a control register for that channel (called N)
Each channel's frequency is arrived at by dividing the external clock by 4 (or 32 depending on the chip variant), and then dividing the result by N. Thus the overall divider range is from 4 to 4096 (or 32 to 32768). At maximum clock input rate, this gives a frequency range of 122 Hz to 125 kHz. Or typically 108 Hz to 111.6 kHz, with an NTSC colorburst (~3.58 MHz) clock input – a range from roughly A2 (two octaves below middle A) to 5–6 times the generally accepted limits of human audio perception.
Noise Generator
The pseudorandom noise feedback is generated from an XNOR of bits 12 and 13 for feedback, with bit 13 being the noise output. The pseudorandom generator is cleared to 0s (with the feedback bit set to 1) on writes to chip register 6, the noise mode register.
Product Family
There are two versions of the SN76489: the SN76489 (Narrow DIP version labeled SN76489N) and the SN76489A (Narrow DIP version labeled SN76489AN). The former was made around 1980–1982 and the latter from 1983 onward. They differ in that the output of the SN76489 is the inverse of the expected waveform (the waveform "grows" towards 0 V from 2.5 V), while the SN76489A the waveform is not inverted.
The SN76496 seems to be totally identical to the SN76489A in terms of the outputs produced, but features an "AUDIO IN" pin (on pin 9) for integrated audio mixing.
SN76489 Product Family
Chip Variant
Freq (max)
Audio In
TMS9919 / SN94624
500 kHz
No
SN76489 / SN76489A
4 MHz
No
SN76494 / SN76494A
500 kHz
Yes
SN76496 / SN76496A
4 MHz
Yes
Clones and successors
Sega used real SN76489AN chips in their SG-1000 game console and SC-3000 computer, but used SN76489A clones in their Master System, Game Gear, and Sega Genesis game consoles. These modified sound chips were incorporated into the systems' video display processor (VDP). Although basic functionality is almost identical to that of the original SN76489A, a few small differences exist:
The randomness for the noise channel is generated differently.
The Game Gear's version includes an additional flag register that designates which speaker(s) each audio channel are output (left, right, or both).
The periodic noise is 16 stages long rather than 15; this makes a significant difference for music/programs which use periodic noise, as sounds will play at 6.25% lower pitch than on the TI-made chips.
Another clone is the NCR 8496, used in some models of the Tandy 1000 computer. Later Tandy 1000 machines (notably the SL, TL and RL series) integrated the SN76496's functionality into the PSSJ ASIC.
Usage
Arcade video games
These games share a common board design by Tehkan with three of the functionally identical SN76496:
Baluba-Louk No Densetsu
Senjyo
Star Force
These games share a common board design by Universal Entertainment Corporation:
Lady Bug (uses 2)
Mr. Do! (uses 2 of a functionally-identical part labeled U8106)
Mr. Do's Castle (uses 4)
Mr. Do's Wild Ride (uses 4)
Do! Run Run (uses 4)
From Konami:
Mikie
Road Fighter
Rush'n Attack
Time Pilot '84 (uses a functionally-identical part labeled Y2404)
From Sega:
Bank Panic
Super Locomotive
Sega Mega-Tech
Sega System 1
Sega System 2
Sega System E (based on the Master System and uses SEGA PSG clone chip)
Sega Zaxxon
Home hardware
ALF's Music Card MC1 – Apple II add-on card, used three chips for a total of nine voices plus noise
Bandai RX-78
BBC Master
BBC Micro
Coleco Adam
ColecoVision – used the SN76489AN
Geneve 9640
IBM PCjr – used the SN76489AN
Memotech MTX
Neo Geo Pocket
Neo Geo Pocket Color - used a T6W28 SN76489-like clone that supports stereo output
Sega Game Gear – used a clone integrated into its VDP that has an additional speaker-output register for simple stereo support
Sega Genesis – used a clone, SEGA PSG, integrated into its VDP as a secondary sound chip
Sega Master System – used a clone, SEGA PSG, integrated into its VDP
Sega Pico
Sega SG-1000 – used the SN76489AN
Sharp MZ-800 – used the SN76489AN
Sord M5
Tandy 1000 – early systems used SN76496 or NCR 8496, later systems integrated into PSSJ ASIC
SN76489 ISA Soundboard – Hobbyist Soundcard for IBM XT/PC
Lo-Tech Tandy Soundboard – Prototype Soundcard for IBM XT/PC
TI-99/4A – used the original TMS9919
Tomy Tutor
Toshiba Pasopia 7
VTech CreatiVision
References
^ a b c d e Engineering staff of Texas Instruments Semiconductor Group. "SN 76489 AN" (PDF).
^ SN76489AN - Manual (PDF). Texas Instruments.
^
"SN76494, SN76494A, SN76496, SN76496A programmable tone/noise generator" (PDF). Texas Instruments. 1989 .
^
Maxim (April 27, 2005). "SN76489 notes". SMS Power!. Archived from the original on May 17, 2006.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to SN76489.
SN76489 Sound Chip Details
SN76489 on the Video Game Music Preservation Foundation wiki
SN76489 on SMSPower.org
vtePC sound cardsIBM compatible standards
Tandy 3-Voice (1983)
MPU-401 (1984)
IBM Music Feature Card (1987)
AdLib (1987)
Covox (1987)
Roland MT-32 (1987)
Roland LAPC-I (1989)
Sound Blaster (1989)
SSI-2001 (1989)
General MIDI (1991)
Pro AudioSpectrum (1991)
Roland GS (1991)
Roland Sound Canvas (1991)
Roland SC-55 (1991)
TBC Multisound (1991)
Windows Sound System (1992)
Gravis Ultrasound (1992)
Ensoniq Soundscape S-2000 (1994)
Yamaha XG (1994)
Aztech WaveRider (1995)
Aureal Semiconductor Vortex (1997)
AC'97 (1997)
ESS AudioDrive (1997)
Ensoniq AudioPCI (1997)
Sound Blaster Live! (1998)
Terratec Audiosystem EWS64 (1998)
General MIDI Level 2 (1999)
Environmental Audio Extensions (2001)
Intel High Definition Audio (2004)
Other standards
MML (1978)
SFG-01 (1983)
SFG-02 (1984)
Tandy (1984)
MSX-Audio (1984)
MSX-Music (1987)
Related
PC speaker
Wave Blaster
MIDI
Comparison of MIDI standards
Portals: Electronics Video games 1980s 1990s
|
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These modified sound chips were incorporated into the systems' video display processor (VDP). Although basic functionality is almost identical to that of the original SN76489A, a few small differences exist:The randomness for the noise channel is generated differently.\nThe Game Gear's version includes an additional flag register that designates which speaker(s) each audio channel are output (left, right, or both).\nThe periodic noise is 16 stages long rather than 15; this makes a significant difference for music/programs which use periodic noise, as sounds will play at 6.25% lower pitch than on the TI-made chips.[4]Another clone is the NCR 8496, used in some models of the Tandy 1000 computer. Later Tandy 1000 machines (notably the SL, TL and RL series) integrated the SN76496's functionality into the PSSJ ASIC.","title":"Clones and successors"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tehkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecmo"},{"link_name":"Baluba-Louk No Densetsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baluba-Louk_No_Densetsu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Senjyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senjyo"},{"link_name":"Star Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Force"},{"link_name":"Universal Entertainment Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Entertainment_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Lady Bug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Bug_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Mr. Do!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Do!"},{"link_name":"Mr. Do's Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Do%27s_Castle"},{"link_name":"Mr. Do's Wild Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Do%27s_Wild_Ride"},{"link_name":"Do! Run Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do!_Run_Run"},{"link_name":"Konami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konami"},{"link_name":"Mikie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikie"},{"link_name":"Road Fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_Fighter"},{"link_name":"Rush'n Attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush%27n_Attack"},{"link_name":"Time Pilot '84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Pilot_%2784"},{"link_name":"Sega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega"},{"link_name":"Bank Panic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Panic"},{"link_name":"Super Locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Locomotive"},{"link_name":"Sega Mega-Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sega_arcade_system_boards#Sega_Mega-Tech"},{"link_name":"Sega System 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sega_arcade_system_boards#Sega_System_1"},{"link_name":"Sega System 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sega_arcade_system_boards#Sega_System_2"},{"link_name":"Sega System E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sega_arcade_system_boards#Sega_System_E"},{"link_name":"Sega Zaxxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sega_arcade_system_boards#Sega_Zaxxon"}],"sub_title":"Arcade video games","text":"These games share a common board design by Tehkan with three of the functionally identical SN76496:\nBaluba-Louk No Densetsu\nSenjyo\nStar Force\nThese games share a common board design by Universal Entertainment Corporation:\nLady Bug (uses 2)\nMr. Do! (uses 2 of a functionally-identical part labeled U8106)\nMr. Do's Castle (uses 4)\nMr. Do's Wild Ride (uses 4)\nDo! Run Run (uses 4)\nFrom Konami:\nMikie\nRoad Fighter\nRush'n Attack\nTime Pilot '84 (uses a functionally-identical part labeled Y2404)\nFrom Sega:\nBank Panic\nSuper Locomotive\nSega Mega-Tech\nSega System 1\nSega System 2\nSega System E (based on the Master System and uses SEGA PSG clone chip)\nSega Zaxxon","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ALF's Music Card MC1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALF_Products#Apple_Music_II_/_Music_Card_MC1"},{"link_name":"Bandai RX-78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandai_RX-78"},{"link_name":"BBC Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Master"},{"link_name":"BBC Micro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Micro"},{"link_name":"Coleco Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleco_Adam"},{"link_name":"ColecoVision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ColecoVision"},{"link_name":"Geneve 9640","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneve_9640"},{"link_name":"IBM PCjr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PCjr"},{"link_name":"Memotech MTX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memotech_MTX"},{"link_name":"Neo Geo Pocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo_Geo_Pocket"},{"link_name":"Neo Geo Pocket Color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo_Geo_Pocket_Color"},{"link_name":"Game Gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Gear"},{"link_name":"Sega Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_Genesis"},{"link_name":"Master System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_System"},{"link_name":"Sega Pico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_Pico"},{"link_name":"SG-1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SG-1000"},{"link_name":"Sharp MZ-800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_MZ-80K"},{"link_name":"Sord M5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sord_M5"},{"link_name":"Tandy 1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandy_1000"},{"link_name":"Lo-Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141027143240/http://www.lo-tech.co.uk:80/wiki/Main_Page"},{"link_name":"Tandy Soundboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180102191247/https://www.lo-tech.co.uk/wiki/Lo-tech_Tandy_Compatible_Sound_Adapter"},{"link_name":"TI-99/4A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TI-99/4A"},{"link_name":"Tomy Tutor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomy_Tutor"},{"link_name":"Toshiba Pasopia 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba_Pasopia_7"},{"link_name":"VTech CreatiVision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VTech_CreatiVision"}],"sub_title":"Home hardware","text":"ALF's Music Card MC1 – Apple II add-on card, used three chips for a total of nine voices plus noise\nBandai RX-78\nBBC Master\nBBC Micro\nColeco Adam\nColecoVision – used the SN76489AN\nGeneve 9640\nIBM PCjr – used the SN76489AN\nMemotech MTX\nNeo Geo Pocket\nNeo Geo Pocket Color - used a T6W28 SN76489-like clone that supports stereo output\nSega Game Gear – used a clone integrated into its VDP that has an additional speaker-output register for simple stereo support\nSega Genesis – used a clone, SEGA PSG, integrated into its VDP as a secondary sound chip\nSega Master System – used a clone, SEGA PSG, integrated into its VDP\nSega Pico\nSega SG-1000 – used the SN76489AN\nSharp MZ-800 – used the SN76489AN\nSord M5\nTandy 1000 – early systems used SN76496 or NCR 8496, later systems integrated into PSSJ ASIC\nSN76489 ISA Soundboard – Hobbyist Soundcard for IBM XT/PC\nLo-Tech Tandy Soundboard – Prototype Soundcard for IBM XT/PC\nTI-99/4A – used the original TMS9919\nTomy Tutor\nToshiba Pasopia 7\nVTech CreatiVision","title":"Usage"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/SN76489_01.jpg/200px-SN76489_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pinout of the standard Texas Instruments SN76489 chip. The packaging is a standard 16-pin DIP.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/TI_SN76489_pinout.svg/200px-TI_SN76489_pinout.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Engineering staff of Texas Instruments Semiconductor Group. \"SN 76489 AN\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://ftp.whtech.com/datasheets%20and%20manuals/Datasheets%20-%20TI/SN76489.pdf","url_text":"\"SN 76489 AN\""}]},{"reference":"SN76489AN - Manual (PDF). Texas Instruments.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vgmpf.com/Wiki/images/7/78/SN76489AN_-_Manual.pdf","url_text":"SN76489AN - Manual"}]},{"reference":"\"SN76494, SN76494A, SN76496, SN76496A programmable tone/noise generator\" (PDF). Texas Instruments. 1989 [1984].","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ic-on-line.cn/view_download.php?id=1106623&file=0054\\sn76494_409323.pdf","url_text":"\"SN76494, SN76494A, SN76496, SN76496A programmable tone/noise generator\""}]},{"reference":"Maxim (April 27, 2005). \"SN76489 notes\". SMS Power!. Archived from the original on May 17, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060517025848/http://www.smspower.org/maxim/docs/SN76489.txt","url_text":"\"SN76489 notes\""},{"url":"http://www.smspower.org/maxim/docs/SN76489.txt","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141027143240/http://www.lo-tech.co.uk:80/wiki/Main_Page","external_links_name":"Lo-Tech"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180102191247/https://www.lo-tech.co.uk/wiki/Lo-tech_Tandy_Compatible_Sound_Adapter","external_links_name":"Tandy Soundboard"},{"Link":"https://ftp.whtech.com/datasheets%20and%20manuals/Datasheets%20-%20TI/SN76489.pdf","external_links_name":"\"SN 76489 AN\""},{"Link":"http://www.vgmpf.com/Wiki/images/7/78/SN76489AN_-_Manual.pdf","external_links_name":"SN76489AN - Manual"},{"Link":"http://www.ic-on-line.cn/view_download.php?id=1106623&file=0054\\sn76494_409323.pdf","external_links_name":"\"SN76494, SN76494A, SN76496, SN76496A programmable tone/noise generator\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060517025848/http://www.smspower.org/maxim/docs/SN76489.txt","external_links_name":"\"SN76489 notes\""},{"Link":"http://www.smspower.org/maxim/docs/SN76489.txt","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.zeridajh.org/articles/various/sn76489/index.htm","external_links_name":"SN76489 Sound Chip Details"},{"Link":"http://www.vgmpf.com/Wiki/index.php?title=SN76489","external_links_name":"SN76489 on the Video Game Music Preservation Foundation wiki"},{"Link":"http://www.smspower.org/Development/SN76489","external_links_name":"SN76489 on SMSPower.org"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joker_(soundtrack)
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Joker (soundtrack)
|
["1 Background","2 Original score","2.1 Research","2.2 Composition","2.3 Recording","3 Release","4 Track listing","4.1 CD version","4.2 Songs from Live! With Murray Franklin","4.3 Film music not included on the album","5 Personnel credits","6 Charts","6.1 Album","6.2 Singles","7 Reception","7.1 Immediate reception","7.2 Critical reception","7.3 Accolades","8 References"]
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2019 soundtrack album by Hildur GuðnadóttirJoker: Original Motion Picture SoundtrackSoundtrack album by Hildur GuðnadóttirReleasedOctober 4, 2019RecordedJune 2019StudioDowntown Music (New York City, New York) The DiMenna Center (New York City, New York)Genre
Orchestral
contemporary classical
minimal
ambient
dark ambient
film score
Length36:26LabelWaterTowerProducer
Hildur Guðnadóttir
Sam Slater
Hildur Guðnadóttir chronology
Chernobyl: Music from the Original TV Series(2019)
Joker: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack(2019)
Tár (Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture)(2022)
Joker: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the original soundtrack album to the 2019 film Joker, based on the DC Comics character of the same name, starring Joaquin Phoenix, Robert De Niro, Zazie Beetz, and Frances Conroy. The record consists of seventeen tracks from a film score written and composed by Hildur Guðnadóttir which received critical acclaim from the film industry. Hildur's score was released digitally by WaterTower Music on September 27, 2019, with a vinyl edition later released on December 13.
After reading the film's script, Hildur was asked by director Todd Phillips to write some music based on her feelings of the Joker screenplay, which she was inspired to do so as it resonated with her. She sent Phillips a sample of her composition which included melodies that were very simplistic and monotonic as a means of conflating the film's gritty tone with that of protagonist Arthur Fleck. Hildur then attempted to expand - within that simplicity - the orchestration around Phoenix's character without chords or complicated music, but instead with a texture she that felt resonated with the melancholia of the character.
The score for Joker won numerous awards, including the Premio Soundtrack Stars Award at the 76th Venice International Film Festival, a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score, a BAFTA Award for Best Original Music, and an Academy Award for Best Original Score.
Background
Todd Phillips signed on to direct the film Joker for Warner Bros. in August 2017, and insisted to bring on Hildur Guðnadóttir to work on Joker after he heard her score for Sicario: Day of the Soldado (2018), of which he thought was beautiful. Hildur was later announced as the composer of Joker. To interpret the many themes explored throughout Joker, director Phillips very early on turned to Guðnadóttir: " was writing music as far back as pre-production. I was sending her script pages and she was writing music before we even shot ". Hildur was very curious of Phillips' take on the Joker's origin story, wherein Phillips then sent her the screenplay, to which he stated: "It was just an interesting and deep character study and it's a very fascinating character that we didn't have any idea about". She described her work with Phillips as "a really beautiful process", in that Phillips was curious to hear what she thought the story sounded like; asking her to compose based on her feelings of the script, to which she said: "It can sometimes take awhile to get on the same page when you’re working on a project, but this time we were just in such strong agreement from the very first. It was a really lovely, straightforward, non-violent dialogue".
Original score
Research
Unlike her previous collaborations, Hildur began composing Arthur's theme during the pre-production of Joker, with Phillips initially hiring her simply to come back to him with some ideas rather than a full score. Phillips asked if she was interested in writing some music just based on her feelings of the script: "He didn’t really give me any instruction, as such, he was just curious to hear what I felt". In an interview with Deadline Hollywood, Hildur remarked that the script resonated with her and that Phillips believed she captured the atmosphere of Joker, based on the sample she sent him. She was struct by the "multi-dimensional simplicity, so openhearted and childlike" characteristics of Phoenix's Arthur, thus attempted to expand within that simplicity the orchestration around it, not with chords or any complicated music, but instead: " with texture that I felt resonated with the melancholia of his character". Her composition of Joker features the cello as the centerpiece of the score, leading the very string-based melodies. Hildur revealed there is often a whole symphony orchestra of 90 musicians playing the same thing; highlighting the importance of such a thing being hidden behind the cello, in which she felt Arthur is mirrored in a similar fashion: "There are many layers of complication behind , but he doesn't see it". She also added that: "I thought orchestrating it that way, so that instruments are not always audible, you will think you’re just listening to one cello but, like Arthur, there are layers behind it".
Hildur said that her score was going to be "completely different" than other scores from her. She began work on Joker concurrently with that of Chernobyl (2019), in which she took a more traditional, instrumental approach in its composition: "I got a lot of space from , who was quite brave with a lot of the decisions that he allowed me to go wild with". She spoke of emphasising with Arthur and highlighted the music's attempt to connect with his inner personal word, adding that: " the main theme came before performance and it played a big part in informing his performance. It’s definitely more lyrical and musical than Chernobyl". Hildur was able to introduce her music during film production and brought a piece to Phoenix a few weeks into filming as a means of inspiring his work in a pivotal scene. Director Phillips spoke of how Phoenix and he were at a standstill on set - unable to figure out a particular scene - though referred to Hildur, by which he spoke: " but then I remembered I’d just gotten this great piece of music from that I'd been listening to the night before. I played it for him, he loved it, and he just started doing this slow dance to it, and out of nowhere this gracefulness comes out of Arthur ". Phoenix attested that her score was very effective, whilst adding the preparation was in studying movement and dance during rehearsals, but what came out of that piece of score was a turning point for understanding Arthur.
In going back and forth between Chernobyl and Joker, Hildur remarked that it wasn't an easy process due to the differences in tonality, worlds, and structure of the two pieces, whilst noting that Joker is the most "classical" score she's written, as it's very melodic, and follows a film score structure with the development of themes repeatedly. She acknowledged that she wished to keep elements of old school scoring - as how the film was, hence the thematic approach; she also spoke of being careful not to be influenced by any of the Joker's previous appearances or the music that followed him, feeling a greater creative freedom when steering clear of outside influences. Additionally, Hildur spoke of feeling there was greater room to work both thematically and imaginatively, based on the fact Joker was fiction, in which she added: "It was more an emotional and, above all, surprising search for the character, someone with whom everyone in my generation grew up, but whose motives are unknown to anyone. And this version was surprising for everyone".
Composition
Phillips' Joker allowed for Hildur's imagination to "run wild a bit more", in that she decided to write something orchestra-led, though this time it was the process that was unconventional. Her compositions resonated with him, which resulted in him shooting a lot of material: " I think, to the music I had already written . That was really wonderful because the music and the film have really grown together as one whole". After reading and responding to the script, Hildur wrote a tender, melancholy requiem to which she channeled Phoenix's Arthur, wherein she stated that: "I sat down with the cello to kind of just find my way into his voice and into his head And I'm just like kind of holding onto this feeling that I had after reading the script. As soon as I played those first notes, it really hit me in the chest somehow, and it was a really strong, physical reaction that I got. And I was like, yes, this is it".
The score is led by the cello, yet - according to Hildur - the music feels surprisingly symphonic, as the cello is carried by a hundred-piece orchestra throughout the film. She wanted this feeling of energy to be coming from behind him, like a feeling of his past he doesn't know about, yet is still influencing him: "So the orchestra is kept in the background in the beginning of the score as Arthur realizes more and more about his past, the orchestra steps forward. It becomes more and more aggressive as the score gets bigger and bigger". She spoke of sitting down with her cello and attempting to find her way into Arthur's voice and into his head, eventually doing so: " it was a really strong, physical reaction that I got. And I was like, yes, this is it". Because Hildur started composing for Joker so early, her music influenced other aspects of the productions, including the acting and cinematography, to which she later states: "It's a huge luxury and much more creative Of course, it’s a much longer process – I worked on the Joker for a year and a half – but it gives you the opportunity to create a more holistic work of art".
Director Phillips decided to play Hildur's music on set during a pivotal scene. Cinematographer Lawrence Sher revealed that an entirely different scene was meant to be shot: " It was much more like a movie scene. It had to do with him coming in, digesting this thing that just happened, what he'd just done. He was going to hide a weapon. much more conventional". Phillips changed his mind - playing Hildur's composition over each and every take, in which Phoenix's Arthur starts his metamorphosis dance, by which Sher added: "The score was such an instrumental part, not just to Joaquin's performance, but to the camera operating, to the sort of energy in the room, and to make that scene really come alive". She also stated that Phoenix had an earpiece that fed her music to him so he could shape his performance from the music right on the spot. Hildur gave her assessment of the scene's power, revealing that piece was actually the first one written for the film, in which she remarked: "It was the very first piece of music I wrote, and that piece, it was the strongest, most physical reaction I had to the story What is doing in the scene, it was coming from exactly the same place". In relation to the cello, Hildur continued: "Of course, I grew up with the instrument and have a very strong physical and emotional connection to it. Having that as a starting point, I had what was almost like an electric shock when I found his theme".
Phillips spoke of how Phoenix just started to dance to Hildur's music, while adding: "It was just me and him alone in the bathroom, there's 250 people on the crew waiting outside. He just starts doing this dance, and we both kind of look at each other and said "ok, that's the scene". Phoenix, on the genesis of Bathroom Dance, highlighted Hildur's music: " started playing this cello music, and it was really effective. I said, 'So, maybe there’s a movement', and he said, 'Well, I would start on your foot—that's your move'. That's all he said and all we had. The preparation was in studying movement and dance during rehearsals, but what came out of that piece of score was a turning point for the character, and for me and working together and understanding Arthur". Phillips - when first discussing the themes of Joker with Phoenix - mentioned that this version of the iconic villain was "one of those people that has music in him". In regards to the musical treatment she had crafted, Hildur made mention of how it was a large part of the process of how the film grew, as it was played both on set and for Phoenix to listen to in-ear, with the composer stating: "The music seemed to affect his movements and his acting, as well as the pacing. This was a very inspiring and fun approach to take because then you get to work together, creating the musical world of the film in tandem".
Recording
Hildur wished to expand simple and monotonic melodies within the orchestration around Joker's evolution not with chords or any complicated music, but instead with texture that she felt resonated with the melancholia of this Arthur. She described her reaction to Arthur's metamorphosis dance as being similar to when she found his notes and tonality, whilst adding that the theme - Bathroom Dance was performed on an electric cello instrument called the halldorophone, which Hildur helped develop: "It's a feedback instrument A lot of the electronic sounds that you hear in the score, it's all performed live, and it's all coming from that instrument and the connection with the amplifiers". Additionally, she also coined the concept that the orchestra would represent the madness building inside Arthur's mind: "The very beginning piece, you almost only hear the cello As we get further into the movie, the orchestra gets louder and louder, and then it kind of suffocates the cello. It's almost like the empathy that we have for his character is led by the cello, and then his darker side, his inner turmoil, is the orchestra almost inaudible, and then just slowly takes over as we get further in".
She slowly built the orchestration around the cello, having it faintly linger in the background like a ghost before coming to the forefront as the Joker persona takes command, at the DiMenna Center for one week with initially 36 musicians, thereafter recording with 72 musicians. The percussion started off slowly in a two-note and then strengthens, from Hildur's words: " pounding like his heartbeat. So I couldn't use any cool, complicated beats. This was really simple and to the point and then it gets louder and louder". Whilst recording the orchestra, Hildur felt the energy of the room being very tense and wired. She spoke of the musicians having to play so quietly, thus through a lot of the recording, one could hear very delicate sounds almost inaudible, in which she states: "You'd have 100 people, like, holding their breaths while they played It was incredible, incredible. The energy of a performance or music is so much more important than the music being perfectly played or refined. Even though you don’t hear 100 people holding their breaths, there's so much invisible energy that goes into the recording that it is very present It's kind of the magic of music: all these invisible things you can’t pinpoint or know". Hildur concluded that she wished for the final act to be big, grand and cinematic, in which she felt Arthur needed this grand exit out of the film - including variations on the themes that have been going on throughout the film. She made mention of the 100-piece orchestra, and that many people don't realise the orchestra had been playing throughout the whole film, even in the beginning: "You mostly hear one cello playing when he’s by the bins with the kids, but it’s actually a whole orchestra playing behind the cello. It’s mixed in a way that you hear the ghost presence of the orchestra". Murray spoke of his collaboration with director Phillips and film editor Jeff Groth, how they used effects in conjunction with composer Hildur Guðnadóttir's score to enhance the tension in the film, and how Foley, field recordings, and loop group added distinctive texture to the soundtrack.
Release
WaterTower Music released the official soundtrack album for Joker, as a digital download on September 27, 2019. They later released a picture disc and coloured vinyl editions of the soundtrack on December 13. The purple disc sports the character's signature color and the second features a picture disc which showcases Joaquin Phoenix in his full clown makeup. On the day of the album's launch, Hildur posted of the release on Twitter, in which she remarked: "Internet world, it's out!! After living with Joker for over a year and half, his music is finally ready come out and meet you! From the bottom of my heart I´d like to thank everyone who lent their talents to this music, It takes a village to complete a project of this size!"
Track listing
CD version
All tracks are written by Hildur GuðnadóttirNo.TitleLength1."Hoyt's Office"1:242."Defeated Clown"2:393."Following Sophie"1:334."Penny in the Hospital"1:185."Young Penny"2:016."Meeting Bruce Wayne"4:357."Hiding in the Fridge"1:238."A Bad Comedian"1:289."Arthur Comes to Sophie"1:3910."Looking for Answers"0:5111."Penny Taken to the Hospital"1:4912."Subway"3:3313."Bathroom Dance"2:0814."Learning How to Act Normal"1:1715."Confession"1:2916."Escape from the Train"2:3117."Call Me Joker"4:48Total length:36:26
Songs from Live! With Murray Franklin
All tracks are performed by Ellis Drane and His Jazz Orchestra.
Disc 1No.TitleLength1."The Live! with Murray Franklin Theme" (Judson Crane, Mark Hollingsworth, Bill O'Connell)0:512."If You're Happy and You Know It" (Joe Raposo feat: Chaim Tenenbaum)1:233."That's Life " (Kelly Gordon and Dean K. Thompson)2:494."Smile " (Charlie Chaplin, Geoffrey Parsons, James Turner)0:33Total length:4:56
Film music not included on the album
#
Title
Performer(s)/Writer(s)
Key Scenes/Notes
Ref.
1
"Send In the Clowns"
Frank Sinatra
The three Wayne Enterprise businessmen sing this song on the subway, and Frank Sinatra's rendition plays over Joker's end credits.
2
"Everybody Plays the Fool"
The Main Ingredient
Randall lends Arthur his gun at work.
3
"If You're Happy and You Know It"
Chaim Tenenbaum
Arthur entertains the children at the hospital.
4
"Here Comes the King"
Steve Karmen
Playing on the TV when Arthur arrives home.
5
"Slap That Bass"
Fred Astaire
The film Shall We Dance (1937) is playing on TV as Arthur toys with the gun.
6
"My Name Is Carnival"
Jackson C. Frank
Arthur packs his things from work as he tells the co-workers that the gun belongs to Randall.
7
"Rooftop"
Hildur Guðnadóttir and Jóhann Jóhannsson from Mary Magdalene (2018)
Arthur sees himself in Murray's audience.
8
"The Moon Is A Silver Dollar"
Lawrence Welk and His Orchestra
Arthur walks back to his apartment after meeting Sophie, and continues playing on the radio as Arthur washes Penny in the bathtub.
9
"Temptation Rag"
Claude Bolling
A man plays this song on the piano on the streets as Arthur twirls the sign.
10
"Smile"
Jimmy Durante
After Arthur's first performance as a stand up comedian.
11
"That's Life"
Frank Sinatra
Plays while Arthur is dying his hair that iconic shade of green, and appears when Arthur runs down the halls of Arkham.
12
"Rock and Roll Part 2"
Gary Glitter
Heard as Arthur, in his full Joker ensemble, struts and dances down a large staircase on his way to make his late night debut.
13
"Spanish Flea"
Ray Davies and His Button Down Brass
The composition plays with the Indian-head test pattern when the broadcast of the Murray Franklin Show gets taken off air.
14
"White Room"
Cream
Joker is taken by the police's car and driven on the city streets, before the car crash, where he is rescued by the mob.
15
"Murray's Theme"
Judson Crane and Mark S. Hollingsworth
Murray Franklin enters the scene, live on television.
16
"Murray's Late Night"
Bill O'Connell
The theme for Murray Franklin's late night show.
An edited version of The Guess Who's "Laughing" in an Instagram post by film director Todd Phillips as foreground music of a camera test for Joker, which offered the first look of Phoenix in makeup.
Personnel credits
Credits adapted from CD liner notes.
All music composed by Hildur Guðnadóttir
Producers: Hildur Guðnadóttir, Sam Slater
Executive album producer: Todd Phillips
Executive in charge of music for Warner Bros. Pictures: Niki Sherrod
Executive in charge of WaterTower Music: Jason Linn
Music supervisors: Randall Poster, George Drakoulias
Additional production: Gunnar Tynes
Additional arrangements: Þórarinn Guðnason
Executive score producer: Jason Ruder
Music business affairs executive: Ray Gonzalez
Art direction: Sandeep Sriram
Soundtrack coordinator: Linda Christie
Orchestrators: Andrew Kinney, Phillip Klein, Carl Rydlund
Orchestra conducted by Jeff Atmajian
Score recorded at The DiMenna Center
Score mixed by Daniel Kresco
Assistant engineer: Jeff Citron
Nate "NV" Eaton studio assistant: Juan Simon Fernández
Transcription by Black Ribbon Pro
Score mixed at Downtown Music, New York City, New York
Berlin assistants: Rick Vincent Will, Henrik Havelka
New York recording engineers: Alex Vengeur, Tim Machiafava
New York recording engineer: Alex Vengeur, Tim Machiafava, Neal Shaw, Matt Soares, Brandon Chevere
New York assistant engineers: Neal Shaw, Matt Soares, Brandon Chevere, Carlos Mora, Phil Weinrobe
Featured instrumentalists
Halldorophone: Hildur Guðnadóttir
Voice: Hildur Guðnadóttir
Cello: Hildur Guðnadóttir
Percussion: Hildur Guðnadóttir
Musical Sound Design: Sam Slater
Percussion: Sam Slater
Programming: Sam Slater
Additional musical sound design: Gunnar Tynes
Synths: Gunnar Tynes
Programming: Gunnar Tynes
Additional musical sound design: Þórarinn Guðnason
Viola: Viktor Orri Árnason
Violin: Viktor Orri Árnason
Viola: Eyvind Kang
Violin: Eyvind Kang
Cello: Clarice Jenson
Double bass: Yair Elazar Glotman
Double bass: Miller Wrenn
Percussion: Ólafur Björn Ólafsson
Polyend: Simon Goff, Antonio Pulli:
Woodwind
Flute: Diva Goodfriend, Mindy Kaufman, Kathleen Nester, Tara Helen O'Connor, Tanya Witek
Clarinet: Liam Burke, David Gould, Bohdan Hilash, Dean LeBlanc, Pavel Vinnitsky
Bassoon: Gil DeJean, Billy Hestand, Harrison Miller, Damian Primis, Mark Romatz, Dan Shelly
Horn: Barbara Jöstlein, Will de Vos, Javier Gandara, Brad Gemeinhardt, Kyle Hoyt, Aaron Korn, Jenny Ney, Theo Primis, Erik Ralske, Anne Scharer, Leelanee Sterrett, Dan Wions, Chad Yarbrough
Strings
Violin: Peter Bahng, Tallie Brunfelt, Kelly Cho, Julia Choi, Daniel Constant, Monica Davis, Katherine Fong, Laura Frautschi, Margaret Gould, Kristi Helberg, Ming Hsin, Nanae Iwata, Dasol Jeong, Amy Kauffman, Sarah Kenner, Lisa Kim, Lisa G. Kim, Krzysztof Kuznik, Lisa Lee, Ann Lehmann, Francis Liu, Kuan Cheng Lu, Joanna Maurer, Yuri Namkung, Suzanne Ornstein, Cecee Pantikian, Jessica Park, Ragga Petursdottir, Annaliesa Place, Emily Popham, Sarah Pratt, Wen Qian, Derek Ratzenboeck, Theresa Salomon, Gabriel Schaff, Cathy Sim, David Southorn, Na Sun, Emma Sutton, Henry Wang, Savion Washington, Sharon Yamada, Jung Sun Yoo, Robin Zeh
Viola: Matthew Beaugé, Caleb Burhans, Junah Chung, Desiree Elsevier, Danielle Farina, Nikki Federman, Will Frampton, Mary Hammann, Celia Hatton, Hung-Wei Huang, Conway Kuo, Natalia Lipkina, Todd Low, Jessica Meyer, Ken Mirkin, Nick Revel, Dov Scheindlin, Alissa Smith, Arnie Tanimoto, Jessica Troy
Cello: Robert Burkhart, Gabriel Cabezas, Amanda Gookin, Clarice Jensen, Ana Kim, Christine Kim, Maureen McDermott, Joel Noyes, Sarah Seiver, Sophie Shao, Aaron Stokes, Caitlin Sullivan, Wendy Sutter, Oliver Weston, Allen Whear
Bass: Gregg August, David Grossman, Lou Kosma, Daniel Krekeler, Jeremy McCoy, Satoshi Okamoto, John Patitucci, Troy Rinker, Dave Romano, Rion Wentworth
Brass
Bass trombone: Marco Gomez, Kyle Mendiguchia
Trombone: Demian Austin, Richard Harris, Sasha Romero, Brian Santero
Tuba: Andy Bove
Special acknowledgement
Peter Axelrad, Maria Belli, Paul Broucek, Rocco Carrozza, Vincenzo De La Rosa, Joe Kara, Kevin Kertes, Katie Lambert, Genevieve Morris, Ari Taitz, Robert Zick
Charts
Album
Chart (2019–2020)
Peakposition
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)
124
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)
125
French Albums (SNEP)
168
Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)
79
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)
23
UK Independent Albums (OCC)
45
UK Soundtrack Albums (OCC)
11
UK Independent Album Breakers (OCC)
11
US Soundtrack Albums (Billboard)
19
US Top Independent Albums (Billboard)
41
US Top Current Albums (Billboard)
98
Singles
Year
Song
Peakposition
2019
"Bathroom Dance" (Scala)(Hildur Guðnadóttir)
1
"Call Me Joker" (Scala)(Hildur Guðnadóttir)
2
"Penny in the Hospital" (Classic FM)(Hildur Guðnadóttir)
1
Reception
Immediate reception
The score was widely admired and thought of as a contender for the Academy Award for Best Original Score at the 92nd Academy Awards, with Warner Bros. releasing Guðnadóttir's score as part of the For Your Consideration campaign aimed towards members of awards voting groups such as that of the Academy Awards, and the Hollywood Foreign Press of the Golden Globes.
Critical reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingFilmtracksMovie Music UKSci-Fi Bulletin10/10Joshua Valour8/10The Film Magazine10/10
The score received critical acclaim. Mark Kermode of The Observer spoke highly of Joker's score, stating that " Guðnadóttir's brilliantly brooding score seems to throb up from the pavements of these mean streets, full of ominous low strings and prowling bass growls – doom-laden voices prophesying war". David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter wrote that "all this is rendered even darker by the disquietingly melancholy mood of Hildur Gudnadóttir's brooding orchestral score, which cranks up into thunderous drama as the chaos escalates". Kyle Smith of The National Review described the score as "spectacular". Kayleigh Donaldson of Syfy described Gudnadóttir's score as "beautifully haunting", whilst remarking: " such a refreshing change from the frequently derivative music heard in comic book movies". Terri White of Empire wrote: "Mention must be made of Joker's cello score by — mournful, dark and fractured " The Economic Times commented that "accompanying the visuals is an amazing sound design, Hildur Guðnadóttir's soulful background score and powerful music pieces".
Antonio Morales of The Santa Barbara Independent spoke highly of the score, to which he remarked: "The music score complements the immense levels of suspense, paralleling the deterioration of Fleck's well-being". Adam Chitwood of Collider praised the score: " original score is haunting, beautiful, and at times downright terrifying—it’s one of the best of the year".
John Lewis of The Guardian wrote: "The soundtrack for the film Joker is a fine showcase for Icelandic composer . While not as formally innovative as her claustrophobic score to HBO's Chernobyl (which cleverly manipulated ambient noises that she recorded in a derelict power plant), this terrifying collection works as unorthodox cello concerto, the growling cello set against Bollywood-style slurring violins and dissonant vocals". James Morton of Impact wrote: "The score by is reminiscent of Jocelyn Pook's music for Kubrick's Eyes Wide Shut (1999), though deeper and slower burning. Both films involve a form of altered reality: dreaming and psychosis". Jerilyn Jordan of Metro Times wrote: " Phoenix's performance could not function without cellist and composer indelible score, which presents itself immediately as one of the movie's most important characters and does a great deal of heavy lifting in terms of telling the real story behind Phoenix’s gaze".
For Film Ireland, Michael Lee stated: " all this is elevated by Hildur Guonadottir's menacing score, which seemingly ignites the embers raging within Arthur's heart". At The East Bay Express, Kelly Vance described Guðnadóttir's composition as a " hypnotically evocative music score". Critic James Verniere for The Boston Herald wrote: "The film's plaintive music by , another departure from usual, is a huge part of the impact of Joker". André Hereford at Metro Weekly stated that "there isn't a bum performance in the movie, and composer Guðnadóttir's strings-laden score sounds especially attuned to every one of them. There's even a mini-theme for Gotham's billionaire industrialist, and potential mayoral candidate, Thomas Wayne, father of Bruce". Chuck Koplinski at Illinois Times praised Phillips' usage of Guðnadóttir's "thunderous score", allowing it to underscore the obvious betokens no great faith in the audience's ability to keep up.
Accolades
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref.
Academy Awards
February 9, 2020
Best Original Score
Hildur Guðnadóttir
Won
British Academy Film Awards
February 2, 2020
Best Original Score
Hildur Guðnadóttir
Won
Critics' Choice Movie Awards
January 12, 2020
Best Score
Hildur Guðnadóttir
Won
Florida Film Critics Circle
December 23, 2019
Best Score
Hildur Guðnadóttir
Nominated
Georgia Film Critics Association
January 10, 2020
Best Original Score
Hildur Guðnadóttir
Nominated
Gold Derby Awards
February 4, 2020
Best Score
Hildur Guðnadóttir
Won
Golden Globe Awards
January 5, 2020
Best Original Score
Hildur Guðnadóttir
Won
Grammy Award
March 14, 2021
Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media
Hildur Guðnadóttir
Won
Best Arrangement, Instrumental or A Cappella
Hildur Guðnadóttir (for "Bathroom Dance")
Nominated
Hollywood Critics Association
January 9, 2020
Best Original Score
Hildur Guðnadóttir
Won
Hollywood Music in Media Awards
November 20, 2019
Best Score in a Feature Film
Hildur Guðnadóttir
Won
Houston Film Critics Society
January 2, 2020
Best Original Score
Hildur Guðnadóttir
Nominated
International Film Music Critics Association
February 20, 2020
Film Score of the Year
Joker
Nominated
Film Composer of the Year
Hildur Guðnadóttir
Nominated
Best Original Score for a Drama Film
Joker
Nominated
Film Music Composition of the Year
Call Me Joker
Nominated
Online Film Critics Society
January 6, 2020
Best Original Score
Hildur Guðnadóttir
Nominated
San Diego Film Critics Society
December 9, 2019
Best Use of Music
Hildur Guðnadóttir
Nominated
San Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle
December 16, 2019
Best Original Score
Hildur Guðnadóttir
Nominated
Satellite Awards
December 19, 2019
Best Original Score
Hildur Guðnadóttir
Won
Seattle Film Critics Society
December 16, 2019
Best Original Score
Hildur Guðnadóttir
Nominated
Venice Film Festival
September 7, 2019
Premio Soundtrack Stars Award
Hildur Guðnadóttir
Won
Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association
December 8, 2019
Best Score
Hildur Guðnadóttir
Nominated
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^ Broxton, Jonathan (September 29, 2019). "JOKER – Hildur Guðnadóttir". Movie Music UK. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
^ Joy, Nick (September 25, 2019). "Review: Joker: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack". Sci-Fi Bulletin. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
^ Valour, Joshua (September 28, 2019). "JOKER Soundtrack Review". Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved October 20, 2019 – via YouTube.
^ Wade, Joseph (September 27, 2019). "Joker (2019) Review". The Film Magazine. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
^ Just a few examples of critical acclaim for Joker: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack:
Hudson, Matt (October 7, 2019). "Joker". What I Watched Tonight. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
Mayward, Joel (October 6, 2019). "Joker". Cinemayward. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
Lucas, Matthew (October 6, 2019). "Review Joker 2019". From the Front Row. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
Ksiazek, Sarah (October 6, 2019). "FILM REVIEW – JOKER (2019)". The MacGuffin. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
Kisner, Michelle (October 3, 2019). "Cinematic Releases: Now They Know I Exist: Joker (2019) - Reviewed". The Movie Sleuth. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
^ Kermode, Mark (October 6, 2019). "Joker review – an ace turn from Joaquin Phoenix". The Observer. Archived from the original on October 6, 2019. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
^ Rooney, David (August 31, 2019). "'Joker': Film Review Venice 2019". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
^ Smith, Kyle (October 3, 2019). "Joker: The Most Unsettling of All Comic-Book Movies". The National Review. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
^ Donaldson, Kayleigh (September 19, 2019). "JOKER ISN'T INCEL BAIT, BUT THERE'S STILL A LOT WE NEED TO TALK ABOUT". Syfy. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
^ White, Terri (September 30, 2019). "Joker Review". Empire. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
^ The Economic Times Editors (October 7, 2019). "'Joker' review: A film that is intense, stirring and unnerving all at once". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2019. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ Morales, Antonio (October 10, 2019). "Review: 'Joker' is Jarring and Introspective". The Santa Barbara Independent. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
^ Chitwood, Adam (September 10, 2019). "Oscar Beat: 'Joker' Launches Joaquin Phoenix into the Awards Race". Collider. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved October 12, 2019.
^ Lewis, John (October 11, 2019). "Alice Zawadzki: Within You Is a World of Spring review – vivid blend of Schubert, Spain and Stevie Wonder". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
^ Morton, James (October 11, 2019). "FILM REVIEW: JOKER". Impact. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
^ Jordan, Jerilyn (October 4, 2019). "'Joker' is a forced laugh in the dark". Metro Times. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
^ Lee, Michael (October 4, 2019). "Review: Joker". Film Ireland. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
^ Vance, Kelly (October 1, 2019). "Phoenix Rising". The East Bay Express. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
^ Vance, Kelly (October 4, 2019). "'Joker's a wild, dark ride". The East Bay Express. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
^ Hereford, André (October 3, 2019). "Film Review: 'Joker' offers a terrifying version of Batman's nemesis". Metro Weekly. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
^ Koplinski, Chuck (October 3, 2019). "Thoughtful, flawed Joker a cry for mental health reform". Illinois Times. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
^ Barnes, Brooks (January 13, 2020). "Oscar Nominations 2020: 'Joker' and 'Irishman' Lead the Nominees". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 14, 2020. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
^ Pedersen, Erik (February 9, 2020). "Oscars: 'Parasite' Wins Best Picture – The Complete Winners List". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on October 27, 2020. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
^ Ritman, Alex (January 6, 2020). "BAFTA Nominations: 'Joker' Leads the Pack". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on January 7, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
^ Hipes, Patrick (February 2, 2020). "BAFTA Awards: '1917' Takes Best Film And Leads Way With Seven Wins – The Complete Winners List". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
^ Hammond, Pete (December 8, 2019). "'The Irishman','Once Upon A Time In Hollywood' Lead Critics Choice Nominations; Netflix Dominates With 61 Nods In Movies And TV". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on December 8, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
^ Ramos, Dino-Ray (January 12, 2020). "Critics' Choice Awards: 'Once Upon A Time In Hollywood' Wins Best Picture, Netflix And HBO Among Top Honorees – Full Winners List". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on February 16, 2020. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
^ Neglia, Matt (December 19, 2019). "The 2019 Florida Film Critics Circle (FFCC) Nominations". Next Best Picture. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
^ Jorgenson, Todd (January 3, 2020). "The 2019 Georgia Film Critics Association (GFCA) Nominations". Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association. Archived from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
^ Georgia Film Critics Association Editors (January 10, 2020). "2019 Awards". Georgia Film Critics Association. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2020. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ Montgomery, Daniel (January 21, 2020). "2020 Gold Derby Film Awards nominations: 'Parasite' and 'Once Upon a Time in Hollywood' lead with 11". Gold Derby Awards. Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
^ Montgomery, Daniel (February 4, 2020). "2020 Gold Derby Film Awards: 'Parasite' wins 6 including Best Picture, Joaquin Phoenix and Lupita Nyong'o take lead prizes". Gold Derby Awards. Archived from the original on February 4, 2020. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
^ Variety Editors (December 9, 2019). "2020 Golden Globe Nominations: The Complete List". Variety. Archived from the original on December 9, 2019. Retrieved December 8, 2019. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ Stolworthy, Jacob (January 6, 2020). "Golden Globes 2020 winners: The full list". The Independent. Archived from the original on October 27, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
^ Willman, Chris (November 24, 2020). "Grammy Awards Nominations 2021: The Complete List". Variety. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
^ Sandoval, Michael (November 25, 2019). "Hollywood Critics Association Award Nominations Released". Muse TV. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
^ Variety Editors (January 9, 2020). "'1917' Wins Best Picture at 3rd Annual Hollywood Critics Association Awards". Variety. Archived from the original on January 10, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2020. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ "2019 HMMA Winners". Hollywood Music in Media Awards. November 20, 2019. Archived from the original on November 18, 2018. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
^ Houston Film Critics Society Editors (January 2, 2020). "The 2019 Houston Film Critics Society (HFCS) Winners". Next Best Picture. Archived from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved January 3, 2020. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ International Film Music Critics Association Editors (February 20, 2020). "IFMCA Award Winners 2019". International Film Music Critics Association. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020. Retrieved February 20, 2019. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ Neglia, Matt (December 23, 2019). "The 2019 Online Film Critics Society (OFCS) Nominations". Next Best Picture. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
^ Patterson, Adam (January 6, 2020). "The Online Film Critics Society (OFCS) Announces 2019 Award Winners". Film Pulse. Archived from the original on January 8, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2020.
^ San Diego Film Critics Society Editors (December 9, 2019). "2019 San Diego Film Critics Society's Awards". San Diego Film Critics Society. Archived from the original on December 9, 2019. Retrieved December 9, 2019. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ San Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle Editors (December 13, 2019). "SFBAFCC 2019 AWARDS". San Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020. Retrieved December 14, 2019. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ "INTERNATIONAL PRESS ACADEMY THE 24TH ANNUAL SATELLITE AWARDS" (PDF). Satellite Awards. December 2, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 3, 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2019.
^ Neglia, Matt (December 19, 2019). "The 2019 Satellite Award Winners". Next Best Picture. Archived from the original on December 20, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
^ Neglia, Matt (December 16, 2019). "The 2019 Seattle Film Critics Society (SFCS) Winners". Next Best Picture. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2019.
^ Anderson, Ariston (September 7, 2019). "Venice: Todd Phillips' 'Joker' Wins Golden Lion, Roman Polanski Wins Silver Lion". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on September 7, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
^ Venice Biennale Editors (September 6, 2019). "COLLATERAL AWARDS OF THE 76TH VENICE FILM FESTIVAL". Venice Biennale. Archived from the original on September 7, 2019. Retrieved September 9, 2019. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Editors (December 7, 2019). "The 2019 WAFCA Awards". Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association. Archived from the original on December 11, 2015. Retrieved December 8, 2019. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ Neglia, Matt (December 8, 2019). "The 2019 Washington DC Area Film Critics Association (WAFCA) Winners". Next Best Picture. Archived from the original on December 9, 2019. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
vteHildur GuðnadóttirSolo albums
Mount A (2006)
Without Sinking (2009)
Film soundtracks
Joker (2019)
Tár (2022)
Women Talking (2022)
A Haunting in Venice (2023)
Television soundtracks
Chernobyl (2019)
See also
Múm
Sunn O)))
Awards for Joker
vteGolden Globe Award for Best Original Score1940s
Life with Father – Max Steiner (1947)
The Red Shoes – Brian Easdale (1948)
The Inspector General – Johnny Green (1949)
1950s
Sunset Boulevard – Franz Waxman (1950)
September Affair – Victor Young (1951)
High Noon – Dimitri Tiomkin (1952)
On the Beach – Ernest Gold (1959)
1960s
The Alamo – Dimitri Tiomkin (1960)
The Guns of Navarone – Dimitri Tiomkin (1961)
To Kill a Mockingbird – Elmer Bernstein (1962)
(1963)
The Fall of the Roman Empire – Dimitri Tiomkin (1964)
Doctor Zhivago – Maurice Jarre (1965)
Hawaii – Elmer Bernstein (1966)
Camelot – Frederick Loewe (1967)
The Shoes of the Fisherman – Alex North (1968)
Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid – Burt Bacharach (1969)
1970s
Love Story – Francis Lai (1970)
Shaft – Isaac Hayes (1971)
The Godfather – Nino Rota (1972)
Jonathan Livingston Seagull – Neil Diamond (1973)
The Little Prince – Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe (1974)
Jaws – John Williams (1975)
A Star is Born – Kenneth Ascher and Paul Williams (1976)
Star Wars – John Williams (1977)
Midnight Express – Giorgio Moroder (1978)
Apocalypse Now – Carmine Coppola and Francis Ford Coppola (1979)
1980s
The Stunt Man – Dominic Frontiere (1980)
No Award (1981)
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial – John Williams (1982)
Flashdance – Giorgio Moroder (1983)
A Passage to India – Maurice Jarre (1984)
Out of Africa – John Barry (1985)
The Mission – Ennio Morricone (1986)
The Last Emperor – David Byrne, Ryuichi Sakamoto and Cong Su (1987)
Gorillas in the Mist – Maurice Jarre (1988)
The Little Mermaid – Alan Menken (1989)
1990s
The Sheltering Sky – Richard Horowitz and Ryuichi Sakamoto (1990)
Beauty and the Beast – Alan Menken (1991)
Aladdin – Alan Menken (1992)
Heaven & Earth – Kitarō (1993)
The Lion King – Hans Zimmer (1994)
A Walk in the Clouds – Maurice Jarre (1995)
The English Patient – Gabriel Yared (1996)
Titanic – James Horner (1997)
The Truman Show – Burkhard Dallwitz and Philip Glass (1998)
The Legend of 1900 – Ennio Morricone (1999)
2000s
Gladiator – Lisa Gerrard, Hans Zimmer (2000)
Moulin Rouge! – Craig Armstrong (2001)
Frida – Elliot Goldenthal (2002)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King – Howard Shore (2003)
The Aviator – Howard Shore (2004)
Memoirs of a Geisha – John Williams (2005)
The Painted Veil – Alexandre Desplat (2006)
Atonement – Dario Marianelli (2007)
Slumdog Millionaire – A. R. Rahman (2008)
Up – Michael Giacchino (2009)
2010s
The Social Network – Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross (2010)
The Artist – Ludovic Bource (2011)
Life of Pi – Mychael Danna (2012)
All Is Lost – Alex Ebert (2013)
The Theory of Everything – Jóhann Jóhannsson (2014)
The Hateful Eight – Ennio Morricone (2015)
La La Land – Justin Hurwitz (2016)
The Shape of Water – Alexandre Desplat (2017)
First Man – Justin Hurwitz (2018)
Joker – Hildur Guðnadóttir (2019)
2020s
Soul – Trent Reznor, Atticus Ross, and Jon Batiste (2020)
Dune – Hans Zimmer (2021)
Babylon – Justin Hurwitz (2022)
Oppenheimer – Ludwig Göransson (2023)
vteGrammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media1950s
No Award (1958)
Anatomy of a Murder – Duke Ellington (1959)
1960s
Exodus – Ernest Gold (1960)
Breakfast at Tiffany's – Henry Mancini (1961)
No Award (1962)
Tom Jones – John Addison (1963)
Mary Poppins – Richard M. Sherman & Robert B. Sherman (1964)
The Sandpiper – Johnny Mandel (1965)
Doctor Zhivago – Maurice Jarre (1966)
Music from Mission: Impossible – Lalo Schifrin (1967)
The Graduate – Dave Grusin & Paul Simon (1968)
Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid – Burt Bacharach (1969)
1970s
Let It Be – The Beatles (John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison & Ringo Starr) (1970)
Shaft – Isaac Hayes (1971)
The Godfather – Nino Rota (1972)
Jonathan Livingston Seagull – Neil Diamond (1973)
The Way We Were: Original Soundtrack Recording – Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch (1974)
Jaws – John Williams (1975)
Car Wash – Norman Whitfield (1976)
Star Wars – John Williams (1977)
Close Encounters of the Third Kind – John Williams (1978)
Superman – John Williams (1979)
1980s
The Empire Strikes Back – John Williams (1980)
Raiders of the Lost Ark – John Williams (1981)
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial – John Williams (1982)
Flashdance – Michael Boddicker, Irene Cara, Kim Carnes, Doug Cotler, Keith Forsey, Richard Gilbert, Jerry Hey, Duane Hitchings, Craig Krampf, Ronald Magness, Dennis Matkosky, Giorgio Moroder, Phil Ramone, Michael Sembello & Shandi Sinnamon (1983)
Purple Rain – Prince and the Revolution (1984)
Beverly Hills Cop – Marc Benno, Harold Faltermeyer, Keith Forsey, Micki Free, John Gilutin Hawk, Howard Hewett, Bunny Hull, Howie Rice, Sharon Robinson, Danny Sembello, Sue Sheridan, Richard Theisen & Allee Willis (1985)
Out of Africa – John Barry (1986)
The Untouchables – Ennio Morricone (1987)
The Last Emperor – David Byrne, Cong Su & Ryuichi Sakamoto (1988)
The Fabulous Baker Boys – Dave Grusin (1989)
1990s
Glory – James Horner (1990)
Dances with Wolves – John Barry (1991)
Beauty and the Beast – Alan Menken (1992)
Aladdin – Alan Menken (1993)
Schindler's List – John Williams (1994)
Crimson Tide – Hans Zimmer (1995)
Independence Day – David Arnold (1996)
The English Patient – Gabriel Yared (1997)
Saving Private Ryan – John Williams (1998)
A Bug's Life – Randy Newman (1999)
2000s
American Beauty – Thomas Newman (2000)
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon – Tan Dun (2001)
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring – Howard Shore & John Kurlander (engineer/mixer) (2002)
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers – Howard Shore, John Kurlander (engineer/mixer) & Peter Cobbin (engineer/mixer) (2003)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King – Howard Shore, John Kurlander (engineer/mixer) & Peter Cobbin (engineer/mixer) (2004)
Ray – Craig Armstrong (2005)
Memoirs of a Geisha – John Williams (2006)
Ratatouille – Michael Giacchino (2007)
The Dark Knight – Hans Zimmer & James Newton Howard (2008)
Up – Michael Giacchino (2009)
2010s
Toy Story 3 – Randy Newman (2010)
The King's Speech – Alexandre Desplat (2011)
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo – Trent Reznor & Atticus Ross (2012)
Skyfall – Thomas Newman (2013)
The Grand Budapest Hotel – Alexandre Desplat (2014)
Birdman – Antonio Sánchez (2015)
Star Wars: The Force Awakens – John Williams (2016)
La La Land – Justin Hurwitz (2017)
Black Panther – Ludwig Göransson (2018)
Chernobyl – Hildur Guðnadóttir (2019)
2020s
Joker – Hildur Guðnadóttir (2020)
The Queen's Gambit – Carlos Rafael Rivera / Soul – Jon Batiste, Trent Reznor & Atticus Ross (2021)
Encanto – Germaine Franco (2022)
Oppenheimer – Ludwig Göransson (2023)
vteWorld Soundtrack Award for Soundtrack Composer of the Year2000s
John Williams – A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001)
Patrick Doyle – Gosford Park (2002)
Elliot Goldenthal – Frida (2003)
Gabriel Yared – Cold Mountain (2004)
Angelo Badalamenti – Un long dimanche de fiançailles (2005)
Alberto Iglesias – The Constant Gardener (2006)
Alexandre Desplat – The Queen / The Painted Veil (2007)
James Newton Howard – Charlie Wilson's War / Michael Clayton / I Am Legend (2008)
Alexandre Desplat – Cheri / Coco avant Chanel / The Curious Case of Benjamin Button / Largo Winch (2009)
2010s
Alexandre Desplat – Fantastic Mr. Fox / The Ghost Writer / Julie & Julia / The Twilight Saga: New Moon (2010)
Alexandre Desplat – A Better Life / The Burma Conspiracy / Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 / Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 / The King's Speech / The Tree of Life / The Well Digger's Daughter (2011)
Alberto Iglesias – The Monk / The Skin I Live In / Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (2012)
Mychael Danna – Life of Pi (2013)
Alexandre Desplat – Godzilla / The Grand Budapest Hotel / Marius / The Monuments Men / Philomena / Venus in Fur / Zulu (2014)
Michael Giacchino – Dawn of the Planet of the Apes / Inside Out / Jupiter Ascending / Jurassic World / Tomorrowland (2015)
Carter Burwell – Anomalisa / Carol / The Family Fang / The Finest Hours / Hail, Caesar! / Legend (2016)
Jóhann Jóhannsson – Arrival (2017)
Jóhann Jóhannsson – The Butcher, The Whore and the One-Eyed Man / Last and First Man / Mandy / Mary Magdalene / The Mercy (2018)
Nicholas Britell – If Beale Street Could Talk / Vice (2019)
2020s
Hildur Guðnadóttir – Joker (2020)
Daniel Pemberton – Enola Holmes / Rising Phoenix / The Trial of the Chicago 7 (2021)
Jonny Greenwood – The Power of the Dog / Spencer (2022)
Hauschka – All Quiet on the Western Front / Memory of Water / War Sailor (2023)
vteBatman musicSoundtracksFilms
Batman
score
soundtrack
Batman Returns
Batman Forever
soundtrack
score
Batman & Robin
Batman Begins
The Dark Knight
The Dark Knight Rises
Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice
The Lego Batman Movie
The Batman
Video games
Batman: Arkham City
Batman: Arkham Origins
Batman: Arkham Knight
SongsBatman (1960s TV series)
"Batman Theme"
"Batusi"
Batman (1989 film)
"Batdance"
"Partyman"
"The Arms of Orion"
"Scandalous!"
"The Future"
Batman Returns
"Face to Face"
Batman Forever
"Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me"
"Kiss from a Rose"
"The Riddler"
Batman & Robin
"The End Is the Beginning Is the End"
"Look into My Eyes"
"Gotham City"
"Foolish Games"
"Moaner"
"Lazy Eye"
vteBatman in filmStand-alone films
Batman (1943 serial)
Batman and Robin (1949 serial)
Adam West films
Batman (1966)
Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016)
Batman vs. Two-Face (2017)
1989–1997 seriesFilms
Batman (1989)
score
soundtrack
home computer game
NES game
Game Boy game
Sega Genesis game
PC Engine game
arcade game
Batman Returns (1992)
soundtrack
video game
Batman Forever (1995)
score
soundtrack
video game
arcade game
pinball game
Batman & Robin (1997)
soundtrack
video game
Characters
Bruce Wayne
Joker
Penguin
Catwoman
The Dark Knight trilogyFilms
Batman Begins (2005)
soundtrack
video game
The Dark Knight (2008)
soundtrack
canceled video game
The Dark Knight Rises (2012)
soundtrack
Characters
Bruce Wayne
Joker
Rachel Dawes
DC Extended UniverseFilms
Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016)
soundtrack
Suicide Squad
Justice League
Zack Snyder's Justice League
The Flash
Batgirl (unreleased)
Characters
Bruce Wayne
Joker
Harley Quinn
The Batman series
The Batman (2022)
accolades
soundtrack
Theatrical animated films
Mask of the Phantasm (1993)
The Killing Joke (2016)
The Lego Batman Movie (2017)
soundtrack
Spin-off films
Catwoman (2004)
video game
Joker (2019)
accolades
soundtrack
Birds of Prey (2020)
soundtrack
Joker: Folie à Deux (2024)
Batgirl (unreleased)
Unofficial and fan filmsFeatures
Batman Dracula
Alyas Batman at Robin
James Batman
Batman Fights Dracula
Fight Batman Fight!
Alyas Batman en Robin
Shorts
Dead End
Grayson
World's Finest
City of Scars
Dying Is Easy
See also
Batman franchise
List of Batman films cast members
Batman OnStar commercials
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joker_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joker_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Joaquin Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquin_Phoenix"},{"link_name":"Robert De Niro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_De_Niro"},{"link_name":"Zazie Beetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zazie_Beetz"},{"link_name":"Frances Conroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Conroy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"film score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_score"},{"link_name":"Hildur Guðnadóttir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildur_Gu%C3%B0nad%C3%B3ttir"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"WaterTower Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WaterTower_Music"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"76th Venice International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/76th_Venice_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Original_Score"},{"link_name":"BAFTA Award for Best Original Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Original_Music"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Original Score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Score"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Joker: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the original soundtrack album to the 2019 film Joker, based on the DC Comics character of the same name, starring Joaquin Phoenix, Robert De Niro, Zazie Beetz, and Frances Conroy.[1] The record consists of seventeen tracks from a film score written and composed by Hildur Guðnadóttir which received critical acclaim from the film industry.[2][3] Hildur's score was released digitally by WaterTower Music on September 27, 2019,[4] with a vinyl edition later released on December 13.[5]After reading the film's script, Hildur was asked by director Todd Phillips to write some music based on her feelings of the Joker screenplay, which she was inspired to do so as it resonated with her.[6] She sent Phillips a sample of her composition which included melodies that were very simplistic and monotonic as a means of conflating the film's gritty tone with that of protagonist Arthur Fleck.[7] Hildur then attempted to expand - within that simplicity - the orchestration around Phoenix's character without chords or complicated music,[8] but instead with a texture she that felt resonated with the melancholia of the character.[9]The score for Joker won numerous awards, including the Premio Soundtrack Stars Award at the 76th Venice International Film Festival, a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score, a BAFTA Award for Best Original Music, and an Academy Award for Best Original Score.[10][11]","title":"Joker (soundtrack)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Todd Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Phillips"},{"link_name":"Joker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joker_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Hildur Guðnadóttir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildur_Gu%C3%B0nad%C3%B3ttir"},{"link_name":"Sicario: Day of the Soldado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicario:_Day_of_the_Soldado"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Score-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"pre-production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-production"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AwardsCircuit-17"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Score-13"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AwardsCircuit-17"}],"text":"Todd Phillips signed on to direct the film Joker for Warner Bros. in August 2017,[12] and insisted to bring on Hildur Guðnadóttir to work on Joker after he heard her score for Sicario: Day of the Soldado (2018), of which he thought was beautiful.[13][14] Hildur was later announced as the composer of Joker.[15] To interpret the many themes explored throughout Joker, director Phillips very early on turned to Guðnadóttir: \"[Guðnadóttir] was writing music as far back as pre-production. I was sending her script pages and she was writing music before we even shot [...]\".[16] Hildur was very curious of Phillips' take on the Joker's origin story, wherein Phillips then sent her the screenplay, to which he stated: \"It was just an interesting and deep character study and it's a very fascinating character that we didn't have any idea about\".[17] She described her work with Phillips as \"a really beautiful process\", in that Phillips was curious to hear what she thought the story sounded like; asking her to compose based on her feelings of the script, to which she said:[13] \"It can sometimes take awhile to get on the same page when you’re working on a project, but this time we were just in such strong agreement from the very first. It was a really lovely, straightforward, non-violent dialogue\".[17]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Original score"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pre-production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-production"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deadline-19"},{"link_name":"Deadline Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deadline-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deadline-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deadline-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deadline-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deadline-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Chernobyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndieWire-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndieWire-22"},{"link_name":"film production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_production"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deadline-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deadline-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deadline-19"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FilmMusicMag-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FilmMusicMag-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FilmMusicMag-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Research","text":"Unlike her previous collaborations, Hildur began composing Arthur's theme during the pre-production of Joker, with Phillips initially hiring her simply to come back to him with some ideas rather than a full score.[18] Phillips asked if she was interested in writing some music just based on her feelings of the script: \"He didn’t really give me any instruction, as such, he was just curious to hear what I felt\".[19] In an interview with Deadline Hollywood, Hildur remarked that the script resonated with her and that Phillips believed she captured the atmosphere of Joker, based on the sample she sent him.[19] She was struct by the \"multi-dimensional simplicity, so openhearted and childlike\" characteristics of Phoenix's Arthur, thus attempted to expand within that simplicity the orchestration around it, not with chords or any complicated music, but instead: \"[...] with texture that I felt resonated with the melancholia of his character\".[19] Her composition of Joker features the cello as the centerpiece of the score, leading the very string-based melodies.[19] Hildur revealed there is often a whole symphony orchestra of 90 musicians playing the same thing; highlighting the importance of such a thing being hidden behind the cello, in which she felt Arthur is mirrored in a similar fashion: \"There are many layers of complication behind [Arthur], but he doesn't see it\".[19] She also added that: \"I thought orchestrating it that way, so that instruments are not always audible, you will think you’re just listening to one cello but, like Arthur, there are layers behind it\".[19]Hildur said that her score was going to be \"completely different\" than other scores from her.[20] She began work on Joker concurrently with that of Chernobyl (2019), in which she took a more traditional, instrumental approach in its composition: \"I got a lot of space from [Phillips], who was quite brave with a lot of the decisions that he allowed me to go wild with\".[21][22] She spoke of emphasising with Arthur and highlighted the music's attempt to connect with his inner personal word, adding that: \"[...] the main theme came before [Phoenix's] performance and it played a big part in informing his performance. It’s definitely more lyrical and musical than Chernobyl\".[22] Hildur was able to introduce her music during film production and brought a piece to Phoenix a few weeks into filming as a means of inspiring his work in a pivotal scene.[19] Director Phillips spoke of how Phoenix and he were at a standstill on set - unable to figure out a particular scene - though referred to Hildur, by which he spoke: \"[...] but then I remembered I’d just gotten this great piece of music from [Hildur] that I'd been listening to the night before. I played it for him, he loved it, and he just started doing this slow dance to it, and out of nowhere this gracefulness comes out of Arthur [...]\".[19] Phoenix attested that her score was very effective, whilst adding the preparation was in studying movement and dance during rehearsals, but what came out of that piece of score was a turning point for understanding Arthur.[19][23]In going back and forth between Chernobyl and Joker, Hildur remarked that it wasn't an easy process due to the differences in tonality, worlds, and structure of the two pieces,[24] whilst noting that Joker is the most \"classical\" score she's written, as it's very melodic, and follows a film score structure with the development of themes repeatedly.[25] She acknowledged that she wished to keep elements of old school scoring - as how the film was, hence the thematic approach;[25] she also spoke of being careful not to be influenced by any of the Joker's previous appearances or the music that followed him, feeling a greater creative freedom when steering clear of outside influences.[25] Additionally, Hildur spoke of feeling there was greater room to work both thematically and imaginatively, based on the fact Joker was fiction, in which she added: \"It was more an emotional and, above all, surprising search for the character, someone with whom everyone in my generation grew up, but whose motives are unknown to anyone. And this version was surprising for everyone\".[26]","title":"Original score"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Esquire-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Esquire-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KCRW-29"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FilmMusicMag-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FilmMusicMag-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FilmMusicMag-25"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-28"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Sher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Sher"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-28"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-36"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PopDisciple-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PopDisciple-39"}],"sub_title":"Composition","text":"Phillips' Joker allowed for Hildur's imagination to \"run wild a bit more\", in that she decided to write something orchestra-led, though this time it was the process that was unconventional.[27] Her compositions resonated with him, which resulted in him shooting a lot of material: \"[....] I think, to the music I had already written [most film soundtracks are written to shot footage]. That was really wonderful because the music and the film have really grown together as one whole\".[27] After reading and responding to the script, Hildur wrote a tender, melancholy requiem to which she channeled Phoenix's Arthur, wherein she stated that:[28] \"I sat down with the cello to kind of just find my way into his voice and into his head [...] And I'm just like kind of holding onto this feeling that I had after reading the script. As soon as I played those first notes, it really hit me in the chest somehow, and it was a really strong, physical reaction that I got. And I was like, yes, this is it\".[28][29]The score is led by the cello, yet - according to Hildur - the music feels surprisingly symphonic, as the cello is carried by a hundred-piece orchestra throughout the film.[25] She wanted this feeling of energy to be coming from behind him, like a feeling of his past he doesn't know about, yet is still influencing him: \"So the orchestra is kept in the background in the beginning of the score [...] as Arthur realizes more and more about his past, the orchestra steps forward.[25] It becomes more and more aggressive as the score gets bigger and bigger\".[25] She spoke of sitting down with her cello and attempting to find her way into Arthur's voice and into his head, eventually doing so: \"[...] it was a really strong, physical reaction that I got. And I was like, yes, this is it\".[28] Because Hildur started composing for Joker so early, her music influenced other aspects of the productions, including the acting and cinematography, to which she later states: \"It's a huge luxury and much more creative [...] Of course, it’s a much longer process – I worked on the Joker for a year and a half – but it gives you the opportunity to create a more holistic work of art\".[30]Director Phillips decided to play Hildur's music on set during a pivotal scene.[31][32] Cinematographer Lawrence Sher revealed that an entirely different scene was meant to be shot: \"[Before] It was much more like a movie scene. It had to do with him coming in, digesting this thing that just happened, what he'd just done. He was going to hide a weapon. [It was] much more conventional\".[28] Phillips changed his mind - playing Hildur's composition over each and every take, in which Phoenix's Arthur starts his metamorphosis dance,[28] by which Sher added: \"The score was such an instrumental part, not just to Joaquin's performance, but to the camera operating, to the sort of energy in the room, and to make that scene really come alive\".[28] She also stated that Phoenix had an earpiece that fed her music to him so he could shape his performance from the music right on the spot.[33] Hildur gave her assessment of the scene's power, revealing that piece was actually the first one written for the film, in which she remarked: \"It was the very first piece of music I wrote, and that piece, it was the strongest, most physical reaction I had to the story [...] What [Phoenix] is doing in the scene, it was coming from exactly the same place\".[34] In relation to the cello, Hildur continued: \"Of course, I grew up with the instrument and have a very strong physical and emotional connection to it. Having that as a starting point, I had what was almost like an electric shock when I found his theme\".[35]Phillips spoke of how Phoenix just started to dance to Hildur's music, while adding: \"It was just me and him alone in the bathroom, there's 250 people on the crew waiting outside. He just starts doing this dance, and we both kind of look at each other and said \"ok, that's the scene\".[36] Phoenix, on the genesis of Bathroom Dance, highlighted Hildur's music: \"[Phillips] started playing this cello music, and it was really effective. I said, 'So, maybe there’s a movement', and he said, 'Well, I would start on your foot—that's your move'. That's all he said and all we had. The preparation was in studying movement and dance during rehearsals, but what came out of that piece of score was a turning point for the character, and for me and [Phillips] working together [...] and understanding Arthur\".[37] Phillips - when first discussing the themes of Joker with Phoenix - mentioned that this version of the iconic villain was \"one of those people that has music in him\".[38][36] In regards to the musical treatment she had crafted, Hildur made mention of how it was a large part of the process of how the film grew, as it was played both on set and for Phoenix to listen to in-ear,[39] with the composer stating: \"The music seemed to affect his movements and his acting, as well as the pacing. This was a very inspiring and fun approach to take because then you get to work together, creating the musical world of the film in tandem\".[39]","title":"Original score"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"electric cello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_cello"},{"link_name":"halldorophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halldorophone"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-28"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cello-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cello-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Film-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Film-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orchestra-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orchestra-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Recording","text":"Hildur wished to expand simple and monotonic melodies within the orchestration around Joker's evolution not with chords or any complicated music, but instead with texture that she felt resonated with the melancholia of this Arthur.[40] She described her reaction to Arthur's metamorphosis dance as being similar to when she found his notes and tonality, whilst adding that the theme - Bathroom Dance was performed on an electric cello instrument called the halldorophone,[41][42] which Hildur helped develop: \"It's a feedback instrument [...] A lot of the electronic sounds that you hear in the score, it's all performed live, and it's all coming from that instrument and the connection with the amplifiers\".[28] Additionally, she also coined the concept that the orchestra would represent the madness building inside Arthur's mind:[28] \"The very beginning piece, you almost only hear the cello [...] As we get further into the movie, the orchestra gets louder and louder, and then it kind of suffocates the cello. It's almost like the empathy that we have for his character is led by the cello, and then his darker side, his inner turmoil, is the orchestra [which is] almost inaudible, and then just slowly takes over as we get further in\".[28]She slowly built the orchestration around the cello, having it faintly linger in the background like a ghost before coming to the forefront as the Joker persona takes command, at the DiMenna Center for one week with initially 36 musicians, thereafter recording with 72 musicians.[43] The percussion started off slowly in a two-note and then strengthens, from Hildur's words: \"[...] pounding like his heartbeat. So I couldn't use any cool, complicated beats. This was really simple and to the point and then it gets louder and louder\".[43] Whilst recording the orchestra, Hildur felt the energy of the room being very tense and wired.[44] She spoke of the musicians having to play so quietly, thus through a lot of the recording, one could hear very delicate sounds almost inaudible, in which she states: \"You'd have 100 people, like, holding their breaths while they played [...] It was incredible, incredible. The energy of a performance or music is so much more important than the music being perfectly played or refined. Even though you don’t hear 100 people holding their breaths, there's so much invisible energy that goes into the recording that it is very present [...] It's kind of the magic of music: all these invisible things you can’t pinpoint or know\".[44] Hildur concluded that she wished for the final act to be big, grand and cinematic, in which she felt Arthur needed this grand exit out of the film - including variations on the themes that have been going on throughout the film.[45] She made mention of the 100-piece orchestra, and that many people don't realise the orchestra had been playing throughout the whole film, even in the beginning: \"You mostly hear one cello playing when he’s by the bins with the kids, but it’s actually a whole orchestra playing behind the cello. It’s mixed in a way that you hear the ghost presence of the orchestra\".[45] Murray spoke of his collaboration with director Phillips and film editor Jeff Groth, how they used effects in conjunction with composer Hildur Guðnadóttir's score to enhance the tension in the film, and how Foley, field recordings, and loop group added distinctive texture to the soundtrack.[46]","title":"Original score"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WaterTower Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WaterTower_Music"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"digital download","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_download"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Joaquin Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquin_Phoenix"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"WaterTower Music released the official soundtrack album for Joker,[47] as a digital download on September 27, 2019.[48] They later released a picture disc and coloured vinyl editions of the soundtrack on December 13.[49] The purple disc sports the character's signature color and the second features a picture disc which showcases Joaquin Phoenix in his full clown makeup.[50] On the day of the album's launch, Hildur posted of the release on Twitter, in which she remarked: \"Internet world, it's out!! After living with Joker for over a year and half, his music is finally ready come out and meet you! From the bottom of my heart I´d like to thank everyone who lent their talents to this music, It takes a village to complete a project of this size!\"[51]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hildur Guðnadóttir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildur_Gu%C3%B0nad%C3%B3ttir"}],"sub_title":"CD version","text":"All tracks are written by Hildur GuðnadóttirNo.TitleLength1.\"Hoyt's Office\"1:242.\"Defeated Clown\"2:393.\"Following Sophie\"1:334.\"Penny in the Hospital\"1:185.\"Young Penny\"2:016.\"Meeting Bruce Wayne\"4:357.\"Hiding in the Fridge\"1:238.\"A Bad Comedian\"1:289.\"Arthur Comes to Sophie\"1:3910.\"Looking for Answers\"0:5111.\"Penny Taken to the Hospital\"1:4912.\"Subway\"3:3313.\"Bathroom Dance\"2:0814.\"Learning How to Act Normal\"1:1715.\"Confession\"1:2916.\"Escape from the Train\"2:3117.\"Call Me Joker\"4:48Total length:36:26","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Joe Raposo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Raposo"},{"link_name":"Kelly Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Charlie Chaplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Parsons_(lyricist)"},{"link_name":"James Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Turner_(lyricist)"}],"sub_title":"Songs from Live! With Murray Franklin","text":"All tracks are performed by Ellis Drane and His Jazz Orchestra.[52]Disc 1No.TitleLength1.\"The Live! with Murray Franklin Theme\" (Judson Crane, Mark Hollingsworth, Bill O'Connell)0:512.\"If You're Happy and You Know It\" (Joe Raposo feat: Chaim Tenenbaum)1:233.\"That's Life [Instrumental Version]\" (Kelly Gordon and Dean K. Thompson)2:494.\"Smile [Instrumental Version]\" (Charlie Chaplin, Geoffrey Parsons, James Turner)0:33Total length:4:56","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Guess Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guess_Who"},{"link_name":"Laughing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laughing_(The_Guess_Who_song)"},{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"sub_title":"Film music not included on the album","text":"An edited version of The Guess Who's \"Laughing\" in an Instagram post by film director Todd Phillips as foreground music of a camera test for Joker, which offered the first look of Phoenix in makeup.[67]","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Hildur Guðnadóttir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildur_Gu%C3%B0nad%C3%B3ttir"},{"link_name":"Randall Poster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_Poster"},{"link_name":"George Drakoulias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Drakoulias"},{"link_name":"Jeff Atmajian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Atmajian"},{"link_name":"Downtown Music, New York City, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_(company)"},{"link_name":"Halldorophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halldorophone"},{"link_name":"Eyvind Kang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyvind_Kang"}],"text":"Credits adapted from CD liner notes.[68]All music composed by Hildur GuðnadóttirProducers: Hildur Guðnadóttir, Sam Slater\nExecutive album producer: Todd Phillips\nExecutive in charge of music for Warner Bros. Pictures: Niki Sherrod\nExecutive in charge of WaterTower Music: Jason Linn\nMusic supervisors: Randall Poster, George Drakoulias\nAdditional production: Gunnar Tynes\nAdditional arrangements: Þórarinn Guðnason\nExecutive score producer: Jason Ruder\nMusic business affairs executive: Ray Gonzalez\nArt direction: Sandeep Sriram\nSoundtrack coordinator: Linda Christie\nOrchestrators: Andrew Kinney, Phillip Klein, Carl Rydlund\nOrchestra conducted by Jeff Atmajian\nScore recorded at The DiMenna Center\nScore mixed by Daniel Kresco\nAssistant engineer: Jeff Citron\nNate \"NV\" Eaton studio assistant: Juan Simon Fernández\nTranscription by Black Ribbon Pro\nScore mixed at Downtown Music, New York City, New York\nBerlin assistants: Rick Vincent Will, Henrik Havelka\nNew York recording engineers: Alex Vengeur, Tim Machiafava\nNew York recording engineer: Alex Vengeur, Tim Machiafava, Neal Shaw, Matt Soares, Brandon Chevere\nNew York assistant engineers: Neal Shaw, Matt Soares, Brandon Chevere, Carlos Mora, Phil Weinrobe\nFeatured instrumentalists\nHalldorophone: Hildur Guðnadóttir\nVoice: Hildur Guðnadóttir\nCello: Hildur Guðnadóttir\nPercussion: Hildur Guðnadóttir\nMusical Sound Design: Sam Slater\nPercussion: Sam Slater\nProgramming: Sam Slater\nAdditional musical sound design: Gunnar Tynes\nSynths: Gunnar Tynes\nProgramming: Gunnar Tynes\nAdditional musical sound design: Þórarinn Guðnason\nViola: Viktor Orri Árnason\nViolin: Viktor Orri Árnason\nViola: Eyvind Kang\nViolin: Eyvind Kang\nCello: Clarice Jenson\nDouble bass: Yair Elazar Glotman\nDouble bass: Miller Wrenn\nPercussion: Ólafur Björn Ólafsson\nPolyend: Simon Goff, Antonio Pulli:\nWoodwind\nFlute: Diva Goodfriend, Mindy Kaufman, Kathleen Nester, Tara Helen O'Connor, Tanya Witek\nClarinet: Liam Burke, David Gould, Bohdan Hilash, Dean LeBlanc, Pavel Vinnitsky\nBassoon: Gil DeJean, Billy Hestand, Harrison Miller, Damian Primis, Mark Romatz, Dan Shelly\nHorn: Barbara Jöstlein, Will de Vos, Javier Gandara, Brad Gemeinhardt, Kyle Hoyt, Aaron Korn, Jenny Ney, Theo Primis, Erik Ralske, Anne Scharer, Leelanee Sterrett, Dan Wions, Chad Yarbrough\nStrings\nViolin: Peter Bahng, Tallie Brunfelt, Kelly Cho, Julia Choi, Daniel Constant, Monica Davis, Katherine Fong, Laura Frautschi, Margaret Gould, Kristi Helberg, Ming Hsin, Nanae Iwata, Dasol Jeong, Amy Kauffman, Sarah Kenner, Lisa Kim, Lisa G. Kim, Krzysztof Kuznik, Lisa Lee, Ann Lehmann, Francis Liu, Kuan Cheng Lu, Joanna Maurer, Yuri Namkung, Suzanne Ornstein, Cecee Pantikian, Jessica Park, Ragga Petursdottir, Annaliesa Place, Emily Popham, Sarah Pratt, Wen Qian, Derek Ratzenboeck, Theresa Salomon, Gabriel Schaff, Cathy Sim, David Southorn, Na Sun, Emma Sutton, Henry Wang, Savion Washington, Sharon Yamada, Jung Sun Yoo, Robin Zeh\nViola: Matthew Beaugé, Caleb Burhans, Junah Chung, Desiree Elsevier, Danielle Farina, Nikki Federman, Will Frampton, Mary Hammann, Celia Hatton, Hung-Wei Huang, Conway Kuo, Natalia Lipkina, Todd Low, Jessica Meyer, Ken Mirkin, Nick Revel, Dov Scheindlin, Alissa Smith, Arnie Tanimoto, Jessica Troy\nCello: Robert Burkhart, Gabriel Cabezas, Amanda Gookin, Clarice Jensen, Ana Kim, Christine Kim, Maureen McDermott, Joel Noyes, Sarah Seiver, Sophie Shao, Aaron Stokes, Caitlin Sullivan, Wendy Sutter, Oliver Weston, Allen Whear\nBass: Gregg August, David Grossman, Lou Kosma, Daniel Krekeler, Jeremy McCoy, Satoshi Okamoto, John Patitucci, Troy Rinker, Dave Romano, Rion Wentworth\nBrass\nBass trombone: Marco Gomez, Kyle Mendiguchia\nTrombone: Demian Austin, Richard Harris, Sasha Romero, Brian Santero\nTuba: Andy Bove\nSpecial acknowledgement\nPeter Axelrad, Maria Belli, Paul Broucek, Rocco Carrozza, Vincenzo De La Rosa, Joe Kara, Kevin Kertes, Katie Lambert, Genevieve Morris, Ari Taitz, Robert Zick","title":"Personnel credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joker_(soundtrack)&action=edit§ion=13"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"PROMUSICAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"UK Independent Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Independent_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Soundtrack Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Internet_Albums"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Top Independent Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Independent_Albums"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Top Current Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Internet_Albums"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joker_(soundtrack)&action=edit§ion=14"},{"link_name":"Scala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scala-80"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scala-80"},{"link_name":"Classic FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_FM_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"}],"text":"Album[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2019–2020)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[69]\n\n124\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[70]\n\n125\n\n\nFrench Albums (SNEP)[71]\n\n168\n\n\nSpanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[72]\n\n79\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[73]\n\n23\n\n\nUK Independent Albums (OCC)[74]\n\n45\n\n\nUK Soundtrack Albums (OCC)[75]\n\n11\n\n\nUK Independent Album Breakers (OCC)[76]\n\n11\n\n\nUS Soundtrack Albums (Billboard)[77]\n\n19\n\n\nUS Top Independent Albums (Billboard)[78]\n\n41\n\n\nUS Top Current Albums (Billboard)[79]\n\n98\n\n\n\nSingles[edit]\n\n\n\nYear\n\nSong\n\nPeakposition\n\n\n2019\n\n\"Bathroom Dance\" (Scala)[80](Hildur Guðnadóttir)\n\n1\n\n\n\"Call Me Joker\" (Scala)[80](Hildur Guðnadóttir)\n\n2\n\n\n\"Penny in the Hospital\" (Classic FM)[81](Hildur Guðnadóttir)\n\n1","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Original Score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Score"},{"link_name":"92nd Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/92nd_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"For Your Consideration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Your_Consideration_(advertising)"},{"link_name":"Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Foreign Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Foreign_Press"},{"link_name":"Golden Globes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globes"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"}],"sub_title":"Immediate reception","text":"The score was widely admired and thought of as a contender for the Academy Award for Best Original Score at the 92nd Academy Awards,[82][83][84][85] with Warner Bros. releasing Guðnadóttir's score as part of the For Your Consideration campaign aimed towards members of awards voting groups such as that of the Academy Awards, and the Hollywood Foreign Press of the Golden Globes.[86]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Mark Kermode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Kermode"},{"link_name":"The Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Kyle Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Smith_(critic)"},{"link_name":"The National Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Review"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Syfy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syfy"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"The Economic Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economic_Times"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"The Santa Barbara Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Santa_Barbara_Independent"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Collider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collider_(website)"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_(student_magazine)"},{"link_name":"Jocelyn Pook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jocelyn_Pook"},{"link_name":"Eyes Wide Shut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyes_Wide_Shut"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Metro Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Times"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Film Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"The East Bay Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_East_Bay_Express"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"The Boston Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Herald"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Metro Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Weekly"},{"link_name":"Thomas Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wayne"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Illinois Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Times"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"}],"sub_title":"Critical reception","text":"The score received critical acclaim.[92] Mark Kermode of The Observer spoke highly of Joker's score, stating that \"[...] Guðnadóttir's brilliantly brooding score seems to throb up from the pavements of these mean streets, full of ominous low strings and prowling bass growls – doom-laden voices prophesying war\".[93] David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter wrote that \"all this is rendered even darker by the disquietingly melancholy mood of Hildur Gudnadóttir's brooding orchestral score, which cranks up into thunderous drama as the chaos escalates\".[94] Kyle Smith of The National Review described the score as \"spectacular\".[95] Kayleigh Donaldson of Syfy described Gudnadóttir's score as \"beautifully haunting\", whilst remarking: \"[...] such a refreshing change from the frequently derivative music heard in comic book movies\".[96] Terri White of Empire wrote: \"Mention must be made of Joker's cello score by [Guðnadóttir] — mournful, dark and fractured [...]\"[97] The Economic Times commented that \"accompanying the visuals is an amazing sound design, Hildur Guðnadóttir's soulful background score and powerful music pieces\".[98]Antonio Morales of The Santa Barbara Independent spoke highly of the score, to which he remarked: \"The music score complements the immense levels of suspense, paralleling the deterioration of Fleck's well-being\".[99] Adam Chitwood of Collider praised the score: \"[Guðnadóttir's] original score is haunting, beautiful, and at times downright terrifying—it’s one of the best of the year\".[100]John Lewis of The Guardian wrote: \"The soundtrack for the film Joker is a fine showcase for Icelandic composer [Guðnadóttir]. While not as formally innovative as her claustrophobic score to HBO's Chernobyl (which cleverly manipulated ambient noises that she recorded in a derelict power plant), this terrifying collection works as unorthodox cello concerto, the growling cello set against Bollywood-style slurring violins and dissonant vocals\".[101] James Morton of Impact wrote: \"The score by [Guðnadóttir] is reminiscent of Jocelyn Pook's music for Kubrick's Eyes Wide Shut (1999), though deeper and slower burning. Both films involve a form of altered reality: dreaming and psychosis\".[102] Jerilyn Jordan of Metro Times wrote: \"[...] Phoenix's performance could not function without cellist and composer [Guðnadóttir’s] indelible score, which presents itself immediately as one of the movie's most important characters and does a great deal of heavy lifting in terms of telling the real story behind Phoenix’s gaze\".[103]For Film Ireland, Michael Lee stated: \"[...] all this is elevated by Hildur Guonadottir's menacing score, which seemingly ignites the embers raging within Arthur's heart\".[104] At The East Bay Express, Kelly Vance described Guðnadóttir's composition as a \"[...] hypnotically evocative music score\".[105] Critic James Verniere for The Boston Herald wrote: \"The film's plaintive music by [Guðnadóttir], another departure from usual, is a huge part of the impact of Joker\".[106] André Hereford at Metro Weekly stated that \"there isn't a bum performance in the movie, and composer [...] Guðnadóttir's strings-laden score sounds especially attuned to every one of them. There's even a mini-theme for Gotham's billionaire industrialist, and potential mayoral candidate, Thomas Wayne, father of Bruce\".[107] Chuck Koplinski at Illinois Times praised Phillips' usage of Guðnadóttir's \"thunderous score\", allowing it to underscore the obvious betokens no great faith in the audience's ability to keep up.[108]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Accolades","title":"Reception"}]
|
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[{"reference":"Business Wire Editors (December 13, 2019). \"Joker: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Digital Album Now Available\". Business Wire. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20191004005085/en/Joker-Original-Motion-Picture-Soundtrack-Digital-Album","url_text":"\"Joker: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Digital Album Now Available\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Wire","url_text":"Business Wire"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210105150235/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20191004005085/en/Joker-Original-Motion-Picture-Soundtrack-Digital-Album","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Nolfi, Joey (January 5, 2020). \"Joker composer Hildur Guðnadóttir becomes first solo woman to win Golden Globe for score\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/golden-globes/2020/01/05/joker-composer-hildur-gudnadottir-becomes-first-solo-woman-to-win-golden-globe-for-score/","url_text":"\"Joker composer Hildur Guðnadóttir becomes first solo woman to win Golden Globe for score\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210105150242/https://ew.com/golden-globes/2020/01/05/joker-composer-hildur-gudnadottir-becomes-first-solo-woman-to-win-golden-globe-for-score/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Beedle, Tim (December 20, 2019). \"Setting Madness to Music: Hildur Guðnadóttir is Joker's Hidden Star\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dccomics.com/blog/2019/12/20/setting-madness-to-music-hildur-gu%C3%B0nad%C3%B3ttir-is-jokers-hidden-star","url_text":"\"Setting Madness to Music: Hildur Guðnadóttir is Joker's Hidden Star\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210105150229/https://www.dccomics.com/blog/2019/12/20/setting-madness-to-music-hildur","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Damian (October 2, 2019). \"Listen to the official 'Joker' soundtrack\". NME. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/joker-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-2555553","url_text":"\"Listen to the official 'Joker' soundtrack\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210105150243/https://www.nme.com/news/music/joker-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-2555553","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Parlevliet, Mirko (October 4, 2019). \"Joker Soundtrack Released Digitally and Coming to Vinyl in December\". VitalThrills. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vitalthrills.com/2019/10/04/joker-soundtrack-released-digitally-and-coming-to-vinyl-in-december/","url_text":"\"Joker Soundtrack Released Digitally and Coming to Vinyl in December\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210105150301/https://www.vitalthrills.com/joker-soundtrack-released-digitally-and-coming-to-vinyl-in-december/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Godfrey, Alex (December 13, 2019). \"Joker and Chernobyl composer Hildur Guðnadóttir: 'I'm treasure hunting'\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/dec/13/joker-and-chernobyl-composer-hildur-gunadottir-im-treasure-hunting","url_text":"\"Joker and Chernobyl composer Hildur Guðnadóttir: 'I'm treasure hunting'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210105150243/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/dec/13/joker-and-chernobyl-composer-hildur-gunadottir-im-treasure-hunting","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fekadu, Mesfin (December 6, 2019). \"How Hildur Guðnadottir's music helps shape Arthur Fleck's metamorphosis into Joker\". The LA Times. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2019-11-19/hildur-guonadottir-joker-composer","url_text":"\"How Hildur Guðnadottir's music helps shape Arthur Fleck's metamorphosis into Joker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_LA_Times","url_text":"The LA Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210105150303/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2019-11-19/hildur-guonadottir-joker-composer","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wiseman, Andreas (October 22, 2019). \"'Joker' Composer Hildur Gudnadottir Reveals How Music Helped Joaquin Phoenix Transform – The Contenders London Video\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/video/joker-music-hildur-gudnadottir-score-joaquin-phoenix-contenders-london/","url_text":"\"'Joker' Composer Hildur Gudnadottir Reveals How Music Helped Joaquin Phoenix Transform – The Contenders London Video\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210105150241/https://deadline.com/video/joker-music-hildur-gudnadottir-score-joaquin-phoenix-contenders-london/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Brand, Madeleine (December 24, 2019). \"Hildur Guðnadóttir composed 'Joker' soundtrack before the film was shot\". KCRW. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_testing
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Structural testing
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["1 See also","2 References"]
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For software testing, see White-box testing.
Testing a pylon for ability to resist wind loads
Load testing a railroad bridge, 1883
Structural testing is the evaluation of an object (which might be an assembly of objects) to ascertain its characteristics of physical strength. Testing includes evaluating compressive strength, shear strength, tensile strength, all of which may be conducted to failure or to some satisfactory margin of safety. Evaluations may also be indirect, using techniques such as x-ray ultrasound, and ground-penetrating radar, among others, to assess the quality of the object.
Structural engineers conduct structural testing to evaluate material suitability for a particular application and to evaluate the capacity of existing structures to withstand foreseeable loads.
Items may include buildings (or components), bridges, airplane wings or other types of structures.
See also
Structural analysis
Structural load
References
^ "Structural Testing" (PDF). NASA Johnson Space Flight Center. 2011.
^ Bransby-Zachary, Charles; Crevello, Gina L. (2016-09-01). "Ground Penetrating Radar for Use on Concrete Structures". STRUCTURE Magazine.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^ Groth, C (2018). "Structural validation of a realistic wing structure: the RIBES test Structural validation of a realistic wing structure: the RIBES test". Procedia Structural Integrity, AIAS 2018 International Conference on Stress Analysis. 12: 448–456. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
This engineering-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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|
[{"title":"Structural analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_analysis"},{"title":"Structural load","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_load"}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth
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Senate of Poland
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["1 Role","2 History","2.1 Kingdom and Commonwealth","2.2 Partitions","2.3 Second, People's and Third republics","3 Nowadays","4 Current term","4.1 Composition","4.2 Presidium","4.3 Senators","5 Constituencies","6 Building","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]
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Coordinates: 52°13′32″N 21°01′48″E / 52.2256°N 21.0300°E / 52.2256; 21.0300Upper house of the parliament of Poland
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Senate of Poland" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Senate of the Republic of Poland Senat Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej11th termTypeTypeUpper house of the Polish parliament HistoryFounded1493 (1493) (historical)1921 (contemporary)LeadershipMarshal of the SenateMałgorzata Kidawa-Błońska, PO since 13 November 2023 Deputy Marshal of the SenateRafał Grupiński, POMagdalena Biejat, LRMaciej Żywno, PL2050 Michał Kamiński, UEDvacant, PiS since 13 November 2023 StructureSeats99 senators (50 majority)Political groupsGovernment (60)
KO (42)
TD (12)
The Left (6)
Confidence and supply (5)
Independent and Self-Governing (3)
The Left (2)
Opposition (34)
ZP (34)
Websitewww.senat.gov.pl Rules"The Rules and Regulations of the Senate". senat.gov.pl. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
The Senate (Polish: Senat) is the upper house of the Polish parliament, the lower house being the Sejm. The history of the Polish Senate stretches back over 500 years; it was one of the first constituent bodies of a bicameral parliament in Europe and existed without hiatus until the final partition of the Polish state in 1795. The contemporary Senate is composed of 100 senators elected by a universal ballot and is headed by the Marshal of the Senate (Marszałek Senatu). The incumbent Marshal of the Senate is Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska.
Following a brief period of existence under the Second Polish Republic, the Senate was again abolished by the authorities of the Polish People's Republic. It was not re-established until the collapse of the communist government and reinstatement of democracy in Poland in 1989. The Senate is based in Warsaw and is located in a building which forms part of the Sejm Complex on Wiejska Street, in close proximity to the Three Crosses Square and Ujazdów Castle.
Like most parliaments in the European Union, Poland's parliament is asymmetric, where the lower chamber is dominant over the upper chamber. Unlike the Sejm, the Senate cannot unilaterally veto legislation nor can it bring down the government in a vote of no confidence, and the chamber and its members generally receive far less attention compared to the Sejm.
Role
In line with Article 10, Paragraph 2, and Article 95 of the Polish Constitution of April 2, 1997, the Senate and the Sejm exercise legislative power. The Senate is composed of 100 senators who are elected for a term of four years in general election in a direct vote by secret ballot. Alongside the Sejm, the President of the Polish Republic, the Council of Ministers and all citizens of Poland, the Senate has the right to take legislative initiatives.
If it is necessary for the Sejm and Senate to convene jointly as a general session of the National Assembly, this joint session will be chaired by the Marshal of the Sejm or by the Marshal of the Senate. The Senate is allowed 30 days to examine any piece of draft legislation passed by the Sejm, 14 days if a bill is considered to be urgent. Any bill submitted by the Sejm to the Senate may be adopted by the latter without any amendments or amended or rejected (but any rejection or amendment may still be overruled by an absolute majority vote in the Sejm). Any resolution of the Senate, as a result of which a bill is repealed or amended, is considered to be passed provided it has not been rejected by the Sejm.
However, for the state budget, the Senate has 20 days to examine it. For amending the constitution, the Senate has 60 days for analysis. If the constitution is amended, identical wording of the amendment must be approved by both the Sejm and the Senate.
The president cannot decide to stage a nationwide referendum on matters of national importance unless he or she has been given explicit permission to do so by the Senate. The Senate is also empowered to examine any reports submitted by the Commissioner for the Protection of Citizens' Rights and the National Broadcasting Council. Other than its significant involvement in the legislative process, the Senate is required to grant its consent in the case of appointment or removal of the President of the Supreme Chamber of Control, the President of the Institute of National Remembrance – Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation, the Commissioner for Protection of Citizens' Rights and the Ombudsman for Children and the General Inspector for Personal Data Protection.
However, unlike the Sejm, the Senate has no role in providing for oversight of the executive. The Senate currently appoints one member of the National Broadcasting Council, two members of the Council of the Institute of National Remembrance, two of its own senators to sit on the National Judiciary Board and three members of the Monetary Policy Council of the National Bank. The Marshal of the Senate and any 30 senators may also request the Constitutional Tribunal to examine any act of domestic legislation or international agreement to check that it complies with the constitution, ratified international agreements, and other legislation.
Since the adoption of the Treaty of Lisbon, the Senate also has the right to report issues about option and implementation of European legislation in Poland to the central authorities of the European Union.
History
Kingdom and Commonwealth
A leaf from the Łaski Statute depicting the Polish Senate in 1503
The Senate can be traced back approximately five hundred years to a council of royal advisors. In the Nobles' Democracy, the Senate was a privy council rather than an upper chamber of the Sejm, and consisted of members of the royal cabinet and the royal court, together with burgraves, voivodes, prefects and castellans (all appointed by the king), and Catholic bishops (see Senatorial offices for details). It was not until 1453 that the first mention was made of a two chamber legislative body in which the 'lords' of the kingdom were represented in a 'council of lords', however, by 1493 the Sejm, made up of the king, Senate and Chamber of Envoys was finally established as a permanent legislative body for the Polish kingdom.
In 1501 at Mielnik, senators attempted to force the soon to be crowned king Alexander I Jagiellon to devolve all royal powers relating to the governing of the state to them. However, whilst Alexander first agreed, after his coronation he refused to affirm this privilege. Later the Nihil Novi act of 1505 affirmed the right of both the Chamber of Envoys and Senate to propagate common law for the kingdom. In 1529 the Senate finally reached a decision on its own composition; after the accession of Mazovia to the Kingdom of Poland, the Senate became composed of Roman Catholic diocesan bishops, voivodes, lesser and greater castellans, ministers (grand chamberlain, chancellor, deputy chancellors, grand treasurer and court Marshal), all of whom were appointed for life by the king. At this time the competences of the Senate were also laid down as pertaining to participation in legislation, foreign policy and the Sejm Court.
The 1661 session of the Senate in Jasna Góra
In 1537 the Senate followed a course of action which would have seen it become the most important institution in protecting landowners’ rights and freedoms. However, this view was at odds with those of Sigismund I the Old who believed that the Senate was becoming far too powerful. Resultantly, over the period of 1562–69, the Senate lost many of its powers and influence, eventually becoming subordinate to its formerly-equal companion body, the Chamber of Envoys. In 1569 a very important milestone was achieved when the Union of Lublin was signed and senators of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were incorporated into the Royal Senate of Poland in order to form the Senate of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In addition to this, senators from the autonomous Duchy of Prussia, a fiefdom of the Polish king, were incorporated after having been absent since gaining autonomy in 1466. After these developments the Senate was composed of 142 senators: 15 bishops, 35 provincial governors, 31 greater castellans, 47 lesser castellans and 14 ministers.
In 1791, the "Great Sejm" or "Four-Year Sejm" of 1788–1792 and Senate adopt the May 3rd Constitution at the Royal Castle in Warsaw
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vte
This old senate did not include the separate post of the Senate Marshal. The Senate's sessions were presided over by the king, who was represented in person by the 'grand royal marshal', a figure who could ultimately be described as prime minister of the kingdom. It was this marshal who, on behalf of the king, presided over joint sessions (in which both the Senate and Chamber of Envoys took part) of the Sejm. Should the grand royal marshal by absent, sessions were presided over by the court's crown marshal. Both of these two marshals sat in the Senate and, like other senators, enjoyed a lifelong appointment by the king.
The most important senator or 'president of the senate' was, at the time, the archbishop of Gniezno who, as Primate of Poland and 'first Duke of the Kingdom', was considered to hold the most senior state position below that of the monarch. The archbishop presided over sessions of the Senate during periods of the king's absence. The primate even had the right to convene 'secret' councils with the Senate without the king's permission and, should the need arise, even against his will. During periods of interregnum the primate immediately became, by default, the interrex (acting monarch), and thus could convene the Sejm at will.
In 1573 the Senate received new rights under the Henrician Articles; these allowed the Senate to reprimand the king and instructed that the monarch must always be accompanied by an advisory body of at least four senators. The Senate also ruled that the king must not arbitrarily propagate new laws and that he must first consult with the Senate before entering into marriage or agreeing to inter-state alliances. Under King Sigismund III of Poland and later his son, King Władysław IV, the Senate grew in importance and kings began to rule with the help of an advisory body in which they placed most of their trust. This body was colloquially known as the 'Little Senate' and was made up of a number of highly trusted senators loyal to the king.
Unrealised (1765) plans for a new senate chamber at the Royal Castle in Warsaw
In 1631 and 1632 the Senate first used its right to veto constitutional acts adopted by the Chamber of Envoys. This marks the first phase of the Senate's demise as powerful nobles (known as the magnates) begin to exercise their power in the legislature. By 1669 the situation had become so bad that landowners took to the streets and, angered by the magnates machinations during the earlier royal election of Michael I, shot at passing senators. By 1717 the king was obliged to implement recommendations given by the senators-resident and by 1773 the cardinal laws pertaining to the 'power of legislating for the Republic in three estates' had been passed and the Senate had begun to hold joint debates with the Chamber of Envoys as a single 'united' Sejm. As a result, in 1775, the senators-resident or 'Little Senate' were abolished and were replaced with a 'Permanent Council' of senators and envoys headed by the king.
In 1791 a particularly important development took place when the May 3rd Constitution removed the king from the three estate Sejm and transformed the previously equal House of Envoys and Senate into a modern parliament comprising a lower house (Chamber of Envoys) and upper house (Senate). The Senate, however, lost much of its right to legislate and, whilst still appointed by the king, senators were now to be chosen and put forward by provincial legislative bodies known as Sejmiks.
The Senate continued to exist until 1794, right up until the Kościuszko Uprising. In 1795 the third partition of Poland took place, thus ending the first chapter of the Senate's history.
Partitions
During the existence of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and the Congress Kingdom of Poland the president of the Senate presided over the Senate; this officer of state was appointed for life by the king, and was chosen from among the ordinary, secular senators. Additionally, in the Congress Kingdom the Senate was on an equal footing with the Chamber of Envoys, it was then composed of bishops, provincial governors, castellans and princes of the imperial blood. Despite this, the Senate of the Congress Kingdom had very little power and was largely a powerless, representative institution.
Second, People's and Third republics
The first session of the reestablished Senate in 1922 after its 127-year hiatus
In the newly re-established Poland after the First World War, the March Constitution of 1921 set out a system whereby the Senate would be led by its Marshal and Deputy Marshals who were elected via a simple majority system by senators from among their ranks, they were then expected to serve for the Senate's term of office; the same rules were followed under the April Constitution of 1935. In the Second Polish Republic, senators were elected by universal ballot.
In the 1921 constitution the Senate was established as the upper house of the Polish parliament, which from then on was to be known as the 'National Assembly', with the previously overarching term 'Sejm' being used to refer only to the lower house of parliament. The senate, whilst not having the right to introduce legislation, was entrusted with the right of veto over the Sejm, the right to demand written explanations of policy decisions from government ministers and a part to play in electing, along with the Sejm, the president of the Republic in a unified secret ballot. At the time the Senate was composed of 111 senators, each of whom was elected to represent, along with a number of others, one of Poland's sub-national provinces. The term of office for senators amounted to five years. During the inter-war period the senate met in five convocations.
The Senate Agricultural Committee, 1925
After a failure in 1926 to consolidate its powers and receive the right to introduce legislation, the Senate continued to function in its original 1921 role, until the May Coup of 1926, after which the Senate became the supreme legislative body of the republic and increased its power at the expense of that of the Sejm. However, it was still largely subordinate to the president and, until the death of coup-instigator Józef Piłsudski, Chief of State. After the invasion of Poland by German forces, on 2 November 1939, the president of Poland Ignacy Mościcki ordered that the Senate and Sejm cease to operate and remain in recess until the end of the war, after which elections were ordered to take place within 60 days after the cessation of hostilities; this however, was never to take place.
A debate taking place in the Senate, December 9, 1930
After a referendum organised in 1946 by the Communist regime, the Senate was abolished in the post-Second World War People's Republic of Poland. It is estimated, based on actual results obtained after the fall of Communism in 1989, that should the referendum have been fairly organised, the real outcome would have shown that 73% of respondents were in favour of retaining the Senate in the legislative system and the institution would not have been abolished. Indeed, in Kraków, where the opposition managed to ensure a fair vote, the 'no' result relating to the question as to whether people favoured the abolition of the Senate was recorded as being 84%.
The Senate was only reestablished after the agreement struck between the Communists and Solidarity in 1989. During the first election to the newly reestablished senate in 1989 the future-president Lech Wałęsa's Solidarity Movement won 99 of the 100 seats being contested, with the final seat being taken by an independent. This enormous size of this defeat greatly embarrassed the ruling Polish United Workers' Party and hastened their exit from power, thus paving the way for the establishment of a democratic Poland and the foundation of the third republic, in which the Senate was to become a permanent upper house of the new bicameral legislature.
Nowadays
The term of office of a senator is four years. The Senate may reject or amend the bills passed by the Sejm but any rejection or amendment may still be overruled by an absolute majority vote in the Sejm. A joint session of the Senate and the Sejm is known as a National Assembly. Traditionally, the Senate takes particular care of Polonia, Polish communities outside Poland.
Until 2010, senators were elected by a plurality bloc voting method, where two or more candidates with the highest support are elected from each electorate, and each voter selects as many candidates as there are seats (i.e., there is no proportional representation). The exact number of senators from each electorate was dependent on its population and varied from two to four.
Since 2011, senators are elected by the single member, one-round first-past-the-post voting method.
Current term
Composition
For recent election results, see 2023 Polish parliamentary election § Senate.
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KO
TD
NiS
PiS
Presidium
Office
Holder
Terms of office
Senior Marshal
Michał Seweryński
13 November 2023
Marshal
Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska
13 November 2023
Incumbent
Deputy Marshals
Magdalena Biejat
13 November 2023
Incumbent
Rafał Grupiński
13 November 2023
Incumbent
Michał Kamiński
13 November 2023
Incumbent
Maciej Żywno
13 November 2023
Incumbent
Senators
Main article: List of Polish senators (2023–2027)
Constituencies
Main article: List of constituencies for the Senate of the Republic of Poland
Building
The Senate Building at the Sejm complex in Warsaw
The Senate building was originally an administrative building of the Polish Sejm that was built in the early 1950s and eventually became the Sejm library. However, in 1989, with the re-establishment of the Senate, the need for a permanent workplace for the new institution became obvious. At the time only the Sejm's chamber was big enough to hold Senate debates, so, as a compromise the Senate made temporary use of the Sejm chamber whilst plans for a new Senate building were drawn up. In the meantime the senate's administrative offices and facilities for senators were moved into Bohdan Pniewski's 1950s east wing of the Sejm complex.
It eventually became clear that the system of alternating with the Sejm in using the latter's debating chamber was becoming more and more problematic, and so, after another 18 months, during which the Senate made use of the Hall of Columns in the Sejm, work on the new Senate chamber finally began. The project revolved around a plan designed by architects Andrzej and Barbara Kaliszewski and Bohdan Napieralski, which would see three conference rooms on the first floor of what is now the Senate building combined to make one usable space, whilst not changing the external elevations of the building or significantly changing its interior style or character. Decorated in a scheme close to that of Pniewski's, which utilises a great number of soft shades of white and grey, the Senate chamber blends well with the rest of its architectural surroundings. The furniture for the chamber, much of which is upholstered in blueish-grey material was specially designed for the Senate's use and incorporates many design features characteristic of 1950s Polish modernism.
The iconic spiral staircase in the Senate building's main hall
Whilst the Senate chamber does have one elevation incorporating large windows, which look out into the Sejm gardens, the specially-designed curtain, which was designed to cover them must always be drawn during debates and it is, in fact, rare to ever see it open. The necessity to close the curtains during debates exists to stop the sun's glare from distracting or disturbing senators during plenary sessions. Behind the presidium, the back of which faces the glazed elevation, hangs a large copy of the coat of arms of Poland. On either side of the presidium there are places available for government advisors and independent experts who may be required to take part in debates, whilst at the back, around the edge of the chamber there are a small number of places reserved for the public. There is also a special space reserved for the president of Poland, over which hangs an embroidered copy of the presidential jack.
The hall, which provides entrance to the Senate chamber retains, despite renovation in the early 1990s, its original Pniewski architectural features and now serves as a meetings place for senators and their staff before and between debates. In the centre of this same hall stands an iconic spiral staircase, which has become a symbol of the modern Polish Senate; indeed the central pylon of this staircase is decorated with a marble plaque depicting the Senate's traditional emblem, the stylised white eagle intertwined with an 'S'. To the right of the hall the Senate Marshal's office is to be found, along with those of his secretariat and chief of staff. A large reception room also adjoins the hall, and it is in this room that the large oil painting “the Polish Legation and Walezjusz” by Teodor Axentowicz hangs. To the left of the hall is a small foyer for the use of senators and in which hang portraits of all the past marshals of the senate.
The lower floors of the Senate house the administrative offices of the 'Senate Chancellery' whilst others are used by various legislative experts.
See also
Sejm
Politics of Poland
Senate
Electoral districts of Poland (1935–1939)
Notes
^
PO (37)
T!DPL (1)
Independent (4)
^ Michał Kamiński
^ Kazimierz Michał Ujazdowski
^ Józef Zając
^
PL2050 (5)
PSL (4)
UED (1)
CdP (1)
Independent (1)
^ Waldemar Witkowski
^ Wojciech Konieczny
^
NL (4)
UP (1)
PPS (1)
^
LR (2)
^ Mieczysław Golba
^
PiS (29)
SP (1)
Independent (4)
References
^ https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND article 114
^ https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND article 123
^ https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND Article 223
^ https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND article 235
^ https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm Constitution article 125
^ "The Treaty of Lisbon | Fact Sheets on the European Union | European Parliament". www.europarl.europa.eu. 31 March 2024. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
^ a b c d e "Historia Senatu" . senat.gov.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
^ "How are senators elected?" (PDF). senat.gov.pl. 2013.
^ "Senatorowie / Kluby i koła / Senat Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej". senat.gov.pl. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
^ "Prace / Posiedzenia / Senat Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej". senat.gov.pl. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
^ Uchwała Senatu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 13 listopada 2023 r. w sprawie wyboru Marszałka Senatu, M.P. z 2023 r. poz. 1228
^ a b c Uchwała Senatu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 13 listopada 2023 r. w sprawie wyboru wicemarszałków Senatu, M.P. z 2023 r. poz. 1240
^ Uchwała Senatu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 13 listopada 2023 r. w sprawie wyboru wicemarszałka Senatu, M.P. z 2023 r. poz. 1242
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The history of the Polish Senate stretches back over 500 years; it was one of the first constituent bodies of a bicameral parliament in Europe and existed without hiatus until the final partition of the Polish state in 1795. The contemporary Senate is composed of 100 senators elected by a universal ballot and is headed by the Marshal of the Senate (Marszałek Senatu). The incumbent Marshal of the Senate is Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska.Following a brief period of existence under the Second Polish Republic, the Senate was again abolished by the authorities of the Polish People's Republic. It was not re-established until the collapse of the communist government and reinstatement of democracy in Poland in 1989. The Senate is based in Warsaw and is located in a building which forms part of the Sejm Complex on Wiejska Street, in close proximity to the Three Crosses Square and Ujazdów Castle.Like most parliaments in the European Union, Poland's parliament is asymmetric, where the lower chamber is dominant over the upper chamber. Unlike the Sejm, the Senate cannot unilaterally veto legislation nor can it bring down the government in a vote of no confidence, and the chamber and its members generally receive far less attention compared to the Sejm.","title":"Senate of Poland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish Constitution of April 2, 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Institute of National Remembrance – Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance"},{"link_name":"National Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Marshal of the Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Senate_of_the_Republic_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Constitutional Tribunal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Tribunal_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon"},{"link_name":"European legislation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_legislation"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"In line with Article 10, Paragraph 2, and Article 95 of the Polish Constitution of April 2, 1997, the Senate and the Sejm exercise legislative power. The Senate is composed of 100 senators who are elected for a term of four years in general election in a direct vote by secret ballot. Alongside the Sejm, the President of the Polish Republic, the Council of Ministers and all citizens of Poland, the Senate has the right to take legislative initiatives.If it is necessary for the Sejm and Senate to convene jointly as a general session of the National Assembly, this joint session will be chaired by the Marshal of the Sejm or by the Marshal of the Senate.[1] The Senate is allowed 30 days to examine any piece of draft legislation passed by the Sejm, 14 days if a bill is considered to be urgent.[2] Any bill submitted by the Sejm to the Senate may be adopted by the latter without any amendments or amended or rejected (but any rejection or amendment may still be overruled by an absolute majority vote in the Sejm). Any resolution of the Senate, as a result of which a bill is repealed or amended, is considered to be passed provided it has not been rejected by the Sejm.However, for the state budget, the Senate has 20 days to examine it.[3] For amending the constitution, the Senate has 60 days for analysis. If the constitution is amended, identical wording of the amendment must be approved by both the Sejm and the Senate.[4]The president cannot decide to stage a nationwide referendum on matters of national importance unless he or she has been given explicit permission to do so by the Senate.[5] The Senate is also empowered to examine any reports submitted by the Commissioner for the Protection of Citizens' Rights and the National Broadcasting Council. Other than its significant involvement in the legislative process, the Senate is required to grant its consent in the case of appointment or removal of the President of the Supreme Chamber of Control, the President of the Institute of National Remembrance – Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation, the Commissioner for Protection of Citizens' Rights and the Ombudsman for Children and the General Inspector for Personal Data Protection.However, unlike the Sejm, the Senate has no role in providing for oversight of the executive. The Senate currently appoints one member of the National Broadcasting Council, two members of the Council of the Institute of National Remembrance, two of its own senators to sit on the National Judiciary Board and three members of the Monetary Policy Council of the National Bank. The Marshal of the Senate and any 30 senators may also request the Constitutional Tribunal to examine any act of domestic legislation or international agreement to check that it complies with the constitution, ratified international agreements, and other legislation.Since the adoption of the Treaty of Lisbon, the Senate also has the right to report issues about option and implementation of European legislation in Poland to the central authorities of the European Union.[6]","title":"Role"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johann_Haller,_Commune_Incliti_Poloniae_regni_privilegium_constitutionum_et_indultuum_publicitus_decretorum_approbatorumque_(1506,_cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Nobles' Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Liberty"},{"link_name":"privy council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_council"},{"link_name":"Sejm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm"},{"link_name":"burgraves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgrave"},{"link_name":"voivodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivode"},{"link_name":"prefects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefect"},{"link_name":"castellans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellan"},{"link_name":"Senatorial offices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offices_in_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth#Senatorial_offices"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-senat.gov.pl-18"},{"link_name":"Mielnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mielnik"},{"link_name":"Alexander I Jagiellon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Jagiellon"},{"link_name":"Nihil Novi act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihil_novi"},{"link_name":"Mazovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazovia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Session_of_the_Polish_Senate_in_Jasna_G%C3%B3ra_in_1661.PNG"},{"link_name":"Jasna Góra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasna_G%C3%B3ra"},{"link_name":"Sigismund I the Old","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old"},{"link_name":"Union of Lublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Lublin"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Senate of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kazimierz_Wojniakowski,_Uchwalenie_Konstytucji_3_Maja.jpg"},{"link_name":"Great Sejm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sejm"},{"link_name":"Four-Year Sejm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-Year_Sejm"},{"link_name":"May 3rd Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_3rd_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Royal Castle in Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Warsaw"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-senat.gov.pl-18"},{"link_name":"Sigismund III of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_III_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Władysław IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Senate_Chamber_design_Warsaw_Louis.JPG"},{"link_name":"Michael I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Korybut_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki"},{"link_name":"Permanent Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Council"},{"link_name":"May 3rd Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_3rd_Constitution"},{"link_name":"lower house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_house"},{"link_name":"upper house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_house"},{"link_name":"Sejmiks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejmik"},{"link_name":"Kościuszko Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising"},{"link_name":"third partition of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-senat.gov.pl-18"}],"sub_title":"Kingdom and Commonwealth","text":"A leaf from the Łaski Statute depicting the Polish Senate in 1503The Senate can be traced back approximately five hundred years to a council of royal advisors. In the Nobles' Democracy, the Senate was a privy council rather than an upper chamber of the Sejm, and consisted of members of the royal cabinet and the royal court, together with burgraves, voivodes, prefects and castellans (all appointed by the king), and Catholic bishops (see Senatorial offices for details). It was not until 1453 that the first mention was made of a two chamber legislative body in which the 'lords' of the kingdom were represented in a 'council of lords', however, by 1493 the Sejm, made up of the king, Senate and Chamber of Envoys was finally established as a permanent legislative body for the Polish kingdom.[7]In 1501 at Mielnik, senators attempted to force the soon to be crowned king Alexander I Jagiellon to devolve all royal powers relating to the governing of the state to them. However, whilst Alexander first agreed, after his coronation he refused to affirm this privilege. Later the Nihil Novi act of 1505 affirmed the right of both the Chamber of Envoys and Senate to propagate common law for the kingdom. In 1529 the Senate finally reached a decision on its own composition; after the accession of Mazovia to the Kingdom of Poland, the Senate became composed of Roman Catholic diocesan bishops, voivodes, lesser and greater castellans, ministers (grand chamberlain, chancellor, deputy chancellors, grand treasurer and court Marshal), all of whom were appointed for life by the king. At this time the competences of the Senate were also laid down as pertaining to participation in legislation, foreign policy and the Sejm Court.The 1661 session of the Senate in Jasna GóraIn 1537 the Senate followed a course of action which would have seen it become the most important institution in protecting landowners’ rights and freedoms. However, this view was at odds with those of Sigismund I the Old who believed that the Senate was becoming far too powerful. Resultantly, over the period of 1562–69, the Senate lost many of its powers and influence, eventually becoming subordinate to its formerly-equal companion body, the Chamber of Envoys. In 1569 a very important milestone was achieved when the Union of Lublin was signed and senators of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were incorporated into the Royal Senate of Poland in order to form the Senate of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In addition to this, senators from the autonomous Duchy of Prussia, a fiefdom of the Polish king, were incorporated after having been absent since gaining autonomy in 1466. After these developments the Senate was composed of 142 senators: 15 bishops, 35 provincial governors, 31 greater castellans, 47 lesser castellans and 14 ministers.In 1791, the \"Great Sejm\" or \"Four-Year Sejm\" of 1788–1792 and Senate adopt the May 3rd Constitution at the Royal Castle in WarsawThis old senate did not include the separate post of the Senate Marshal. The Senate's sessions were presided over by the king, who was represented in person by the 'grand royal marshal', a figure who could ultimately be described as prime minister of the kingdom. It was this marshal who, on behalf of the king, presided over joint sessions (in which both the Senate and Chamber of Envoys took part) of the Sejm. Should the grand royal marshal by absent, sessions were presided over by the court's crown marshal. Both of these two marshals sat in the Senate and, like other senators, enjoyed a lifelong appointment by the king.[7]The most important senator or 'president of the senate' was, at the time, the archbishop of Gniezno who, as Primate of Poland and 'first Duke of the Kingdom', was considered to hold the most senior state position below that of the monarch. The archbishop presided over sessions of the Senate during periods of the king's absence. The primate even had the right to convene 'secret' councils with the Senate without the king's permission and, should the need arise, even against his will. During periods of interregnum the primate immediately became, by default, the interrex (acting monarch), and thus could convene the Sejm at will.In 1573 the Senate received new rights under the Henrician Articles; these allowed the Senate to reprimand the king and instructed that the monarch must always be accompanied by an advisory body of at least four senators. The Senate also ruled that the king must not arbitrarily propagate new laws and that he must first consult with the Senate before entering into marriage or agreeing to inter-state alliances. Under King Sigismund III of Poland and later his son, King Władysław IV, the Senate grew in importance and kings began to rule with the help of an advisory body in which they placed most of their trust. This body was colloquially known as the 'Little Senate' and was made up of a number of highly trusted senators loyal to the king.Unrealised (1765) plans for a new senate chamber at the Royal Castle in WarsawIn 1631 and 1632 the Senate first used its right to veto constitutional acts adopted by the Chamber of Envoys. This marks the first phase of the Senate's demise as powerful nobles (known as the magnates) begin to exercise their power in the legislature. By 1669 the situation had become so bad that landowners took to the streets and, angered by the magnates machinations during the earlier royal election of Michael I, shot at passing senators. By 1717 the king was obliged to implement recommendations given by the senators-resident and by 1773 the cardinal laws pertaining to the 'power of legislating for the Republic in three estates' had been passed and the Senate had begun to hold joint debates with the Chamber of Envoys as a single 'united' Sejm. As a result, in 1775, the senators-resident or 'Little Senate' were abolished and were replaced with a 'Permanent Council' of senators and envoys headed by the king.In 1791 a particularly important development took place when the May 3rd Constitution removed the king from the three estate Sejm and transformed the previously equal House of Envoys and Senate into a modern parliament comprising a lower house (Chamber of Envoys) and upper house (Senate). The Senate, however, lost much of its right to legislate and, whilst still appointed by the king, senators were now to be chosen and put forward by provincial legislative bodies known as Sejmiks.The Senate continued to exist until 1794, right up until the Kościuszko Uprising. In 1795 the third partition of Poland took place, thus ending the first chapter of the Senate's history.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"princes of the imperial blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_du_Sang"}],"sub_title":"Partitions","text":"During the existence of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and the Congress Kingdom of Poland the president of the Senate presided over the Senate; this officer of state was appointed for life by the king, and was chosen from among the ordinary, secular senators. Additionally, in the Congress Kingdom the Senate was on an equal footing with the Chamber of Envoys, it was then composed of bishops, provincial governors, castellans and princes of the imperial blood. Despite this, the Senate of the Congress Kingdom had very little power and was largely a powerless, representative institution.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pierwsze_posiedzenie_senatu,_1922_r.jpg"},{"link_name":"March Constitution of 1921","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Constitution_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Senate_of_the_Republic_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Deputy Marshals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Marshal_of_the_Senate_of_the_Republic_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Second Polish Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic"},{"link_name":"president of the Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-senat.gov.pl-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polish_Senate_Commission_1925.jpg"},{"link_name":"May Coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Coup_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"Józef Piłsudski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski"},{"link_name":"Ignacy Mościcki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacy_Mo%C5%9Bcicki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sala_Senatu,_Warszawa,_1930.png"},{"link_name":"a referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Polish_people%27s_referendum"},{"link_name":"Communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"agreement struck between the Communists and Solidarity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1989-present)#Round_Table_Agreement_and_democratic_transition"},{"link_name":"election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Polish_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"Lech Wałęsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa"},{"link_name":"Solidarity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_Citizens%27_Committee"},{"link_name":"Polish United Workers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-senat.gov.pl-18"}],"sub_title":"Second, People's and Third republics","text":"The first session of the reestablished Senate in 1922 after its 127-year hiatusIn the newly re-established Poland after the First World War, the March Constitution of 1921 set out a system whereby the Senate would be led by its Marshal and Deputy Marshals who were elected via a simple majority system by senators from among their ranks, they were then expected to serve for the Senate's term of office; the same rules were followed under the April Constitution of 1935. In the Second Polish Republic, senators were elected by universal ballot.In the 1921 constitution the Senate was established as the upper house of the Polish parliament, which from then on was to be known as the 'National Assembly', with the previously overarching term 'Sejm' being used to refer only to the lower house of parliament. The senate, whilst not having the right to introduce legislation, was entrusted with the right of veto over the Sejm, the right to demand written explanations of policy decisions from government ministers and a part to play in electing, along with the Sejm, the president of the Republic in a unified secret ballot. At the time the Senate was composed of 111 senators, each of whom was elected to represent, along with a number of others, one of Poland's sub-national provinces. The term of office for senators amounted to five years. During the inter-war period the senate met in five convocations.[7]The Senate Agricultural Committee, 1925After a failure in 1926 to consolidate its powers and receive the right to introduce legislation, the Senate continued to function in its original 1921 role, until the May Coup of 1926, after which the Senate became the supreme legislative body of the republic and increased its power at the expense of that of the Sejm. However, it was still largely subordinate to the president and, until the death of coup-instigator Józef Piłsudski, Chief of State. After the invasion of Poland by German forces, on 2 November 1939, the president of Poland Ignacy Mościcki ordered that the Senate and Sejm cease to operate and remain in recess until the end of the war, after which elections were ordered to take place within 60 days after the cessation of hostilities; this however, was never to take place.A debate taking place in the Senate, December 9, 1930After a referendum organised in 1946 by the Communist regime, the Senate was abolished in the post-Second World War People's Republic of Poland. It is estimated, based on actual results obtained after the fall of Communism in 1989, that should the referendum have been fairly organised, the real outcome would have shown that 73% of respondents were in favour of retaining the Senate in the legislative system and the institution would not have been abolished. Indeed, in Kraków, where the opposition managed to ensure a fair vote, the 'no' result relating to the question as to whether people favoured the abolition of the Senate was recorded as being 84%.The Senate was only reestablished after the agreement struck between the Communists and Solidarity in 1989. During the first election to the newly reestablished senate in 1989 the future-president Lech Wałęsa's Solidarity Movement won 99 of the 100 seats being contested, with the final seat being taken by an independent. This enormous size of this defeat greatly embarrassed the ruling Polish United Workers' Party and hastened their exit from power, thus paving the way for the establishment of a democratic Poland and the foundation of the third republic, in which the Senate was to become a permanent upper house of the new bicameral legislature.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Polonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_diaspora"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"plurality bloc voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality-at-large_voting"},{"link_name":"electorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district"},{"link_name":"first-past-the-post voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The term of office of a senator is four years. The Senate may reject or amend the bills passed by the Sejm but any rejection or amendment may still be overruled by an absolute majority vote in the Sejm. A joint session of the Senate and the Sejm is known as a National Assembly. Traditionally, the Senate takes particular care of Polonia, Polish communities outside Poland.Until 2010, senators were elected by a plurality bloc voting method, where two or more candidates with the highest support are elected from each electorate, and each voter selects as many candidates as there are seats (i.e., there is no proportional representation). The exact number of senators from each electorate was dependent on its population and varied from two to four.Since 2011, senators are elected by the single member, one-round first-past-the-post voting method.[8]","title":"Nowadays"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current term"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2023 Polish parliamentary election § Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Polish_parliamentary_election#Senate"}],"sub_title":"Composition","text":"For recent election results, see 2023 Polish parliamentary election § Senate.","title":"Current term"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Presidium","title":"Current term"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Senators","title":"Current term"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Constituencies"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Budynek_Senatu,_Warszawa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sejm complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm_and_Senate_Complex_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Senate building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm_and_Senate_Complex_of_Poland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oval_staircase_Polish_Senate_Warsaw.JPG"},{"link_name":"coat of arms of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"president of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"presidential jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"spiral staircase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_staircase"}],"text":"The Senate Building at the Sejm complex in WarsawThe Senate building was originally an administrative building of the Polish Sejm that was built in the early 1950s and eventually became the Sejm library. However, in 1989, with the re-establishment of the Senate, the need for a permanent workplace for the new institution became obvious. At the time only the Sejm's chamber was big enough to hold Senate debates, so, as a compromise the Senate made temporary use of the Sejm chamber whilst plans for a new Senate building were drawn up. In the meantime the senate's administrative offices and facilities for senators were moved into Bohdan Pniewski's 1950s east wing of the Sejm complex.It eventually became clear that the system of alternating with the Sejm in using the latter's debating chamber was becoming more and more problematic, and so, after another 18 months, during which the Senate made use of the Hall of Columns in the Sejm, work on the new Senate chamber finally began. The project revolved around a plan designed by architects Andrzej and Barbara Kaliszewski and Bohdan Napieralski, which would see three conference rooms on the first floor of what is now the Senate building combined to make one usable space, whilst not changing the external elevations of the building or significantly changing its interior style or character. Decorated in a scheme close to that of Pniewski's, which utilises a great number of soft shades of white and grey, the Senate chamber blends well with the rest of its architectural surroundings. The furniture for the chamber, much of which is upholstered in blueish-grey material was specially designed for the Senate's use and incorporates many design features characteristic of 1950s Polish modernism.The iconic spiral staircase in the Senate building's main hallWhilst the Senate chamber does have one elevation incorporating large windows, which look out into the Sejm gardens, the specially-designed curtain, which was designed to cover them must always be drawn during debates and it is, in fact, rare to ever see it open. The necessity to close the curtains during debates exists to stop the sun's glare from distracting or disturbing senators during plenary sessions. Behind the presidium, the back of which faces the glazed elevation, hangs a large copy of the coat of arms of Poland. On either side of the presidium there are places available for government advisors and independent experts who may be required to take part in debates, whilst at the back, around the edge of the chamber there are a small number of places reserved for the public. There is also a special space reserved for the president of Poland, over which hangs an embroidered copy of the presidential jack.The hall, which provides entrance to the Senate chamber retains, despite renovation in the early 1990s, its original Pniewski architectural features and now serves as a meetings place for senators and their staff before and between debates. In the centre of this same hall stands an iconic spiral staircase, which has become a symbol of the modern Polish Senate; indeed the central pylon of this staircase is decorated with a marble plaque depicting the Senate's traditional emblem, the stylised white eagle intertwined with an 'S'. To the right of the hall the Senate Marshal's office is to be found, along with those of his secretariat and chief of staff. A large reception room also adjoins the hall, and it is in this room that the large oil painting “the Polish Legation and Walezjusz” by Teodor Axentowicz hangs. To the left of the hall is a small foyer for the use of senators and in which hang portraits of all the past marshals of the senate.The lower floors of the Senate house the administrative offices of the 'Senate Chancellery' whilst others are used by various legislative experts.","title":"Building"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"PO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Platform_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"T!DPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes!_For_Poland"},{"link_name":"Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Michał Kamiński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kami%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Kazimierz Michał Ujazdowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Micha%C5%82_Ujazdowski"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Józef Zając","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Zaj%C4%85c_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"PL2050","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_2050"},{"link_name":"PSL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"UED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_European_Democrats"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"CdP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Poland"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Waldemar Witkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldemar_Witkowski"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Wojciech Konieczny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojciech_Konieczny"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"NL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Left_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"UP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Union_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"PPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"LR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Together"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Mieczysław Golba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Golba"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"PiS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_Justice"},{"link_name":"SP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_Poland"},{"link_name":"[j]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician"}],"text":"^ \n PO (37)\n T!DPL (1)\n Independent (4)\n\n^ Michał Kamiński\n\n^ Kazimierz Michał Ujazdowski\n\n^ Józef Zając\n\n^ \n PL2050 (5)\n PSL (4)\n UED (1)[b]\n CdP (1)[c]\n Independent (1)[d]\n\n^ Waldemar Witkowski\n\n^ Wojciech Konieczny\n\n^ \n NL (4)\n UP (1)[f]\n PPS (1)[g]\n\n^ \n LR (2)\n\n^ Mieczysław Golba\n\n^ \n PiS (29)\n SP (1)[j]\n Independent (4)","title":"Notes"}]
|
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[{"reference":"\"The Treaty of Lisbon | Fact Sheets on the European Union | European Parliament\". www.europarl.europa.eu. 31 March 2024. Retrieved 11 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/5/the-treaty-of-lisbon","url_text":"\"The Treaty of Lisbon | Fact Sheets on the European Union | European Parliament\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historia Senatu\" [History of the Senate]. senat.gov.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120515165338/http://www.senat.gov.pl/o-senacie/z-dziejow-senatu/historia-senatu/","url_text":"\"Historia Senatu\""},{"url":"http://www.senat.gov.pl/o-senacie/z-dziejow-senatu/historia-senatu/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"How are senators elected?\" (PDF). senat.gov.pl. 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.senat.gov.pl/gfx/senat/userfiles/_public/k8eng/noty/howare.pdf","url_text":"\"How are senators elected?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senatorowie / Kluby i koła / Senat Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej\". senat.gov.pl. Retrieved 15 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.senat.gov.pl/sklad/kluby-i-kola/","url_text":"\"Senatorowie / Kluby i koła / Senat Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prace / Posiedzenia / Senat Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej\". senat.gov.pl. Retrieved 13 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.senat.gov.pl/prace/posiedzenia/przebieg,602,1.html","url_text":"\"Prace / Posiedzenia / Senat Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Look_Back_(1952_film)
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Never Look Back (film)
|
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Critical reception","4 References","4.1 Bibliography","5 External links"]
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1952 film
Never Look BackDirected byFrancis SearleWritten byJohn Hunter Guy Morgan Francis SearleProduced byMichael CarrerasStarringRosamund JohnHugh SinclairGuy MiddletonHenry EdwardsCinematographyReginald H. WyerEdited byJohn FerrisMusic byTemple AbadyProductioncompanyHammer FilmsDistributed byExclusive FilmsRelease date
26 May 1952 (1952-05-26)
Running time73 minutesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglish
Never Look Back is a 1952 British drama film directed by Francis Searle and starring Rosamund John, Hugh Sinclair and Guy Middleton. The screenplay concerns a newly appointed female barrister whose career is threatened by a former lover. It was made by Hammer Films at the Mancunian Studios in Manchester.
Plot
Anne Maitland is the King's Counsel who receives an unexpected late-night visit from ex-boyfriend Guy Ransome (Middleton). When Ransome is then accused of murdering his mistress on the same night, Anne takes on his defense. In a court battle against Nigel Stewart, a barrister who is madly in love with her, Maitland clears Ransome of murder by disclosing her earlier relationship with him, and that he was staying in her flat on the night of the crime. However, when it is discovered that Ransome did commit the murder, Maitland's reputation is in tatters. But this failure leaves her finally able to marry Nigel Stewart when he is no longer a professional threat.
Cast
Rosamund John as Anne Maitland, K.C.
Hugh Sinclair as Nigel Stewart
Guy Middleton as Guy Ransome
Henry Edwards as Geoffrey Whitcomb
Terence Longdon as Alan Whitcomb
John Warwick as Inspector Raynor
Brenda de Banzie as Molly Wheeler
Arthur Howard as Charles Vaughan
Bruce Belfrage as The Judge
Fanny Rowe as Liz
H.S. Hills as Frank Lindsell
Hélène Burls as Mrs. Brock
Bill Shine as Willie
Timothy Bateson as Court Official
Harry H. Corbett as Policeman in Charge Cells
June Mitchell as Secretary
Barbara Shaw as Press Woman
David Scase as Cameraman
Norman Somers as Nigel Junior
Critical reception
TV Guide gave the film two out of four stars, and wrote, "the British legal system is invested with enough romantic drama to rival a soap opera in this intriguing thriller."
References
^ "Never Look Back". BFI. Archived from the original on 13 January 2009.
^ "Never Look Back". RadioTimes.
^ Chibnall & McFarlane p.80
^ "Never Look Back". www.hammer-graveyard.org.uk. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014.
^ Steve Huey (2016). "Never-Look-Back - Trailer - Cast - Showtimes - NYTimes.com". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016.
^ "Never Look Back". TV Guide.
Bibliography
Chibnall, Steve & McFarlane, Brian. The British 'B' Film. Palgrave MacMillan, 2009.
External links
Never Look Back at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Francis Searle
A Girl in a Million (1946)
Things Happen at Night (1947)
Celia (1949)
The Man in Black (1949)
The Lady Craved Excitement (1950)
Someone at the Door (1950)
A Case for PC 49 (1951)
Cloudburst (1951)
The Rossiter Case (1951)
Love's a Luxury (1952)
Never Look Back (1952)
Whispering Smith Hits London (1952)
Murder at 3am (1953)
Wheel of Fate (1953)
Profile (1954)
One Way Out (1955)
The Gelignite Gang (1956)
Undercover Girl (1958)
Murder at Site 3 (1959)
Trouble with Eve (1960)
Ticket to Paradise (1961)
Freedom to Die (1961)
Emergency (1962)
Dead Man's Evidence (1962)
Gaolbreak (1962)
Night of the Prowler (1962)
The Marked One (1963)
This article related to a British film of the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Francis Searle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Searle"},{"link_name":"Rosamund John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosamund_John"},{"link_name":"Hugh Sinclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Sinclair_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Guy Middleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Middleton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hammer Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_Studios"},{"link_name":"Mancunian Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mancunian_Studios"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Never Look Back is a 1952 British drama film directed by Francis Searle and starring Rosamund John, Hugh Sinclair and Guy Middleton.[1] The screenplay concerns a newly appointed female barrister whose career is threatened by a former lover.[2] It was made by Hammer Films at the Mancunian Studios in Manchester.[3][4]","title":"Never Look Back (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King's Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Anne Maitland is the King's Counsel who receives an unexpected late-night visit from ex-boyfriend Guy Ransome (Middleton). When Ransome is then accused of murdering his mistress on the same night, Anne takes on his defense. In a court battle against Nigel Stewart, a barrister who is madly in love with her, Maitland clears Ransome of murder by disclosing her earlier relationship with him, and that he was staying in her flat on the night of the crime. However, when it is discovered that Ransome did commit the murder, Maitland's reputation is in tatters. But this failure leaves her finally able to marry Nigel Stewart when he is no longer a professional threat.[5]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rosamund John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosamund_John"},{"link_name":"Hugh Sinclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Sinclair_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Guy Middleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Middleton"},{"link_name":"Henry Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Edwards_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Terence Longdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Longdon"},{"link_name":"John Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Warwick"},{"link_name":"Brenda de Banzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_de_Banzie"},{"link_name":"Arthur Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Howard"},{"link_name":"Bruce Belfrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Belfrage"},{"link_name":"Fanny Rowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Rowe"},{"link_name":"Bill Shine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Shine_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Timothy Bateson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Bateson"},{"link_name":"Harry H. Corbett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_H._Corbett"},{"link_name":"David Scase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Scase"}],"text":"Rosamund John as Anne Maitland, K.C.\nHugh Sinclair as Nigel Stewart\nGuy Middleton as Guy Ransome\nHenry Edwards as Geoffrey Whitcomb\nTerence Longdon as Alan Whitcomb\nJohn Warwick as Inspector Raynor\nBrenda de Banzie as Molly Wheeler\nArthur Howard as Charles Vaughan\nBruce Belfrage as The Judge\nFanny Rowe as Liz\nH.S. Hills as Frank Lindsell\nHélène Burls as Mrs. Brock\nBill Shine as Willie\nTimothy Bateson as Court Official\nHarry H. Corbett as Policeman in Charge Cells\nJune Mitchell as Secretary\nBarbara Shaw as Press Woman\nDavid Scase as Cameraman\nNorman Somers as Nigel Junior","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TV Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"TV Guide gave the film two out of four stars, and wrote, \"the British legal system is invested with enough romantic drama to rival a soap opera in this intriguing thriller.\"[6]","title":"Critical reception"}]
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[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%27Elanna_Torres
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B'Elanna Torres
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["1 Character development","2 Character overview","2.1 Starfleet Academy and Maquis","2.2 USS Voyager","3 Birthdate","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"]
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Fictional character
Fictional character
B'Elanna TorresStar Trek characterFirst appearance"Caretaker" (1995)Last appearance"Endgame" (2001)Portrayed byRoxann DawsonIn-universe informationSpeciesHalf-Klingon (maternal) Half-human (paternal)AffiliationUnited Federation of PlanetsMaquisStarfleetFamilyJohn Torres (father)Miral (mother)SpouseTom ParisChildrenMiral ParisPostingChief engineer,USS VoyagerPositionChief EngineerRankField commissioned Lieutenant,briefly served as aField commissioned Lieutenant, junior grade
B'Elanna Torres /bɪˈlɑːnə/ is a main character in Star Trek: Voyager played by Roxann Dawson. She is portrayed as a half-human half-Klingon born in 2346 on the Federation colony Kessik IV.
In the series, Torres was admitted to Starfleet academy but dropped out before graduating. She joined the Maquis in 2370 and was serving on the Val jean when taken to the Delta Quadrant by the Caretaker alien using his station. In the first few episodes, her Maquis ship was destroyed and the surviving Maquis joined the USS Voyager on the long journey across the galaxy to Earth. She was posted to engineering and quickly promoted to Chief Engineer, where she played a major role in the rest of the series. She had an ongoing relationship with Tom Paris, whom she married in the final season.
Dawson was praised for her portrayal of Torres by CBR, who wrote that she made the character believable. As a part-human, part-Klingon character struggling to reconcile the two halves of her heritage, Torres was praised by multi-ethnic audiences.
Character development
The Star Trek: Voyager Companion describes B'Elanna as a young half-human half-Klingon in her twenties who is a member of the Maquis Rebellion.
The producers wanted to hire an actress who could portray B'Elanna's inner struggle between her human and Klingon halves. After Roxann Dawson read for the role, she became the first of the Voyager actors to be cast. Originally, Dawson's makeup differed from the final design; she explained that she had a much more pronounced Klingon forehead and nose and had to wear a set of Klingon teeth, which made her feel uncomfortable. She asked the producers and makeup artist Michael Westmore if they could perhaps make her more attractive and tone down the Klingon makeup. Eventually they came up with a design with which Roxann was happy, something she described as her "beauty monster makeup".
During season one, Dawson initially doubted her readiness to portray her character's dual roles in the early-series episode 'Faces.' However, she used the episode to learn more about her character, and it became one of her favorite episodes. When the episode aired, she called her parents to ask their opinions, and they replied, "You were good, but the girl that played that Klingon was really great!", which Dawson took as a compliment. Joy Kilpatrick was a stand-in of one of two versions albeit uncredited.
During season four, Dawson became pregnant with her first child. The writers decided they did not want B'Elanna to be pregnant as well, so for the duration of Dawson's pregnancy, she was given an engineering lab coat, which was used to help cover her growing pregnancy.
During the episode "The Killing Game", the Hirogen had taken over Voyager and forced the crew to participate in holodeck recreations of various combat situations, to which B'Elanna's holodeck character is portrayed as pregnant in World War II with a Nazi officer's child.
During season five, Dawson had a meeting with the producers and writers to discuss her character. Roxann explained to them that she felt B'Elanna had an extreme dark side that hadn't been explored, and from that discussion the episode "Extreme Risk" was created. Dawson stated that after the episode aired, she received fan mail praising the issues of depression and inner conflict raised in the episode, with which many people identified.
During season six, Dawson got the chance to explore B'Elanna's Klingon heritage thanks to an episode originally conceived by Ronald D. Moore for Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. In the episode "Barge of the Dead", B'Elanna has a near-death experience and travels to Gre'thor, the Klingon Hell, where she meets her mother, Miral. She discovers that because of the dishonor B'Elanna has caused her family, her mother would spend eternity in Gre'thor. The episode explores some aspects of B'Elanna's character, and also gives further insight into Klingon mythology. Dawson believed the episode had many layers to it, and she believed it was essentially a coming-of-age story for B'Elanna and her final acceptance of her Klingon heritage.
During season seven, a pregnancy storyline was written in for B'Elanna's character. Jessica Gaona played the character's young iteration in the episode "Lineage". At the end of the series, Dawson described B'Elanna's character arc as that of an "unruly young woman who matures over the course of seven years."
Character overview
This Star Trek-related article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in-universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. (July 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
B'Elanna was born in 2346 on the Federation colony Kessik IV. Torres had a troubled childhood; her human father, John Torres, and Klingon mother, Miral, often fought. At the age of 5, she overheard her father expressing his unhappiness in the home of two Klingons and she would attempt to run away. In a later confrontation with him, she bitterly told him to leave. John Torres left when B’Elanna was twelve years old. He returned to Earth days later, leaving her to be raised by her mother. In season 7, he contacted her through Starfleet Command and asked to resume a relationship to which she agreed.
Being both Human and Klingon, Torres is shown as prone to aggressive outbursts. She once attacked her schoolmate Daniel Byrd after he repeatedly taunted her, calling her "Miss Turtlehead" due to her cranial ridges. Torres retained this aggressive behavior throughout her life, but she eventually learned to control it.
Starfleet Academy and Maquis
While attending Starfleet Academy, B'Elanna was constantly having trouble with the Starfleet's rules. This resulted in her getting four disciplinary hearings and one suspension. Torres dropped out of Starfleet Academy in 2365 at age 19. Before doing so, Torres was a valued member of the academy athletics team, competing as a decathlete. Her decision to leave the academy upset the track and field coach, as well as other professors.
A few years later she became a member of the Maquis renegade group and began developing a profound hatred of the Cardassians. Torres became associated with a Maquis captain named Chakotay and was serving as chief engineer on his ship, the Val Jean, when they were brought to the Delta Quadrant by "The Caretaker".
During her time with the Maquis, Torres reprogrammed a Cardassian missile known as "Dreadnought". The missile, built with artificial intelligence, was originally targeted at Maquis installations. Torres reprogrammed it on a course for a Cardassian installation, but "Dreadnought" was swept into the Delta Quadrant by the Caretaker.
USS Voyager
When the crews of the USS Voyager and the Val Jean were taken to the Delta Quadrant, Harry Kim and Torres were transported to the Ocampa home world while their respective crews set out to look for them. Being the only two people from their region of the Alpha Quadrant, the two quickly formed a relationship and she nicknamed him "Starfleet" for his faith in the Federation and Starfleet. This relationship would carry on throughout the series as the two would more than occasionally work on tasks together, allowing Kim to prove his intelligence to the whole crew.
In 2371, B'Elanna Torres joined the Voyager crew with the rest of the Maquis from the Val Jean, as Captain Kathryn Janeway offers them the opportunity. She was placed in the engineering department. As the original chief engineer was killed during the trip to the Delta Quadrant, Captain Janeway promoted Torres to the position based on Chakotay's recommendation. Initially, Torres was very outspoken in her disapproval of Captain Janeway's decision to destroy the Caretaker's array, which had the ability to send the Voyager back home from the Delta Quadrant, and carried a small grudge against the captain. Over the first few months, Torres began respecting the captain and her decisions based on Janeway's strong leadership and their shared interest in science.
Shortly after becoming chief engineer, Torres disobeys the captain's orders when Voyager encounters a race known as the Sikarians. The Sikarians have advanced transporter technology that could drastically shorten their 70-year journey, but Sikarian law prohibits the Voyager crew from obtaining it legitimately. Torres becomes involved with a small group of officers who obtain the technology on the Sikarian black market and perpetrate a failed attempt to integrate it into Voyager's systems.
Torres, along with Tom Paris, was later kidnapped by the Vidiians. A Vidiian scientist extracts the Klingon DNA from Torres, splicing her into two separate people: one human, one Klingon. He believed the Klingon DNA had a specific biochemical property that could lead to a cure for the Phage, a disease affecting his people. The human Torres is portrayed fraught with fear but having strong technical expertise, while the Klingon Torres is shown as aggressive and impatient. After her escape from the Vidiians the Klingon Torres suffered a fatal wound from the Vidiian energy weapon and died, but the Doctor used her DNA to restore the human Torres to her original half-human/half-Klingon state, as her cellular structure needs the Klingon DNA to survive.
In the episode "Persistence of Vision," it is revealed that Torres at the time had a romantic interest in Chakotay.
In 2373, Torres was the target of telepathically inspired dreams from a member of a race called the Enarans. The dreams were actually memories of a great massacre that took place on the Enaran homeworld and were the elder Enaran's method of making sure that the memory of this massacre lives on, even if in the mind of an alien.
Later that year, Vulcan engineer Vorik triggered Torres's mating instincts when he forcibly initiated a telepathic bond with her while he is experiencing the pon farr. Torres and Tom Paris later became trapped on a planet together during an away mission, and Torres attempted to get Paris to mate with her, but he resisted. Eventually, Vorik and Torres engaged in ritual battle to purge the blood fever.
Torres later began a relationship with Paris after a complicated and stormy courtship. During an incident in 2374, Torres confessed her love to him when they were left floating in space in environmental suits, with almost no hope of rescue ("Day of Honor"). Although Voyager was soon able to rescue them, Torres realized that her courage in admitting her love had brought her one step closer to discovering what she considered true honor. Their relationship first flourished on screen during "Scientific Method". They married in 2377 and their honeymoon was aboard the Delta Flyer.
When Torres and Paris conceived their daughter, Miral, in 2377, she learned from the Doctor that the child would have distinct Klingon cranial ridges as well as other Klingon traits. Torres, remembering painful events from her own childhood, urged the Doctor to perform gene therapy to reduce this phenotype, and even went so far as to reprogram him to do so. Paris and Captain Janeway both disagreed and prevented the Doctor from performing the genetic modifications. When Paris got her to open up, she admitted that she was afraid her husband would find living with two Klingons too difficult and leave her the way her father did. Once he allayed her fears, he admitted wanting even more children just like their mother, and Torres was finally enjoy the pregnancy ("Lineage").
When a group of Klingon radicals spent time aboard Voyager ("Prophecy"), Torres began opening herself to more Klingon beliefs and, for the first time since childhood, was able to pray for her grandmother, L'Naal, and her great-grandmother, Krelik. When communications with Earth became available ("Author, Author"), she reached out to her estranged father, John Torres.
Miral Paris, named after B'Elanna's mother, was born at the beginning of 2378, during Voyager's trip through a Borg transwarp conduit back to the Alpha Quadrant. In an alternate timeline where Voyager made it home by different means, Miral was shown as an adult serving in Starfleet, with the rank of ensign.
Birthdate
Torres's birthdate—on September 2, 2314, the official Star Trek website published an archive article with information on the press release for the launch of the series. In the document, which includes character biographies, it confirms that when the series began (2371) – "B'Elanna is a beautiful 25-year-old woman who is half-human, half-Klingon..." This information would then place B'Elanna's birthdate at 2346.
The Official Star Trek Voyager Companion gives further evidence to Torres's age. This is a passage taken from the book: "B'ELANNA TORRES is a half-Klingon, half-human in her twenties who is frantically working at the consoles of the barely spaceworthy craft..."
Reception
In March 2019, Syfy rated B'Elanna as the 6th-greatest Klingon of the Star Trek franchise. In particular, they noted that she was an interesting character in the series, displaying both loyalty to the crew of the starship and brilliance as an engineer.
In 2017, Screen Rant ranked B'Elanna Torres as the 14th-most attractive person in the Star Trek universe.
In 2018, The Wrap ranked B'Elanna Torres as the 35th-best character of Star Trek overall. CBR ranked B'Elanna as the 14th-best Starfleet character of Star Trek, in 2018. They note that the former Maquis member works as chief engineer on the USS Voyager spacecraft, and must struggle with her ambivalent emotions about her Klingon heritage while keeping the warp engines working in the Delta quadrant (cutoff from Federation starbases). In addition, CBR opined that the character enhanced other characters aboard the starship, and praised the actress who portrayed her for making B’Elanna Torres's relationships more believable.
In 2019, B'Elanna Torres was ranked the 11th-sexiest Star Trek character by Syfy.
B’Elanna's struggle to reconcile both sides of her Klingon/Human hybrid heritage has been praised by audiences of multi-ethnic backgrounds.
In 2020 ScreenRant ranked B'Elanna and Tom Paris as the 3rd best romantic couple of all Star Trek.
References
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
^ "Roxann Dawson". Dreamwatch (32). 1997.
^ a b c Dawson, Roxann (interviewee) (2004-11-09). Star Trek: Voyager Season 5 DVD Box Set – Voyager Time Capsule: B'Elanna Torres (DVD). Paramount Home Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
^ Gross & Altman (1996): p. 146.
^ Star Trek Voyager Complete Season 4, Star Trek Magazine Interview
^ Complete Star Trek Voyager Season Five/Six DVD. Star Trek Magazine Interview
^ Star Trek.Com 2001, Voyager Wrap Party Interview.
^ "Star Trek Archive: Announcing Voyager". StarTrek.com. Retrieved 2017-06-15.
^ Ruditis, Paul (2003). Star Trek Voyager Companion. Pocket Books. ISBN 978-0743417518.
^ a b Silliman, Brian (2019-03-07). "It is a good day to die: Ranking the top ten Klingons in all of Star Trek". SYFY WIRE. Archived from the original on 2019-04-01. Retrieved 2019-03-11.
^ "Star Trek: 20 Most Attractive Characters". ScreenRant. 2017-12-15. Archived from the original on 2021-04-16. Retrieved 2019-07-12.
^ "All 39 'Star Trek' Main Characters Ranked". 2018-03-21.
^ a b c "Star Trek: The 25 Best Members Of Starfleet, Ranked". CBR. 2018-10-27. Retrieved 2019-06-20.
^ Fleenor, S. E. (2019-01-31). "Definitively ranking the top 12 sexiest Star Trek characters". SYFY WIRE. Archived from the original on 2019-02-01. Retrieved 2019-07-12.
^ Krishna, Swampna (2019-01-31). "B'Elanna Torres Mirrored the Struggle I Didn't Want to Acknowledge". SYFY WIRE. Archived from the original on 2019-05-06. Retrieved 2019-12-22.
^ "The 10 Best Couples In Star Trek, Ranked". ScreenRant. 2021-02-04. Retrieved 2021-02-17.
External links
B'Elanna Torres at Memory Alpha
StarTrek.com Bio Archived 2007-10-28 at the Wayback Machine
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She is portrayed as a half-human half-Klingon born in 2346 on the Federation colony Kessik IV.In the series, Torres was admitted to Starfleet academy but dropped out before graduating. She joined the Maquis in 2370 and was serving on the Val jean when taken to the Delta Quadrant by the Caretaker alien using his station. In the first few episodes, her Maquis ship was destroyed and the surviving Maquis joined the USS Voyager on the long journey across the galaxy to Earth. She was posted to engineering and quickly promoted to Chief Engineer, where she played a major role in the rest of the series. She had an ongoing relationship with Tom Paris, whom she married in the final season.Dawson was praised for her portrayal of Torres by CBR, who wrote that she made the character believable. As a part-human, part-Klingon character struggling to reconcile the two halves of her heritage, Torres was praised by multi-ethnic audiences.","title":"B'Elanna Torres"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roxann Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxann_Dawson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOYS5DVD-2"},{"link_name":"Faces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faces_(Star_Trek:_Voyager)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOYS5DVD-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DawsonsNotCreek-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Killing Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Killing_Game_(Star_Trek:_Voyager)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Extreme Risk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_Risk_(Star_Trek:_Voyager)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOYS5DVD-2"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: Deep Space Nine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine"},{"link_name":"Barge of the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barge_of_the_Dead_(Star_Trek:_Voyager)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lineage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineage_(Star_Trek:_Voyager)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Star Trek: Voyager Companion describes B'Elanna as a young half-human half-Klingon in her twenties who is a member of the Maquis Rebellion.The producers wanted to hire an actress who could portray B'Elanna's inner struggle between her human and Klingon halves. After Roxann Dawson read for the role, she became the first of the Voyager actors to be cast.[1] Originally, Dawson's makeup differed from the final design; she explained that she had a much more pronounced Klingon forehead and nose and had to wear a set of Klingon teeth, which made her feel uncomfortable. She asked the producers and makeup artist Michael Westmore if they could perhaps make her more attractive and tone down the Klingon makeup. Eventually they came up with a design with which Roxann was happy, something she described as her \"beauty monster makeup\".[2]During season one, Dawson initially doubted her readiness to portray her character's dual roles in the early-series episode 'Faces.' However, she used the episode to learn more about her character, and it became one of her favorite episodes. When the episode aired, she called her parents to ask their opinions, and they replied, \"You were good, but the girl that played that Klingon was really great!\", which Dawson took as a compliment.[2] Joy Kilpatrick was a stand-in of one of two versions albeit uncredited.[3]During season four, Dawson became pregnant with her first child. The writers decided they did not want B'Elanna to be pregnant as well, so for the duration of Dawson's pregnancy, she was given an engineering lab coat, which was used to help cover her growing pregnancy.[4]During the episode \"The Killing Game\", the Hirogen had taken over Voyager and forced the crew to participate in holodeck recreations of various combat situations, to which B'Elanna's holodeck character is portrayed as pregnant in World War II with a Nazi officer's child.During season five, Dawson had a meeting with the producers and writers to discuss her character. Roxann explained to them that she felt B'Elanna had an extreme dark side that hadn't been explored, and from that discussion the episode \"Extreme Risk\" was created. Dawson stated that after the episode aired, she received fan mail praising the issues of depression and inner conflict raised in the episode, with which many people identified.[2]During season six, Dawson got the chance to explore B'Elanna's Klingon heritage thanks to an episode originally conceived by Ronald D. Moore for Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. In the episode \"Barge of the Dead\", B'Elanna has a near-death experience and travels to Gre'thor, the Klingon Hell, where she meets her mother, Miral. She discovers that because of the dishonor B'Elanna has caused her family, her mother would spend eternity in Gre'thor. The episode explores some aspects of B'Elanna's character, and also gives further insight into Klingon mythology. Dawson believed the episode had many layers to it, and she believed it was essentially a coming-of-age story for B'Elanna and her final acceptance of her Klingon heritage.[5]During season seven, a pregnancy storyline was written in for B'Elanna's character. Jessica Gaona played the character's young iteration in the episode \"Lineage\". At the end of the series, Dawson described B'Elanna's character arc as that of an \"unruly young woman who matures over the course of seven years.\"[6]","title":"Character development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Klingon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon"},{"link_name":"Klingons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_in_fiction#Star_Trek"}],"text":"B'Elanna was born in 2346 on the Federation colony Kessik IV. Torres had a troubled childhood; her human father, John Torres, and Klingon mother, Miral, often fought. At the age of 5, she overheard her father expressing his unhappiness in the home of two Klingons and she would attempt to run away. In a later confrontation with him, she bitterly told him to leave. John Torres left when B’Elanna was twelve years old. He returned to Earth days later, leaving her to be raised by her mother. In season 7, he contacted her through Starfleet Command and asked to resume a relationship to which she agreed.Being both Human and Klingon, Torres is shown as prone to aggressive outbursts. She once attacked her schoolmate Daniel Byrd after he repeatedly taunted her, calling her \"Miss Turtlehead\" due to her cranial ridges. Torres retained this aggressive behavior throughout her life, but she eventually learned to control it.","title":"Character overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Starfleet Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfleet_Academy"},{"link_name":"athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_of_athletics"},{"link_name":"decathlete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decathlon"},{"link_name":"Maquis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquis_(Star_Trek)"},{"link_name":"Cardassians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardassian"},{"link_name":"Chakotay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakotay"},{"link_name":"Delta Quadrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_quadrants_(Star_Trek)#Delta_Quadrant"},{"link_name":"missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile"},{"link_name":"Dreadnought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreadnought_(Star_Trek:_Voyager)"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"}],"sub_title":"Starfleet Academy and Maquis","text":"While attending Starfleet Academy, B'Elanna was constantly having trouble with the Starfleet's rules. This resulted in her getting four disciplinary hearings and one suspension. Torres dropped out of Starfleet Academy in 2365 at age 19. Before doing so, Torres was a valued member of the academy athletics team, competing as a decathlete. Her decision to leave the academy upset the track and field coach, as well as other professors.A few years later she became a member of the Maquis renegade group and began developing a profound hatred of the Cardassians. Torres became associated with a Maquis captain named Chakotay and was serving as chief engineer on his ship, the Val Jean, when they were brought to the Delta Quadrant by \"The Caretaker\".During her time with the Maquis, Torres reprogrammed a Cardassian missile known as \"Dreadnought\". The missile, built with artificial intelligence, was originally targeted at Maquis installations. Torres reprogrammed it on a course for a Cardassian installation, but \"Dreadnought\" was swept into the Delta Quadrant by the Caretaker.","title":"Character overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Voyager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Voyager_(Star_Trek)"},{"link_name":"Harry Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Kim_(Star_Trek)"},{"link_name":"Ocampa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kes_(Star_Trek)"},{"link_name":"Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Federation_of_Planets"},{"link_name":"Kathryn Janeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Janeway"},{"link_name":"transporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporter_(Star_Trek)"},{"link_name":"technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology"},{"link_name":"black market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_market"},{"link_name":"Tom Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Paris"},{"link_name":"Vidiians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidiian"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"Phage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_(Star_Trek:_Voyager)#Plot"},{"link_name":"disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease"},{"link_name":"Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_(Star_Trek:_Voyager)"},{"link_name":"Persistence of Vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistence_of_Vision_(Star_Trek:_Voyager)"},{"link_name":"telepathically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepathy_(Star_Trek)"},{"link_name":"massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/massacre"},{"link_name":"homeworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeworld"},{"link_name":"memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory"},{"link_name":"alien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life_in_popular_culture"},{"link_name":"Vulcan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_(Star_Trek)"},{"link_name":"Vorik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorik"},{"link_name":"pon farr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pon_farr"},{"link_name":"away mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Away_Team#Overview"},{"link_name":"Vorik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorik"},{"link_name":"Day of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_Honor_(Star_Trek:_Voyager)"},{"link_name":"Scientific Method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Method_(Star_Trek:_Voyager)"},{"link_name":"honeymoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeymoon"},{"link_name":"Delta Flyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Flyer"},{"link_name":"the Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_(Star_Trek:_Voyager)"},{"link_name":"gene therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy"},{"link_name":"phenotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype"},{"link_name":"Lineage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineage_(Star_Trek:_Voyager)"},{"link_name":"Prophecy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophecy_(Star_Trek:_Voyager)"},{"link_name":"Author, Author","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author,_Author_(Star_Trek:_Voyager)"},{"link_name":"Borg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borg_(Star_Trek)"},{"link_name":"Alpha Quadrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_quadrants_(Star_Trek)#Alpha_Quadrant"},{"link_name":"alternate timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_history_(fiction)"},{"link_name":"Starfleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfleet"},{"link_name":"ensign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_(Star_Trek)"}],"sub_title":"USS Voyager","text":"When the crews of the USS Voyager and the Val Jean were taken to the Delta Quadrant, Harry Kim and Torres were transported to the Ocampa home world while their respective crews set out to look for them. Being the only two people from their region of the Alpha Quadrant, the two quickly formed a relationship and she nicknamed him \"Starfleet\" for his faith in the Federation and Starfleet. This relationship would carry on throughout the series as the two would more than occasionally work on tasks together, allowing Kim to prove his intelligence to the whole crew.In 2371, B'Elanna Torres joined the Voyager crew with the rest of the Maquis from the Val Jean, as Captain Kathryn Janeway offers them the opportunity. She was placed in the engineering department. As the original chief engineer was killed during the trip to the Delta Quadrant, Captain Janeway promoted Torres to the position based on Chakotay's recommendation. Initially, Torres was very outspoken in her disapproval of Captain Janeway's decision to destroy the Caretaker's array, which had the ability to send the Voyager back home from the Delta Quadrant, and carried a small grudge against the captain. Over the first few months, Torres began respecting the captain and her decisions based on Janeway's strong leadership and their shared interest in science.Shortly after becoming chief engineer, Torres disobeys the captain's orders when Voyager encounters a race known as the Sikarians. The Sikarians have advanced transporter technology that could drastically shorten their 70-year journey, but Sikarian law prohibits the Voyager crew from obtaining it legitimately. Torres becomes involved with a small group of officers who obtain the technology on the Sikarian black market and perpetrate a failed attempt to integrate it into Voyager's systems.Torres, along with Tom Paris, was later kidnapped by the Vidiians. A Vidiian scientist extracts the Klingon DNA from Torres, splicing her into two separate people: one human, one Klingon. He believed the Klingon DNA had a specific biochemical property that could lead to a cure for the Phage, a disease affecting his people. The human Torres is portrayed fraught with fear but having strong technical expertise, while the Klingon Torres is shown as aggressive and impatient. After her escape from the Vidiians the Klingon Torres suffered a fatal wound from the Vidiian energy weapon and died, but the Doctor used her DNA to restore the human Torres to her original half-human/half-Klingon state, as her cellular structure needs the Klingon DNA to survive.In the episode \"Persistence of Vision,\" it is revealed that Torres at the time had a romantic interest in Chakotay.In 2373, Torres was the target of telepathically inspired dreams from a member of a race called the Enarans. The dreams were actually memories of a great massacre that took place on the Enaran homeworld and were the elder Enaran's method of making sure that the memory of this massacre lives on, even if in the mind of an alien.Later that year, Vulcan engineer Vorik triggered Torres's mating instincts when he forcibly initiated a telepathic bond with her while he is experiencing the pon farr. Torres and Tom Paris later became trapped on a planet together during an away mission, and Torres attempted to get Paris to mate with her, but he resisted. Eventually, Vorik and Torres engaged in ritual battle to purge the blood fever.Torres later began a relationship with Paris after a complicated and stormy courtship. During an incident in 2374, Torres confessed her love to him when they were left floating in space in environmental suits, with almost no hope of rescue (\"Day of Honor\"). Although Voyager was soon able to rescue them, Torres realized that her courage in admitting her love had brought her one step closer to discovering what she considered true honor. Their relationship first flourished on screen during \"Scientific Method\". They married in 2377 and their honeymoon was aboard the Delta Flyer.When Torres and Paris conceived their daughter, Miral, in 2377, she learned from the Doctor that the child would have distinct Klingon cranial ridges as well as other Klingon traits. Torres, remembering painful events from her own childhood, urged the Doctor to perform gene therapy to reduce this phenotype, and even went so far as to reprogram him to do so. Paris and Captain Janeway both disagreed and prevented the Doctor from performing the genetic modifications. When Paris got her to open up, she admitted that she was afraid her husband would find living with two Klingons too difficult and leave her the way her father did. Once he allayed her fears, he admitted wanting even more children just like their mother, and Torres was finally enjoy the pregnancy (\"Lineage\").When a group of Klingon radicals spent time aboard Voyager (\"Prophecy\"), Torres began opening herself to more Klingon beliefs and, for the first time since childhood, was able to pray for her grandmother, L'Naal, and her great-grandmother, Krelik. When communications with Earth became available (\"Author, Author\"), she reached out to her estranged father, John Torres.Miral Paris, named after B'Elanna's mother, was born at the beginning of 2378, during Voyager's trip through a Borg transwarp conduit back to the Alpha Quadrant. In an alternate timeline where Voyager made it home by different means, Miral was shown as an adult serving in Starfleet, with the rank of ensign.","title":"Character overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archive-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Torres's birthdate—on September 2, 2314, the official Star Trek website published an archive article with information on the press release for the launch of the series. In the document, which includes character biographies, it confirms that when the series began (2371) – \"B'Elanna is a beautiful 25-year-old woman who is half-human, half-Klingon...\" This information would then place B'Elanna's birthdate at 2346.[7]The Official Star Trek Voyager Companion gives further evidence to Torres's age. This is a passage taken from the book: \"B'ELANNA TORRES is a half-Klingon, half-human in her twenties who is frantically working at the consoles of the barely spaceworthy craft...\"[8]","title":"Birthdate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syfy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syfy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"Screen Rant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Rant"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"CBR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources"},{"link_name":"Starfleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfleet"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-12"},{"link_name":"Maquis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquis_(Star_Trek)"},{"link_name":"USS Voyager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Voyager_(Star_Trek)"},{"link_name":"Klingon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-12"},{"link_name":"Syfy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syfy"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"In March 2019, Syfy rated B'Elanna as the 6th-greatest Klingon of the Star Trek franchise.[9] In particular, they noted that she was an interesting character in the series, displaying both loyalty to the crew of the starship and brilliance as an engineer.[9]In 2017, Screen Rant ranked B'Elanna Torres as the 14th-most attractive person in the Star Trek universe.[10]In 2018, The Wrap ranked B'Elanna Torres as the 35th-best character of Star Trek overall.[11] CBR ranked B'Elanna as the 14th-best Starfleet character of Star Trek, in 2018.[12] They note that the former Maquis member works as chief engineer on the USS Voyager spacecraft, and must struggle with her ambivalent emotions about her Klingon heritage while keeping the warp engines working in the Delta quadrant (cutoff from Federation starbases).[12] In addition, CBR opined that the character enhanced other characters aboard the starship, and praised the actress who portrayed her for making B’Elanna Torres's relationships more believable.[12]In 2019, B'Elanna Torres was ranked the 11th-sexiest Star Trek character by Syfy.[13]B’Elanna's struggle to reconcile both sides of her Klingon/Human hybrid heritage has been praised by audiences of multi-ethnic backgrounds.[14]In 2020 ScreenRant ranked B'Elanna and Tom Paris as the 3rd best romantic couple of all Star Trek.[15]","title":"Reception"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Roxann Dawson\". Dreamwatch (32). 1997.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dawson, Roxann (interviewee) (2004-11-09). Star Trek: Voyager Season 5 DVD Box Set – Voyager Time Capsule: B'Elanna Torres (DVD). Paramount Home Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/series/VOY/dvd/set/5918.html","url_text":"Star Trek: Voyager Season 5 DVD Box Set – Voyager Time Capsule: B'Elanna Torres"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD","url_text":"DVD"}]},{"reference":"\"Star Trek Archive: Announcing Voyager\". StarTrek.com. Retrieved 2017-06-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.startrek.com/article/star-trek-archive-announcing-voyager","url_text":"\"Star Trek Archive: Announcing Voyager\""}]},{"reference":"Ruditis, Paul (2003). Star Trek Voyager Companion. Pocket Books. ISBN 978-0743417518.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0743417518","url_text":"978-0743417518"}]},{"reference":"Silliman, Brian (2019-03-07). \"It is a good day to die: Ranking the top ten Klingons in all of Star Trek\". SYFY WIRE. Archived from the original on 2019-04-01. Retrieved 2019-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190401083913/https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/it-is-a-good-day-to-die-ranking-the-top-ten-klingons-in-all-of-star-trek","url_text":"\"It is a good day to die: Ranking the top ten Klingons in all of Star Trek\""},{"url":"https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/it-is-a-good-day-to-die-ranking-the-top-ten-klingons-in-all-of-star-trek","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Star Trek: 20 Most Attractive Characters\". ScreenRant. 2017-12-15. Archived from the original on 2021-04-16. Retrieved 2019-07-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210416012852/https://screenrant.com/star-trek-most-attractive-characters/","url_text":"\"Star Trek: 20 Most Attractive Characters\""},{"url":"https://screenrant.com/star-trek-most-attractive-characters/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"All 39 'Star Trek' Main Characters Ranked\". 2018-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thewrap.com/all-39-star-trek-main-characters-ranked-from-spock-to-wesley-photos/","url_text":"\"All 39 'Star Trek' Main Characters Ranked\""}]},{"reference":"\"Star Trek: The 25 Best Members Of Starfleet, Ranked\". CBR. 2018-10-27. Retrieved 2019-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/star-trek-starfleet-members-ranked/","url_text":"\"Star Trek: The 25 Best Members Of Starfleet, Ranked\""}]},{"reference":"Fleenor, S. E. (2019-01-31). \"Definitively ranking the top 12 sexiest Star Trek characters\". SYFY WIRE. Archived from the original on 2019-02-01. Retrieved 2019-07-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013039/https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/definitively-ranking-the-top-12-sexiest-star-trek-characters","url_text":"\"Definitively ranking the top 12 sexiest Star Trek characters\""},{"url":"https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/definitively-ranking-the-top-12-sexiest-star-trek-characters","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Krishna, Swampna (2019-01-31). \"B'Elanna Torres Mirrored the Struggle I Didn't Want to Acknowledge\". SYFY WIRE. Archived from the original on 2019-05-06. Retrieved 2019-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190506215233/https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/belanna-torres-mirrored-the-struggle-i-didnt-want-to-acknowledge-in-myself","url_text":"\"B'Elanna Torres Mirrored the Struggle I Didn't Want to Acknowledge\""},{"url":"https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/belanna-torres-mirrored-the-struggle-i-didnt-want-to-acknowledge-in-myself","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The 10 Best Couples In Star Trek, Ranked\". ScreenRant. 2021-02-04. Retrieved 2021-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/star-trek-best-couples-romantic-ranked/","url_text":"\"The 10 Best Couples In Star Trek, Ranked\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambo
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Jambo
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["1 Early life","2 Rescue of Levan Merritt","3 Death and legacy","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Sources","6 External links"]
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Gorilla known for protecting a child that had fallen in his enclosureThis article is about the gorilla named Jambo. For other uses, see Jambo (disambiguation).
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
JamboJambo c. 1986SpeciesWestern gorillaSexMaleBorn17 April 1961Zoo Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandDied16 September 1992(1992-09-16) (aged 31)Jersey Zoo
Jambo (17 April 1961 – 16 September 1992) was a gorilla housed at Durrell Wildlife Park in Jersey, Channel Islands. He was involved in an incident in which he was seen to be protective of a child who fell into his enclosure.
Early life
Jambo means "hello" in Swahili. The gorilla was born on 17 April 1961, in Zoo Basel, Basel, Switzerland, to mother Achilla and father Stephi. Stephi was acquired from the Columbus Zoo in Ohio. Stephi was captured in 1950 by Columbus resident and gorilla hunter Bill Said, with two other baby gorillas, in French Equatorial Africa. The three were sold to the Columbus Zoo for $10,000. The two which the Columbus Zoo kept, Baron Macombo and Millie Christina, became the parents of Colo, the first gorilla born in a zoo, in Columbus on 22 December 1956. She was the first gorilla born in captivity as well as the first gorilla in captivity to be raised by her own mother.
Jambo's older sister Goma, born on 23 September 1959 in Basel, was the first gorilla born in Europe and lived in the Zoo Basel until her death in 2018. Before Jambo was transferred to Jersey Zoo, Jambo and Goma had a son named Tamtam, who was born at Zoo Basel on 2 May 1971, and died at Wuppertal Zoo on 34 July 2009. Jambo also fathered a daughter while still at Zoo Basel by an unrelated female. Jambo had seven siblings and 20 offspring by five different mates, including three stillbirths. He was moved to Jersey Zoo on 27 April 1972.
Rescue of Levan Merritt
On 31 August 1986, five-year-old Levan Merritt fell into the gorilla enclosure and lost consciousness. Jambo stood guard over the boy when he was unconscious, placing himself between the boy and other gorillas in what ethologists analyze as a protective gesture. He later stroked the unconscious boy's back. When the boy regained consciousness and started to cry, Jambo and the other gorillas retreated in panic, and the silverback led them into a small hut in the corner of their pen. A paramedic and two keepers rescued the boy. Most of the incident was recorded on home video and extensively photographed by zoo visitors. The publicity on major news channels and newspapers helped ease public fears about the potentially violent nature of gorillas.
Death and legacy
Statue of Jambo by Ralph Brown at Durrell Wildlife Park
Jambo was found dead by his keeper in the gorilla enclosure on 16 September 1992. The cause of death was the spontaneous rupture of a major artery, resulting in a hemorrhage in his chest. A biography of Jambo, written and illustrated by his keeper, was published following his death. A documentary has also been released primarily based on the home video footage of the Levan Merritt incident.
Jersey Zoo has erected a bronze statue of Jambo inside the zoo grounds as a tribute to the gorilla who helped change public perception about the species.
See also
Binti Jua, a gorilla at Brookfield Zoo in Brookfield, Illinois, which protected a three-year-old boy who had fallen into its enclosure in a similar incident in 1996.
Harambe
List of individual apes
References
^ "Basel Zoo's famous female gorilla Goma dies". Basel Zoo. 6 August 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
Sources
Johnstone-Scott, Richard (1995). Jambo: A Gorilla's Story. Michael O'Mara Books. ISBN 1-85479-701-8. Retrieved 27 March 2024 – via Archive.org.
Jambo - The Gentle Giant. Green Umbrella. 2005.
Lang, E.M. (March 1964). "Jambo, first gorilla to be raised by its mother in captivity". National Geographic. Vol. 125, no. 3. pp. 446–53.
Lang, E.M. (1963). Goma, the gorilla baby. Doubleday.
Durrell, Gerald (1976). The Stationary Ark. Glasgow: William Collins & Sons & Co. Ltd.
"The first gorilla born in captivity". Life. No. 42. 14 January 1957. pp. 57–58.
"Life Goes On A Gorilla Hunt". Life. No. 31. 19 November 1951. pp. 175–80.
Hanna, Jack (1989). Monkeys On The Interstate. New York: Doubleday. pp. 140–65.
"Goma: baby girl gorilla: Basel Switzerland". Look. No. 24. 11 October 1960. pp. 121–24.
"Jungle stare in baby's lare: Goma of Basel Zoo". Life. No. 48. 25 April 1960. pp. 20–21.
"Rare new Swiss baby: gorilla at Basel Zoo". Life. No. 47. 26 October 1960. p. 172.
Zahl, P.A. (January 1960). "Face to face with gorillas in Central Africa". National Geographic. No. 117. pp. 114–37.
Lang, Ernst M. (1961). "Jambo The Second Gorilla Born At Basle Zoo". International Zoo Yearbook. Vol. III. p. 84.
Carmichael, Leonard; Kraus, Mozelle Bigelow; Reed, Theodore (1961). "The Washington National Zoological Park Gorilla Infant Tomoka". International Zoo Yearbook. Vol. III. p. 88.
External links
Homepage of the home videographer of the Levan Merritt incident
Official homepage of the Jersey Zoo
vteNotable non-human apesList of individual apesList of individual monkeysMonkeys and apes in spaceList of fictional primatesBonobos
Kanzi
Nyota
Panbanisha
Chimpanzees
Ai
Ayumu
Azalea
Bonzo
Pierre Brassau
Bubbles
Cheeta
Congo
Enos
Gregoire
Gua
Ham
Jiggs
Jimmy
Jinx
Jo Mendi II
Julius
Kasakela chimpanzee community
Kokomo Jr.
Lana
Little Mama
Loulis
Lucy
Macaco Tião
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Mitumba chimpanzee community
Moja
J. Fred Muggs
Nim Chimpsky
Oliver
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Panpanzee
Sami
Santino
Sarah
Sultan
Travis
Viki
Washoe
Gorillas
Alfred the Gorilla
Babec
Binti Jua
Bobo
Bokito
Charles the Gorilla
Colo
Fatou
Gargantua
Guy the Gorilla
Harambe
Ivan
Jambo
Jenny
John Daniel
Jumoke
Koko
Kokomo
Louis
Massa
Max
Michael
Nico
Ndume
Ozzie
Pattycake
Pogo
Samson
Shabani
Snowflake
Timmy
Titus
Trudy
Toto
Willie B.
Orangutans
Abang
Ah Meng
Azy
Bonnie
Chantek
Jenny
Joe Martin
Karen
Karta
Ken Allen
Manis
Nonja (Austria)
Nonja (Malaysia)
Sam
Sandra
Tonda
Authority control databases International
FAST
National
Israel
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jambo (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambo_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"gorilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla"},{"link_name":"Durrell Wildlife Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durrell_Wildlife_Park"},{"link_name":"Jersey, Channel Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey"}],"text":"This article is about the gorilla named Jambo. For other uses, see Jambo (disambiguation).Jambo (17 April 1961 – 16 September 1992) was a gorilla housed at Durrell Wildlife Park in Jersey, Channel Islands. He was involved in an incident in which he was seen to be protective of a child who fell into his enclosure.","title":"Jambo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambo_(greeting)"},{"link_name":"Swahili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_language"},{"link_name":"Zoo Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo_Basel"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Columbus Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Zoo_and_Aquarium"},{"link_name":"French Equatorial Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Jersey Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durrell_Wildlife_Park"}],"text":"Jambo means \"hello\" in Swahili. The gorilla was born on 17 April 1961, in Zoo Basel, Basel, Switzerland, to mother Achilla and father Stephi. Stephi was acquired from the Columbus Zoo in Ohio. Stephi was captured in 1950 by Columbus resident and gorilla hunter Bill Said, with two other baby gorillas, in French Equatorial Africa. The three were sold to the Columbus Zoo for $10,000. The two which the Columbus Zoo kept, Baron Macombo and Millie Christina, became the parents of Colo, the first gorilla born in a zoo, in Columbus on 22 December 1956. She was the first gorilla born in captivity as well as the first gorilla in captivity to be raised by her own mother.Jambo's older sister Goma, born on 23 September 1959 in Basel, was the first gorilla born in Europe and lived in the Zoo Basel until her death in 2018.[1] Before Jambo was transferred to Jersey Zoo, Jambo and Goma had a son named Tamtam, who was born at Zoo Basel on 2 May 1971, and died at Wuppertal Zoo on 34 July 2009. Jambo also fathered a daughter while still at Zoo Basel by an unrelated female. Jambo had seven siblings and 20 offspring by five different mates, including three stillbirths. He was moved to Jersey Zoo on 27 April 1972.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ethologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethologist"},{"link_name":"silverback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverback"},{"link_name":"nature of gorillas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_of_gorillas"}],"text":"On 31 August 1986, five-year-old Levan Merritt fell into the gorilla enclosure and lost consciousness. Jambo stood guard over the boy when he was unconscious, placing himself between the boy and other gorillas in what ethologists analyze as a protective gesture. He later stroked the unconscious boy's back. When the boy regained consciousness and started to cry, Jambo and the other gorillas retreated in panic, and the silverback led them into a small hut in the corner of their pen. A paramedic and two keepers rescued the boy. Most of the incident was recorded on home video and extensively photographed by zoo visitors. The publicity on major news channels and newspapers helped ease public fears about the potentially violent nature of gorillas.","title":"Rescue of Levan Merritt"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_M%C3%AAnag%27gie_d%27J%C3%A8rri_siez_Durrell_2013_196.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ralph Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Brown_(sculptor)"},{"link_name":"keeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zookeeper"}],"text":"Statue of Jambo by Ralph Brown at Durrell Wildlife ParkJambo was found dead by his keeper in the gorilla enclosure on 16 September 1992. The cause of death was the spontaneous rupture of a major artery, resulting in a hemorrhage in his chest. A biography of Jambo, written and illustrated by his keeper, was published following his death. A documentary has also been released primarily based on the home video footage of the Levan Merritt incident.Jersey Zoo has erected a bronze statue of Jambo inside the zoo grounds as a tribute to the gorilla who helped change public perception about the species.","title":"Death and legacy"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Statue of Jambo by Ralph Brown at Durrell Wildlife Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/La_M%C3%AAnag%27gie_d%27J%C3%A8rri_siez_Durrell_2013_196.jpg/220px-La_M%C3%AAnag%27gie_d%27J%C3%A8rri_siez_Durrell_2013_196.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Binti Jua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binti_Jua"},{"title":"Brookfield Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookfield_Zoo"},{"title":"Brookfield, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookfield,_Illinois"},{"title":"Harambe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harambe"},{"title":"List of individual apes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_individual_apes"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Basel Zoo's famous female gorilla Goma dies\". Basel Zoo. 6 August 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zoobasel.ch/en/aktuell/detail.php?NEWSID=1130","url_text":"\"Basel Zoo's famous female gorilla Goma dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_Zoo","url_text":"Basel Zoo"}]},{"reference":"Johnstone-Scott, Richard (1995). Jambo: A Gorilla's Story. Michael O'Mara Books. ISBN 1-85479-701-8. Retrieved 27 March 2024 – via Archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/jambogorillassto0000john","url_text":"Jambo: A Gorilla's Story"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_O%27Mara_Books","url_text":"Michael O'Mara Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85479-701-8","url_text":"1-85479-701-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.org","url_text":"Archive.org"}]},{"reference":"Jambo - The Gentle Giant. Green Umbrella. 2005.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lang, E.M. (March 1964). \"Jambo, first gorilla to be raised by its mother in captivity\". National Geographic. Vol. 125, no. 3. pp. 446–53.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic","url_text":"National Geographic"}]},{"reference":"Lang, E.M. (1963). Goma, the gorilla baby. Doubleday.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Durrell, Gerald (1976). The Stationary Ark. Glasgow: William Collins & Sons & Co. Ltd.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The first gorilla born in captivity\". Life. No. 42. 14 January 1957. pp. 57–58.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Life Goes On A Gorilla Hunt\". Life. No. 31. 19 November 1951. pp. 175–80.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hanna, Jack (1989). Monkeys On The Interstate. New York: Doubleday. pp. 140–65.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Goma: baby girl gorilla: Basel Switzerland\". Look. No. 24. 11 October 1960. pp. 121–24.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Jungle stare in baby's lare: Goma of Basel Zoo\". Life. No. 48. 25 April 1960. pp. 20–21.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Rare new Swiss baby: gorilla at Basel Zoo\". Life. No. 47. 26 October 1960. p. 172.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Zahl, P.A. (January 1960). \"Face to face with gorillas in Central Africa\". National Geographic. No. 117. pp. 114–37.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lang, Ernst M. (1961). \"Jambo The Second Gorilla Born At Basle Zoo\". International Zoo Yearbook. Vol. III. p. 84.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Carmichael, Leonard; Kraus, Mozelle Bigelow; Reed, Theodore (1961). \"The Washington National Zoological Park Gorilla Infant Tomoka\". International Zoo Yearbook. Vol. III. p. 88.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.zoobasel.ch/en/aktuell/detail.php?NEWSID=1130","external_links_name":"\"Basel Zoo's famous female gorilla Goma dies\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/jambogorillassto0000john","external_links_name":"Jambo: A Gorilla's Story"},{"Link":"http://lelion.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Homepage of the home videographer of the Levan Merritt incident"},{"Link":"http://www.durrell.org/","external_links_name":"Official homepage of the Jersey Zoo"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/981306/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007561359505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh97003087","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spent_(game)
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Spent (video game)
|
["1 Gameplay","2 Development","3 Release and acclaim","4 References","5 External links"]
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Online game about surviving poverty and homelessness
2011 video gameSpentDeveloper(s)McKinneyPlatform(s)Browser, mobileReleaseFebruary 2011
Spent (stylized SPENT) is an online game about poverty and homelessness. It was developed by advertising agency McKinney for their pro bono client Urban Ministries of Durham (UMD), a nonprofit organization in Durham, North Carolina that provides services to those in poverty. Players must make the difficult decisions necessary to live for one month on $1000, often having to choose between equally disagreeable options, such as choosing between a healthy meal and working electricity, or covering the minimum on credit cards and paying the rent.
Spent was released for browser and mobile in February 2011. As of 2014, it has been played more than 4 million times.
Gameplay
The player, a single parent in poverty, is given $1,000 to live on for one month; they must then select employment, each of which pays minimum wage. The goal is to end the month with some money left over. Throughout the game's one-month period, the player must make difficult decisions relating to housing, utilities, groceries, and lifestyle decisions, among others, to ensure their survival for at least the month, many of which have negative long-term consequences; for example, choosing to not renew vehicle registration (which costs a large sum of money) can lead to the player being pulled over, with the choice of paying fees or spending a work day attending court, which adds a job strike (three of which gets the player fired from their job), an additional long-term expense, and a reduced payday. Players have the option to use their real-life social media connections on platforms such as Facebook and Twitter to ask a friend for assistance, serving as organic advertising for the website and personalizing the experience.
Certain decisions include short messages providing information about real statistics and poverty-related struggles; for example, after deciding whether to live closer to work (where the rent is high but the transportation costs low) or to live farther from work (where the rent is less expensive but the transportation costs are much higher), the player is shown the message "A lack of affordable housing is the number one cause of homelessness."
The game ends when the player eithers run out of money before the end of the month, makes it through with money left over, or chooses to end the game manually. The end screen notes that rent is still due and invites the player to "help someone living Spent today" by learning more about UMD and donating to the organization.
Development
McKinney’s 11-member development team noted that tens of millions of people each month played social network games like FarmVille and Mafia Wars. They suspected that the characteristics of these games could be used to educate people about the reality of poverty and homelessness. The team conducted focus groups with UMD caseworkers and the people assisted by them to research the factors necessary to construct the situations in Spent.
Spent uses real-life statistics as features, such as Durham’s fair market rent values to determine the game's housing prices.
Donors have said the organization had endured many tough years to deliver the game.
Release and acclaim
Spent was released in February 2011. The game raised $45,000 from 25,000 new UMD donors in just over 10 months, and received praise from CNN, ABC, and Fast Company for its ability to increase awareness of poverty in an immersive social media setting.
In September 2011, McKinney and UMD launched a petition to members of the United States Congress to take ten minutes playing the game in order to "experience the challenges that more than 14 million Americans are facing".
As of December 2013, the game continued to get about 5,000 new plays each day. An HTML version was released in July 2014.
Almost 2 million people had spent an average of 11:46 on the site.
References
^ "Mission, Values, History". Urban Ministries of Durham. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
^ "McKinney launches mobile version of SPENT" (PDF). Urban Ministries of Durham. Urban Ministries of Durham. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
^ Flandez, Raymund (February 14, 2011). "Online Game Draws Attention—and Money—for the Needy". Prospecting. The Chronicle of Philanthropy. Archived from the original on February 15, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
^ a b "McKinney launches mobile version of SPENT". mckinney.com. McKinney. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
^ Hampton, Angela (2012). Urban Ministries of Durham (video) (Television production). ABC 11 Eyewitness News. Event occurs at 10:48. Retrieved January 11, 2012. We have had donations from about 5,000 new donors totalling about $25,000 year to date.
^ TED Ads Worth Spreading (2012). Spent (video). Retrieved January 11, 2012.
^ The Conversation: Homeless Simulation Game (video) (Television production). ABC News. February 16, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
^ Coren, Michael J. (October 5, 2011). "Live Life Below the Poverty Line by Playing Spent". Co.Exist. Fast Company. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
^ "Challenge Your Congresspeople to Play SPENT". Petition2Congress. August 29, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
External links
Spent website
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_game"},{"link_name":"poverty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty"},{"link_name":"homelessness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homelessness"},{"link_name":"McKinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKinney_(advertising_agency)"},{"link_name":"nonprofit organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_organization"},{"link_name":"Durham, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"browser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browser_game"},{"link_name":"mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_game"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"text":"2011 video gameSpent (stylized SPENT) is an online game about poverty and homelessness. It was developed by advertising agency McKinney for their pro bono client Urban Ministries of Durham (UMD), a nonprofit organization in Durham, North Carolina that provides services to those in poverty.[1] Players must make the difficult decisions necessary to live for one month on $1000, often having to choose between equally disagreeable options, such as choosing between a healthy meal and working electricity, or covering the minimum on credit cards and paying the rent.Spent was released for browser and mobile in February 2011. As of 2014, it has been played more than 4 million times.[2][needs update]","title":"Spent (video game)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"minimum wage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_wage"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising"},{"link_name":"affordable housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affordable_housing"}],"text":"The player, a single parent in poverty, is given $1,000 to live on for one month; they must then select employment, each of which pays minimum wage. The goal is to end the month with some money left over. Throughout the game's one-month period, the player must make difficult decisions relating to housing, utilities, groceries, and lifestyle decisions, among others, to ensure their survival for at least the month, many of which have negative long-term consequences; for example, choosing to not renew vehicle registration (which costs a large sum of money) can lead to the player being pulled over, with the choice of paying fees or spending a work day attending court, which adds a job strike (three of which gets the player fired from their job), an additional long-term expense, and a reduced payday. Players have the option to use their real-life social media connections on platforms such as Facebook and Twitter to ask a friend for assistance, serving as organic advertising for the website and personalizing the experience.Certain decisions include short messages providing information about real statistics and poverty-related struggles; for example, after deciding whether to live closer to work (where the rent is high but the transportation costs low) or to live farther from work (where the rent is less expensive but the transportation costs are much higher), the player is shown the message \"A lack of affordable housing is the number one cause of homelessness.\"The game ends when the player eithers run out of money before the end of the month, makes it through with money left over, or chooses to end the game manually. The end screen notes that rent is still due and invites the player to \"help someone living Spent today\" by learning more about UMD and donating to the organization.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"social network games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social-network_game"},{"link_name":"FarmVille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FarmVille"},{"link_name":"Mafia Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia_Wars"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"rent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renting"}],"text":"McKinney’s 11-member development team noted that tens of millions of people each month played social network games like FarmVille and Mafia Wars. They suspected that the characteristics of these games could be used to educate people about the reality of poverty and homelessness. The team conducted focus groups with UMD caseworkers and the people assisted by them to research the factors necessary to construct the situations in Spent.[3]Spent uses real-life statistics as features, such as Durham’s fair market rent values to determine the game's housing prices.Donors have said the organization had endured many tough years to deliver the game.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Fast Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Company"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"Spent was released in February 2011.[4] The game raised $45,000 from 25,000 new UMD donors in just over 10 months,[5] and received praise from CNN,[6] ABC,[7] and Fast Company[8] for its ability to increase awareness of poverty in an immersive social media setting.In September 2011, McKinney and UMD launched a petition to members of the United States Congress[9] to take ten minutes playing the game in order to \"experience the challenges that more than 14 million Americans are facing\".As of December 2013, the game continued to get about 5,000 new plays each day. An HTML version was released in July 2014.Almost 2 million people had spent an average of 11:46 on the site.[4]","title":"Release and acclaim"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Mission, Values, History\". Urban Ministries of Durham. Retrieved January 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.umdurham.org/who-we-are/misson-values-history.html","url_text":"\"Mission, Values, History\""}]},{"reference":"\"McKinney launches mobile version of SPENT\" (PDF). Urban Ministries of Durham. Urban Ministries of Durham. Retrieved 31 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://umdurham.org/assets/files/PR_UMD_SPENT%20tablet_final.pdf","url_text":"\"McKinney launches mobile version of SPENT\""}]},{"reference":"Flandez, Raymund (February 14, 2011). \"Online Game Draws Attention—and Money—for the Needy\". Prospecting. The Chronicle of Philanthropy. Archived from the original on February 15, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110215105323/https://www.philanthropy.com/blogs/prospecting/online-game-draws-attention%E2%80%94and-money%E2%80%94for-the-needy/28750","url_text":"\"Online Game Draws Attention—and Money—for the Needy\""},{"url":"http://philanthropy.com/blogs/prospecting/online-game-draws-attention%E2%80%94and-money%E2%80%94for-the-needy/28750","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"McKinney launches mobile version of SPENT\". mckinney.com. McKinney. Retrieved 31 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://mckinney.com/news/mckinney-launches-mobile-version-of-spent","url_text":"\"McKinney launches mobile version of SPENT\""}]},{"reference":"Hampton, Angela (2012). Urban Ministries of Durham (video) (Television production). ABC 11 Eyewitness News. Event occurs at 10:48. Retrieved January 11, 2012. We have had donations from about 5,000 new donors totalling about $25,000 year to date.","urls":[{"url":"http://abclocal.go.com/wtvd/video?id=8466939","url_text":"Urban Ministries of Durham"}]},{"reference":"TED Ads Worth Spreading (2012). Spent (video). Retrieved January 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/tedaws?x=us_showcasephase2_8343_27","url_text":"Spent"}]},{"reference":"The Conversation: Homeless Simulation Game (video) (Television production). ABC News. February 16, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/conversation-homeless-simulation-game-forces-players-confront-tough/story?id=12931813#.TwNr-kq1LdU","url_text":"The Conversation: Homeless Simulation Game"}]},{"reference":"Coren, Michael J. (October 5, 2011). \"Live Life Below the Poverty Line by Playing Spent\". Co.Exist. Fast Company. Retrieved January 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fastcoexist.com/1678607/live-life-below-the-poverty-line-by-playing-spent","url_text":"\"Live Life Below the Poverty Line by Playing Spent\""}]},{"reference":"\"Challenge Your Congresspeople to Play SPENT\". Petition2Congress. August 29, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.petition2congress.com/5008/challenge-your-congresspeople-to-play-spent/?m=1988681","url_text":"\"Challenge Your Congresspeople to Play SPENT\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.umdurham.org/who-we-are/misson-values-history.html","external_links_name":"\"Mission, Values, History\""},{"Link":"http://umdurham.org/assets/files/PR_UMD_SPENT%20tablet_final.pdf","external_links_name":"\"McKinney launches mobile version of SPENT\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110215105323/https://www.philanthropy.com/blogs/prospecting/online-game-draws-attention%E2%80%94and-money%E2%80%94for-the-needy/28750","external_links_name":"\"Online Game Draws Attention—and Money—for the Needy\""},{"Link":"http://philanthropy.com/blogs/prospecting/online-game-draws-attention%E2%80%94and-money%E2%80%94for-the-needy/28750","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://mckinney.com/news/mckinney-launches-mobile-version-of-spent","external_links_name":"\"McKinney launches mobile version of SPENT\""},{"Link":"http://abclocal.go.com/wtvd/video?id=8466939","external_links_name":"Urban Ministries of Durham"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/tedaws?x=us_showcasephase2_8343_27","external_links_name":"Spent"},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/conversation-homeless-simulation-game-forces-players-confront-tough/story?id=12931813#.TwNr-kq1LdU","external_links_name":"The Conversation: Homeless Simulation Game"},{"Link":"http://www.fastcoexist.com/1678607/live-life-below-the-poverty-line-by-playing-spent","external_links_name":"\"Live Life Below the Poverty Line by Playing Spent\""},{"Link":"http://www.petition2congress.com/5008/challenge-your-congresspeople-to-play-spent/?m=1988681","external_links_name":"\"Challenge Your Congresspeople to Play SPENT\""},{"Link":"http://playspent.org/","external_links_name":"Spent website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_O._Barton
|
1999 Atlanta day trading firm shootings
|
["1 Events","2 Perpetrator","3 Victims","4 Aftermath","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
|
Shooting spree in metro Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.
1999 Atlanta day trading firm shootingsLocationStockbridge and Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.DateJuly 27–29, 1999TargetHis wife, two children, and day trading firmsAttack typeMass shooting, spree shooting, murder–suicide, familicideWeapons
Hammer
Colt 1911A1 (.45)
Glock 17 (9mm)
H&R Revolver (.22)
Raven MP-25 (.25)
Deaths13 (10 by gunfire, including the perpetrator; and 3 by bludgeoning at home)Injured13PerpetratorMark Orrin Barton
On July 29, 1999, a shooting spree occurred at two Atlanta-area day trading firms, Momentum Securities and the All-Tech Investment Group. Nine people were killed, and 13 other people were injured. The gunman, identified as 44-year-old former day trader Mark Orrin Barton, later committed suicide in Acworth before he could be apprehended by police.
Police searching Barton's home in nearby Stockbridge found the bodies of his second wife and the two children from his first marriage, murdered by hammer blows inflicted before the shooting spree started. According to a note left at the scene by Barton, his wife was killed on July 27 before the children were on the following day. Barton was believed to be motivated by large financial losses incurred during the previous two months.
As of 2024, it remains the deadliest mass shooting in Georgian history.
Events
On July 27, 1999, Mark Orrin Barton woke up early in the morning at his home in Stockbridge, Georgia, and bludgeoned his second wife, Leigh Ann Vandiver, to death as she slept. The next night, he also beat his children from his first marriage, Matthew and Mychelle, to death. He covered them with blankets and left notes on their bodies, reading in part:
I killed Leigh Ann because she was one of the main reasons for my demise. ... I know that Jehovah will take care of all of them in the next life. I'm sure the details don't matter. There is no excuse, no good reason I am sure no one will understand. If they could I wouldn't want them to. I just write these things to say why. Please know that I love Leigh Ann, Matthew and Mychelle with all my heart. If Jehovah's willing I would like to see them all again in the resurrection to have a second chance. I don't plan to live very much longer, just long enough to kill as many of the people that greedily sought my destruction.
On July 29, Barton went to the offices of his former employer, Momentum Securities, in Atlanta. Witnesses say that Barton briefly chatted with coworkers before suddenly pulling out two pistols and opening fire. He shot and killed four people and attempted to execute Brad Schoemehl, who was shot three times at point-blank range. Barton then walked to the nearby All-Tech Investment Group building and murdered an additional five victims. Barton left the scene before police could arrive. The police searched his house and found the bodies of his family and the notes that he had left with them, in which Barton vehemently denied responsibility for the deaths of his first wife and mother-in-law.
An intense manhunt ensued. Four hours after the All-Tech Investment Group shooting, Barton accosted and threatened a young girl in Kennesaw, apparently attempting to secure a hostage for his escape. The young girl escaped and called police. Responding police officers spotted Barton in his minivan and a chase ensued, culminating at a gas station in Acworth. As law enforcement attempted to apprehend him, Barton shot and killed himself.
Perpetrator
Barton
Mark Orrin Barton (April 2, 1955 – July 29, 1999) was born in Stockbridge, Georgia, to an Air Force family and was raised in South Carolina. He attended Clemson University and the University of South Carolina. Back in Atlanta, Barton married Debra Spivey, with whom he had two children named Matthew and Mychelle.
Barton's family moved to Alabama as his employer required him there. Barton grew paranoid and started distrusting his wife. He lost his employment after his performance plummeted. He was also caught sabotaging data of the company that had fired him and served a short jail term for this retaliatory act. Barton found a new employer in Georgia and a mistress in one of his wife's acquaintances, with whom he had an affair. In 1993, Spivey and her mother Eloise were killed by bludgeoning. Barton was the prime suspect in the double homicide, but he was not charged due to a lack of evidence. He always denied having had any part in them, including in the note that he would leave behind with the bodies of Leigh Ann Vandiver and his children in 1999. Despite his denials, authorities still consider Barton a suspect in the 1993 murders.
Barton had received a $294,000 insurance settlement from his first wife's death and used the funds to finance his day trading career, preferring high-risk Internet-related stocks. He married Vandiver, his former mistress, in 1995. His mental health continued to deteriorate, however, and he began to suffer from both severe depression and paranoid delusions. In the month prior to his killing spree, Barton had lost $105,000, and Momentum Securities had cancelled his account.
Victims
The following is a list of those killed:
Leigh Ann Vandiver Barton, 27, wife of Mark Barton
Matthew David Barton, 11, son of Mark Barton
Mychelle Elizabeth Barton, 8, daughter of Mark Barton
Allen Charles Tenenbaum, 48, day trader at All-Tech Investment Group
Dean Delawalla, 52, day trader at All-Tech Investment Group
Joseph J. Dessert, 60, day trader at All-Tech Investment Group
Jamshid Havash, 45, day trader at All-Tech Investment Group
Vadewattee Muralidhara, 44, a computer course student at All-Tech Investment Group
Edward Quinn, 58, day trader at Momentum Securities
Kevin Dial, 38, office manager at Momentum Securities
Russell J. Brown, 42, day trader at Momentum Securities
Scott A. Webb, 30, day trader at Momentum Securities
Aftermath
On July 29, 2009, Atlanta marked the 10th anniversary of the tragedy.
References
^ a b c "AJC Atlanta Rewind: Mark Barton's 1999 Buckhead rampage". ajc. Retrieved February 19, 2024.
^ a b c d "SHOOTINGS IN ATLANTA: THE NOTES; 'There Is No Reason for Me to Lie Now ... '". The New York Times. July 31, 1999. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
^ Doonan, Brent C. (May 1, 2007). Murder at the Office. Kensington Publishing Corporation. ISBN 9781933893082.
^ Irwin, Ron (January 26, 2017). Mass Murders in America. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781329829329.
^ a b Brian Cabell; Mike Boettcher; Martin Savidge; Holly Firfer (July 30, 1999). "Georgia killer's notes show a troubled man". CNN. Archived from the original on June 28, 2004.
^ Sack, Kevin (July 31, 1999). "Shootings in Atlanta: The Overview; Killer Confessed in a Letter Spiked With Rage". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved January 1, 2023.
^ a b c Moffatt, Gregory K. (January 1, 2000). Blind-sided: Homicide where it is Least Expected. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275969295.
^ a b Rogers, Patrick (August 16, 1999). "A Bloody Day in Georgia". People.com. Vol. 52, no. 6. Retrieved February 19, 2024.
^ "Memories of those who died". CNN. July 31, 1999. Archived from the original on January 17, 2005. Retrieved June 26, 2008.
^ Ayres, B. Drummond Jr.; Barstow, David (July 31, 1999). "SHOOTINGS IN ATLANTA: THE VICTIMS; Drawn to Their Deaths By Lives in Day Trading". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
^ Howard, Jacqueline (February 23, 2018). "School shooting survivor: 'There's so many of us now'". CNN Digital. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
Further reading
BBC News stories on the Atlanta shootings
Manhunt under way for suspect in Atlanta shootings, CNN (July 29, 1999)
Investigators search for answers after 12 die in Georgia killings, CNN (July 30, 1999)
Blood bath followed suspect's mounting stock losses, CNN (July 31, 1999)
Mourners remember gunman's wife as soccer mom, Scout leader, CNN (August 1, 1999)
A Portrait of the Killer, Time Magazine (August 9, 1999)
Riding the Mo in the Lime Green Glow, New York Times (November 21, 1999)
External links
CourtTV's Crime Library feature
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shooting spree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_spree"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"day trading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_trading"},{"link_name":"Acworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acworth,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AJC-1"},{"link_name":"Stockbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockbridge,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AJC-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AJC-1"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"}],"text":"On July 29, 1999, a shooting spree occurred at two Atlanta-area day trading firms, Momentum Securities and the All-Tech Investment Group. Nine people were killed, and 13 other people were injured. The gunman, identified as 44-year-old former day trader Mark Orrin Barton, later committed suicide in Acworth before he could be apprehended by police.[1]Police searching Barton's home in nearby Stockbridge found the bodies of his second wife and the two children from his first marriage, murdered by hammer blows inflicted before the shooting spree started.[1] According to a note left at the scene by Barton, his wife was killed on July 27 before the children were on the following day.[2] Barton was believed to be motivated by large financial losses incurred during the previous two months.[1]As of 2024, it remains the deadliest mass shooting in Georgian history.","title":"1999 Atlanta day trading firm shootings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stockbridge, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockbridge,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-2"},{"link_name":"Jehovah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-2"},{"link_name":"Kennesaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennesaw,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Acworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acworth,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"On July 27, 1999, Mark Orrin Barton woke up early in the morning at his home in Stockbridge, Georgia, and bludgeoned his second wife, Leigh Ann Vandiver, to death as she slept. The next night, he also beat his children from his first marriage, Matthew and Mychelle, to death. He covered them with blankets and left notes on their bodies, reading in part:[2]I killed Leigh Ann because she was one of the main reasons for my demise. ... I know that Jehovah will take care of all of them in the next life. I'm sure the details don't matter. There is no excuse, no good reason I am sure no one will understand. If they could I wouldn't want them to. I just write these things to say why. Please know that I love Leigh Ann, Matthew and Mychelle with all my heart. If Jehovah's willing I would like to see them all again in the resurrection to have a second chance. I don't plan to live very much longer, just long enough to kill as many of the people that greedily sought my destruction.On July 29, Barton went to the offices of his former employer, Momentum Securities, in Atlanta. Witnesses say that Barton briefly chatted with coworkers before suddenly pulling out two pistols and opening fire. He shot and killed four people and attempted to execute Brad Schoemehl, who was shot three times at point-blank range. Barton then walked to the nearby All-Tech Investment Group building and murdered an additional five victims. Barton left the scene before police could arrive.[3] The police searched his house and found the bodies of his family and the notes that he had left with them, in which Barton vehemently denied responsibility for the deaths of his first wife and mother-in-law.[2]An intense manhunt ensued. Four hours after the All-Tech Investment Group shooting, Barton accosted and threatened a young girl in Kennesaw, apparently attempting to secure a hostage for his escape. The young girl escaped and called police.[4] Responding police officers spotted Barton in his minivan and a chase ensued, culminating at a gas station in Acworth.[5] As law enforcement attempted to apprehend him, Barton shot and killed himself.[6]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BartonMark.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stockbridge, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockbridge,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Clemson University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemson_University"},{"link_name":"University of South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blindsided-7"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"prime suspect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_suspect"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blindsided-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-5"},{"link_name":"day trading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_trading"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People-8"},{"link_name":"depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder"},{"link_name":"delusions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delusion"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blindsided-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People-8"}],"text":"BartonMark Orrin Barton (April 2, 1955 – July 29, 1999) was born in Stockbridge, Georgia, to an Air Force family and was raised in South Carolina. He attended Clemson University and the University of South Carolina. Back in Atlanta, Barton married Debra Spivey, with whom he had two children named Matthew and Mychelle.[7]Barton's family moved to Alabama as his employer required him there. Barton grew paranoid and started distrusting his wife. He lost his employment after his performance plummeted. He was also caught sabotaging data of the company that had fired him and served a short jail term for this retaliatory act. Barton found a new employer in Georgia and a mistress in one of his wife's acquaintances, with whom he had an affair. In 1993, Spivey and her mother Eloise were killed by bludgeoning. Barton was the prime suspect in the double homicide, but he was not charged due to a lack of evidence.[7] He always denied having had any part in them, including in the note that he would leave behind with the bodies of Leigh Ann Vandiver and his children in 1999.[2] Despite his denials, authorities still consider Barton a suspect in the 1993 murders.[5]Barton had received a $294,000 insurance settlement from his first wife's death and used the funds to finance his day trading career, preferring high-risk Internet-related stocks.[8] He married Vandiver, his former mistress, in 1995. His mental health continued to deteriorate, however, and he began to suffer from both severe depression and paranoid delusions.[7] In the month prior to his killing spree, Barton had lost $105,000, and Momentum Securities had cancelled his account.[8]","title":"Perpetrator"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The following is a list of those killed:[9][10]Leigh Ann Vandiver Barton, 27, wife of Mark Barton\nMatthew David Barton, 11, son of Mark Barton\nMychelle Elizabeth Barton, 8, daughter of Mark Barton\nAllen Charles Tenenbaum, 48, day trader at All-Tech Investment Group\nDean Delawalla, 52, day trader at All-Tech Investment Group\nJoseph J. Dessert, 60, day trader at All-Tech Investment Group\nJamshid Havash, 45, day trader at All-Tech Investment Group\nVadewattee Muralidhara, 44, a computer course student at All-Tech Investment Group\nEdward Quinn, 58, day trader at Momentum Securities\nKevin Dial, 38, office manager at Momentum Securities\nRussell J. Brown, 42, day trader at Momentum Securities\nScott A. Webb, 30, day trader at Momentum Securities","title":"Victims"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"On July 29, 2009, Atlanta marked the 10th anniversary of the tragedy.[11]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC News stories on the Atlanta shootings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/407858.stm"},{"link_name":"Manhunt under way for suspect in Atlanta shootings, CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//edition.cnn.com/US/9907/29/atlanta.shooting.01/"},{"link_name":"Investigators search for answers after 12 die in Georgia killings, CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//edition.cnn.com/US/9907/30/atlanta.shooting.01/"},{"link_name":"Blood bath followed suspect's mounting stock losses, CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//edition.cnn.com/US/9907/31/atlanta.shooting.01/"},{"link_name":"Mourners remember gunman's wife as soccer mom, Scout leader, CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//edition.cnn.com/US/9908/01/atlanta.shootings.02/"},{"link_name":"A Portrait of the Killer, Time Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,991676,00.html"},{"link_name":"Riding the Mo in the Lime Green Glow, New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1999/11/21/magazine/riding-the-mo-in-the-lime-green-glow.html?scp=1&sq=cavemaninvestor.com&st=nyt&pagewanted=7"}],"text":"BBC News stories on the Atlanta shootings\nManhunt under way for suspect in Atlanta shootings, CNN (July 29, 1999)\nInvestigators search for answers after 12 die in Georgia killings, CNN (July 30, 1999)\nBlood bath followed suspect's mounting stock losses, CNN (July 31, 1999)\nMourners remember gunman's wife as soccer mom, Scout leader, CNN (August 1, 1999)\nA Portrait of the Killer, Time Magazine (August 9, 1999)\nRiding the Mo in the Lime Green Glow, New York Times (November 21, 1999)","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Barton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e5/BartonMark.jpg"}]
| null |
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Archived from the original on June 28, 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040628045749/http://edition.cnn.com/US/9907/30/atlanta.shooting.06/","url_text":"\"Georgia killer's notes show a troubled man\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"},{"url":"http://edition.cnn.com/US/9907/30/atlanta.shooting.06","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sack, Kevin (July 31, 1999). \"Shootings in Atlanta: The Overview; Killer Confessed in a Letter Spiked With Rage\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved January 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150527110223/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/31/us/shootings-in-atlanta-the-overview-killer-confessed-in-a-letter-spiked-with-rage.html","url_text":"\"Shootings in Atlanta: The Overview; Killer Confessed in a Letter Spiked With Rage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/31/us/shootings-in-atlanta-the-overview-killer-confessed-in-a-letter-spiked-with-rage.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Moffatt, Gregory K. (January 1, 2000). Blind-sided: Homicide where it is Least Expected. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275969295.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b54xcYkbSlcC&q=mark+barton+biography&pg=PA67","url_text":"Blind-sided: Homicide where it is Least Expected"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275969295","url_text":"9780275969295"}]},{"reference":"Rogers, Patrick (August 16, 1999). \"A Bloody Day in Georgia\". People.com. Vol. 52, no. 6. Retrieved February 19, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/archive/a-bloody-day-in-georgia-vol-52-no-6","url_text":"\"A Bloody Day in Georgia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Memories of those who died\". CNN. July 31, 1999. Archived from the original on January 17, 2005. Retrieved June 26, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050117083915/http://edition.cnn.com/US/9907/31/shooting.profiles.01/","url_text":"\"Memories of those who died\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"},{"url":"http://edition.cnn.com/US/9907/31/shooting.profiles.01/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ayres, B. Drummond Jr.; Barstow, David (July 31, 1999). \"SHOOTINGS IN ATLANTA: THE VICTIMS; Drawn to Their Deaths By Lives in Day Trading\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/31/us/shootings-in-atlanta-the-victims-drawn-to-their-deaths-by-lives-in-day-trading.html","url_text":"\"SHOOTINGS IN ATLANTA: THE VICTIMS; Drawn to Their Deaths By Lives in Day Trading\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Howard, Jacqueline (February 23, 2018). \"School shooting survivor: 'There's so many of us now'\". CNN Digital. Retrieved January 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/23/health/school-shooting-survivors-profile/index.html","url_text":"\"School shooting survivor: 'There's so many of us now'\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.ajc.com/news/local-govt--politics/atlanta-rewind-mark-barton-1999-buckhead-rampage/nKrh2xInFnAcGFCW7CrFGL","external_links_name":"\"AJC Atlanta Rewind: Mark Barton's 1999 Buckhead rampage\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/31/us/shootings-in-atlanta-the-notes-there-is-no-reason-for-me-to-lie-now.html","external_links_name":"\"SHOOTINGS IN ATLANTA: THE NOTES; 'There Is No Reason for Me to Lie Now ... '\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AHfVA82XlfMC&q=mark+barton+momentum+securities","external_links_name":"Murder at the Office"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Jv1pCwAAQBAJ&q=mark+barton+hostage+atlanta&pg=PA104","external_links_name":"Mass Murders in America"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040628045749/http://edition.cnn.com/US/9907/30/atlanta.shooting.06/","external_links_name":"\"Georgia killer's notes show a troubled man\""},{"Link":"http://edition.cnn.com/US/9907/30/atlanta.shooting.06","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150527110223/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/31/us/shootings-in-atlanta-the-overview-killer-confessed-in-a-letter-spiked-with-rage.html","external_links_name":"\"Shootings in Atlanta: The Overview; Killer Confessed in a Letter Spiked With Rage\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/31/us/shootings-in-atlanta-the-overview-killer-confessed-in-a-letter-spiked-with-rage.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b54xcYkbSlcC&q=mark+barton+biography&pg=PA67","external_links_name":"Blind-sided: Homicide where it is Least Expected"},{"Link":"https://people.com/archive/a-bloody-day-in-georgia-vol-52-no-6","external_links_name":"\"A Bloody Day in Georgia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050117083915/http://edition.cnn.com/US/9907/31/shooting.profiles.01/","external_links_name":"\"Memories of those who died\""},{"Link":"http://edition.cnn.com/US/9907/31/shooting.profiles.01/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/31/us/shootings-in-atlanta-the-victims-drawn-to-their-deaths-by-lives-in-day-trading.html","external_links_name":"\"SHOOTINGS IN ATLANTA: THE VICTIMS; Drawn to Their Deaths By Lives in Day Trading\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/23/health/school-shooting-survivors-profile/index.html","external_links_name":"\"School shooting survivor: 'There's so many of us now'\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/407858.stm","external_links_name":"BBC News stories on the Atlanta shootings"},{"Link":"http://edition.cnn.com/US/9907/29/atlanta.shooting.01/","external_links_name":"Manhunt under way for suspect in Atlanta shootings, CNN"},{"Link":"http://edition.cnn.com/US/9907/30/atlanta.shooting.01/","external_links_name":"Investigators search for answers after 12 die in Georgia killings, CNN"},{"Link":"http://edition.cnn.com/US/9907/31/atlanta.shooting.01/","external_links_name":"Blood bath followed suspect's mounting stock losses, CNN"},{"Link":"http://edition.cnn.com/US/9908/01/atlanta.shootings.02/","external_links_name":"Mourners remember gunman's wife as soccer mom, Scout leader, CNN"},{"Link":"https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,991676,00.html","external_links_name":"A Portrait of the Killer, Time Magazine"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/21/magazine/riding-the-mo-in-the-lime-green-glow.html?scp=1&sq=cavemaninvestor.com&st=nyt&pagewanted=7","external_links_name":"Riding the Mo in the Lime Green Glow, New York Times"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061129170842/http://www.crimelibrary.com/notorious_murders/mass/work_homicide/index.html","external_links_name":"CourtTV's Crime Library feature"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1640766/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/2218197","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvXhjqq4mFG6g4fC47JXd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2006039050","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Bathurst_1000
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1994 Tooheys 1000
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["1 Entry list","1.1 Class A","1.2 Class B","2 Results","2.1 Top 10 shootout","2.2 Race","3 Statistics","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Motor race
1994 Tooheys 1000
Previous
1993
Next
1995
Layout of the Mount Panorama Circuit
The 1994 Tooheys 1000 was a motor race held on 2 October 1994 at the Mount Panorama Circuit near Bathurst in New South Wales, Australia. It was the 35th running of the Bathurst 1000 touring car race. The race was open to cars complying with CAMS Group 3A Touring Car regulations, later known as V8 Supercars and those complying with FIA Class II Touring Car regulations, later known as Super Touring cars. In the lead up to the 2003 event, Wheels Magazine voted the 1994 Bathurst 1000 to be the greatest of all time.
The race was won by Dick Johnson and John Bowe in their Dick Johnson Racing entered Ford EB Falcon, with the latter driver holding off a late-race challenge from then-rookie Craig Lowndes in a Holden Racing Team entered VP Commodore he shared with Brad Jones, which eventually finished second. Larry Perkins and Gregg Hansford were third in their Holden VP Commodore entered by Perkins Engineering.
Entry list
No.
Class
Drivers
Team (Sponsor)
Car
No.
Class
Drivers
Team (Sponsor)
Car
1
A
Glenn Seton Paul Radisich
Glenn Seton Racing(Peter Jackson)
Ford Falcon EB
35
A
Richard Wilson Troy Nicholson Ric Shaw
Steven McLaine Motorsport(Quick-Fit Mufflers, Brakes & Suspension)
Holden Commodore VP
2
A
Mark Skaife Jim Richards
Gibson Motorsport(Winfield)
Holden Commodore VP
36
A
Neil Schembri Rodney Crick
Schembri Motorsport(BetterGrow)
Holden Commodore VP
3
A
Steve Reed Trevor Ashby
Lansvale Smash Repairs(Dulux ICI Autocolor)
Holden Commodore VP
37
A
Alan Taylor Roger Hurd Stephen Bell
Alan Taylor Racing(The Xerox Shop)
Holden Commodore VL
4
A
Wayne Gardner Neil Crompton
Wayne Gardner Racing(Coca-Cola)
Holden Commodore VP
38
A
Barry Graham Brian Callaghan, Jr.
O'Brien Automotive(Everlast Automotive)
Holden Commodore VL
05
A
Peter Brock Tomas Mezera
Holden Racing Team(Holden, Mobil 1, Telecom)
Holden Commodore VP
39
A
Chris Smerdon Cameron McConville
Challenge Motorsport(Andersen Consulting)
Holden Commodore VP
6
A
Colin Bond Anders Olofsson
Gibson Motorsport(Winfield)
Holden Commodore VP
41
A
Garry Willmington Jeff Barnes
Willmington Performance(Willmington Performance, McLeod Ford)
Ford Falcon EB
7
A
Win Percy Russell Ingall
Wayne Gardner Racing(Coca-Cola)
Holden Commodore VP
42
A
Greg Fahey Dennis Cribbin
Glenn Mason Motorsport(Bill Rimmelzwaan Homes)
Holden Commodore VL
8
B
Steve Hardman Geoff Full
Colin Bond Racing(Hyundai)
Hyundai Lantra Mk.1
44
A
Mike Conway George Ayoub
Group Motor Sport(Group Motor Sport)
Holden Commodore VL
9
A
Andrew Miedecke Jeff Allam
Allan Moffat Racing(Cenovis)
Ford Falcon EB
45
B
Craig Baird Brett Riley
LoGaMo Racing(Diet Coke)
BMW 318i (E36)
10
A
Phil Ward Steven Ellery
Phil Ward Racing(Technophone Mobile Phones)
Holden Commodore VP
46
B
Paul Morris Altfrid Heger
LoGaMo Racing(Diet Coke)
BMW 318i (E36)
11
A
Larry Perkins Gregg Hansford
Perkins Engineering(Castrol)
Holden Commodore VP
47
A
John Trimbole Garry Waldon
Daily Planet Racing(Daily Planet)
Holden Commodore VP
12
A
Bob Jones Troy Dunstan
Bob Jones Racing(Ampol Max 3)
Holden Commodore VP
48
B
Warwick Rooklyn John Blanchard
LoGaMo Racing(Benson and Hedges)
BMW 318i (E36)
14
A
Stuart McColl Peter Gazzard
Stuart McColl Racing(Dairy Vale, Kartmania)
Holden Commodore VP
49
A
Malcolm Stenniken Brett Youlden
Malcolm Stenniken Racing(President Batteries)
Holden Commodore VL
015
A
Brad Jones Craig Lowndes
Holden Racing Team(Holden, Mobil 1, Telecom)
Holden Commodore VP
50
A
Gregg Easton Kevin Heffernan
Easton Motorsport(Price Attack, MJ Salon Systems)
Holden Commodore VL
16
B
Peter McKay Jamie Miller
Phil Ward Racing(Technophone Mobile Phones)
Mercedes-Benz 190E (W201)
51
B
Andrew Reid Melinda Price Garry Jones
Inspired Racing(Tom Piper)
Toyota Corolla Mk.6
17
A
Dick Johnson John Bowe
Dick Johnson Racing(Shell, FAI Insurance)
Ford Falcon EB
52
B
Peter Doulman John Cotter
Doulman Automotive(Clark Sinks)
BMW M3 (E30)
18
A
Allan Grice Steven Johnson
Dick Johnson Racing(Shell, FAI Insurance)
Ford Falcon EB
54
A
Ed Lamont Graham Gulson
Pinnacle Motorsport(Shoreline Resorts Queensland)
Holden Commodore VP
20
A
Ian Palmer Brett Peters
Palmer Promotions(Olympus, Dogbone Hollow Flange Beam)
Holden Commodore VP
56
B
Greg Murphy James Kaye
Bruce Miles Racing(Orix)
Toyota Carina Mk.10
24
A
Greg Crick Tony Scott
Pinnacle Motorsport(Shoreline Resorts Queensland)
Holden Commodore VP
57
B
Bill Sieders Allan Letcher
Darrell Dixon Racing(Dataliner Crash Repair Systems)
Peugeot 405
25
A
Tony Longhurst Charlie O'Brien
LoGaMo Racing(Benson and Hedges)
Holden Commodore VP
60
A
Peter McLeod Ryan McLeod Kevin Burton
McLeod Racing(Enzed Hoses and Fittings)
Holden Commodore VL
26
A
Don Watson Ian Love
Don Watson Transport(Don Watson Transport)
Holden Commodore VP
62
A
Wayne Russell Bernie Gillon
Novocastrian Motorsport(Roadchill, Union Steel, New FM)
Holden Commodore VL
27
A
Terry Finnigan Steve Williams
Terry Finnigan Racing Team(Bobby McGee's)
Holden Commodore VP
89
B
Ken Mathews Matthew Martin
Phoenix Motorsport(Ultra Tune)
Peugeot 405
28
A
Kevin Waldock Mike Preston
Playscape Racing(Komatsu, Cummins)
Ford Falcon EB
98
B
Peter Hills Dennis Rogers
Knight Racing(Agip)
Ford Sierra
30
A
Alan Jones David Parsons
Glenn Seton Racing(Peter Jackson)
Ford Falcon EB
Source:
Icon
Class
A
Class A
B
Class B
Entry list at the start of Practice One. Kevin Heffernan was entered in Car #50 but moved across to Car #44 prior to the race.
Class A
For 5.0 litre cars, later to become known as V8 Supercars, it consisted of V8 engined Ford Falcons and Holden Commodores.
Class B
For 2.0 litre cars, later to become known as Super Touring cars, it consisted of BMW 318i, Hyundai Lantra, Peugeot 405, Toyota Carina, Toyota Corolla, a modified DTM Mercedes-Benz 190E and older modified Group A BMW M3s and Ford Sierras.
Results
Top 10 shootout
The Tooheys Top Ten was restricted to the top ten cars from Qualifying. The results of this runoff determined the first ten places on the grid for the race. Additional prize money was paid to all entries in the Tooheys Top Ten.
Pos
No
Team
Driver
Car
TT10
Qual
Pole
1
Peter Jackson Racing
Glenn Seton
Ford EB Falcon
2:12.1464
2:12.03
2
05
Holden Racing Team
Peter Brock
Holden VP Commodore
2:12.3639
2:12.99
3
2
Winfield Racing
Mark Skaife
Holden VP Commodore
2:12.3646
2:12.36
4
25
Benson & Hedges Racing
Tony Longhurst
Holden VP Commodore
2:12.7549
2:13.90
5
4
Coca-Cola Racing
Wayne Gardner
Holden VP Commodore
2:12.9670
2:13.46
6
30
Peter Jackson Racing
Alan Jones
Ford EB Falcon
2:13.1276
2:13.44
7
18
Shell-FAI Racing
Allan Grice
Ford EB Falcon
2:13.1959
2:12.71
8
11
Castrol Perkins Racing
Larry Perkins
Holden VP Commodore
2:13.2338
2:12.90
9
015
Holden Racing Team
Brad Jones
Holden VP Commodore
2:13.5126
2:13.15
10
17
Shell-FAI Racing
Dick Johnson
Ford EB Falcon
2:13.6164
2:12.43
* Glenn Seton took his first ever pole position at Bathurst in his Ford EB Falcon. It was also the first Ford V8 on pole at Bathurst since Allan Moffat put his XB Falcon on pole in 1976. All other Ford pole positions since then (1987, 1988, 1989, 1990 and 1992) had been achieved in the turbocharged 4 cyl Ford Sierra RS500.* After having an earlier time disallowed in qualifying due to a technical infringement, Peter Brock, in his first race at Bathurst for a factory backed Holden team since 1986, then qualified 6th in his Holden Racing Team VP Commodore. He improved in the shootout to qualify second for his first front row start since claiming pole position in a Ford Sierra RS500 in 1989.* Dick Johnson qualified for his 17th straight Top Ten runoff having been the only driver to compete in every one since its inception in 1978. After qualifying 3rd, Johnson fell to 10th after the shootout when he ran wide and hit the wall coming out of The Cutting causing large amounts of tyre smoke from the right rear for the rest of the lap, though his time was only 1/10th slower than the HRT Commodore of Brad Jones.* 1986 and 1990 race winner Allan Grice, who missed the race in 1993, made his first start at Bathurst in a Ford after 19 starts for Holden (1973-1992) and one start in a Fiat 124 Sport in 1968. He qualified his Dick Johnson Racing EB Falcon in 7th in the shootout, faster than team leader Dick Johnson who ended up 10th.* Tony Longhurst and Brad Jones both equalled the record for driving different makes of cars in the Top Ten shootout. Longhurst had previously qualified for Ford (1988-1990) and BMW (1992), while Jones had previously qualified in a Mitsubishi (1986) and a Ford (1989). Both qualified their respective Holden VP Commodores for the 1994 Tooheys Top Ten. The record had been held solely by 1976 race winner Bob Morris who had qualified in the Top Ten for Holden (1978, 1979, 1983), Ford (1980, 1981, 1982) and Mazda (1984).
Race
Pos
Class
No
Team
Drivers
Car
Laps
QualPos
ShootoutPos
1
A
17
Shell-FAI Racing
Dick Johnson John Bowe
Ford EB Falcon
161
3
10
2
A
015
Holden Racing Team
Brad Jones Craig Lowndes
Holden VP Commodore
161
7
9
3
A
11
Castrol Perkins Racing
Larry Perkins Gregg Hansford
Holden VP Commodore
161
5
8
4
A
25
Benson & Hedges Racing
Tony Longhurst Charlie O'Brien
Holden VP Commodore
161
10
4
5
A
7
Coca-Cola Racing
Win Percy Russell Ingall
Holden VP Commodore
161
11
6
A
6
Winfield Racing
Colin Bond Anders Olofsson
Holden VP Commodore
161
12
7
A
18
Shell-FAI Racing
Allan Grice Steven Johnson
Ford EB Falcon
160
4
7
8
A
9
Allan Moffat Enterprises
Andrew Miedecke Jeff Allam
Ford EB Falcon
157
16
9
A
47
Daily Planet Racing
John Trimbole Garry Waldon
Holden VP Commodore
156
19
10
B
46
Diet Coke Racing
Paul Morris Altfrid Heger
BMW 318i
155
31
11
B
45
Diet Coke Racing
Craig Baird Brett Riley
BMW 318i
152
35
12
B
48
Benson & Hedges Racing
Warwick Rooklyn John Blanchard
BMW 318i
152
32
13
A
39
Challenge Motorsport
Chris Smerdon Cameron McConville
Holden VP Commodore
151
21
14
A
20
Palmer Promotions
Ian Palmer Brett Peters
Holden VP Commodore
151
25
15
A
36
Schembri Motorsport
Neil Schembri Rodney Crick
Holden VP Commodore
149
23
16
A
12
Ampol Max 3 Racing
Bob Jones Troy Dunstan
Holden VP Commodore
148
17
17
A
54
Ed Lamont
Ed Lamont Graham Gulson
Holden VP Commodore
146
22
18
A
37
Scotty Taylor Racing
Alan Taylor Roger Hurd Stephen Bell
Holden Commodore VL SS Group A SV
145
36
19
B
52
M3 Motorsport
Peter Doulman John Cotter
BMW M3 2.0L
144
38
20
A
38
Brian Callaghan
Barry Graham Brian Callaghan Jr
Holden Commodore VL SS Group A SV
143
29
21
A
35
Steven McLaine Motorsport
Richard Wilson Troy Nicholson Ric Shaw
Holden VP Commodore
143
27
22
A
14
Stuart McColl
Stuart McColl Peter Gazzard
Holden VP Commodore
142
24
23
B
56
Bruce Miles
Greg Murphy James Kaye
Toyota Carina
136
33
24
A
3
Lansvale Smash Repairs
Steve Reed Trevor Ashby
Holden VP Commodore
134
15
25
B
16
Phil Ward Racing
Peter McKay Jamie Miller
Mercedes-Benz 190E
126
43
26
A
44
Group Motorsport
Mike Conway George Ayoub Kevin Heffernan
Holden Commodore VL SS Group A SV
123
37
DNF
A
24
Pinnacle Motorsport
Tony Scott Greg Crick
Holden VP Commodore
158
14
DNF
A
05
Holden Racing Team
Peter Brock Tomas Mezera
Holden VP Commodore
138
6
2
NC
A
41
Garry Willmington Performance
Garry Willmington Jeff Barnes
Ford EB Falcon
109
28
NC
A
10
Phil Ward Racing
Phil Ward Steven Ellery
Holden VP Commodore
100
13
DNF
A
4
Coca-Cola Racing
Wayne Gardner Neil Crompton
Holden VP Commodore
99
9
5
NC
A
42
Glenn Mason
Greg Fahey Dennis Cribbin
Holden Commodore VL SS Group A SV
97
42
DNF
A
27
Terry Finnigan
Terry Finnigan Steve Williams
Holden VP Commodore
95
18
DNF
A
60
Peter McLeod
Ryan McLeod Peter McLeod Kevin Burton
Holden Commodore VL SS Group A SV
83
26
DNF
A
1
Peter Jackson Racing
Glenn Seton Paul Radisich
Ford EB Falcon
82
1
1
DNF
A
62
Novacastrian Motorsport
Wayne Russell Bernie Gillon
Holden Commodore VL SS Group A SV
71
34
DNF
B
57
Darrel Dixon
Bill Sieders Allan Letcher
Peugeot 405 Mi16
63
41
DNF
A
30
Peter Jackson Racing
Alan Jones David Parsons
Ford EB Falcon
52
8
6
DNF
A
2
Winfield Racing
Mark Skaife Jim Richards
Holden VP Commodore
39
2
3
DNF
B
98
Knight Racing
Peter Hills Dennis Rogers
Ford Sierra
34
44
DNF
B
8
Hyundai Automotive
Steve Hardman Geoff Full
Hyundai Lantra
26
45
DNF
A
49
Malcolm Stenniken
Brett Youlden Malcolm Stenniken
Holden Commodore VL SS Group A SV
24
30
DNF
A
28
Playscape Racing
Kevin Waldock Mike Preston
Ford EB Falcon
19
20
DNF
B
89
Phoenix Motorsport
Ken Mathews Matthew Martin
Peugeot 405 Mi16
17
39
DNF
B
51
Inspired Racing
Andrew Reid Melinda Price Garry Jones
Toyota Corolla Seca
16
40
DNS
A
26
Don Watson
Don Watson1 Ian Love
Holden VP Commodore
DNS
A
50
Easton Motorsport
Gregg Easton2 Kevin Heffernan
Holden Commodore VL SS Group A SV
Notes:
^1 - Don Watson was killed in an accident at the Chase during Thursday qualifying, which resulted in his entry being withdrawn from the race.
^2 - Greg Easton's car was badly damaged after an accident during Friday qualifying, and was subsequently withdrawn. Co-driver Kevin Heffernan was later moved into the #44 Holden Commodore VL SS Group A SV of Mike Conway & George Ayoub.
Statistics
Provisional Pole Position - #1 Glenn Seton - 2:12.0290
Pole Position - #1 Glenn Seton - 2:12.1464
Fastest Lap - #17 Dick Johnson - 2:14.1458 - Lap 108
Winners' Race Time - 7:03:45.8425
Winners' Average Speed - 142.63 km/h
See also
1994 Australian Touring Car season
References
^ "94813 - Richard Wilson / Troy Nicholson / Richard Shaw, Commodore VP - Tooheys 1000 Bathurst 1994 - Photographer Marshall Cass". Autopics. 2 October 1994.
^ Noonan, Aaron (25 November 2021). Bathurst Every Car, the Photographic History 1990-1999. AN1 Media Pty Limited. pp. 94–111. ISBN 9780648786344.
^ 1994 Tooheys 1000 Prize Money, Official Programme, Toohey 1000, 2 October 1994, page 134
^ a b Last Year's Race, Official Programme, Tooheys 1000, 1 October 1995, page 24
External links
Official V8 Supercar website
Race results, www.uniquecarsandparts.com.au
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List of Bathurst 1000 vehicles
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Tooheys_1000"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Tooheys_1000"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Panorama_street_racing_circuit_in_Australia.svg"},{"link_name":"Mount Panorama Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Panorama_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Mount Panorama Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Panorama_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Bathurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathurst,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Bathurst 1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathurst_1000"},{"link_name":"touring car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touring_car_racing"},{"link_name":"CAMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_Australian_Motor_Sport"},{"link_name":"V8 Supercars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_Supercars"},{"link_name":"FIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile"},{"link_name":"Super Touring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Touring"},{"link_name":"Wheels Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheels_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Dick Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Johnson_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"John Bowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bowe_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Dick Johnson Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Johnson_Racing"},{"link_name":"Ford EB Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_EB_Falcon"},{"link_name":"Craig Lowndes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Lowndes"},{"link_name":"Holden Racing Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Racing_Team"},{"link_name":"VP Commodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_VP_Commodore"},{"link_name":"Brad Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Jones_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Larry Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Perkins"},{"link_name":"Gregg Hansford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_Hansford"},{"link_name":"Perkins Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkins_Engineering"}],"text":"1994 Tooheys 1000\n\nPrevious\n1993\nNext\n1995Layout of the Mount Panorama CircuitThe 1994 Tooheys 1000 was a motor race held on 2 October 1994 at the Mount Panorama Circuit near Bathurst in New South Wales, Australia. It was the 35th running of the Bathurst 1000 touring car race. The race was open to cars complying with CAMS Group 3A Touring Car regulations, later known as V8 Supercars and those complying with FIA Class II Touring Car regulations, later known as Super Touring cars. In the lead up to the 2003 event, Wheels Magazine voted the 1994 Bathurst 1000 to be the greatest of all time.The race was won by Dick Johnson and John Bowe in their Dick Johnson Racing entered Ford EB Falcon, with the latter driver holding off a late-race challenge from then-rookie Craig Lowndes in a Holden Racing Team entered VP Commodore he shared with Brad Jones, which eventually finished second. Larry Perkins and Gregg Hansford were third in their Holden VP Commodore entered by Perkins Engineering.","title":"1994 Tooheys 1000"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Entry list at the start of Practice One. Kevin Heffernan was entered in Car #50 but moved across to Car #44 prior to the race.","title":"Entry list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"V8 Supercars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_Supercars"},{"link_name":"V8 engined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_engine"},{"link_name":"Ford Falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Falcon_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Holden Commodores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Commodore"}],"sub_title":"Class A","text":"For 5.0 litre cars, later to become known as V8 Supercars, it consisted of V8 engined Ford Falcons and Holden Commodores.","title":"Entry list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Super Touring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Touring"},{"link_name":"BMW 318i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_E36"},{"link_name":"Hyundai Lantra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Elantra"},{"link_name":"Peugeot 405","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot_405"},{"link_name":"Toyota Carina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Corona"},{"link_name":"Toyota Corolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Corolla"},{"link_name":"DTM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Tourenwagen_Meisterschaft"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz 190E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W201"},{"link_name":"Group A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_A"},{"link_name":"BMW M3s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_M3"},{"link_name":"Ford Sierras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Sierra"}],"sub_title":"Class B","text":"For 2.0 litre cars, later to become known as Super Touring cars, it consisted of BMW 318i, Hyundai Lantra, Peugeot 405, Toyota Carina, Toyota Corolla, a modified DTM Mercedes-Benz 190E and older modified Group A BMW M3s and Ford Sierras.","title":"Entry list"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Glenn Seton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Seton"},{"link_name":"Ford EB Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_EB_Falcon"},{"link_name":"Ford V8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Windsor_engine"},{"link_name":"Allan Moffat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Moffat"},{"link_name":"XB Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_XB_Falcon"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Hardie-Ferodo_1000"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_James_Hardie_1000"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Tooheys_1000"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Tooheys_1000"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Tooheys_1000"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Tooheys_1000"},{"link_name":"4 cyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-4"},{"link_name":"Ford Sierra RS500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Sierra_RS500"},{"link_name":"Peter Brock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Brock"},{"link_name":"Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_James_Hardie_1000"},{"link_name":"Holden Racing Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Racing_Team"},{"link_name":"VP Commodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_VP_Commodore"},{"link_name":"Dick Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Johnson_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Hardie-Ferodo_1000"},{"link_name":"Brad Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Jones_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Allan Grice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Grice"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Tooheys_1000"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Fiat 124 Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_124_Coup%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Hardie-Ferodo_500"},{"link_name":"Dick Johnson Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Johnson_Racing"},{"link_name":"Tony Longhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Longhurst"},{"link_name":"BMW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi"},{"link_name":"Bob Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Morris_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Hardie-Ferodo_1000"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_James_Hardie_1000"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Hardie-Ferodo_1000"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_James_Hardie_1000"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_James_Hardie_1000"},{"link_name":"Mazda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_James_Hardie_1000"}],"sub_title":"Top 10 shootout","text":"The Tooheys Top Ten was restricted to the top ten cars from Qualifying. The results of this runoff determined the first ten places on the grid for the race. Additional prize money was paid to all entries in the Tooheys Top Ten.[3]* Glenn Seton took his first ever pole position at Bathurst in his Ford EB Falcon. It was also the first Ford V8 on pole at Bathurst since Allan Moffat put his XB Falcon on pole in 1976. All other Ford pole positions since then (1987, 1988, 1989, 1990 and 1992) had been achieved in the turbocharged 4 cyl Ford Sierra RS500.* After having an earlier time disallowed in qualifying due to a technical infringement, Peter Brock, in his first race at Bathurst for a factory backed Holden team since 1986, then qualified 6th in his Holden Racing Team VP Commodore. He improved in the shootout to qualify second for his first front row start since claiming pole position in a Ford Sierra RS500 in 1989.* Dick Johnson qualified for his 17th straight Top Ten runoff having been the only driver to compete in every one since its inception in 1978. After qualifying 3rd, Johnson fell to 10th after the shootout when he ran wide and hit the wall coming out of The Cutting causing large amounts of tyre smoke from the right rear for the rest of the lap, though his time was only 1/10th slower than the HRT Commodore of Brad Jones.* 1986 and 1990 race winner Allan Grice, who missed the race in 1993, made his first start at Bathurst in a Ford after 19 starts for Holden (1973-1992) and one start in a Fiat 124 Sport in 1968. He qualified his Dick Johnson Racing EB Falcon in 7th in the shootout, faster than team leader Dick Johnson who ended up 10th.* Tony Longhurst and Brad Jones both equalled the record for driving different makes of cars in the Top Ten shootout. Longhurst had previously qualified for Ford (1988-1990) and BMW (1992), while Jones had previously qualified in a Mitsubishi (1986) and a Ford (1989). Both qualified their respective Holden VP Commodores for the 1994 Tooheys Top Ten. The record had been held solely by 1976 race winner Bob Morris who had qualified in the Top Ten for Holden (1978, 1979, 1983), Ford (1980, 1981, 1982) and Mazda (1984).","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_1"},{"link_name":"^2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_2"},{"link_name":"Holden Commodore VL SS Group A SV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Commodore_VL_SS_Group_A_SV"}],"sub_title":"Race","text":"Notes:^1 - Don Watson was killed in an accident at the Chase during Thursday qualifying, which resulted in his entry being withdrawn from the race.\n^2 - Greg Easton's car was badly damaged after an accident during Friday qualifying, and was subsequently withdrawn. Co-driver Kevin Heffernan was later moved into the #44 Holden Commodore VL SS Group A SV of Mike Conway & George Ayoub.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1995_Programme-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1995_Programme-4"}],"text":"Provisional Pole Position - #1 Glenn Seton - 2:12.0290\nPole Position - #1 Glenn Seton - 2:12.1464\nFastest Lap - #17 Dick Johnson - 2:14.1458 - Lap 108\nWinners' Race Time - 7:03:45.8425[4]\nWinners' Average Speed - 142.63 km/h[4]","title":"Statistics"}]
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[{"image_text":"Layout of the Mount Panorama Circuit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mount_Panorama_street_racing_circuit_in_Australia.svg/250px-Mount_Panorama_street_racing_circuit_in_Australia.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"1994 Australian Touring Car season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Australian_Touring_Car_season"}]
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[{"reference":"\"94813 - Richard Wilson / Troy Nicholson / Richard Shaw, Commodore VP - Tooheys 1000 Bathurst 1994 - Photographer Marshall Cass\". Autopics. 2 October 1994.","urls":[{"url":"https://autopics.com.au/94813-richard-wilson-troy-nicholson-richard-shaw-commodore-vp-tooheys-1000-bathurst-1994-photographer-marshall-cass/","url_text":"\"94813 - Richard Wilson / Troy Nicholson / Richard Shaw, Commodore VP - Tooheys 1000 Bathurst 1994 - Photographer Marshall Cass\""}]},{"reference":"Noonan, Aaron (25 November 2021). Bathurst Every Car, the Photographic History 1990-1999. AN1 Media Pty Limited. pp. 94–111. ISBN 9780648786344.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780648786344","url_text":"9780648786344"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://autopics.com.au/94813-richard-wilson-troy-nicholson-richard-shaw-commodore-vp-tooheys-1000-bathurst-1994-photographer-marshall-cass/","external_links_name":"\"94813 - Richard Wilson / Troy Nicholson / Richard Shaw, Commodore VP - Tooheys 1000 Bathurst 1994 - Photographer Marshall Cass\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020928161349/http://www.v8supercar.com.au/","external_links_name":"Official V8 Supercar website"},{"Link":"http://www.uniquecarsandparts.com.au/bathurst_1994.htm","external_links_name":"Race results, www.uniquecarsandparts.com.au"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided_Democracy_(Indonesia)
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Guided Democracy in Indonesia
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["1 Background","1.1 Establishment of Guided Democracy","1.2 Regional rebellions during the liberal democracy era","2 Formation","2.1 Return to the 1945 Constitution","3 Political landscape","3.1 Marginalization of Islamic political parties","3.2 Rise of the PKI","3.3 Rise of the political roles of the armed forces and police","4 Economy","5 Foreign policy","5.1 West Irian dispute and liberation","5.2 Confrontation with Malaysia","6 End of Guided Democracy","7 References","7.1 Bibliography"]
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Period of Indonesian history from 1959 to 1966
"Guided Democracy" in Indonesia1959–1966President Sukarno reading his decree of 5 July 1959LocationIndonesiaLeader(s)SukarnoKey eventsPresident Sukarno's 1959 DecreeIndonesia–Malaysia confrontationOperation TrikoraWithdrawal from the United NationsNASAKOMTransition to the New OrderChronology
Indonesian Liberal Democracy
Transition to the New Order
Part of a series on the
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Prehistory Paleolithic Java Man 1,000,000 BP Flores Man 94,000–12,000 BP Neolithic Toba catastrophe 75,000 BP Buni culture 400 BCE
Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms Kutai Kingdom 350–1605 Tarumanagara Kingdom 400s–500s Kantoli 400s-500s Kalingga Kingdom 500s–600s Melayu Kingdom 600s–1347 Srivijaya Empire 600s–1025 Shailendra Dynasty 600s–900s Mataram Kingdom 716–1016 Bali Kingdom 914–1908 Sunda Kingdom 932–1579 Kahuripan Kingdom 1019–1045 Kediri Kingdom 1045–1221 Dharmasraya Kingdom 1183–1347 Pannai Kingdom 1000s–1300s Singhasari Empire 1222–1292 Majapahit Empire 1293–1527
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Christian kingdoms Larantuka Kingdom 1515–1904 Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow1670–1950
Chinese Kongsi federations Heshun Confederation1776–1854 Lanfang Republic1777–1884 Santiaogou Republic1777–1853
European colonization Portuguese 1512–1850 Spanish 1521–1677 Dutch East India Company 1602–1799 British 1685–1824 French and British interregnum 1806–1816 Dutch East Indies 1800–19421945–1949
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Republic of Indonesia Liberal democracy 1950–1959 Guided Democracy 1959–1966 Transition 1966–1967 New Order 1967–1998 Reform era 1998–present
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Indonesia portalvte
Guided Democracy (Indonesian: Demokrasi Terpimpin) was the political system in place in Indonesia from 1959 until the New Order began in 1966. It was the brainchild of President Sukarno, and was an attempt to bring about political stability. Sukarno believed that the parliamentarian system implemented during the liberal democracy period in Indonesia was ineffective due to its divisive political situation at that time. Instead, he sought a system based on the traditional village system of discussion and consensus, which occurred under the guidance of village elders. With the declaration of martial law and the introduction of this system, Indonesia returned to the presidential system and Sukarno became the head of government again.
Sukarno proposed a threefold blend of nasionalisme (nationalism), agama (religion), and komunisme (communism) into a co-operative Nas-A-Kom or Nasakom governmental concept. This was intended to satisfy the four main factions in Indonesian politics—the army, the secular nationalists, Islamic groups, and the communists. With the support of the military, he proclaimed Guided Democracy in 1959 and proposed a cabinet representing all major political parties including the Communist Party of Indonesia, although the latter were never actually given functional cabinet positions.
Background
The liberal democracy period in Indonesia, from the re-establishment of a unitary republic in 1950 until the declaration of martial law in 1957, saw the rise and fall of six cabinets, the longest-lasting surviving for just under two years. Even Indonesia's first national elections in 1955 failed to bring about political stability.
In 1957, Indonesia faced a series of crises, including the beginning of the Permesta rebellion in Makassar and the army takeover of authority in South Sumatra, due to the increasing dissatisfaction of non-Javanese Indonesians to the centralization policy implemented by Jakarta. One of the demands of the Permesta rebels was that 70 percent of the members of Sukarno's proposed National Council should be members from the regions (non-Javanese). Another demand was that the cabinet and National Council be led by the dual-leaders (Indonesian: dwitunggal) of Sukarno and former Vice-President Hatta.
In March 1957, Sukarno accepted the Army chief of staff General Abdul Haris Nasution's proposal for a declaration of martial law across the whole nation. This would put the armed forces in charge, and would be a way to deal with the rebellious army commanders, as it would effectively legitimise them.: 243
In the face of a growing political crisis amid splits in the cabinet, Prime Minister Ali Sastroamidjojo resigned on 14 March from his position in Sukarno's presence.
Establishment of Guided Democracy
Sukarno
President Sukarno made an official visit to the People's Republic of China in October 1956. He was impressed with the progress made there since the Civil War, and concluded that this was due to the strong leadership of Mao Zedong, whose centralisation of power was in sharp contrast to the political disorder in Indonesia. According to former foreign minister Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung, Sukarno began to believe he had been "chosen by providence" to lead the people and "build a new society".
Shortly after his return from China, on 30 October 1956, Sukarno spoke of his konsepsi (conception) of a new system of government. Two days earlier he had called for the political parties to be abolished. Initially the parties were opposed to the idea, but once it became clear that they would not need to be abolished, the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) threw its support behind Sukarno. As well as the PKI, the Indonesian National Party (PNI) supported Sukarno, while the Islamist Masyumi Party and the Socialist Party of Indonesia opposed the plan. There were public demonstrations in support of it.
On 21 February 1957, Sukarno detailed his plan. Sukarno pointed out that at the village level, important questions were decided by lengthy deliberation with the goal of achieving a consensus. This model of decision-making, he said, was better suited to the nature of Indonesia than the Western-style voting system. While deliberations at the local level were guided by the village elders, Sukarno envisioned that the president would guide them at the national level. The centerpiece would be a 'mutual co-operation' cabinet of the major parties advised by a National Council (Indonesian: Dewan Nasional) of functional groups, while the legislature would not be abolished. Sukarno argued that under this system, a national consensus could express itself under presidential guidance.
On 15 March 1957 President Sukarno appointed PNI chairman Soewirjo to form a "working cabinet", which would be tasked with establishing the National Council in accordance with the president's concept. However, since Masyumi, the largest opposition party, was not asked to participate in the formation of the cabinet, Soewirjo's efforts came to nothing. However, on 25 March, Sukarno asked Soewirjo to try form a cabinet again in one week to, but to no avail, Soewirjo failed.
Finally, Sukarno held a meeting with 69 party figures at the State Palace on 4 April 1957, at which he announced his intention to form an emergency extra-parliamentary working cabinet, whose members Sukarno would choose. The new "Working Cabinet", headed by non-partisan prime minister Djuanda Kartawidjaja was announced on 8 April 1957 at Bogor Palace. Although the PKI was not included, several members were sympathetic to the party. In theory, it was a non-partisan cabinet.
The National Council was established by emergency law in May 1957. It was chaired by Sukarno, with Ruslan Abdulgani as vice-chairman. At its inauguration on 12 July, it had 42 members representing groups such as peasants, workers and women, as well as the various religions. Decisions were reached by consensus rather than through voting. As a non-political body based on functional groups, it was intended as a counterbalance to the political system. The cabinet was not obliged to heed the advice given by the National Council, but in practice they rarely ignored recommendations and proposals it set.
Meanwhile, the armed forces were trying to enhance their political role by establishing functional groups of their own. Nasution began trying to woo the parties' functional groups in June 1957, and managed to unite the many veterans' organizations under armed forces control as the Veterans' Legion of Indonesia, a singular organization dedicated to veterans' affairs. He also used martial law to arrest several politicians for alleged corruption, while regional army commanders restricted party activities, particularly those of the PKI, whose headquarters in Jakarta was attacked in July.
In his Independence Day address on 17 August 1957, Sukarno laid down the ideology of guided democracy, later renamed the Manipol (Political manifesto). This was later expanded into the ideology known as USDEK - combined into Manipol USDEK (USDEK Political Manifesto). The five points of this ideology were the following:: 267
the 1945 Constitution (Undang-Undang Dasar 1945)
Indonesian-styled socialism (Sosialisme ala Indonesia)
Guided democracy (Demokrasi Terpimpin)
Guided economic policies (Ekonomi Terpimpin)
Indonesian identity (Kepribadian Indonesia)
Regional rebellions during the liberal democracy era
In the midst of the Cold War, the CIA—along with the UK and Australian governments—supported rebellions in Sumatra and Sulawesi during 1958. These rebellions were launched as reactions to Sukarno's seizure of parliamentarian power, the increasing influence of the Communists, the corruption and mismanagement of the central government, and against the domination by Java of the outer islands.
In September and October 1957, various rebellious army officers, including members of the Permesta movement, held meetings in Sumatra. They agreed on three objectives: the appointment of a president less in favor of the PKI, the replacement of Nasution as the head of armed forces and the banning of the PKI. Some of these regional rebels were subsequently accused of involvement in the assassination attempt on Sukarno on 30 November. On 10 February 1958, rebels including army officers and Masyumi leaders meeting in Padang, Sumatra, issued an ultimatum to the government demanding the return of parliamentary system, through the dissolution of the cabinet, elections and Sukarno's position as a figurehead role. Five days later, the formation of Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PRRI), announced. It was based in Bukittinggi, Sumatra, joined two days later by the Permesta rebels in Sulawesi.
Despite US support in the form of arms for the PRRI rebels, the Indonesian military defeated the rebels with a combination of aerial bombardment and operations by troops landed from Java. By the middle of 1958, the rebellions had been effectively quashed but guerrilla activity persisted for three years. Amnesty was granted to rebel leaders although their political parties were banned. Early nationalist leaders were discredited, including former Prime Minister Sutan Sjahrir, who along with others was arrested in 1962.
Formation
See also: President Sukarno's 1959 Decree
Return to the 1945 Constitution
The structure of the Indonesian government in 1962
In 1958, Masyumi and the Nahdlatul Ulama, which had split from Masyumi in 1952, called for the planned 1959 elections to be postponed as they feared a PKI victory. In September, prime minister Djuanda announced the postponement. Meanwhile, the Constitutional Assembly was still unable to reach agreement on the basis of a new constitution, and was deadlocked between those who wanted Indonesia to be an Islamic state, and those who supported the idea of the state based on the Pancasila ideology. In July, Nasution proposed returning to the 1945 Constitution, and in September, he resumed political activity.: 254 Sukarno quickly endorsed this idea, as the 1945 document made the president head of government as well as head of state and would thus be better suited to implementing Guided democracy. Under the Provisional Constitution of 1950, the president's role was largely ceremonial as head of state, though Sukarno commanded great moral authority due to his status as Father of the Nation.
Gradually, the return to the 1945 Constitution gained support from the political parties, and on 5 July 1959, Sukarno issued a decree (formally Presidential Decree number 150 of 1959 on the Return to the Constitution of 1945) to reinstate the 1945 constitution and dissolving the Constitutional Assembly. Four days later, a working cabinet with Sukarno as prime minister was announced, and in July, the National Council and Supreme Advisory Council were established. Although political parties continued to exist, only the PKI had any real strength.: 254
Political landscape
Marginalization of Islamic political parties
After the dissolution of the Constitutional Assembly, Sukarno banned Masyumi in 1960 due to its leaders' ties with the PRRI and strong opposition against the new form of government. The representation of Islamic parties in the parliament were down to 25 percent, while Nahdlatul Ulama's influence also reduced even though its official stance was to support the implementation of guided democracy.
Rise of the PKI
See also: Nasakom
In an attempt to strengthen his position in his rivalry with Nasution, Sukarno gradually became closer to the PKI and to the Indonesian Air Force. In March 1960, Sukarno dissolved the legislature after it had rejected his budget. In June, the Mutual Cooperation House of People's Representatives (DPR-GR), in which the armed services and police had representation as functional groups, and a Provisional People's Consultative Assembly (MPRS) were established, with the PKI chairman, D.N. Aidit, as a deputy chairman. The PKI was estimated to have 17–25 percent of the seats in the DPR-GR,: 256 and now had representation in all institutions of state except the cabinet. Despite actions against the PKI by regional army commanders, Sukarno repeatedly defended it. Sukarno also began pushing his ideology uniting Nationalism, Religion and Communism, which would become known as Nasakom. It is an acronym based on the Indonesian words NASionalisme ('nationalism'), Agama ('religion'), and KOMunisme ('communism'). The Nasakom ideology was an attempt by Sukarno to create an Indonesian form of socialism which would mix socialist and nationalist ideas and adapt them to the unique Indonesian situation of a nation of thousands of islands, many ethnic groups, and diverse religions.
However, the army's successes in defeating various rebellions, including the PRRI and the Darul Islam movement in west Java meant that Nasution still had the initiative. Later that year, the PKI began a "unilateral action" (Indonesian: aksi sepihak) campaign to implement the 1959–60 land reform laws, which led to violent conflict with NU supporters. Therefore, in December 1960, Sukarno established the Supreme Operations Command (KOTI), to ensure that the campaign to liberate West Irian from the Dutch would not be controlled by the military. Actual combat operations were to be directed by the Mandala command, headed by (future president) Major-General Suharto, who was the first commander of the Kostrad. The PKI, anxious to make use of the nationalism issue to cement its alliance with Sukarno, wholeheartedly supported this effort. In June 1962, Sukarno managed to foil an attempt by Nasution to be appointed armed forces commander; he instead became chief of staff with no direct military commanding role, although he kept his position as minister of defence and security.
By 1962, the PKI had over two million members, and in March, Sukarno made two of its key figures, Aidit and Njoto, ministers without portfolio. That same year, the West Irian dispute was resolved after the Dutch agreeing a transfer to UN administration. It was later formally annexed by Indonesia after the controversial 'Act of Free Choice' in 1969.
In early 1965, Aidit proposed to Sukarno the creation of "the Fifth Force" (i.e. in addition to the army, navy, air force and police), made up of armed workers and peasants and the appointment of Nasakom advisers to each of the armed forces. This was a direct threat to the armed services. In 1965, Sukarno announced the discovery of a document allegedly written by the British ambassador, the so-called Gilchrist Document, which was touted as proof of armed forces-led plots against the government.
Rise of the political roles of the armed forces and police
The 1960 decision by Sukarno to appoint sectoral representatives each to the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly and the Mutual Cooperation - People's Representative Council began 44 years of a military and police presence in the legislature. Some of the 241 sectoral MPs appointed to the PPCA were active duty personnel of the armed forces and police which gave an even more political role for the armed forces, which served as counterbalance to the PKI presence in the legislature. These armed forces and police representatives thus formed a loyal opposition to the PKI in the legislative branch. To counter the PKI-supported Central All-Indonesian Workers Organization, the SOKSI (Central Workers' Organization of Indonesia) was established in late 1961 with strong armed forces support, three years later, in October 1964, the Sekber Golkar (Sekretariat Bersama Golongan Karya, or Joint Secretariat of Functional Groups), the future Golkar Party, was established to unite the many anti-communist organizations that have been led and sponsored by the armed forces and police. Among the 60 armed forces organizations under the Golkar umbrella, aside from the SOKSI, were the Kosgoro (Union of Mutual Cooperation Multifunction Organizations), MKGR (Mutual Assistance Families Association) and the Gerakan Karya Rakyat (People's Working Movement). Even as some personnel in the armed forces and police sided with the PKI and many were either sympathizers or joining in increasing numbers (including personnel of the Marine Corps, Air Force and the Police Mobile Brigade Corps), majority of the active military personnel and sworn police officers were anti-Communists, including many top Army officers.
Aside from the legislative branch, the armed forces and police also began to be present even in the executive, with Sukarno appointing many officers from the services to government ministries in the state cabinet aside from the Ministry of Defense and Security. In the March 1963 General Session of the PPCA in Bandung in West Java, Sukarno, in a major violation of the 1945 Constitution, was elected to the life presidency (Presiden Seumur Hidup/Panglima Besar Revolusi) with the help of the armed forces and police, including their deputies to the assembly as suggested by Nasution, in a major blow to the PKI's plans for the presidential post.
Economy
Following the failure of a United Nations resolution calling on the Netherlands to negotiate with Indonesia over the West Irian issue, on 3 December, PKI and PNI unions began taking over Dutch companies, but 11 days later, Nasution stated that personnel from the armed forces would run these companies instead. This action then gave the armed forces a major economic role in the country.
On 25 August 1959, the government implemented sweeping anti-inflationary measures, devaluing the currency by 75 percent and declaring that all Rp. 500 and Rp. 1000 notes would henceforth be worth one tenth of their face value. Meanwhile, anti-ethnic Chinese measures, including repatriations and forced transfer to cities, damaged economic confidence further. In 1960, inflation had reached 100 percent per annum.
Foreign policy
West Irian dispute and liberation
Main articles: Operation Trikora and West New Guinea dispute
After the recognition of Indonesia as a sovereign state (soevereiniteitsoverdracht) on 27 December 1949, both Indonesia and The Netherlands agreed that the issue regarding the status of New-Guinea or West Irian (present-day Papua and West Papua) will be negotiated one year after the formation of the federal government. Indonesia rejected Netherlands proposal to retain the sovereignty over the territory, considering it as an integral part of the country. On 15 February 1952, the Dutch Parliament voted to incorporate New Guinea into the realm of the Netherlands. After that, the Netherlands refused further discussion on the question of sovereignty and considered the issue to be closed.
On 23 February 1957, a thirteen country–sponsored resolution (Bolivia, Burma, Ceylon, Costa Rica, Ecuador, India, Iraq, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, and Yugoslavia) calling for the United Nations to appoint a "good offices commission" for West New Guinea was submitted to the UN General Assembly. Despite receiving a plural majority (40-25-13), this second resolution failed to gain a two-thirds majority. Undeterred, the Afro-Asian caucus in the United Nations lobbied for the West New Guinea dispute to be included on the UNGA's agenda. On 4 October 1957, the Indonesian Foreign Minister Subandrio warned that Indonesia would embark on "another cause" if the United Nations failed to bring about a solution to the dispute that favoured Indonesia. That month, the Indonesian Communist Party and affiliated trade unions lobbied for retaliatory economic measures against the Dutch. On 26 November 1957, a third Indonesian resolution on the West New Guinea dispute was put to the vote but failed to gain a two-thirds majority (41-29-11). In response, Indonesia took retaliatory measure against Dutch interests in Indonesia. Following a sustained period of harassment against Dutch diplomatic representatives in Jakarta, the Indonesian government formally severed relations with the Netherlands in August 1960.
By 1960, other countries in the Asia-Pacific region had taken notice of the West Irian dispute and began proposing initiatives to end the dispute. During a visit to the Netherlands, the New Zealand Prime Minister Walter Nash suggested the idea of a united New Guinea state, consisting of both Dutch and Australian territories. This idea received little support from both the Indonesians and other Western governments. Later that year, the Malayan Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman proposed a three-step initiative, which involved West New Guinea coming under United Nations trusteeship. The joint administrators would be three non-aligned nations Ceylon, India, and Malaya, which supported Indonesia's position on West Irian. This solution involved the two belligerents, Indonesia and the Netherlands, re-establishing bilateral relations and the return of Dutch assets and investments to their owners. However, this initiative was scuttled in April 1961 due to opposition from the Indonesian Foreign Minister Subandrio, who publicly attacked the Tunku's proposal.
On 23 November 1961, the Indian delegation at the United Nations presented a draft resolution calling for the resumption of Dutch–Indonesian talks on terms which favoured Indonesia. On 25 November 1961, several Francophone African countries tabled a rival resolution which favoured an independent West New Guinea. The Indonesians favoured the Indian resolution while the Dutch, Britain, Australia, and New Zealand supported the Francophone African resolution. On 27 November 1961, both the Francophone African (52-41-9) and Indian (41-40-21) resolutions were put to the vote failed to gain a two–thirds majority at the United Nations General Assembly. The failure of this final round of diplomacy in the UN convinced the Indonesians to prepare for a military invasion of West Irian.
On 19 December 1961, President Sukarno gave orders for the Indonesian military to prepare for a full–scale military invasion of the territory; codenamed Operation Trikora. He also ordered the creation of a special People's Triple Command or Tri Komando Rakyat (Trikora) with the objective of 'liberating' West New Guinea by 1 January 1963. Trikora's operational command was to be called the Mandala Command for the Liberation of West Irian (Komando Mandala Pembebasan Irian Barat) and was led by Major-General Suharto, the future President of Indonesia. In preparation for the planned invasion, the Mandala command began making land, air, and sea incursions into West Irian. General Suharto also planned to launch a full-scale amphibious operation invasion of West Irian known as Operation Jayawijaya (or Operation Djajawidjaja).
On 24 June 1962, four Indonesian Air Force C-130 Hercules jets dropped 213 paratroopers near Merauke. Throughout the year, a total of 1,200 Indonesian paratroopers and 340 naval infiltrators landed in West New Guinea. By mid-1962, the Indonesian military had begun preparations to launch Operation Jayawijaya around August 1962. This operation was to be carried out in four phases and would have involved joint air and naval strikes against Dutch airfields, paratroop and amphibious landings at Biak and Sentani, and a ground assault on the territory's capital Hollandia. Unknown to the Indonesians, Dutch intelligence agency Marid 6 NNG had intercepted Indonesian transmissions and obtained intelligence on Indonesian battle plans. However, a ceasefire agreement known as the New York Agreement, which facilitated the transfer of West New Guinea to Indonesia control by 1963, was signed by the Dutch and Indonesians on 15 August 1962. As a result, the Trikora Command cancelled Operation Jayawijaya on 17 August 1962.
Confrontation with Malaysia
Main articles: Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation and MacDonald House bombing
See also: Withdrawal from the United Nations
In 1963 the establishment of Malaysia was announced, incorporating Federation of Malaya and the former British colonial possessions in northern Borneo. Indonesia rejected the formation as a neo-colonialist project of the United Kingdom. The Philippines also rejected the formation due to its claim to Sabah. PKI once again sought to exploit the issue to strengthen its political position. They organised mass demonstrations in Jakarta, during which the British Embassy was burned to the ground. On 17 September, a day after Malaysia was established, Indonesia broke off diplomatic relations with Malaysia, and shortly after, the low level conflict known as konfrontasi (confrontation) was commenced.
Meanwhile, the army led by Lt. General Ahmad Yani became increasingly concerned with the worsening domestic situation and began to secretly contact the Malaysian government, while managing to obstruct the confrontation to minimal level. This was implemented to preserve an already exhausted army which recently conducted the Operation Trikora, while also maintaining its political position. At the same time, both the Soviet Union and the United States began courting the Indonesian army. The Soviet Union was anxious to reduce the influence of the China-oriented PKI, while the US was worried about communism per se, and large numbers of Indonesian officers travelled to the US for military training. However, during the confrontation the PKI was also targeting the army, and was attempting to infiltrate it.
Sukarno withdrew Indonesia from the United Nations on 7 January 1965 when, with U.S. backing, Malaysia took a seat on UN Security Council. The confrontation largely subsided after the September 30 Movement weakened Sukarno's political standing. Both countries signed the Bangkok Accords on 16 August 1966, albeit protest from Sukarno. Relations between both countries were fully restored on 31 August 1967.
End of Guided Democracy
See also: Transition to the New Order
During his 1964 Independence Day speech, Sukarno publicly denounced the United States. An anti-American campaign ensued in which American companies were threatened, American movies were banned, American libraries and other buildings were attacked, American journalists banned, and the American flag was often torn apart. Large anti-American propaganda posters were set up around Jakarta's streets. American aid was stopped. In August 1965, Sukarno announced that Indonesia was withdrawing from the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, and in his Independence Day speech on 17 August, announced the Jakarta-Phnom Penh-Hanoi-Peking-Pyongyang Axis, and said that the people would be armed in the coming months. On 27 September, General Nasution announced that he opposed the planned "fifth force" formation and the "Nasakomization" of the entire armed forces.
On the night of 30 September 1965, six generals were kidnapped and murdered and a group calling itself the 30 September Movement seized control of the national radio station and the centre of Jakarta. Although the movement was quickly crushed by Suharto it marked the end of guided democracy and of Sukarno as an effective president. The New Order regime established by Suharto had its own ideology — Pancasila Democracy.
References
^ Indonesian Government and Press During Guided Democracy By Hong Lee Oey · 1971
^ Simanjuntak 2003.
^ a b c d e f Ricklefs 1982.
^ Ide Anak Agung, (1973) pp. 251–2.
^ Lev (2009) pp. 37–43.
^ a b Witton, Patrick (2003). Indonesia. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. p. 29. ISBN 1-74059-154-2.
^ Akbarzadeh, Shahram; Saeed, Abdullah (2 September 2003). Islam and Political Legitimacy. Routledge. ISBN 9781134380565.
^ Latif, Yudi (1 January 2013). Genealogi Intelegensia: Pengetahuan & Kekuasaan Inteligensia Muslim Indonesia Abad XX (in Indonesian). Kencana. ISBN 9786027985292.
^ Echols, John M.; Shadily, Hassan (1989), Kamus Indonesia Inggris: An Indonesian-English Dictionary (3 ed.), Jakarta: PT Gramedia, ISBN 979-403-756-7
^ Friend, T. (2003). Indonesian Destinies. Harvard University Press. pp. 25, 82–83. ISBN 0-674-01137-6.
^ Ricklefs, M. C. (1991). A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1300 (2 ed.). MacMillan. p. 268. ISBN 0-333-57689-6. LCCN 94102636. OCLC 30320024. OL 1135607M. alternate version at Google Books with preview
^ Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. p. 146. ISBN 0-521-54262-6.
^ Mortimer 1974, pp. 175–7.
^ Simpson, Brad, Indonesia's 1969 Takeover of West Papua Not by "Free Choice.", USA: The National Security Archive, The George Washington University.
^ "Sejarah Partai Golkar". Golkar official site.
^ Lev, Daniel S. (2009). The Transition to Guided Democracy: Indonesian Politics, 1957-1959. Equinox Publishing. ISBN 9786028397407.
^ a b Kian Wie Thee; Thee Kian Wie (2012). Indonesia's Economy Since Independence. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 109–125. ISBN 9789814379632. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
^ Kian Wie Thee; Thee Kian Wie (2012). Indonesia's Economy Since Independence. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 19–21. ISBN 9789814379632. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
^ Bob Catley and Vinsensio Dugis, The Garuda and The Kangaroo, pp.20–21.
^ Audrey and George Kahin, Subversion as Foreign Policy, p.45
^ Soedjati Djiwandono, Konfrontasi Revisited, 1-2
^ Nicholas Tarling, pp. 114-119, 129-132
^ John D. Legge, Sukarno: A Political Biography, pp.402–03
^ Michael Green, "Uneasy Partners", pp.159–60
^ "West New Guinea," in "The Month in the United Nations: Sixteenth Session of the General Assembly," External Affairs Review (New Zealand) XI, no. II (November 1961): pp. 49-50.
^ Nicholas Tarling, Britain and the West New Guinea Dispute, pp. 400-418.
^ "Operation Trikora – Indonesia's Takeover of West New Guinea". Pathfinder: Air Power Development Centre Bulletin (150). Air Power Development Centre: 1–2. February 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
^ Bilveer Singh, West Irian and the Suharto Presidency, p.86
^ Soedjati Djiwandono, Konfrontasi Revisited, p. 131
^ Wies Platje, pp.305–07.
^ Crozier, Brian (1964). Neo-colonialism. Bodley Head.
^ Ganesan, N.; Amer, Ramses (2010). International Relations in Southeast Asia: Between Bilateralism and Multilateralism. Institute of Southeast Asian. ISBN 9789814279574.
^ Abdullah, Razak (11 August 2015). China-Malaysia Relations and Foreign Policy. Routledge. ISBN 9781317571971.
^ Weinstein, Franklin B. (2007). Indonesian Foreign Policy and the Dilemma of Dependence: From Sukarno to Soeharto. Equinox Publishing. ISBN 9789793780566.
^ Crouch, Harold (2007). The Army and Politics in Indonesia. Equinox Publishing. ISBN 9789793780504.
^ Haacke, Jurgen (13 May 2013). ASEAN's Diplomatic and Security Culture: Origins, Development and Prospects. Routledge. ISBN 978-1136131462.
^ Hughes, John (2002), The End of Sukarno – A Coup that Misfired: A Purge that Ran Wild, Archipelago Press, p. 21, ISBN 981-4068-65-9
Bibliography
Feith, Herbert (2008) . The Decline of Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia. Singapore: Equininox Publishing (Asia) Pte Ltd. ISBN 978-979-3780-45-0.
Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung (1973), Twenty Years Indonesian Foreign Policy 1945-1965, The Hague: Mouton.
Lev, Daniel S. (2009), The Transition to Guided Democracy: Indonesian Politics 1957–1959, Asia: Equinox Publishing, ISBN 978-602-8397-40-7.
Mortimer, Rex, (1974) Indonesian Communism Under Sukarno: Ideology and Politics, 1959–1965, Cornell University Press, New York ISBN 0-8014-0825-3
Ricklefs, M. C. (1982), A History of Modern Indonesia (reprint ed.), Southeast Asia: Macmillan, ISBN 0-333-24380-3.
Simanjuntak, PHH (2003). Kabinet-Kabinet Republik Indonesia: Dari Awal Kemerdekaan Sampai Reformasi . Jakarta: Penerbit Djambatan. ISBN 979-428-499-8.
Croissant, Aurel; Kuehn, David (2017), Reforming Civil-Military Relations in New Democracies, Springer International Publishing, ISBN 9783319531892.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"New Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"Sukarno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarno"},{"link_name":"political stability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_stability"},{"link_name":"parliamentarian system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentarian_system"},{"link_name":"liberal democracy period in Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_democracy_period_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"presidential system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system"},{"link_name":"nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_nationalism"},{"link_name":"religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"Indonesian politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_politics"},{"link_name":"army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Islamic groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia"}],"text":"Guided Democracy (Indonesian: Demokrasi Terpimpin) was the political system in place in Indonesia from 1959 until the New Order began in 1966. It was the brainchild of President Sukarno, and was an attempt to bring about political stability. Sukarno believed that the parliamentarian system implemented during the liberal democracy period in Indonesia was ineffective due to its divisive political situation at that time. Instead, he sought a system based on the traditional village system of discussion and consensus, which occurred under the guidance of village elders. With the declaration of martial law and the introduction of this system, Indonesia returned to the presidential system and Sukarno became the head of government again.Sukarno proposed a threefold blend of nasionalisme (nationalism), agama (religion), and komunisme (communism) into a co-operative Nas-A-Kom or Nasakom governmental concept. This was intended to satisfy the four main factions in Indonesian politics—the army, the secular nationalists, Islamic groups, and the communists. With the support of the military, he proclaimed Guided Democracy in 1959 and proposed a cabinet representing all major political parties including the Communist Party of Indonesia, although the latter were never actually given functional cabinet positions.","title":"Guided Democracy in Indonesia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"liberal democracy period in Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_democracy_period_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"martial law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"national elections in 1955","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Permesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permesta"},{"link_name":"Makassar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassar"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"Hatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Abdul Haris Nasution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Haris_Nasution"},{"link_name":"martial law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ricklefs-3"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Ali Sastroamidjojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Sastroamidjojo"}],"text":"The liberal democracy period in Indonesia, from the re-establishment of a unitary republic in 1950 until the declaration of martial law[1] in 1957, saw the rise and fall of six cabinets, the longest-lasting surviving for just under two years. Even Indonesia's first national elections in 1955 failed to bring about political stability.In 1957, Indonesia faced a series of crises, including the beginning of the Permesta rebellion in Makassar and the army takeover of authority in South Sumatra, due to the increasing dissatisfaction of non-Javanese Indonesians to the centralization policy implemented by Jakarta. One of the demands of the Permesta rebels was that 70 percent of the members of Sukarno's proposed National Council should be members from the regions (non-Javanese). Another demand was that the cabinet and National Council be led by the dual-leaders (Indonesian: dwitunggal) of Sukarno and former Vice-President Hatta.[2]In March 1957, Sukarno accepted the Army chief of staff General Abdul Haris Nasution's proposal for a declaration of martial law across the whole nation. This would put the armed forces in charge, and would be a way to deal with the rebellious army commanders, as it would effectively legitimise them.[3]: 243In the face of a growing political crisis amid splits in the cabinet, Prime Minister Ali Sastroamidjojo resigned on 14 March from his position in Sukarno's presence.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sukarno,_Sang_Saka_Melanglang_Djagad,_p12.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sukarno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarno"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Mao Zedong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong"},{"link_name":"Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ide_Anak_Agung_Gde_Agung"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IAGAG251252-4"},{"link_name":"Indonesian Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Indonesian National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Party"},{"link_name":"Masyumi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masyumi"},{"link_name":"Socialist Party of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Working Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djuanda_Cabinet"},{"link_name":"Djuanda Kartawidjaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djuanda_Kartawidjaja"},{"link_name":"Bogor Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogor_Palace"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ricklefs-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ruslan Abdulgani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslan_Abdulgani"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lev3743-5"},{"link_name":"Veterans' Legion of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans%27_Legion_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ricklefs-3"},{"link_name":"socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"}],"sub_title":"Establishment of Guided Democracy","text":"SukarnoPresident Sukarno made an official visit to the People's Republic of China in October 1956. He was impressed with the progress made there since the Civil War, and concluded that this was due to the strong leadership of Mao Zedong, whose centralisation of power was in sharp contrast to the political disorder in Indonesia. According to former foreign minister Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung, Sukarno began to believe he had been \"chosen by providence\" to lead the people and \"build a new society\".[4]Shortly after his return from China, on 30 October 1956, Sukarno spoke of his konsepsi (conception) of a new system of government. Two days earlier he had called for the political parties to be abolished. Initially the parties were opposed to the idea, but once it became clear that they would not need to be abolished, the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) threw its support behind Sukarno. As well as the PKI, the Indonesian National Party (PNI) supported Sukarno, while the Islamist Masyumi Party and the Socialist Party of Indonesia opposed the plan. There were public demonstrations in support of it.[citation needed]On 21 February 1957, Sukarno detailed his plan. Sukarno pointed out that at the village level, important questions were decided by lengthy deliberation with the goal of achieving a consensus. This model of decision-making, he said, was better suited to the nature of Indonesia than the Western-style voting system. While deliberations at the local level were guided by the village elders, Sukarno envisioned that the president would guide them at the national level. The centerpiece would be a 'mutual co-operation' cabinet of the major parties advised by a National Council (Indonesian: Dewan Nasional) of functional groups, while the legislature would not be abolished. Sukarno argued that under this system, a national consensus could express itself under presidential guidance.[citation needed]On 15 March 1957 President Sukarno appointed PNI chairman Soewirjo to form a \"working cabinet\", which would be tasked with establishing the National Council in accordance with the president's concept. However, since Masyumi, the largest opposition party, was not asked to participate in the formation of the cabinet, Soewirjo's efforts came to nothing. However, on 25 March, Sukarno asked Soewirjo to try form a cabinet again in one week to, but to no avail, Soewirjo failed.[citation needed]Finally, Sukarno held a meeting with 69 party figures at the State Palace on 4 April 1957, at which he announced his intention to form an emergency extra-parliamentary working cabinet, whose members Sukarno would choose. The new \"Working Cabinet\", headed by non-partisan prime minister Djuanda Kartawidjaja was announced on 8 April 1957 at Bogor Palace. Although the PKI was not included, several members were sympathetic to the party.[3] In theory, it was a non-partisan cabinet.[citation needed]The National Council was established by emergency law in May 1957. It was chaired by Sukarno, with Ruslan Abdulgani as vice-chairman. At its inauguration on 12 July, it had 42 members representing groups such as peasants, workers and women, as well as the various religions. Decisions were reached by consensus rather than through voting. As a non-political body based on functional groups, it was intended as a counterbalance to the political system. The cabinet was not obliged to heed the advice given by the National Council, but in practice they rarely ignored recommendations and proposals it set.[5]Meanwhile, the armed forces were trying to enhance their political role by establishing functional groups of their own. Nasution began trying to woo the parties' functional groups in June 1957, and managed to unite the many veterans' organizations under armed forces control as the Veterans' Legion of Indonesia, a singular organization dedicated to veterans' affairs. He also used martial law to arrest several politicians for alleged corruption, while regional army commanders restricted party activities, particularly those of the PKI, whose headquarters in Jakarta was attacked in July.[citation needed]In his Independence Day address on 17 August 1957, Sukarno laid down the ideology of guided democracy, later renamed the Manipol (Political manifesto). This was later expanded into the ideology known as USDEK - combined into Manipol USDEK (USDEK Political Manifesto). The five points of this ideology were the following:[3]: 267the 1945 Constitution (Undang-Undang Dasar 1945)\nIndonesian-styled socialism (Sosialisme ala Indonesia)\nGuided democracy (Demokrasi Terpimpin)\nGuided economic policies (Ekonomi Terpimpin)\nIndonesian identity (Kepribadian Indonesia)","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Sulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LONELYPLANET_29-6"},{"link_name":"Permesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permesta"},{"link_name":"assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination"},{"link_name":"Padang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang"},{"link_name":"Bukittinggi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukittinggi"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Sulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi"},{"link_name":"guerrilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Sutan Sjahrir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutan_Sjahrir"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LONELYPLANET_29-6"}],"sub_title":"Regional rebellions during the liberal democracy era","text":"In the midst of the Cold War, the CIA—along with the UK and Australian governments—supported rebellions in Sumatra and Sulawesi during 1958. These rebellions were launched as reactions to Sukarno's seizure of parliamentarian power, the increasing influence of the Communists, the corruption and mismanagement of the central government, and against the domination by Java of the outer islands.[6]In September and October 1957, various rebellious army officers, including members of the Permesta movement, held meetings in Sumatra. They agreed on three objectives: the appointment of a president less in favor of the PKI, the replacement of Nasution as the head of armed forces and the banning of the PKI. Some of these regional rebels were subsequently accused of involvement in the assassination attempt on Sukarno on 30 November. On 10 February 1958, rebels including army officers and Masyumi leaders meeting in Padang, Sumatra, issued an ultimatum to the government demanding the return of parliamentary system, through the dissolution of the cabinet, elections and Sukarno's position as a figurehead role. Five days later, the formation of Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PRRI), announced. It was based in Bukittinggi, Sumatra, joined two days later by the Permesta rebels in Sulawesi.Despite US support in the form of arms for the PRRI rebels, the Indonesian military defeated the rebels with a combination of aerial bombardment and operations by troops landed from Java. By the middle of 1958, the rebellions had been effectively quashed but guerrilla activity persisted for three years. Amnesty was granted to rebel leaders although their political parties were banned. Early nationalist leaders were discredited, including former Prime Minister Sutan Sjahrir, who along with others was arrested in 1962.[6]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"President Sukarno's 1959 Decree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_Sukarno%27s_1959_Decree"}],"text":"See also: President Sukarno's 1959 Decree","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guided_Democracy.png"},{"link_name":"Nahdlatul Ulama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahdlatul_Ulama"},{"link_name":"Constitutional Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Assembly_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Pancasila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancasila_(politics)"},{"link_name":"Nasution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Haris_Nasution"},{"link_name":"1945 Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ricklefs-3"},{"link_name":"Guided democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided_democracy"},{"link_name":"Provisional Constitution of 1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Constitution_of_1950"},{"link_name":"moral authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_authority"},{"link_name":"Father of the Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ricklefs-3"}],"sub_title":"Return to the 1945 Constitution","text":"The structure of the Indonesian government in 1962In 1958, Masyumi and the Nahdlatul Ulama, which had split from Masyumi in 1952, called for the planned 1959 elections to be postponed as they feared a PKI victory. In September, prime minister Djuanda announced the postponement. Meanwhile, the Constitutional Assembly was still unable to reach agreement on the basis of a new constitution, and was deadlocked between those who wanted Indonesia to be an Islamic state, and those who supported the idea of the state based on the Pancasila ideology. In July, Nasution proposed returning to the 1945 Constitution, and in September, he resumed political activity.[3]: 254 Sukarno quickly endorsed this idea, as the 1945 document made the president head of government as well as head of state and would thus be better suited to implementing Guided democracy. Under the Provisional Constitution of 1950, the president's role was largely ceremonial as head of state, though Sukarno commanded great moral authority due to his status as Father of the Nation.Gradually, the return to the 1945 Constitution gained support from the political parties, and on 5 July 1959, Sukarno issued a decree (formally Presidential Decree number 150 of 1959 on the Return to the Constitution of 1945) to reinstate the 1945 constitution and dissolving the Constitutional Assembly. Four days later, a working cabinet with Sukarno as prime minister was announced, and in July, the National Council and Supreme Advisory Council were established. Although political parties continued to exist, only the PKI had any real strength.[3]: 254","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Political landscape"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Marginalization of Islamic political parties","text":"After the dissolution of the Constitutional Assembly, Sukarno banned Masyumi in 1960 due to its leaders' ties with the PRRI and strong opposition against the new form of government. The representation of Islamic parties in the parliament were down to 25 percent, while Nahdlatul Ulama's influence also reduced even though its official stance was to support the implementation of guided democracy.[7][8]","title":"Political landscape"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nasakom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasakom"},{"link_name":"Indonesian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"People's Consultative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"D.N. Aidit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipa_Nusantara_Aidit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ricklefs-3"},{"link_name":"Nasakom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasakom"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Darul Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darul_Islam_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"Suharto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suharto"},{"link_name":"Kostrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostrad"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Aidit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipa_Nusantara_Aidit"},{"link_name":"Njoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njoto"},{"link_name":"transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Agreement"},{"link_name":"UN administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Temporary_Executive_Authority"},{"link_name":"Act of Free Choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Free_Choice"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"\"the Fifth Force\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Force_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Gilchrist Document","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilchrist_Document"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Rise of the PKI","text":"See also: NasakomIn an attempt to strengthen his position in his rivalry with Nasution, Sukarno gradually became closer to the PKI and to the Indonesian Air Force. In March 1960, Sukarno dissolved the legislature after it had rejected his budget. In June, the Mutual Cooperation House of People's Representatives (DPR-GR), in which the armed services and police had representation as functional groups, and a Provisional People's Consultative Assembly (MPRS) were established, with the PKI chairman, D.N. Aidit, as a deputy chairman. The PKI was estimated to have 17–25 percent of the seats in the DPR-GR,[3]: 256 and now had representation in all institutions of state except the cabinet. Despite actions against the PKI by regional army commanders, Sukarno repeatedly defended it. Sukarno also began pushing his ideology uniting Nationalism, Religion and Communism, which would become known as Nasakom. It is an acronym based on the Indonesian words NASionalisme ('nationalism'), Agama ('religion'), and KOMunisme ('communism').[9][10][11][12] The Nasakom ideology was an attempt by Sukarno to create an Indonesian form of socialism which would mix socialist and nationalist ideas and adapt them to the unique Indonesian situation of a nation of thousands of islands, many ethnic groups, and diverse religions.However, the army's successes in defeating various rebellions, including the PRRI and the Darul Islam movement in west Java meant that Nasution still had the initiative. Later that year, the PKI began a \"unilateral action\" (Indonesian: aksi sepihak) campaign to implement the 1959–60 land reform laws, which led to violent conflict with NU supporters. Therefore, in December 1960, Sukarno established the Supreme Operations Command (KOTI), to ensure that the campaign to liberate West Irian from the Dutch would not be controlled by the military. Actual combat operations were to be directed by the Mandala command, headed by (future president) Major-General Suharto, who was the first commander of the Kostrad. The PKI, anxious to make use of the nationalism issue to cement its alliance with Sukarno, wholeheartedly supported this effort.[13] In June 1962, Sukarno managed to foil an attempt by Nasution to be appointed armed forces commander; he instead became chief of staff with no direct military commanding role, although he kept his position as minister of defence and security.By 1962, the PKI had over two million members, and in March, Sukarno made two of its key figures, Aidit and Njoto, ministers without portfolio. That same year, the West Irian dispute was resolved after the Dutch agreeing a transfer to UN administration. It was later formally annexed by Indonesia after the controversial 'Act of Free Choice' in 1969.[14]In early 1965, Aidit proposed to Sukarno the creation of \"the Fifth Force\" (i.e. in addition to the army, navy, air force and police), made up of armed workers and peasants and the appointment of Nasakom advisers to each of the armed forces. This was a direct threat to the armed services.[citation needed] In 1965, Sukarno announced the discovery of a document allegedly written by the British ambassador, the so-called Gilchrist Document, which was touted as proof of armed forces-led plots against the government.[citation needed]","title":"Political landscape"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"loyal opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyal_opposition"},{"link_name":"Central All-Indonesian Workers Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_All-Indonesian_Workers_Organization"},{"link_name":"Golkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golkar"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Rise of the political roles of the armed forces and police","text":"The 1960 decision by Sukarno to appoint sectoral representatives each to the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly and the Mutual Cooperation - People's Representative Council began 44 years of a military and police presence in the legislature. Some of the 241 sectoral MPs appointed to the PPCA were active duty personnel of the armed forces and police which gave an even more political role for the armed forces, which served as counterbalance to the PKI presence in the legislature. These armed forces and police representatives thus formed a loyal opposition to the PKI in the legislative branch. To counter the PKI-supported Central All-Indonesian Workers Organization, the SOKSI (Central Workers' Organization of Indonesia) was established in late 1961 with strong armed forces support, three years later, in October 1964, the Sekber Golkar (Sekretariat Bersama Golongan Karya, or Joint Secretariat of Functional Groups), the future Golkar Party, was established to unite the many anti-communist organizations that have been led and sponsored by the armed forces and police.[15] Among the 60 armed forces organizations under the Golkar umbrella, aside from the SOKSI, were the Kosgoro (Union of Mutual Cooperation Multifunction Organizations), MKGR (Mutual Assistance Families Association) and the Gerakan Karya Rakyat (People's Working Movement). Even as some personnel in the armed forces and police sided with the PKI and many were either sympathizers or joining in increasing numbers (including personnel of the Marine Corps, Air Force and the Police Mobile Brigade Corps), majority of the active military personnel and sworn police officers were anti-Communists, including many top Army officers.[citation needed]Aside from the legislative branch, the armed forces and police also began to be present even in the executive, with Sukarno appointing many officers from the services to government ministries in the state cabinet aside from the Ministry of Defense and Security. In the March 1963 General Session of the PPCA in Bandung in West Java, Sukarno, in a major violation of the 1945 Constitution, was elected to the life presidency (Presiden Seumur Hidup/Panglima Besar Revolusi) with the help of the armed forces and police, including their deputies to the assembly as suggested by Nasution, in a major blow to the PKI's plans for the presidential post.[citation needed]","title":"Political landscape"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"West Irian issue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_New_Guinea_dispute"},{"link_name":"unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"inflationary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation"},{"link_name":"devaluing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devaluation"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Mid-1960s-17"},{"link_name":"anti-ethnic Chinese measures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislation_on_Chinese_Indonesians"},{"link_name":"repatriations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repatriation"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Mid-1960s-17"}],"text":"Following the failure of a United Nations resolution calling on the Netherlands to negotiate with Indonesia over the West Irian issue, on 3 December, PKI and PNI unions began taking over Dutch companies, but 11 days later, Nasution stated that personnel from the armed forces would run these companies instead. This action then gave the armed forces a major economic role in the country.[16]On 25 August 1959, the government implemented sweeping anti-inflationary measures, devaluing the currency by 75 percent and declaring that all Rp. 500 and Rp. 1000 notes would henceforth be worth one tenth of their face value.[17] Meanwhile, anti-ethnic Chinese measures, including repatriations and forced transfer to cities, damaged economic confidence further.[18] In 1960, inflation had reached 100 percent per annum.[17]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Foreign policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"on 27 December 1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Indonesian_Round_Table_Conference#Aftermath"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Papua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_(province)"},{"link_name":"West Papua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Papua_(province)"},{"link_name":"federal government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Dutch Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-George_Kahin_p.45-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Subandrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subandrio"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Walter Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Nash"},{"link_name":"Malayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Tunku Abdul Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman"},{"link_name":"Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Subandrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subandrio"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"United Nations General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Operation Trikora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Trikora"},{"link_name":"People's Triple Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Trikora"},{"link_name":"Suharto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suharto"},{"link_name":"Operation Jayawijaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Jayawijaya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pathfinder2011-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bilveer_Singh_p.86-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Indonesian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"C-130 Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-130_Hercules"},{"link_name":"paratroopers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paskhas"},{"link_name":"Merauke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merauke"},{"link_name":"New York Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Agreement"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"West Irian dispute and liberation","text":"After the recognition of Indonesia as a sovereign state (soevereiniteitsoverdracht) on 27 December 1949, both Indonesia and The Netherlands agreed that the issue regarding the status of New-Guinea or West Irian (present-day Papua and West Papua) will be negotiated one year after the formation of the federal government. Indonesia rejected Netherlands proposal to retain the sovereignty over the territory, considering it as an integral part of the country.[19] On 15 February 1952, the Dutch Parliament voted to incorporate New Guinea into the realm of the Netherlands. After that, the Netherlands refused further discussion on the question of sovereignty and considered the issue to be closed.[20][21]On 23 February 1957, a thirteen country–sponsored resolution (Bolivia, Burma, Ceylon, Costa Rica, Ecuador, India, Iraq, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, and Yugoslavia) calling for the United Nations to appoint a \"good offices commission\" for West New Guinea was submitted to the UN General Assembly. Despite receiving a plural majority (40-25-13), this second resolution failed to gain a two-thirds majority. Undeterred, the Afro-Asian caucus in the United Nations lobbied for the West New Guinea dispute to be included on the UNGA's agenda. On 4 October 1957, the Indonesian Foreign Minister Subandrio warned that Indonesia would embark on \"another cause\" if the United Nations failed to bring about a solution to the dispute that favoured Indonesia. That month, the Indonesian Communist Party and affiliated trade unions lobbied for retaliatory economic measures against the Dutch. On 26 November 1957, a third Indonesian resolution on the West New Guinea dispute was put to the vote but failed to gain a two-thirds majority (41-29-11). In response, Indonesia took retaliatory measure against Dutch interests in Indonesia.[22] Following a sustained period of harassment against Dutch diplomatic representatives in Jakarta, the Indonesian government formally severed relations with the Netherlands in August 1960.[23]By 1960, other countries in the Asia-Pacific region had taken notice of the West Irian dispute and began proposing initiatives to end the dispute. During a visit to the Netherlands, the New Zealand Prime Minister Walter Nash suggested the idea of a united New Guinea state, consisting of both Dutch and Australian territories. This idea received little support from both the Indonesians and other Western governments. Later that year, the Malayan Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman proposed a three-step initiative, which involved West New Guinea coming under United Nations trusteeship. The joint administrators would be three non-aligned nations Ceylon, India, and Malaya, which supported Indonesia's position on West Irian. This solution involved the two belligerents, Indonesia and the Netherlands, re-establishing bilateral relations and the return of Dutch assets and investments to their owners. However, this initiative was scuttled in April 1961 due to opposition from the Indonesian Foreign Minister Subandrio, who publicly attacked the Tunku's proposal.[24]On 23 November 1961, the Indian delegation at the United Nations presented a draft resolution calling for the resumption of Dutch–Indonesian talks on terms which favoured Indonesia. On 25 November 1961, several Francophone African countries tabled a rival resolution which favoured an independent West New Guinea. The Indonesians favoured the Indian resolution while the Dutch, Britain, Australia, and New Zealand supported the Francophone African resolution. On 27 November 1961, both the Francophone African (52-41-9) and Indian (41-40-21) resolutions were put to the vote failed to gain a two–thirds majority at the United Nations General Assembly. The failure of this final round of diplomacy in the UN convinced the Indonesians to prepare for a military invasion of West Irian.[25][26]On 19 December 1961, President Sukarno gave orders for the Indonesian military to prepare for a full–scale military invasion of the territory; codenamed Operation Trikora. He also ordered the creation of a special People's Triple Command or Tri Komando Rakyat (Trikora) with the objective of 'liberating' West New Guinea by 1 January 1963. Trikora's operational command was to be called the Mandala Command for the Liberation of West Irian (Komando Mandala Pembebasan Irian Barat) and was led by Major-General Suharto, the future President of Indonesia. In preparation for the planned invasion, the Mandala command began making land, air, and sea incursions into West Irian. General Suharto also planned to launch a full-scale amphibious operation invasion of West Irian known as Operation Jayawijaya (or Operation Djajawidjaja).[27][28][29]On 24 June 1962, four Indonesian Air Force C-130 Hercules jets dropped 213 paratroopers near Merauke. Throughout the year, a total of 1,200 Indonesian paratroopers and 340 naval infiltrators landed in West New Guinea. By mid-1962, the Indonesian military had begun preparations to launch Operation Jayawijaya around August 1962. This operation was to be carried out in four phases and would have involved joint air and naval strikes against Dutch airfields, paratroop and amphibious landings at Biak and Sentani, and a ground assault on the territory's capital Hollandia. Unknown to the Indonesians, Dutch intelligence agency Marid 6 NNG had intercepted Indonesian transmissions and obtained intelligence on Indonesian battle plans. However, a ceasefire agreement known as the New York Agreement, which facilitated the transfer of West New Guinea to Indonesia control by 1963, was signed by the Dutch and Indonesians on 15 August 1962. As a result, the Trikora Command cancelled Operation Jayawijaya on 17 August 1962.[30]","title":"Foreign policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Withdrawal from the United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Federation of Malaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya"},{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"low level conflict known as konfrontasi (confrontation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Yani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Yani"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"UN Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"September 30 Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_30_Movement"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Confrontation with Malaysia","text":"See also: Withdrawal from the United NationsIn 1963 the establishment of Malaysia was announced, incorporating Federation of Malaya and the former British colonial possessions in northern Borneo. Indonesia rejected the formation as a neo-colonialist project of the United Kingdom.[31] The Philippines also rejected the formation due to its claim to Sabah.[32] PKI once again sought to exploit the issue to strengthen its political position. They organised mass demonstrations in Jakarta, during which the British Embassy was burned to the ground.[33] On 17 September, a day after Malaysia was established, Indonesia broke off diplomatic relations with Malaysia, and shortly after, the low level conflict known as konfrontasi (confrontation) was commenced.[citation needed]Meanwhile, the army led by Lt. General Ahmad Yani became increasingly concerned with the worsening domestic situation and began to secretly contact the Malaysian government, while managing to obstruct the confrontation to minimal level.[34] This was implemented to preserve an already exhausted army which recently conducted the Operation Trikora, while also maintaining its political position.[35] At the same time, both the Soviet Union and the United States began courting the Indonesian army. The Soviet Union was anxious to reduce the influence of the China-oriented PKI, while the US was worried about communism per se, and large numbers of Indonesian officers travelled to the US for military training. However, during the confrontation the PKI was also targeting the army, and was attempting to infiltrate it.[citation needed]Sukarno withdrew Indonesia from the United Nations on 7 January 1965 when, with U.S. backing, Malaysia took a seat on UN Security Council. The confrontation largely subsided after the September 30 Movement weakened Sukarno's political standing. Both countries signed the Bangkok Accords on 16 August 1966, albeit protest from Sukarno. Relations between both countries were fully restored on 31 August 1967.[36]","title":"Foreign policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Transition to the New Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"International Monetary Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Phnom Penh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phnom_Penh"},{"link_name":"Hanoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi"},{"link_name":"Peking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Pyongyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"30 September Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_September_Movement"},{"link_name":"New Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"Pancasila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancasila_(politics)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"See also: Transition to the New OrderDuring his 1964 Independence Day speech, Sukarno publicly denounced the United States. An anti-American campaign ensued in which American companies were threatened, American movies were banned, American libraries and other buildings were attacked, American journalists banned, and the American flag was often torn apart. Large anti-American propaganda posters were set up around Jakarta's streets. American aid was stopped.[37] In August 1965, Sukarno announced that Indonesia was withdrawing from the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, and in his Independence Day speech on 17 August, announced the Jakarta-Phnom Penh-Hanoi-Peking-Pyongyang Axis, and said that the people would be armed in the coming months. [citation needed] On 27 September, General Nasution announced that he opposed the planned \"fifth force\" formation and the \"Nasakomization\" of the entire armed forces.[citation needed]On the night of 30 September 1965, six generals were kidnapped and murdered and a group calling itself the 30 September Movement seized control of the national radio station and the centre of Jakarta. Although the movement was quickly crushed by Suharto it marked the end of guided democracy and of Sukarno as an effective president. The New Order regime established by Suharto had its own ideology — Pancasila Democracy.[citation needed]","title":"End of Guided Democracy"}]
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[{"image_text":"Sukarno","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sukarno%2C_Sang_Saka_Melanglang_Djagad%2C_p12.jpg/150px-Sukarno%2C_Sang_Saka_Melanglang_Djagad%2C_p12.jpg"},{"image_text":"The structure of the Indonesian government in 1962","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Guided_Democracy.png/350px-Guided_Democracy.png"}]
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[{"reference":"Witton, Patrick (2003). Indonesia. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. p. 29. ISBN 1-74059-154-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74059-154-2","url_text":"1-74059-154-2"}]},{"reference":"Akbarzadeh, Shahram; Saeed, Abdullah (2 September 2003). Islam and Political Legitimacy. Routledge. ISBN 9781134380565.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8a8wefN4bd8C&q=political+islam+sukarno&pg=PA160","url_text":"Islam and Political Legitimacy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134380565","url_text":"9781134380565"}]},{"reference":"Latif, Yudi (1 January 2013). Genealogi Intelegensia: Pengetahuan & Kekuasaan Inteligensia Muslim Indonesia Abad XX (in Indonesian). Kencana. ISBN 9786027985292.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lfpDDwAAQBAJ&q=Sukarno+Masyumi+NU&pg=PA379","url_text":"Genealogi Intelegensia: Pengetahuan & Kekuasaan Inteligensia Muslim Indonesia Abad XX"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786027985292","url_text":"9786027985292"}]},{"reference":"Echols, John M.; Shadily, Hassan (1989), Kamus Indonesia Inggris: An Indonesian-English Dictionary (3 ed.), Jakarta: PT Gramedia, ISBN 979-403-756-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-403-756-7","url_text":"979-403-756-7"}]},{"reference":"Friend, T. (2003). Indonesian Destinies. Harvard University Press. pp. 25, 82–83. ISBN 0-674-01137-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo/page/25","url_text":"Indonesian Destinies"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo/page/25","url_text":"25, 82–83"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01137-6","url_text":"0-674-01137-6"}]},{"reference":"Ricklefs, M. C. (1991). A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1300 (2 ed.). MacMillan. p. 268. ISBN 0-333-57689-6. LCCN 94102636. OCLC 30320024. OL 1135607M.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-57689-6","url_text":"0-333-57689-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/94102636","url_text":"94102636"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30320024","url_text":"30320024"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1135607M","url_text":"1135607M"}]},{"reference":"Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. p. 146. ISBN 0-521-54262-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri","url_text":"A History of Modern Indonesia"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri/page/146","url_text":"146"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-54262-6","url_text":"0-521-54262-6"}]},{"reference":"Simpson, Brad, Indonesia's 1969 Takeover of West Papua Not by \"Free Choice.\", USA: The National Security Archive, The George Washington University","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB128/","url_text":"Indonesia's 1969 Takeover of West Papua Not by \"Free Choice.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sejarah Partai Golkar\". Golkar official site.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.golkar.or.id/sejarah-partai-golkar","url_text":"\"Sejarah Partai Golkar\""}]},{"reference":"Lev, Daniel S. (2009). The Transition to Guided Democracy: Indonesian Politics, 1957-1959. Equinox Publishing. ISBN 9786028397407.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ybL_CsT93w4C&q=guided+democracy+indonesia+economy&pg=PT92","url_text":"The Transition to Guided Democracy: Indonesian Politics, 1957-1959"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786028397407","url_text":"9786028397407"}]},{"reference":"Kian Wie Thee; Thee Kian Wie (2012). Indonesia's Economy Since Independence. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 109–125. ISBN 9789814379632. Retrieved 31 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YsJI4L8yBBwC","url_text":"Indonesia's Economy Since Independence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814379632","url_text":"9789814379632"}]},{"reference":"Kian Wie Thee; Thee Kian Wie (2012). Indonesia's Economy Since Independence. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 19–21. ISBN 9789814379632. Retrieved 31 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YsJI4L8yBBwC","url_text":"Indonesia's Economy Since Independence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814379632","url_text":"9789814379632"}]},{"reference":"\"Operation Trikora – Indonesia's Takeover of West New Guinea\". Pathfinder: Air Power Development Centre Bulletin (150). Air Power Development Centre: 1–2. February 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/publications/Details/443/150-Operation-TRIKORA---Indonesias-Takeover-of-West-New-Guinea.aspx","url_text":"\"Operation Trikora – Indonesia's Takeover of West New Guinea\""}]},{"reference":"Crozier, Brian (1964). Neo-colonialism. Bodley Head.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jWezAAAAIAAJ&q=neo-colonialism+malaysia","url_text":"Neo-colonialism"}]},{"reference":"Ganesan, N.; Amer, Ramses (2010). International Relations in Southeast Asia: Between Bilateralism and Multilateralism. Institute of Southeast Asian. ISBN 9789814279574.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xOYl0055WPkC&q=philippines+malaysia+sabah&pg=PA225","url_text":"International Relations in Southeast Asia: Between Bilateralism and Multilateralism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814279574","url_text":"9789814279574"}]},{"reference":"Abdullah, Razak (11 August 2015). China-Malaysia Relations and Foreign Policy. Routledge. ISBN 9781317571971.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b_5WCgAAQBAJ&q=PKI+Malaysia&pg=PA46","url_text":"China-Malaysia Relations and Foreign Policy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317571971","url_text":"9781317571971"}]},{"reference":"Weinstein, Franklin B. (2007). Indonesian Foreign Policy and the Dilemma of Dependence: From Sukarno to Soeharto. Equinox Publishing. ISBN 9789793780566.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1mXdDNqELTIC&q=Indonesia+army+secret+contact+malaysia&pg=PA325","url_text":"Indonesian Foreign Policy and the Dilemma of Dependence: From Sukarno to Soeharto"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789793780566","url_text":"9789793780566"}]},{"reference":"Crouch, Harold (2007). The Army and Politics in Indonesia. Equinox Publishing. ISBN 9789793780504.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TJptHWc4i1EC&q=Indonesia+army+secret+contact+malaysia&pg=PA74","url_text":"The Army and Politics in Indonesia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789793780504","url_text":"9789793780504"}]},{"reference":"Haacke, Jurgen (13 May 2013). ASEAN's Diplomatic and Security Culture: Origins, Development and Prospects. Routledge. ISBN 978-1136131462.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s3WwMjq6VWsC&q=bangkok+accords+1966&pg=PA42","url_text":"ASEAN's Diplomatic and Security Culture: Origins, Development and Prospects"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136131462","url_text":"978-1136131462"}]},{"reference":"Feith, Herbert (2008) [1962]. The Decline of Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia. Singapore: Equininox Publishing (Asia) Pte Ltd. ISBN 978-979-3780-45-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Feith","url_text":"Feith, Herbert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-3780-45-0","url_text":"978-979-3780-45-0"}]},{"reference":"Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung (1973), Twenty Years Indonesian Foreign Policy 1945-1965, The Hague: Mouton","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lev, Daniel S. (2009), The Transition to Guided Democracy: Indonesian Politics 1957–1959, Asia: Equinox Publishing, ISBN 978-602-8397-40-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-602-8397-40-7","url_text":"978-602-8397-40-7"}]},{"reference":"Ricklefs, M. C. (1982), A History of Modern Indonesia (reprint ed.), Southeast Asia: Macmillan, ISBN 0-333-24380-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._C._Ricklefs","url_text":"Ricklefs, M. C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-24380-3","url_text":"0-333-24380-3"}]},{"reference":"Simanjuntak, PHH (2003). Kabinet-Kabinet Republik Indonesia: Dari Awal Kemerdekaan Sampai Reformasi [Cabinets of the Republic of Indonesia: From the Start of Independence to the Reform era]. Jakarta: Penerbit Djambatan. ISBN 979-428-499-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-428-499-8","url_text":"979-428-499-8"}]},{"reference":"Croissant, Aurel; Kuehn, David (2017), Reforming Civil-Military Relations in New Democracies, Springer International Publishing, ISBN 9783319531892","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vdlyDgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Reforming Civil-Military Relations in New Democracies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319531892","url_text":"9783319531892"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Quary
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Robert Quary
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["1 Career","2 References","3 External links"]
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English colonial governor
Robert Quary6th colonial governor of Proprietary Period of South CarolinaIn officeJuly 12, 1685 – October 1685MonarchJames II & VIIPreceded byJoseph WestSucceeded byJoseph MortonMember of the New Jersey Provincial Council Ex - OfficioIn officeJuly 29, 1703 – October 1712
Personal detailsBornc. 1644EnglandDiedOctober 1712VirginiaRobert Quary (1644–1712) was a governor of the English proprietary Province of Carolina during 1685. He would later serve on the provincial councils of several other colonies.
Career
In 1685, the Lords proprietors commissioned Quary as Provincial Secretary, and on July 12 he was appointed Governor of Carolina, replacing Joseph West. In October Quary was replaced by former Governor Joseph Morton.
Suspecting that Quary was using his position to encourage pirates, the proprietors removed him from all remaining positions in February 1688.
Seeking a political comeback, Quary supported Seth Sothel's takeover of the Governor's office in 1690, and was appointed Chief Justice. In 1692, Sothel was forced from office, and Quary fled South Carolina for Philadelphia, where he came under the protection of Maryland Gov. Francis Nicholson.
The Navigation Act of 1696 created admiralty courts, and Quary was appointed Judge of the Admiralty for the southern colonies, from Pennsylvania southward.
In 1701, Robert Quary was commissioned as Surveyor General of the Customs for New Jersey and Pennsylvania; in 1703 this appointment was expanded to include all of British America. In this position he served simultaneously on the Provincial Councils of five colonies: Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia.
Robert Quary died in Virginia in October 1712.
References
^ Preservation Society of Charleston, Alfred O. Halsey Map Preservation Project. Robert Quary
^ Edward Channing. A History of the United States: A century of colonial history, 1660-1760 p 277
^ Winfred Trexler Root. The Relations of Pennsylvania with the British Government, 1696-1765 p 59
^ Documents relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York, Volume V; Edited by E. B. O'Callaghan, M. D.; Weed, Parsons and Company, Printers; Albany, New York, 1855; p. 199
^ Preservation Society of Charleston, Alfred O. Halsey Map Preservation Project. Robert Quary
External links
Winfred Trexler Root. The Relations of Pennsylvania with the British Government, 1696-1765
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Province of Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Carolina"}],"text":"Robert Quary (1644–1712) was a governor of the English proprietary Province of Carolina during 1685. He would later serve on the provincial councils of several other colonies.","title":"Robert Quary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lords proprietors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords_Proprietors_of_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Joseph West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_West_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Morton_(governor)"},{"link_name":"pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate"},{"link_name":"Seth Sothel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Sothel"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"Francis Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Nicholson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Navigation Act of 1696","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation_Acts"},{"link_name":"admiralty courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_court"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"British America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_America"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In 1685, the Lords proprietors commissioned Quary as Provincial Secretary, and on July 12 he was appointed Governor of Carolina, replacing Joseph West. In October Quary was replaced by former Governor Joseph Morton.Suspecting that Quary was using his position to encourage pirates, the proprietors removed him from all remaining positions in February 1688.Seeking a political comeback, Quary supported Seth Sothel's takeover of the Governor's office in 1690, and was appointed Chief Justice. In 1692, Sothel was forced from office, and Quary fled South Carolina for Philadelphia, where he came under the protection of Maryland Gov. Francis Nicholson.[1]The Navigation Act of 1696 created admiralty courts, and Quary was appointed Judge of the Admiralty for the southern colonies, from Pennsylvania southward.[2]In 1701, Robert Quary was commissioned as Surveyor General of the Customs for New Jersey and Pennsylvania; in 1703 this appointment was expanded to include all of British America.[3] In this position he served simultaneously on the Provincial Councils of five colonies: Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia.[4]Robert Quary died in Virginia in October 1712.[5]","title":"Career"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.halseymap.com/Flash/gov-detail.asp?polID=72","external_links_name":"Robert Quary"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1WA9AAAAYAAJ&dq=%22robert+quary%22+%22admiralty%22&pg=PA277","external_links_name":"A History of the United States: A century of colonial history, 1660-1760"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nEcVAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22robert+quary%22+%22surveyor+general%22&pg=PA59","external_links_name":"The Relations of Pennsylvania with the British Government, 1696-1765"},{"Link":"http://www.halseymap.com/Flash/gov-detail.asp?polID=72","external_links_name":"Robert Quary"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/relationsofpenns00root","external_links_name":"The Relations of Pennsylvania with the British Government, 1696-1765"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Range
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Fox Range
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 40°26′12.651″N 119°34′6.693″W / 40.43684750°N 119.56852583°W / 40.43684750; -119.56852583Fox RangeFox RangeLocation of Fox Range in Nevada
Highest pointPeakPah-Rum PeakElevation2,319 m (7,608 ft)Coordinates40°23′26″N 119°34′32″W / 40.39056°N 119.57556°W / 40.39056; -119.57556DimensionsLength24 mi (39 km) N_SWidth9 mi (14 km) E-WArea150 sq mi (390 km2)GeographyCountryUnited StatesStateNevadaRegionBlack Rock DesertDistrictWashoe CountyRange coordinates40°26′12.651″N 119°34′6.693″W / 40.43684750°N 119.56852583°W / 40.43684750; -119.56852583Topo mapUSGS Pah-Rum Peak
The Fox Range is a mountain range in east central Washoe County, Nevada.
Gerlach, Black Rock Desert and the Granite Range lie to the north and northeast. The Selenite Range is to the east beyond the San Emidio Desert and Poito Valley. The Lake Range lies to the southeast and Pyramid Lake is to the south. The Smoke Creek Desert is to the west. The Pyramid Lake Indian Reservation occupies the southern third of the range.
References
^ a b Pah-Rum Peak, Nevada 7.5 minute Quad, USGS, 1990
^ a b "Fox Range". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
^ a b Kumiva Peak, Nevada, 30x60 minute topographic quad., USGS, 1984
^ a b Gerlach, Nevada, 30x60 minute topographic quad., USGS, 1981
^ a b c Measured from Kumiva Peak and Gerlach, NV 30x60 USGS quads
vteBlack Rock DesertGeography
Antelope Range
Badger Mountains
Black Rock Range
Calico Hills
Division Range
Empire
Fox Range
Gerlach
Granite Range
Hannan Range
High Rock Canyon Hills
Hog Ranch Mountains
Jackson Mountains
Kamma Mountains
Kings River
Lake Lahontan
Little High Rock Mountains
Massacre Range
Montana Mountains
Pine Forest Range
Poker Brown Mountains
Quinn River
Selenite Range
Sentinel Hills
Seven Troughs Range
Sheephead Mountains
Smoke Creek Desert
Smoke Creek Mountains
Yellow Hills
History
Peter Lassen
Applegate Trail
Thrust2 land speed record (1983)
Thrust SSC land speed record (1997)
CSXT Space Shot (2004)
Protected areas
Black Rock–High Rock NCA
Black Rock Desert Wilderness
Calico Mountains Wilderness
East Fork High Rock Canyon Wilderness
High Rock Canyon Wilderness
High Rock Lake Wilderness
Little High Rock Canyon Wilderness
North Black Rock Range Wilderness
North Jackson Mountains Wilderness
Pahute Peak Wilderness
South Jackson Mountains Wilderness
Transportation
Empire Airport
Old SR 34
Old SR 48
Old SR 49/Jungo Road
SR 447
Uses and Activities
Burning Man
Camping
Dooby Lane
High Power Rocketry
Land sailing
Mining
Rockhounding
This Washoe County, Nevada state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Fox Range\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2009-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/854920","url_text":"\"Fox Range\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanzhong
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Nanzhong
|
["1 References"]
|
Coordinates: 27°34′00″N 105°18′54″E / 27.566721°N 105.314941°E / 27.566721; 105.314941Historical name for region in southwest China
27°34′00″N 105°18′54″E / 27.566721°N 105.314941°E / 27.566721; 105.314941
Nanzhong (Chinese: 南中; pinyin: Nánzhōng) is the ancient name for a region in southwest China that covers parts of present-day Yunnan, Guizhou and southern Sichuan provinces.
During the Three Kingdoms period (220–280) of China, the Nanzhong region was part of the territory of the state of Shu Han (or simply Shu). In 225, some local governors rebelled against Shu rule while the Nanman tribes made intrusions into Nanzhong. In response, the Shu regent Zhuge Liang led imperial forces on a campaign in Nanzhong and succeeded in quelling the rebellions and pacifying the Nanman tribes. In legend, Zhuge Liang captured and released the Nanman leader Meng Huo seven times until the latter finally swore allegiance to Shu.
References
^ Herman, John (2009). "The Kingdoms of Nanzhong: China's Southwest Border Region Prior to the Eighth Century". T'oung Pao. 95 (4): 241–286. doi:10.1163/008254309X507052. ISSN 0082-5433.
^ Peng, Wenbin (2011). "Ethnic Memory and Space: Legends of Zhuge Liang in Southwest China". Inner Asia. 13 (1): 141–159. doi:10.1163/000000011797372797. ISSN 1464-8172.
This Chinese location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Herman, John (2009). \"The Kingdoms of Nanzhong: China's Southwest Border Region Prior to the Eighth Century\". T'oung Pao. 95 (4): 241–286. doi:10.1163/008254309X507052. ISSN 0082-5433.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%27oung_Pao","url_text":"T'oung Pao"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F008254309X507052","url_text":"10.1163/008254309X507052"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0082-5433","url_text":"0082-5433"}]},{"reference":"Peng, Wenbin (2011). \"Ethnic Memory and Space: Legends of Zhuge Liang in Southwest China\". Inner Asia. 13 (1): 141–159. doi:10.1163/000000011797372797. ISSN 1464-8172.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F000000011797372797","url_text":"10.1163/000000011797372797"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1464-8172","url_text":"1464-8172"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Community_in_Armenia
|
Jewish Community of Armenia
|
["1 History","2 Publications","3 See also","4 References"]
|
Building hosting the JCA office in Yerevan
The Jewish Community of Armenia (Armenian: Հայաստանի հրեական համայնք) is Armenia's oldest and largest Jewish non-governmental organization. It serves as a community center for Jewish holidays and cultural events and owns Armenia's only Jewish newspaper, Magen David.
History
The Jewish Community of Armenia was founded in 1991 by a group of activists including Gershon Burstein and William Weiner. Since 1996, it has been headed by Rima Varzhapetyan-Feller. It is affiliated with the World Jewish Congress and the Euro-Asian Jewish Congress and represents the communal interests of Armenia's Jewish citizens and residents in the Council for National Minorities.
In the 2000s, the community installed a monument commemorating the victims of both the Holocaust and the Armenian genocide in Yerevan.
Armenia's only medieval Jewish cemetery in Yeghegis, previously abandoned for centuries, was cleaned up by the community and has since then become a tourist destination.
Publications
The Jewish Community of Armenia owns and operates the only Jewish newspaper in Armenia, Magen David. It is published monthly and contains articles in three languages: Russian, Armenian and Hebrew. Paper copies are distributed free of charge at the community's Yerevan office, and online copies can be accessed on the organization's website.
Members of the community have also coauthored and published several multilingual books on the history of Armenian Jewry, including Jews in Armenia: The Middle Ages (2009) and The Jews of Noah's Land (2020).
See also
History of the Jews in Armenia
Israelis in Armenia
Armenia–Israel relations
References
^ Varzhapetyan R. (2020). The Jews of Noah's Land. Yerevan: VMV-Print.
^ "Armenia". World Jewish Congress.
^ "Jewish Community of Armenia. EAJC Affiliate". Euro-Asian Jewish Congress.
^ Danielyan E. (2 February 2006). "Who continues to destruct the Holocaust monument in Yerevan?". HyeTert.
^ "Searching for Traces of Jews in Medieval Armenia: A Field Trip to the Jewish Cemetery of Yeghegis". JewsEast. 2019.
^ "Архив газеты Маген Давид". Jewish Community of Armenia.
^ Евстратов А. (1 August 2020). "Как живут евреи на Земле Ноя?". Армянский музей Москвы.
vteWorld Jewish CongressLeadersPresidents
Julian Mack (1936–1943)
Stephen Samuel Wise (1944–1949)
Nahum Goldmann (1949–1977)
Philip Klutznick (1977–1979)
Edgar Bronfman Sr. (1979–2007)
Ronald Lauder (2007–present)
Secretaries-General
Irving Miller (1936–1940)
Arieh Tartakower (1940–1945)
A. Leon Kubowitzki (1945–1948)
Gerhart M. Riegner (1948–1983)
Israel Singer (1983–2001)
Avi Beker (2001–2003)
Stephen Herbits (2005–2007)
Michael Schneider (2007–2011)
Dan Diker (2011–2012)
Robert Singer (2013–2019)
AffiliatedcommunitiesAfrica
Botswana
Egypt
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Lesotho
Mauritius
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Affiliatedorganisations
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Relatedarticles
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Category
WikiProject
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"non-governmental organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization"},{"link_name":"Magen David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magen_David_(newspaper)"}],"text":"The Jewish Community of Armenia (Armenian: Հայաստանի հրեական համայնք) is Armenia's oldest and largest Jewish non-governmental organization. It serves as a community center for Jewish holidays and cultural events and owns Armenia's only Jewish newspaper, Magen David.","title":"Jewish Community of Armenia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gershon Burstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershon_Burstein"},{"link_name":"William Weiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Weiner"},{"link_name":"Rima Varzhapetyan-Feller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rima_Varzhapetyan-Feller"},{"link_name":"World Jewish Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Jewish_Congress"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust"},{"link_name":"Armenian genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_genocide"},{"link_name":"Yerevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Yeghegis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeghegis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Jewish Community of Armenia was founded in 1991 by a group of activists including Gershon Burstein and William Weiner. Since 1996, it has been headed by Rima Varzhapetyan-Feller. It is affiliated with the World Jewish Congress and the Euro-Asian Jewish Congress and represents the communal interests of Armenia's Jewish citizens and residents in the Council for National Minorities.[1][2][3]In the 2000s, the community installed a monument commemorating the victims of both the Holocaust and the Armenian genocide in Yerevan.[4]Armenia's only medieval Jewish cemetery in Yeghegis, previously abandoned for centuries, was cleaned up by the community and has since then become a tourist destination.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"history of Armenian Jewry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Jewish Community of Armenia owns and operates the only Jewish newspaper in Armenia, Magen David. It is published monthly and contains articles in three languages: Russian, Armenian and Hebrew. Paper copies are distributed free of charge at the community's Yerevan office, and online copies can be accessed on the organization's website.[6]Members of the community have also coauthored and published several multilingual books on the history of Armenian Jewry, including Jews in Armenia: The Middle Ages (2009) and The Jews of Noah's Land (2020).[7]","title":"Publications"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Building hosting the JCA office in Yerevan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Jewish_Community_of_Armenia_office_in_Yerevan.jpg/220px-Jewish_Community_of_Armenia_office_in_Yerevan.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"History of the Jews in Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia"},{"title":"Israelis in Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelis_in_Armenia"},{"title":"Armenia–Israel relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Israel_relations"}]
|
[{"reference":"Varzhapetyan R. (2020). The Jews of Noah's Land. Yerevan: VMV-Print.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Armenia\". World Jewish Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/about/communities/AM","url_text":"\"Armenia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jewish Community of Armenia. EAJC Affiliate\". Euro-Asian Jewish Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://test.eajc.org/en/about/communites/armenia/","url_text":"\"Jewish Community of Armenia. EAJC Affiliate\""}]},{"reference":"Danielyan E. (2 February 2006). \"Who continues to destruct the Holocaust monument in Yerevan?\". HyeTert.","urls":[{"url":"https://hyetert.org/2006/02/02/who-continues-to-destruct-the-holocaust-monument-in-yerevan/","url_text":"\"Who continues to destruct the Holocaust monument in Yerevan?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Searching for Traces of Jews in Medieval Armenia: A Field Trip to the Jewish Cemetery of Yeghegis\". JewsEast. 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jewseast.org/single-post/2019/03/05/searching-for-traces-of-jews-in-medieval-armenia-a-field-trip-to-the-jewish-cemetery-of-y","url_text":"\"Searching for Traces of Jews in Medieval Armenia: A Field Trip to the Jewish Cemetery of Yeghegis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Архив газеты Маген Давид\". Jewish Community of Armenia.","urls":[{"url":"https://jewish.am/wordpress/?cat=3","url_text":"\"Архив газеты Маген Давид\""}]},{"reference":"Евстратов А. (1 August 2020). \"Как живут евреи на Земле Ноя?\". Армянский музей Москвы.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.armmuseum.ru/news-blog/kak-jivut-evrei-na-zemle-noya","url_text":"\"Как живут евреи на Земле Ноя?\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/about/communities/AM","external_links_name":"\"Armenia\""},{"Link":"https://test.eajc.org/en/about/communites/armenia/","external_links_name":"\"Jewish Community of Armenia. EAJC Affiliate\""},{"Link":"https://hyetert.org/2006/02/02/who-continues-to-destruct-the-holocaust-monument-in-yerevan/","external_links_name":"\"Who continues to destruct the Holocaust monument in Yerevan?\""},{"Link":"https://www.jewseast.org/single-post/2019/03/05/searching-for-traces-of-jews-in-medieval-armenia-a-field-trip-to-the-jewish-cemetery-of-y","external_links_name":"\"Searching for Traces of Jews in Medieval Armenia: A Field Trip to the Jewish Cemetery of Yeghegis\""},{"Link":"https://jewish.am/wordpress/?cat=3","external_links_name":"\"Архив газеты Маген Давид\""},{"Link":"https://www.armmuseum.ru/news-blog/kak-jivut-evrei-na-zemle-noya","external_links_name":"\"Как живут евреи на Земле Ноя?\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN-2
|
SN-2
|
["1 See also","2 References"]
|
Chemical compound
SN-2Identifiers
IUPAC name
5-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-3-oxa-4-azatricyclodec-4-ene
CAS Number823218-99-1 YPubChem CID11834987UNIIR4LCV6XQR7CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID501336631 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC17H21NOMolar mass255.361 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image
SMILES
CC1=CC(=C(C(=C1)C)C2=NOC3C2C4CCC3C4)C
InChI
InChI=1S/C17H21NO/c1-9-6-10(2)14(11(3)7-9)16-15-12-4-5-13(8-12)17(15)19-18-16/h6-7,12-13,15,17H,4-5,8H2,1-3H3Key:WKLZNTYMDOPBSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SN-2 is a chemical compound which acts as an "agonist" (i.e. channel opener) for the TRPML3 calcium channel, with high selectivity for TRPML3 and no significant activity at the related TRPML1 and TRPML2 channels. It has demonstrated antiviral activity in an in vitro model.
See also
MK6-83
ML2-SA1
References
^ Grimm C, Jörs S, Saldanha SA, Obukhov AG, Pan B, Oshima K, et al. (February 2010). "Small molecule activators of TRPML3". Chemistry & Biology. 17 (2): 135–48. doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.12.016. PMC 2834294. PMID 20189104.
^ Xia Z, Wang L, Li S, Tang W, Sun F, Wu Y, et al. (October 2020). "ML-SA1, a selective TRPML agonist, inhibits DENV2 and ZIKV by promoting lysosomal acidification and protease activity". Antiviral Research. 182: 104922. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104922. PMID 32858116. S2CID 221365410.
vteTRP channel modulatorsTRPAActivators
4-Hydroxynonenal
4-Oxo-2-nonenal
4,5-EET
12S-HpETE
15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2
α-Sanshool (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers)
Acrolein
Allicin (garlic)
Allyl isothiocyanate (mustard, radish, horseradish, wasabi)
AM404
ASP-7663
Bradykinin
Cannabichromene (cannabis)
Cannabidiol (cannabis)
Cannabigerol (cannabis)
Cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon)
CR gas (dibenzoxazepine; DBO)
CS gas (2-chlorobenzal malononitrile)
Cuminaldehyde (cumin)
Curcumin (turmeric)
Dehydroligustilide (celery)
Diallyl disulfide
Dicentrine (Lindera spp.)
Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid
Formalin
Gingerols (ginger)
Hepoxilin A3
Hepoxilin B3
Hydrogen peroxide
Icilin
Isothiocyanate
JT-010
Ligustilide (celery, Angelica acutiloba)
Linalool (Sichuan pepper, thyme)
Methylglyoxal
Methyl salicylate (wintergreen)
N-Methylmaleimide
Nicotine (tobacco)
Oleocanthal (olive oil)
Paclitaxel (Pacific yew)
Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
PF-4840154
Phenacyl chloride
Polygodial (Dorrigo pepper)
Shogaols (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers)
Tear gases
Tetrahydrocannabinol (cannabis)
Tetrahydrocannabiorcol
Thiopropanal S-oxide (onion)
Umbellulone (Umbellularia californica)
WIN 55,212-2
Blockers
A-967079
AM-0902
Dehydroligustilide (celery)
HC-030031
Nicotine (tobacco)
PF-04745637
Ruthenium red
TRPCActivators
Adhyperforin (St John's wort)
Diacyl glycerol
GSK1702934A
Hyperforin (St John's wort)
Substance P
Blockers
DCDPC
DHEA-S
Flufenamic acid
GSK417651A
GSK2293017A
Meclofenamic acid
N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid
Niflumic acid
Pregnenolone sulfate
Progesterone
Pyr3
Tolfenamic acid
TRPMActivators
ADP-ribose
BCTC
Calcium (intracellular)
CIM-0216
Cold
Coolact P
Cooling Agent 10
Eucalyptol (eucalyptus)
Frescolat MGA
Frescolat ML
Geraniol
Hydroxycitronellal
Icilin
Linalool
Menthol (mint)
PMD 38
Pregnenolone sulfate
Rutamarin (Ruta graveolens)
Steviol glycosides (e.g., stevioside) (Stevia rebaudiana)
Sweet tastants (e.g., glucose, fructose, sucrose; indirectly)
Thio-BCTC
WS-12
Blockers
AMG-333
Capsazepine
Clotrimazole
DCDPC
Elismetrep
Flufenamic acid
Meclofenamic acid
Mefenamic acid
N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid
Nicotine (tobacco)
Niflumic acid
Ononetin
PF-05105679
RQ-00203078
Ruthenium red
Rutamarin (Ruta graveolens)
Tolfenamic acid
TPPO
TRPM4-IN-5
TRPMLActivators
EVP21
MK6-83
ML-SA1
ML2-SA1
PI(3,5)P2
SF-22
SN-2
Blockers
ML-SI3
PI(4,5)P2
TRPPActivators
Triptolide (Tripterygium wilfordii)
Blockers
Ruthenium red
TRPVActivators
2-APB
5',6'-EET
9-HODE
9-oxoODE
12S-HETE
12S-HpETE
13-HODE
13-oxoODE
20-HETE
α-Sanshool (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers)
Allicin (garlic)
AM404
Anandamide
Bisandrographolide (Andrographis paniculata)
Camphor (camphor laurel, rosemary, camphorweed, African blue basil, camphor basil)
Cannabidiol (cannabis)
Cannabidivarin (cannabis)
Capsaicin (chili pepper)
Carvacrol (oregano, thyme, pepperwort, wild bergamot, others)
DHEA
Diacyl glycerol
Dihydrocapsaicin (chili pepper)
Estradiol
Eugenol (basil, clove)
Evodiamine (Euodia ruticarpa)
Gingerols (ginger)
GSK1016790A
Heat
Hepoxilin A3
Hepoxilin B3
Homocapsaicin (chili pepper)
Homodihydrocapsaicin (chili pepper)
Incensole (incense)
Lysophosphatidic acid
Low pH (acidic conditions)
Menthol (mint)
N-Arachidonoyl dopamine
N-Oleoyldopamine
N-Oleoylethanolamide
Nonivamide (PAVA) (PAVA spray)
Nordihydrocapsaicin (chili pepper)
Paclitaxel (Pacific yew)
Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
Phenylacetylrinvanil
Phorbol esters (e.g., 4α-PDD)
Piperine (black pepper, long pepper)
Polygodial (Dorrigo pepper)
Probenecid
Protons
RhTx
Rutamarin (Ruta graveolens)
Resiniferatoxin (RTX) (Euphorbia resinifera/pooissonii)
Shogaols (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers)
Tetrahydrocannabivarin (cannabis)
Thymol (thyme, oregano)
Tinyatoxin (Euphorbia resinifera/pooissonii)
Tramadol
Vanillin (vanilla)
Zucapsaicin
Blockers
α-Spinasterol (Vernonia tweediana)
AMG-517
AMG-9810
Asivatrep
BCTC
Cannabigerol (cannabis)
Cannabigerolic acid (cannabis)
Cannabigerovarin (cannabis)
Cannabinol (cannabis)
Capsazepine
DCDPC
DHEA
DHEA-S
Flufenamic acid
GRC-6211
HC-067047
Lanthanum
Mavatrep
Meclofenamic acid
N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid
NGD-8243
Niflumic acid
Pregnenolone sulfate
RN-1734
RN-9893
Ruthenium red
SB-366791
SB-705498
Tivanisiran
Tolfenamic acid
TRPV3-74a
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Ion channel modulators
This pharmacology-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TRPML3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPML3"},{"link_name":"TRPML1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPML1"},{"link_name":"TRPML2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPML2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"antiviral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiviral"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"SN-2 is a chemical compound which acts as an \"agonist\" (i.e. channel opener) for the TRPML3 calcium channel, with high selectivity for TRPML3 and no significant activity at the related TRPML1 and TRPML2 channels.[1] It has demonstrated antiviral activity in an in vitro model.[2]","title":"SN-2"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"MK6-83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MK6-83"},{"title":"ML2-SA1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ML2-SA1"}]
|
[{"reference":"Grimm C, Jörs S, Saldanha SA, Obukhov AG, Pan B, Oshima K, et al. (February 2010). \"Small molecule activators of TRPML3\". Chemistry & Biology. 17 (2): 135–48. doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.12.016. PMC 2834294. PMID 20189104.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2834294","url_text":"\"Small molecule activators of TRPML3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chembiol.2009.12.016","url_text":"10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.12.016"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2834294","url_text":"2834294"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20189104","url_text":"20189104"}]},{"reference":"Xia Z, Wang L, Li S, Tang W, Sun F, Wu Y, et al. (October 2020). \"ML-SA1, a selective TRPML agonist, inhibits DENV2 and ZIKV by promoting lysosomal acidification and protease activity\". Antiviral Research. 182: 104922. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104922. PMID 32858116. S2CID 221365410.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.antiviral.2020.104922","url_text":"10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104922"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32858116","url_text":"32858116"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221365410","url_text":"221365410"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=823218-99-1","external_links_name":"823218-99-1"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/11834987","external_links_name":"11834987"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/R4LCV6XQR7","external_links_name":"R4LCV6XQR7"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID501336631","external_links_name":"DTXSID501336631"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=CC1%3DCC%28%3DC%28C%28%3DC1%29C%29C2%3DNOC3C2C4CCC3C4%29C","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2834294","external_links_name":"\"Small molecule activators of TRPML3\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chembiol.2009.12.016","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.12.016"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2834294","external_links_name":"2834294"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20189104","external_links_name":"20189104"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.antiviral.2020.104922","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104922"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32858116","external_links_name":"32858116"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221365410","external_links_name":"221365410"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SN-2&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Tour_de_Suisse
|
1993 Tour de Suisse
|
["1 General classification","2 References"]
|
Cycling race
1993 Tour de SuisseRace detailsDates15–24 June 1993Stages10Distance1,721 km (1,069 mi)Winning time44h 23' 15"Results
Winner
Marco Saligari (ITA)
(Ariostea)
Second
Rolf Järmann (SUI)
(Ariostea)
Third
Fernando Escartín (ESP)
(CLAS–Cajastur)← 1992 1994 →
The 1993 Tour de Suisse was the 57th edition of the Tour de Suisse cycle race and was held from 15 June to 24 June 1993. The race started in Affoltern am Albis and finished in Zürich. The race was won by Marco Saligari of the Ariostea team.
General classification
Final general classification
Rank
Rider
Team
Time
1
Marco Saligari (ITA)
Ariostea
44h 23' 15"
2
Rolf Järmann (SUI)
Ariostea
+ 2' 17"
3
Fernando Escartín (ESP)
CLAS–Cajastur
+ 2' 24"
4
Eddy Bouwmans (NED)
Novemail–Histor–Laser Computer
+ 2' 59"
5
Pavel Tonkov (RUS)
Lampre–Polti
+ 3' 06"
6
Felice Puttini (SUI)
Mecair–Ballan
+ 3' 31"
7
Dimitri Zhdanov (RUS)
Novemail–Histor–Laser Computer
+ 3' 35"
8
Davide Rebellin (ITA)
GB–MG Maglificio
+ 3' 36"
9
Beat Zberg (SUI)
Carrera Jeans–Tassoni
+ 4' 02"
10
Scott Sunderland (AUS)
TVM–Bison Kit
+ 4' 45"
References
^ "Tour De Suisse (Pro Tour) - Tour of Switzerland". BikeRaceInfo. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
^ a b "57ème Tour de Suisse 1993". Memoire du cyclisme. Archived from the original on 28 October 2004.
^ "Cycling - Tour de Suisse - 1993 - Detailed results". TheSports.org. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
^ "1993 Tour de Suisse". First Cycling. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
vteTour de Suisse
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1958
1959
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1963
1964
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1970
1971
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1977
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1993
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2009
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2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
This Tour de Suisse race article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tour de Suisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_Suisse"},{"link_name":"Affoltern am Albis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affoltern_am_Albis"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MdC-TdS1993-2"},{"link_name":"Marco Saligari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Saligari"},{"link_name":"Ariostea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariostea_(cycling_team)"}],"text":"The 1993 Tour de Suisse was the 57th edition of the Tour de Suisse cycle race and was held from 15 June to 24 June 1993. The race started in Affoltern am Albis and finished in Zürich.[2] The race was won by Marco Saligari of the Ariostea team.","title":"1993 Tour de Suisse"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"General classification"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cobb_(disambiguation)
|
Charles Cobb
|
["1 See also"]
|
Charles Cobb may refer to:
Charles Cobb (cricketer) (1863–1922), English cricketer
Charles Cobb (economist) (1875–1949), American mathematician and economist
Charles E. Cobb (born 1936), American businessman
Charles E. Cobb Jr. (born 1943), journalist, professor and former activist
Charles Cobb (American football), American football player and coach
Charley Cobb, American football coach
Charlie Cobb, athletic director for Georgia State University
See also
Charles Cobbe (1686–1765), Primate of Ireland
Cobb (surname)
Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Cobb (cricketer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cobb_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Charles Cobb (economist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cobb_(economist)"},{"link_name":"Charles E. Cobb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_E._Cobb"},{"link_name":"Charles E. Cobb Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_E._Cobb_Jr."},{"link_name":"Charles Cobb (American football)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cobb_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Charley Cobb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charley_Cobb"},{"link_name":"Georgia State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Panthers"}],"text":"Charles Cobb (cricketer) (1863–1922), English cricketer\nCharles Cobb (economist) (1875–1949), American mathematician and economist\nCharles E. Cobb (born 1936), American businessman\nCharles E. Cobb Jr. (born 1943), journalist, professor and former activist\nCharles Cobb (American football), American football player and coach\nCharley Cobb, American football coach\nCharlie Cobb, athletic director for Georgia State University","title":"Charles Cobb"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Charles Cobbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cobbe"},{"title":"Cobb (surname)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobb_(surname)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Charles_Cobb&namespace=0"}]
|
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Charles_Cobb&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaregions
|
Megalopolis
|
["1 Etymology and earlier definitions","2 Modern definitions","3 List of megalopolises","4 In popular culture","4.1 Judge Dredd","4.2 Sprawl trilogy","5 Further reading","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
|
Grouping of neighbouring metropolises
"Supercity" redirects here. For other uses, see Super City.
For other uses, see Megalopolis (disambiguation).
EkisticsShinjuku skyscrapers (foreground) and Mount Fuji (background) in Tokyo, the world's most populous city
List of largest cities
List of cities proper by population density
Conurbation
Megacity
Megalopolis
Settlement hierarchy
Cities portalvte
A satellite image of the Pearl River Delta area in China
A megalopolis (/ˌmɛɡəˈlɒpəlɪs/) or a supercity, also called a megaregion, is a group of metropolitan areas which are perceived as a continuous urban area through common systems of transport, economy, resources, ecology, and so on. They are integrated enough that coordinating policy is valuable, although the constituent metropolises keep their individual identities. The megalopolis concept has become highly influential as it introduced a new, larger scale thinking about urban patterns and growth.
Etymology and earlier definitions
The term has specific geographic definitions dating from 1832, when its meaning was "a metropolis," that is, "a very large, heavily populated urban complex".
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Jean Gottmann, a professor of political science at the University of Paris and member of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, directed "A Study of Megalopolis" for The Twentieth Century Fund, wherein he described a megalopolis as a "world of ideas". Gottmann, in his extensive studies, applied the term megalopolis to an analysis of the urbanized northeastern seaboard of the U.S., in particular from Boston, Massachusetts to Washington, D.C. (the Northeast megalopolis).
Modern definitions
Northeast megalopolis (United States) (top) and Taiheiyō Belt (Japan) (bottom)
A megalopolis may also be called a megaregion. "Megalopolis" and other similar terms have been used by different scholars and countries to describe similar spatial forms.
A megalopolis, following the work of Gottmann, refers to two or more roughly adjacent metropolitan areas that, through a commonality of systems—e.g., of transport, economy, resources, and ecologies—experience a blurring of the boundaries between the population centers, such that while some degree of separation may remain, their perception as a continuous urban area is of value, e.g., "to coordinate policy at this expanded scale". Simply put, a megalopolis (or a megaregion) is a clustered network of big cities. Gottmann defined its population as 25 million, while Doxiadis defined a small megalopolis a similar cluster with a population of about 10 million. America 2050, a program of the Regional Plan Association (RPA), lists 11 megaregions in the United States and Canada.
Megaregions of the United States were explored in a July 2005 report by Robert E. Lang and Dawn Dhavale of the Metropolitan Institute at Virginia Tech. A later 2007 article by Lang and Nelson uses 20 "megapolitan" areas grouped into 10 megaregions. The concept is based on the original "Megalopolis model".
Modern interlinked ground transportation corridors, such as rail and highway, often aid in the development of megalopolises. Using these commuter passageways to travel throughout the megalopolis is informally called megaloping, a term coined by Davide Gadren and Stefan Berteau.
In Brazil, the term megarregião has a legal meaning, different from the English word megaregion: mesoregions of Brazil (mesorregião) and microregions of Brazil (microrregião).
In China, the official term corresponding to the meaning of "megalopolis" is '城市群' (chéngshì qún), which, in Chinese, was originally coined by Yao Shimou and literally means "city cluster". A "city cluster" is defined as "n area in which cities are relatively densely distributed in a certain region". In an older standard, the term was mistranslated as "agglomeration". In 2019, National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) published guidelines and made a distinction from a similar concept "metropolitan area" (都市圈), which is of a smaller scale than a city cluster. In the latest standard terminologies of both economics and urban planning, 城市群 is translated as "city cluster", replacing "agglomeration". Megalopolises in China have become the subject of national government planning.
List of megalopolises
Main article: List of megalopolises
In popular culture
Judge Dredd
In the Judge Dredd (1977) comic book series and its spinoff series, Mega-City One is a huge fictional megalopolis-size city-state covering much of what is now the Eastern United States and some of Canada. The exact geography of the city depends on which writer and artist has done which story. However, from its first appearance it has been associated with New York City's urban sprawl; originally,bit was presented as a future New York, which was retconned as the centre of a "Mega-City One" in the very next story. The Architects' Journal placed it at No. 1 in their list of "comic book cities".
Sprawl trilogy
In William Gibson's Sprawl trilogy, "the Sprawl" is a colloquial name for the "Boston-Atlanta Metropolitan Axis" (BAMA), an urban sprawl environment on a massive scale, and a fictional extension of the real Northeast megalopolis. The Sprawl is a visualization of a future where virtually the entire East Coast of the United States, from Boston to Atlanta, has melded into a single mass of urban sprawl. It has been enclosed in several geodesic domes and merged into one megacity. The city has become a separate world with its own climate, no real night/day cycle, and an artificial sky that is always grey.
Further reading
Hagler, Yoav (November 2009). "Defining U.S. Megaregions" (PDF). America 2050. Retrieved February 19, 2022 – via RPA.org. This work, while dated, is from Associate Planner Yoav Hagler of America 2050, and while not used as a source in this article, is one of the most focused articles available on the American aspects of the title subject. It includes history, methodology, and statistical and other criteria sections, and identifies the U.S. megaregions as of its publication date.
America 2050 Staff (February 19, 2022). "Megaregions". America 2050. Archived from the original (homepage) on May 16, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2022 – via RPA.org.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Starting point for access to articles from the America 2050 effort, while it was active. Note, an earlier cited article by Matt Taylor, on urban transit issues, appears among the works linked at this home page.
See also
Arcology
Conurbation
Ecumenopolis
Ekistics
Settlement types:
Hamlet
Village
Town
City
Metropolis
Classification of inhabited localities in Russia
Global city
Merger (politics)
Transborder agglomeration
Urban area
Developed environments:
Exurban
Rural
Suburban
Urban
References
^ Fielder, W. & Feeney, Georgiana (1976). Inquiring about Cities. New York, N.Y.: Holt, Rinehart and Winston (Georg Von Holtzbrinck/Holt). pp. 193, 299. ISBN 9780030897849. Retrieved June 25, 2018.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ a b c d e Hagler, Yoav (November 2009). "Defining U.S. Megaregions" (PDF). America 2050. Retrieved February 19, 2022 – via RPA.org. As metropolitan regions continued to expand throughout the second half of the 20th century their boundaries began to blur, creating a new scale of geography now known as the megaregion. Interlocking economic systems, shared natural resources and ecosystems, and common transportation systems link these... The challenge of identifying... emerging regions has been undertaken... The most recent iteration... has been developed by Regional Plan Association (RPA) in partnership with the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Eleven such megaregions have been identified... that would make cooperative integrated planning advantageous... Th tradition of geographers and planners attempting to enhance the value of geographic definitions to meet the needs of new generations continued with the first identification of a scale larger than the metro regions by French geographer Jean Gottmann in his 1961 book Megalopolis. This "Megalopolis" referred specifically to the Northeastern United States ... Regional Plan Association also identified this emerging Northeast Megaregion in the 1960s.
^ Caves, R.W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge (Informa/Taylor & Francis. p. 456. ISBN 9780415252256.
^ a b "Who's Your City?: What Is a Megaregion?". March 19, 2008. Archived from the original on June 12, 2010. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
^ Gottmann, Jean (1989). Since Megalopolis. The Urban Writings of Jean Gottmann. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 163.
^ a b "Cities: Capital for the New Megalopolis". Time. November 4, 1966. Archived from the original on August 27, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
^ "About Us". America 2050. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
^ "Beyond Megalopolis: Exploring America's New "Megapolitan" Geography" (PDF). July 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 27, 2009.
^ "America 2040: The Rise of the Megapolitans" (PDF). January 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 24, 2013. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
^ Tremble, Sam (May 30, 2007). "Fumbling Toward Portland". Philadelphia City Paper. Archived from the original on July 7, 2009.
^ a b 许学强 (XU Xueqiang) 周一星 (ZHOU Yixing) 宁越敏(NING Yuemin) (2009). 城市地理学 (in Chinese (China)) (第二版 (2nd ed.) ed.). 高等教育出版社. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-7-04-025539-3.
^ Standard for basic terminology of urban planning (GB/T 50280—98), 1998. "2.0.8 城市群 agglomeration 一定地域内城市分布较为密集的地区。"
^ "国家发展改革委关于培育发展现代化都市圈的指导意见" (in Chinese (China)). National Development and Reform Commission. February 19, 2019.
^ "城市群" . Termonline. 2020.
^ "城市群" . Termonline. 2021.
^ 2000 AD No. 2 and 3
^ Top 10 comic book cities: #1 Mega City One, Architects' Journal, July 8, 2009
^ Markoff, John (November 25, 1990). "Ideas & Trends; Art Invents A Jarring New World From Technology". The New York Times. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
External links
Look up megalopolis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
"World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 revision" (PDF).
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For other uses, see Super City.For other uses, see Megalopolis (disambiguation).A satellite image of the Pearl River Delta area in ChinaA megalopolis (/ˌmɛɡəˈlɒpəlɪs/) or a supercity,[1] also called a megaregion,[2] is a group of metropolitan areas which are perceived as a continuous urban area through common systems of transport, economy, resources, ecology, and so on.[2] They are integrated enough that coordinating policy is valuable, although the constituent metropolises keep their individual identities.[2] The megalopolis concept has become highly influential as it introduced a new, larger scale thinking about urban patterns and growth.[3]","title":"Megalopolis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean Gottmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Gottmann"},{"link_name":"University of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Institute for Advanced Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study"},{"link_name":"Princeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"The Twentieth Century Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twentieth_Century_Fund"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Northeast megalopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_megalopolis"}],"text":"The term has specific geographic definitions dating from 1832, when its meaning was \"a metropolis,\" that is, \"a very large, heavily populated urban complex\".In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Jean Gottmann, a professor of political science at the University of Paris and member of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, directed \"A Study of Megalopolis\" for The Twentieth Century Fund, wherein he described a megalopolis as a \"world of ideas\". Gottmann, in his extensive studies, applied the term megalopolis to an analysis of the urbanized northeastern seaboard of the U.S., in particular from Boston, Massachusetts to Washington, D.C. (the Northeast megalopolis).","title":"Etymology and earlier definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Megalopolis.png"},{"link_name":"Northeast megalopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_megalopolis"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Taiheiyō Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiheiy%C5%8D_Belt"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"metropolitan areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hagler2009America2050-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hagler2009America2050-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bnet-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bnet-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Doxiodis-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Megaregions of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaregions_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Virginia Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Tech"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Doxiodis-6"},{"link_name":"transportation corridors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_corridor"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"mesoregions of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoregions_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"microregions of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microregions_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XU_Xueqiang-11"},{"link_name":"agglomeration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XU_Xueqiang-11"},{"link_name":"National Development and Reform Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission"},{"link_name":"metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_(geography)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Megalopolises in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalopolises_in_China"}],"text":"Northeast megalopolis (United States) (top) and Taiheiyō Belt (Japan) (bottom)A megalopolis may also be called a megaregion. \"Megalopolis\" and other similar terms have been used by different scholars and countries to describe similar spatial forms.A megalopolis, following the work of Gottmann, refers to two or more roughly adjacent metropolitan areas that, through a commonality of systems—e.g., of transport, economy, resources, and ecologies—experience a blurring of the boundaries between the population centers,[2] such that while some degree of separation may remain, their perception as a continuous urban area is of value, e.g., \"to coordinate policy at this expanded scale\".[2] Simply put, a megalopolis (or a megaregion[4]) is a clustered network of big cities. Gottmann defined its population as 25 million,[5] while Doxiadis defined a small megalopolis a similar cluster with a population of about 10 million.[4][6] America 2050,[7] a program of the Regional Plan Association (RPA), lists 11 megaregions in the United States and Canada.Megaregions of the United States were explored in a July 2005 report by Robert E. Lang and Dawn Dhavale of the Metropolitan Institute at Virginia Tech.[8] A later 2007 article by Lang and Nelson uses 20 \"megapolitan\" areas grouped into 10 megaregions.[9] The concept is based on the original \"Megalopolis model\".[6]Modern interlinked ground transportation corridors, such as rail and highway, often aid in the development of megalopolises. Using these commuter passageways to travel throughout the megalopolis is informally called megaloping, a term coined by Davide Gadren and Stefan Berteau.[10]In Brazil, the term megarregião has a legal meaning, different from the English word megaregion: mesoregions of Brazil (mesorregião) and microregions of Brazil (microrregião).In China, the official term corresponding to the meaning of \"megalopolis\" is '城市群' (chéngshì qún), which, in Chinese, was originally coined by Yao Shimou and literally means \"city cluster\".[11] A \"city cluster\" is defined as \"[a]n area in which cities are relatively densely distributed in a certain region\". In an older standard, the term was mistranslated as \"agglomeration\".[12][11] In 2019, National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) published guidelines and made a distinction from a similar concept \"metropolitan area\" (都市圈), which is of a smaller scale than a city cluster.[13] In the latest standard terminologies of both economics[14] and urban planning,[15] 城市群 is translated as \"city cluster\", replacing \"agglomeration\". Megalopolises in China have become the subject of national government planning.","title":"Modern definitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of megalopolises"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Judge Dredd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Dredd"},{"link_name":"Mega-City One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega-City_One"},{"link_name":"city-state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state"},{"link_name":"Eastern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"urban sprawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sprawl"},{"link_name":"retconned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retcon"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Architects' Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architects%27_Journal"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Judge Dredd","text":"In the Judge Dredd (1977) comic book series and its spinoff series, Mega-City One is a huge fictional megalopolis-size city-state covering much of what is now the Eastern United States and some of Canada. The exact geography of the city depends on which writer and artist has done which story. However, from its first appearance it has been associated with New York City's urban sprawl; originally,bit was presented as a future New York, which was retconned as the centre of a \"Mega-City One\" in the very next story.[16] The Architects' Journal placed it at No. 1 in their list of \"comic book cities\".[17]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gibson"},{"link_name":"Sprawl trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprawl_trilogy"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"urban sprawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sprawl"},{"link_name":"Northeast megalopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_megalopolis"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"urban sprawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sprawl"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"geodesic domes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesic_dome"},{"link_name":"megacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megacity"}],"sub_title":"Sprawl trilogy","text":"In William Gibson's Sprawl trilogy, \"the Sprawl\" is a colloquial name for the \"Boston-Atlanta Metropolitan Axis\" (BAMA), an urban sprawl environment on a massive scale, and a fictional extension of the real Northeast megalopolis. The Sprawl is a visualization of a future where virtually the entire East Coast of the United States, from Boston to Atlanta, has melded into a single mass of urban sprawl.[18] It has been enclosed in several geodesic domes and merged into one megacity. The city has become a separate world with its own climate, no real night/day cycle, and an artificial sky that is always grey.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Defining U.S. Megaregions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/rpa-org/pdfs/2050-Paper-Defining-US-Megaregions.pdf"},{"link_name":"America 2050","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_2050"},{"link_name":"America 2050","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_2050"},{"link_name":"America 2050","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_2050"},{"link_name":"\"Megaregions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170516142109/http://www.america2050.org/megaregions.html"},{"link_name":"America 2050","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_2050"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.america2050.org/megaregions.html"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"America 2050","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_2050"}],"text":"Hagler, Yoav (November 2009). \"Defining U.S. Megaregions\" (PDF). America 2050. Retrieved February 19, 2022 – via RPA.org. This work, while dated, is from Associate Planner Yoav Hagler of America 2050, and while not used as a source in this article, is one of the most focused articles available on the American aspects of the title subject. It includes history, methodology, and statistical and other criteria sections, and identifies the U.S. megaregions as of its publication date.America 2050 Staff (February 19, 2022). \"Megaregions\". America 2050. Archived from the original (homepage) on May 16, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2022 – via RPA.org.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Starting point for access to articles from the America 2050 effort, while it was active. Note, an earlier cited article by Matt Taylor, on urban transit issues, appears among the works linked at this home page.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"A satellite image of the Pearl River Delta area in China","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/2014_NASA_Earth_Observatory_image_of_Pearl_River_Delta.jpg/220px-2014_NASA_Earth_Observatory_image_of_Pearl_River_Delta.jpg"},{"image_text":"Northeast megalopolis (United States) (top) and Taiheiyō Belt (Japan) (bottom)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Megalopolis.png/220px-Megalopolis.png"}]
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[{"title":"Arcology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcology"},{"title":"Conurbation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation"},{"title":"Ecumenopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenopolis"},{"title":"Ekistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekistics"},{"title":"Hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(place)"},{"title":"Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"title":"Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town"},{"title":"City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City"},{"title":"Metropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis"},{"title":"Classification of inhabited localities in Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"title":"Global city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_city"},{"title":"Merger (politics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merger_(politics)"},{"title":"Transborder agglomeration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transborder_agglomeration"},{"title":"Urban area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area"},{"title":"Exurban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exurb"},{"title":"Rural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_area"},{"title":"Suburban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburb"},{"title":"Urban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area"}]
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[{"reference":"Hagler, Yoav (November 2009). \"Defining U.S. Megaregions\" (PDF). America 2050. Retrieved February 19, 2022 – via RPA.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/rpa-org/pdfs/2050-Paper-Defining-US-Megaregions.pdf","url_text":"\"Defining U.S. Megaregions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_2050","url_text":"America 2050"}]},{"reference":"America 2050 Staff (February 19, 2022). \"Megaregions\". America 2050. Archived from the original (homepage) on May 16, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2022 – via RPA.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_2050","url_text":"America 2050"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170516142109/http://www.america2050.org/megaregions.html","url_text":"\"Megaregions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_2050","url_text":"America 2050"},{"url":"http://www.america2050.org/megaregions.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fielder, W. & Feeney, Georgiana (1976). Inquiring about Cities. New York, N.Y.: Holt, Rinehart and Winston (Georg Von Holtzbrinck/Holt). pp. 193, 299. ISBN 9780030897849. Retrieved June 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Vk7CYxsb8jcC","url_text":"Inquiring about Cities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780030897849","url_text":"9780030897849"}]},{"reference":"Hagler, Yoav (November 2009). \"Defining U.S. Megaregions\" (PDF). America 2050. Retrieved February 19, 2022 – via RPA.org. As metropolitan regions continued to expand throughout the second half of the 20th century their boundaries began to blur, creating a new scale of geography now known as the megaregion. Interlocking economic systems, shared natural resources and ecosystems, and common transportation systems link these... The challenge of identifying... emerging regions has been undertaken... The most recent iteration... has been developed by Regional Plan Association (RPA) in partnership with the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Eleven such megaregions have been identified... that would make cooperative integrated planning advantageous... Th[e] tradition of geographers and planners attempting to enhance the value of geographic definitions to meet the needs of new generations continued with the first identification of a scale larger than the metro regions by French geographer Jean Gottmann in his 1961 book Megalopolis. This \"Megalopolis\" referred specifically to the Northeastern United States ... Regional Plan Association also identified this emerging Northeast Megaregion in the 1960s.","urls":[{"url":"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/rpa-org/pdfs/2050-Paper-Defining-US-Megaregions.pdf","url_text":"\"Defining U.S. Megaregions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_2050","url_text":"America 2050"}]},{"reference":"Caves, R.W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge (Informa/Taylor & Francis. p. 456. ISBN 9780415252256.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informa","url_text":"Informa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis","url_text":"Taylor & Francis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415252256","url_text":"9780415252256"}]},{"reference":"\"Who's Your City?: What Is a Megaregion?\". March 19, 2008. Archived from the original on June 12, 2010. Retrieved October 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100612093053/http://www.bnet.com/2403-13070_23-192951.html","url_text":"\"Who's Your City?: What Is a Megaregion?\""},{"url":"http://www.bnet.com/2403-13070_23-192951.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gottmann, Jean (1989). Since Megalopolis. The Urban Writings of Jean Gottmann. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 163.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Cities: Capital for the New Megalopolis\". Time. November 4, 1966. Archived from the original on August 27, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130827193412/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,842940,00.html","url_text":"\"Cities: Capital for the New Megalopolis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,842940,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". America 2050. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006060844/http://www.america2050.org/about.html","url_text":"\"About Us\""},{"url":"http://www.america2050.org/about.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Beyond Megalopolis: Exploring America's New \"Megapolitan\" Geography\" (PDF). July 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 27, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090327033216/http://www.mi.vt.edu/uploads/megacensusreport.pdf","url_text":"\"Beyond Megalopolis: Exploring America's New \"Megapolitan\" Geography\""},{"url":"http://www.mi.vt.edu/uploads/megacensusreport.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"America 2040: The Rise of the Megapolitans\" (PDF). January 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 24, 2013. Retrieved January 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/handy/ESP171/Readings2/Megapolitans.pdf","url_text":"\"America 2040: The Rise of the Megapolitans\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130724065051/http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/handy/ESP171/Readings2/Megapolitans.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tremble, Sam (May 30, 2007). \"Fumbling Toward Portland\". Philadelphia City Paper. Archived from the original on July 7, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090707005527/http://www.citypaper.net/articles/2007/05/31/fumbling-toward-portland","url_text":"\"Fumbling Toward Portland\""},{"url":"http://www.citypaper.net/articles/2007/05/31/fumbling-toward-portland","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"许学强 (XU Xueqiang) 周一星 (ZHOU Yixing) 宁越敏(NING Yuemin) (2009). 城市地理学 [Urban Geography] (in Chinese (China)) (第二版 (2nd ed.) ed.). 高等教育出版社. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-7-04-025539-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-04-025539-3","url_text":"978-7-04-025539-3"}]},{"reference":"\"国家发展改革委关于培育发展现代化都市圈的指导意见\" [Guidelines on the Cultivation and Development of Modern Metropolitan Areas] (in Chinese (China)). National Development and Reform Commission. February 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/tz/201902/t20190221_962397.html","url_text":"\"国家发展改革委关于培育发展现代化都市圈的指导意见\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission","url_text":"National Development and Reform Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"城市群\" [city cluster]. Termonline. 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.termonline.cn/word/1275259265472282635/1#s1","url_text":"\"城市群\""}]},{"reference":"\"城市群\" [city cluster]. Termonline. 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.termonline.cn/word/1401822220099047427/1#s1","url_text":"\"城市群\""}]},{"reference":"Markoff, John (November 25, 1990). \"Ideas & Trends; Art Invents A Jarring New World From Technology\". The New York Times. Retrieved July 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE7D8133FF936A15752C1A966958260","url_text":"\"Ideas & Trends; Art Invents A Jarring New World From Technology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 revision\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WUP2005/2005WUP_DataTables11.pdf","url_text":"\"World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 revision\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_and_Art
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Nature and Art
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["1 Plot","2 References","3 External links"]
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Nature and Art is the second novel written by English actress, playwright, and novelist Elizabeth Inchbald. First published in 1796, Inchbald's two-volume novel considers the influence of education, social conventions, gender conditioning, and privilege on human behavior.
Nature and Art is a satirical fable published in 1796, which is told in the third person narrative. It consists of forty seven chapters, each one is between two and five pages long. It tells the story of two successive generations, and the corrupting effects of the social system in place at the time. It is quite a blunt, rather than subtle, attack on the societal structure, along with a critical reflection on a woman's place in society at that time. Throughout the story Elizabeth Inchbald analyses the effect of education, power and privileges has on human behaviour.
Some characters are brothers William and Henry Norwynne, as well as their sons, also named William and Henry.
Considered a Jacobin novel, Nature and Art traces the connections between the character's personal experiences and larger structures of institutional oppression. Notably, Nature and Art is an early example of a Romantic era novel with a title of paired opposites, like to the later novel Sense and Sensibility (1811) by Jane Austen.
Plot
The story begins with two brothers William (Elder) and Henry, as they leave their native town and travel to London, following the death of their father, a country shopkeeper. Both brothers are under twenty years old, and hope to acquire a living in London. It would appear they are not financially secure as 'through death, their father escaped his creditors'. As they travel Henry weeps, while William does his best to suppress tears. They arrive in London and soon find every attempt to secure employment is met with obstacles. However, there is one thing Henry can do, which is to play the fiddle. Once this becomes known, Henry is invited into company that enables his advancement. He is overjoyed, but also unable to fully enjoy his situation while his brother has not secured a living. Henry offers to teach William to play the violin, but his offer is vehemently refused by his brother. They both agree that he William is much more adept to learning academia than music, so Henry suggests William should go to one of the universities to study.
William manages to attend university with the help and support of Henry, who has sustained a good living through his violin playing. Henry continues to mix with those in wealthy upper-class circles, and through enjoyment of his playing by one man, he manages to secure a living of five hundred pounds for his brother on the man's death. William succeeds in his studies, obtaining the orders of dean and priest. By now the wealthy man has died and William wastes no time returning to take possession of this good fortune. On seeing his brother dressed up in his orders attire, Henry cries tears of pride and joy. However, being the elder, a man of literature, William feels contempt at being obliged to a younger illiterate sibling, and is unable to show gratitude towards Henry. This also makes William feel contempt for his own ingratitude. As Henry's fame and position increases, William seeks advancement within the church. Once he secures position of dean, William begins to insult Henry for his 'useless occupation', highlighting the shame it brings on him in his position of dean. No longer feeling worthy of his brother's company, Henry decides to marry in the hope of finding a companion and friend better suited to his own position.
Henry does find a wife, when William hears and discovers she is a singer, they argue. William refuses to accept Henry's wife, or introduce her to his own wife Lady Clementina. The brothers are estranged for over a year, when William hears of the death of Henry's wife. Unsure of how he should conduct himself, William seeks the advice of his wife, who informs him, with Henry being the inferior, it should be Henry alone to be the first to seek reconciliation. At first William agrees, however constant exposure to Lady Clementina's vanity and selfishness, causes him to reflect on his previous behaviour, and he proceeds to seek Henry out. He finds that Henry has in fact left England for Africa, with his son, following the death of his wife. Time passes, and William and his wife have a child, a boy also named William, who is doted on by his father and educated in the manner equal to his high position in society.
When William Jnr reaches the age of thirteen, a sailor arrives at their home, along with a young boy. A letter is handed to William Snr, from his brother Henry. In the letter Henry explains how after a fall he was unable to play or entertain, which resulted in him losing most of his friends. Through feelings of shame, he was unable to seek out his brother, and decided to travel, hoping to secure a fortune again. Instead, the natives of the island they travelled to, after hearing him play the violin, have held him and his son, also named Henry, captive for years. His hand has again become weak, fearful he may not be able to play for much longer, which could put his son in danger, he has managed, with help, to secure safe passage to England for the boy. He asks William for forgiveness, requesting that William let the boy live with him, and to blame any ignorance they find the boy has on his teachings. William Snr reaction to the boy is a show of instant affection and acceptance. At first his wife behaves rather aloofly, until she considers how the public will respond. She decides to treat Henry Jnr as her own son, for it will excite her friends and she will be viewed as heroic, making her enemies jealous. For William Jnr, he is not jealous of Henry, instead he looks forward to his new cousin being surprised and in awe of William Jnr's superiority. While for Henry, he at first takes William Snr to be a little man, given his attitude and demeanour, until he is convince William Jnr and himself are of similar age.
Living with his uncle Henry learns to read, and his exposed to the social norms. He is inquisitive, his questioning highlights the contradictions with the society he find himself. At first he holds a contempt for finery, until the high value of Lady Clementina's Jewels is explained to him. He comes to respect a pair of earrings as much as Lady Clementina. Later, when his uncle is angered by the coachman, and dismisses him, Henry questioned why this would be punishment, for the man has had to wait for hours in the cold and rain. His uncle explains how in society the poor are born to serve the rich, if they decide not to serve, they will starve. Those that do serve will be rewarded in the world after death, where everyone is equal. Henry questions why this world cannot be as good, his uncle answered that 'god has made it so'. Henry also confuses words and their correct meaning, such as compliments for lies, reserve for pride and war or battle for massacre, which irritate his new family. However they put it down to his lack of education and disposition.
The relationship between William Snr and Lady Clementina is one in which she does and dresses as she pleases, without comment or control from her husband, giving the impression in public of a perfect union, but it is this way, as her husband cares nothing for her. The boys grow, William Jnr inherits all his father's pride and ambition, while Henry all his father's humility. Yet Henry believes he has more pride than William Jnr as he will never be able to stoop or act contrary to his feelings, while his cousin gives up his opinion in the face of anyone superior, regardless if they are right. For William Jnr, Henry will never become a great man because of it. There attitudes to the opposite sex are also different, William Jnr is extremely attentive, while Henry admires and feel affection for them from a distance.
When the boys are twenty, William Snr purchases a small estate in a village, near Lord and Lady Bendham. William Jnr becomes attracted to a local girl Agnes, wanting her to become his mistress, while Henry feels a tender regard for the daughter of the village curate Rebecca. William Jnr admires Agnes's beauty, enjoys her company, and they meet in secret. Within a few weeks Agnes has fallen in love with William, admiring his superiority, while William declares his love, he constantly attempts to seduce Agnes into having sex with him, claiming it would prove her true feelings of love for him. Throughout their affair William makes no promises of marriage, or security, however, Agnes eventually gives into Williams seduction. When he leaves at the end of the summer, Agnes falls into a depression, from his cold farewell and guilt from losing her virtue. For Rebecca, she is amazed at first by the attention given to her by Henry. Considered the less attractive of four older sisters she is not used to it. Henry is moved by her quiet unassuming personality, and they begin spending time together, when Henry leaves, Rebecca feels sorrow. Through separation Henry's love for Rebecca increases, while Williams passion for Agnes declines.
William later receives a proposal from his father of marriage to a dependent niece of Lady Bendham, Miss Sedgeley. At first William is disgusted by the prospect, however, once his father explains the great connections and patronage the union will bring, William becomes more interested and eager for the proposal. Determined to force away any remaining affections for Agnes, instead he looks down on her weakness in scorn. Miss Sedgeley's reacts to the proposal of marriage in a similar manner, that it will be an ‘unpleasant home'. Given her position she has no other option but to agree to the union. However, she resolves to ‘make a bad wife, not caring a pin for her husband, and will dress and visit as she pleases. The marriage is kept a secret and the families return to the village the following summer. Henry and Rebecca both experience joy at their reunion, while William and Agnes, are uneasy in on another's company. Agnes's tears and sobs instead of caresses annoy William and he storms off, promising never to see her again. Still Agnes hopes after reflection he will turn up the following night, and she waits, but he does not appear. She writes to him, pleading to see him one more time, to which he response sharply he will keep his word of never seeing her again.
A month passes, one morning Henry is walking through the woods, when he hears a groan, through the mist he sees the figure of a female, who runs away. He spots a new born baby boy left on the ground, covering the baby, decides to bring it to Rebecca. While walking he notices a cord around the baby's neck, realising that the parent had considered killing the baby, before leaving it in the wood. Explaining to Rebecca how he found the baby, they decide to hide it at Rebecca's, so it will not be taken, or the mother prosecuted. The mother of the child is Agnes, believing the baby to be dead, by her hand, she is tormented. Rebecca manages to hide the baby for weeks, until her father and sisters find out. They assume the child is Rebecca, and regardless of her denials threaten to throw her out, unless she confesses who the father is. After much interrogation and threats, Rebecca reluctantly names Henry as the father. Rebecca's father immediately leaves for William Snr house, where he relays the news of Henry's sinful conduct, to William Snr. He is astonished at the news and calls for William, who reacts in the same horrified manner, forgetting his own seduction of Agnes. They call for Henry, who immediately denies Rebecca is the mother, declaring her virtuous, and proceeds to tell the truth of finding the baby. Rebecca is brought to the house, admits to declaring herself mother and Henry father to the baby. She is made to swear of the admission on the bible. Henry, not wanting Rebecca to confess a lie, stops them, asking to marry Rebecca. It is seen by William Snr as an admission of guilt, as punishment for the seduction then lying about it, Henry is banished from his uncle's house.
The wedding between William Jnr and Miss Sedgeley goes ahead as planned. Agnes still believing she has murdered her baby, and tormented by her lost love, decides to end her life, and returns to the wood. Just as she is about to go through with it, Henry appears. She finds out her baby is still alive, admits to Henry the baby is hers and Williams Jnr. She agrees to clear Rebecca's name and is brought before William Snr and others. Here she admits she is the true mother, but refuses to name of the father. Threatened with court where she would likely be made to declare the father, she requests to talk to William Snr in private. He agrees after she explains it involves his family, then in private she admits his son is the father. William Snr gives Agnes the choice of giving up the baby, which will be taken care of, in exchange she may be taken care of, alternatively if she insists on keeping the child, she can expect no help. Agnes decides to keep the child. She returns to her parents’ house, but the reaction of others and the shame brought on her family, she leaves. Henry tries to get William to help Agnes financially, but he refuses. Now that Rebecca and Henry's innocence has been proven, William Snr forbids Henry to marry Rebecca, he is also refused entry to Rebecca's father's house at insistence of his uncle. As he is of age Henry decides to look for his father, to find out what has happened to him. He secures passage and informs his uncle of his decision. He is given money to help him on his way, but his uncle does not expect he will be looking for further financial aid. Before leaving Henry writes to Rebecca declaring his love, and that he will return for her one day.
Agnes tries to find work to support herself and child but is turned away by most. She manages to secure work on a farm, but the work is hard. Years passed and her boy grows, reminding her at times of his father, one difference is that the boy loves his mother, and is extremely attached to her. Her employer dies, and Agnes once again finds herself looking for work. Unable to secure anything she ends up travelling to London, where she eventually secures a position as servant in kitchen. Unfortunately, her mistress pays her only half the wages she should, She is also continually dissatisfied, that the workers live under a constant fear of dismissal. Eventually Agnes find herself unemployed again. She works in various places, unable to secure a more permanent position, and ends up working in a brothel. Later she finds herself working the streets, and falls in with a criminal gang, getting involved in forged bills. She is caught, arrested and brought to jail awaiting trial. In the meanwhile, William Snr has advanced his position to bishop, and William Jnr has become a judge. However William Jnr's riches do not equate to happiness, he is in a loveless marriage, and has no children.
Agnes find herself in court with William Jnr as her judge, he fails to recognise the girl he previous seduced. He finds her guilty and sentences her to death. Days after her execution, William Jnr comes across an article in the paper about Agnes, with details of her dying words. In this she explains the circumstances of her downfall, and is accepting of her judgement. The article also tells how Agnes, the condemned woman, wrote to the judge who had given the death sentence, requesting his protection of her son. William realises the women is Agnes and that the boy is his son. He sends for the boy to be brought to him, but finds out that boy, sick and pinning for his mother since her execution, has died.
Nineteen years pass, when Henry Snr and Henry Jnr finally arrive back in England, after a difficult journey, fraught with delays through shipwreck, imprisonment and illness. Henry Jnr is fearful whether his love Rebecca is alive or not, while his father's hoping that his brother William Snr, will receive them with kindness, and not with a reserved manner. They travel to an inn a few miles from William Snr's palace, to await a response from a letter they had sent previous. There is no reply, leaving Henry Snr sad, thinking that his brother means to renounce them. Henry persuades his father to travel to the village, where he is hoping Rebecca still lives. Leaving the inn, they pass by the huge palace of William Snr, and Henry Snr is in owe at the splendour of it all. They hear the funeral bell toll from the church, on approaching the funeral, realise it is William Snr who is dead. There seems to be no sorrow at the passing of the bishop, local refer to him as a mean man, who never done anything for the poor. They discover Lady Clementina is dead four years, from catching a cold while wearing skimpy fashionable dress. That William Jnr has no children, and his wife had an affair, breaking up the marriage and is now married to that man. Henry Snr feels that his brother (the bishop), and his family have not conducted themselves very well. They leave without visiting William Jnr.
They Arrive in village, Henry Jnr notices changes, with some new house, while old ones are in ruins. In the church yard they find Rebecca's father's grave. It is there they meet into Rebecca's oldest sister, and discover they still live in the village, in a small cottage. On finally seeing Rebecca, Henry sees she is still the same, and has the same mind, and his affections for Rebecca have not changed. They hear of Agnes's downfall, along with William Jnr's remorse and guilt. Henry and Rebecca marry, with his father they live in small home bordering the sea. There days are complete with fishing and living happily. While lamenting one night, Henry Jnr tells how he used to consider poverty a curse, however after associating with the rich and mixing with the poor, he has undergone a complete change of mind. They now enjoy more pleasure than rich.
References
^ Spencer, Jane (2004). "Inchbald, Elizabeth (1753-1821)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
^ Inchbald, Elizabeth (2005). Nature and Art. Ontario: Broadview. ISBN 978-1-55111-278-7.
^ Spencer Jane, The Review of English Studies. Vol 50, No 198, P208-213. JSTOR. wwwjstor.org/stable/518898.
^ Kelly, Gary (1976). The English Jacobin Novel, 1780-1805. Oxford: Clarendon. ISBN 0198120621.
^ Inchbald, Elizabeth, Nature and Art. Introduction by H.M, Serenity Publisher:2009.
External links
Nature and Art public domain audiobook at LibriVox
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
vteElizabeth InchbaldPlays
Appearance Is Against Them (1785)
I'll Tell You What (1785)
The Widow's Vow (1786)
Such Things Are (1787)
The Midnight Hour (1787)
All on a Summer's Day (1787)
Animal Magnetism (1788)
The Child of Nature (1788)
The Married Man (1789)
Next Door Neighbours (1791)
Cross Partners (1792)
Everyone Has His Fault (1793)
The Wedding Day (1794)
Wives as They Were and Maids as They Are (1797)
Lovers' Vows (1798)
The Wise Man of the East (1799)
To Marry or Not to Marry (1805)
Novels
A Simple Story (1791)
Nature and Art (1796)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jacobin novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobin_novel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Romantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"Sense and Sensibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_and_Sensibility"},{"link_name":"Jane Austen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Austen"}],"text":"Nature and Art is a satirical fable published in 1796, which is told in the third person narrative. It consists of forty seven chapters, each one is between two and five pages long. It tells the story of two successive generations, and the corrupting effects of the social system in place at the time. It is quite a blunt, rather than subtle, attack on the societal structure, along with a critical reflection on a woman's place in society at that time.[3] Throughout the story Elizabeth Inchbald analyses the effect of education, power and privileges has on human behaviour.Some characters are brothers William and Henry Norwynne, as well as their sons, also named William and Henry.Considered a Jacobin novel, Nature and Art traces the connections between the character's personal experiences and larger structures of institutional oppression.[4] Notably, Nature and Art is an early example of a Romantic era novel with a title of paired opposites, like to the later novel Sense and Sensibility (1811) by Jane Austen.","title":"Nature and Art"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The story begins with two brothers William (Elder) and Henry, as they leave their native town and travel to London, following the death of their father, a country shopkeeper. Both brothers are under twenty years old, and hope to acquire a living in London. It would appear they are not financially secure as 'through death, their father escaped his creditors'. As they travel Henry weeps, while William does his best to suppress tears. They arrive in London and soon find every attempt to secure employment is met with obstacles. However, there is one thing Henry can do, which is to play the fiddle. Once this becomes known, Henry is invited into company that enables his advancement. He is overjoyed, but also unable to fully enjoy his situation while his brother has not secured a living. Henry offers to teach William to play the violin, but his offer is vehemently refused by his brother. They both agree that he William is much more adept to learning academia than music, so Henry suggests William should go to one of the universities to study.William manages to attend university with the help and support of Henry, who has sustained a good living through his violin playing. Henry continues to mix with those in wealthy upper-class circles, and through enjoyment of his playing by one man, he manages to secure a living of five hundred pounds for his brother on the man's death. William succeeds in his studies, obtaining the orders of dean and priest. By now the wealthy man has died and William wastes no time returning to take possession of this good fortune. On seeing his brother dressed up in his orders attire, Henry cries tears of pride and joy. However, being the elder, a man of literature, William feels contempt at being obliged to a younger illiterate sibling, and is unable to show gratitude towards Henry. This also makes William feel contempt for his own ingratitude. As Henry's fame and position increases, William seeks advancement within the church. Once he secures position of dean, William begins to insult Henry for his 'useless occupation', highlighting the shame it brings on him in his position of dean. No longer feeling worthy of his brother's company, Henry decides to marry in the hope of finding a companion and friend better suited to his own position.Henry does find a wife, when William hears and discovers she is a singer, they argue. William refuses to accept Henry's wife, or introduce her to his own wife Lady Clementina. The brothers are estranged for over a year, when William hears of the death of Henry's wife. Unsure of how he should conduct himself, William seeks the advice of his wife, who informs him, with Henry being the inferior, it should be Henry alone to be the first to seek reconciliation. At first William agrees, however constant exposure to Lady Clementina's vanity and selfishness, causes him to reflect on his previous behaviour, and he proceeds to seek Henry out. He finds that Henry has in fact left England for Africa, with his son, following the death of his wife. Time passes, and William and his wife have a child, a boy also named William, who is doted on by his father and educated in the manner equal to his high position in society.When William Jnr reaches the age of thirteen, a sailor arrives at their home, along with a young boy. A letter is handed to William Snr, from his brother Henry. In the letter Henry explains how after a fall he was unable to play or entertain, which resulted in him losing most of his friends. Through feelings of shame, he was unable to seek out his brother, and decided to travel, hoping to secure a fortune again. Instead, the natives of the island they travelled to, after hearing him play the violin, have held him and his son, also named Henry, captive for years. His hand has again become weak, fearful he may not be able to play for much longer, which could put his son in danger, he has managed, with help, to secure safe passage to England for the boy. He asks William for forgiveness, requesting that William let the boy live with him, and to blame any ignorance they find the boy has on his teachings. William Snr reaction to the boy is a show of instant affection and acceptance. At first his wife behaves rather aloofly, until she considers how the public will respond. She decides to treat Henry Jnr as her own son, for it will excite her friends and she will be viewed as heroic, making her enemies jealous. For William Jnr, he is not jealous of Henry, instead he looks forward to his new cousin being surprised and in awe of William Jnr's superiority. While for Henry, he at first takes William Snr to be a little man, given his attitude and demeanour, until he is convince William Jnr and himself are of similar age.Living with his uncle Henry learns to read, and his exposed to the social norms. He is inquisitive, his questioning highlights the contradictions with the society he find himself. At first he holds a contempt for finery, until the high value of Lady Clementina's Jewels is explained to him. He comes to respect a pair of earrings as much as Lady Clementina. Later, when his uncle is angered by the coachman, and dismisses him, Henry questioned why this would be punishment, for the man has had to wait for hours in the cold and rain. His uncle explains how in society the poor are born to serve the rich, if they decide not to serve, they will starve. Those that do serve will be rewarded in the world after death, where everyone is equal. Henry questions why this world cannot be as good, his uncle answered that 'god has made it so'. Henry also confuses words and their correct meaning, such as compliments for lies, reserve for pride and war or battle for massacre, which irritate his new family. However they put it down to his lack of education and disposition.The relationship between William Snr and Lady Clementina is one in which she does and dresses as she pleases, without comment or control from her husband, giving the impression in public of a perfect union, but it is this way, as her husband cares nothing for her. The boys grow, William Jnr inherits all his father's pride and ambition, while Henry all his father's humility. Yet Henry believes he has more pride than William Jnr as he will never be able to stoop or act contrary to his feelings, while his cousin gives up his opinion in the face of anyone superior, regardless if they are right. For William Jnr, Henry will never become a great man because of it. There attitudes to the opposite sex are also different, William Jnr is extremely attentive, while Henry admires and feel affection for them from a distance.When the boys are twenty, William Snr purchases a small estate in a village, near Lord and Lady Bendham. William Jnr becomes attracted to a local girl Agnes, wanting her to become his mistress, while Henry feels a tender regard for the daughter of the village curate Rebecca. William Jnr admires Agnes's beauty, enjoys her company, and they meet in secret. Within a few weeks Agnes has fallen in love with William, admiring his superiority, while William declares his love, he constantly attempts to seduce Agnes into having sex with him, claiming it would prove her true feelings of love for him. Throughout their affair William makes no promises of marriage, or security, however, Agnes eventually gives into Williams seduction. When he leaves at the end of the summer, Agnes falls into a depression, from his cold farewell and guilt from losing her virtue. For Rebecca, she is amazed at first by the attention given to her by Henry. Considered the less attractive of four older sisters she is not used to it. Henry is moved by her quiet unassuming personality, and they begin spending time together, when Henry leaves, Rebecca feels sorrow. Through separation Henry's love for Rebecca increases, while Williams passion for Agnes declines.William later receives a proposal from his father of marriage to a dependent niece of Lady Bendham, Miss Sedgeley. At first William is disgusted by the prospect, however, once his father explains the great connections and patronage the union will bring, William becomes more interested and eager for the proposal. Determined to force away any remaining affections for Agnes, instead he looks down on her weakness in scorn. Miss Sedgeley's reacts to the proposal of marriage in a similar manner, that it will be an ‘unpleasant home'. Given her position she has no other option but to agree to the union. However, she resolves to ‘make a bad wife, not caring a pin for her husband, and will dress and visit as she pleases. The marriage is kept a secret and the families return to the village the following summer. Henry and Rebecca both experience joy at their reunion, while William and Agnes, are uneasy in on another's company. Agnes's tears and sobs instead of caresses annoy William and he storms off, promising never to see her again. Still Agnes hopes after reflection he will turn up the following night, and she waits, but he does not appear. She writes to him, pleading to see him one more time, to which he response sharply he will keep his word of never seeing her again.A month passes, one morning Henry is walking through the woods, when he hears a groan, through the mist he sees the figure of a female, who runs away. He spots a new born baby boy left on the ground, covering the baby, decides to bring it to Rebecca. While walking he notices a cord around the baby's neck, realising that the parent had considered killing the baby, before leaving it in the wood. Explaining to Rebecca how he found the baby, they decide to hide it at Rebecca's, so it will not be taken, or the mother prosecuted. The mother of the child is Agnes, believing the baby to be dead, by her hand, she is tormented. Rebecca manages to hide the baby for weeks, until her father and sisters find out. They assume the child is Rebecca, and regardless of her denials threaten to throw her out, unless she confesses who the father is. After much interrogation and threats, Rebecca reluctantly names Henry as the father. Rebecca's father immediately leaves for William Snr house, where he relays the news of Henry's sinful conduct, to William Snr. He is astonished at the news and calls for William, who reacts in the same horrified manner, forgetting his own seduction of Agnes. They call for Henry, who immediately denies Rebecca is the mother, declaring her virtuous, and proceeds to tell the truth of finding the baby. Rebecca is brought to the house, admits to declaring herself mother and Henry father to the baby. She is made to swear of the admission on the bible. Henry, not wanting Rebecca to confess a lie, stops them, asking to marry Rebecca. It is seen by William Snr as an admission of guilt, as punishment for the seduction then lying about it, Henry is banished from his uncle's house.The wedding between William Jnr and Miss Sedgeley goes ahead as planned. Agnes still believing she has murdered her baby, and tormented by her lost love, decides to end her life, and returns to the wood. Just as she is about to go through with it, Henry appears. She finds out her baby is still alive, admits to Henry the baby is hers and Williams Jnr. She agrees to clear Rebecca's name and is brought before William Snr and others. Here she admits she is the true mother, but refuses to name of the father. Threatened with court where she would likely be made to declare the father, she requests to talk to William Snr in private. He agrees after she explains it involves his family, then in private she admits his son is the father. William Snr gives Agnes the choice of giving up the baby, which will be taken care of, in exchange she may be taken care of, alternatively if she insists on keeping the child, she can expect no help. Agnes decides to keep the child. She returns to her parents’ house, but the reaction of others and the shame brought on her family, she leaves. Henry tries to get William to help Agnes financially, but he refuses. Now that Rebecca and Henry's innocence has been proven, William Snr forbids Henry to marry Rebecca, he is also refused entry to Rebecca's father's house at insistence of his uncle. As he is of age Henry decides to look for his father, to find out what has happened to him. He secures passage and informs his uncle of his decision. He is given money to help him on his way, but his uncle does not expect he will be looking for further financial aid. Before leaving Henry writes to Rebecca declaring his love, and that he will return for her one day.Agnes tries to find work to support herself and child but is turned away by most. She manages to secure work on a farm, but the work is hard. Years passed and her boy grows, reminding her at times of his father, one difference is that the boy loves his mother, and is extremely attached to her. Her employer dies, and Agnes once again finds herself looking for work. Unable to secure anything she ends up travelling to London, where she eventually secures a position as servant in kitchen. Unfortunately, her mistress pays her only half the wages she should, She is also continually dissatisfied, that the workers live under a constant fear of dismissal. Eventually Agnes find herself unemployed again. She works in various places, unable to secure a more permanent position, and ends up working in a brothel. Later she finds herself working the streets, and falls in with a criminal gang, getting involved in forged bills. She is caught, arrested and brought to jail awaiting trial. In the meanwhile, William Snr has advanced his position to bishop, and William Jnr has become a judge. However William Jnr's riches do not equate to happiness, he is in a loveless marriage, and has no children.Agnes find herself in court with William Jnr as her judge, he fails to recognise the girl he previous seduced. He finds her guilty and sentences her to death. Days after her execution, William Jnr comes across an article in the paper about Agnes, with details of her dying words. In this she explains the circumstances of her downfall, and is accepting of her judgement. The article also tells how Agnes, the condemned woman, wrote to the judge who had given the death sentence, requesting his protection of her son. William realises the women is Agnes and that the boy is his son. He sends for the boy to be brought to him, but finds out that boy, sick and pinning for his mother since her execution, has died.Nineteen years pass, when Henry Snr and Henry Jnr finally arrive back in England, after a difficult journey, fraught with delays through shipwreck, imprisonment and illness. Henry Jnr is fearful whether his love Rebecca is alive or not, while his father's hoping that his brother William Snr, will receive them with kindness, and not with a reserved manner. They travel to an inn a few miles from William Snr's palace, to await a response from a letter they had sent previous. There is no reply, leaving Henry Snr sad, thinking that his brother means to renounce them. Henry persuades his father to travel to the village, where he is hoping Rebecca still lives. Leaving the inn, they pass by the huge palace of William Snr, and Henry Snr is in owe at the splendour of it all. They hear the funeral bell toll from the church, on approaching the funeral, realise it is William Snr who is dead. There seems to be no sorrow at the passing of the bishop, local refer to him as a mean man, who never done anything for the poor. They discover Lady Clementina is dead four years, from catching a cold while wearing skimpy fashionable dress. That William Jnr has no children, and his wife had an affair, breaking up the marriage and is now married to that man. Henry Snr feels that his brother (the bishop), and his family have not conducted themselves very well. They leave without visiting William Jnr.They Arrive in village, Henry Jnr notices changes, with some new house, while old ones are in ruins. In the church yard they find Rebecca's father's grave. It is there they meet into Rebecca's oldest sister, and discover they still live in the village, in a small cottage. On finally seeing Rebecca, Henry sees she is still the same, and has the same mind, and his affections for Rebecca have not changed. They hear of Agnes's downfall, along with William Jnr's remorse and guilt. Henry and Rebecca marry, with his father they live in small home bordering the sea. There days are complete with fishing and living happily. While lamenting one night, Henry Jnr tells how he used to consider poverty a curse, however after associating with the rich and mixing with the poor, he has undergone a complete change of mind. They now enjoy more pleasure than rich.[5]","title":"Plot"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Forten
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James Forten
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["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Marriage and family","4 Public activism","5 Death","6 Legacy and honors","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]
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African-American abolitionist (1766–1842)
James Fortenportrait of James Forten, c. 1834, probably by Robert Douglass Jr.Born(1766-09-02)September 2, 1766Philadelphia, Province of Pennsylvania, British AmericaDiedMarch 4, 1842(1842-03-04) (aged 75)Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.Occupation(s)Sailor, sailmaker, merchant, investor, businessman, landlord, essayist, abolitionistSpouses
Martha Beatty
Charlotte Vandine
Children9, including Margaretta, Harriet, and SarahRelativesRobert Purvis (son-in-law) Charlotte Forten Grimké (granddaughter)Charles Burleigh Purvis (grandson) Harriet Purvis Jr. (granddaughter)William B. Purvis (grandson)
James Forten (September 2, 1766 – March 4, 1842) was an American abolitionist and businessman in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A free-born African American, he became a sailmaker after the American Revolutionary War. Following an apprenticeship, he became the foreman and bought the sail loft when his boss retired. Based on equipment he himself had developed, he established a highly profitable business. It was located on the busy waterfront of the Delaware River, in an area now called Penn's Landing.
James Forten used his wealth and social standing to work for civil rights for African Americans in both the city and nationwide. Beginning in 1817, he opposed the colonization movements, particularly that of the American Colonization Society. He affirmed African Americans' claim to a stake in the United States of America. He persuaded William Lloyd Garrison to adopt an anti-colonization position and helped fund his newspaper The Liberator (1831–1865), frequently publishing letters on public issues. He became vice-president of the biracial American Anti-Slavery Society, founded in 1833, and worked for national abolition of slavery. His large family was also devoted to these causes, and two daughters married the Purvis brothers, who used their wealth as leaders for abolition.
Early life and education
James Forten was born free on September 2, 1766, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, one of two children of Thomas and Margaret Forten; a Philadelphia sailmaker, Thomas Forten was the grandson of a slave who had "freed himself."
However, Thomas Forten died young (possibly because of falling from a high place), and his son James started to work at the age of seven to help his mother and sister. At first he was a chimney sweep, later becoming a grocery-store clerk. He also attended the African School, run by Quaker abolitionist Anthony Benezet, who founded it to educate black children free of charge. His mother insisted that he continue in school, but by the age of nine, Forten had left school to work full-time. His early years of work became a measure for progress in his life and career.
At the age of 14, during the Revolutionary War, Forten served on the privateer Royal Louis, commanded by Captain Stephen Decatur Sr. The Royal Louis was captured by a Royal Navy warship. Captain John Beazley, who had captured the privateer, was impressed with Forten. Forten recalled that Beazley offered Forten the opportunity to be educated in Great Britain with his son, Henry, but Forten replied, "I have been taken prisoner for the liberties of my country, and never will prove a traitor to her interest." Beazley instead saw to it that he was treated as a prisoner of war along with the rest of the crew of the Royal Louis.
The prisoners were all transported to HMS Jersey, then moored in Wallabout Bay, later the site of the Brooklyn Navy Yard.
Forten was fortunate as he was exchanged after seven months' imprisonment. He was released on parole after giving a promise not to fight in the war. He walked from Brooklyn to Philadelphia to return to his mother and sister. He signed up on a merchant ship, which sailed to England. He lived and worked there for more than a year in a London shipyard.
When Forten returned to Philadelphia in 1790, he became apprenticed to sail-maker Robert Bridges, his father's former employer and a family friend. Forten learned quickly in the sail loft. This was where the large ship sails were cut and sewn. Before long, the young man was promoted to foreman.
Career
At Bridges' retirement in 1798, Forten bought the sail loft. By developing a tool to help maneuver the large sails, by 1810, Forten had built up one of the most successful sail lofts in Philadelphia. He created the conditions he worked for in society, employing both black and white workers. Because of his business acumen, Forten became one of the wealthiest Philadelphians in the city, black or white.
Marriage and family
James Forten married twice: his first wife, Martha Beatte (or Beatty) of Darby Township, Delaware County, died after only a few months of marriage (1804). In 1806, he married Charlotte Vandine (1785-1884). James and Charlotte Forten had nine children: Robert Bridges Forten, Margaretta, Harriet, Sarah Louisa, Charlotta, William Deas, Mary Theresa, Thomas Willing Francis, and James Jr. Robert and James Jr. succeeded their father in the family sail-making business.
The children grew up in and committed to the abolition movement. Robert, named for his father's former boss and mentor, was a vigorous anti-slavery activist. William studied at the abolitionist Oneida Institute. Sisters Harriet and Sarah Louisa married the prominent abolitionist brothers Robert Purvis and Joseph Purvis, respectively. Educated at Amherst College, they were sons of a British immigrant and his wife, a free woman of color. They used their great wealth in lives of public service. Margaretta was a lifelong educator and became an officer of the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society in 1845.
The Fortens' granddaughter Charlotte Forten Grimké became a poet, diarist and educator. Her diary from teaching men who were free and their children in the South after the Civil War became well known; it was republished in scholarly editions in the 1980s.
Public activism
Having become well established, in his 40s Forten devoted both time and money to working for the national abolition of slavery and gaining civil rights for blacks. They were severely discriminated against in Pennsylvania and the North, and generally could not vote or serve on juries. He felt a sense of obligation to work on these issues of his community. "...in 1801, he was among the signers of a petition to the U.S. Congress calling for the abolition of the slave trade and the modification of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793."
In 1813 he wrote a pamphlet called Letters From A Man of Colour, published anonymously. (See External links below.) (Many people knew he had written it.) He denounced a bill under consideration in the Pennsylvania legislature that required all black emigrants to Pennsylvania to be registered with the state, and protested treating free blacks any differently than whites. Some legislators were worried about the number of free blacks who migrated into the state, competing with white laborers. In addition, they knew fugitive slaves often used Pennsylvania as a destination or byway to other free areas, as it was bordered by slave states to the south.
Forten believed the bill was a step backward for black Pennsylvanians. In his "Letters," Forten argued that the bill would violate the rights of any free blacks entering the state and set the people apart as somehow not equal to whites. Forten wanted the many respectable citizens of the black community to be recognized and valued. In the end, the bill was not passed, and James Forten became known for his succinct and passionate pamphlet.
In the early 19th century, some black and white Americans supported movements to "resettle" free blacks on the African continent, in Canada, or in Haiti, which achieved independence from France in 1804. In the late 18th century, the British had founded Freetown as a colony in present-day Sierra Leone, for the resettlement of Black Britons from London, together with those Black Loyalists who wanted to leave Nova Scotia. During the American Revolutionary War, the Crown had offered freedom to slaves who left Patriot masters. The British evacuated thousands of freed slaves along with their troops, and resettled more than 3,000 Black Loyalists in Nova Scotia, where it granted land. Others went to London or the West Indies.
The American Colonization Society (ACS) was formed in December 1816, organized to found the colony of Liberia in West Africa for a similar purpose. It offered to help blacks to go there voluntarily, with provisions of aid for supplies, housing and other materials. Made up of abolitionists, slaveholders, and missionaries, its members supported voluntary relocation of free blacks and newly freed slaves to Africa, to solve the "problem" of blacks in American society. In the first two decades after the Revolution, the number of free blacks rose significantly, due both to wholesale abolition of slavery in the North, as well as an increase in manumissions in the South by men moved by revolutionary ideals. In some areas, the new competition for social resources resulted in a rise in racial discrimination against free blacks. Southerners wanted to remove free blacks from their region, as they believed the free people destabilized slavery. Northerners thought a new colony might give the blacks more independence and a chance to create their own society. The proposal was also supported by clergy who expected the black Americans to evangelize Christianity to Africans. News about the organization, especially racist remarks by such leaders as Henry Clay of Kentucky, a national politician, raised fears among many free blacks that the ACS proposed to deport them wholesale to Africa.
Forten had supported Paul Cuffee, a Boston shipbuilder, who in 1815 transported 38 free blacks to Sierra Leone, with the idea they could make a better life where not impeded by white racism. He was well aware of continuing problems due to harsh discrimination against blacks in the United States.
To address community concerns and discuss the potential for colonization, James Forten worked with Bishop Richard Allen of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first independent black denomination in the United States; Absalom Jones, and James Gloucester to organize a meeting on this topic in Philadelphia. Their announced meeting in January 1817 at Bethel AME Church drew 3,000 attendees from Philadelphia. Hearing the strong views of this public forced a dramatic turning point for these leaders.
By this time, most free blacks and slaves had been born in the United States and claimed it as their own, with their own families. At the meeting, Forten called for a vote, asking who favored colonization. Not one man said yes. When he asked who was against it, the crowd resounded with "No!" that made the hall ring. All claimed the US as their own, and wanted to gain their full civil rights there as citizens. After that meeting, Forten and the ministers strongly opposed the ACS, and Forten later converted William Lloyd Garrison, a younger white abolitionist from Boston, against the colonization schemes. Following the January meeting, Forten helped draft a Resolution of the sense of the public, which he and other leaders sent to the Pennsylvania congressional delegation. In August they published a longer "Address to the Inhabitants of the City and County of Philadelphia," which attacked colonization.
He absorbed his community's arguments and noted that most American blacks had been in the United States for many generations and had claim to it as their land. Although the ACS advertised Liberia as a place of opportunity for free blacks, the colony struggled to survive and many colonists died of disease. There were risks of re-enslavement by illegal slave traders and smugglers. Relationships with the native Africans were not desirable.
After Haiti became established as an independent black republic in 1804, some Americans were interested in emigrating there. In the early 1820s, President Jean-Pierre Boyer united all the island of Hispaniola under Haitian control. He also gained official recognition for the nation from France for the first time, but at the cost of a high indemnity that crippled the country financially for generations. He appealed to American free blacks to immigrate there and help its development. Its independence raised many complex issues for free Blacks in the United States. Despite his support for the new nation, Forten was among important Black leaders who opposed immigration for Americans. He firmly believed that Blacks should be allowed to play an equal role in their land of the United States. He consistently said that it was far better for them to fight for an egalitarian US society rather than to flee the country.
Forten helped William Lloyd Garrison start up his newspaper, The Liberator, in 1831, supporting it financially. He frequently published letters in it, as "A Colored Man of Philadelphia." Garrison also wrote articles against colonization, describing the poor living conditions in Liberia. They wanted others to know that the ACS was not necessarily working in the best interest of black Americans.
James Forten gravestone in Eden Cemetery
According to his biographer Julie Winch:
By the 1830s, his was one of the most powerful African-American voices, not just for men and women of color in his native city, but for many thousands more throughout the North. He knew how to use the press and the speaker's podium. He knew about building alliances, when to back down and when to press forwards with his agenda. His rise to prominence, his understanding of the nature of power and authority, his determination to speak out and be heard are object lessons in the realities of community politics. Disfranchised he might have been, but voiceless he never was.
James Forten managed his sail loft and stayed active in the abolitionist movement until very late in his life, continuing to write for The Liberator. He died on March 4, 1842, at the age of 75 in Philadelphia. Thousands of people, both black and white, attended his funeral.
Death
He died on March 4, 1842, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and is interred at Eden Cemetery in Collingdale, Pennsylvania.
Legacy and honors
Bolden wrote of him: "When James Forten died, he left behind an exemplary family, a sizable fortune, and a legacy of philanthropy and activism that inspired generations of black Philadelphians."
In 2001, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed James Forten on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.
In February 2023, the Museum of the American Revolution in Philadelphia will open the first-ever museum exhibition dedicated to Forten's life and family, Black Founders: The Forten Family of Philadelphia.
See also
List of abolitionists
List of African-American abolitionists
Vigilant Association of Philadelphia
References
^ "Portrait of James Forten". Black Founders: The Free Black Community in the Early Republic. Library Company of Philadelphia. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
^ a b c d e f Winch, Julie, A Gentleman of Color: The Life of James Forten, New York: Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 16.
^ Zielinski, Adam E. (23 June 2023). "James Forten, Revolutionary: Forgotten No More". Journal of the American Revolution. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
^ a b Winch, p 16.
^ "HMS Jersey", History Channel.
^ a b Ruth Gilbert, Bio: "James Forten" Archived 2013-05-15 at the Wayback Machine, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Pennsylvania State University, accessed April 18, 2014.
^ Wright, Robert E. “Bank Ownership and Lending Patterns in New York and Pennsylvania, 1781-1831.” The Business History Review, vol. 73, no. 1, 1999, p. 55, footnote 54. JSTOR website Retrieved 20 Jan. 2023.
^ Brenda Stevenson, editor, The Journals of Charlotte Forten Grimke (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988)
^ a b c d Tonya Bolden, "Strong Men Keep Coming", The Book of African American Men: 31, quoted in James Forten (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1999), 31.
^ Juster, Lisa, and Susan MacFarlane, editors. A Mighty Baptism: Race, Gender and the Creation of American Protestantism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996), 238-239
^ a b c David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Emancipation, 2014, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, pp. 171-173
^
^ Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-963-8.
^ "Black Founders: The Forten Family of Philadelphia".
Further reading
Billington, Ray Allen. "James Forten: Forgotten Abolitionist." Negro History Bulletin 13.2 (1949): 31–45. online
Douty, Esther M. Forten the Sailmaker: Pioneer Champion of Negro Rights, Chicago: Rand McNally, 1968.
Gutgold, Ian. "Black Destiny in the Minds of Philadelphia Sailmaker James Forten and Liberian Governor Jehudi Ashmun." Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 89.4 (2022): 580–621.
McClish, Glen. "A Man of Feeling, A Man of Colour: James Forten and the Rise of African American Deliberative Rhetoric." Rhetorica 25.3 (2007): 297–328. online
Newman, Richard. "Not the Only Story in 'Amistad': The Fictional Joadson and the Real James Forten," Pennsylvania History (67, 2000): 218–239.
Newman, Richard, Patrick Rael, and Philip Lapsanksky, eds. Pamphlets of Protest, New York: Routledge, 2001.
Winch, Julie. "Forten, James", American National Biography Online, February 2000.
Winch, Julie (2002). A Gentleman of Color: The Life of James Forten. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508691-0.
Winch, Julie. "“A Person of Good Character and Considerable Property”: James Forten and the Issue of Race in Philadelphia's Antebellum Business Community." Business History Review 75.2 (2001): 261-296. online
Winch, Julie. "James Forten, Conservative Radical." in Black Conservatism ( Routledge, 2013). 3-23.
Winch, Julie. "THE LEADERS OF PHILADELPHIA'S BLACK COMMUNITY, 1787-1848" (PhD dissertation, Bryn Mawr College; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1982. 8303285).
External links
James Forten, "Letters from a Man of Colour", 1813, in Web Supplement for Julie Winch, "The Making and Meaning of James Forten's 'Letters from A Man of Colour'", William and Mary Quarterly, Volume LXIV, Number 1 (All letters, I through V)
Forten letter to Cuffe, re: Resolution of 24 January 1817 regarding Colonization, from Captain Paul Cuffe's Logs and Letters 1808-1817, edited by Rosalind Cobb Wiggins, Howard University Press, Washington, D.C. 1996; at Africans in America website, 1998, PBS
Portrait of James Forten, Africans in America, 1998, PBS
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"abolitionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"sailmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailmaker"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Delaware River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_River"},{"link_name":"Penn's Landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn%27s_Landing"},{"link_name":"American Colonization Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Colonization_Society"},{"link_name":"William Lloyd Garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison"},{"link_name":"colonization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Colonization_Society"},{"link_name":"The Liberator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Liberator_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"American Anti-Slavery Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society"},{"link_name":"Purvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Purvis"}],"text":"James Forten (September 2, 1766 – March 4, 1842) was an American abolitionist and businessman in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A free-born African American, he became a sailmaker after the American Revolutionary War. Following an apprenticeship, he became the foreman and bought the sail loft when his boss retired. Based on equipment he himself had developed, he established a highly profitable business. It was located on the busy waterfront of the Delaware River, in an area now called Penn's Landing.James Forten used his wealth and social standing to work for civil rights for African Americans in both the city and nationwide. Beginning in 1817, he opposed the colonization movements, particularly that of the American Colonization Society. He affirmed African Americans' claim to a stake in the United States of America. He persuaded William Lloyd Garrison to adopt an anti-colonization position and helped fund his newspaper The Liberator (1831–1865), frequently publishing letters on public issues. He became vice-president of the biracial American Anti-Slavery Society, founded in 1833, and worked for national abolition of slavery. His large family was also devoted to these causes, and two daughters married the Purvis brothers, who used their wealth as leaders for abolition.","title":"James Forten"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"sailmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailmaker"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winch-2"},{"link_name":"Quaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker"},{"link_name":"Anthony Benezet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Benezet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winch-2"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"privateer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privateer"},{"link_name":"Stephen Decatur Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Decatur_Sr."},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"prisoner of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winch,_p_16-4"},{"link_name":"HMS Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Jersey_(1736)"},{"link_name":"Wallabout Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallabout_Bay"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winch,_p_16-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gilbert-6"}],"text":"James Forten was born free on September 2, 1766, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, one of two children of Thomas and Margaret Forten; a Philadelphia sailmaker, Thomas Forten was the grandson of a slave who had \"freed himself.\"[2]However, Thomas Forten died young (possibly because of falling from a high place), and his son James started to work at the age of seven to help his mother and sister. At first he was a chimney sweep, later becoming a grocery-store clerk. He also attended the African School, run by Quaker abolitionist Anthony Benezet, who founded it to educate black children free of charge. His mother insisted that he continue in school,[2] but by the age of nine, Forten had left school to work full-time. His early years of work became a measure for progress in his life and career.At the age of 14, during the Revolutionary War, Forten served on the privateer Royal Louis, commanded by Captain Stephen Decatur Sr. The Royal Louis was captured by a Royal Navy warship. Captain John Beazley, who had captured the privateer, was impressed with Forten. Forten recalled that Beazley offered Forten the opportunity to be educated in Great Britain with his son, Henry, but Forten replied, \"I have been taken prisoner for the liberties of my country, and never will prove a traitor to her interest.\"[3] Beazley instead saw to it that he was treated as a prisoner of war along with the rest of the crew of the Royal Louis.[4]The prisoners were all transported to HMS Jersey, then moored in Wallabout Bay, later the site of the Brooklyn Navy Yard.[5]Forten was fortunate as he was exchanged after seven months' imprisonment. He was released on parole after giving a promise not to fight in the war. He walked from Brooklyn to Philadelphia to return to his mother and sister. He signed up on a merchant ship, which sailed to England. He lived and worked there for more than a year in a London shipyard.[4]When Forten returned to Philadelphia in 1790, he became apprenticed to sail-maker Robert Bridges, his father's former employer and a family friend. Forten learned quickly in the sail loft. This was where the large ship sails were cut and sewn. Before long, the young man was promoted to foreman.[6]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gilbert-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"At Bridges' retirement in 1798, Forten bought the sail loft.[6] By developing a tool to help maneuver the large sails, by 1810, Forten had built up one of the most successful sail lofts in Philadelphia. He created the conditions he worked for in society, employing both black and white workers. 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In 1806, he married Charlotte Vandine (1785-1884). James and Charlotte Forten had nine children: Robert Bridges Forten, Margaretta, Harriet, Sarah Louisa, Charlotta, William Deas, Mary Theresa, Thomas Willing Francis, and James Jr. Robert and James Jr. succeeded their father in the family sail-making business.[2]The children grew up in and committed to the abolition movement. Robert, named for his father's former boss and mentor, was a vigorous anti-slavery activist. William studied at the abolitionist Oneida Institute. Sisters Harriet and Sarah Louisa married the prominent abolitionist brothers Robert Purvis and Joseph Purvis, respectively. Educated at Amherst College, they were sons of a British immigrant and his wife, a free woman of color. They used their great wealth in lives of public service. Margaretta was a lifelong educator and became an officer of the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society in 1845.The Fortens' granddaughter Charlotte Forten Grimké became a poet, diarist and educator. Her diary from teaching men who were free and their children in the South after the Civil War became well known; it was republished in scholarly editions in the 1980s.[8]","title":"Marriage and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights"},{"link_name":"slave trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery"},{"link_name":"Fugitive Slave Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Law"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bolden-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Freetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freetown"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"Black Britons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_British"},{"link_name":"Black Loyalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Loyalist"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bolden-9"},{"link_name":"American Colonization Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Colonization_Society"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"missionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionaries"},{"link_name":"Henry Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davis171-173-11"},{"link_name":"Paul Cuffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Cuffee"},{"link_name":"Richard Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Allen_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"African Methodist Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church"},{"link_name":"Absalom Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absalom_Jones"},{"link_name":"James Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Gloucester&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bethel AME Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Bethel_A.M.E._Church"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davis171-173-11"},{"link_name":"William Lloyd Garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davis171-173-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bolden-9"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Boyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Boyer"},{"link_name":"Hispaniola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola"},{"link_name":"The Liberator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Liberator_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winch-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Forten_gravestone.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eden Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Cemetery_(Collingdale,_Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winch-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winch-2"}],"text":"Having become well established, in his 40s Forten devoted both time and money to working for the national abolition of slavery and gaining civil rights for blacks. They were severely discriminated against in Pennsylvania and the North, and generally could not vote or serve on juries. He felt a sense of obligation to work on these issues of his community. \"...in 1801, he was among the signers of a petition to the U.S. Congress calling for the abolition of the slave trade and the modification of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793.\"[9]In 1813 he wrote a pamphlet called Letters From A Man of Colour, published anonymously. (See External links below.) (Many people knew he had written it.) He denounced a bill under consideration in the Pennsylvania legislature that required all black emigrants to Pennsylvania to be registered with the state, and protested treating free blacks any differently than whites. Some legislators were worried about the number of free blacks who migrated into the state, competing with white laborers. In addition, they knew fugitive slaves often used Pennsylvania as a destination or byway to other free areas, as it was bordered by slave states to the south.Forten believed the bill was a step backward for black Pennsylvanians. In his \"Letters,\" Forten argued that the bill would violate the rights of any free blacks entering the state and set the people apart as somehow not equal to whites. Forten wanted the many respectable citizens of the black community to be recognized and valued. In the end, the bill was not passed, and James Forten became known for his succinct and passionate pamphlet.[10]In the early 19th century, some black and white Americans supported movements to \"resettle\" free blacks on the African continent, in Canada, or in Haiti, which achieved independence from France in 1804. In the late 18th century, the British had founded Freetown as a colony in present-day Sierra Leone, for the resettlement of Black Britons from London, together with those Black Loyalists who wanted to leave Nova Scotia. During the American Revolutionary War, the Crown had offered freedom to slaves who left Patriot masters. The British evacuated thousands of freed slaves along with their troops, and resettled more than 3,000 Black Loyalists in Nova Scotia, where it granted land. Others went to London or the West Indies.[9]The American Colonization Society (ACS) was formed in December 1816, organized to found the colony of Liberia in West Africa for a similar purpose. It offered to help blacks to go there voluntarily, with provisions of aid for supplies, housing and other materials. Made up of abolitionists, slaveholders, and missionaries, its members supported voluntary relocation of free blacks and newly freed slaves to Africa, to solve the \"problem\" of blacks in American society. In the first two decades after the Revolution, the number of free blacks rose significantly, due both to wholesale abolition of slavery in the North, as well as an increase in manumissions in the South by men moved by revolutionary ideals. In some areas, the new competition for social resources resulted in a rise in racial discrimination against free blacks. Southerners wanted to remove free blacks from their region, as they believed the free people destabilized slavery. Northerners thought a new colony might give the blacks more independence and a chance to create their own society. The proposal was also supported by clergy who expected the black Americans to evangelize Christianity to Africans. News about the organization, especially racist remarks by such leaders as Henry Clay of Kentucky, a national politician, raised fears among many free blacks that the ACS proposed to deport them wholesale to Africa.[11]Forten had supported Paul Cuffee, a Boston shipbuilder, who in 1815 transported 38 free blacks to Sierra Leone, with the idea they could make a better life where not impeded by white racism. He was well aware of continuing problems due to harsh discrimination against blacks in the United States.To address community concerns and discuss the potential for colonization, James Forten worked with Bishop Richard Allen of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first independent black denomination in the United States; Absalom Jones, and James Gloucester to organize a meeting on this topic in Philadelphia. Their announced meeting in January 1817 at Bethel AME Church drew 3,000 attendees from Philadelphia. Hearing the strong views of this public forced a dramatic turning point for these leaders.[11]By this time, most free blacks and slaves had been born in the United States and claimed it as their own, with their own families. At the meeting, Forten called for a vote, asking who favored colonization. Not one man said yes. When he asked who was against it, the crowd resounded with \"No!\" that made the hall ring. All claimed the US as their own, and wanted to gain their full civil rights there as citizens. After that meeting, Forten and the ministers strongly opposed the ACS, and Forten later converted William Lloyd Garrison, a younger white abolitionist from Boston, against the colonization schemes. Following the January meeting, Forten helped draft a Resolution of the sense of the public, which he and other leaders sent to the Pennsylvania congressional delegation. In August they published a longer \"Address to the Inhabitants of the City and County of Philadelphia,\" which attacked colonization.[11]He absorbed his community's arguments and noted that most American blacks had been in the United States for many generations and had claim to it as their land.[9] Although the ACS advertised Liberia as a place of opportunity for free blacks, the colony struggled to survive and many colonists died of disease. There were risks of re-enslavement by illegal slave traders and smugglers. Relationships with the native Africans were not desirable.After Haiti became established as an independent black republic in 1804, some Americans were interested in emigrating there. In the early 1820s, President Jean-Pierre Boyer united all the island of Hispaniola under Haitian control. He also gained official recognition for the nation from France for the first time, but at the cost of a high indemnity that crippled the country financially for generations. He appealed to American free blacks to immigrate there and help its development. Its independence raised many complex issues for free Blacks in the United States. Despite his support for the new nation, Forten was among important Black leaders who opposed immigration for Americans. He firmly believed that Blacks should be allowed to play an equal role in their land of the United States. He consistently said that it was far better for them to fight for an egalitarian US society rather than to flee the country.Forten helped William Lloyd Garrison start up his newspaper, The Liberator, in 1831, supporting it financially. He frequently published letters in it, as \"A Colored Man of Philadelphia.\" Garrison also wrote articles against colonization, describing the poor living conditions in Liberia. They wanted others to know that the ACS was not necessarily working in the best interest of black Americans.[2]James Forten gravestone in Eden CemeteryAccording to his biographer Julie Winch:By the 1830s, his was one of the most powerful African-American voices, not just for men and women of color in his native city, but for many thousands more throughout the North. He knew how to use the press and the speaker's podium. He knew about building alliances, when to back down and when to press forwards with his agenda. His rise to prominence, his understanding of the nature of power and authority, his determination to speak out and be heard are object lessons in the realities of community politics. Disfranchised he might have been, but voiceless he never was.[2]James Forten managed his sail loft and stayed active in the abolitionist movement until very late in his life, continuing to write for The Liberator. He died on March 4, 1842, at the age of 75 in Philadelphia. Thousands of people, both black and white, attended his funeral.[2]","title":"Public activism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eden Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Cemetery_(Collingdale,_Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"Collingdale, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingdale,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"He died on March 4, 1842, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and is interred at Eden Cemetery in Collingdale, Pennsylvania.[12]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bolden-9"},{"link_name":"Molefi Kete Asante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molefi_Kete_Asante"},{"link_name":"100 Greatest African Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_Greatest_African_Americans"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Museum of the American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_the_American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Bolden wrote of him: \"When James Forten died, he left behind an exemplary family, a sizable fortune, and a legacy of philanthropy and activism that inspired generations of black Philadelphians.\"[9]In 2001, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed James Forten on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.[13]In February 2023, the Museum of the American Revolution in Philadelphia will open the first-ever museum exhibition dedicated to Forten's life and family, Black Founders: The Forten Family of Philadelphia.[14]","title":"Legacy and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/44174890"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//online.ucpress.edu/rhetorica/article-abstract/25/3/297/82746"},{"link_name":"\"Forten, James\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.anb.org/articles/10/10-00582.html?a=1&n=james%20forten&d=10&ss=0&q=1"},{"link_name":"A Gentleman of Color: The Life of James Forten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=kzXCm37xFR4C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-508691-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-508691-0"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cambridge.org/core/journals/business-history-review/article/person-of-good-character-and-considerable-property-james-forten-and-the-issue-of-race-in-philadelphias-antebellum-business-community/3FEE74C1EAA82E59D91B97A2C210F859"}],"text":"Billington, Ray Allen. \"James Forten: Forgotten Abolitionist.\" Negro History Bulletin 13.2 (1949): 31–45. online\nDouty, Esther M. Forten the Sailmaker: Pioneer Champion of Negro Rights, Chicago: Rand McNally, 1968.\nGutgold, Ian. \"Black Destiny in the Minds of Philadelphia Sailmaker James Forten and Liberian Governor Jehudi Ashmun.\" Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 89.4 (2022): 580–621.\nMcClish, Glen. \"A Man of Feeling, A Man of Colour: James Forten and the Rise of African American Deliberative Rhetoric.\" Rhetorica 25.3 (2007): 297–328. online\nNewman, Richard. \"Not the Only Story in 'Amistad': The Fictional Joadson and the Real James Forten,\" Pennsylvania History (67, 2000): 218–239.\nNewman, Richard, Patrick Rael, and Philip Lapsanksky, eds. Pamphlets of Protest, New York: Routledge, 2001.\nWinch, Julie. \"Forten, James\", American National Biography Online, February 2000.\nWinch, Julie (2002). A Gentleman of Color: The Life of James Forten. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508691-0.\nWinch, Julie. \"“A Person of Good Character and Considerable Property”: James Forten and the Issue of Race in Philadelphia's Antebellum Business Community.\" Business History Review 75.2 (2001): 261-296. online\nWinch, Julie. \"James Forten, Conservative Radical.\" in Black Conservatism ( Routledge, 2013). 3-23.\nWinch, Julie. \"THE LEADERS OF PHILADELPHIA'S BLACK COMMUNITY, 1787-1848\" (PhD dissertation, Bryn Mawr College; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1982. 8303285).","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"James Forten gravestone in Eden Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/James_Forten_gravestone.jpg/220px-James_Forten_gravestone.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of abolitionists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_abolitionists"},{"title":"List of African-American abolitionists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_abolitionists"},{"title":"Vigilant Association of Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigilant_Association_of_Philadelphia"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Portrait of James Forten\". Black Founders: The Free Black Community in the Early Republic. Library Company of Philadelphia. Retrieved 20 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.librarycompany.org/blackfounders/section9.htm","url_text":"\"Portrait of James Forten\""}]},{"reference":"Zielinski, Adam E. (23 June 2023). \"James Forten, Revolutionary: Forgotten No More\". Journal of the American Revolution. Retrieved 14 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://allthingsliberty.com/2023/06/james-forten-revolutionary-forgotten-no-more/","url_text":"\"James Forten, Revolutionary: Forgotten No More\""}]},{"reference":"\"Black Founders: The Forten Family of Philadelphia\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amrevmuseum.org/exhibits/black-founders-the-forten-family-of-philadelphia","url_text":"\"Black Founders: The Forten Family of Philadelphia\""}]},{"reference":"Winch, Julie (2002). A Gentleman of Color: The Life of James Forten. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508691-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kzXCm37xFR4C","url_text":"A Gentleman of Color: The Life of James Forten"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-508691-0","url_text":"0-19-508691-0"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Supplementary_Character_Set
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Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set
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["1 History","2 Versions","3 Compatibility","3.1 Operating systems","3.2 Applications and the Web","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Extended character encoding for Standard Cantonese
HKSCS Big-5 extensionMIME / IANABig5-HKSCSAlias(es)big5hk, csBig5HKSCSLanguage(s)Traditional Chinese, CantoneseClassification8-bit CJK DBCSExtendsBig5 ETenvte
The Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set (香港增補字符集; commonly abbreviated to HKSCS) is a set of Chinese characters – 4,702 in total in the initial release—used in Cantonese, as well as when writing the names of some places in Hong Kong (whether in written Cantonese or standard written Chinese sentences).
It evolved from the preceding Government Chinese Character Set (政府通用字庫) or GCCS. GCCS is a set of supplementary Chinese characters coded in the user-defined areas of the Big5 character set. It was originally used within the Hong Kong Government and later used by the public. It later evolved into Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set when the characters in the set were submitted to ISO-10646 for coding.
History
Due to the inherent differences between standard written Chinese and written Cantonese, the Government of Hong Kong recognised the need for a standardised set of proprietary characters that would allow for the streamlining of electronic communication; at the time, the Big5 Chinese encoding scheme did not contain a vast majority of these characters (some were erroneously cross-listed with similar characters).
The Government Chinese Character Set (政府通用字庫) or GCCS was thus developed by the government. The character set consists of Chinese characters commonly used in Hong Kong. Some characters are Cantonese-specific, while some are alternative forms of characters. The set is not well-organised and the characters are not closely examined.
Subsequently, the HKSCS-1999 (HKSCS 1999 specification) was developed. Following its acceptance, newer revisions were released in 2001 (adding 116 new characters) and in 2004 (adding 123 new characters), totalling 4,941 characters. 106 GCCS characters were removed in HKSCS-1999 as a result of unification, and their Big5 code points are reserved for compatibility. Retired "not verifiable" GCCS characters are found in UTC Sources (UTC-00877–UTC-00898), where they are sourced from Adobe-CNS1-1, an Adobe-CNS1 supplement implemented to support GCCS.
The HKSCS is encoded in Big5 (Big5-HKSCS, big5hk) and ISO 10646 (Unicode). Starting from HKSCS-2004, all characters previously using the Private Use Area section of Unicode are remapped, with many of them reassigned to Extension B Block or Supplementary Ideographic Plane Compatibility Block. However, to preserve compatibility with programs that generated PUA code points, the allocated code points are reserved, and no new characters will be mapped to PUA.
Similarly to Hong Kong's situation, there are also characters that are needed by Macao but included in neither Big5 nor HKSCS, hence, the Macao Supplementary Character Set was developed, building on HKSCS with additional Unicode-mapped characters. The first batch of 121 MSCS characters were submitted for addition to or horizontal extension in Unicode (as appropriate) in 2009, and the first final version of MSCS was established in 2020.
Versions
The HKSCS has gone through a few iterations.
Version
Total characters
Publish date
GCCS
3,049
1995
HKSCS-1999
4,702
09/1999
HKSCS-2001
4,818
12/2001
HKSCS-2004
4,941
05/2005
HKSCS-2008
5,009
12/2009
HKSCS-2016
5,033
05/2017
The last edition of HKSCS to encode all of its characters in Big5 was HKSCS-2008, while the characters added in HKSCS-2016 are mapped to Unicode only (as a CJK Unified Ideographs horizontal glyph extension where appropriate).
Compatibility
Operating systems
In Microsoft Windows 98, NT 4.0, 2000, XP, HKSCS support can be enabled using Microsoft's patch. In Microsoft's implementation, application using code page 950 automatically uses a hidden code page 951 table for the Big5 encoding of the HKSCS extensions. The table supports all code points in HKSCS-2001, except for the compatibility code points specified by the standard. In addition, the MingLiU font is altered using Microsoft's patch. This patch is known to create conflicts in applications such as Microsoft Office, or any application using fonts supporting simplified Chinese characters (e.g.: SimSun). If the target environment contains custom font mapped to the code points affected by Microsoft's patch, the custom fonts can undo Microsoft's patch. Furthermore, the patch breaks EUDC Editor supplied with the affected versions of Windows. Starting with Windows Vista, HKSCS-2004 characters are only supported as Unicode 4.1 or later. All characters are assigned standard, non-PUA codepoints. The characters are displayed with the MingLiU font, and these characters can be entered via the keyboard. The patch that provides Big5 encoding of HKSCS is unsupported in Windows Vista and later. A utility provided by Microsoft is available to convert HKSCS and Unicode PUA-encoded characters to Unicode 4.1 version. In 2010, Microsoft published a HKSCS-2004 patch for Windows XP and Windows Server 2003. It replaces Windows XP version of MingLiu, PMingLiu, and MingLiu_HKSCS (if HKSCS-2001 patch was applied) with Windows 7 version of MingLiu, PMingLiu and MingLiu_HKSCS. In addition, MingLiU-ExtB, MingLiU_HKSCS-ExtB and PMingLiU-ExtB fonts will be added onto target system. However, IME is not updated as it was in the case of HKSCS-2001 patch, and the fonts are from pre-release of Windows 7. For earlier versions of the OS, HKSCS support requires the use of Microsoft's patch, or the Hong Kong government's Digital 21's utilities.
IBM assigns CCSID 5471 to the HKSCS-2001 Big5 code page (with CPGID 1374 as CCSID 5470 as the double byte component), CCSID 9567 to the HKSCS-2004 code page (with CPGID 1374 as CCSID 9566 as the double byte component), and CCSID 13663 to the HKSCS-2008 code page (with CPGID 1374 as CCSID 13662 as the double byte component), while CCSID 1375 (with CPGID 1374 as CCSID 1374 as its double byte component) is assigned to a growing HKSCS code page, currently equivalent to CCSID 13663.
HKSCS support was added to glibc in 2000, but it has not been updated since then. HKSCS-2004 support is handled as Unicode 4.1 and later. For freedesktop.org setup, AR PL ShanHeiSun Uni font fully supports HKSCS-2004 since 0.1-0.dot.1, with latest revision of HKSCS-2004 supported in version 0.1.20060903-1. Modern desktop distributions (e.g. Ubuntu) include Arphic Technology's HKSCS-compliant UKai and UMing fonts out of the box when Traditional Chinese Language support is selected during installation. They can also be installed manually at a later time.
Mac OS X 10.0–10.2 supports HKSCS-1999. 10.3–10.4 supports HKSCS-2001. Some of the letters added to HKSCS-2004 is supported via Unicode PUA in OS X 10.4. Starting with OS X 10.5, all the HKSCS-2004 characters are supported via standard Unicode 4.1 code points.
Applications and the Web
Mozilla 1.5 and above supports HKSCS, with HKSCS-2004 support added into Gecko 1.8.1 code base. Unlike the above-mentioned patch, Mozilla uses its own code page table. However, the fix for bug 343129 does not support characters mapped to code points above Basic Multilingual Plane.
QT 3.x-based applications (e.g.: KDE) only support characters mapped to code points FFFF or lower. In QT4, characters outside BMP are supported via surrogates. Big5-HKSCS Text Codec supports HKSCS-1999 back in Qt-2.3.x, but it was too late in Qt development schedule to be officially included in the Qt-2.3.x series, so it was officially supported in Qt-3.0.1. HKSCS-2001 support was added in Qt-3.0.5.
GNOME supports HKSCS characters in Unicode ranges, except those mapped to the Basic Multilingual Plane compatibility block. Patches to support characters mapped to above Basic Multilingual Plane was introduced during Pango 1.1.
The WHATWG Encoding Standard (used by HTML5) includes HKSCS in its definition of Big5 (used even with the plain Big5 label). However, only its decoder uses all HKSCS extensions, while its encoder explicitly excludes those with lead bytes below 0xA1 (thus excluding most of the HKSCS extensions but including, for example, those inherited from Big5 ETEN). Newer browsers follow this standard, including Firefox.
See also
Cantonese
Written Cantonese
References
^ FAQs about GovHK Online Services – Other Technical Questions and Trouble Shooting
^ "Big5CMP.txt". Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Found at Mapping table - HKSCS-2008
^ "HKSCS-2004 Annex IV. Compatibility Points for GCCS" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
^ "Group:Big5-GCCS外字". Retrieved 30 September 2016.
^ "U-source glyphs" (PDF). Retrieved 30 September 2016.
^ "The Adobe-CNS1-6 Character Collection" (PDF). Retrieved 30 September 2016.
^ "Character Sets". IANA.
^ "SDK components".
^ "Big5-HKSCS:2004".
^ Computer Chinese Characters Encoding Workgroup (12 June 2009). "Submission of Characters from Macao Information Systems Character Set" (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 IRGN 1580. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 January 2015.
^ a b Macao Special Administrative Region Government (11 June 2020). "Submission of Macao's Vertical Extension (UNC Characters), Horizontal Extension, and IVSes Registration for MSCS" (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 IRGN 2430.
^ "OGCIO - Development of HKSCS". Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
^ Steele, Shawn. "CP 951 & HKSCS". I'm not a Klingon. MS Dev Blog. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
^ 華通資訊網: 小心！有人悄悄換掉了你的Windows系統字型
^ Microsoft: Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set – Support for Windows Platform
^ Microsoft Character Code Conversion Routines For HKSCS-2004
^ Windows XP Font Pack for ISO 10646:2003 + Amendment 1 Traditional Chinese Support
^ "CCSID 5471: Mixed Big-5 ext for HKSCS-2001". IBM Globalization - Coded character set identifiers. IBM. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014.
^ International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-5471_P100-2006.ucm, 9 May 2007
^ "CCSID 9567: Mixed Big-5 ext for HKSCS-2004". IBM Globalization - Coded character set identifiers. IBM. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014.
^ "CCSID 13663: Mixed Big-5 ext for HKSCS-2008". IBM Globalization - Coded character set identifiers. IBM. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014.
^ "CCSID 1375: Mixed Big-5 ext for HKSCS". IBM Globalization - Coded character set identifiers. IBM. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014.
^ Mozilla.org: Bug 343129 – Big5-HKSCS 2004 <==> Unicode Table Update
^ Bug 162431 – add non-BMP Unicode (plane 1 and above. surrogate) support to charset encoder/decoder
^ "Qt 4.7: Big5-HKSCS Text Codec". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
^ Bug 101081 – Non-BMP (plane 1 thru plane 16) characters are not supported
^ van Kesteren, Anne. "Encoding Standard". WHATWG.
External links
Hong Kong Government site on the HKSCS Downloadable HKSCS documents & font
Microsoft HKSCS Support for Windows Platform
香港參考宋體 Download page of Dynalab (華康科技有限公司)'s HKSCS font.
Graphical View of Big5-HKSCS in ICU's Converter Explorer
A character set that works on Mac OS X
UMing/UKai – A free, open-source font supporting HKSCS
Open Source Hong Kong Fonts Project
vteCharacter encodingsEarly telecommunications
Telegraph code
Needle
Morse
Non-Latin
Wabun/Kana
Chinese
Cyrillic
Korean
Baudot and Murray
Fieldata
ASCII
ISO/IEC 646
BCDIC
Teletex and Videotex/Teletext
T.51/ISO/IEC 6937
ITU T.61
ITU T.101
World System Teletext
background
sets
Transcode
ISO/IEC 8859
Approved parts
-1 (Western Europe)
-2 (Central Europe)
-3 (Maltese/Esperanto)
-4 (North Europe)
-5 (Cyrillic)
-6 (Arabic)
-7 (Greek)
-8 (Hebrew)
-9 (Turkish)
-10 (Nordic)
-11 (Thai)
-13 (Baltic)
-14 (Celtic)
-15 (New Western Europe)
-16 (Romanian)
Abandoned parts
-12 (Devanagari)
Proposed but not approved
KOI-8 Cyrillic
Sámi
Adaptations
Welsh
Barents Cyrillic
Estonian
Ukrainian Cyrillic
Bibliographic use
MARC-8
ANSEL
CCCII/EACC
ISO 5426
5426-2
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5428
6438
6862
National standards
ArmSCII
Big5
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CNS 11643
DIN 66003
ELOT 927
GOST 10859
GB 2312
GB 12345
GB 12052
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HKSCS
ISCII
JIS X 0201
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JIS X 0212
JIS X 0213
KOI-7
KPS 9566
KS X 1001
KS X 1002
LST 1564
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PASCII
Shift JIS
SI 960
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ISO/IEC 2022
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Mac OS Code pages("scripts")
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DOS code pages
437
668
708
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852
853
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
897
899
903
904
932
936
942
949
950
951
1034
1040
1042
1043
1044
1098
1115
1116
1117
1118
1127
3846
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895
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912
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1006
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1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1046
1124
1133
Windows code pages
CER-GS
932
936 (GBK)
950
1169
Extended Latin-8
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
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1052
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_character"},{"link_name":"Cantonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Cantonese"},{"link_name":"names of some places in Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_in_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"written Cantonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_Cantonese"},{"link_name":"standard written Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_Chinese"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Chinese characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_character"},{"link_name":"Big5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big5"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"ISO-10646","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO-10646"}],"text":"The Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set (香港增補字符集; commonly abbreviated to HKSCS) is a set of Chinese characters – 4,702 in total in the initial release—used in Cantonese, as well as when writing the names of some places in Hong Kong (whether in written Cantonese or standard written Chinese sentences).[1]It evolved from the preceding Government Chinese Character Set (政府通用字庫) or GCCS. GCCS is a set of supplementary Chinese characters coded in the user-defined areas of the Big5 character set. It was originally used within the Hong Kong Government and later used by the public. It later evolved into Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set when the characters in the set were submitted to ISO-10646 for coding.","title":"Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"standard written Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_written_Chinese"},{"link_name":"written Cantonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_Cantonese"},{"link_name":"Big5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big5"},{"link_name":"Cantonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKSCS-2004-Annex4-3"},{"link_name":"UTC Sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs#UTC_Sources"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glyphwiki-gccs-pua-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unicode-u-source-5"},{"link_name":"Adobe-CNS1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript_fonts#Adobe-CNS1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adobe-cns1-6-6"},{"link_name":"Big5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iana-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"ISO 10646","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_10646"},{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"},{"link_name":"Private Use Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_950"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"PUA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_Area"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-irgn1580-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-irgn2430-11"}],"text":"Due to the inherent differences between standard written Chinese and written Cantonese, the Government of Hong Kong recognised the need for a standardised set of proprietary characters that would allow for the streamlining of electronic communication; at the time, the Big5 Chinese encoding scheme did not contain a vast majority of these characters (some were erroneously cross-listed with similar characters).The Government Chinese Character Set (政府通用字庫) or GCCS was thus developed by the government. The character set consists of Chinese characters commonly used in Hong Kong. Some characters are Cantonese-specific, while some are alternative forms of characters. The set is not well-organised and the characters are not closely examined.Subsequently, the HKSCS-1999 (HKSCS 1999 specification) was developed. Following its acceptance, newer revisions were released in 2001 (adding 116 new characters) and in 2004 (adding 123 new characters), totalling 4,941 characters. 106 GCCS characters were removed in HKSCS-1999 as a result of unification, and their Big5 code points are reserved for compatibility.[2][3] Retired \"not verifiable\" GCCS characters are found in UTC Sources (UTC-00877–UTC-00898),[4] where they are sourced from Adobe-CNS1-1,[5] an Adobe-CNS1 supplement implemented to support GCCS.[6]The HKSCS is encoded in Big5 (Big5-HKSCS,[7] big5hk[8]) and ISO 10646 (Unicode). Starting from HKSCS-2004, all characters previously using the Private Use Area section of Unicode are remapped, with many of them reassigned to Extension B Block or Supplementary Ideographic Plane Compatibility Block.[9] However, to preserve compatibility with programs that generated PUA code points, the allocated code points are reserved, and no new characters will be mapped to PUA.Similarly to Hong Kong's situation, there are also characters that are needed by Macao but included in neither Big5 nor HKSCS, hence, the Macao Supplementary Character Set was developed, building on HKSCS with additional Unicode-mapped characters. The first batch of 121 MSCS characters were submitted for addition to or horizontal extension in Unicode (as appropriate) in 2009,[10] and the first final version of MSCS was established in 2020.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"CJK Unified Ideographs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-irgn2430-11"}],"text":"The HKSCS has gone through a few iterations.[12]The last edition of HKSCS to encode all of its characters in Big5 was HKSCS-2008, while the characters added in HKSCS-2016 are mapped to Unicode only (as a CJK Unified Ideographs horizontal glyph extension where appropriate).[11]","title":"Versions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Compatibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"code page 950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_950"},{"link_name":"code page 951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_951"},{"link_name":"Big5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp951-msblog-13"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"SimSun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimSun"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"PUA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_Area#Private_use_characters"},{"link_name":"MingLiU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MingLiU"},{"link_name":"Big5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big5"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"code page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"glibc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glibc"},{"link_name":"freedesktop.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedesktop.org"},{"link_name":"Arphic Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arphic_Technology"},{"link_name":"Mac OS X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X"}],"sub_title":"Operating systems","text":"In Microsoft Windows 98, NT 4.0, 2000, XP, HKSCS support can be enabled using Microsoft's patch. In Microsoft's implementation, application using code page 950 automatically uses a hidden code page 951 table for the Big5 encoding of the HKSCS extensions. The table supports all code points in HKSCS-2001, except for the compatibility code points specified by the standard.[13] In addition, the MingLiU font is altered using Microsoft's patch. This patch is known to create conflicts in applications such as Microsoft Office, or any application using fonts supporting simplified Chinese characters (e.g.: SimSun). If the target environment contains custom font mapped to the code points affected by Microsoft's patch, the custom fonts can undo Microsoft's patch. Furthermore, the patch breaks EUDC Editor supplied with the affected versions of Windows.[14] Starting with Windows Vista, HKSCS-2004 characters are only supported as Unicode 4.1 or later.[15] All characters are assigned standard, non-PUA codepoints. The characters are displayed with the MingLiU font, and these characters can be entered via the keyboard. The patch that provides Big5 encoding of HKSCS is unsupported in Windows Vista and later. A utility provided by Microsoft is available to convert HKSCS and Unicode PUA-encoded characters to Unicode 4.1 version.[16] In 2010, Microsoft published a HKSCS-2004 patch for Windows XP and Windows Server 2003.[17] It replaces Windows XP version of MingLiu, PMingLiu, and MingLiu_HKSCS (if HKSCS-2001 patch was applied) with Windows 7 version of MingLiu, PMingLiu and MingLiu_HKSCS. In addition, MingLiU-ExtB, MingLiU_HKSCS-ExtB and PMingLiU-ExtB fonts will be added onto target system. However, IME is not updated as it was in the case of HKSCS-2001 patch, and the fonts are from pre-release of Windows 7. For earlier versions of the OS, HKSCS support requires the use of Microsoft's patch, or the Hong Kong government's Digital 21's utilities.IBM assigns CCSID 5471 to the HKSCS-2001 Big5 code page (with CPGID 1374 as CCSID 5470 as the double byte component),[18][19] CCSID 9567 to the HKSCS-2004 code page (with CPGID 1374 as CCSID 9566 as the double byte component),[20] and CCSID 13663 to the HKSCS-2008 code page (with CPGID 1374 as CCSID 13662 as the double byte component),[21] while CCSID 1375 (with CPGID 1374 as CCSID 1374 as its double byte component) is assigned to a growing HKSCS code page, currently equivalent to CCSID 13663.[22]HKSCS support was added to glibc in 2000, but it has not been updated since then. HKSCS-2004 support is handled as Unicode 4.1 and later. For freedesktop.org setup, AR PL ShanHeiSun Uni font fully supports HKSCS-2004 since 0.1-0.dot.1, with latest revision of HKSCS-2004 supported in version 0.1.20060903-1. Modern desktop distributions (e.g. Ubuntu) include Arphic Technology's HKSCS-compliant UKai and UMing fonts out of the box when Traditional Chinese Language support is selected during installation. They can also be installed manually at a later time.Mac OS X 10.0–10.2 supports HKSCS-1999. 10.3–10.4 supports HKSCS-2001. Some of the letters added to HKSCS-2004 is supported via Unicode PUA in OS X 10.4. Starting with OS X 10.5, all the HKSCS-2004 characters are supported via standard Unicode 4.1 code points.","title":"Compatibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mozilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"QT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qt_(toolkit)"},{"link_name":"KDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"GNOME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"WHATWG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHATWG"},{"link_name":"HTML5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5"},{"link_name":"Big5 ETEN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big5#ETEN_extensions"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Firefox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox"}],"sub_title":"Applications and the Web","text":"Mozilla 1.5 and above supports HKSCS, with HKSCS-2004 support added into Gecko 1.8.1 code base.[23] Unlike the above-mentioned patch, Mozilla uses its own code page table. However, the fix for bug 343129 does not support characters mapped to code points above Basic Multilingual Plane.[24]QT 3.x-based applications (e.g.: KDE) only support characters mapped to code points FFFF or lower. In QT4, characters outside BMP are supported via surrogates. Big5-HKSCS Text Codec supports HKSCS-1999 back in Qt-2.3.x, but it was too late in Qt development schedule to be officially included in the Qt-2.3.x series, so it was officially supported in Qt-3.0.1. HKSCS-2001 support was added in Qt-3.0.5.[25]GNOME supports HKSCS characters in Unicode ranges, except those mapped to the Basic Multilingual Plane compatibility block. Patches to support characters mapped to above Basic Multilingual Plane was introduced during Pango 1.1.[26]The WHATWG Encoding Standard (used by HTML5) includes HKSCS in its definition of Big5 (used even with the plain Big5 label). However, only its decoder uses all HKSCS extensions, while its encoder explicitly excludes those with lead bytes below 0xA1 (thus excluding most of the HKSCS extensions but including, for example, those inherited from Big5 ETEN).[27] Newer browsers follow this standard, including Firefox.","title":"Compatibility"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Cantonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese"},{"title":"Written Cantonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_Cantonese"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Big5CMP.txt\". Archived from the original on 13 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20160913171131/http://www.ogcio.gov.hk/en/business/tech_promotion/ccli/terms/doc/big5cmp.txt","url_text":"\"Big5CMP.txt\""},{"url":"http://www.ogcio.gov.hk/en/business/tech_promotion/ccli/terms/doc/big5cmp.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"HKSCS-2004 Annex IV. Compatibility Points for GCCS\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160930012453/http://www.ogcio.gov.hk/en/business/tech_promotion/ccli/terms/doc/e_annex4_2004.pdf","url_text":"\"HKSCS-2004 Annex IV. Compatibility Points for GCCS\""},{"url":"http://www.ogcio.gov.hk/en/business/tech_promotion/ccli/terms/doc/e_annex4_2004.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Group:Big5-GCCS外字\". Retrieved 30 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://glyphwiki.org/wiki/Group:Big5-GCCS%E5%A4%96%E5%AD%97","url_text":"\"Group:Big5-GCCS外字\""}]},{"reference":"\"U-source glyphs\" (PDF). Retrieved 30 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unicode.org/Public/UCD/latest/ucd/USourceGlyphs.pdf","url_text":"\"U-source glyphs\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Adobe-CNS1-6 Character Collection\" (PDF). Retrieved 30 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/devnet/font/pdfs/5080.Adobe-CNS1-6.pdf","url_text":"\"The Adobe-CNS1-6 Character Collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Character Sets\". IANA.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets/character-sets.xhtml","url_text":"\"Character Sets\""}]},{"reference":"\"SDK components\".","urls":[{"url":"http://infocenter.sybase.com/help/topic/com.sybase.infocenter.dc34789.1550/html/ocsinunx/CIHEBHFB.htm","url_text":"\"SDK components\""}]},{"reference":"\"Big5-HKSCS:2004\".","urls":[{"url":"http://moztw.org/docs/big5/table/hkscs2004.txt","url_text":"\"Big5-HKSCS:2004\""}]},{"reference":"Computer Chinese Characters Encoding Workgroup (12 June 2009). \"Submission of Characters from Macao Information Systems Character Set\" (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 IRGN 1580. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150104014324/http://appsrv.cse.cuhk.edu.hk/~irg/irg/irg32/IRGN1580MacaoCharsFromMISCS.pdf","url_text":"\"Submission of Characters from Macao Information Systems Character Set\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_2","url_text":"ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideographic_Research_Group","url_text":"IRGN"},{"url":"http://appsrv.cse.cuhk.edu.hk/~irg/irg/irg32/IRGN1580MacaoCharsFromMISCS.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Macao Special Administrative Region Government (11 June 2020). \"Submission of Macao's Vertical Extension (UNC Characters), Horizontal Extension, and IVSes Registration for MSCS\" (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 IRGN 2430.","urls":[{"url":"https://appsrv.cse.cuhk.edu.hk/~irg/irg/irg53/IRGN2430.pdf","url_text":"\"Submission of Macao's Vertical Extension (UNC Characters), Horizontal Extension, and IVSes Registration for MSCS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_2","url_text":"ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideographic_Research_Group","url_text":"IRGN"}]},{"reference":"\"OGCIO - Development of HKSCS\". Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170822054528/https://www.ogcio.gov.hk/en/business/tech_promotion/ccli/hkscs/development.htm","url_text":"\"OGCIO - Development of HKSCS\""},{"url":"https://www.ogcio.gov.hk/en/business/tech_promotion/ccli/hkscs/development.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Steele, Shawn. \"CP 951 & HKSCS\". I'm not a Klingon. MS Dev Blog. Retrieved 13 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/shawnste/2007/03/12/cp-951-hkscs/","url_text":"\"CP 951 & HKSCS\""}]},{"reference":"\"CCSID 5471: Mixed Big-5 ext for HKSCS-2001\". IBM Globalization - Coded character set identifiers. IBM. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141129233053/http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid5471.html","url_text":"\"CCSID 5471: Mixed Big-5 ext for HKSCS-2001\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM","url_text":"IBM"},{"url":"http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid5471.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-5471_P100-2006.ucm, 9 May 2007","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/unicode-org/icu/blob/master/icu4c/source/data/mappings/ibm-5471_P100-2006.ucm","url_text":"International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-5471_P100-2006.ucm"}]},{"reference":"\"CCSID 9567: Mixed Big-5 ext for HKSCS-2004\". IBM Globalization - Coded character set identifiers. IBM. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141129212819/http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid9567.html","url_text":"\"CCSID 9567: Mixed Big-5 ext for HKSCS-2004\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM","url_text":"IBM"},{"url":"http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid9567.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CCSID 13663: Mixed Big-5 ext for HKSCS-2008\". IBM Globalization - Coded character set identifiers. IBM. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141129213320/http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid13663.html","url_text":"\"CCSID 13663: Mixed Big-5 ext for HKSCS-2008\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM","url_text":"IBM"},{"url":"http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid13663.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CCSID 1375: Mixed Big-5 ext for HKSCS\". IBM Globalization - Coded character set identifiers. IBM. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141129231410/http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid1375.html","url_text":"\"CCSID 1375: Mixed Big-5 ext for HKSCS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM","url_text":"IBM"},{"url":"http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid1375.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Qt 4.7: Big5-HKSCS Text Codec\". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185145/http://doc.qt.nokia.com/latest/codec-big5hkscs.html","url_text":"\"Qt 4.7: Big5-HKSCS Text Codec\""},{"url":"http://doc.qt.nokia.com/latest/codec-big5hkscs.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"van Kesteren, Anne. \"Encoding Standard\". WHATWG.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_van_Kesteren","url_text":"van Kesteren, Anne"},{"url":"https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/","url_text":"\"Encoding Standard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHATWG","url_text":"WHATWG"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._A._Patrides
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C. A. Patrides
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["1 Early life","2 Academic positions","3 Achievements","3.1 Literary analysis and explication","3.2 Lectures","3.3 Editing of critical editions","4 Death and legacy","5 Selected works","6 See also","7 References","7.1 Notes","7.2 Sources"]
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Greek–American academic and writer
Constantinos Apostolos Patrides (1930 – 23 September 1986) was a Greek–American academic and writer, and "one of the greatest scholars of Renaissance literature of his generation". His books list the name C. A. Patrides; his Christian name "Constantinos" was shortened to the familiar "Dinos" and "Dean" by friends.
Born in New York City, he lived in Greece during World War II. His childhood service with the Greek Resistance against the Axis Occupation earned him a medal for heroism from the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem. At Kenyon College and at Oxford University, he began the research that was published as Milton and the Christian Tradition, a classic study of John Milton's Christian theology. Patrides was a professor at the University of California and the University of York and a distinguished professor at the University of Michigan. He was a prolific writer on literature and intellectual history and lectured around the world. He edited study editions of the prose of Milton and of the poems of John Donne and George Herbert. After his 1986 death, his works and alms and all his good endeavors were commemorated by the annual Patrides lectures at York and by both the Patrides Fellowships and the Patrides Professorship at Michigan.
Early life
A U.S. citizen with Greek parents, Patrides was born in New York City in 1930 and raised there. With his parents, he was in Greece during World War II. While still a boy, he carried messages for the Greek resistance against the German occupation and thereby earned the Order of Unknown Heroes medal from the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem. The resistance was led by the Greek Communist Party, which he viewed as a danger to the freedom of post-War Greece; later he identified himself as "a firm anti-Communist". His anti-Communism was Christian and humanistic, the same traditions which nourished his criticisms of the Renaissance and the Twentieth Century:
The liberty of the individual, threatened in Milton's time as in ours by a society militantly bent on conformity, was further defended by Milton in his several expressly political works. ... The fundamental principle of Milton's thought is lucidly stated: 'No man who knows ought, can be so stupid as to deny that all men naturally are born free'.— The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates, (Patrides 1985, p. 255)
He remained a faithful member of the Greek Orthodox Church; in later years, he would come to forgive his students of the 1960s and 1970s for "their ignorance, their radical politics, and their atheism."
He studied with John Crowe Ransom and Charles M. Coffin at the English Department of Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio. Years later, Patrides dedicated his Lycidas: The Tradition and the Poem to the (Christian) religious memory of Ransom. At Kenyon, under the supervision of James Holly Hanford, he wrote his senior thesis on Milton's place in the Christian tradition, beginning the central research project of his next fifteen years. Graduating in 1952, he served in the U.S. Army between 1952 and 1954, earning decorations for his service.
He earned a D.Phil. from Oxford University in 1957 under the supervision of Ethel Seaton, continuing his work on Milton and the history of Christianity. On the day of his thesis defence,
Patrides posted 35 packages, each of which submitted an article to a scholarly journal.
Academic positions
After Oxford, Patrides taught at the University of California, Berkeley, where he rose through the ranks as instructor, assistant professor, and then associate professor. In 1960, he received a Guggenheim Fellowship to study English Literature. His 1963 absence left no teacher for the graduate course on John Milton's literature, until a young Middle English specialist, Stanley Fish, volunteered to cover Patrides's course. Fish's experience teaching the course was the start of his reader-response study of Milton, Surprised by Sin.
In 1964, Patrides moved to the new University of York in England where he was a founder member of the English Department and appointed "Professor of English and Related Literature". In 1978, he moved to the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, becoming in 1981 the G. B. Harrison Distinguished Professor of English.
Achievements
Patrides wrote or edited 23 books and more than 100 other scholarly publications. His publications, Roland Frye said, were "a monument to the highest and most enduring standards of our profession. ... In our time, certainly, no one has excelled his breadth and depth of learning, shaped throughout by superb critical judgment"". George Bornstein, a scholar of 19th and 20th-century poetry, noted in 1986 that "Patrides produced numerous pioneering books and articles which remain standard texts."
Literary analysis and explication
His knowledge of languages and literatures enabled him to locate literary works in their historical contexts. In particular, Patrides clarified Milton's theology and its relation to Trinitarian and Arian Christologies, doing "more than the combined efforts
of all the rest of us to clarify and settle that issue with
full regard to its theological complexities and to the
subtleties of the poetic expression", wrote Frye. Of his contemporaries, he was the best at explaining and analyzing philosophical and historical issues, according to Summers and Pebworth.
Lectures
Invited to speak at universities around the world, Patrides gave lectures that were informative and elegant. For the Milton Society of America, he gave the annual address in 1974 and was named the Honored Scholar of 1978. At the University of Michigan, Patrides received the Distinguished Faculty Achievement Award in 1982.
Editing of critical editions
Patrides wrote informative introductions and annotations as part of his preparation of critical editions of literary works. His edition of the English prose of Milton discussed Milton's literary leadership in the English Reformation and Civil War. In this work, Patrides noted appreciations and misappropriations of Milton by later writers, particularly Romantics, who neglected the Christian discipline of Milton's thought and practice. Patrides prepared two Everyman editions of the collected poems of Donne and Herbert, two leading Metaphysical poets. Both prefaces noted his aim "to avoid the impertinence of mere paraphrases" while providing essential contextual information to aid the contemporary reader. Despite his prodigious knowledge of literature and of religious history, Patrides eschewed elaborate annotations that would distract readers from the text itself. Restrained annotation allowed readers to experience the semantic harmonics of Metaphysical poetry and of Milton, the most allusive writer of the English Renaissance. For additional explanation, readers should consult first the Oxford English Dictionary and second his selected bibliography. Patrides's editing and his commentaries were called reverential by Frye. In the judgment of Summers and Pebworth, "Patrides's Olympian style remains distinctive, characterized not only by its mannered elegance of phrasing, but preeminently by a kind of sophisticated wit that incorporates playfulness and amusement even in the most serious of observations and that prevents even the most magisterial pronouncements from ever sounding pompous or self-important."
Death and legacy
On 23 September 1986, C. A. Patrides, called "Dean" and "Dinos" by his friends, died at the age of 56, of AIDS. Memorial services were held at the University of Michigan, Dearborn and the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. At the next meeting of the Milton Society of America, 170 colleagues attended the eulogy by Roland Frye, who spoke the truth of Patrides on glorious themes. The Society's Milton Quarterly published the eulogy of Frye (1987) and personal memorials by two dear friends, Professors Summers (1987) and Campbell (1987).
The University of Michigan established the C. A. Patrides graduate fellowship, with an award made in 1987, and established the C. A. Patrides Professorship of English in 1995. From 2005–2006, the C. A. Patrides Collegiate Professor of English was George Bornstein, a specialist in modernism. The University of York hosts an annual Patrides Lecture. Patrides's former student, Gordon Campbell of the University of Leicester, was appointed the editor of the fourth Everyman edition of the selected works of John Milton at the suggestion of Patrides. Campbell dedicated his edition to Patrides's memory.
Selected works
Lycidas: The Tradition and the Poem (Holt, Rinehart, 1961) LCCN 61005930
The Phoenix and the Ladder: The Rise and Decline of the Christian View of History (Berkeley, 1964) LCCN 64064250
Milton and the Christian Tradition (Oxford, 1966) ISBN 0-208-01821-2
Milton's Epic Poetry: Essays on "Paradise Lost" and "Paradise Regained" (Harmondsworth, 1967) LCCN 68072604
Approaches to Paradise Lost: The York Tercentenary Lectures (University of Toronto, 1968) ISBN 0-8020-1577-8
The Cambridge Platonists, London, 1969, (Cambridge, 1980) ISBN 0-521-29942-X
Bright Essence: Studies in Milton's Theology (University of Utah, 1971) ISBN 0-8357-4382-9
The Grand Design of God: The Literary Form of the Christian View of History (Toronto, 1972) ISBN 0-7100-7401-8
Selected Prose by John Milton, Baltimore, 1974, (University of Missouri, 1985) ISBN 0-8262-0484-8
The English Poems of George Herbert (J.M. Dent, 1974) ISBN 0-87471-551-2
The Major Works of Sir Thomas Browne (Penguin, 1977) ISBN 0-14-043109-8
The Age of Milton: Backgrounds to Seventeenth-century Literature (Manchester University, 1980) ISBN 0-7190-0770-4
Premises and Motifs in Renaissance Thought and Literature (Princeton, 1982) ISBN 0-691-06505-5
Milton's Lycidas: The Tradition and the Poem (revised edition, University of Missouri, 1983) ISBN 0-8262-0412-0
The Complete English Poems of John Donne (J.M. Dent, 1985) ISBN 0-460-10091-2
Figures in a Renaissance Context (University of Michigan, 1989) ISBN 0-472-10119-6
George Herbert: The Critical Heritage (Psychology Press, 1996) ISBN 0-415-13413-7
See also
Angels, hierarchy of
Apocatastasis
Cambridge Platonists
John Milton and Christianity
Arianism
Disestablishmentarianism
Non-trinitarianism
Of Reformation
Novus homo
References
Notes
^ a b c d e f g h i Bornstein (1986)
^ The Michigan Daily, 1986, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
^ Campbell (1987, p. 39)
^ Patrides (1985, p. 32)
^ a b Campbell (1987, p. 40)
^ a b Summers (1987, p. 38)
^ a b c Summers (1989, p. 1)
^ Patrides. Lycidas: The Tradition and the Poem
^ Guggenheim Fellows Archived 2013-01-04 at the Wayback Machine Guggenheim Foundation website. Accessed 2011-10-29.
^ Fish (1994, p. 269)
^ a b "Events" tab, "English and Related Literature" Department page University of York website. Accessed 2011-11-01.
^ a b c d Frye (1987, p. 37)
^ Summers (1989, p. 2) "His vast historical and critical erudition illumined classic texts afresh and enabled us to see familiar passages as if for the first time. The 'newness' he revealed was not, however, merely an ingenious construct, but so far as possible was a recovery of the freshness of the original work itself, its time and place, its author, audience and tradition, its ambience and its essence—all done to advance critical understanding and appreciation in our own time." (quoting Roland M. Frye).
^ Summers (1989, p. 2) "Patrides excelled above all at the practice of contextualization. In his hands, this process alternatively (and sometimes simultaneously) recovered works from the misty obscurities of an earlier age and antiquated pattern of thought, on the one hand, and, on the other, estranged classic texts that had grown stale through over-familiarity, in order to render them as fresh and new works."
^ a b Summers (1989, p. 4)
^ Honored Scholars of the Milton Society of America
^ Patrides (1985, pp. 16–17)
^ Patrides (1985, pp. 17–18)
^ Pasternak Slater (1995, p. lviii) discussed Patrides's editing of the third Everyman edition, citing its page 1.
^ A review of his 1985 edition of John Donne's poetry observed that extreme editors had encumbered Donne's poems with commentary double the size of Donne's poems. (Notes and Queries 1987, p. 87)
^ One footnote explained Milton's allusion in Areopagitica to the Roman Emperor Claudius's remark on the free expression of wind: "Milton tactfully cites Suetonius's report in a margin: Quo veniam daret flatum crepitumque ventris in convivio emittendi." Patrides (1985, p. 206)
^ Summers (1987, p. 37)
^ "Dean" and "Dinos", familiar forms of Constantinos, were used by friends in the U.S.A. and the U.K., respectively.
^ Campbell (1987, pp. 39–40)
^ Frye (1987, p. 33)
^ Curriculum Vitae: Jonathan Allison. University of Kentucky
^ Proceedings of the Board of Regents The University of Michigan July 1995 – June 1996. p.13
^ Proceedings of the Board of Regents (2005–2006). University of Michigan. Board of Regents. p.15
^ Conference in honor of George Bornstein, the C. A. Patrides Professor of English Language and Literature Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Campbell, Gordon, ed. (1990). "Acknowledgments". John Milton: Complete English poems, Of education, Areopagitica. Everyman Library (Fourth ed.). J. M. Dent and Sons. p. ix. ISBN 978-0-460-86045-1.
Sources
"Review of "The complete English poems of John Donne" edited by Patrides". Notes and Queries. 232: 79. 1987. ISSN 1471-6941. LCCN 12025307.
Bornstein, George (1986), Memorial: Constantinos A. Patrides, University of Michigan Faculty History Project, Ann Arbor, archived from the original on 2012-04-02, retrieved 2011-10-29{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Campbell, Gordon (1987). "Dinos Patrides: 1930–86". Milton Quarterly. 21 (1): 39–40. doi:10.1111/j.1094-348X.1987.tb00707.x.
Fish, Stanley (1994). "Milton, Thou Shouldst be Living at this Hour". There's no such thing as free speech ... and it's a good thing, too. Oxford University Press USA. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-19-509383-4.
Frye, Roland Mushat (1987). "In Memoriam: Constantine Apostolos Patrides, 1930–86". Milton Quarterly. 21 (1): 33–37. doi:10.1111/j.1094-348X.1987.tb00704.x.
Patrides, C. A., ed. (1985). John Milton: Selected prose (New and revised ed.). Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-8262-0484-4.
Pasternak Slater, Ann, ed. (1995). George Herbert: The complete English works. Everyman's Library (Fourth (succeeding Patrides's third ed.) ed.). David Campbell. ISBN 978-1-85715-204-3. LCCN gb95052843.
Summers, Claude J. (1987). "Remarks occasioned by the death of C. A. Patrides". Milton Quarterly. 21 (1): 37–39. doi:10.1111/j.1094-348X.1987.tb00706.x.
Summers, Claude J. (1989), Introduction, Figures in a Renaissance context, by C. A. Patrides, Summers, Claude J.; Pebworth, Ted-Larry (eds.), University of Michigan Press, pp. 1–5, ISBN 978-0-472-10119-1
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bornstein-1"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Greek Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Resistance"},{"link_name":"Axis Occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_Occupation_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Kenyon College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyon_College"},{"link_name":"John Milton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton"},{"link_name":"Christian theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton%27s_religion"},{"link_name":"University of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California"},{"link_name":"University of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_York"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"prose of Milton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton#Civil_war,_prose_tracts,_and_marriage"},{"link_name":"John Donne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Donne"},{"link_name":"George Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert"}],"text":"Constantinos Apostolos Patrides (1930 – 23 September 1986) was a Greek–American academic and writer, and \"one of the greatest scholars of Renaissance literature of his generation\".[1] His books list the name C. A. Patrides; his Christian name \"Constantinos\" was shortened to the familiar \"Dinos\" and \"Dean\" by friends.Born in New York City, he lived in Greece during World War II. His childhood service with the Greek Resistance against the Axis Occupation earned him a medal for heroism from the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem. At Kenyon College and at Oxford University, he began the research that was published as Milton and the Christian Tradition, a classic study of John Milton's Christian theology. Patrides was a professor at the University of California and the University of York and a distinguished professor at the University of Michigan. He was a prolific writer on literature and intellectual history and lectured around the world. He edited study editions of the prose of Milton and of the poems of John Donne and George Herbert. After his 1986 death, his works and alms and all his good endeavors were commemorated by the annual Patrides lectures at York and by both the Patrides Fellowships and the Patrides Professorship at Michigan.","title":"C. A. Patrides"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daily-2"},{"link_name":"Greek resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_resistance"},{"link_name":"German occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_Occupation_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bornstein-1"},{"link_name":"Greek Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S39-3"},{"link_name":"anti-Communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Communism"},{"link_name":"humanistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_right"},{"link_name":"The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tenure_of_Kings_and_Magistrates"},{"link_name":"Patrides 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPatrides1985"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Greek Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C40-5"},{"link_name":"John Crowe Ransom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom"},{"link_name":"Charles M. Coffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_M._Coffin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kenyon College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyon_College"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S38-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SP1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bornstein-1"},{"link_name":"D.Phil.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.Phil."},{"link_name":"Ethel Seaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethel_Seaton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SP1-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S38-6"},{"link_name":"thesis defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesis_defence"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C40-5"}],"text":"A U.S. citizen with Greek parents, Patrides was born in New York City in 1930 and raised there. With his parents, he was in Greece during World War II. While still a boy, he carried messages[2] for the Greek resistance against the German occupation and thereby earned the Order of Unknown Heroes medal from the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem.[1] The resistance was led by the Greek Communist Party, which he viewed as a danger to the freedom of post-War Greece; later he identified himself as \"a firm anti-Communist\".[3] His anti-Communism was Christian and humanistic, the same traditions which nourished his criticisms of the Renaissance and the Twentieth Century:The liberty of the individual, threatened in Milton's time as in ours by a society militantly bent on conformity, was further defended by Milton in his several expressly political works. ... The fundamental principle of Milton's thought is lucidly stated: 'No man who knows ought, can be so stupid as to deny that all men naturally are born free'.— The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates, (Patrides 1985, p. 255)[4]He remained a faithful member of the Greek Orthodox Church; in later years, he would come to forgive his students of the 1960s and 1970s for \"their ignorance, their radical politics, and their atheism.\"[5]He studied with John Crowe Ransom and Charles M. Coffin at the English Department of Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio.[6][7] Years later, Patrides dedicated his Lycidas: The Tradition and the Poem to the (Christian) religious memory of Ransom.[8] At Kenyon, under the supervision of James Holly Hanford, he wrote his senior thesis on Milton's place in the Christian tradition, beginning the central research project of his next fifteen years. Graduating in 1952, he served in the U.S. Army between 1952 and 1954, earning decorations for his service.[1]He earned a D.Phil. from Oxford University in 1957 under the supervision of Ethel Seaton,[7] continuing his work on Milton and the history of Christianity.[6] On the day of his thesis defence, \nPatrides posted 35 packages, each of which submitted an article to a scholarly journal.[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"assistant professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_professor"},{"link_name":"associate professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_professor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bornstein-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"John Milton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton"},{"link_name":"Middle English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English_literature"},{"link_name":"Stanley Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Fish"},{"link_name":"reader-response study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reader-response_criticism"},{"link_name":"Surprised by Sin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Fish#Milton"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fish-10"},{"link_name":"University of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_York"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caplect-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bornstein-1"}],"text":"After Oxford, Patrides taught at the University of California, Berkeley, where he rose through the ranks as instructor, assistant professor, and then associate professor.[1] In 1960, he received a Guggenheim Fellowship to study English Literature.[9] His 1963 absence left no teacher for the graduate course on John Milton's literature, until a young Middle English specialist, Stanley Fish, volunteered to cover Patrides's course. Fish's experience teaching the course was the start of his reader-response study of Milton, Surprised by Sin.[10]In 1964, Patrides moved to the new University of York in England[11] where he was a founder member of the English Department and appointed \"Professor of English and Related Literature\".[1] In 1978, he moved to the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, becoming in 1981 the G. B. Harrison Distinguished Professor of English.","title":"Academic positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SP1-7"},{"link_name":"Roland Frye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Frye"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F37-12"},{"link_name":"George Bornstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Bornstein&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bornstein-1"}],"text":"Patrides wrote or edited 23 books and more than 100 other scholarly publications.[7] His publications, Roland Frye said, were \"a monument to the highest and most enduring standards of our profession. ... In our time, certainly, no one has excelled his breadth and depth of learning, shaped throughout by superb critical judgment\"\".[12] George Bornstein, a scholar of 19th and 20th-century poetry, noted in 1986 that \"Patrides produced numerous pioneering books and articles which remain standard texts.\"[1]","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SP2a-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SP2b-14"},{"link_name":"theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"Trinitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity"},{"link_name":"Arian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianism"},{"link_name":"Christologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christology"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F37-12"},{"link_name":"Summers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_J._Summers"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SP4-15"}],"sub_title":"Literary analysis and explication","text":"His knowledge of languages and literatures enabled him to locate literary works in their historical contexts.[13][14] In particular, Patrides clarified Milton's theology and its relation to Trinitarian and Arian Christologies, doing \"more than the combined efforts\nof all the rest of us to clarify and settle that issue with\nfull regard to its theological complexities and to the\nsubtleties of the poetic expression\", wrote Frye.[12] Of his contemporaries, he was the best at explaining and analyzing philosophical and historical issues, according to Summers and Pebworth.[15]","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bornstein-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F37-12"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bornstein-1"}],"sub_title":"Lectures","text":"Invited to speak at universities around the world, Patrides gave lectures that were informative and elegant.[1] For the Milton Society of America, he gave the annual address in 1974 and was named the Honored Scholar of 1978.[12][16] At the University of Michigan, Patrides received the Distinguished Faculty Achievement Award in 1982.[1]","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bornstein-1"},{"link_name":"Milton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton"},{"link_name":"English Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Reformation"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Romantics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_poetry"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"discipline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discipline"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Everyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyman_Library"},{"link_name":"Donne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Donne"},{"link_name":"Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert"},{"link_name":"Metaphysical poets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysical_poets"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"allusive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allusion"},{"link_name":"Oxford English Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F37-12"},{"link_name":"Summers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_J._Summers"},{"link_name":"Pebworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ted-Larry_Pebworth&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SP4-15"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Editing of critical editions","text":"Patrides wrote informative introductions and annotations as part of his preparation of critical editions of literary works.[1] His edition of the English prose of Milton discussed Milton's literary leadership in the English Reformation and Civil War. In this work, Patrides noted appreciations and misappropriations of Milton by later writers, particularly Romantics,[17] who neglected the Christian discipline of Milton's thought and practice.[18] Patrides prepared two Everyman editions of the collected poems of Donne and Herbert, two leading Metaphysical poets. Both prefaces noted his aim \"to avoid the impertinence of mere paraphrases\" while providing essential contextual information to aid the contemporary reader.[19][20] Despite his prodigious knowledge of literature and of religious history, Patrides eschewed elaborate annotations that would distract readers from the text itself. Restrained annotation allowed readers to experience the semantic harmonics of Metaphysical poetry and of Milton, the most allusive writer of the English Renaissance. For additional explanation, readers should consult first the Oxford English Dictionary and second his selected bibliography. Patrides's editing and his commentaries were called reverential by Frye.[12] In the judgment of Summers and Pebworth, \"Patrides's Olympian style remains distinctive, characterized not only by its mannered elegance of phrasing, but preeminently by a kind of sophisticated wit that incorporates playfulness and amusement even in the most serious of observations and that prevents even the most magisterial pronouncements from ever sounding pompous or self-important.\"[15][21]","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Roland Frye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Frye"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RFrye33-25"},{"link_name":"Frye (1987)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFrye1987"},{"link_name":"Summers (1987)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSummers1987"},{"link_name":"Campbell (1987)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCampbell1987"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist_literature"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caplect-11"},{"link_name":"Everyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyman_Library"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"On 23 September 1986,[22] C. A. Patrides, called \"Dean\" and \"Dinos\" by his friends,[23] died at the age of 56, of AIDS.[24] Memorial services were held at the University of Michigan, Dearborn and the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. At the next meeting of the Milton Society of America, 170 colleagues attended the eulogy by Roland Frye, who spoke the truth of Patrides on glorious themes.[25] The Society's Milton Quarterly published the eulogy of Frye (1987) and personal memorials by two dear friends, Professors Summers (1987) and Campbell (1987).The University of Michigan established the C. A. Patrides graduate fellowship, with an award made in 1987,[26] and established the C. A. Patrides Professorship of English in 1995.[27] From 2005–2006, the C. A. Patrides Collegiate Professor of English was George Bornstein,[28] a specialist in modernism.[29] The University of York hosts an annual Patrides Lecture.[11] Patrides's former student, Gordon Campbell of the University of Leicester, was appointed the editor of the fourth Everyman edition of the selected works of John Milton at the suggestion of Patrides. Campbell dedicated his edition to Patrides's memory.[30]","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-208-01821-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-208-01821-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8020-1577-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-1577-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-29942-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29942-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8357-4382-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8357-4382-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7100-7401-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-7401-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8262-0484-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8262-0484-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87471-551-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87471-551-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-14-043109-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-043109-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7190-0770-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-0770-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-691-06505-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-06505-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8262-0412-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8262-0412-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-460-10091-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-460-10091-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-472-10119-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-10119-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-415-13413-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-13413-7"}],"text":"Lycidas: The Tradition and the Poem (Holt, Rinehart, 1961) LCCN 61005930\nThe Phoenix and the Ladder: The Rise and Decline of the Christian View of History (Berkeley, 1964) LCCN 64064250\nMilton and the Christian Tradition (Oxford, 1966) ISBN 0-208-01821-2\nMilton's Epic Poetry: Essays on \"Paradise Lost\" and \"Paradise Regained\" (Harmondsworth, 1967) LCCN 68072604\nApproaches to Paradise Lost: The York Tercentenary Lectures (University of Toronto, 1968) ISBN 0-8020-1577-8\nThe Cambridge Platonists, London, 1969, (Cambridge, 1980) ISBN 0-521-29942-X\nBright Essence: Studies in Milton's Theology (University of Utah, 1971) ISBN 0-8357-4382-9\nThe Grand Design of God: The Literary Form of the Christian View of History (Toronto, 1972) ISBN 0-7100-7401-8\nSelected Prose by John Milton, Baltimore, 1974, (University of Missouri, 1985) ISBN 0-8262-0484-8\nThe English Poems of George Herbert (J.M. Dent, 1974) ISBN 0-87471-551-2\nThe Major Works of Sir Thomas Browne (Penguin, 1977) ISBN 0-14-043109-8\nThe Age of Milton: Backgrounds to Seventeenth-century Literature (Manchester University, 1980) ISBN 0-7190-0770-4\nPremises and Motifs in Renaissance Thought and Literature (Princeton, 1982) ISBN 0-691-06505-5\nMilton's Lycidas: The Tradition and the Poem (revised edition, University of Missouri, 1983) ISBN 0-8262-0412-0\nThe Complete English Poems of John Donne (J.M. Dent, 1985) ISBN 0-460-10091-2\nFigures in a Renaissance Context (University of Michigan, 1989) ISBN 0-472-10119-6\nGeorge Herbert: The Critical Heritage (Psychology Press, 1996) ISBN 0-415-13413-7","title":"Selected works"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"Angels, hierarchy of","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_angelic_hierarchy"},{"title":"Apocatastasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocatastasis"},{"title":"Cambridge Platonists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Platonists"},{"title":"John Milton and Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton%27s_religion"},{"title":"Arianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianism"},{"title":"Disestablishmentarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disestablishmentarianism"},{"title":"Non-trinitarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-trinitarianism"},{"title":"Of Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Reformation"},{"title":"Novus homo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novus_homo"}]
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[{"reference":"Campbell, Gordon, ed. (1990). \"Acknowledgments\". John Milton: Complete English poems, Of education, Areopagitica. Everyman Library (Fourth ed.). J. M. Dent and Sons. p. ix. ISBN 978-0-460-86045-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Campbell_(scholar)","url_text":"Campbell, Gordon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-460-86045-1","url_text":"978-0-460-86045-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Review of \"The complete English poems of John Donne\" edited by Patrides\". Notes and Queries. 232: 79. 1987. ISSN 1471-6941. LCCN 12025307.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EbQEAAAAYAAJ&q=C.+A.+Patrides,+%22impertinence+of+paraphrase%22","url_text":"\"Review of \"The complete English poems of John Donne\" edited by Patrides\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1471-6941","url_text":"1471-6941"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/12025307","url_text":"12025307"}]},{"reference":"Bornstein, George (1986), Memorial: Constantinos A. Patrides, University of Michigan Faculty History Project, Ann Arbor, archived from the original on 2012-04-02, retrieved 2011-10-29","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120402235918/http://um2017.org/faculty-history/faculty/constantinos-patrides/memorial","url_text":"Memorial: Constantinos A. Patrides"},{"url":"http://um2017.org/faculty-history/faculty/constantinos-patrides/memorial","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Gordon (1987). \"Dinos Patrides: 1930–86\". Milton Quarterly. 21 (1): 39–40. doi:10.1111/j.1094-348X.1987.tb00707.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Campbell_(scholar)","url_text":"Campbell, Gordon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1094-348X.1987.tb00707.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1094-348X.1987.tb00707.x"}]},{"reference":"Fish, Stanley (1994). \"Milton, Thou Shouldst be Living at this Hour\". There's no such thing as free speech ... and it's a good thing, too. Oxford University Press USA. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-19-509383-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Fish","url_text":"Fish, Stanley"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GtdrpVZpTfUC&q=Dean+Patrides++London%2C+Ontario","url_text":"There's no such thing as free speech ... and it's a good thing, too"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509383-4","url_text":"978-0-19-509383-4"}]},{"reference":"Frye, Roland Mushat (1987). \"In Memoriam: Constantine Apostolos Patrides, 1930–86\". Milton Quarterly. 21 (1): 33–37. doi:10.1111/j.1094-348X.1987.tb00704.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Frye","url_text":"Frye, Roland Mushat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1094-348X.1987.tb00704.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1094-348X.1987.tb00704.x"}]},{"reference":"Patrides, C. A., ed. (1985). John Milton: Selected prose (New and revised ed.). Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-8262-0484-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z14WSJpol4C&q=Discipline%2C+%22more+grave+and+urgent+importance%22&pg=PA409","url_text":"John Milton: Selected prose"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-0484-4","url_text":"978-0-8262-0484-4"}]},{"reference":"Pasternak Slater, Ann, ed. (1995). George Herbert: The complete English works. Everyman's Library (Fourth (succeeding Patrides's third ed.) ed.). David Campbell. ISBN 978-1-85715-204-3. LCCN gb95052843.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Pasternak_Slater","url_text":"Pasternak Slater, Ann"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GWW6AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"George Herbert: The complete English works"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyman%27s_Library","url_text":"Everyman's Library"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85715-204-3","url_text":"978-1-85715-204-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/gb95052843","url_text":"gb95052843"}]},{"reference":"Summers, Claude J. (1987). \"Remarks occasioned by the death of C. A. Patrides\". Milton Quarterly. 21 (1): 37–39. doi:10.1111/j.1094-348X.1987.tb00706.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_J._Summers","url_text":"Summers, Claude J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1094-348X.1987.tb00706.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1094-348X.1987.tb00706.x"}]},{"reference":"Summers, Claude J. (1989), Introduction, Figures in a Renaissance context, by C. A. Patrides, Summers, Claude J.; Pebworth, Ted-Larry (eds.), University of Michigan Press, pp. 1–5, ISBN 978-0-472-10119-1","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X0ColELsyIEC&pg=PA1","url_text":"Figures in a Renaissance context"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-10119-1","url_text":"978-0-472-10119-1"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yadgir_railway_station
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Yadgir railway station
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["1 History","2 Structure and expansion","3 References"]
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Railway station in Yadgir, India
Yadgir railway stationIndian Railways stationGeneral informationLocationRailway Station Rd, Yadgir, Yadgir district, Karnataka.IndiaCoordinates16°44′32″N 77°07′45″E / 16.7421°N 77.1292°E / 16.7421; 77.1292Elevation633 m (2,077 ft)Line(s)Guntakal–WadiPlatforms3Tracks5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) broad gaugeConstructionStructure typeStandard (on-ground station)ParkingAvailableOther informationStatusFunctioningStation codeYG
Zone(s)
South Central Railway,
Division(s)
GuntakalHistoryOpened1871ElectrifiedYesLocationYadgir railway stationLocation within KarnatakaShow map of KarnatakaYadgir railway stationYadgir railway station (India)Show map of India
Yadgir railway station, (station code: YG) is an Indian Railways train station located in Yadgir in the Indian state of Karnataka and serves Yadagiri area. It is located on the Guntakal–Wadi(Excl) line of in South Central Railway zone.
History
Yadgir was on the two great railway systems of yesteryears – the Great Indian Peninsula Railway and Madras Railway. While the former started construction from Mumbai, the latter from Chennai. The two systems met at Raichur in 1871.
Structure and expansion
Yadgir railway station has three platforms, each running to 650 meters in length, computerized reservation counter, waiting room, tea stall, parking, foot overbridge, and toilet facilities. Yadgir has connectivity with Bengaluru, Pune, Hyderabad, Latur, Aurangabad and Mumbai, Delhi.
References
^ "Yadgir railway station teeming with people". www.thehindu.com. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
^ "South Central Railway to run 90 winter special trains". www.thehansindia.com. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
^ Chronology of railways in India, Part 2 (1870–1899). "IR History: Early Days – II". IFCA. Retrieved 3 December 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ John Hurd, Ian J. Kerr, India's Railway History: A Research Handbook, page 177
^ "cherlapalli-lingampalli-nagulapalli-rly-stations-to-be-developed-as-terminal-stations-". www.uniindia.com. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
Preceding station
Indian Railways
Following station
Lingiri (LGRE)towards ?
South Central Railway zoneGuntakal–Wadi
Thangundi (TGDE)towards ?
vteRailway stations in KarnatakaSWRTooltip South Western Railway zoneBangalore
Bangalore City
Bangalore Cantonment
Bangalore East
Bangarapet Junction
Baiyyappanahalli
Banaswadi
Hoodi Halt
Kempegowda International Airport halt
Kengeri
Kolar
Krishnadevaraya halt
Krishnarajapuram
Kuppam (Part of KATooltip Karnataka and APTooltip Andhra Pradesh)
Nayandahalli
Shrirangapattana
Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal
Whitefield
Yesvantpur Junction
Yelahanka Junction
Hubli
Almatti
Bagalkot
Badami
Basavana Bagewadi Road
Belagavi
Ballari Junction
Bijapur
Castle Rock
Dharwad
Gadag Junction
Gangavathi
Ginigera Junction
Hole Alur
Hosapete Junction
Hubli Junction
Indi road
Karatagi
Koppal
Londa Junction
Mallapur
Sindhanur
Toranagallu
Mysore
Anandapuram
Arsikere Junction
Ashokapuram
Badanaguppe
Chamarajanagar
Chamarajapuram
Chikkamagaluru
Chinnadagudihundi
Davangere
Hassan Junction
Kabaka Puttur
Kadakola
Kadur Junction
Kavalande
Konanur
Mariyala Gangavadi
Mysore Junction
Nanjangud Town
Narasambudhi
Subrahmanya Road
Sujathapuram
Tandavapura
SCRTooltip South Central Railway zoneSecunderabad
Bidar
Chittapur
Humnabad
Seram/Sedam
Guntakal
Raichur
Yadgir
SRTooltip Southern Railway zonePalakkad
Mangalore Central
Mangalore Junction
CRTooltip Central Railway zoneSolapur
Kalaburagi Junction
Shahabad
Wadi Junction
KRTooltip Konkan Railway zoneKarwar
Ankola
Asnoti
Barkur
Bhatkal
Bijoor
Mookambika Road Byndoor
Chitrapur
Gokarna Road
Harwada
Honnavar
Innanje
Karwar
Kumta
Kundapura
Manki
Mulki
Murudeshwar
Nandikoor
Padubidri
Senapura
Shiroor
Surathkal
Thokur
Udupi
NammaMetroOperational
■ Whitefield (Kadugodi)
Challaghatta■ Nagasandra
Silk Institute
UnderConstruction
■ Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road
Bommasandra■ Nagawara
Kalena Agrahara■ Central Silk Board
KIAL Terminals
Proposed
■ JP Nagar 4th Phase
Kempapura■ Hosahalli
Kadabagere■ Hebbala
Sarjapura
This article about a railway station in the Indian state of Karnataka is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways"},{"link_name":"Yadgir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yadagiri"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Guntakal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guntakal_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Wadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_railway_station"},{"link_name":"South Central Railway zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Central_Railway_zone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Yadgir railway station, (station code: YG) is an Indian Railways train station located in Yadgir in the Indian state of Karnataka and serves Yadagiri area. It is located on the Guntakal–Wadi(Excl) line of in South Central Railway zone.[1][2]","title":"Yadgir railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Indian Peninsula Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Indian_Peninsula_Railway"},{"link_name":"Madras Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_Railway"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IR_History:_Early_Days_%E2%80%93_II-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Yadgir was on the two great railway systems of yesteryears – the Great Indian Peninsula Railway and Madras Railway. While the former started construction from Mumbai, the latter from Chennai. The two systems met at Raichur in 1871.[3][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Yadgir railway station has three platforms, each running to 650 meters in length, computerized reservation counter, waiting room, tea stall, parking, foot overbridge, and toilet facilities. Yadgir has connectivity with Bengaluru, Pune, Hyderabad, Latur, Aurangabad and Mumbai, Delhi.[5]","title":"Structure and expansion"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congerstone
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Congerstone
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["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
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Coordinates: 52°38′N 1°28′W / 52.64°N 01.46°W / 52.64; -01.46Monument in memory of Georgiana Countess Howe by Sir George Frampton
Human settlement in EnglandCongerstoneSt Mary's Parish ChurchCongerstoneLocation within LeicestershireOS grid referenceSK3605Civil parishShackerstoneDistrictHinckley and BosworthShire countyLeicestershireRegionEast MidlandsCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townNuneatonPostcode districtCV13PoliceLeicestershireFireLeicestershireAmbulanceEast Midlands
UK ParliamentBosworth
List of places
UK
England
Leicestershire
52°38′N 1°28′W / 52.64°N 01.46°W / 52.64; -01.46
Congerstone (/ˈkʌndʒəstən/) is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Shackerstone, in the Hinckley and Bosworth district, in Leicestershire, England. It is three miles north west of Market Bosworth, of which it was historically a daughter parish. It is near the Ashby-de-la-Zouch Canal and the A444 road. In 1931 the parish had a population of 209.
The Grade II* listed parish church of St Mary the Virgin dates back to 1179, although the current building is largely from the 16th century and was remodelled in the 19th century. The patron of the church was formerly the Curzon family of Earl Howe who also helped fund the village school. The church includes a monument by Sir George Frampton, dedicated to Georgiana, Countess Howe, first wife of Richard Curzon, 4th Earl Howe.
The village has one school, Congerstone Primary School, on Shackerstone Road.
History
The village's name derives from the Old English cyning-tūn meaning 'farm/settlement of a king'.
On 1 April 1935 the parish was abolished and merged with Shackerstone.
References
^ OS Explorer Map 232 : Nuneaton & Tamworth: (1:25 000) :ISBN 0 319 46404 0
^ "Population statistics Congerstone AP/CP through time". A Vision of Britain through Time. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
^ "Church of St Mary the Virgin A Grade II* Listed Building in Congerstone, Leicestershire". British Listed Buildings. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
^ "Compton-Dundon - Congresbury Pages 675-678 A Topographical Dictionary of England. Originally published by S Lewis, London, 1848". British History Online. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
^ "About us - Congerstone: St Mary the Virgin". A Church Near You. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
^ "Key to English Place-names". kepn.nottingham.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 10 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
^ "Relationships and changes Congerstone AP/CP through time". A Vision of Britain through Time. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
External links
Congerstone village website, including a history of the church and village
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frampton_Monument.jpg"},{"link_name":"/ˈkʌndʒəstən/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"Shackerstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shackerstone"},{"link_name":"Hinckley and Bosworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinckley_and_Bosworth"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EX240-1"},{"link_name":"Market Bosworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Bosworth"},{"link_name":"Ashby-de-la-Zouch Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashby-de-la-Zouch_Canal"},{"link_name":"A444 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A444_road"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Earl Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Howe"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"George Frampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frampton"},{"link_name":"Richard Curzon, 4th Earl Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Curzon,_4th_Earl_Howe"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Monument in memory of Georgiana Countess Howe by Sir George FramptonHuman settlement in EnglandCongerstone (/ˈkʌndʒəstən/) is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Shackerstone, in the Hinckley and Bosworth district, in Leicestershire, England.[1] It is three miles north west of Market Bosworth, of which it was historically a daughter parish. It is near the Ashby-de-la-Zouch Canal and the A444 road. In 1931 the parish had a population of 209.[2]The Grade II* listed parish church of St Mary the Virgin dates back to 1179, although the current building is largely from the 16th century and was remodelled in the 19th century. [3] The patron of the church was formerly the Curzon family of Earl Howe who also helped fund the village school. [4] The church includes a monument by Sir George Frampton, dedicated to Georgiana, Countess Howe, first wife of Richard Curzon, 4th Earl Howe. [5]The village has one school, Congerstone Primary School, on Shackerstone Road.","title":"Congerstone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The village's name derives from the Old English cyning-tūn meaning 'farm/settlement of a king'.[6]On 1 April 1935 the parish was abolished and merged with Shackerstone.[7]","title":"History"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Monument in memory of Georgiana Countess Howe by Sir George Frampton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Frampton_Monument.jpg/220px-Frampton_Monument.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Population statistics Congerstone AP/CP through time\". A Vision of Britain through Time. Retrieved 26 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10374388/cube/TOT_POP","url_text":"\"Population statistics Congerstone AP/CP through time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Vision_of_Britain_through_Time","url_text":"A Vision of Britain through Time"}]},{"reference":"\"Church of St Mary the Virgin A Grade II* Listed Building in Congerstone, Leicestershire\". British Listed Buildings. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101074210-church-of-st-mary-the-virgin-shackerstone#.Xueh30VKhPY","url_text":"\"Church of St Mary the Virgin A Grade II* Listed Building in Congerstone, Leicestershire\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200615163535/https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101074210-church-of-st-mary-the-virgin-shackerstone#.Xueh30VKhPY","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Compton-Dundon - Congresbury Pages 675-678 A Topographical Dictionary of England. Originally published by S Lewis, London, 1848\". British History Online. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-dict/england/pp675-678","url_text":"\"Compton-Dundon - Congresbury Pages 675-678 A Topographical Dictionary of England. Originally published by S Lewis, London, 1848\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200615163649/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-dict/england/pp675-678","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"About us - Congerstone: St Mary the Virgin\". A Church Near You. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.achurchnearyou.com/church/5464/about-us/","url_text":"\"About us - Congerstone: St Mary the Virgin\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200615163534/https://www.achurchnearyou.com/church/5464/about-us/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Key to English Place-names\". kepn.nottingham.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 10 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk/map/place/Leicestershire/Congerstone","url_text":"\"Key to English Place-names\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210810070059/http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk/map/place/Leicestershire/Congerstone","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Relationships and changes Congerstone AP/CP through time\". A Vision of Britain through Time. Retrieved 26 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10374388","url_text":"\"Relationships and changes Congerstone AP/CP through time\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Congerstone¶ms=52.64_N_1.46_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"52°38′N 1°28′W / 52.64°N 01.46°W / 52.64; -01.46"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Congerstone¶ms=52.641555_N_1.469414_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Congerstone","external_links_name":"SK3605"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Congerstone¶ms=52.64_N_1.46_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"52°38′N 1°28′W / 52.64°N 01.46°W / 52.64; -01.46"},{"Link":"https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10374388/cube/TOT_POP","external_links_name":"\"Population statistics Congerstone AP/CP through time\""},{"Link":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101074210-church-of-st-mary-the-virgin-shackerstone#.Xueh30VKhPY","external_links_name":"\"Church of St Mary the Virgin A Grade II* Listed Building in Congerstone, Leicestershire\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200615163535/https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101074210-church-of-st-mary-the-virgin-shackerstone#.Xueh30VKhPY","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-dict/england/pp675-678","external_links_name":"\"Compton-Dundon - Congresbury Pages 675-678 A Topographical Dictionary of England. Originally published by S Lewis, London, 1848\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200615163649/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-dict/england/pp675-678","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.achurchnearyou.com/church/5464/about-us/","external_links_name":"\"About us - Congerstone: St Mary the Virgin\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200615163534/https://www.achurchnearyou.com/church/5464/about-us/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk/map/place/Leicestershire/Congerstone","external_links_name":"\"Key to English Place-names\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210810070059/http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk/map/place/Leicestershire/Congerstone","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10374388","external_links_name":"\"Relationships and changes Congerstone AP/CP through time\""},{"Link":"http://congerstonevillage.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Congerstone village website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barking_Learning_Centre
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Barking Learning Centre
|
["1 Courses","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 51°32′11″N 0°04′47″E / 51.5364°N 0.0798°E / 51.5364; 0.0798Community centre in London, England
Work underway on the Barking Learning Centre in March 2007. Work was completed in November 2007.
The Barking Learning Centre, in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham, is a community-based learning facility. The centre is located in Barking Town Square and hosts a library, a cafe, an art gallery, a sauna and spa, and offers a range of courses and qualifications. It was constructed on the site of the much-lamented former Barking Library. The Barking Learning Centre website states that its primary focus: "is to provide education and training opportunities linked to the public service areas of health, education, social care and administration, to support increased participation to learning locally".
The Barking Learning Centre was officially opened on 10 June 2008 by John Denham, the then Secretary of State for Innovation, University and Skills.
Courses
Courses at the Barking Learning Centre include health, education, social care, and recreation. The courses are provided by Barking and Dagenham College, the Adult College of Barking and Dagenham, and the University of East London.
References
^ "Barking Central 1, London". Housing Design Awards 2008. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
^ a b ,"Barking Learning Centre". Archived from the original on 26 January 2010.
^ ,"Barking Learning Centre: About". Archived from the original on 31 January 2010.
^ "Extra Opportunities with Barking Learning Cente Launch".
^ ,"We need more education! – Barking & Dagenham students speak out".
External links
Barking College Archived 4 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine
The Adult College of Barking and Dagenham
The University of East London
Understanding People: Foundation Degree at the BLC
vteSchools and colleges in Barking and DagenhamPrimary schools
Eastbrook School
Eastbury Community School
Goresbrook School
Secondary schools
All Saints Catholic School
Barking Abbey School
Brook Sixth Form and Academy
Dagenham Park Church of England School
Eastbrook School
Eastbury Community School
Goresbrook School
Jo Richardson Community School
Riverside School
Robert Clack School
The Sydney Russell School
The Warren School
Further education colleges
Barking and Dagenham College
Barking Learning Centre
51°32′11″N 0°04′47″E / 51.5364°N 0.0798°E / 51.5364; 0.0798
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barking_central_london.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Barking and Dagenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Barking_and_Dagenham"},{"link_name":"Barking Town Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barking_Town_Square"},{"link_name":"art gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_gallery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barking_Learning_Centre-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barking_Learning_Centre:_About-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Extra_Opportunities_with_Barking_Learning_Centre_launch-4"}],"text":"Community centre in London, EnglandWork underway on the Barking Learning Centre in March 2007. Work was completed in November 2007.[1]The Barking Learning Centre, in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham, is a community-based learning facility. The centre is located in Barking Town Square and hosts a library, a cafe, an art gallery, a sauna and spa, and offers a range of courses and qualifications.[2] It was constructed on the site of the much-lamented former Barking Library. The Barking Learning Centre website states that its primary focus:\"is to provide education and training opportunities linked to the public service areas of health, education, social care and administration, to support increased participation to learning locally\".[3]The Barking Learning Centre was officially opened on 10 June 2008 by John Denham, the then Secretary of State for Innovation, University and Skills.[4]","title":"Barking Learning Centre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"social care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_care"},{"link_name":"recreation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreation"},{"link_name":"Barking and Dagenham College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barking_and_Dagenham_College"},{"link_name":"Adult College of Barking and Dagenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adult_College_of_Barking_and_Dagenham&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"University of East London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_East_London"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barking_Learning_Centre-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-We_need_more_education!_-_Barking_&_Dagenham_students_speak_out-5"}],"text":"Courses at the Barking Learning Centre include health, education, social care, and recreation. The courses are provided by Barking and Dagenham College, the Adult College of Barking and Dagenham, and the University of East London.[2][5]","title":"Courses"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Work underway on the Barking Learning Centre in March 2007. Work was completed in November 2007.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Barking_central_london.jpg/250px-Barking_central_london.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Barking Central 1, London\". Housing Design Awards 2008. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 6 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090601180423/http://www.designforhomes.org/hda/2008/must_see/barking.html","url_text":"\"Barking Central 1, London\""},{"url":"http://www.designforhomes.org/hda/2008/must_see/barking.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Barking Learning Centre\". Archived from the original on 26 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100126053903/http://www.barking-dagenham.gov.uk/blc/index.html","url_text":"\"Barking Learning Centre\""},{"url":"http://www.barking-dagenham.gov.uk/blc/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Barking Learning Centre: About\". Archived from the original on 31 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100131024128/http://www.barking-dagenham.gov.uk/blc/about.html","url_text":"\"Barking Learning Centre: About\""},{"url":"http://www.barking-dagenham.gov.uk/blc/about.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Extra Opportunities with Barking Learning Cente Launch\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uel.ac.uk/news/latest_news/stories/blclaunch.htm","url_text":"\"Extra Opportunities with Barking Learning Cente Launch\""}]},{"reference":"\"We need more education! – Barking & Dagenham students speak out\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uel.ac.uk/news/press_releases/more_education.htm","url_text":"\"We need more education! – Barking & Dagenham students speak out\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Barking_Learning_Centre¶ms=51.5364_N_0.0798_E_type:landmark_region:GB-BDG","external_links_name":"51°32′11″N 0°04′47″E / 51.5364°N 0.0798°E / 51.5364; 0.0798"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090601180423/http://www.designforhomes.org/hda/2008/must_see/barking.html","external_links_name":"\"Barking Central 1, London\""},{"Link":"http://www.designforhomes.org/hda/2008/must_see/barking.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100126053903/http://www.barking-dagenham.gov.uk/blc/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Barking Learning Centre\""},{"Link":"http://www.barking-dagenham.gov.uk/blc/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100131024128/http://www.barking-dagenham.gov.uk/blc/about.html","external_links_name":"\"Barking Learning Centre: About\""},{"Link":"http://www.barking-dagenham.gov.uk/blc/about.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.uel.ac.uk/news/latest_news/stories/blclaunch.htm","external_links_name":"\"Extra Opportunities with Barking Learning Cente Launch\""},{"Link":"http://www.uel.ac.uk/news/press_releases/more_education.htm","external_links_name":"\"We need more education! – Barking & Dagenham students speak out\""},{"Link":"http://www.barkingcollege.ac.uk/","external_links_name":"Barking College"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191104065056/http://www.barkingcollege.ac.uk/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090602084731/http://www.adult-college.bardaglea.org.uk/index.cfm","external_links_name":"The Adult College of Barking and Dagenham"},{"Link":"http://www.uel.ac.uk/","external_links_name":"The University of East London"},{"Link":"http://www.uel.ac.uk/programmes/psychology/undergraduate/understandingpeople.htm","external_links_name":"Understanding People: Foundation Degree at the BLC"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Barking_Learning_Centre¶ms=51.5364_N_0.0798_E_type:landmark_region:GB-BDG","external_links_name":"51°32′11″N 0°04′47″E / 51.5364°N 0.0798°E / 51.5364; 0.0798"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere_Reserves_in_the_United_States_of_America
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World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America
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["1 The list","1.1 Albania","1.2 Austria","1.3 Belarus","1.4 Bulgaria","1.5 Canada","1.6 Croatia","1.7 Czech Republic","1.8 Czech Republic and Poland","1.9 Denmark","1.10 Estonia","1.11 Finland","1.12 France","1.13 France and Germany","1.14 France and Italy","1.15 Germany","1.16 Greece","1.17 Hungary","1.18 Ireland","1.19 Isle of Man","1.20 Israel","1.21 Italy","1.22 Latvia","1.23 Lithuania","1.24 Montenegro","1.25 Netherlands","1.26 North Macedonia","1.27 Poland","1.28 Portugal","1.29 Portugal and Spain","1.30 Romania","1.31 Romania and Ukraine","1.32 Russian Federation","1.33 Serbia","1.34 Slovakia","1.35 Slovenia","1.36 Spain","1.37 Sweden","1.38 Switzerland","1.39 Turkey","1.40 Ukraine","1.41 United Kingdom","1.42 United States","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"]
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Under UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Programme, there are 308 biosphere reserves recognized as part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America (as of May 2023). These are distributed across 41 countries in the region.
Biosphere reserves operating under the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme aim to achieve three mandate management objectives of conservation, sustainable socio-economic development, and logistic support.
The list
Below is the list of biosphere reserves in Europe and North America, organized by country/territory, along with the year these were designated as part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves.
The list does not include the Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean, a biosphere reserve shared between Morocco and Spain, which has been classified as part of the Arab States region.
Albania
Ohrid-Prespa (2014) (shared with North Macedonia)
Austria
Großwalsertal, Austria
(Gossenköllesee (1977) - withdrawn in 2014)
(Gurgler Kamm (1977) - withdrawn in 2014)
(Lobau (1977) - withdrawn in 2016)
(Neusiedler See (1977) - withdrawn in 2016)
Großwalsertal (since 2000)
Wienerwald (since 2005)
Salzburger Lungau & Kärntner Nockberge (since 2012)
Belarus
Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve (1978)
Belovezhskaya Pushcha (1993)
West Polesie Transboundary Biosphere Reserve (2004)
Bulgaria
(Dupkata (1977, withdrawn in 2017))
(Kamtchia (1977, withdrawn in 2017))
(Kupena (1977, withdrawn in 2017))
(Steneto (1977, merged in 2017))
(Boatin (1977, merged in 2017))
(Tsarichina (1977, merged in 2017))
(Dzhendema (1977, merged in 2017))
Ali Botush (1977)
Bistrishko Branishte (1977)
Bayuvi Dupki–Dzhindzhiritsa (1977) (in Pirin National Park)
Mantaritza (1977)
Uzunbodzhak (1977)
Parangalitsa (1977) (in Rila National Park)
Srebarna (1977)
Chervenata stena (1977)
Chuprene (1977)
Central Balkan National Park (created in 2017 by merging four extant reserves)
Canada
Mont Saint-Hilaire (1978)
Waterton (1979)
Long Point (1986)
Riding Mountain (1986)
Charlevoix (1988)
Niagara Escarpment (1990)
Clayoquot Sound (2000)
Redberry Lake (2000)
Lac Saint-Pierre (2000)
Mount Arrowsmith (2000)
Southwest Nova (2001)
Frontenac Arch (2002)
Georgian Bay (2004)
Manicouagan Uapishka (2007)
Fundy (2007)
Bras d'Or Lake (2011)
Beaver Hills (2016)
Tsá Tué (2016)
Howe Sound (2021)
Croatia
Velebit Mountain (1977)
Mura Drava Danube (2012)
Czech Republic
Krivoklátsko (1977)
Trebon Basin (1977)
Sumava (1990)
Bílé Karpaty (1996)
Lower Morava (2003)
Czech Republic and Poland
Krkonoše/Karkonosze (1992)
Denmark
North-East Greenland (1977)
Møn (2017)
Estonia
West Estonian Archipelago (1990)
Finland
North Karelian (1992)
Petkeljärvi National Park
Patvinsuo National Park
Archipelago Sea Area (1994)
France
Commune de Fakarava (1977)
Vallée du Fango (1977)
Camargue (Rhône River Delta) (1977)
Cévennes (1984)
Iroise (1988)
Mont Ventoux (1990)
Archipel de la Guadeloupe (1992)
Luberon (1997)
Forest of Fontainebleau (1998)
Dordogne Watershed (2012)
Marais Audomarois (2013)
Gorges du Gardon (2015)
France and Germany
Palatinate Forest–North Vosges (1998)
France and Italy
Monte Viso (2014)
Germany
Middle Elbe (1979)
Vessertal-Thuringian Forest (1979)
Bavarian Forest (1981)
Berchtesgaden Alps (1990)
Wadden Sea and Hallig Islands of Schleswig-Holstein (1990)
Schorfheide-Chorin (1990)
Spreewald (1991)
Rügen (1991)
Rhön (1991)
Lower Saxon Wadden Sea (1992)
Hamburg Wadden Sea (1992)
Upper Lusatian Heath and Pond Landscape (1996)
Schaalsee (2000)
Bliesgau (2009)
Swabian Alb (2009)
Black Forest (2017)
Greece
Gorge of Samaria (1981)
Mount Olympus (1981)
Hungary
Aggtelek National Park(1979)
Hortobágy National Park (1979)
Kiskunság National Park (1979)
Pilis (1980)
Fertő-Hanság National Park (1991) UNESCO Biosphere Reserve since 1979
Ireland
North Bull Island (1981)
Killarney (1982)
Isle of Man
Isle of Man (2016) - entire territory and territorial seas
Israel
Mount Carmel (1996)
Megiddo (2011; formerly "Ramat Menashe")
Italy
Collemeluccio-Montedimezzo (1977)
Circeo (1977)
Miramare (1979)
Cilento and Vallo di Diano (1997)
Somma-Vesuvio and Miglio d'Oro (1997)
Valle del Ticino (2002), then Ticino Val Grande Verbano (2018)
Tuscan Islands (2003)
Selva Pisana (2004)
Monviso (2013)
Sila (2014)
Tepilora, Rio Posada and Montalbo (2017)
Monte Peglia (2018)
Valle Camonica - Alto Sebino (2018)
Alpi Ledrensi e Judicaria (2015)
Latvia
North Vidzeme (1997)
Lithuania
Žuvintas (2002)
Montenegro
Tara River Basin (1976)
Netherlands
Waddensea Area (1986, withdrawn 2018)*
Maasheggen (2018)
North Macedonia
Ohrid-Prespa (2014) (shared with Albania)
Poland
Main article: Biosphere reserves of Poland
Babia Góra Massif (1976)
Białowieża Forest (1976)
Łuknajno Lake (1976)
Słowiński (1976)
Tatra Mountains (1992) (Cross-border with Slovakia)
Karkonosze (1992) (shared with the Czech Republic)
East Carpathian (1998) (Cross-border with Slovakia and Ukraine)
Kampinos Forest (2000)
West Polesie (2002) (Cross-border with Ukraine and Belarus) (2012)
Tuchola Forest (2010)
Portugal
Paúl do Boquilobo (1981)
Corvo Island (2007)
Graciosa Island (2007)
Flores Island (2009)
Castro Verde (2017)
Portugal and Spain
Geres/Xures (2009)
Meseta Ibérica (2015)
Romania
Pietrosul Mare (1979)
Retezat (1979)
Romania and Ukraine
Danube Delta (1998)
Russian Federation
Kavkazskiy (1978)
Okskiy (1978)
Prioksko-Terrasnyi (1978)
Sikhote-Alin (1978)
Tsentral'no-Chernozemny (1978)
Nevski Prospekhetee (1984)
Kronotskiy (1984)
Laplandskiy (1984)
Pechoro-Ilychskiy (1984)
Sayano-Shushenskiy (1984)
Sokhondinskiy (1984)
Voronezhskiy (1984)
Tsentral'nolesnoy (1985)
Barguzinskyi (1986)
Baikalskyi (1986)
Tzentralnosibirskii (1986)
Chernyje Zemli (1993)
Taimyrsky (1995)
Ubsunorskaya Kotlovina (1997)
Daursky (1997)
Teberda (1997)
Katunsky (2000)
Nerusso-Desnianskoe-Polesie (2001)
Visimskiy (2001)
Vodolozerskiy (2001)
Commander Islands (2002)
Darvinskiy (2002)
Nijegorodskoe Zavolje (2002)
Smolensk Lakeland (2002)
Ugra (2002)
Far East Marine (2003)
Kedrovaya Pad (2004)
Kenozerskiy (2004)
Valdaisky (2004)
Khankaiskiy (2005)
Middle Volga Integrated Biosphere Reserve (2006)
Great Volzhsko-Kamsky (2007)
Rostovsky (2008)
Altaisky (2009)
Kizlyar Bay (2017)
Metsola (2017)
Great Altai (2017)(encompassing Katun Nature Reserve in Russia and Katon-Karagay National Park in Kazakhstan)
Serbia
Golija-Studenica (2001)
Bačko Podunavlje (2017)
Slovakia
Tatra Mountains , Slovakia
Slovenský Kras (1977)
Poľana (1990)
Tatra Mountains (1992) (Cross-border with Poland)
East Carpathian (1998) (Cross-border with Slovakia and Ukraine)
Slovenia
Julian Alps (2003)
The Karst (2004)
Kozjansko & Obsotelje (2010)
Mura (2018)
Spain
See also: § Portugal and Spain
Grazalema (1977)
Ordesa-Viñamala (1977)
Montseny Natural Park (1978)
Doñana (1980)
Mancha Húmeda (1980)
Las Sierras de Cazorla y Segura (1983)
Marismas del Odiel (1983)
La Palma (1983)
Urdaibai (1984)
Sierra Nevada (1986)
Cuenca Alta del Río Manzanares (1992)
Lanzarote (1993)
Menorca (1993)
Sierra de las Nieves y su Entomo (1995)
Cabo de Gata-Nijar (1997)
Isla de El Hierro (2000)
Bardenas Reales (2000)
Muniellos, Gran Cantábrica (2000)
Somiedo (2000)
Redes (2001)
Las Dehesas de Sierra Morena (2002)
Terras do Miño (2002)
Valle de Laciana (2003)
Picos de Europa (2003)
Monfragüe (2003)
Valles del Jubera, Leza, Cidacos y Alhama (2003)
Babia (2004)
Alto de Bernesga (2005)
Los Valles de Omaña y Luna (2005)
Los Argüellos (2005)
Área de Allariz (2005)
Gran Canaria (2005)
Sierra del Rincón (2005)
Os Ancares Lucenses e Montes de Cervantes (2006)
Los Ancares Leoneses (2006)
Las Sierras de Béjar y Francia (2006)
Río Eo, Oscos e Terras de Buron (2007)
Fuerteventura (2009)
As Mariñas Coruñesas e Terras do Mandeo (2013)
Terres de l'Ebre (2013)
Real Sitio de San Ildefonso-El Espinar (2013)
Macizo de Anaga (2015)
Ponga (2018)
Sweden
(Lake Torne Area (1986) - withdrawn in 2010)
Kristianstads Vattenrike Biosphere Reserve (2005)
Lake Vänern Archipelago (2010)
Blekinge archipelago (2011)
River Landscape of Nedre Dalälven (2011)
East Vättern Scarp Landscape (2012)
Voxnadalen (2019)
Vindelälven-Juhttátahkka (2019)
Switzerland
Further information: Nature parks in Switzerland
Swiss National Park (1979)
Entlebuch Biosphere (2001)
Biosfera Val Müstair (2010)
Turkey
Camili (2005)
Ukraine
See also: § Romania and Ukraine
Carpathian Biosphere Reserve, Ukraine
Chernomorskiy (1984)
Askaniya-Nova (1985)
Carpathian (1992)
East Carpathian (1998) (Cross-border with Slovakia and Ukraine)
Shatskiy (2002)
Desnianskyi (2009)
Roztochya (2011)
United Kingdom
Beinn Eighe (1976)
Braunton Burrows (1976), extended 2002 as North Devon's Biosphere Reserve
Cairnsmore of Fleet (1976)
Biosffer Dyfi (1976)
(Loch Druidibeg (1976) - withdrawn 2013)
(Moor House-Upper Teesdale (1976) - withdrawn 2012)
(North Norfolk Coast (1976) - withdrawn 2014)
Silver Flowe-Merrick Kells (1976)
(Taynish (1977) - withdrawn 2010)
Galloway and southern Ayrshire (2012)
Brighton and Lewes Downs (2014)
Wester Ross (2016)
United States
Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska
The US Biosphere Network (USBN) consists of 28 internationally recognized biosphere regions across the continental United States, the US Caribbean, Alaska, and Hawai’i. In 2021, the USBN adopted the term biosphere regions instead of biosphere reserves. The mission of the USBN is to foster national and international connections among biosphere regions, to facilitate their sharing of best practices, and to support their work toward connecting people and nature.
Big Bend (1976)
Cascade Head (1976)
Channel Islands (1976)
Denali (1976)
Everglades & Dry Tortugas (1976)
Crown of the Continent (formerly Glacier) (1976)
Jornada (1976)
Luquillo (1976)
Olympic (1976)
Sonoran Desert (formerly Organ Pipe Cactus) (1976)
Rocky Mountain (1976)
Sequoia-Kings Canyon (1976)
Yellowstone-Grand Teton (formerly Yellowstone) (1976)
Obtawaing (formerly University of Michigan Biological Station) (1979)
Virginia Coast (1979)
Hawaiian Islands (1980)
Isle Royale (1980)
Big Thicket (1981)
Guanica (1981)
Apalachicola (formerly Central Gulf Coast Plain) (1983)
Congaree (formerly South Atlantic Coastal Plain) (1983)
Mojave and Colorado Deserts (1984)
Glacier Bay-Admiralty Island (1986)
Golden Gate (1988)
New Jersey Pinelands (1988)
Southern Appalachian (1988)
Champlain-Adirondack (1989)
Mammoth Cave Area (1990)
Sites withdrawn
(Aleutian Islands (1976–2017))
(Beaver Creek (1976–2017))
(California Coast Ranges (1983–2017))
(Carolinian-South Atlantic (1986–2017))
(Central Plains (1976–2017))
(Coram (1976–2017))
(Desert (1976–2017))
(Fraser (1976–2017))
(H.J. Andrews (1976–2017))
(Hubbard Brook (1976–2017))
(Konza Prairie (1978))
(Land Between the Lakes (1991–2017))
(Niwot Ridge (1979–2017))
(Noatak (1976–2017))
(San Dimas (1976–2018))
(San Joaquin (1976-2019))
(Stanislaus-Tuolumne (1976–2017))
(Three Sisters (1976–2017))
(Virgin Islands (1976–2017))
References
^ "Europe & North America". Ecological Sciences for Sustainable Development. UNESCO.
^ "Biosphere reserves withdrawn from the World Network of Biosphere reserves". Ecological Sciences for Sustainable Development. UNESCO. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
^ Van, Cuong, Chu; Peter, Dart; Marc, Hockings (2017). "Using Enhancing our heritage toolkit for assessing management effectiveness of the Kien Giang Biosphere Reserve". International Journal of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves. 1 (2): 56–76. doi:10.25316/ir-77.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "23 new sites added to UNESCO's World Network of Biosphere Reserves". UNESCO. 14 June 2017.
^ "Howe Sound Biosphere Region Initiative".
^ a b c d UNESCO (26 July 2018). "Twenty-four new sites join UNESCO's World Network of Biosphere Reserves 26 July 2018". Retrieved 5 September 2018.
^ "Europe & North America: 292 biosphere reserves in 37 countries". Retrieved 5 September 2018.
^ "Biosfärområde Kristianstads Vattenrike – Bra för natur och människa" (in Swedish). Biosfärkontoret Kristianstads Vattenrike. May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
^ "Vänerskärgården med Kinnekulle" (in Swedish). Biosfärområde Vänerskärgården med Kinnekulle. May 11, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
^ "Välkommen till Biosfärområde Blekinge Arkipelag!" (in Swedish). Biosfärområde Blekinge Arkipelag. September 8, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
^ "United States Biosphere Network". Center For Large Landscape Conservation. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
^ "Biosphere Regions". George Wright Society. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
^ "FAQs About Biosphere Regions". Center For Large Landscape Conservation. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
^ "Biosphere reserves in Europe & North America". UNESCO. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
Further reading
International Journal of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves. eISSN 2371-7890. Some contents archived at
External links
List of UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves of Europe and North America
vteUNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme World Network of Biosphere Reserves
Africa
Arab States
Asia and the Pacific
Europe and North America
Latin America and the Caribbean
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Biosphere reserves operating under the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme aim to achieve three mandate management objectives of conservation, sustainable socio-economic development, and logistic support.[3]","title":"World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arab States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_the_Arab_States"}],"text":"Below is the list of biosphere reserves in Europe and North America, organized by country/territory, along with the year these were designated as part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves.The list does not include the Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean, a biosphere reserve shared between Morocco and Spain, which has been classified as part of the Arab States region.","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ohrid-Prespa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohrid-Prespa_Transboundary_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"}],"sub_title":"Albania","text":"Ohrid-Prespa (2014) (shared with North Macedonia)","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gro%C3%9Fes_Walsertal_von_Biberacher_H%C3%BCtte_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Großwalsertal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fwalsertal"},{"link_name":"Lobau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobau"},{"link_name":"Neusiedler See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Neusiedl"},{"link_name":"Großwalsertal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fwalsertal"},{"link_name":"Wienerwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Woods"}],"sub_title":"Austria","text":"Großwalsertal, Austria(Gossenköllesee (1977) - withdrawn in 2014)\n(Gurgler Kamm (1977) - withdrawn in 2014)\n(Lobau (1977) - withdrawn in 2016)\n(Neusiedler See (1977) - withdrawn in 2016)\nGroßwalsertal (since 2000)\nWienerwald (since 2005)\nSalzburger Lungau & Kärntner Nockberge (since 2012)","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezinsky_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Belovezhskaya Pushcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest"},{"link_name":"West Polesie Transboundary Biosphere Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Polesie_Transboundary_Biosphere_Reserve"}],"sub_title":"Belarus","text":"Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve (1978)\nBelovezhskaya Pushcha (1993)\nWest Polesie Transboundary Biosphere Reserve (2004)","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dupkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dupkata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"bg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U2017-4"},{"link_name":"Kamtchia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamchia_(biosphere_reserve)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U2017-4"},{"link_name":"Kupena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kupena&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"bg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U2017-4"},{"link_name":"Dzhendema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzhendema"},{"link_name":"Ali Botush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Botush_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Bistrishko Branishte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bistrishko_Branishte"},{"link_name":"Bayuvi Dupki–Dzhindzhiritsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayuvi_Dupki%E2%80%93Dzhindzhiritsa"},{"link_name":"Pirin National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirin_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Mantaritza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantaritza_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Uzunbodzhak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzunbodzhak"},{"link_name":"Parangalitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parangalitsa"},{"link_name":"Rila National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rila_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Srebarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srebarna_Nature_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Chervenata stena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chervenata_stena&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"bg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0"},{"link_name":"Chuprene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuprene"},{"link_name":"Central Balkan National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Balkan_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U2017-4"}],"sub_title":"Bulgaria","text":"(Dupkata [bg] (1977, withdrawn in 2017))[4]\n(Kamtchia (1977, withdrawn in 2017))[4]\n(Kupena [bg] (1977, withdrawn in 2017))[4]\n(Steneto (1977, merged in 2017))\n(Boatin (1977, merged in 2017))\n(Tsarichina (1977, merged in 2017))\n(Dzhendema (1977, merged in 2017))\nAli Botush (1977)\nBistrishko Branishte (1977)\nBayuvi Dupki–Dzhindzhiritsa (1977) (in Pirin National Park)\nMantaritza (1977)\nUzunbodzhak (1977)\nParangalitsa (1977) (in Rila National Park)\nSrebarna (1977)\nChervenata stena [bg] (1977)\nChuprene (1977)\nCentral Balkan National Park (created in 2017 by merging four extant reserves)[4]","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mont Saint-Hilaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Saint-Hilaire"},{"link_name":"Waterton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterton_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Long Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Point_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Riding Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riding_Mountain_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Charlevoix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlevoix_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Niagara Escarpment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Escarpment_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Clayoquot Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayoquot_Sound_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Redberry Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redberry_Lake_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Lac Saint-Pierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_Saint-Pierre_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Mount Arrowsmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Arrowsmith_Biosphere_Region"},{"link_name":"Southwest Nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Nova_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Frontenac Arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontenac_Arch_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Georgian Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Bay_Littoral"},{"link_name":"Manicouagan Uapishka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manicouagan_Uapishka_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Fundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundy_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Bras d'Or Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bras_d%27Or_Lake_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Beaver Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Hills_(Alberta)"},{"link_name":"Tsá Tué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ts%C3%A1_Tu%C3%A9_Biosphere_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Howe Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howe_Sound"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Canada","text":"Mont Saint-Hilaire (1978)\nWaterton (1979)\nLong Point (1986)\nRiding Mountain (1986)\nCharlevoix (1988)\nNiagara Escarpment (1990)\nClayoquot Sound (2000)\nRedberry Lake (2000)\nLac Saint-Pierre (2000)\nMount Arrowsmith (2000)\nSouthwest Nova (2001)\nFrontenac Arch (2002)\nGeorgian Bay (2004)\nManicouagan Uapishka (2007)\nFundy (2007)\nBras d'Or Lake (2011)\nBeaver Hills (2016)\nTsá Tué (2016)\nHowe Sound (2021)[5]","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Velebit Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Sjeverni_Velebit"},{"link_name":"Mura Drava Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/europe-north-america/croatiahungary/mura-drava-danube"}],"sub_title":"Croatia","text":"Velebit Mountain (1977)\nMura Drava Danube (2012)","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Krivoklátsko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%99ivokl%C3%A1tsko_Protected_Landscape_Area"},{"link_name":"Sumava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0umava_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Bílé Karpaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Carpathians"},{"link_name":"Lower Morava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1lava_Landscape_Protected_Area"}],"sub_title":"Czech Republic","text":"Krivoklátsko (1977)\nTrebon Basin (1977)\nSumava (1990)\nBílé Karpaty (1996)\nLower Morava (2003)","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Krkonoše/Karkonosze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krkono%C5%A1e/Karkonosze_Transboundary_Biosphere_Reserve"}],"sub_title":"Czech Republic and Poland","text":"Krkonoše/Karkonosze (1992)","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North-East Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-East_Greenland"},{"link_name":"Møn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B8n"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U2017-4"}],"sub_title":"Denmark","text":"North-East Greenland (1977)\nMøn (2017)[4]","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Estonian Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Estonian_Archipelago_Biosphere_Reserve"}],"sub_title":"Estonia","text":"West Estonian Archipelago (1990)","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Petkeljärvi National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petkelj%C3%A4rvi_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Patvinsuo National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patvinsuo_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Archipelago Sea Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelago_National_Park"}],"sub_title":"Finland","text":"North Karelian (1992)\nPetkeljärvi National Park\nPatvinsuo National Park\nArchipelago Sea Area (1994)","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fakarava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakarava"},{"link_name":"Camargue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_naturel_r%C3%A9gional_de_Camargue"},{"link_name":"Cévennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9vennes_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Iroise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroise_National_Nature_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Mont Ventoux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Ventoux"},{"link_name":"Archipel de la Guadeloupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Luberon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luberon"},{"link_name":"Forest of Fontainebleau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_of_Fontainebleau"},{"link_name":"Dordogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dordogne_(river)"},{"link_name":"Marais Audomarois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marais_Audomarois"},{"link_name":"Gorges du Gardon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorges_du_Gardon"}],"sub_title":"France","text":"Commune de Fakarava (1977)\nVallée du Fango (1977)\nCamargue (Rhône River Delta) (1977)\nCévennes (1984)\nIroise (1988)\nMont Ventoux (1990)\nArchipel de la Guadeloupe (1992)\nLuberon (1997)\nForest of Fontainebleau (1998)\nDordogne Watershed (2012)\nMarais Audomarois (2013)\nGorges du Gardon (2015)","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palatinate Forest–North Vosges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatinate_Forest-North_Vosges_Biosphere_Reserve"}],"sub_title":"France and Germany","text":"Palatinate Forest–North Vosges (1998)","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monte Viso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Viso"}],"sub_title":"France and Italy","text":"Monte Viso (2014)","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Middle Elbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Elbe_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Thuringian Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringian_Forest"},{"link_name":"Bavarian Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Forest"},{"link_name":"Berchtesgaden Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berchtesgaden_Alps"},{"link_name":"Wadden Sea and Hallig Islands of Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadden_Sea_National_Parks"},{"link_name":"Schorfheide-Chorin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schorfheide-Chorin_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Spreewald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreewald"},{"link_name":"Rügen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCgen"},{"link_name":"Rhön","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B6n_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Lower Saxon Wadden Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadden_Sea_National_Parks"},{"link_name":"Hamburg Wadden Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadden_Sea_National_Parks"},{"link_name":"Upper Lusatian Heath and Pond Landscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Lusatian_Heath_and_Pond_Landscape"},{"link_name":"Schaalsee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaalsee"},{"link_name":"Bliesgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bliesgau"},{"link_name":"Swabian Alb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabian_Alps"},{"link_name":"Black Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Forest"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U2017-4"}],"sub_title":"Germany","text":"Middle Elbe (1979)\nVessertal-Thuringian Forest (1979)\nBavarian Forest (1981)\nBerchtesgaden Alps (1990)\nWadden Sea and Hallig Islands of Schleswig-Holstein (1990)\nSchorfheide-Chorin (1990)\nSpreewald (1991)\nRügen (1991)\nRhön (1991)\nLower Saxon Wadden Sea (1992)\nHamburg Wadden Sea (1992)\nUpper Lusatian Heath and Pond Landscape (1996)\nSchaalsee (2000)\nBliesgau (2009)\nSwabian Alb (2009)\nBlack Forest (2017)[4]","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gorge of Samaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaria_Gorge"},{"link_name":"Mount Olympus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Olympus"}],"sub_title":"Greece","text":"Gorge of Samaria (1981)\nMount Olympus (1981)","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aggtelek National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggtelek_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Hortobágy National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortob%C3%A1gy_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Kiskunság National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiskuns%C3%A1g_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Pilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilis_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Fertő-Hanság National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fert%C5%91-Hans%C3%A1g_National_Park"}],"sub_title":"Hungary","text":"Aggtelek National Park(1979)\nHortobágy National Park (1979)\nKiskunság National Park (1979)\nPilis (1980)\nFertő-Hanság National Park (1991) UNESCO Biosphere Reserve since 1979","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Bull Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Bull_Island"},{"link_name":"Killarney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killarney"}],"sub_title":"Ireland","text":"North Bull Island (1981)\nKillarney (1982)","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isle of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man"}],"sub_title":"Isle of Man","text":"Isle of Man (2016) - entire territory and territorial seas","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Carmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Carmel"},{"link_name":"Megiddo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Megiddo"},{"link_name":"Ramat Menashe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramat_Menashe"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U2017-4"}],"sub_title":"Israel","text":"Mount Carmel (1996)\nMegiddo (2011; formerly \"Ramat Menashe\")[4]","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Circeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Circeo"},{"link_name":"Miramare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miramare_Biosphere_Reserve_and_Marine_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Cilento and Vallo di Diano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilento_and_Vallo_di_Diano_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Somma-Vesuvio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesuvius_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Ticino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticino_(river)"},{"link_name":"Tuscan Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscan_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Selva Pisana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selva_Pisana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Monviso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monviso"},{"link_name":"Sila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sila_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Tepilora, Rio Posada and Montalbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tepilora,_Rio_Posada_and_Montalbo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U2017-4"},{"link_name":"Monte Peglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monte_Peglia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U2018-6"},{"link_name":"Valle Camonica - Alto Sebino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Camonica"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U2018-6"},{"link_name":"Alpi Ledrensi e Judicaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alpi_Ledrensi_e_Judicaria&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Italy","text":"Collemeluccio-Montedimezzo (1977)\nCirceo (1977)\nMiramare (1979)\nCilento and Vallo di Diano (1997)\nSomma-Vesuvio and Miglio d'Oro (1997)\nValle del Ticino (2002), then Ticino Val Grande Verbano (2018)\nTuscan Islands (2003)\nSelva Pisana (2004)\nMonviso (2013)\nSila (2014)\nTepilora, Rio Posada and Montalbo (2017)[4]\nMonte Peglia (2018)[6]\nValle Camonica - Alto Sebino\t(2018)[6]\nAlpi Ledrensi e Judicaria (2015)","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Vidzeme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vidzeme_Biosphere_Reserve"}],"sub_title":"Latvia","text":"North Vidzeme (1997)","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Žuvintas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDuvintas"}],"sub_title":"Lithuania","text":"Žuvintas (2002)","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tara River Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_(Drina)"}],"sub_title":"Montenegro","text":"Tara River Basin (1976)","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waddensea Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadden_Sea"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-List-7"},{"link_name":"Maasheggen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maasheggen&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Netherlands","text":"Waddensea Area (1986, withdrawn 2018)[7]*\nMaasheggen (2018)","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ohrid-Prespa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohrid-Prespa_Transboundary_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"}],"sub_title":"North Macedonia","text":"Ohrid-Prespa (2014) (shared with Albania)","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Babia Góra Massif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babia_G%C3%B3ra_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Białowieża Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest"},{"link_name":"Łuknajno Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81uknajno_Lake"},{"link_name":"Słowiński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82owi%C5%84ski_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Tatra Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatra_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Karkonosze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkonosze_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"East Carpathian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Carpathian_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Kampinos Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampinos_National_Park"},{"link_name":"West Polesie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polesie_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Tuchola Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuchola_Forest"}],"sub_title":"Poland","text":"Babia Góra Massif (1976)\nBiałowieża Forest (1976)\nŁuknajno Lake (1976)\nSłowiński (1976)\nTatra Mountains (1992) (Cross-border with Slovakia)\nKarkonosze (1992) (shared with the Czech Republic)\nEast Carpathian (1998) (Cross-border with Slovakia and Ukraine)\nKampinos Forest (2000)\nWest Polesie (2002) (Cross-border with Ukraine and Belarus) (2012)\nTuchola Forest (2010)","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paúl do Boquilobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boquilobo_Bog_Natural_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Corvo Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvo_Island"},{"link_name":"Graciosa Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graciosa"},{"link_name":"Flores Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores_Island_(Azores)"},{"link_name":"Castro Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castro_Verde"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U2017-4"}],"sub_title":"Portugal","text":"Paúl do Boquilobo (1981)\nCorvo Island (2007)\nGraciosa Island (2007)\nFlores Island (2009)\nCastro Verde (2017)[4]","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peneda-Ger%C3%AAs_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Meseta Ibérica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meseta_Ib%C3%A9rica&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Portugal and Spain","text":"Geres/Xures (2009)\nMeseta Ibérica (2015)","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pietrosul Mare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pietrosul_Mare&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Retezat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retezat_National_Park"}],"sub_title":"Romania","text":"Pietrosul Mare (1979)\nRetezat (1979)","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danube Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube_Delta"}],"sub_title":"Romania and Ukraine","text":"Danube Delta (1998)","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kavkazskiy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Prioksko-Terrasnyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prioksko-Terrasny_Nature_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Sikhote-Alin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhote-Alin_Nature_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Tsentral'no-Chernozemny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Black_Earth_Region"},{"link_name":"Nevski Prospekhetee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Delta"},{"link_name":"Kronotskiy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronotsky"},{"link_name":"Laplandskiy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapland_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Pechoro-Ilychskiy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechora-Ilych_Nature_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Sayano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayan_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Barguzinskyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barguzin_Nature_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Baikalskyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikalsky_Nature_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Chernyje Zemli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chyornye_Zemli_Nature_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Taimyrsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Taymyr"},{"link_name":"Ubsunorskaya Kotlovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubsunur_Hollow_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Vodolozerskiy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodlozero_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Commander Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komandorsky_Zapovednik"},{"link_name":"Ugra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugra_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Far East Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Great_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Kedrovaya Pad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khasansky_District"},{"link_name":"Valdaisky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdai_Hills"},{"link_name":"Khankaiskiy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanka_Lake"},{"link_name":"Middle Volga Integrated Biosphere Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Volga_Integrated_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Altaisky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Mountains_of_Altai"},{"link_name":"Kizlyar Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizlyar_Bay"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U2017-4"},{"link_name":"Metsola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostomuksha"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U2017-4"},{"link_name":"Katun Nature Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katun_Nature_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Katon-Karagay National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katon-Karagay_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U2017-4"}],"sub_title":"Russian Federation","text":"Kavkazskiy (1978)\nOkskiy (1978)\nPrioksko-Terrasnyi (1978)\nSikhote-Alin (1978)\nTsentral'no-Chernozemny (1978)\nNevski Prospekhetee (1984)\nKronotskiy (1984)\nLaplandskiy (1984)\nPechoro-Ilychskiy (1984)\nSayano-Shushenskiy (1984)\nSokhondinskiy (1984)\nVoronezhskiy (1984)\nTsentral'nolesnoy (1985)\nBarguzinskyi (1986)\nBaikalskyi (1986)\nTzentralnosibirskii (1986)\nChernyje Zemli (1993)\nTaimyrsky (1995)\nUbsunorskaya Kotlovina (1997)\nDaursky (1997)\nTeberda (1997)\nKatunsky (2000)\nNerusso-Desnianskoe-Polesie (2001)\nVisimskiy (2001)\nVodolozerskiy (2001)\nCommander Islands (2002)\nDarvinskiy (2002)\nNijegorodskoe Zavolje (2002)\nSmolensk Lakeland (2002)\nUgra (2002)\nFar East Marine (2003)\nKedrovaya Pad (2004)\nKenozerskiy (2004)\nValdaisky (2004)\nKhankaiskiy (2005)\nMiddle Volga Integrated Biosphere Reserve (2006)\nGreat Volzhsko-Kamsky (2007)\nRostovsky (2008)\nAltaisky (2009)\nKizlyar Bay (2017)[4]\nMetsola (2017)[4]\nGreat Altai (2017)(encompassing Katun Nature Reserve in Russia and Katon-Karagay National Park in Kazakhstan)[4]","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Golija-Studenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golija-Studenica"},{"link_name":"Bačko Podunavlje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%8Dko_Podunavlje"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U2017-4"}],"sub_title":"Serbia","text":"Golija-Studenica (2001)\nBačko Podunavlje (2017)[4]","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C5%BDdiar_-_panoramio_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Tatra Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatra_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Slovenský Kras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Karst_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Poľana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%BEana_Protected_Landscape_Area"},{"link_name":"Tatra Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatra_Mountains"},{"link_name":"East Carpathian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Carpathian_Biosphere_Reserve"}],"sub_title":"Slovakia","text":"Tatra Mountains , SlovakiaSlovenský Kras (1977)\nPoľana (1990)\nTatra Mountains (1992) (Cross-border with Poland)\nEast Carpathian (1998) (Cross-border with Slovakia and Ukraine)","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julian Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Alps"},{"link_name":"The Karst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kras_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Kozjansko & Obsotelje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kozjansko_%26_Obsotelje&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mur_(river)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U2018-6"}],"sub_title":"Slovenia","text":"Julian Alps (2003)\nThe Karst (2004)\nKozjansko & Obsotelje (2010)\nMura (2018)[6]","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"§ Portugal and Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Portugal_and_Spain"},{"link_name":"Grazalema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_de_Grazalema_Natural_Park"},{"link_name":"Ordesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordesa_y_Monte_Perdido_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Montseny Natural Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montseny_Natural_Park"},{"link_name":"Doñana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C3%B1ana_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Mancha Húmeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mancha_H%C3%BAmeda"},{"link_name":"Las Sierras de Cazorla y Segura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierras_de_Cazorla,_Segura_y_Las_Villas_Natural_Park"},{"link_name":"Marismas del Odiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odiel_River"},{"link_name":"La Palma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Palma"},{"link_name":"Urdaibai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdaibai"},{"link_name":"Sierra Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_National_Park_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Río Manzanares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzanares_(river)"},{"link_name":"Lanzarote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanzarote"},{"link_name":"Menorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menorca"},{"link_name":"Sierra de las Nieves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_de_las_Nieves"},{"link_name":"Cabo de Gata-Nijar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabo_de_Gata-N%C3%ADjar_Natural_Park"},{"link_name":"Isla de El Hierro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Hierro"},{"link_name":"Bardenas Reales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardenas_Reales"},{"link_name":"Muniellos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muniellos_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Somiedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somiedo_Natural_Park"},{"link_name":"Redes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redes_Natural_Park"},{"link_name":"Las Dehesas de Sierra Morena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Morena"},{"link_name":"Miño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minho_(river)"},{"link_name":"Laciana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laciana"},{"link_name":"Picos de Europa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picos_de_Europa_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Monfragüe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monfrag%C3%BCe"},{"link_name":"Jubera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jubera_(river)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leza_(river)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cidacos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidacos"},{"link_name":"Alhama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhama_(river)"},{"link_name":"Babia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babia,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Allariz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allariz"},{"link_name":"Gran Canaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Canaria"},{"link_name":"Os Ancares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os_Ancares"},{"link_name":"Los Ancares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Ancares"},{"link_name":"Las Sierras de Béjar y Francia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_de_Francia"},{"link_name":"Río Eo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eo_(river)"},{"link_name":"Fuerteventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuerteventura"},{"link_name":"As Mariñas Coruñesas e Terras do Mandeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Terres de l'Ebre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebro"},{"link_name":"Real Sitio de San Ildefonso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Sitio_de_San_Ildefonso"},{"link_name":"El Espinar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Espinar"},{"link_name":"Macizo de Anaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macizo_de_Anaga"},{"link_name":"Ponga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponga,_Asturias"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U2018-6"}],"sub_title":"Spain","text":"See also: § Portugal and SpainGrazalema (1977)\nOrdesa-Viñamala (1977)\nMontseny Natural Park (1978)\nDoñana (1980)\nMancha Húmeda (1980)\nLas Sierras de Cazorla y Segura (1983)\nMarismas del Odiel (1983)\nLa Palma (1983)\nUrdaibai (1984)\nSierra Nevada (1986)\nCuenca Alta del Río Manzanares (1992)\nLanzarote (1993)\nMenorca (1993)\nSierra de las Nieves y su Entomo (1995)\nCabo de Gata-Nijar (1997)\nIsla de El Hierro (2000)\nBardenas Reales (2000)\nMuniellos, Gran Cantábrica (2000)\nSomiedo (2000)\nRedes (2001)\nLas Dehesas de Sierra Morena (2002)\nTerras do Miño (2002)\nValle de Laciana (2003)\nPicos de Europa (2003)\nMonfragüe (2003)\nValles del Jubera, Leza, Cidacos y Alhama (2003)\nBabia (2004)\nAlto de Bernesga (2005)\nLos Valles de Omaña y Luna (2005)\nLos Argüellos (2005)\nÁrea de Allariz (2005)\nGran Canaria (2005)\nSierra del Rincón (2005)\nOs Ancares Lucenses e Montes de Cervantes (2006)\nLos Ancares Leoneses (2006)\nLas Sierras de Béjar y Francia (2006)\nRío Eo, Oscos e Terras de Buron (2007)\nFuerteventura (2009)\nAs Mariñas Coruñesas e Terras do Mandeo (2013)\nTerres de l'Ebre (2013)\nReal Sitio de San Ildefonso-El Espinar (2013)\nMacizo de Anaga (2015)\nPonga (2018)[6]","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake Torne Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornetr%C3%A4sk"},{"link_name":"Kristianstads Vattenrike Biosphere Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristianstads_Vattenrike_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vattenrike-8"},{"link_name":"Lake Vänern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4nern"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vanern-9"},{"link_name":"Blekinge archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blekinge_archipelago"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blekinge-10"},{"link_name":"River Landscape of Nedre Dalälven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nedredalalven.se/sv/biosfaromradet"},{"link_name":"East Vättern Scarp Landscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_V%C3%A4ttern_Scarp_Landscape_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Voxnadalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ovanaker.se/boendeochmiljo/klimatochmiljo/biosfaromradevoxnadalen.947.html"},{"link_name":"Vindelälven-Juhttátahkka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//vindelalvenjuhtatdahka.se/"}],"sub_title":"Sweden","text":"(Lake Torne Area (1986) - withdrawn in 2010)\nKristianstads Vattenrike Biosphere Reserve (2005)[8]\nLake Vänern Archipelago (2010)[9]\nBlekinge archipelago (2011)[10]\nRiver Landscape of Nedre Dalälven (2011)\nEast Vättern Scarp Landscape (2012)\nVoxnadalen (2019)\nVindelälven-Juhttátahkka (2019)","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nature parks in Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_parks_in_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Swiss National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Entlebuch Biosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entlebuch_Biosphere"},{"link_name":"Biosfera Val Müstair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_M%C3%BCstair"}],"sub_title":"Switzerland","text":"Further information: Nature parks in SwitzerlandSwiss National Park (1979)\nEntlebuch Biosphere (2001)\nBiosfera Val Müstair (2010)","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Camili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camili,_Bor%C3%A7ka"}],"sub_title":"Turkey","text":"Camili (2005)","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"§ Romania and Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Romania_and_Ukraine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carpathian Biosphere Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Chernomorskiy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"Askaniya-Nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askania-Nova"},{"link_name":"Carpathian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"East Carpathian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Carpathian_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Shatskiy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shatsky_ozera"},{"link_name":"Roztochya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roztochya_Biosphere_Reserve"}],"sub_title":"Ukraine","text":"See also: § Romania and UkraineCarpathian Biosphere Reserve, UkraineChernomorskiy (1984)\nAskaniya-Nova (1985)\nCarpathian (1992)\nEast Carpathian (1998) (Cross-border with Slovakia and Ukraine)\nShatskiy (2002)\nDesnianskyi (2009)\nRoztochya (2011)","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beinn Eighe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinn_Eighe"},{"link_name":"Braunton Burrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunton_Burrows"},{"link_name":"North Devon's Biosphere Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Devon%27s_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Cairnsmore of Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairnsmore_of_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Biosffer Dyfi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyfi_National_Nature_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Moor House-Upper Teesdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moor_House-Upper_Teesdale"},{"link_name":"North Norfolk Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Norfolk_Coast_biosphere_reserve"},{"link_name":"Silver Flowe-Merrick Kells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Flowe-Merrick_Kells"},{"link_name":"Brighton and Lewes Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_and_Lewes_Downs_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Wester Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wester_Ross"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"Beinn Eighe (1976)\nBraunton Burrows (1976), extended 2002 as North Devon's Biosphere Reserve\nCairnsmore of Fleet (1976)\nBiosffer Dyfi (1976)\n(Loch Druidibeg (1976) - withdrawn 2013)\n(Moor House-Upper Teesdale (1976) - withdrawn 2012)\n(North Norfolk Coast (1976) - withdrawn 2014)\nSilver Flowe-Merrick Kells (1976)\n(Taynish (1977) - withdrawn 2010)\nGalloway and southern Ayrshire (2012)\nBrighton and Lewes Downs (2014)\nWester Ross (2016)","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caribou_and_Denali_(11330240034).jpg"},{"link_name":"Denali National Park and Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali_National_Park_and_Preserve"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Big Bend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bend_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Cascade Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade_Head"},{"link_name":"Channel Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Islands_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Denali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali_National_Park_and_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Everglades & Dry Tortugas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everglades_%26_Dry_Tortugas_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"Jornada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jornada_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Luquillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Yunque_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Organ Pipe Cactus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_Pipe_Cactus_National_Monument"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Sequoia-Kings Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia-Kings_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Yellowstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Obtawaing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//seas.umich.edu/stewards/fall-2021/shaping-obtawaing-biosphere-region"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan Biological Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Biological_Station"},{"link_name":"Virginia Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Coast_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Isle Royale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_Royale_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Big Thicket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Thicket"},{"link_name":"Guanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A1nica_State_Forest"},{"link_name":"Apalachicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.apalachicolareserve.com/anerr/apalachicola-biosphere-region/"},{"link_name":"Central Gulf Coast Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachicola_Bay"},{"link_name":"Congaree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nps.gov/cong/learn/cbr.htm"},{"link_name":"South Atlantic Coastal Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congaree_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Mojave and Colorado Deserts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_and_Colorado_Deserts_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Glacier Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier_Bay_National_Park_and_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Admiralty Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_Island_National_Monument"},{"link_name":"Golden Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Biosphere_Network"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Pinelands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Pinelands_National_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Southern Appalachian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Appalachian_spruce-fir_forest"},{"link_name":"Champlain-Adirondack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champlain-Adirondack_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Mammoth Cave Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth_Cave_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Aleutian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"Beaver Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_Beaver_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"California Coast Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Coast_Ranges_(reserve)"},{"link_name":"Central Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Plains_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Coram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coram_Experimental_Forest"},{"link_name":"Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"H.J. Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrews_Forest"},{"link_name":"Hubbard Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubbard_Brook_Experimental_Forest"},{"link_name":"Konza Prairie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konza_Prairie"},{"link_name":"Land Between the Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Between_the_Lakes_National_Recreation_Area"},{"link_name":"Niwot Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niwot_Ridge"},{"link_name":"Noatak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noatak_National_Preserve"},{"link_name":"(San Dimas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Dimas_(reserve)"},{"link_name":"(San Joaquin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Joaquin_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Stanislaus-Tuolumne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislaus-Tuolumne_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Three Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Sisters_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Islands_National_Park"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"Denali National Park and Preserve, AlaskaThe US Biosphere Network (USBN) consists of 28 internationally recognized biosphere regions across the continental United States, the US Caribbean, Alaska, and Hawai’i.[11] In 2021, the USBN adopted the term biosphere regions instead of biosphere reserves.[12] The mission of the USBN is to foster national and international connections among biosphere regions, to facilitate their sharing of best practices, and to support their work toward connecting people and nature. [13]Big Bend (1976)\nCascade Head (1976)\nChannel Islands (1976)\nDenali (1976)\nEverglades & Dry Tortugas (1976)\nCrown of the Continent (formerly Glacier) (1976)\nJornada (1976)\nLuquillo (1976)\nOlympic (1976)\nSonoran Desert (formerly Organ Pipe Cactus) (1976)\nRocky Mountain (1976)\nSequoia-Kings Canyon (1976)\nYellowstone-Grand Teton (formerly Yellowstone) (1976)\nObtawaing (formerly University of Michigan Biological Station) (1979)\nVirginia Coast (1979)\nHawaiian Islands (1980)\nIsle Royale (1980)\nBig Thicket (1981)\nGuanica (1981)\nApalachicola (formerly Central Gulf Coast Plain) (1983)\nCongaree (formerly South Atlantic Coastal Plain) (1983)\nMojave and Colorado Deserts (1984)\nGlacier Bay-Admiralty Island (1986)\nGolden Gate (1988)\nNew Jersey Pinelands (1988)\nSouthern Appalachian (1988)\nChamplain-Adirondack (1989)\nMammoth Cave Area (1990)Sites withdrawn[14](Aleutian Islands (1976–2017))\n(Beaver Creek (1976–2017))\n(California Coast Ranges (1983–2017))\n(Carolinian-South Atlantic (1986–2017))\n(Central Plains (1976–2017))\n(Coram (1976–2017))\n(Desert (1976–2017))\n(Fraser (1976–2017))\n(H.J. Andrews (1976–2017))\n(Hubbard Brook (1976–2017))\n(Konza Prairie (1978))\n(Land Between the Lakes (1991–2017))\n(Niwot Ridge (1979–2017))\n(Noatak (1976–2017))\n(San Dimas (1976–2018))\n(San Joaquin (1976-2019))\n(Stanislaus-Tuolumne (1976–2017))\n(Three Sisters (1976–2017))\n(Virgin Islands (1976–2017))","title":"The list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Journal of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//biospherejournal.org/"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viurrspace.ca/handle/10613/5083"}],"text":"International Journal of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves. eISSN 2371-7890. Some contents archived at [1]","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Großwalsertal, Austria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Gro%C3%9Fes_Walsertal_von_Biberacher_H%C3%BCtte_2.jpg/220px-Gro%C3%9Fes_Walsertal_von_Biberacher_H%C3%BCtte_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tatra Mountains , Slovakia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/%C5%BDdiar_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/220px-%C5%BDdiar_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Carpathian Biosphere Reserve, Ukraine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8.jpg/220px-%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8.jpg"},{"image_text":"Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Caribou_and_Denali_%2811330240034%29.jpg/220px-Caribou_and_Denali_%2811330240034%29.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Europe & North America\". Ecological Sciences for Sustainable Development. UNESCO.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/europe-north-america/","url_text":"\"Europe & North America\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biosphere reserves withdrawn from the World Network of Biosphere reserves\". Ecological Sciences for Sustainable Development. UNESCO. Retrieved 26 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/withdrawal-of-biosphere-reserves/","url_text":"\"Biosphere reserves withdrawn from the World Network of Biosphere reserves\""}]},{"reference":"Van, Cuong, Chu; Peter, Dart; Marc, Hockings (2017). \"Using Enhancing our heritage toolkit for assessing management effectiveness of the Kien Giang Biosphere Reserve\". International Journal of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves. 1 (2): 56–76. doi:10.25316/ir-77.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.25316%2Fir-77","url_text":"10.25316/ir-77"}]},{"reference":"\"23 new sites added to UNESCO's World Network of Biosphere Reserves\". UNESCO. 14 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.unesco.org/news/23-new-sites-added-unesco-s-world-network-biosphere-reserves","url_text":"\"23 new sites added to UNESCO's World Network of Biosphere Reserves\""}]},{"reference":"\"Howe Sound Biosphere Region Initiative\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.howesoundbri.org/#intro","url_text":"\"Howe Sound Biosphere Region Initiative\""}]},{"reference":"UNESCO (26 July 2018). \"Twenty-four new sites join UNESCO's World Network of Biosphere Reserves 26 July 2018\". Retrieved 5 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.unesco.org/news/twenty-four-new-sites-join-unesco-s-world-network-biosphere-reserves","url_text":"\"Twenty-four new sites join UNESCO's World Network of Biosphere Reserves 26 July 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Europe & North America: 292 biosphere reserves in 37 countries\". Retrieved 5 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/europe-north-america/","url_text":"\"Europe & North America: 292 biosphere reserves in 37 countries\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biosfärområde Kristianstads Vattenrike – Bra för natur och människa\" (in Swedish). Biosfärkontoret Kristianstads Vattenrike. May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://vattenriket.kristianstad.se/","url_text":"\"Biosfärområde Kristianstads Vattenrike – Bra för natur och människa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vänerskärgården med Kinnekulle\" (in Swedish). Biosfärområde Vänerskärgården med Kinnekulle. May 11, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://vanerkulle.org/","url_text":"\"Vänerskärgården med Kinnekulle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Välkommen till Biosfärområde Blekinge Arkipelag!\" (in Swedish). Biosfärområde Blekinge Arkipelag. September 8, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://blekingearkipelag.se/","url_text":"\"Välkommen till Biosfärområde Blekinge Arkipelag!\""}]},{"reference":"\"United States Biosphere Network\". Center For Large Landscape Conservation. Retrieved 9 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://largelandscapes.org/biosphere-network/","url_text":"\"United States Biosphere Network\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biosphere Regions\". George Wright Society. Retrieved 9 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.georgewrightsociety.org/biosphere-regions","url_text":"\"Biosphere Regions\""}]},{"reference":"\"FAQs About Biosphere Regions\". Center For Large Landscape Conservation. Retrieved 9 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://largelandscapes.org/biosphere-faq/","url_text":"\"FAQs About Biosphere Regions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biosphere reserves in Europe & North America\". UNESCO. Retrieved 9 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/eu-na","url_text":"\"Biosphere reserves in Europe & North America\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/europe-north-america/croatiahungary/mura-drava-danube","external_links_name":"Mura Drava Danube"},{"Link":"https://www.nedredalalven.se/sv/biosfaromradet","external_links_name":"River Landscape of Nedre Dalälven"},{"Link":"https://www.ovanaker.se/boendeochmiljo/klimatochmiljo/biosfaromradevoxnadalen.947.html","external_links_name":"Voxnadalen"},{"Link":"https://vindelalvenjuhtatdahka.se/","external_links_name":"Vindelälven-Juhttátahkka"},{"Link":"https://seas.umich.edu/stewards/fall-2021/shaping-obtawaing-biosphere-region","external_links_name":"Obtawaing"},{"Link":"https://www.apalachicolareserve.com/anerr/apalachicola-biosphere-region/","external_links_name":"Apalachicola"},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/cong/learn/cbr.htm","external_links_name":"Congaree"},{"Link":"http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/europe-north-america/","external_links_name":"\"Europe & North America\""},{"Link":"http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/withdrawal-of-biosphere-reserves/","external_links_name":"\"Biosphere reserves withdrawn from the World Network of Biosphere reserves\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.25316%2Fir-77","external_links_name":"10.25316/ir-77"},{"Link":"https://en.unesco.org/news/23-new-sites-added-unesco-s-world-network-biosphere-reserves","external_links_name":"\"23 new sites added to UNESCO's World Network of Biosphere Reserves\""},{"Link":"https://www.howesoundbri.org/#intro","external_links_name":"\"Howe Sound Biosphere Region Initiative\""},{"Link":"https://en.unesco.org/news/twenty-four-new-sites-join-unesco-s-world-network-biosphere-reserves","external_links_name":"\"Twenty-four new sites join UNESCO's World Network of Biosphere Reserves 26 July 2018\""},{"Link":"http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/europe-north-america/","external_links_name":"\"Europe & North America: 292 biosphere reserves in 37 countries\""},{"Link":"https://vattenriket.kristianstad.se/","external_links_name":"\"Biosfärområde Kristianstads Vattenrike – Bra för natur och människa\""},{"Link":"https://vanerkulle.org/","external_links_name":"\"Vänerskärgården med Kinnekulle\""},{"Link":"http://blekingearkipelag.se/","external_links_name":"\"Välkommen till Biosfärområde Blekinge Arkipelag!\""},{"Link":"https://largelandscapes.org/biosphere-network/","external_links_name":"\"United States Biosphere Network\""},{"Link":"https://www.georgewrightsociety.org/biosphere-regions","external_links_name":"\"Biosphere Regions\""},{"Link":"https://largelandscapes.org/biosphere-faq/","external_links_name":"\"FAQs About Biosphere Regions\""},{"Link":"https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/eu-na","external_links_name":"\"Biosphere reserves in Europe & North America\""},{"Link":"http://biospherejournal.org/","external_links_name":"International Journal of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves"},{"Link":"https://viurrspace.ca/handle/10613/5083","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/eu-na","external_links_name":"List of UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves of Europe and North America"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudorel_Toader
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Tudorel Toader
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["1 Education and formation","2 Qualification awarded","3 Academic","4 Career","4.1 Judicial practice","4.2 Ministry of Justice","5 Tenured professor teaching the following courses","6 References"]
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Romanian lawyer and professor
Tudorel Toader
Tudorel Toader (born 25 March 1960, in Vulturu, Vrancea County, Socialist Republic of Romania) is a Romanian lawyer and professor.
Between 1982 and 1986, Toader studied at The Law University at "Al.I. Cuza" Iași. In 2006 he was appointed judge at the Constitutional Court of Romania by the Chamber of Deputies for a year and re-appointed in 2007 to serve in that capacity until 2016. Toader was Minister of Justice in the Grindeanu Cabinet, Tudose Cabinet, and Dăncilă Cabinet from 23 February 2017 to 24 April 2019.
Education and formation
Unirea High School of Focșani, Vrancea County;
Faculty of Law, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, between 1982 and 1986;
The National Defence College within the National Defence University "Carol I", in 2004.
Qualification awarded
Bachelor's degree in Law
PhD in Law, Criminal Procedure Law
Academic
University assistant, 1990–1993;
University lecturer, 1993–1998;
University reader, 1998–2002;
University professor, since 2003 onwards.
Career
Judicial practice
Public prosecutor within the Panciu Prosecutor's Office; Vrancea County, 1986–1990;
Lawyer in the Iaşi Bar Association, from 1991 until September 2006;
Judge of the Constitutional Court of Romania, since 2006 onwards.
Ministry of Justice
He was invested for the first time as Minister of Justice in February 2017. In 2018, he started the procedure which led to the dismissal of Laura Codruța Kövesi, the chief anti-corruption prosecutor of the National Anticorruption Directorate (DNA).
Tenured professor teaching the following courses
Criminology, 1993–1996;
Criminal Law. Special Part, since 1994;
Offences regulated by special laws, since 1999;
European Criminal Law, since 2000.
References
^ "Iaşi: Judecătorul Tudorel Toader, noul rector al UAIC". agerpres.ro. Agerpres. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
^ "Foştii judecători ("Previous Judges")". Constitutional Court of Romania. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
^ "Romania's president removes chief anti-corruption prosecutor". Reuters. 2018-07-09. Retrieved 2019-01-26.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Other
IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TudorelToader.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vulturu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulturu,_Vrancea"},{"link_name":"Vrancea County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrancea_County"},{"link_name":"Socialist Republic of Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge"},{"link_name":"Constitutional Court of Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Minister of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"Grindeanu Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindeanu_Cabinet"},{"link_name":"Tudose Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudose_Cabinet"},{"link_name":"Dăncilă Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%83ncil%C4%83_Cabinet"}],"text":"Tudorel ToaderTudorel Toader (born 25 March 1960, in Vulturu, Vrancea County, Socialist Republic of Romania) is a Romanian lawyer and professor.Between 1982 and 1986, Toader studied at The Law University at \"Al.I. Cuza\" Iași.[1] In 2006 he was appointed judge at the Constitutional Court of Romania by the Chamber of Deputies for a year and re-appointed in 2007 to serve in that capacity until 2016.[2] Toader was Minister of Justice in the Grindeanu Cabinet, Tudose Cabinet, and Dăncilă Cabinet from 23 February 2017 to 24 April 2019.","title":"Tudorel Toader"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unirea High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unirea_National_College_(Foc%C8%99ani)"},{"link_name":"Focșani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foc%C8%99ani"},{"link_name":"Vrancea County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrancea_County"},{"link_name":"Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza_University"},{"link_name":"National Defence University \"Carol I\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_I_National_Defence_University"}],"text":"Unirea High School of Focșani, Vrancea County;\nFaculty of Law, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, between 1982 and 1986;\nThe National Defence College within the National Defence University \"Carol I\", in 2004.","title":"Education and formation"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Bachelor's degree in Law\nPhD in Law, Criminal Procedure Law","title":"Qualification awarded"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"University assistant, 1990–1993;\nUniversity lecturer, 1993–1998;\nUniversity reader, 1998–2002;\nUniversity professor, since 2003 onwards.","title":"Academic"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Judicial practice","text":"Public prosecutor within the Panciu Prosecutor's Office; Vrancea County, 1986–1990;\nLawyer in the Iaşi Bar Association, from 1991 until September 2006;\nJudge of the Constitutional Court of Romania, since 2006 onwards.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minister of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"Laura Codruța Kövesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Codru%C8%9Ba_K%C3%B6vesi"},{"link_name":"National Anticorruption Directorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Anticorruption_Directorate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Ministry of Justice","text":"He was invested for the first time as Minister of Justice in February 2017. In 2018, he started the procedure which led to the dismissal of Laura Codruța Kövesi, the chief anti-corruption prosecutor of the National Anticorruption Directorate (DNA).[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Criminology, 1993–1996;\nCriminal Law. Special Part, since 1994;\nOffences regulated by special laws, since 1999;\nEuropean Criminal Law, since 2000.","title":"Tenured professor teaching the following courses"}]
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[{"image_text":"Tudorel Toader","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/TudorelToader.jpg/220px-TudorelToader.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Iaşi: Judecătorul Tudorel Toader, noul rector al UAIC\". agerpres.ro. Agerpres. Retrieved 27 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.agerpres.ro/social/2016/02/11/iasi-judecatorul-tudorel-toader-noul-rector-al-uaic-22-43-44","url_text":"\"Iaşi: Judecătorul Tudorel Toader, noul rector al UAIC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agerpres","url_text":"Agerpres"}]},{"reference":"\"Foştii judecători (\"Previous Judges\")\". Constitutional Court of Romania. Retrieved 25 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ccr.ro/fosti-judecatori","url_text":"\"Foştii judecători (\"Previous Judges\")\""}]},{"reference":"\"Romania's president removes chief anti-corruption prosecutor\". Reuters. 2018-07-09. Retrieved 2019-01-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-romania-corruption-idUKKBN1JZ0MK","url_text":"\"Romania's president removes chief anti-corruption prosecutor\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.agerpres.ro/social/2016/02/11/iasi-judecatorul-tudorel-toader-noul-rector-al-uaic-22-43-44","external_links_name":"\"Iaşi: Judecătorul Tudorel Toader, noul rector al UAIC\""},{"Link":"https://www.ccr.ro/fosti-judecatori","external_links_name":"\"Foştii judecători (\"Previous Judges\")\""},{"Link":"https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-romania-corruption-idUKKBN1JZ0MK","external_links_name":"\"Romania's president removes chief anti-corruption prosecutor\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000118724443","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/4398132","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkXrKHdjcGFtXWfrHMdcP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16278394q","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16278394q","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1110971672","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2008007688","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/188423362","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tudorel_Toader&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD_GT38ACe
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EMD GT38ACe
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["1 History","2 Numbering","3 Performance","4 Builders","5 Features","6 Bonus units and reorder for PT. Kereta Api Indonesia","7 Other operator","8 Incident and accidents","9 References"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "EMD GT38ACe" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
EMD GT38ACDouble traction of EMD GT38AC on its test run.Type and originPower typeDiesel-electricBuilderElectro-Motive DieselModelGT38ACBuild date2011-2021Total produced91 (86 ordered by Indonesian Railways Co. and 5 bonus units delivered by Progress Rail - EMD for Indonesian Railways Co.)SpecificationsConfiguration: • AARC-C • UICCo’Co’Gauge3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm)TrucksCustom Fabricated TrucksLength58 ft 0 in (17.68 m)Height12 ft 35 in (4.55 m)Axle load18 tonnesLoco weight238,099 lb (108,000 kg)or 119 short tons (106 long tons; 108 t)Fuel typediesel fuelFuel capacity1,003 US gal (835 imp gal; 3,800 L)Prime mover8-710G3AEngine typetwo-stroke dieselAspirationturbochargedDisplacement5,680 cubic inches (93.1 liters)AlternatorTA-12-CA9 ACTraction motors1 inverter per truck, 6 AC traction motorsCylindersV8Transmissiondiesel electricLoco brakeAirTrain brakesAirPerformance figuresMaximum speed50 mph (80 km/h)Power outputon engine: 2,200 hp (1,640 kW); traction output : 2,000 hp (1,490 kW)Tractive effort101,164 lbf (450.00 kN) (starting) 89,924 lbf (400.00 kN) (continuous)CareerOperatorsIndonesian Railway Company4th Regional Division of Tanjung KarangNumbers91Disposition85 in operation, 6 inoperative temporarily
The EMD GT38AC (known as CC205 in Indonesia) diesel-electric locomotives are made by Electro-Motive Diesel for export in Indonesia. There are 91 locomotives owned by the state-owned Indonesian Railway Company (PT Kereta Api Indonesia), all of them are for in Sumatra and replace the aging EMD G26. It's also one of two most advanced-technology locomotive in Indonesia (another one is GE CM20EMP).
History
PT Kereta Api Indonesia has operated some EMD G26 (G26MC-2U, or known in Indonesia as CC 202) since 1986 and some of them began to break down due to their ages and severe works. In 2011, PT Kereta Api Indonesia began to look for the replacements of G26MC-2U; more powerful and advanced locomotives than G26MC-2Us. After several auction processes, EMD won the contract to build more powerful locomotives with AC traction technology for PT. KAI.
Numbering
Older locomotives were numbered as CC 205 01 to CC 205 55 (including the bonus unit). But, due to the most recent regulation of the Ministry of Transportation, then the numbering system is changed according to its arrival year. The newer locomotives used new numbering system from the Ministry of Transportation (CC 205 21 01 - CC 205 21 36).
The first arrival (2011)
In this year, the first six locomotives arrived. Their numberings were CC 205 01 to CC 205 06. However, to comply with the most recent regulation, the numberings were changed into CC 205 11 01 to CC 205 11 06
The second arrival (2013)
There were 44 locomotives arriving in this year. Their numberings were CC 205 07 to CC 205 50. However, to comply with the most recent regulation, the numbering were changed into CC 205 13 01 to CC 205 13 44.
The bonus units (2014)
The five bonus units arrived in 2014. These units were numbered as CC 205 51 to CC 205 55. However, to comply with the most recent regulation, the numberings were changed into CC 205 14 01 to CC 205 14 05.
The third arrival (2021)
There were 36 locomotives arrived in 2021. Their numberings were CC 205 21 01 to CC 205 21 36.
Performance
The CC205s can haul up more than 48 (forty-eight) coal hoppers in single-traction mode, and 80 coal hoppers in double-traction mode. Thanks to the AC Traction technology, the locomotives can generate output more than 2,200 HP (bigger than its predecessor, CC202) and starting tractive effort of as much as 450 kN. But, even with such a big power like that, stations in South Sumatra and Lampung cannot accommodate more than 60 coal hoppers, due to the yard-length limit in every station in South Sumatra and Lampung.
In their daily operations, two CC205s are coupled together using Multiple Unit for easier haul, especially on steep grades. Unlike other locomotives in Indonesia, CC205 has met EPA Tier 2 emission regulation and is more efficient up to 25% - thanks to the latest generation of EMD 710G3 engine that employs an electronic fuel injection system and several tweaks on the exhaust system. The maximum speed of this locomotive is 50 mph (80 km/h), but it operates normally at 19-37 mph (30–60 km/h) due to the total gross weight of the entire cars coupled to CC205s. With the same amount of payload tonnage, two units of CC205s can replace three units of CC202s for hauling 60 coal hoppers, with one hopper has 50 tons maximum payload.
Builders
All of the first batch locomotives were built at EMD Plant in London, Ontario. Later batches came from EMD Plant at Muncie, Indiana.
Features
All of the CC205s have a distinctive Perumka/PT Kereta Api's 1990s-style red-and-blue livery, similar to the CC201s and CC202s allocated at South Sumatran railway. Inside the cab, old school side controller has been replaced with more modern cab with EM2000 computer system and digital display. CC205s also equipped with an automatic engine start/stop (AESS) system, which is the first type of locomotives in Indonesia using AESS, and makes CC205 be the most efficients locomotive in fuel usage.
Bonus units and reorder for PT. Kereta Api Indonesia
In 2014, PT. KAI received 5 (five) more EMD GT38AC from Progress Rail - EMD as bonus units. These bonus units were given free by Progress Rail - EMD as their compensation of responsibility due to the lateness of delivery (off-schedule) of 44 (forty-four) EMD GT38AC ordered by PT. KAI to Indonesia in 2013. As a result, PT. KAI has 55 units GT38AC's; 50 were purchased and 5 were bonus. All 55 (fifty-five) units of GT38AC's owned by PT. KAI are in service, hauling coal trains in Sumatra.
On April 16, 2020, PT Kereta Indonesia (PT KAI) has signed a contract for 36 new GT38AC freight locomotives, expanding the public railway operator's existing GT Series fleet. 36 new locomotives will go into service for PT KAI's South Sumatra coal haulage operations and join more than 50 other GT38AC locomotives already operating in this service since 2011. Delivery of the locomotives expected in late 2021, and arrived in Panjang Harbour, Lampung, Indonesia on June 19, 2021, June 26, 2021, and September 22–24, 2021.
On February 15, 2024, PT KAI has signed a contract with Progress Rail for 54 additional GT38AC locomotives. They are expected to be delivered in stages from April 2025 to April 2026.
Other operator
In February 2015, Congo-Ocean Railway taking delivery of 10 GT38AC locomotives that have similar specifications to PT KAI locomotives except for some small technical differences, particularly in their fuel management system (Note: the type of the Indonesian locomotives is GT38ACe, while the ones for Congo is GT38AC)
Incident and accidents
On June 15, 2015, the coal hopper train with train number KA 3029 crashed into the rearmost wagon of KA 3027 which was being blocked by the incoming signal from Metur Station, Ogan Komering Ulu Regency, South Sumatra. As a result of the collision, two wagon of KA 3027 (sequence numbers 46 and 47) which were hit by locomotive KA 3029 were destroyed and climbed onto wagon number 45, as well as two KA 3029 locomotives (CC 205 13 41 and CC 205 13 10) which suffered minor physical damage, but suffered substantial damage to the computer system. The locomotive involved in this accident was sent to Balai Yasa Lahat for repair and has returned to service in 2019.
On October 6, 2015, the coal hopper train with train number KA 3026 crashed into the rearmost wagon of KA 3024 which was stopped at Negeri Agung Station, Way Kanan Regency, Lampung. There were no fatalities, but as a result of the collision, the trainset of KA 3024 which was hit by KA 3026 locomotives was damaged and derailed 17 axles, as well as two locomotives of KA 3026 (CC 205 13 15 and CC 205 13 26) and 2 (two) the wagon behind it derailed 20 axles and damaged rail components at this station. The evacuation process for the two derailed trains was completed at 19.22 WIB on 7 October 2015 and caused all train cancelled. The locomotive involved in this accident was substantially damaged and sent to Progress Rail in 2018, and has returned to Lampung in 2020. As of May 4, 2021, the locomotive has returned into service.
On December 11, 2021, two coal hopper train with train number KA 3061 pulled by locomotives CC 205 14 04 and CC 205 21 04 crashed into the rearmost wagon of KA 3055 which was stopped at the emplacement of Penanggiran Station, Muara Enim Regency, South Sumatra. As a result, eight wagon from KA 3055 as well as locomotives and 2 wagon from KA 3061 derailed 40 axles. There were no fatalities in this accident, but this caused the trip of two passenger trains, (Serelo and Sindang Marga train) was cancelled on the day of accident.
On January 4, 2022, coal hopper train with train number KA 3021A derailed on Gedungratu Station, South Lampung Regency, Lampung. The evacuation process of CC 205 11 04 and CC 205 13 03, each derailed one axles, lasted for one hour using a jack. There were no fatalities in this incident. but all of train operation was interrupted for two hours and caused Rajabasa passenger train delayed until 110 minutes.
On November 7, 2022, two coal hopper train with train number KA 3056A pulled by locomotives CC 205 21 20 and CC 205 13 16 crashed with KA 3031A pulled by locomotives CC 205 13 37 and CC 205 13 33 which was stopped at the emplacement of Rengas Station, Central Lampung Regency, Lampung. As a result, four locomotives was substantially damaged, 2 wagon from KA 3031A and 10 wagon from KA 3056A derailed 36 axles. There were no fatalities in this accident, but this caused all train was cancelled on the day of accident. As of December 30, 2023, all four units was deemed damaged beyond repair and their remaining parts will be cannibalized to other CC 205s.
References
^ "Progress Rail | Progress Rail Signs Contract with PT KAI for GT Series Locomotives". www.progressrail.com. Archived from the original on 2020-04-17.
^ "PT KAI Procures 54 EMD® Locomotives for Freight Transport in Indonesia From Progress Rail". progressrail.com. 15 February 2024. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
^ Ferdiansyah, Benardy (15 February 2024). "KAI dan Progress Rail teken kerja sama pengadaan 54 lokomotif". ANTARAnews.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 17 February 2024.
^ "EMD delivers Congo-Océan locomotives".
^ "Dua Kereta Babaranjang Tabrakan di OKU". tribunnews.com. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
^ KNKT, National Transportation Safety Committee (2016). "TABRAKAN KA 3029 DENGAN KA 3027 DI KM 279+500/600 PETAK JALAN ANTARA ST. KOTABARU – ST. METUR" (PDF). NTSC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
^ "Instagram post of Adetiya Dwi Lesmana, about the first debut into service of CC 205 13 41 and CC 205 13 10 after major repair on Lahat, South Sumatra". Instagram. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24.
^ "Tabrakan Kereta Api Batubara di Way Kanan-Lampung". medcom.id. 7 October 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
^ KNKT, National Transportation Safety Committee (2017). "LAPORAN INVESTIGASI KECELAKAAN PERKERETAAPIAN TABRAKAN KA 3026 DENGAN KA 3024 DI KM 147+752 JALUR II EMPLASEMEN ST. NEGERIAGUNG" (PDF). NTSC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
^ "Instagram post of @rfdivre4 (Baradipat), about the arrival of CC 205 13 15 and CC 205 13 26". Archived from the original on 2021-12-24. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
^ Arifin, Choirul (12 December 2021). "Dua Kereta Api Babaranjang Tabrakan di Emplasemen Stasiun Penanggiran Muaraenim". Tribunnews. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
^ Rizal (2021-12-11). "Kereta Babaranjang Bertabrakan, Perjalanan KA Bukit Serelo dan Sindang Marga Dibatalkan". Sumsel Update. Retrieved 2021-12-11.
^ "Kereta Api Babaranjang Anjlok di Natar, Lampung Selatan". Kumparan. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
^ "Dua Kereta Api Batu Bara Tabrakan di Stasiun Rengas Lampung". CNN Indonesia. 7 November 2022.
^ Saputra, Bayu (7 November 2022). "Awal Mula 2 Kereta Api Tabrakan di Lampung, PT KAI Sampaikan Permohonan Maaf". Tribun Lampung.
vte Kereta Api Indonesia locomotives and multiple unitsDiesel locomotivesDiesel-mechanical
B100 (Bima Kunting 1)
B101 (Pelita 1)
Diesel-electric
B200
Bima Kunting series
BB200
BB201
BB202
BB203
BB204
CC200
CC201
CC202
CC203
CC204
CC205
CC206
Diesel-hydraulic
Kebo Kuning
C300
C301
D300
D301
BB300
BB301
BB302
BB303
BB304
BB305
BB306
CC300
DD55
Electric locomotives
3000
3100
3200
3300
4000
Multiple unitsDiesel-hydraulic
MCW300
MCW301
MCW302
MH201
Diesel-electric
ME201
ME202
ME203
ME204
vteLimited production, export and EMD engined locomotives by Electro-Motive DieselElectrics
SW1200MG
AEM-7
GM6C
GM10B
GF6C
Industrial, experimentals and military
1800 hp B-B
Model 40
DH1
DH2
GMDH-1
GMDH-3
MRS-1
Exportand narrow gauge
NF110
NF210
G8
GL8
GA8
G12
G16
G18
GA18
GT18LC-2
FGC 254
G22 Series
G22C Series
GT22 series (GT22HW-2)
G26
GT26 series (GT26CW-2)
DDM45
GT38ACe
JT42CWR (Class 66)
GT46MAC
GT46PAC
JT56ACe (China HXN3)
Streamliners
M-10000
M-10001
M-10002
M-10003 to M-10006
Pioneer Zephyr
Mark Twain Zephyr
General Pershing Zephyr
Green Diamond
Flying Yankee
LWT 12
SAL 2027–2028
EMD-engined andlicense-built unitsBritish Rail
Class 57
Class 67
Córas Iompair Éireann
Class 001
Class 071
Class 121
Class 141
Class 181
CFL (Luxembourg)
Class 1600
Danish State Railways
Class ME
Class MX
Class MY
Class MZ
Iarnród Éireann
Class 201
Indian Railways
WDM-4
YDM-3
YDM-5
WDP-4
WDG-4
Israel Railways
JT 42BW
JT 42CW
Korail
Class 7000
MotivePower Industries
MPXpress
NI Railways
Class 110
NJ Transit
Alstom PL42AC
Renfe (Spain)
Class 310
Class 319 (early versions)
Class 319 (later versions)
Class 333
Class 334
SNCB (Belgium)
HLD 51
HLD 52
HLD 53
HLD 54
HLD 55
HLD 61
HLD 62
HLD 65
Stadler Rail Valencia
Euro
SJ Norge
NSB Di 4
Swedish State Railways
T41
T43
T44
Yugoslav Railways (now Serbian Railways)
JŽ series 666
See also
List of EMD locomotives
vteLow emissions locomotives in North AmericaAltoona Works
BP4
GP33ECO
Brookville Equipment
BL12CG
BL14CG
BL20CG
BL20G
BL20GH
BL36PH
GE Transportation
ES40DC
ES44AC
ES44C4
ES44DC
ET44AC
ET44C4
Knoxville Locomotive Works
SE10B
SE15B
SE20B
SE24B
SE32C
MotivePower
MP14B
MP20B
MP20C
MP21B
MP36PH-3C
MP36PH-3S
MP40PH-3C
MP54AC
HSP46
National Railway Equipment
1GS7B
2GS12B
2GS14B
3GS21B
3GS21C
2GS36C-DE
Progress Rail
EMD F125
EMD F59PHR
EMD GP15D
EMD GP20D
EMD GP22ECO
EMD GT38ACe
EMD SD22ECO
EMD SD32ECO
EMD SD70ACe
EMD SD70M-2
PR15B
PR22B
PR30C
PR43C
Railpower Technologies
GGS2000D
GG10B
GG20B
GK10B
RP14BD
RP20BH
RP20BD
RP20CD
Proposed locomotives
RP7BD
RP27CD
Siemens Mobility
Siemens Charger
See also: List of low-emissions locomotives in North America
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diesel-electric locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel-electric_locomotive"},{"link_name":"Electro-Motive Diesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-Motive_Diesel"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Indonesian Railway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"EMD G26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD_G26"},{"link_name":"GE CM20EMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE_CM20EMP"}],"text":"The EMD GT38AC (known as CC205 in Indonesia) diesel-electric locomotives are made by Electro-Motive Diesel for export in Indonesia. There are 91 locomotives owned by the state-owned Indonesian Railway Company (PT Kereta Api Indonesia), all of them are for in Sumatra and replace the aging EMD G26. It's also one of two most advanced-technology locomotive in Indonesia (another one is GE CM20EMP).","title":"EMD GT38ACe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EMD G26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD_G26"}],"text":"PT Kereta Api Indonesia has operated some EMD G26 (G26MC-2U, or known in Indonesia as CC 202) since 1986 and some of them began to break down due to their ages and severe works. In 2011, PT Kereta Api Indonesia began to look for the replacements of G26MC-2U; more powerful and advanced locomotives than G26MC-2Us. After several auction processes, EMD won the contract to build more powerful locomotives with AC traction technology for PT. KAI.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Older locomotives were numbered as CC 205 01 to CC 205 55 (including the bonus unit). But, due to the most recent regulation of the Ministry of Transportation, then the numbering system is changed according to its arrival year. The newer locomotives used new numbering system from the Ministry of Transportation (CC 205 21 01 - CC 205 21 36).The first arrival (2011)In this year, the first six locomotives arrived. Their numberings were CC 205 01 to CC 205 06. However, to comply with the most recent regulation, the numberings were changed into CC 205 11 01 to CC 205 11 06The second arrival (2013)There were 44 locomotives arriving in this year. Their numberings were CC 205 07 to CC 205 50. However, to comply with the most recent regulation, the numbering were changed into CC 205 13 01 to CC 205 13 44.The bonus units (2014)The five bonus units arrived in 2014. These units were numbered as CC 205 51 to CC 205 55. However, to comply with the most recent regulation, the numberings were changed into CC 205 14 01 to CC 205 14 05.The third arrival (2021)There were 36 locomotives arrived in 2021. Their numberings were CC 205 21 01 to CC 205 21 36.","title":"Numbering"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Multiple Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-unit_train_control"}],"text":"The CC205s can haul up more than 48 (forty-eight) coal hoppers in single-traction mode, and 80 coal hoppers in double-traction mode. Thanks to the AC Traction technology, the locomotives can generate output more than 2,200 HP (bigger than its predecessor, CC202) and starting tractive effort of as much as 450 kN. But, even with such a big power like that, stations in South Sumatra and Lampung cannot accommodate more than 60 coal hoppers, due to the yard-length limit in every station in South Sumatra and Lampung.In their daily operations, two CC205s are coupled together using Multiple Unit for easier haul, especially on steep grades. Unlike other locomotives in Indonesia, CC205 has met EPA Tier 2 emission regulation and is more efficient up to 25% - thanks to the latest generation of EMD 710G3 engine that employs an electronic fuel injection system and several tweaks on the exhaust system. The maximum speed of this locomotive is 50 mph (80 km/h), but it operates normally at 19-37 mph (30–60 km/h) due to the total gross weight of the entire cars coupled to CC205s. With the same amount of payload tonnage, two units of CC205s can replace three units of CC202s for hauling 60 coal hoppers, with one hopper has 50 tons maximum payload.","title":"Performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Muncie, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muncie,_Indiana"}],"text":"All of the first batch locomotives were built at EMD Plant in London, Ontario. Later batches came from EMD Plant at Muncie, Indiana.","title":"Builders"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All of the CC205s have a distinctive Perumka/PT Kereta Api's 1990s-style red-and-blue livery, similar to the CC201s and CC202s allocated at South Sumatran railway. Inside the cab, old school side controller has been replaced with more modern cab with EM2000 computer system and digital display. CC205s also equipped with an automatic engine start/stop (AESS) system, which is the first type of locomotives in Indonesia using AESS, and makes CC205 be the most efficients locomotive in fuel usage.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In 2014, PT. KAI received 5 (five) more EMD GT38AC from Progress Rail - EMD as bonus units. These bonus units were given free by Progress Rail - EMD as their compensation of responsibility due to the lateness of delivery (off-schedule) of 44 (forty-four) EMD GT38AC ordered by PT. KAI to Indonesia in 2013. As a result, PT. KAI has 55 units GT38AC's; 50 were purchased and 5 were bonus. All 55 (fifty-five) units of GT38AC's owned by PT. KAI are in service, hauling coal trains in Sumatra.On April 16, 2020, PT Kereta Indonesia (PT KAI) has signed a contract for 36 new GT38AC freight locomotives, expanding the public railway operator's existing GT Series fleet. 36 new locomotives will go into service for PT KAI's South Sumatra coal haulage operations and join more than 50 other GT38AC locomotives already operating in this service since 2011. Delivery of the locomotives expected in late 2021,[1] and arrived in Panjang Harbour, Lampung, Indonesia on June 19, 2021, June 26, 2021, and September 22–24, 2021.On February 15, 2024, PT KAI has signed a contract with Progress Rail for 54 additional GT38AC locomotives. They are expected to be delivered in stages from April 2025 to April 2026.[2][3]","title":"Bonus units and reorder for PT. Kereta Api Indonesia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Congo-Ocean Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo-Ocean_Railway"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In February 2015, Congo-Ocean Railway taking delivery of 10 GT38AC locomotives that have similar specifications to PT KAI locomotives except for some small technical differences, particularly in their fuel management system (Note: the type of the Indonesian locomotives is GT38ACe, while the ones for Congo is GT38AC) [4]","title":"Other operator"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ogan Komering Ulu Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogan_Komering_Ulu_Regency"},{"link_name":"South Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sumatra"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Way Kanan Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Way_Kanan_Regency"},{"link_name":"Lampung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampung"},{"link_name":"Progress Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_Rail"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"Muara Enim Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muara_Enim_Regency"},{"link_name":"South Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sumatra"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"South Lampung Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lampung_Regency"},{"link_name":"Lampung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampung"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Central Lampung Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Lampung_Regency"},{"link_name":"Lampung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampung"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"On June 15, 2015, the coal hopper train with train number KA 3029 crashed into the rearmost wagon of KA 3027 which was being blocked by the incoming signal from Metur Station, Ogan Komering Ulu Regency, South Sumatra. As a result of the collision, two wagon of KA 3027 (sequence numbers 46 and 47) which were hit by locomotive KA 3029 were destroyed and climbed onto wagon number 45, as well as two KA 3029 locomotives (CC 205 13 41 and CC 205 13 10) which suffered minor physical damage, but suffered substantial damage to the computer system. The locomotive involved in this accident was sent to Balai Yasa Lahat for repair and has returned to service in 2019.[5][6][7]\nOn October 6, 2015, the coal hopper train with train number KA 3026 crashed into the rearmost wagon of KA 3024 which was stopped at Negeri Agung Station, Way Kanan Regency, Lampung. There were no fatalities, but as a result of the collision, the trainset of KA 3024 which was hit by KA 3026 locomotives was damaged and derailed 17 axles, as well as two locomotives of KA 3026 (CC 205 13 15 and CC 205 13 26) and 2 (two) the wagon behind it derailed 20 axles and damaged rail components at this station. The evacuation process for the two derailed trains was completed at 19.22 WIB on 7 October 2015 and caused all train cancelled. The locomotive involved in this accident was substantially damaged and sent to Progress Rail in 2018, and has returned to Lampung in 2020.[8][9][10] As of May 4, 2021, the locomotive has returned into service.\nOn December 11, 2021, two coal hopper train with train number KA 3061 pulled by locomotives CC 205 14 04 and CC 205 21 04 crashed into the rearmost wagon of KA 3055 which was stopped at the emplacement of Penanggiran Station, Muara Enim Regency, South Sumatra. As a result, eight wagon from KA 3055 as well as locomotives and 2 wagon from KA 3061 derailed 40 axles.[11] There were no fatalities in this accident, but this caused the trip of two passenger trains, (Serelo and Sindang Marga train) was cancelled on the day of accident.[12]\nOn January 4, 2022, coal hopper train with train number KA 3021A derailed on Gedungratu Station, South Lampung Regency, Lampung. The evacuation process of CC 205 11 04 and CC 205 13 03, each derailed one axles, lasted for one hour using a jack. There were no fatalities in this incident. but all of train operation was interrupted for two hours and caused Rajabasa passenger train delayed until 110 minutes.[13]\nOn November 7, 2022, two coal hopper train with train number KA 3056A pulled by locomotives CC 205 21 20 and CC 205 13 16 crashed with KA 3031A pulled by locomotives CC 205 13 37 and CC 205 13 33 which was stopped at the emplacement of Rengas Station, Central Lampung Regency, Lampung.[14] As a result, four locomotives was substantially damaged, 2 wagon from KA 3031A and 10 wagon from KA 3056A derailed 36 axles. There were no fatalities in this accident, but this caused all train was cancelled on the day of accident.[15] As of December 30, 2023, all four units was deemed damaged beyond repair and their remaining parts will be cannibalized to other CC 205s.","title":"Incident and accidents"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Progress Rail | Progress Rail Signs Contract with PT KAI for GT Series Locomotives\". www.progressrail.com. Archived from the original on 2020-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417113135/https://www.progressrail.com/en/Company/newsandevents/corporatepressreleases/ProgressRailSignsContractwithPTKAIforGTSeriesLocomotives.html","url_text":"\"Progress Rail | Progress Rail Signs Contract with PT KAI for GT Series Locomotives\""},{"url":"https://www.progressrail.com/en/Company/newsandevents/corporatepressreleases/ProgressRailSignsContractwithPTKAIforGTSeriesLocomotives.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PT KAI Procures 54 EMD® Locomotives for Freight Transport in Indonesia From Progress Rail\". progressrail.com. 15 February 2024. Retrieved 17 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.progressrail.com/en/Company/News/PressReleases/PTKAIProcures54EMDLocomotivesforFreightTransportinIndonesiaFromProgressRail.html","url_text":"\"PT KAI Procures 54 EMD® Locomotives for Freight Transport in Indonesia From Progress Rail\""}]},{"reference":"Ferdiansyah, Benardy (15 February 2024). \"KAI dan Progress Rail teken kerja sama pengadaan 54 lokomotif\". ANTARAnews.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 17 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.antaranews.com/berita/3965649/kai-dan-progress-rail-teken-kerja-sama-pengadaan-54-lokomotif","url_text":"\"KAI dan Progress Rail teken kerja sama pengadaan 54 lokomotif\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antara_(news_agency)","url_text":"ANTARAnews.com"}]},{"reference":"\"EMD delivers Congo-Océan locomotives\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/traction-rolling-stock/single-view/view/emd-delivers-congo-ocean-locomotives.html","url_text":"\"EMD delivers Congo-Océan locomotives\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dua Kereta Babaranjang Tabrakan di OKU\". tribunnews.com. Retrieved 28 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tribunnews.com/regional/2015/06/15/dua-kereta-babaranjang-tabrakan-di-oku","url_text":"\"Dua Kereta Babaranjang Tabrakan di OKU\""}]},{"reference":"KNKT, National Transportation Safety Committee (2016). \"TABRAKAN KA 3029 DENGAN KA 3027 DI KM 279+500/600 PETAK JALAN ANTARA ST. KOTABARU – ST. METUR\" (PDF). NTSC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230411074944/http://knkt.dephub.go.id/knkt/ntsc_railway/Report/baru/2015/KNKT.16.06.03.02%20(ISBN).pdf","url_text":"\"TABRAKAN KA 3029 DENGAN KA 3027 DI KM 279+500/600 PETAK JALAN ANTARA ST. KOTABARU – ST. METUR\""},{"url":"http://knkt.dephub.go.id/knkt/ntsc_railway/Report/baru/2015/KNKT.16.06.03.02%20(ISBN).pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Instagram post of Adetiya Dwi Lesmana, about the first debut into service of CC 205 13 41 and CC 205 13 10 after major repair on Lahat, South Sumatra\". Instagram. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/B2rOPrBJupt","url_text":"\"Instagram post of Adetiya Dwi Lesmana, about the first debut into service of CC 205 13 41 and CC 205 13 10 after major repair on Lahat, South Sumatra\""},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/B2rOPrBJupt/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tabrakan Kereta Api Batubara di Way Kanan-Lampung\". medcom.id. 7 October 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://video.medcom.id/metro-news/lKYA1vjK-tabrakan-kereta-api-batubara-di-way-kanan-lampung","url_text":"\"Tabrakan Kereta Api Batubara di Way Kanan-Lampung\""}]},{"reference":"KNKT, National Transportation Safety Committee (2017). \"LAPORAN INVESTIGASI KECELAKAAN PERKERETAAPIAN TABRAKAN KA 3026 DENGAN KA 3024 DI KM 147+752 JALUR II EMPLASEMEN ST. NEGERIAGUNG\" (PDF). NTSC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230411074946/http://knkt.dephub.go.id/knkt/ntsc_railway/Report/baru/2015/KNKT.15.10.05.02.pdf","url_text":"\"LAPORAN INVESTIGASI KECELAKAAN PERKERETAAPIAN TABRAKAN KA 3026 DENGAN KA 3024 DI KM 147+752 JALUR II EMPLASEMEN ST. NEGERIAGUNG\""},{"url":"http://knkt.dephub.go.id/knkt/ntsc_railway/Report/baru/2015/KNKT.15.10.05.02.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Instagram post of @rfdivre4 (Baradipat), about the arrival of CC 205 13 15 and CC 205 13 26\". Archived from the original on 2021-12-24. Retrieved 30 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CIN-NzKJThn/","url_text":"\"Instagram post of @rfdivre4 (Baradipat), about the arrival of CC 205 13 15 and CC 205 13 26\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CIN-NzKJThn","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Arifin, Choirul (12 December 2021). \"Dua Kereta Api Babaranjang Tabrakan di Emplasemen Stasiun Penanggiran Muaraenim\". Tribunnews. Retrieved 12 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tribunnews.com/bisnis/2021/12/12/dua-kereta-api-babaranjang-tabrakan-di-emplasemen-stasiun-penanggiran-muaraenim","url_text":"\"Dua Kereta Api Babaranjang Tabrakan di Emplasemen Stasiun Penanggiran Muaraenim\""}]},{"reference":"Rizal (2021-12-11). \"Kereta Babaranjang Bertabrakan, Perjalanan KA Bukit Serelo dan Sindang Marga Dibatalkan\". Sumsel Update. Retrieved 2021-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://sumselupdate.com/kereta-babaranjang-bertabrakan-perjalanan-ka-bukit-serelo-dan-sindang-marga-dibatalkan/","url_text":"\"Kereta Babaranjang Bertabrakan, Perjalanan KA Bukit Serelo dan Sindang Marga Dibatalkan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kereta Api Babaranjang Anjlok di Natar, Lampung Selatan\". Kumparan. Retrieved 4 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://kumparan.com/lampunggeh/kereta-api-babaranjang-anjlok-di-natar-lampung-selatan-1xF3ixa61Py/full","url_text":"\"Kereta Api Babaranjang Anjlok di Natar, Lampung Selatan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dua Kereta Api Batu Bara Tabrakan di Stasiun Rengas Lampung\". CNN Indonesia. 7 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20221107095217-20-870376/dua-kereta-api-batu-bara-tabrakan-di-stasiun-rengas-lampung","url_text":"\"Dua Kereta Api Batu Bara Tabrakan di Stasiun Rengas Lampung\""}]},{"reference":"Saputra, Bayu (7 November 2022). \"Awal Mula 2 Kereta Api Tabrakan di Lampung, PT KAI Sampaikan Permohonan Maaf\". Tribun Lampung.","urls":[{"url":"https://lampung.tribunnews.com/2022/11/07/awal-mula-2-kereta-api-tabrakan-di-lampung-pt-kai-sampaikan-permohonan-maaf","url_text":"\"Awal Mula 2 Kereta Api Tabrakan di Lampung, PT KAI Sampaikan Permohonan Maaf\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zila_(country_subdivision)
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Zila (country subdivision)
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["1 Zilas in Bangladesh","2 Zilas in India","3 Zilas of Nepal","4 Zilas in Pakistan","5 See also","6 References"]
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Country subdivision
A zilā, zilla, zillah, jela, or jilha is a country subdivision mostly used officially in South Asian countries such as Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan. It is translated as district.
Zilas in Bangladesh
These paragraphs are an excerpt from Districts of Bangladesh.
The divisions of Bangladesh are further divided into districts or zilas (Bengali: জেলা). The headquarters of a district is called the district seat (Bengali: জেলা সদর, romanized: zila sadar). There are 64 districts in Bangladesh. The districts are further subdivided into 495 subdistricts or upazilas.
Zilas in India
These paragraphs are an excerpt from List of districts in India.
A district (zila), also known as revenue district is an administrative division of an Indian state or territory. In some cases, districts are further subdivided into sub-divisions, and in others directly into tehsils or talukas. As of 30 March 2024, there are a total of 806 districts.
District officials include:
Each of these officials is aided by officers from the appropriate branch of the state government.
Most districts have a distinct headquarters; but the districts of Mumbai City in Maharashtra, Kolkata in West Bengal, Hyderabad in Telangana, and Chennai in Tamil Nadu are examples where there are no distinct district headquarters, although there are district collectors.
Zilas of Nepal
These paragraphs are an excerpt from List of districts of Nepal.
Districts in Nepal are second level of administrative divisions after provinces. Districts are subdivided into municipalities and rural municipalities. There are seven provinces and 77 districts in Nepal.
After the state's reconstruction of administrative divisions, Nawalparasi District and Rukum District were divided into Parasi District and Nawalpur District, and Eastern Rukum District and Western Rukum District, respectively.
Zilas in Pakistan
These paragraphs are an excerpt from Districts of Pakistan.
The districts of Pakistan (Urdu: اِضلاعِ پاكِستان) are the third-level administrative divisions of Pakistan, below provinces and divisions, but forming the first-tier of local government. In total, there are 166 districts in Pakistan, including the Capital Territory, and the districts of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan. These districts are further divided into tehsils and union councils.
See also
Zila Parishad (disambiguation)
Districts of British India
References
^ "Bangladesh – Government and society". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 27 November 2011. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
^ "Upazilla List". Bangladesh National Portal. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
^ Official site of Mumbai City Collectorate (A district)
^ "Dividing governance: Three new districts notified in G-B – The Express Tribune". The Express Tribune. 26 July 2015. Retrieved 2019-04-05.
^
"Administrative Setup". ajk.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 9 April 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2010.
This article about a South Asia–related topic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"country subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_division"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District"}],"text":"A zilā, zilla, zillah, jela, or jilha is a country subdivision mostly used officially in South Asian countries such as Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan. It is translated as district.","title":"Zila (country subdivision)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Districts of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Districts_of_Bangladesh&action=edit"},{"link_name":"divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisions_of_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"upazilas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upazila"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"These paragraphs are an excerpt from Districts of Bangladesh.[edit]\nThe divisions of Bangladesh are further divided into districts or zilas (Bengali: জেলা).[1] The headquarters of a district is called the district seat (Bengali: জেলা সদর, romanized: zila sadar). There are 64 districts in Bangladesh. The districts are further subdivided into 495 subdistricts or upazilas.[2]","title":"Zilas in Bangladesh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of districts in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_districts_in_India&action=edit"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India"},{"link_name":"Indian state or territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India"},{"link_name":"sub-divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue_division"},{"link_name":"tehsils or talukas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehsil"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zila_(country_subdivision)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Mumbai City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_City_district"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_district"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_district,_India"},{"link_name":"Telangana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telangana"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai_district"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"}],"text":"These paragraphs are an excerpt from List of districts in India.[edit]\nA district (zila), also known as revenue district is an administrative division of an Indian state or territory. In some cases, districts are further subdivided into sub-divisions, and in others directly into tehsils or talukas. As of 30 March 2024[update], there are a total of 806 districts.\nDistrict officials include:\nEach of these officials is aided by officers from the appropriate branch of the state government.\n\nMost districts have a distinct headquarters; but the districts of Mumbai City in Maharashtra,[3] Kolkata in West Bengal, Hyderabad in Telangana, and Chennai in Tamil Nadu are examples where there are no distinct district headquarters, although there are district collectors.","title":"Zilas in India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of districts of Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_districts_of_Nepal&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Districts in Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Nepal"},{"link_name":"rural municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gaupalikas_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Nawalparasi District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawalparasi_District"},{"link_name":"Rukum District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukum_District"},{"link_name":"Parasi District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasi_District"},{"link_name":"Nawalpur District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawalpur_District"},{"link_name":"Eastern Rukum District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Rukum_District"},{"link_name":"Western Rukum District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Rukum_District"}],"text":"These paragraphs are an excerpt from List of districts of Nepal.[edit]\nDistricts in Nepal are second level of administrative divisions after provinces. Districts are subdivided into municipalities and rural municipalities. There are seven provinces and 77 districts in Nepal.\n\nAfter the state's reconstruction of administrative divisions, Nawalparasi District and Rukum District were divided into Parasi District and Nawalpur District, and Eastern Rukum District and Western Rukum District, respectively.","title":"Zilas of Nepal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Districts of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Districts_of_Pakistan&action=edit"},{"link_name":"districts of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"administrative divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_division"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisions_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"local government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Capital Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory"},{"link_name":"districts of Azad Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Azad_Kashmir"},{"link_name":"Gilgit-Baltistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Gilgit-Baltistan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"tehsils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tehsils_in_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"union councils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_councils_of_Pakistan"}],"text":"These paragraphs are an excerpt from Districts of Pakistan.[edit]\nThe districts of Pakistan (Urdu: اِضلاعِ پاكِستان) are the third-level administrative divisions of Pakistan, below provinces and divisions, but forming the first-tier of local government. In total, there are 166 districts in Pakistan, including the Capital Territory, and the districts of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan.[4][5] These districts are further divided into tehsils and union councils.","title":"Zilas in Pakistan"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Zila Parishad (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zila_Parishad_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Districts of British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_British_India"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Bangladesh – Government and society\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 27 November 2011. Retrieved 2021-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Bangladesh","url_text":"\"Bangladesh – Government and society\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111127191644/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51736/Bangladesh/277578/Visual-art-and-architecture","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Upazilla List\". Bangladesh National Portal. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 2021-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd/site/view/upazila-list/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9","url_text":"\"Upazilla List\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210421192359/https://bangladesh.gov.bd/site/view/upazila-list/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dividing governance: Three new districts notified in G-B – The Express Tribune\". The Express Tribune. 26 July 2015. Retrieved 2019-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://tribune.com.pk/story/926380/dividing-governance-three-new-districts-notified-in-g-b/","url_text":"\"Dividing governance: Three new districts notified in G-B – The Express Tribune\""}]},{"reference":"\"Administrative Setup\". ajk.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 9 April 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ajk.gov.pk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24&Itemid=8","url_text":"\"Administrative Setup\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100409161504/http://www.ajk.gov.pk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24&Itemid=8","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Districts_of_Bangladesh&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_districts_in_India&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zila_(country_subdivision)&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_districts_of_Nepal&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Districts_of_Pakistan&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Bangladesh","external_links_name":"\"Bangladesh – Government and society\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111127191644/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51736/Bangladesh/277578/Visual-art-and-architecture","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd/site/view/upazila-list/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9","external_links_name":"\"Upazilla List\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210421192359/https://bangladesh.gov.bd/site/view/upazila-list/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://mumbaicity.gov.in/","external_links_name":"Official site of Mumbai City Collectorate (A district)"},{"Link":"http://tribune.com.pk/story/926380/dividing-governance-three-new-districts-notified-in-g-b/","external_links_name":"\"Dividing governance: Three new districts notified in G-B – The Express Tribune\""},{"Link":"http://www.ajk.gov.pk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24&Itemid=8","external_links_name":"\"Administrative Setup\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100409161504/http://www.ajk.gov.pk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24&Itemid=8","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zila_(country_subdivision)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerotej_Sokolovi%C4%87
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Jerotej Sokolović
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["1 See also","2 References","3 Literature","4 References"]
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Serbian patriarch
Jerotej Sokolović also Jeortej, Serbian Patriarch was the archbishop of the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć and the Serbian patriarch from 1589 to 1591. He succeeded Patriarch Nikanor I on the throne of the Serbian Patriarchate. He spent a very short time as a Serbian patriarch. He was succeeded by Patriarch Filip I.
There are almost no other data about Patriarch Jerotej except for two records. The inscription on the mine, which was left in Šišatovac by the scribe hieromonk Georgije, in 1589, says that "it was transcribed in the days of the consecrated archbishop, father and teacher of Serbs and Bulgarians and many other parts of Bishop Cyrus Jerotej".
From the inscription in the manuscript type of the monastery of Orahovica, which was transcribed in the time of Metropolitan kyr-Vasilije of Požega and Patriarch Jerotej, it can be seen that the patriarch managed the house of Saint Sava well because it is said about Kyr-Jerotej:
Patriarch Jerotej died on 17 February 1591.
See also
Serbian Patriarch
List of heads of Serbian Orthodox Church
Makarije Sokolović
Savatije Sokolović
Mehmed-paša Sokolović
Gerasim Sokolović
Antonije Sokolović
Filip I
References
Bishop Sava Vuković, 1996, p. 219.
Literature
Ilarion Ruvarac (1888), "On the Patriarchs of Peć from Makarije to Arsenij III (1557–1690)", Zadar.
Djoko Slijepčević (1962), "History of the Serbian Orthodox Church," book 1, Munich: Spark,
Radovan Samardžić (1993). "Serbian Orthodox Church in the 16th and 17th centuries". History of the Serbian people. book 3, vol. 2. Belgrade: Serbian Literary Association. p. 5—102.
Sava Vuković (1996), "Serbian hierarchs from the ninth to the twentieth century", Euro, Unirex, Kalenić.
Vladislav B. Sotirović (2011), "The Serbian Patriarchate of Peć in the Ottoman Empire: The First Phase (1557–94)" (PDF). Serbian Studies: Journal of the North American Society for Serbian Studies. 25 (2): 143—169.
References
^ "Serbian Orthodox Church: Its Past and Present". 1992.
^ Fotić, Aleksandar; Kusovac, Nikola; Vesović, Velimir; Milošević, Desanka (1994). Illustrated history of the Serbs. ISBN 9788674670194.
^ "Serbian Orthodox Church: Its Past and Present". 1991.
vtePrimates of the Serbian Orthodox ChurchList of heads of the Serbian Orthodox ChurchArchbishops1219–1346
Sava (St.)
Arsenije Sremac (St.)
Sava II (St.)
Danilo I (St.)
Joanikije I (St.)
Jevstatije I (St.)
Jakov (St.)
Jevstatije II (St.)
Sava III (St.)
Nikodim I (St.)
Danilo II (St.)
Joanikije II (St.)
Patriarchs (since 1346)1346–1463
Joanikije II (St.)
Sava IV
Jefrem (St.)
Spiridon (St.)
Danilo III
Sava V
Danilo IV
Kirilo I (St.)
Nikon I (St.)
Teofan I
Nikodim II
Arsenije II
1557–1766
Makarije I (St.)
Antonije I
Gerasim I
Savatije I
Nikanor I
Jerotej I
Filip I
Jovan II
Pajsije I
Gavrilo I (St.)
Maksim I
Arsenije III
Kalinik I
Atanasije I
Mojsije I
Arsenije IV
Joanikije III
Atanasije II
Gavrilo II
Gavrilo III
Vikentije I
Pajsije II
Gavrilo IV
Kirilo II
Vasilije
Kalinik II
since 1920
Dimitrije
Varnava
Gavrilo V
Vikentije II
German
Pavle
Irinej
Porfirije
Heads of the Serbian Orthodox Church in the Habsburg monarchy (1690–1920)Metropolitans of Karlovci 1690–1848
Arsenije III Čarnojević
Isaija Đaković
Sofronije Podgoričanin
Vikentije Popović-Hadžilavić
of Belgrade and Karlovci:
Mojsije Petrović
Vikentije Jovanović
Arsenije IV Jovanović Šakabenta
Isaija Antonović
Pavle Nenadović
Jovan Georgijević
Vićentije Jovanović Vidak
Mojsije Putnik
Stefan Stratimirović
Stefan Stanković
Josif Rajačić
Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Karlovci 1848–1920
Josif Rajačić
Samuilo Maširević
Prokopije Ivačković
German Anđelić
Georgije Branković
Lukijan Bogdanović
Metropolitans of Belgrade1831–1920
Melentije Pavlović
Petar Jovanović
Mihailo Jovanović
Teodosije Mraović
Inokentije Pavlović
Dimitrije Pavlović
Metropolitans of Montenegro1766–1920
Sava Petrović
Arsenije Plamenac
Petar I
Petar II
Danilo II
Nikanor Ivanović
Ilarion Roganović
Visarion Ljubiša
Mitrofan Ban
Christianity portal Serbia portal
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This article about an Eastern Orthodox bishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Serbian Patriarchate of Peć","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Patriarchate_of_Pe%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Nikanor I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikanor_I"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Filip I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_Sokolovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Šišatovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0i%C5%A1atovac"},{"link_name":"Orahovica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orahovica_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Požega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%BEega,_Croatia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Saint Sava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sava"},{"link_name":"Kyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyr"}],"text":"Jerotej Sokolović also Jeortej, Serbian Patriarch[1] was the archbishop of the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć and the Serbian patriarch from 1589 to 1591. He succeeded Patriarch Nikanor I on the throne of the Serbian Patriarchate. He spent a very short time as a Serbian patriarch.[2] He was succeeded by Patriarch Filip I.There are almost no other data about Patriarch Jerotej except for two records. The inscription on the mine, which was left in Šišatovac by the scribe hieromonk Georgije, in 1589, says that \"it was transcribed in the days of the consecrated archbishop, father and teacher of Serbs and Bulgarians and many other parts of Bishop Cyrus Jerotej\".From the inscription in the manuscript type of the monastery of Orahovica, which was transcribed in the time of Metropolitan kyr-Vasilije of Požega and Patriarch Jerotej,[3] it can be seen that the patriarch managed the house of Saint Sava well because it is said about Kyr-Jerotej:Patriarch Jerotej died on 17 February 1591.","title":"Jerotej Sokolović"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ilarion Ruvarac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilarion_Ruvarac"},{"link_name":"Zadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadar"},{"link_name":"Djoko Slijepčević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djoko_Slijep%C4%8Devi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"Radovan Samardžić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radovan_Samard%C5%BEi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Sava Vuković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sava_Vukovi%C4%87_(bishop)"}],"text":"Ilarion Ruvarac (1888), \"On the Patriarchs of Peć from Makarije to Arsenij III (1557–1690)\", Zadar.\nDjoko Slijepčević (1962), \"History of the Serbian Orthodox Church,\" book 1, Munich: Spark,\nRadovan Samardžić (1993). \"Serbian Orthodox Church in the 16th and 17th centuries\". History of the Serbian people. book 3, vol. 2. Belgrade: Serbian Literary Association. p. 5—102.\nSava Vuković (1996), \"Serbian hierarchs from the ninth to the twentieth century\", Euro, Unirex, Kalenić.\nVladislav B. Sotirović (2011), \"The Serbian Patriarchate of Peć in the Ottoman Empire: The First Phase (1557–94)\" (PDF). Serbian Studies: Journal of the North American Society for Serbian Studies. 25 (2): 143—169.","title":"Literature"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Serbian Patriarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Patriarch"},{"title":"List of heads of Serbian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_Serbian_Orthodox_Church"},{"title":"Makarije Sokolović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makarije_Sokolovi%C4%87"},{"title":"Savatije Sokolović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savatije_Sokolovi%C4%87"},{"title":"Mehmed-paša Sokolović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed-pa%C5%A1a_Sokolovi%C4%87"},{"title":"Gerasim Sokolović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerasim_Sokolovi%C4%87"},{"title":"Antonije Sokolović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonije_Sokolovi%C4%87"},{"title":"Filip I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_Sokolovi%C4%87"}]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xAUsAQAAMAAJ&q=jerotej%2C%C3%A0","external_links_name":"\"Serbian Orthodox Church: Its Past and Present\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aUjjAAAAMAAJ&q=Sokolovic","external_links_name":"Illustrated history of the Serbs"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xAUsAQAAMAAJ&q=Jerotej","external_links_name":"\"Serbian Orthodox Church: Its Past and Present\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerotej_Sokolovi%C4%87&action=edit","external_links_name":"help out"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerotej_Sokolovi%C4%87&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Brennan
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Terry Brennan
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["1 Early life and playing career","2 Coaching career","3 Later life and honors","4 Death","5 Head coaching record","5.1 College","6 References"]
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American football player and coach (1928–2021)
For the Irish politician, see Terry Brennan (politician). For the professor of classics, see T. Corey Brennan.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Terry Brennan" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Terry BrennanBrennan, circa 1946Biographical detailsBorn(1928-06-11)June 11, 1928Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.DiedSeptember 7, 2021(2021-09-07) (aged 93)Northbrook, Illinois, U.S.Playing career1945–1948Notre Dame
Position(s)HalfbackCoaching career (HC unless noted)1949–1952Chicago Mount Carmel HS (IL)1953Notre Dame (freshmen)1954–1958Notre Dame
Head coaching recordOverall32–18 (college)Accomplishments and honorsChampionships
2× National (1946, 1947)
Awards
Third-team All-American (1947)
Terence Patrick Brennan (June 11, 1928 – September 7, 2021) was an American college football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at the University of Notre Dame from 1954 to 1958, compiling a record of 32–18.
Early life and playing career
A native of the Village of Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin, a suburb of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Terry Brennan was a standout multi-sport athlete at Marquette University High School. He went on to play halfback at the University of Notre Dame from 1945 to 1948, graduating in 1949.
In 1951, he married Mary Louise "Kel" Kelley. His wife died in 2001, following fifty years of marriage.
Coaching career
After graduating from Notre Dame, Brennan coached at Mount Carmel High School in Chicago and won three successive city championships. Brennan returned to Notre Dame in 1953 as freshman football coach and succeeded Frank Leahy as head coach the following year.
In 1954, Notre Dame had a 9–1 record, with players recruited by Leahy. In 1955, the Irish were 8–2. In 1956, Brennan had mostly sophomore starters, due to numerous injuries; the result was a 2–8 record, and the first losing season for Notre Dame since 1933 and the worst in school history. However, running back Paul Hornung won the Heisman Trophy that year.
Brennan's 1957 squad earned the nickname, "Comeback Comets" after finishing 7–3. Among their victories was a 23–21 comeback over Army and a 7–0 shutout of Oklahoma, snapping the Sooners' NCAA record 47-game winning streak.
After a 6–4 record in 1958, the movement to dismiss Brennan gained momentum, and the coach was fired along with his entire staff in mid-December; Hugh Devore was eventually retained. Notre Dame's administration was heavily criticized for the firing, considering Brennan's overall 32–18 record against the caliber of their opponents. He was succeeded as Notre Dame's head coach by Joe Kuharich.
Later life and honors
Brennan served as player conditioning coach for baseball's Cincinnati Reds during spring training in 1959 and eventually joined a Chicago investment banking firm.
Brennan is a member of the Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame and was elected to the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame in 1981.
He was the author of the book Though The Odds be Great or Small, about the 1957 Notre Dame football season, which was published in 2021.
Death
He died on September 7, 2021, at the age of 93. He is survived by his wife, six children, 25 grandchildren, and 32 great-grandchildren.
Head coaching record
College
Year
Team
Overall
Conference
Standing
Bowl/playoffs
Coaches#
AP°
Notre Dame Fighting Irish (NCAA University Division independent) (1954–1958)
1954
Notre Dame
9–1
4
4
1955
Notre Dame
8–2
10
9
1956
Notre Dame
2–8
1957
Notre Dame
7–3
9
10
1958
Notre Dame
6–4
14
17
Notre Dame:
32–18
Total:
32–18
#Rankings from final Coaches Poll.
°Rankings from final AP Poll.
References
^ Kellu, Lisa (September 9, 2021). "Throwback Thursday: Though the Odds Be Great or Small by Terry Brennan". SB Nation. Retrieved March 4, 2022.
^ Bromberg, Nick (September 8, 2021). "Former Notre Dame running back and head coach Terry Brennan dies". Yahoo Sports. Retrieved September 8, 2021.
vteNotre Dame Fighting Irish head football coaches
No coach (1887–1893)
James L. Morrison (1894)
H. G. Hadden (1895)
Frank E. Hering (1896–1898)
James McWeeney (1899)
Pat O'Dea (1900–1901)
James Farragher (1902–1903)
Louis J. Salmon (1904)
Henry J. McGlew (1905)
Thomas A. Barry (1906–1907)
Victor M. Place (1908)
Frank Longman (1909–1910)
John L. Marks (1911–1912)
Jesse Harper (1913–1917)
Knute Rockne (1918–1930)
Hunk Anderson (1931–1933)
Elmer Layden (1934–1940)
Frank Leahy (1941–1943)
Edward McKeever (1944)
Hugh Devore (1945)
Frank Leahy (1946–1953)
Terry Brennan (1954–1958)
Joe Kuharich (1959–1962)
Hugh Devore (1963)
Ara Parseghian (1964–1974)
Dan Devine (1975–1980)
Gerry Faust (1981–1985)
Lou Holtz (1986–1996)
Bob Davie (1997–2001)
Tyrone Willingham (2002–2004)
Kent Baer # (2004)
Charlie Weis (2005–2009)
Brian Kelly (2010–2021)
Marcus Freeman (2021– )
# denotes interim head coach
vte1946 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football—AP national champions
Russell "Pete" Ashbaugh
Terry Brennan
Al Cannava
Gus Cifelli
Corwin Clatt
George Connor
Larry Coutre
Gerard Cowhig
Zygmont Czarobski
Bill Fischer
Bill Gompers
Leon Hart
Luke Higgins
Frank Kosikowski
Bill Leonard
Bob Livingstone
Johnny Lujack
Jim Martin
John Mastrangelo
Ralph McGehee
Jim Mello
Bill O'Connor
John Panelli
George Ratterman
Vince Scott
Joe Signaigo
Floyd Simmons
Emil Sitko
Bob Skoglund
Art Statuto
George Strohmeyer
George Sullivan
Mike Swistowicz
George Tobin
Frank Tripucka
Gasper Urban
Bill Walsh
Marty Wendell
Bill Wightkin
Joe Yonto
Ernie Zalejski
Jack Zilly
Head coach: Frank Leahy
Assistant coaches: Marty Brill
Bernie Crimmins
John F. Druze
Moose Krause
Fred Miller
vte1947 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football—AP national champions
Russell "Pete" Ashbaugh
Terry Brennan
Gus Cifelli
Corwin Clatt
George Connor
Larry Coutre
Zygmont Czarobski
Bill Fischer
Bill Gay
Bill Gompers
Leon Hart
Frank Kosikowski
Bill Leonard
Bob Livingstone
Johnny Lujack
Jim Martin
Ralph McGehee
Bill O'Connor
John Panelli
Joe Signaigo
Floyd Simmons
Emil Sitko
Frank Spaniel
Art Statuto
George Strohmeyer
George Sullivan
Mike Swistowicz
Frank Tripucka
Gasper Urban
Bill Walsh
Marty Wendell
Bill Wightkin
Ernie Zalejski
Head coach: Frank Leahy
Assistant coaches: Bernie Crimmins
John F. Druze
Moose Krause
vtePhiladelphia Eagles 1949 NFL draft selections
Chuck Bednarik
Frank Tripucka
Frank Burns
Frank Ziegler
Don Panciera
Terry Brennan
Warren Huey
Frank Gillespie
Bob Dean
Jon Jenkins
Roy Lester
Bobby Wilson
Dale Armstrong
Lyle Button
Bobby Lund
Carl Copp
Frank Reno
Leo Skladany
Russ Strait
Paul Odom
Lloyd Brinkman
Lou Futrell
Harvey Kingry
Hank Kalver
Fred Leon
John Schweder
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Terry Brennan (politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Brennan_(politician)"},{"link_name":"T. Corey Brennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._Corey_Brennan"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"University of Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame"}],"text":"For the Irish politician, see Terry Brennan (politician). For the professor of classics, see T. Corey Brennan.Terence Patrick Brennan (June 11, 1928 – September 7, 2021) was an American college football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at the University of Notre Dame from 1954 to 1958, compiling a record of 32–18.","title":"Terry Brennan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitefish_Bay"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Marquette University High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquette_University_High_School"},{"link_name":"halfback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfback_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"University of Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame"}],"text":"A native of the Village of Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin, a suburb of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Terry Brennan was a standout multi-sport athlete at Marquette University High School. He went on to play halfback at the University of Notre Dame from 1945 to 1948, graduating in 1949.In 1951, he married Mary Louise \"Kel\" Kelley. His wife died in 2001, following fifty years of marriage.","title":"Early life and playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Carmel High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Carmel_High_School_(Chicago)"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Frank Leahy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Leahy"},{"link_name":"Paul Hornung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hornung"},{"link_name":"Heisman Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisman_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Black_Knights_football"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Sooners_football"},{"link_name":"NCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Hugh Devore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Devore"},{"link_name":"Joe Kuharich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Kuharich"}],"text":"After graduating from Notre Dame, Brennan coached at Mount Carmel High School in Chicago and won three successive city championships. Brennan returned to Notre Dame in 1953 as freshman football coach and succeeded Frank Leahy as head coach the following year.In 1954, Notre Dame had a 9–1 record, with players recruited by Leahy. In 1955, the Irish were 8–2. In 1956, Brennan had mostly sophomore starters, due to numerous injuries; the result was a 2–8 record, and the first losing season for Notre Dame since 1933 and the worst in school history. However, running back Paul Hornung won the Heisman Trophy that year.Brennan's 1957 squad earned the nickname, \"Comeback Comets\" after finishing 7–3. Among their victories was a 23–21 comeback over Army and a 7–0 shutout of Oklahoma, snapping the Sooners' NCAA record 47-game winning streak.After a 6–4 record in 1958, the movement to dismiss Brennan gained momentum, and the coach was fired along with his entire staff in mid-December; Hugh Devore was eventually retained. Notre Dame's administration was heavily criticized for the firing, considering Brennan's overall 32–18 record against the caliber of their opponents. He was succeeded as Notre Dame's head coach by Joe Kuharich.","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds"},{"link_name":"Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicagoland_Sports_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Athletic_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Brennan served as player conditioning coach for baseball's Cincinnati Reds during spring training in 1959 and eventually joined a Chicago investment banking firm.Brennan is a member of the Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame and was elected to the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame in 1981.He was the author of the book Though The Odds be Great or Small, about the 1957 Notre Dame football season, which was published in 2021. [1]","title":"Later life and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"He died on September 7, 2021, at the age of 93.[2] He is survived by his wife, six children, 25 grandchildren, and 32 great-grandchildren.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Head coaching record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"College","title":"Head coaching record"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Kellu, Lisa (September 9, 2021). \"Throwback Thursday: Though the Odds Be Great or Small by Terry Brennan\". SB Nation. Retrieved March 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.onefootdown.com/platform/amp/2021/9/9/22660161/throwback-thursday-though-the-odds-be-great-or-small-by-terry-brennan","url_text":"\"Throwback Thursday: Though the Odds Be Great or Small by Terry Brennan\""}]},{"reference":"Bromberg, Nick (September 8, 2021). \"Former Notre Dame running back and head coach Terry Brennan dies\". Yahoo Sports. Retrieved September 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/former-notre-dame-running-back-and-head-coach-terry-brennan-dies-232210535.html","url_text":"\"Former Notre Dame running back and head coach Terry Brennan dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo_Sports","url_text":"Yahoo Sports"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Terry+Brennan%22","external_links_name":"\"Terry Brennan\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Terry+Brennan%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Terry+Brennan%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Terry+Brennan%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Terry+Brennan%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Terry+Brennan%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.onefootdown.com/platform/amp/2021/9/9/22660161/throwback-thursday-though-the-odds-be-great-or-small-by-terry-brennan","external_links_name":"\"Throwback Thursday: Though the Odds Be Great or Small by Terry Brennan\""},{"Link":"https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/former-notre-dame-running-back-and-head-coach-terry-brennan-dies-232210535.html","external_links_name":"\"Former Notre Dame running back and head coach Terry Brennan dies\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinya
|
Jin'ya
|
["1 See also","2 Sources","3 External links"]
|
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Not to be confused with jinja, which denotes a Shinto shrine."Jinya" redirects here. For other uses, see Jinya (disambiguation).The Takayama Jin'ya, a surviving Edo period jin'ya in Takayama, Gifu Prefecture, was the administrative headquarters of Hida Province.
A jin'ya (陣屋) was a type of administrative headquarters in the Tokugawa Shogunate during the Edo period of Japanese history.
Jin'ya served as the seat of the administration for a small domain, a province, or additional parcels of land. Jin'ya housed the residence of the head of administration and the associated grain storehouse for the kokudaka system. Jin'ya were equivalent in function to Japanese castles (城, shiro), typically used as the administrative seats of larger domains. Generally, domains assessed at 30,000 koku or less had a jin'ya instead of a castle. Additionally, jin'ya were found on shogunal lands and those headed by hatamoto, and within larger domains served as district headquarters (gun daikan-sho) and in geographical exclaves. Some jin'ya were fortified, such as the Komono Jin'ya in Komono, Mie Prefecture, which featured a watchtower (yagura) mimicking the donjon of a castle. Others jin'ya had moats or earthen walls, in some cases left over from an earlier castle on the site.
The "three great jin'ya" were at the Iino, Tokuyama and Tsuruga Domains.
See also
Imanishi Family Residence
Japanese architecture
Sources
This article incorporates material from 陣屋 (Jin'ya) in the Japanese Wikipedia, retrieved on February 24, 2008.
External links
The Herbert Offen Research Collection of the Phillips Library at the Peabody Essex Museum and the Phillips Library Catalog
Authority control databases: National
Japan
This Japanese history–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[{"image_text":"The Takayama Jin'ya, a surviving Edo period jin'ya in Takayama, Gifu Prefecture, was the administrative headquarters of Hida Province.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Takayama_jinya.jpg/220px-Takayama_jinya.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Imanishi Family Residence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imanishi_Family_Residence"},{"title":"Japanese architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_architecture"}]
|
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100130185156/http://www.pem.org/library/collections/offen","external_links_name":"The Herbert Offen Research Collection of the Phillips Library at the Peabody Essex Museum"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101221112220/http://pem.org/library/catalog","external_links_name":"Phillips Library Catalog"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574828","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jin%27ya&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Alpine_lakes_in_India
|
List of alpine lakes in India
|
["1 Arunachal Pradesh","2 Himachal Pradesh","3 Jammu and Kashmir","4 Ladakh","5 Sikkim","6 Uttarakhand","7 See also","8 References"]
|
List of Alpine lakes in India
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of alpine lakes in India" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (July 2021)
This is list of alpine lakes in India.
Arunachal Pradesh
Sela lake, Arunachal Pradesh
Sela Lake
Sungester Lake
Mehao Lake
Pangateng Tso
Nagula Lake
Himachal Pradesh
Kailash Manimahesh, Himachal Pradesh
Dashaur Lake
Bhrigu Lake
NeelKanth Mahadev Lake
Ghepan Ghat
Dyna Sar
Manimahesh Lake
Seruvalsar and Manimahesh Lake
Chakund lake
Kamrunag Lake
Dhankar Lake
Jammu and Kashmir
Vishansar Lake, Jammu and Kashmir
Gadsar Lake
Gangabal
Tarsar Lake
Tulian lake
Vishansar Lake
Satsar Lake
Marsar Lake
Krishansar Lake
Nundkol Lake
Sheshnag
Shilsar lake
Bilsar lake
Choharnag lake
Kounsarnag lake
Katarnag lake
Sonsar lake
Damamsar lake
Nehnaag lake
Khilanag lake
Nandansar lake
Yamsar lake
Khamsar lake
Trusar lake
Salnaisar lake
Boadsar lake
Koulsar lake
Anderisar lake
Chunsar lake
Durinar Lake
Sorus lake
Salnai Lake
Royalsar Lake
Harbagwan Lake
Dodsar lake
Ladakh
Tso Moriri, Ladakh
Tso Moriri
Pangong Tso
Tso Kar
Kyagar Tso
Ryul Tso
Chagar Tso
Mirpal Tso
Bangong Co
Yaye Tso
Sikkim
Gurudongmar Lake, Sikkim
Tsomgo Lake
Menmecho Lake
Gurudongmar Lake
Tso Lhamo Lake
Lampokhri
Sikkim jumley pokhri
Lakshmi pokhri
Uttarakhand
Kedartal, Uttarakhand
Roopkund
Kedartal
Hemkund Lake
Satopanth Tal
Dodital
Dodital
Bedini Bugyal
Bisurital
Brahmatal
Deo Taal
Chorabari Lake
Kagbhusandi Tal
Kedartal
See also
Alpine lake
Himalayas
References
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alpine lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_lake"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"}],"text":"This is list of alpine lakes in India.","title":"List of alpine lakes in India"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sela_lake,Arunachal_Pradesh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arunachal Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Sela Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sela_Pass"}],"text":"Sela lake, Arunachal PradeshSela Lake\nSungester Lake\nMehao Lake\nPangateng Tso\nNagula Lake","title":"Arunachal Pradesh"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kailash_Manimahesh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Himachal Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Bhrigu Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhrigu_Lake"},{"link_name":"Manimahesh Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manimahesh_Lake"},{"link_name":"Seruvalsar and Manimahesh Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seruvalsar_and_Manimahesh_Lake"}],"text":"Kailash Manimahesh, Himachal PradeshDashaur Lake\nBhrigu Lake\nNeelKanth Mahadev Lake\nGhepan Ghat\nDyna Sar\nManimahesh Lake\nSeruvalsar and Manimahesh Lake\nChakund lake\nKamrunag Lake\nDhankar Lake","title":"Himachal Pradesh"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vishansar_Lake.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vishansar Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishansar_Lake"},{"link_name":"Jammu and Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)"},{"link_name":"Gadsar Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadsar_Lake"},{"link_name":"Gangabal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangabal"},{"link_name":"Tarsar Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsar_Lake"},{"link_name":"Tulian lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulian_lake"},{"link_name":"Vishansar Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishansar_Lake"},{"link_name":"Satsar Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satsar_Lake"},{"link_name":"Marsar Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsar_Lake"},{"link_name":"Krishansar Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishansar_Lake"},{"link_name":"Nundkol Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nundkol_Lake"},{"link_name":"Sheshnag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheshnag"},{"link_name":"Shilsar lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shilsar_lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bilsar lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilsar_lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Choharnag lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choharnag_lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kounsarnag lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kounsarnag_lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Katarnag lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katarnag_lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sonsar lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonsar_lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Damamsar lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damamsar_lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nehnaag lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nehnaag_lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Khilanag lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khilanag_lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nandansar lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nandansar_lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yamsar lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yamsar_lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Khamsar lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khamsar_lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trusar lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trusar_lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Salnaisar lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salnaisar_lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Boadsar lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boadsar_lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Koulsar lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koulsar_lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anderisar lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anderisar_lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chunsar lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chunsar_lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Durinar Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Durinar_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sorus lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sorus_lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Salnai Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salnai_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Royalsar Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royalsar_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Harbagwan Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harbagwan_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dodsar lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dodsar_lake&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Vishansar Lake, Jammu and KashmirGadsar Lake\nGangabal\nTarsar Lake\nTulian lake\nVishansar Lake\nSatsar Lake\nMarsar Lake\nKrishansar Lake\nNundkol Lake\nSheshnag\nShilsar lake\nBilsar lake\nChoharnag lake\nKounsarnag lake\nKatarnag lake\nSonsar lake\nDamamsar lake\nNehnaag lake\nKhilanag lake\nNandansar lake\nYamsar lake\nKhamsar lake\nTrusar lake\nSalnaisar lake\nBoadsar lake\nKoulsar lake\nAnderisar lake\nChunsar lake\nDurinar Lake\nSorus lake\nSalnai Lake\nRoyalsar Lake\nHarbagwan Lake\nDodsar lake","title":"Jammu and Kashmir"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karakoram-West_Tibetan_Plateau_alpine_steppe.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tso Moriri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tso_Moriri"},{"link_name":"Ladakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh"},{"link_name":"Tso Moriri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tso_Moriri"},{"link_name":"Pangong Tso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangong_Tso"},{"link_name":"Tso Kar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tso_Kar"},{"link_name":"Ryul Tso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryul_Tso"}],"text":"Tso Moriri, LadakhTso Moriri\nPangong Tso\nTso Kar\nKyagar Tso\nRyul Tso\nChagar Tso\nMirpal Tso\nBangong Co\nYaye Tso","title":"Ladakh"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buddhist_Flag_flutters_in_GuruDongmar_Lake.JPG"},{"link_name":"Gurudongmar Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurudongmar_Lake"},{"link_name":"Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim"},{"link_name":"Tsomgo Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsomgo_Lake"},{"link_name":"Menmecho Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menmecho_Lake"},{"link_name":"Gurudongmar Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurudongmar_Lake"},{"link_name":"Tso Lhamo Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tso_Lhamo_Lake"}],"text":"Gurudongmar Lake, SikkimTsomgo Lake\nMenmecho Lake\nGurudongmar Lake\nTso Lhamo Lake\nLampokhri\nSikkim jumley pokhri\nLakshmi pokhri","title":"Sikkim"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kedar_taal.jpg"},{"link_name":"Uttarakhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhand"},{"link_name":"Roopkund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roopkund"},{"link_name":"Kedartal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedartal"},{"link_name":"Satopanth Tal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satopanth_Tal"},{"link_name":"Dodital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodital"},{"link_name":"Dodital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodital"},{"link_name":"Bedini Bugyal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedini_Bugyal"},{"link_name":"Chorabari Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorabari_Lake"},{"link_name":"Kedartal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedartal"}],"text":"Kedartal, UttarakhandRoopkund\nKedartal\nHemkund Lake\nSatopanth Tal\nDodital\nDodital\nBedini Bugyal\nBisurital\nBrahmatal\nDeo Taal\nChorabari Lake\nKagbhusandi Tal\nKedartal","title":"Uttarakhand"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Sela lake, Arunachal Pradesh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Sela_lake%2CArunachal_Pradesh.jpg/220px-Sela_lake%2CArunachal_Pradesh.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kailash Manimahesh, Himachal Pradesh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kailash_Manimahesh.jpg/220px-Kailash_Manimahesh.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vishansar Lake, Jammu and Kashmir","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Vishansar_Lake.jpg/220px-Vishansar_Lake.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tso Moriri, Ladakh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Karakoram-West_Tibetan_Plateau_alpine_steppe.jpg/220px-Karakoram-West_Tibetan_Plateau_alpine_steppe.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gurudongmar Lake, Sikkim","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Buddhist_Flag_flutters_in_GuruDongmar_Lake.JPG/220px-Buddhist_Flag_flutters_in_GuruDongmar_Lake.JPG"},{"image_text":"Kedartal, Uttarakhand","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kedar_taal.jpg/220px-Kedar_taal.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Alpine lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_lake"},{"title":"Himalayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas"}]
|
[]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lucas_Anthony
|
Seelan
|
["1 Early life and family","2 LTTE","3 References","4 External links"]
|
LieutenantSeelanசீலன்BornCharles Lucas Anthony(1960-12-11)11 December 1960Died15 July 1983(1983-07-15) (aged 22)Meesalai, Sri LankaYears active–1983OrganizationLiberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
Charles Lucas Anthony (Tamil: சாள்ஸ் லூக்காஸ் அன்ரனி; 11 December 1960 – 15 July 1983; commonly known by the nom de guerre Seelan) was a Sri Lankan Tamil rebel and leading member of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), a separatist Tamil militant organisation in Sri Lanka.
Early life and family
Anthony was born on 11 December 1960. He was from Trincomalee in eastern Ceylon and a Roman Catholic. He was educated at Sri Koneswara Hindu College in Trincomalee. He is said to have participated in the burning of the Sri Lankan flag when it was hoisted at the school on republic day in 1972.
LTTE
Anthony was one of the founding members of the militant Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). He took on the nom de guerre "Seelan". Seelan was a close friend and confidante of LTTE leader V. Prabhakaran. Whilst Prabhakaran was India, Seelan, together with Mahattaya and Ragu, were in charge of the LTTE in Sri Lanka. Later Seelan served as military chief of the LTTE. Seelan is credited with transforming the LTTE into the leading Tamil militant group.
The first attack on the army by Tamil militants took place on 15 October 1981 when the LTTE ambushed an army jeep the KKS Road in Jaffna and Seelan shot dead two soldiers (H. G. W. Hewawasam and H. M. P. Thisera). Seelan is also believed to have been responsible for the shooting dead of Sivashanmugamoorthy (alias Sundaram), deputy leader of People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam and editor of the Puthiya Pathai (New Way) magazine, at the Chitra Press in Jaffna on 2 January 1982.
On 27 October 1982 Seelan led a group LTTE cadres (Aruna, Bashir Kaka Mahattaya, Pulendran, Raghu, Santhosam and Shankar) who attacked the police station in Chavakachcheri, killing three police officers (Kandiah, Karunanandan and Tilakaratne) and stealing a large amount of arms and ammunition. Seelan was seriously wounded after being shot in the knee. He was driven to the house of University of Jaffna lecturer M. Niththyanandan and his wife Nirmala in Jaffna for medical treatment. He was then moved to Tamil Nadu for further medical treatment and didn't return to Sri Lanka until February 1983. Niththyanandan and Nirmala were arrested on 18 November 1982.
On 6 July 1983 a group of LTTE cadres, including Seelan and Sellakili (Sathasivam Chelvanayakam), stole five exploders from Kankesanthurai Cement Factory. Brigadier J. G. Balthazar, the commander of the Sri Lankan security forces in the north, received a tip-off from a police officer on 15 July 1983 that Seelan, the most wanted Tamil militant after Prabhakaran, was operating from a house in a coconut grove at Meesalai near Chavakachcheri. As the army arrived at the house that evening, Seelan and three other LTTE cadres (Anand, Aruna and Ganesh) fled on bicycles. As the soldiers pursued the LTTE cadres and opened fire, Seelan, who was handicapped by the injuries sustained at Chavakachcheri police station, abandoned his bicycle and ran through a paddy field. The soldiers continued the pursuit and kept firing, killing Anand and injuring Seelan in the knee. As Aruna went to help Seelan, who was struggling to keep up, Seelan asked Aruna to shoot him and escape. Aruna protested but Seelan ordered him to shoot. Aruna placed the barrel of his rifle on Seelan's forehead and shot him dead before escaping in a hijacked car.
The LTTE ambush on the army on 23 July 1983 which killed 15 soldiers and several LTTE members is believed to have been revenge for Seelan's death.
The Charles Anthony Brigade was named after Seelan. Prabhakaran's eldest son Charles Anthony was also named after Seelan. A memorial to Seelan and a children's park named after Seelan were built at Meesalai-Allarai. After the Sri Lankan military re-captured the Thenmarachchi region in 1995 they destroyed the memorial and children's park. The memorial was re-built in 2003 during the Norwegian mediated Cease Fire Agreement.
References
^ "லெப். சீலன் , வீரவேங்கை ஆனந் வீரவணக்கம்". Eelam View.
^ a b c d e "Lt. Seelan commemoration held in Trincomalee". TamilNet. 15 July 2003.
^ Ferdinando, Shamindra (3 June 2013). "Black July 1983: A new perspective". The Island (Sri Lanka).
^ a b c d e f Swamy, M. R. Narayan (1995). Tigers of Lanka From Boys to Guerrillas.
^ a b c d e f g h Pathirana, Leel (24 July 2010). "The 13- an outbreak of the thirty years long war in Sri Lanka". Asian Tribune.
^ "Charles Anthony remembered". TamilNet. 16 July 2002.
^ "Book on Charles Anthony Brigade released". TamilNet. 24 October 2003.
^ a b c d Perera, Amantha (27 July 2008). "The Four Four Bravo attack". The Sunday Leader.
^ a b c d Sambandan, V. S. (16 July 2003). "LTTE observes military commander's death anniversary". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 12 September 2003.
^ "Lt.Seelan remembered in Muttur east". TamilNet. 16 July 2006.
^ a b c d e "LTTE to commemorate anniversary of Lt. Seelan's death". TamilNet. 14 July 2003.
^ a b Jeyaraj, D. B. S. (8 May 2015). "Defeat of LTTE and Demise of Tiger Leader Prabhakaran in May 2009". The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka).
^ Richards, Joanne. "An Institutional History of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)" (PDF). Staatssekretariat für Migration/Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies/The Centre on Conflict, Development and Peacebuilding. p. 14.
^ Rajasingham, K. T. "Chapter 27: Horsewhip Amirthalingham". Sri Lanka: The Untold Story. Archived from the original on 22 June 2002.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ a b c d e Rajasingham, K. T. "Chapter 28: Prelude to eruption". Sri Lanka: The Untold Story. Archived from the original on 3 August 2002.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ a b c d e "Tamil Prisoners' Masacre '83 – A Horror revisited by M. Nithyanandan, one of the 19 survivors". Asian Tribune. 26 July 2004.
^ Taraki (6 October 1996). "LTTE has own 'medical corps'". The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka).
^ Sabaratnam, T. "Chapter 37: Heroic Death of Seelan". Pirapaharan.
^ a b Dissanayake, T. D. S. A. (2004). War or Peace in Sri Lanka. Popular Prakshan. p. 55. ISBN 81-7991-199-3.
^ a b c d e f Amarasingam, Amarnath (2015). Pain, Pride, and Politics: Social Movement Activism and the Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora in Canada. University of Georgia Press. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-0-8203-4812-4.
^ Swamy, M. R. Narayan (28 September 2003). "Headlong into uncharted territory". The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka).
^ a b c Rajasingham, K. T. "Chapter 29: Prisoners massacred". Sri Lanka: The Untold Story. Archived from the original on 31 March 2002.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ Rajasingham, K. T. "Chapter 57: Kittu, the LTTE legend". Sri Lanka: The Untold Story. Archived from the original on 21 October 2002.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ a b Richards, Joanne. "An Institutional History of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)" (PDF). Staatssekretariat für Migration/Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies/The Centre on Conflict, Development and Peacebuilding. p. 20.
^ Rajasingham, K. T. "Chapter 31: Indira Gandhi - a casualty of terror". Sri Lanka: The Untold Story. Archived from the original on 19 June 2002.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
External links
Eelam View
Veeravengaikal.com
vteLiberation Tigers of Tamil EelamLeadership
Velupillai Prabhakaran
Anton Balasingham
Balraj
Charles
Karuna Amman
Kittu
KP
Mahattaya
B. Nadesan
Nediyavan
Pottu Amman
Seelan
Shankar
Soosai
S. P. Thamilselvan
Theepan
Divisions
Charles Anthony Brigade
Black Tigers
Sea Tigers
Air Tigers
Jeyanthan Brigade
AttacksCivilian
Murunkan massacre
Padmanabha murder case
Massacre of 600 Police officers
Attack on Temple of the Tooth
Aranthalawa Massacre
Central Bank bombing
Central Bus Station Bombing
Dehiwala train bombing
Gomarankadawala massacre
Gonagala massacre
Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi massacre
Kebithigollewa massacre
Kattankudi mosque massacre
Kent and Dollar Farm massacres
Kallarawa massacre
Mahawilachchiya massacre
Mahagodayaya massacre
Palliyagodella massacre
Suicide air raid
Military
Bandaranaike Airport attack
Digampathana truck bombing
Four Four Bravo
Assassinations
Rajiv Gandhi
Ranasinghe Premadasa
Lakshman Kadirgamar
Jeyaraj Fernandopulle
Gamini Dissanayake
Ranjan Wijeratne
WarPhases
Eelam War I
Indian intervention
Eelam War II
Eelam War III
Eelam War IV
Battles
Vadamarachchi Operation
Battle of Pooneryn
First Battle of Elephant Pass
Operation Riviresa
Battle of Mullaitivu
Operation Jayasikurui
Second Battle of Elephant Pass
Battle of Sampur
Battle of Thoppigala
Battle of Puthukkudiyirippu
Affiliates
British Tamil Association
Eelam Revolutionary Organisation of Students
People's Front of Liberation Tigers
Tamils Rehabilitation Organisation
World Tamil Movement
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Sri Lankan Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil"},{"link_name":"Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam"},{"link_name":"separatist Tamil militant organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_militant_groups"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"}],"text":"Charles Lucas Anthony (Tamil: சாள்ஸ் லூக்காஸ் அன்ரனி; 11 December 1960 – 15 July 1983; commonly known by the nom de guerre Seelan) was a Sri Lankan Tamil rebel and leading member of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), a separatist Tamil militant organisation in Sri Lanka.","title":"Seelan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Trincomalee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trincomalee"},{"link_name":"Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TN150703-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swamy-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AT240710-5"},{"link_name":"Sri Koneswara Hindu College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Koneswara_Hindu_College"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Sri Lankan flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_flag"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Anthony was born on 11 December 1960.[1] He was from Trincomalee in eastern Ceylon and a Roman Catholic.[2][3][4][5] He was educated at Sri Koneswara Hindu College in Trincomalee.[6] He is said to have participated in the burning of the Sri Lankan flag when it was hoisted at the school on republic day in 1972.[7]","title":"Early life and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"militant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_militant_groups"},{"link_name":"Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AT240710-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SL270708-8"},{"link_name":"nom de guerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_de_guerre"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TH160703-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"V. Prabhakaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._Prabhakaran"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TH160703-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TN140703-11"},{"link_name":"Mahattaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahattaya"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DM080515-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DM080515-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TH160703-9"},{"link_name":"army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army"},{"link_name":"Jaffna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swamy-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AT240710-5"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Organisation_of_Tamil_Eelam"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swamy-4"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Chavakachcheri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavakachcheri"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swamy-4"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rajasingham28-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AT260704-16"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swamy-4"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rajasingham28-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AT260704-16"},{"link_name":"University of Jaffna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Jaffna"},{"link_name":"Jaffna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rajasingham28-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AT260704-16"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swamy-4"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rajasingham28-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AT260704-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rajasingham28-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AT260704-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dissanayake-19"},{"link_name":"J. G. Balthazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._G._Balthazar"},{"link_name":"wanted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AT240710-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SL270708-8"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dissanayake-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amarasingam-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amarasingam-20"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rajasingham29-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rajasingham29-22"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AT240710-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SL270708-8"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amarasingam-20"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AT240710-5"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amarasingam-20"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AT240710-5"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amarasingam-20"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AT240710-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SL270708-8"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amarasingam-20"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rajasingham29-22"},{"link_name":"ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Four_Bravo"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TH160703-9"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Charles Anthony Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Anthony_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TN140703-11"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Richards20-24"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TN150703-2"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Richards20-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TN150703-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TN140703-11"},{"link_name":"Sri Lankan military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_military"},{"link_name":"Thenmarachchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thenmarachchi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TN150703-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TN140703-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TN150703-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TN140703-11"}],"text":"Anthony was one of the founding members of the militant Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE).[5][8] He took on the nom de guerre \"Seelan\".[9][10] Seelan was a close friend and confidante of LTTE leader V. Prabhakaran.[9][11] Whilst Prabhakaran was India, Seelan, together with Mahattaya and Ragu, were in charge of the LTTE in Sri Lanka.[12][13] Later Seelan served as military chief of the LTTE.[12] Seelan is credited with transforming the LTTE into the leading Tamil militant group.[9]The first attack on the army by Tamil militants took place on 15 October 1981 when the LTTE ambushed an army jeep the KKS Road in Jaffna and Seelan shot dead two soldiers (H. G. W. Hewawasam and H. M. P. Thisera).[4][5] Seelan is also believed to have been responsible for the shooting dead of Sivashanmugamoorthy (alias Sundaram), deputy leader of People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam and editor of the Puthiya Pathai (New Way) magazine, at the Chitra Press in Jaffna on 2 January 1982.[4][14]On 27 October 1982 Seelan led a group LTTE cadres (Aruna, Bashir Kaka Mahattaya, Pulendran, Raghu, Santhosam and Shankar) who attacked the police station in Chavakachcheri, killing three police officers (Kandiah, Karunanandan and Tilakaratne) and stealing a large amount of arms and ammunition.[4][15][16] Seelan was seriously wounded after being shot in the knee.[4][15][16] He was driven to the house of University of Jaffna lecturer M. Niththyanandan and his wife Nirmala in Jaffna for medical treatment.[15][16] He was then moved to Tamil Nadu for further medical treatment and didn't return to Sri Lanka until February 1983.[4][15][16][17] Niththyanandan and Nirmala were arrested on 18 November 1982.[15][16]On 6 July 1983 a group of LTTE cadres, including Seelan and Sellakili (Sathasivam Chelvanayakam), stole five exploders from Kankesanthurai Cement Factory.[18][19] Brigadier J. G. Balthazar, the commander of the Sri Lankan security forces in the north, received a tip-off from a police officer on 15 July 1983 that Seelan, the most wanted Tamil militant after Prabhakaran, was operating from a house in a coconut grove at Meesalai near Chavakachcheri.[5][8][19][20][21] As the army arrived at the house that evening, Seelan and three other LTTE cadres (Anand, Aruna and Ganesh) fled on bicycles.[20][22] As the soldiers pursued the LTTE cadres and opened fire, Seelan, who was handicapped by the injuries sustained at Chavakachcheri police station, abandoned his bicycle and ran through a paddy field.[22] The soldiers continued the pursuit and kept firing, killing Anand and injuring Seelan in the knee.[5][8][20] As Aruna went to help Seelan, who was struggling to keep up, Seelan asked Aruna to shoot him and escape.[5][20] Aruna protested but Seelan ordered him to shoot.[5][20] Aruna placed the barrel of his rifle on Seelan's forehead and shot him dead before escaping in a hijacked car.[5][8][20][22]The LTTE ambush on the army on 23 July 1983 which killed 15 soldiers and several LTTE members is believed to have been revenge for Seelan's death.[9][23]The Charles Anthony Brigade was named after Seelan.[11][24] Prabhakaran's eldest son Charles Anthony was also named after Seelan.[2][24][25] A memorial to Seelan and a children's park named after Seelan were built at Meesalai-Allarai.[2][11] After the Sri Lankan military re-captured the Thenmarachchi region in 1995 they destroyed the memorial and children's park.[2][11] The memorial was re-built in 2003 during the Norwegian mediated Cease Fire Agreement.[2][11]","title":"LTTE"}]
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[{"reference":"\"லெப். சீலன் , வீரவேங்கை ஆனந் வீரவணக்கம்\". Eelam View.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eelamview.com/2012/07/13/lt-seelan/","url_text":"\"லெப். சீலன் , வீரவேங்கை ஆனந் வீரவணக்கம்\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lt. Seelan commemoration held in Trincomalee\". TamilNet. 15 July 2003.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=9435","url_text":"\"Lt. Seelan commemoration held in Trincomalee\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TamilNet","url_text":"TamilNet"}]},{"reference":"Ferdinando, Shamindra (3 June 2013). \"Black July 1983: A new perspective\". The Island (Sri Lanka).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=80424","url_text":"\"Black July 1983: A new perspective\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Island_(Sri_Lanka)","url_text":"The Island (Sri Lanka)"}]},{"reference":"Swamy, M. R. Narayan (1995). Tigers of Lanka From Boys to Guerrillas.","urls":[{"url":"http://tamilnation.co/ltte/narayan.htm#Attack%20on%20Chavakachcheri%20Police%20Station","url_text":"Tigers of Lanka From Boys to Guerrillas"}]},{"reference":"Pathirana, Leel (24 July 2010). \"The 13- an outbreak of the thirty years long war in Sri Lanka\". Asian Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2010/07/24/13-outbreak-thirty-years-long-war-sri-lanka","url_text":"\"The 13- an outbreak of the thirty years long war in Sri Lanka\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Tribune","url_text":"Asian Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Charles Anthony remembered\". TamilNet. 16 July 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=7194","url_text":"\"Charles Anthony remembered\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TamilNet","url_text":"TamilNet"}]},{"reference":"\"Book on Charles Anthony Brigade released\". TamilNet. 24 October 2003.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=10214","url_text":"\"Book on Charles Anthony Brigade released\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TamilNet","url_text":"TamilNet"}]},{"reference":"Perera, Amantha (27 July 2008). \"The Four Four Bravo attack\". The Sunday Leader.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thesundayleader.lk/20080727/FOCUS.HTM","url_text":"\"The Four Four Bravo attack\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Leader","url_text":"The Sunday Leader"}]},{"reference":"Sambandan, V. S. (16 July 2003). \"LTTE observes military commander's death anniversary\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 12 September 2003.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030912144758/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2003/07/16/stories/2003071605251200.htm","url_text":"\"LTTE observes military commander's death anniversary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2003/07/16/stories/2003071605251200.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lt.Seelan remembered in Muttur east\". TamilNet. 16 July 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?artid=18809&catid=13","url_text":"\"Lt.Seelan remembered in Muttur east\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TamilNet","url_text":"TamilNet"}]},{"reference":"\"LTTE to commemorate anniversary of Lt. Seelan's death\". TamilNet. 14 July 2003.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=9426","url_text":"\"LTTE to commemorate anniversary of Lt. Seelan's death\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TamilNet","url_text":"TamilNet"}]},{"reference":"Jeyaraj, D. B. S. (8 May 2015). \"Defeat of LTTE and Demise of Tiger Leader Prabhakaran in May 2009\". The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailymirror.lk/71801/defeat-of-ltte-and-demise-of-tiger-leader-prabhakaran-in-may-2009","url_text":"\"Defeat of LTTE and Demise of Tiger Leader Prabhakaran in May 2009\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Mirror_(Sri_Lanka)","url_text":"The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)"}]},{"reference":"Richards, Joanne. \"An Institutional History of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)\" (PDF). Staatssekretariat für Migration/Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies/The Centre on Conflict, Development and Peacebuilding. p. 14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/data/sem/internationales/herkunftslaender/asien-nahost/lka/LKA-geschichte-ltte-e.pdf","url_text":"\"An Institutional History of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_Institute_of_International_and_Development_Studies","url_text":"Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies"}]},{"reference":"Rajasingham, K. T. \"Chapter 27: Horsewhip Amirthalingham\". Sri Lanka: The Untold Story. Archived from the original on 22 June 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020622185747/http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DB16Df06.html","url_text":"Sri Lanka: The Untold Story"}]},{"reference":"Rajasingham, K. T. \"Chapter 28: Prelude to eruption\". Sri Lanka: The Untold Story. Archived from the original on 3 August 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020803131012/http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DB23Df04.html","url_text":"Sri Lanka: The Untold Story"}]},{"reference":"\"Tamil Prisoners' Masacre '83 – A Horror revisited by M. Nithyanandan, one of the 19 survivors\". Asian Tribune. 26 July 2004.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2004/07/26/tamil-prisoners%E2%80%99-masacre-%E2%80%9883-%E2%80%93-horror-revisited-m-nithyanandan-one-19-survivors","url_text":"\"Tamil Prisoners' Masacre '83 – A Horror revisited by M. Nithyanandan, one of the 19 survivors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Tribune","url_text":"Asian Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Taraki (6 October 1996). \"LTTE has own 'medical corps'\". The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sundaytimes.lk/961006/taraki.html","url_text":"\"LTTE has own 'medical corps'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times_(Sri_Lanka)","url_text":"The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)"}]},{"reference":"Sabaratnam, T. \"Chapter 37: Heroic Death of Seelan\". Pirapaharan.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sangam.org/articles/view/?id=317","url_text":"Pirapaharan"}]},{"reference":"Dissanayake, T. D. S. A. (2004). War or Peace in Sri Lanka. Popular Prakshan. p. 55. ISBN 81-7991-199-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._D._S._A._Dissanayake","url_text":"Dissanayake, T. D. S. A."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wfkLyH95m9MC","url_text":"War or Peace in Sri Lanka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7991-199-3","url_text":"81-7991-199-3"}]},{"reference":"Amarasingam, Amarnath (2015). Pain, Pride, and Politics: Social Movement Activism and the Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora in Canada. University of Georgia Press. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-0-8203-4812-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3pNwCgAAQBA","url_text":"Pain, Pride, and Politics: Social Movement Activism and the Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora in Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgia_Press","url_text":"University of Georgia Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-4812-4","url_text":"978-0-8203-4812-4"}]},{"reference":"Swamy, M. R. Narayan (28 September 2003). \"Headlong into uncharted territory\". The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sundaytimes.lk/030928/plus/9.htm","url_text":"\"Headlong into uncharted territory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times_(Sri_Lanka)","url_text":"The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)"}]},{"reference":"Rajasingham, K. T. \"Chapter 29: Prisoners massacred\". Sri Lanka: The Untold Story. Archived from the original on 31 March 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020331150953/http://atimes.com/ind-pak/DC02Df02.html","url_text":"Sri Lanka: The Untold Story"}]},{"reference":"Rajasingham, K. T. \"Chapter 57: Kittu, the LTTE legend\". Sri Lanka: The Untold Story. Archived from the original on 21 October 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20021021094345/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/DI14Df01.html","url_text":"Sri Lanka: The Untold Story"}]},{"reference":"Richards, Joanne. \"An Institutional History of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)\" (PDF). Staatssekretariat für Migration/Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies/The Centre on Conflict, Development and Peacebuilding. p. 20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/data/sem/internationales/herkunftslaender/asien-nahost/lka/LKA-geschichte-ltte-e.pdf","url_text":"\"An Institutional History of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_Institute_of_International_and_Development_Studies","url_text":"Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies"}]},{"reference":"Rajasingham, K. T. \"Chapter 31: Indira Gandhi - a casualty of terror\". Sri Lanka: The Untold Story. Archived from the original on 19 June 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020619061046/http://atimes.com/ind-pak/DC16Df02.html","url_text":"Sri Lanka: The Untold Story"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6s
|
Péter Vörös
|
["1 FIFA World Youth Championship","2 Honours","3 External links"]
|
Hungarian footballer
Péter VörösPersonal informationFull name
Péter VörösDate of birth
(1977-12-14) 14 December 1977 (age 46)Place of birth
Budapest, HungaryHeight
1.76 m (5 ft 9 in)Position(s)
MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team
Pálhalma SENumber
TBAYouth career1991–1996
MTK Budapest FCSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1996–1997
Veszprémi LC
2
(0)1997–1998
Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE
23
(0)1998–2000
Szeged LC
44
(10)2000–2001
MTK Budapest FC
15
(1)2001–2002
Lombard-Pápa TFC
?
(?)2002–2003
BKV Előre SC
36
(3)2003–2004
BFC Siófok
30
(1)2004–2006
Lombard-Pápa TFC
20
(1)2005
→ Johor FC (loan)
?
(?)2006–2007
Viktoria Aschaffenburg
25
(3)2007
Gyirmót SE
10
(0)2007–2009
Szombathelyi Haladás
57
(5)2009–2010
Lokomotiv Tashkent
12
(4)2010
Kecskeméti TE
7
(0)2010–2011
Szolnoki MÁV FC
10
(0)2011–2012
Rákosmenti KSK
6
(1)2012–
Pálhalma SE
15
(1)International career1996–1997
Hungary U-19
6
(0)1997
Hungary U-20
1
(0)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 26 July 2012
Péter Vörös (born 14 December 1977) is a Hungarian football player who currently plays for Lokomotiv Tashkent.
FIFA World Youth Championship
In 1997, Péter Vörös was a participant in the FIFA World Youth Championship which was held in Malaysia, where Hungary failed to reach the second round.
In this tournament, Péter made his only appearance against Canada where Hungary was defeated by 2–1 in front of 4000 spectators.
Honours
Hungarian Second Division: Winner: 2008
External links
www.hlsz.hu (in Hungarian)
This biographical article related to association football in Hungary, about a midfielder, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_Club
|
Minneapolis Club
|
["1 History","2 Membership","3 Architecture","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 44°58′30″N 93°16′10″W / 44.97500°N 93.26944°W / 44.97500; -93.2694444°58′30″N 93°16′10″W / 44.97500°N 93.26944°W / 44.97500; -93.26944
The Minneapolis Club is a private club with its clubhouse at 729 Second Avenue South Minneapolis, Minnesota.
History
The Minneapolis Club was founded in 1883 by leading Minnesota business and civic leaders, including John Pillsbury and Charles Loring. In its first 25 years, the club changed locations three times. It has been headquartered in its present location, however, since its opening in 1909.
Throughout its history, the club has played host to prominent individuals visiting the Twin Cities. William Howard Taft stayed, and dined, at the club during his 1909 visit to the Twin Cities. Then-Colonel Theodore Roosevelt visited the club in 1901, just before becoming president. Carroll D. Wright, the US Commissioner of Labor, presented comments on the Coal Strike of 1902 at the club. In 1909, the Minneapolis banking establishment used the club to host Senator Nelson Aldrich of Rhode Island for a day-long forum on financial issues. James J. Hill, a member, hosted his 67th birthday at the club.
Membership
Membership in the Minneapolis Club is by invitation only. The club does not, however, discriminate based on race, sex, national origin, or religion.
Notable members have included Supreme Court justice Harry Blackmun and Sol Smith Russell, the actor and comedian.
Architecture
The Minneapolis Club is a brick building located in downtown Minneapolis. The present building was designed by Gordon, Tracy and Swartwout (New York) with William Channing Whitney and constructed in 1908. It was expanded in 1911 by Hewitt and Brown and again in 2002 by Setter Leach & Lindstrom.
See also
List of American gentlemen's clubs
References
^ a b c Edgar, William (1920), Minneapolis Club: A Review of its History from 1883 to 1920 by an Old Member
^ "On the Way to the Hall". New York Times. 1892-06-09. p. 1. Retrieved 2010-06-26.
^ "Taft Spends Day in the Twin Cities". New York Times. 1909-09-19. p. 2. Retrieved 2010-06-26.
^ "Carroll D. Wright Says Miners will Lose Fight". New York Times. 1902-09-23. p. 3. Retrieved 2010-06-26.
^ "Aldrich Asks Questions". New York Times. 1909-11-13. p. 5. Retrieved 2010-06-26.
^ a b "Membership at the Minneapolis Club". The Minneapolis Club. Archived from the original on January 7, 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-25.
^ Yarbrough, Tinsley (2008), Harry A. Blackmun: The Outsider Justice, Oxford University Press, USA, p. 126
^ "On the Way to the Hall". New York Times Illustrated Weekly Magazine. 1898-01-16. p. SM5. Retrieved 2010-06-26.
^ a b Millett, Larry (2007), AIA Guide to the Twin Cities, Minnesota Historical Society, p. 37
External links
The Minneapolis Club (official website)
|
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[]
|
[{"title":"List of American gentlemen's clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_gentlemen%27s_clubs"}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Great_Square_(Turku)
|
Old Great Square (Turku)
|
["1 Historical buildings","1.1 Brinkkala Mansion","1.2 Old Town Hall","1.3 Hjelt Mansion","1.4 Juselius Manor","1.5 Katedralskolan i Åbo","2 Events","3 Prospects","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References","7 Sources","8 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 60°27′3″N 22°16′33″E / 60.45083°N 22.27583°E / 60.45083; 22.27583Historic market square in the city centre of Turku, Finland
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Buildings along the Old Great Square: (from left to right) the Old Town Hall, Brinkkala Mansion and Katedralskolan i Åbo
The Old Great Square (Finnish: Vanha Suurtori, Swedish: Gamla Stortorget) is a medieval market square located in the city centre of Turku, Finland. It is located in the II District in very close proximity to Turku Cathedral. The area was the administrative and commercial centre of Turku since the founding of the city in the 13th century up until the Great Fire of Turku.
Today, there are buildings alongside the Old Great Square, but only on the southern side because the blocks on the northern side changed to Porthaninpuisto after the fire. There are four historical buildings which the City of Turku restored for cultural use: the Brinkkala Mansion, Old Town Hall, Hjelt Mansion and Juselius Mansion. The buildings were mainly constructed after the fire and represent neoclassicism.
Historical buildings
Luostarin Välikatu, located between the Brinkkala Mansion and Katedraalikoulu, functioned as an artery in the Middle Ages leading from the Kaskenmäki Monastery to Turku Cathedral
Brinkkala Mansion
Brinkkala Mansion
The Brinkala Mansion is best known for the traditional proclamation of Christmas Peace, which has been given from the Brinkkala Mansion balcony each Christmas Eve at 12:00 since 1886. Prior to that, Christmas peace was proclaimed from the "doors and windows of the town hall" as the old saying went. The wooden balcony known as the Christmas peace balcony was added to the Brinkkala facade during renovations from 1884 to 1886. The declaration started in the 14th century. The earliest information about the Brinkkala Mansion is from the 16th century when it was a town house of the owner of Brinkhall Manor in Kakskerta. Before its renovations from 1884 to 1886, it was a hotel, town hall and Turku police station. Nowadays, it is a space for art galleries and banquet halls. There is a coffee house located in the courtyard. The Turku Medieval Market also takes place in the courtyard.
Old Town Hall
It is assumed that the City of Turku administrative centre was headquartered at the Old Town Hall since the 14th century. The most famous of the Turku town halls was the stone building planned by master bricklayer Samuel Berner, finished in 1736. Berner's town hall was destroyed by the fire of 1827, along with its bell tower. A private house was built upon the walls of the badly destroyed building, this house being acquired by factory owner Juselius in the 1850s. The building was redone into a three-story factory in 1899, which was active until the 1920s. In 1932, the building was acquired by the City of Turku, and was for police department use. Nowadays, it is a space for galleries and a banquet hall and concerts.
Hjelt Mansion
Hjelt Mansion
After the fire, Captain Hjelt bought the site along the town square, and built the impressive two-story stone building in 1830. The Hjelt Mansion is the only remaining stone building in Finland which clearly represents the Saint Petersburg empire style. The Hjelt Mansion was taken over by the City of Turku in the 1930s, at which time both stories were used by the police department. After this, the downstairs level was a used as the children's and young adult's section of Turku City Library, and the Turku Cultural Centre worked in the upstairs level. The library section moved to the new building of Turku Main Library and the Turku Cultural Centre moved next door to the Old Town Hall.
Four Baltic Sea organisations moved into the building at the beginning of 2008: UBC Environment and Sustainable Development Secretariat, WHO Healthy Cities, Centrum Balticum and Valonia. The building was officially designated as the Itämeritalo ("Baltic Sea house") on 19 August 2008.
Juselius Manor
Juselius Mansion
The new renaissance Juselius Mansion is the newest of the buildings in the area. It was built by Carl Fredrik Juselius in 1892, originally as his home. It has been a residential building for city officials, space for the police department and a dociros office. Nowadays, the building is used for other purposes, such as the legendary restaurant Teini.
Katedralskolan i Åbo
Katedralskolan i Åbo is a Swedish-language senior high school, built after the fire on the foundation of the former Hovrätt by C.L. Engel. Its style is empire. There reportedly was a school under the authority of Turku Cathedral in the Turku city centre in late 13th century called Turun katedraalikoulu.
The Old Great Square, taken from Vähätori in front of the Turku Main Library on the other side of the Aura River.
Events
There are different events organised at the Old Great Square throughout the year. Turku Medieval Market is organised in June and July, stretching out to Porthaninpuisto, the courtyard and Luostarin Välikatu. Christmas City events also take place for three weekends as well as events for Turku Night of the Arts.
Prospects
The Old Great Square and its historical surroundings have been designed to be marketed as the old part of the city of Turku. Under EU protection, the idea is to revive the area to a European style by attracting more cafes and restaurants and organising different events at the square and park. Furthermore, a bridge called Pennisilta, to replace the one destroyed by the fire, is due to be built to connect the old part of the city to the traffic centre.
Gallery
Old Town Hall, Brinkkala Mansion on the right
Brinkkala Mansion
Hjelt Mansion, view from Uudenmaankatu
Christmas peace proclamation
Turku Medieval Market
Turku Medieval Market
See also
Åbo Bloodbath
References
^ "Cultural centre". Archived from the original on 2007-09-17. Retrieved 2010-02-16.
^ The Declaration of Christmas Peace Archived 2013-12-12 at the Wayback Machine City of Turku. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
^ Harri Kalpa (1980). Muuttuva kaupunki – Turku eilen ja tänään II. Turun Sanomat. p. 118.
^ "www.turku.fi » turku.fi". www.turku.fi. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22.
^ "www.turku.fi » Medieval Market". Archived from the original on 2012-02-06. Retrieved 2010-02-16.
^ "Home". christmascity.com.
Sources
Turun Sanomat
Turun kaupungin kulttuurikeskus
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Old Great Square of Turku.
Turku Cultural Centre
Ihmiselle parempi keskusta -hanke
60°27′3″N 22°16′33″E / 60.45083°N 22.27583°E / 60.45083; 22.27583
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vanha_Suurtori,_Turku,_Katedralskolan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"market square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_square"},{"link_name":"Turku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"II District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_District,_Turku"},{"link_name":"Turku Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"founding of the city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Turku"},{"link_name":"Great Fire of Turku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Turku"},{"link_name":"Porthaninpuisto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porthaninpuisto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"neoclassicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"}],"text":"Historic market square in the city centre of Turku, FinlandBuildings along the Old Great Square: (from left to right) the Old Town Hall, Brinkkala Mansion and Katedralskolan i ÅboThe Old Great Square (Finnish: Vanha Suurtori, Swedish: Gamla Stortorget) is a medieval market square located in the city centre of Turku, Finland. It is located in the II District in very close proximity to Turku Cathedral. The area was the administrative and commercial centre of Turku since the founding of the city in the 13th century up until the Great Fire of Turku.Today, there are buildings alongside the Old Great Square, but only on the southern side because the blocks on the northern side changed to Porthaninpuisto after the fire. There are four historical buildings which the City of Turku restored for cultural use:[1] the Brinkkala Mansion, Old Town Hall, Hjelt Mansion and Juselius Mansion. The buildings were mainly constructed after the fire and represent neoclassicism.","title":"Old Great Square (Turku)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luostarinv%C3%A4likatu.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brinkkalan_talo.JPG"}],"text":"Luostarin Välikatu, located between the Brinkkala Mansion and Katedraalikoulu, functioned as an artery in the Middle Ages leading from the Kaskenmäki Monastery to Turku CathedralBrinkkala Mansion","title":"Historical buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christmas Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Peace"},{"link_name":"Christmas Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turku1-2"},{"link_name":"town house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_house"},{"link_name":"Brinkhall Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brinkhall_Manor"},{"link_name":"Kakskerta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakskerta"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"coffee house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_house"},{"link_name":"courtyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtyard"},{"link_name":"Turku Medieval Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Market_of_Turku"}],"sub_title":"Brinkkala Mansion","text":"The Brinkala Mansion is best known for the traditional proclamation of Christmas Peace, which has been given from the Brinkkala Mansion balcony each Christmas Eve at 12:00 since 1886. Prior to that, Christmas peace was proclaimed from the \"doors and windows of the town hall\" as the old saying went. The wooden balcony known as the Christmas peace balcony was added to the Brinkkala facade during renovations from 1884 to 1886. The declaration started in the 14th century.[2] The earliest information about the Brinkkala Mansion is from the 16th century when it was a town house of the owner of Brinkhall Manor in Kakskerta.[3] Before its renovations from 1884 to 1886, it was a hotel, town hall and Turku police station. Nowadays, it is a space for art galleries and banquet halls. There is a coffee house located in the courtyard. The Turku Medieval Market also takes place in the courtyard.","title":"Historical buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samuel Berner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Berner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"bell tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_tower"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hjeltin_talo.JPG"}],"sub_title":"Old Town Hall","text":"It is assumed that the City of Turku administrative centre was headquartered at the Old Town Hall since the 14th century. The most famous of the Turku town halls was the stone building planned by master bricklayer Samuel Berner, finished in 1736. Berner's town hall was destroyed by the fire of 1827, along with its bell tower. A private house was built upon the walls of the badly destroyed building, this house being acquired by factory owner Juselius in the 1850s. The building was redone into a three-story factory in 1899, which was active until the 1920s. In 1932, the building was acquired by the City of Turku, and was for police department use. Nowadays, it is a space for galleries and a banquet hall and concerts.Hjelt Mansion","title":"Historical buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"empire style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_style"},{"link_name":"Turku City Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku_City_Library"},{"link_name":"Turku Main Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku_Main_Library"},{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"UBC Environment and Sustainable Development Secretariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ubc.net/commissions/environment.html"},{"link_name":"WHO Healthy Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.marebalticum.org/balticoffice/"},{"link_name":"Centrum Balticum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.centrumbalticum.org/"},{"link_name":"Valonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.valonia.fi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Hjelt Mansion","text":"After the fire, Captain Hjelt bought the site along the town square, and built the impressive two-story stone building in 1830. The Hjelt Mansion is the only remaining stone building in Finland which clearly represents the Saint Petersburg empire style. The Hjelt Mansion was taken over by the City of Turku in the 1930s, at which time both stories were used by the police department. After this, the downstairs level was a used as the children's and young adult's section of Turku City Library, and the Turku Cultural Centre worked in the upstairs level. The library section moved to the new building of Turku Main Library and the Turku Cultural Centre moved next door to the Old Town Hall.Four Baltic Sea organisations moved into the building at the beginning of 2008: UBC Environment and Sustainable Development Secretariat, WHO Healthy Cities, Centrum Balticum and Valonia. The building was officially designated as the Itämeritalo (\"Baltic Sea house\") on 19 August 2008.[4]","title":"Historical buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Juseliuska_huset_2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"new renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_renaissance&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carl Fredrik Juselius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Fredrik_Juselius&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Juselius Manor","text":"Juselius MansionThe new renaissance Juselius Mansion is the newest of the buildings in the area. It was built by Carl Fredrik Juselius in 1892, originally as his home. It has been a residential building for city officials, space for the police department and a dociros office. Nowadays, the building is used for other purposes, such as the legendary restaurant Teini.","title":"Historical buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Katedralskolan i Åbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedralskolan_i_%C3%85bo"},{"link_name":"senior high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_high_school"},{"link_name":"Hovrätt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovr%C3%A4tt"},{"link_name":"C.L. Engel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ludvig_Engel"},{"link_name":"empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_style"},{"link_name":"Turku Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Turun katedraalikoulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turun_katedraalikoulu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinella,_vanha_suurtori.JPG"},{"link_name":"Turku Main Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku_Main_Library"},{"link_name":"Aura River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aura_River_(Finland)"}],"sub_title":"Katedralskolan i Åbo","text":"Katedralskolan i Åbo is a Swedish-language senior high school, built after the fire on the foundation of the former Hovrätt by C.L. Engel. Its style is empire. There reportedly was a school under the authority of Turku Cathedral in the Turku city centre in late 13th century called Turun katedraalikoulu.The Old Great Square, taken from Vähätori in front of the Turku Main Library on the other side of the Aura River.","title":"Historical buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turku Medieval Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Market_of_Turku"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Christmas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas_City&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"There are different events organised at the Old Great Square throughout the year. Turku Medieval Market is organised in June and July, stretching out to Porthaninpuisto, the courtyard and Luostarin Välikatu.[5] Christmas City events also take place for three weekends [6] as well as events for Turku Night of the Arts.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Old Great Square and its historical surroundings have been designed to be marketed as the old part of the city of Turku. Under EU protection, the idea is to revive the area to a European style by attracting more cafes and restaurants and organising different events at the square and park. Furthermore, a bridge called Pennisilta, to replace the one destroyed by the fire, is due to be built to connect the old part of the city to the traffic centre.","title":"Prospects"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brinkkala.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vanha_suurtori.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suurtori.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joulurauhan_julistus,_Turku.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turku_Medieval_Market,_market_booths.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turku_medieval_festival.jpg"}],"text":"Old Town Hall, Brinkkala Mansion on the right\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBrinkkala Mansion\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHjelt Mansion, view from Uudenmaankatu\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChristmas peace proclamation\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTurku Medieval Market\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTurku Medieval Market","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turun Sanomat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.turunsanomat.fi/extra/?ts=1,3:1010:0:0,4:10:0:1:2004-12-04,104:10:269336,1:0:0:0:0:0:"},{"link_name":"Turun kaupungin kulttuurikeskus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www05.turku.fi/kulttuurikeskus/suurtori.html"}],"text":"Turun Sanomat\nTurun kaupungin kulttuurikeskus","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"Buildings along the Old Great Square: (from left to right) the Old Town Hall, Brinkkala Mansion and Katedralskolan i Åbo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Vanha_Suurtori%2C_Turku%2C_Katedralskolan.jpg/220px-Vanha_Suurtori%2C_Turku%2C_Katedralskolan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Luostarin Välikatu, located between the Brinkkala Mansion and Katedraalikoulu, functioned as an artery in the Middle Ages leading from the Kaskenmäki Monastery to Turku Cathedral","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Luostarinv%C3%A4likatu.JPG/220px-Luostarinv%C3%A4likatu.JPG"},{"image_text":"Brinkkala Mansion","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Brinkkalan_talo.JPG/220px-Brinkkalan_talo.JPG"},{"image_text":"Hjelt Mansion","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Hjeltin_talo.JPG/210px-Hjeltin_talo.JPG"},{"image_text":"Juselius Mansion","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Juseliuska_huset_2008.jpg/220px-Juseliuska_huset_2008.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Old Great Square, taken from Vähätori in front of the Turku Main Library on the other side of the Aura River.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pinella%2C_vanha_suurtori.JPG/215px-Pinella%2C_vanha_suurtori.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"Åbo Bloodbath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85bo_Bloodbath"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Cultural centre\". Archived from the original on 2007-09-17. Retrieved 2010-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070917124331/http://www05.turku.fi/kulttuurikeskus/english/ogs.html","url_text":"\"Cultural centre\""},{"url":"http://www05.turku.fi/kulttuurikeskus/english/ogs.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Harri Kalpa (1980). Muuttuva kaupunki – Turku eilen ja tänään II. Turun Sanomat. p. 118.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"www.turku.fi » turku.fi\". www.turku.fi. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080822235236/http://www.turku.fi/Public/default.aspx?contentid=100777&nodeid=23","url_text":"\"www.turku.fi » turku.fi\""},{"url":"http://www.turku.fi/Public/default.aspx?contentid=100777&nodeid=23","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"www.turku.fi » Medieval Market\". Archived from the original on 2012-02-06. Retrieved 2010-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120206103219/http://www.turku.fi/public/default.aspx?culture=en-US&contentlan=2&nodeid=11757","url_text":"\"www.turku.fi » Medieval Market\""},{"url":"http://www.turku.fi/Public/default.aspx?culture=en-US&contentlan=2&nodeid=11757","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". christmascity.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.christmascity.com/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Old_Great_Square_(Turku)¶ms=60_27_3_N_22_16_33_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"60°27′3″N 22°16′33″E / 60.45083°N 22.27583°E / 60.45083; 22.27583"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://www.ubc.net/commissions/environment.html","external_links_name":"UBC Environment and Sustainable Development Secretariat"},{"Link":"http://www.marebalticum.org/balticoffice/","external_links_name":"WHO Healthy Cities"},{"Link":"http://www.centrumbalticum.org/","external_links_name":"Centrum Balticum"},{"Link":"http://www.valonia.fi/","external_links_name":"Valonia"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070917124331/http://www05.turku.fi/kulttuurikeskus/english/ogs.html","external_links_name":"\"Cultural centre\""},{"Link":"http://www05.turku.fi/kulttuurikeskus/english/ogs.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.turku.fi/christmaspeace","external_links_name":"The Declaration of Christmas Peace"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131212114925/http://www.turku.fi/christmaspeace","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080822235236/http://www.turku.fi/Public/default.aspx?contentid=100777&nodeid=23","external_links_name":"\"www.turku.fi » turku.fi\""},{"Link":"http://www.turku.fi/Public/default.aspx?contentid=100777&nodeid=23","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120206103219/http://www.turku.fi/public/default.aspx?culture=en-US&contentlan=2&nodeid=11757","external_links_name":"\"www.turku.fi » Medieval Market\""},{"Link":"http://www.turku.fi/Public/default.aspx?culture=en-US&contentlan=2&nodeid=11757","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.christmascity.com/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"http://www.turunsanomat.fi/extra/?ts=1,3:1010:0:0,4:10:0:1:2004-12-04,104:10:269336,1:0:0:0:0:0:","external_links_name":"Turun Sanomat"},{"Link":"http://www05.turku.fi/kulttuurikeskus/suurtori.html","external_links_name":"Turun kaupungin kulttuurikeskus"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070917124331/http://www05.turku.fi/kulttuurikeskus/english/ogs.html","external_links_name":"Turku Cultural Centre"},{"Link":"http://www.turku.fi/Public/?contentid=59188","external_links_name":"Ihmiselle parempi keskusta -hanke"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Old_Great_Square_(Turku)¶ms=60_27_3_N_22_16_33_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"60°27′3″N 22°16′33″E / 60.45083°N 22.27583°E / 60.45083; 22.27583"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_876_e
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Gliese 876 e
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["1 References"]
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Exoplanet orbiting the star Gliese 876
Gliese 876 eAn artist's impression of Gliese 876 eDiscoveryDiscovered byRivera et al.Discovery dateJune 23, 2010Detection methodDoppler spectroscopyOrbital characteristicsEpoch BJD 2,450,602.09311Semi-major axis0.3355+0.0019−0.0011 AUEccentricity0.0545+0.0069−0.022Orbital period (sidereal)123.55+1.0−0.59 dMean anomaly50.3°+46°−86.8°Inclination56.7°+1.0°−0.99°Argument of periastron240°+23°−50°Semi-amplitude3.49±0.23 m/sStarGliese 876Physical characteristicsMass16.0±1.0 M🜨
The orbits of the planets of Gliese 876. Gliese 876 e is the furthest planet from the star.
Gliese 876 e is an exoplanet orbiting the star Gliese 876 in the constellation of Aquarius. It is in a 1:2:4 Laplace resonance with the planets Gliese 876 c and Gliese 876 b: for each orbit of planet e, planet b completes two orbits and planet c completes four. This configuration is the second known example of a Laplace resonance after Jupiter's moons Io, Europa and Ganymede. Its orbit takes 124 days to complete.
Gliese 876 e has a mass similar to that of the planet Uranus. Its orbit takes 124 days to complete, or roughly one third of a year. While the orbital period is longer than that of Mercury around the Sun, the lower mass of the host star relative to the Sun means the planet's orbit has a slightly smaller semimajor axis. Unlike Mercury, Gliese 876 e has a nearly circular orbit with an eccentricity of 0.055 ± 0.012.
This planet, like b and c, has likely migrated inward.
References
^ a b c Rivera, Eugenio J.; et al. (July 2010). "The Lick-Carnegie Exoplanet Survey: A Uranus-mass Fourth Planet for GJ 876 in an Extrasolar Laplace Configuration". The Astrophysical Journal. 719 (1): 890–899. arXiv:1006.4244. Bibcode:2010ApJ...719..890R. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/719/1/890. S2CID 118707953.
^ Millholland, Sarah; et al. (2018). "New Constraints on Gliese 876—Exemplar of Mean-motion Resonance". The Astronomical Journal. 155 (3) 106. arXiv:1801.07831. Bibcode:2018AJ....155..106M. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aaa894. S2CID 119011611.
^ a b Moutou, C.; Delfosse, X.; et al. (July 2023). "Characterizing planetary systems with SPIRou: M-dwarf planet-search survey and the multiplanet systems GJ 876 and GJ 1148". Astronomy & Astrophysics. arXiv:2307.11569.
^ Gerlach, Enrico; Haghighipour, Nader (2012). "Can GJ 876 host four planets in resonance?". Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy. 113 (1): 35–47. arXiv:1202.5865. Bibcode:2012CeMDA.113...35G. doi:10.1007/s10569-012-9408-0. S2CID 254381557.
vteThe Gliese 876 systemStars
Gliese 876
Planets
Gliese 876 d
Gliese 876 c
Gliese 876 b
Gliese 876 e
vteKnown celestial objects within 20 light-yearsPrimary member typeCelestial objects by systems. Secondary members are listed in small print.vte 0–10 ly →Main-sequencestarsA-type
Sirius (Alpha Canis Majoris) (8.7094±0.0054 ly)
white dwarf B
G-type
Sun (0 ly)
rest of Solar System
Alpha Centauri
α Cen (Rigil Kentaurus) (4.3441±0.0022 ly)
K-type main-sequence star B (Toliman)
red dwarf C (Proxima Centauri) (4.2465 ± 0.0003 ly)
2 (5?) planets: Ab?; Bc?; Cb, Cc?, Cd
M-type(red dwarfs)
Barnard's Star (5.9629±0.0004 ly)
Wolf 359 (7.8558±0.0013 ly)
1? planets: b?
Lalande 21185 (8.3044±0.0007 ly)
2 (3?) planets: b, d?, c
Gliese 65 A (BL Ceti) (8.724±0.012 ly)
red dwarf B (UV Ceti)
Ross 154 (9.7063±0.0009 ly)
Brown dwarfsL-type
Luhman 16 (6.5029±0.0011 ly)
T-type brown dwarf B
Sub-brown dwarfsand rogue planetsY-type
WISE 0855−0714 (7.430±0.041 ly)
vte← 10–15 ly →Subgiant starsF-type
Procyon (Alpha Canis Minoris) (11.402±0.032 ly)
white dwarf B
Main-sequencestarsG-type
Tau Ceti (11.9118±0.0074 ly)
4 (8?) planets: (b), (c), (d), e, f, g, h, (i)
K-type
Epsilon Eridani (Ran) (10.4749±0.0037 ly)
1 (2?) planets: b (Ægir), c?
61 Cygni (11.4039±0.0012 ly)
K-type main-sequence star B
Epsilon Indi (11.8670±0.0041 ly)
2 T-type brown dwarfs: Ba, Bb
planet Ab
M-type(red dwarfs)
Ross 248 (10.3057±0.0014 ly)
Lacaille 9352 (10.7241±0.0007 ly)
2 (3?) planets: b, c, d?
Ross 128 (11.0074±0.0011 ly)
planet b
EZ Aquarii (11.109±0.034 ly)
2 red dwarfs: B, C
Struve 2398 (11.4908±0.0009 ly)
red dwarf B
2? planets: Bb?, Bc?
Groombridge 34 (11.6191±0.0008 ly)
red dwarf B
2 planets: Ab, Ac
DX Cancri (11.6797±0.0027 ly)
GJ 1061 (11.9839±0.0014 ly)
3 planets: b, c, d
YZ Ceti (12.1222±0.0015 ly)
3 planets: b, c, d
Luyten's Star (12.3485±0.0019 ly)
2 (4?) planets: b, c, d?, e?
Teegarden's Star (12.4970±0.0045 ly)
2 planets: b, c
Kapteyn's Star (12.8308±0.0008 ly)
Lacaille 8760 (12.9472±0.0018 ly)
SCR 1845−6357 (13.0638±0.0070 ly)
T-type brown dwarf B
Kruger 60 (13.0724±0.0052 ly)
red dwarf B
DENIS J1048−3956 (13.1932±0.0027 ly)
Ross 614 (13.363±0.040 ly)
red dwarf B
Wolf 1061 (14.0500±0.0016 ly)
3 planets: b, c, d
Gliese 1 (14.1747±0.0022 ly)
TZ Arietis (14.5780±0.0046 ly)
planet b
Wolf 424 (14.595±0.031 ly)
red dwarf B
Gliese 687 (14.8395±0.0014 ly)
2 planets: b, c
Gliese 674 (14.8492±0.0018 ly)
planet b
LHS 292 (14.8706±0.0041 ly)
DegeneratestarsWhite dwarfs
van Maanen 2 (14.0718±0.0011 ly)
Brown dwarfsT-type
UGPS J0722-0540 (13.43±0.13 ly)
vte← 15–20 ly Subgiant starsG-type
Delta Pavonis (19.893±0.015 ly)
Main-sequencestarsA-type
Altair (Alpha Aquilae) (16.730±0.049 ly)
G-type
Alsafi (Sigma Draconis) (18.7993±0.0081 ly)
Achird (Eta Cassiopeiae) (19.3314±0.0025 ly)
K-type main-sequence star B
e (82 G.) Eridani (19.7045±0.0093 ly)
3 (6?) planets: b, c?, d (c), e?, f?, g?, d
K-type
Groombridge 1618 (15.8857±0.0017 ly)
Omicron2 (40) Eridani (16.3330±0.0042 ly)
white dwarf B
red dwarf C
70 Ophiuchi (16.7074±0.0087 ly)
K-type main-sequence star B
Gliese 570 (19.1987±0.0074 ly)
2 red dwarfs: B, C
T-type brown dwarf D
36 Ophiuchi (19.4185±0.0036 ly)
2 K-type main-sequence stars: B, C
HR 7703 (19.609±0.013 ly)
red dwarf B
M-type(red dwarfs)
GJ 1245 (15.2001±0.0034 ly)
2 red dwarfs: B, C
Gliese 876 (15.2382±0.0025 ly)
4 planets: d, c, b, e
LHS 288 (15.7586±0.0034 ly)
GJ 1002 (15.8060±0.0036 ly)
2 planets: b, c
Gliese 412 (15.9969±0.0026 ly)
red dwarf B
AD Leonis (16.1939±0.0024 ly)
Gliese 832 (16.2005±0.0019 ly)
planet b
Gliese 682 (16.3328±0.0026 ly)
2? planets: b?, c?
EV Lacertae (16.4761±0.0018 ly)
G 9-38 (16.800±0.011 ly)
red dwarf B
GJ 3379 (16.9861±0.0027 ly)
Gliese 445 (17.1368±0.0017 ly)
2M1540 (17.3738±0.0046 ly)
GJ 3323 (17.5309±0.0026 ly)
2 planets: b, c
Gliese 526 (17.7263±0.0024 ly)
Stein 2051 (17.9925±0.0020 ly)
white dwarf B
Gliese 251 (18.2146±0.0028 ly)
planet b
LP 816-60 (18.3305±0.0038 ly)
LSR J1835+3259 (18.5534±0.0049 ly)
Gliese 205 (18.6042±0.0022 ly)
Gliese 229 (18.7906±0.0018 ly)
T-type brown dwarf B
2 planets: Ab, Ac
Ross 47 (18.8883±0.0031 ly)
Gliese 693 (19.2078±0.0053 ly)
Gliese 754 (19.2724±0.0067 ly)
Gliese 908 (19.2745±0.0032 ly)
Gliese 752 (19.2922±0.0027 ly)
red dwarf B (vB 10)
planet Ab
Gliese 588 (19.2996±0.0031 ly)
2? planets: b?, c?
YZ Canis Minoris (19.5330±0.0040 ly)
GJ 1005 (19.577±0.035 ly)
red dwarf B
Gliese 268 (19.7414±0.0076 ly)
red dwarf B
DegeneratestarsWhite dwarfs
Gliese 440 (15.1226±0.0013 ly)
Brown dwarfsL-type
DENIS 0255−4700 (15.877±0.014 ly)
T-type
WISE 1741+2553 (15.22±0.20 ly)
WISE 1506+7027 (16.856±0.052 ly)
DENIS 0817-6155 (17.002±0.037 ly)
2MASS 0939-2448 (17.41±0.44 ly)
T-type brown dwarf B
2MASS 1114-2618 (18.20±0.14 ly)
2MASS 0415-0935 (18.62±0.18 ly)
SIMP0136 (19.955±0.057 ly)
2MASS 0937+2931 (19.96+0.22−0.21 ly)
Y-type
WISE 1639−6847 (15.450±0.041 ly)
WISE 0350−5658 (18.49±0.24 ly)
Sub-brown dwarfsand rogue planetsY-type
WISE 1541−2250 (19.54±0.24 ly)
Italic are systems without known trigonometric parallax.
vteConstellation of Aquarius
Aquarius in Chinese astronomy
Aquarius Stream
List of stars in Aquarius
StarsBayer
α (Sadalmelik)
β (Sadalsuud)
γ (Sadachbia)
δ (Skat)
ε (Albali)
ζ
η
θ (Ancha)
ι
κ (Situla)
λ (Hydor)
μ
ν
ξ (Bunda)
ο
π
ρ
σ
τ1
τ2
υ
φ
χ
ψ1 (91)
ψ2
ψ3
ω1
ω2
A1
A2
b1
b2
b3
c1
c2
c3
d
e
f
g1
g2
h
i1
i2
i3
k
α PsA C
Flamsteed
1
4
5
7
8
9
10
11
12
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
24
26
28
29
30
32
35
36
37
39
40
41
42
44
45
47
49
50
51
54
56
58
60
61
64
65
67
70
72
74
75
77
78
81
82
84
85
87
94
96
97
100
Variable
R
U
AE
DV
EP
EW
EZ
FO
HK
IL
HU
IZ
LP
HR
8017
8056
8121
8263
8363
8453
8500
8507
8581
8612
8629
8645
8716
8783
8836
8856
8879
8924
9014
HD
206610 (Bosona)
210277
212771 (Lionrock)
215152
219617
220466
220689
222093
222582
Other
2MASS J21392676+0220226
BD−22 5866
Gliese 849
K2-21
K2-28
K2-58
K2-72
K2-138
LS IV-14 116
Sneden's Star
TRAPPIST-1
WASP-6 (Márohu)
WASP-47
WASP-69
WASP-75
Exoplanets
ψ1 Aquarii b
Gliese 849 b
Gliese 876 b
c
d
e
HD 206610 b
HD 210277 b
HD 212771 b (Victoriapeak)
HD 221416 b
HD 222582 b
K2-66b
K2-72b
c
d
e
K2-138b
TRAPPIST-1b
c
d
e
f
g
h
WASP-6b
Star clusters
Messier 2
Messier 72
Messier 73
Nebulae
Helix Nebula
Saturn Nebula
GalaxiesNGC
6975
7001
7010
7047
7051
7065
7069
7077
7081
7184
7252
7257
7301
7302
7393
7492
7585
7592
7600
7606
7723
7727
7759
Other
Aquarius Dwarf
ESO 603-G21
Lyman-alpha blob 1
PGC 1228197
PHL 293B
RX J2129.7+0005 BCG
SMM J2135-0102
WISE J224607.57−052635.0
Galaxy clusters
Abell 2597
RXC J2211.7-0350
XMMXCS 2215-1738
Astronomical events
SN 2213-1745
Category
This extrasolar-planet-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gliese876Orbits.svg"},{"link_name":"exoplanet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplanet"},{"link_name":"Gliese 876","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_876"},{"link_name":"Aquarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarius_(constellation)"},{"link_name":"Laplace resonance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace_resonance"},{"link_name":"Gliese 876 c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_876_c"},{"link_name":"Gliese 876 b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_876_b"},{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter"},{"link_name":"Io","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(moon)"},{"link_name":"Europa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(moon)"},{"link_name":"Ganymede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rivera2010-1"},{"link_name":"Uranus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus"},{"link_name":"Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet)"},{"link_name":"semimajor axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semimajor_axis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rivera2010-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gerlach-4"}],"text":"The orbits of the planets of Gliese 876. Gliese 876 e is the furthest planet from the star.Gliese 876 e is an exoplanet orbiting the star Gliese 876 in the constellation of Aquarius. It is in a 1:2:4 Laplace resonance with the planets Gliese 876 c and Gliese 876 b: for each orbit of planet e, planet b completes two orbits and planet c completes four. This configuration is the second known example of a Laplace resonance after Jupiter's moons Io, Europa and Ganymede.[1] Its orbit takes 124 days to complete.Gliese 876 e has a mass similar to that of the planet Uranus. Its orbit takes 124 days to complete, or roughly one third of a year. While the orbital period is longer than that of Mercury around the Sun, the lower mass of the host star relative to the Sun means the planet's orbit has a slightly smaller semimajor axis. Unlike Mercury, Gliese 876 e has a nearly circular orbit with an eccentricity of 0.055 ± 0.012.[1]This planet, like b and c, has likely migrated inward.[4]","title":"Gliese 876 e"}]
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[{"image_text":"The orbits of the planets of Gliese 876. Gliese 876 e is the furthest planet from the star.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gliese876Orbits.svg/220px-Gliese876Orbits.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Gliese876.png/500px-Gliese876.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Rivera, Eugenio J.; et al. (July 2010). \"The Lick-Carnegie Exoplanet Survey: A Uranus-mass Fourth Planet for GJ 876 in an Extrasolar Laplace Configuration\". The Astrophysical Journal. 719 (1): 890–899. arXiv:1006.4244. Bibcode:2010ApJ...719..890R. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/719/1/890. S2CID 118707953.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1006.4244","url_text":"1006.4244"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...719..890R","url_text":"2010ApJ...719..890R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F719%2F1%2F890","url_text":"10.1088/0004-637X/719/1/890"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118707953","url_text":"118707953"}]},{"reference":"Millholland, Sarah; et al. (2018). \"New Constraints on Gliese 876—Exemplar of Mean-motion Resonance\". The Astronomical Journal. 155 (3) 106. arXiv:1801.07831. Bibcode:2018AJ....155..106M. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aaa894. S2CID 119011611.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Faaa894","url_text":"\"New Constraints on Gliese 876—Exemplar of Mean-motion Resonance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.07831","url_text":"1801.07831"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AJ....155..106M","url_text":"2018AJ....155..106M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Faaa894","url_text":"10.3847/1538-3881/aaa894"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119011611","url_text":"119011611"}]},{"reference":"Moutou, C.; Delfosse, X.; et al. (July 2023). \"Characterizing planetary systems with SPIRou: M-dwarf planet-search survey and the multiplanet systems GJ 876 and GJ 1148\". Astronomy & Astrophysics. arXiv:2307.11569.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_%26_Astrophysics","url_text":"Astronomy & Astrophysics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.11569","url_text":"2307.11569"}]},{"reference":"Gerlach, Enrico; Haghighipour, Nader (2012). \"Can GJ 876 host four planets in resonance?\". Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy. 113 (1): 35–47. arXiv:1202.5865. Bibcode:2012CeMDA.113...35G. doi:10.1007/s10569-012-9408-0. S2CID 254381557.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1202.5865","url_text":"1202.5865"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012CeMDA.113...35G","url_text":"2012CeMDA.113...35G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10569-012-9408-0","url_text":"10.1007/s10569-012-9408-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254381557","url_text":"254381557"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1006.4244","external_links_name":"1006.4244"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...719..890R","external_links_name":"2010ApJ...719..890R"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F719%2F1%2F890","external_links_name":"10.1088/0004-637X/719/1/890"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118707953","external_links_name":"118707953"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Faaa894","external_links_name":"\"New Constraints on Gliese 876—Exemplar of Mean-motion Resonance\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.07831","external_links_name":"1801.07831"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AJ....155..106M","external_links_name":"2018AJ....155..106M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Faaa894","external_links_name":"10.3847/1538-3881/aaa894"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119011611","external_links_name":"119011611"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.11569","external_links_name":"2307.11569"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1202.5865","external_links_name":"1202.5865"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012CeMDA.113...35G","external_links_name":"2012CeMDA.113...35G"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10569-012-9408-0","external_links_name":"10.1007/s10569-012-9408-0"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254381557","external_links_name":"254381557"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gliese_876_e&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendalough_Cathedral
|
Glendalough Cathedral
|
["1 Notes"]
|
Coordinates: 53°00′43″N 6°19′47″W / 53.01198°N 6.3298°W / 53.01198; -6.3298
Church in County Wicklow, IrelandSt. Peter & St. Pauls' Cathedral, Glendalough53°00′43″N 6°19′47″W / 53.01198°N 6.3298°W / 53.01198; -6.3298LocationGlendalough, County WicklowCountryIrelandDenominationChurch of IrelandAdministrationProvinceProvince of DublinDioceseArchdiocese of Dublin
St. Peter and St. Pauls' Cathedral, Glendalough is a former cathedral in the Republic of Ireland: it is within the same enclosure as Our Lady's Church and the Round Tower.
Adam Loftus, 1st Viscount Loftus, was appointed Archdeacon of the Cathedral in 1604, and retained the office until his death in 1643, despite objections from the Archbishop of Canterbury.
Notes
^ "A New History of Ireland" T. W. Moody, F. X. Martin, F.J. Byrne and Cosgrove, A: Oxford, OUP, 1976 ISBN 0-19-821745-5
^ Glendalough Visitors Guide, Produced by "The Office of Public Works" (Oifig na nOibreacha Poibli), Glendalough, County Wicklow.
^ Visit Wicklow
^ "The Cathedrals of the Church of Ireland" Day, J.G.F./ Patton, H.E. p77: London, S.P.C.K., 1932
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glendalough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendalough"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sacred-2"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Adam Loftus, 1st Viscount Loftus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Loftus,_1st_Viscount_Loftus"},{"link_name":"Archdeacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"}],"text":"Church in County Wicklow, IrelandSt. Peter and St. Pauls' Cathedral, Glendalough[1] is a former cathedral[2] in the Republic of Ireland:[3] it is within the same enclosure as Our Lady's Church and the Round Tower.[4]Adam Loftus, 1st Viscount Loftus, was appointed Archdeacon of the Cathedral in 1604, and retained the office until his death in 1643, despite objections from the Archbishop of Canterbury.","title":"Glendalough Cathedral"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"T. W. Moody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._W._Moody"},{"link_name":"F. X. Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._X._Martin"},{"link_name":"F.J. Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_John_Byrne"},{"link_name":"Cosgrove, A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Cosgrove"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"OUP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-821745-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-821745-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sacred_2-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Visit Wicklow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//visitwicklow.ie/attractions/cathedral-of-st-peter-and-st-paul-glendalough/#"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Church of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Day, J.G.F./","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Godfrey_FitzMaurice_Day"},{"link_name":"Patton, H.E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Edmund_Patton"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"S.P.C.K.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPCK"},{"link_name":"1932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932"}],"text":"^ \"A New History of Ireland\" T. W. Moody, F. X. Martin, F.J. Byrne and Cosgrove, A: Oxford, OUP, 1976 ISBN 0-19-821745-5\n\n^ Glendalough Visitors Guide, Produced by \"The Office of Public Works\" (Oifig na nOibreacha Poibli), Glendalough, County Wicklow.\n\n^ Visit Wicklow\n\n^ \"The Cathedrals of the Church of Ireland\" Day, J.G.F./ Patton, H.E. p77: London, S.P.C.K., 1932","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Glendalough_Cathedral¶ms=53.01198_N_6.3298_W_dim:100000_region:IE_type:landmark","external_links_name":"53°00′43″N 6°19′47″W / 53.01198°N 6.3298°W / 53.01198; -6.3298"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Glendalough_Cathedral¶ms=53.01198_N_6.3298_W_dim:100000_region:IE_type:landmark","external_links_name":"53°00′43″N 6°19′47″W / 53.01198°N 6.3298°W / 53.01198; -6.3298"},{"Link":"http://visitwicklow.ie/attractions/cathedral-of-st-peter-and-st-paul-glendalough/#","external_links_name":"Visit Wicklow"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaduvaye_Pidicha_Kiduva
|
Kaduvaye Pidicha Kiduva
|
["1 Cast","2 Soundtrack","3 References","4 External links"]
|
1977 Indian filmKaduvaye Pidicha KiduvaDirected byA. B. RajWritten byS. L. Puram SadanandanScreenplay byS. L. Puram SadanandanProduced byT. E. VasudevanStarringPrem NazirSukumariAdoor BhasiLakshmiCinematographyC. NamasivayamEdited byB. S. ManiMusic byV. DakshinamoorthyProductioncompanyJaya MaruthiDistributed byJaya MaruthiRelease date
25 March 1977 (1977-03-25)
CountryIndiaLanguageMalayalam
Kaduvaye Pidicha Kiduva is a 1977 Indian Malayalam film, directed by A. B. Raj and produced by T. E. Vasudevan. It stars Prem Nazir, Sukumari, Adoor Bhasi and Lakshmi in the lead roles. The musical score was by V. Dakshinamoorthy.
Cast
Prem Nazir
Sukumari
Adoor Bhasi
Lakshmi
Sam
Sankaradi
Sreemoolanagaram Vijayan
G. K. Pillai
Jayamalini
K. P. Ummer
P. K. Abraham
Paravoor Bharathan
Veeran
Vijayalalitha
Soundtrack
The music was composed by V. Dakshinamoorthy and the lyrics were written by Sreekumaran Thampi.
No.
Song
Singers
Lyrics
Length (m:ss)
1
"Chiriyo Chiri"
K. J. Yesudas
Sreekumaran Thampi
2
"Mounamithenthe Maayaavi"
Vani Jairam
Sreekumaran Thampi
3
"Neelaanjanamalayilu Neeli"
K. J. Yesudas
Sreekumaran Thampi
4
"Oru Swapnathil"
P. Susheela
Sreekumaran Thampi
References
^ "Kaduvaye Pidicha Kiduva". www.malayalachalachithram.com. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
^ "Kaduvaye Pidicha Kiduva". malayalasangeetham.info. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
^ "Kaduvaye Pidicha Kiduva". spicyonion.com. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
External links
Kaduvaye Pidicha Kiduva at IMDb
This article about a Malayalam film of the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_Arctic_char
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Salvelinus taranetzi
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["1 Distribution","2 References"]
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Species of fish
Salvelinus taranetzi
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Salmoniformes
Family:
Salmonidae
Genus:
Salvelinus
Species:
S. taranetzi
Binomial name
Salvelinus taranetziKaganowsky, 1955
Salvelinus taranetzi, also known as the Taranets char, is a species of salmonid fish native to Chukotka, Northeast Russia.
Distribution
This char lives in glacier lakes and river basins of Chukotka, Russian Far East, where it may adapt to extremely severe conditions. It may be found both in fresh and brackish waters between the Kolyma River and the Bering Sea, including the Rauchua (Bilibino District), the Chaun Bay rivers (Chaun District), Pegtymel River, Amguema River, Vankarem River and Kymyneyveem River (Iultinsky District), as well as the rivers of the Kolyuchin Bay, Chegitun River, Uttyveem River and Koolenvaam River, the Saint Lawrence Bay, Mechigmen Bay, Getlyangen, Lake Achchyon, Nunyamovaam and Erguveem (Providensky District) and Seutakan, Chelkun and Ioniveyem River. Kresta Bay (Iultinsky District), the Anadyr basin (Anadyr District) and the rivers with mouths on the coast south of Anadyr.
References
^ Alexander G. Osinov, Anna L. Senchukova, Nikolai S. Mugue, Sergei D. Pavlov, Igor A. Chereshnev (2015) Speciation and genetic divergence of three species of charr from ancient Lake El'gygytgyn (Chukotka) and their phylogenetic relationships with other representatives of the genus Salvelinus Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 116, 63–85.
^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Salvelinus taranetzi" in FishBase. February 2012 version.
^ Gudkov PK (2003) Forms of Taranetzi Char in Lakes in Chukotka ЧТЕНИЯ ПАМЯТИ ВЛАДИМИРА ЯКОВЛЕВИЧА ЛЕВАНИДОВА, 2: 398-404.
^ Taranetz Char - Big Game (in Russian)
vteTrout and char of the worldTrout - SalmonidaeTrout of Europe and Atlantic basinSalmo
Adriatic trout
Brown trout
Fibreno trout
Ferox trout
Flathead trout
Garda lake trout
Gillaroo
Lake (lacustrine) trout
Marble trout
Mediterranean trout
Ohrid trout
Prespa trout
River trout
Sea trout
Sevan trout
Sonaghen
Trout of the Pacific basinOncorhynchus
Apache trout
Coastal cutthroat trout
Cutthroat trout
Gila trout
Golden trout
Mexican golden trout
Rainbow trout
Steelhead
True charSalvelinus
Arctic char
Blunt-nosed Irish charr
Brook trout
Bull trout
Cole's char
Coomsaharn char
Dolly Varden trout
Haddy charr
Kirikuchi char
Lake char
Lake trout
Lough Melvin charr
Orkney charr
Silver trout
Small-mouthed char
Whitespotted char
Media related to Trout at Wikimedia Commons
Taxon identifiersSalvelinus taranetzi
Wikidata: Q420525
CoL: 6XG36
FishBase: 63243
GBIF: 2351290
iNaturalist: 620241
IRMNG: 11872072
ITIS: 623546
NCBI: 152113
Open Tree of Life: 367477
WoRMS: 274355
This Salmonidae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bij.12559/abstract","external_links_name":"Speciation and genetic divergence of three species of charr from ancient Lake El'gygytgyn (Chukotka) and their phylogenetic relationships with other representatives of the genus Salvelinus"},{"Link":"http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Salvelinus&speciesname=taranetzi","external_links_name":"\"Salvelinus taranetzi\""},{"Link":"http://www.biosoil.ru/levanidov/articles/a0242.pdf","external_links_name":"Forms of Taranetzi Char in Lakes in Chukotka"},{"Link":"http://4biggame.ru/?p=667&page=12","external_links_name":"Taranetz Char - Big Game (in Russian)"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6XG36","external_links_name":"6XG36"},{"Link":"https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/63243","external_links_name":"63243"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2351290","external_links_name":"2351290"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/620241","external_links_name":"620241"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11872072","external_links_name":"11872072"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=623546","external_links_name":"623546"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=152113","external_links_name":"152113"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=367477","external_links_name":"367477"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=274355","external_links_name":"274355"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salvelinus_taranetzi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramanga_Ernest_Yonli
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Paramanga Ernest Yonli
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["1 Biography","2 Career","3 Political career","4 Achievements for Burkina Faso","4.1 Implementation of the Global Public Administration Reform (RGAP)","4.2 Institutionalization of social dialogue","4.3 Institutionalization of government-private sector dialogue","4.4 National Youth Forum and Annual women’s conference","4.5 Creation of ‘’BURKINA 2025’’ and reintroduction of the National Territorial Development Plan (SNAT)","4.6 Economic promotion of Burkina Faso overseas","4.7 Achievements within the Economic and Social Council","5 Opposition to Article 37","6 Distinctions and awards","7 References"]
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This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Paramanga Ernest YonliYonli in 2015Prime Minister of Burkina FasoIn office6 November 2000 – 3 June 2007PresidentBlaise CompaoréPreceded byKadré Désiré OuedraogoSucceeded byTertius ZongoBurkinabe Ambassador to the United States In office23 January 2008 – 2 September 2011Preceded byTertius ZongoSucceeded bySeydou Bouda
Personal detailsBorn (1956-12-31) 31 December 1956 (age 67)Tansarga, Tapoa Province, Burkina FasoPolitical partyCongress for Democracy and ProgressAlma materUniversity of Groningen
Paramanga Ernest Yonli (born 31 December 1956 in Tansarga, Tapoa Province) also known as Ernest Paramanga Yonli, is a Burkinabé politician. He was Prime Minister from 6 November 2000 to 3 June 2007 and then President of the Economic and Social Council of Burkina Faso until March 2015.
He is a member of the Congress for Democracy and Progress party and a Grand Officer of the National Order of Burkina Faso.
Biography
Yonli with President George W. Bush after presenting his credentials, January 22, 2008
Yonli is a descendant of the last dynasty of the Gurma kingdom, founded at the end of the 13th century by migrants from Kanem-Bornu, a region situated initially between modern Niger, Nigeria, and Chad. This dynasty, often confused with the history of the Gurma people, who live in Eastern Burkina Faso, can be subdivided into three lines: Yobri, Tambaga, and Tansarga. Paramanga Ernest Yonli comes from one of the ruling families of the last line of Tansarga.
The Gurma society is organized around a power center of a founding family, ministers of the court, and the people. This power center is governed by democratic principles whereby all adult citizens appoint the Chief or the King following an aligned vote. Paramanga Ernest Yonli's great-grandfather, grandfather, and father each ruled Tansarga in the canton of Gobnangou. Today his older brother remains the chief of the village of Tansarga.
He obtained his mathematics and natural sciences baccalaureate with honors in 1976.
At the university level, following a degree in general economics at the University of Ouagadougou, he came top of his class in his Masters in economic sciences at the University of Benin in Togo, then completed his training with a Ph.D. at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands. His thesis focused on "Farmer strategies in food security and cereal marketing: the role of cereal banks in the North Plateau-Central of Burkina Faso."
Paramanga Ernest Yonli is also a specialist in international economics (Paris I University – Pantheon Sorbonne) and development and agricultural economics (same institution).
Married to Safi, one of the daughters of former President Saye Zerbo (1980–82), he is father to four children.
Career
After working in management and business administration in France, he began a career as a researcher at the University of Ouagadougou from 1985 to 1994. During this period, he became a member of an international multi-disciplinary research team whose work focused on “risks in agriculture” in semi-arid areas. This international research body, headquartered in Europe, brings together researchers from the European Union and ECOWAS countries like Ghana, Burkina Faso, Benin, Togo, the Ivory Coast, etc.
The Ph.D. thesis he defended in 1997 at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands was a logical progression from the research results discovered by this international team in Burkina Faso, particularly in the provinces of Yatenga, Sanmatenga, Namentenga, Bam, and Passoré. In October 1994, Paramanga Ernest Yonli was appointed, in addition to his role as researcher, as Director General of the National Fund for the Promotion of Employment (F.A.P.E.). He was tasked with reorganizing this body to promote the self-employment of graduates from the country's universities and professional training colleges.
Upon receiving further funding, Yonli extended the Fund to artisans and the informal sector. He simultaneously decentralized the Fund, opening branches in Burkina Faso's ten main towns after Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso, thus also demonstrating his sense of innovation and openness to modernization.
Political career
In 1992, during the first general elections, which saw the return of Burkina Faso to the rule of law, Yonli was approached to head up the list of ODP/MT candidates in his constituency of Tapoa. He declined the offer for personal reasons but led the campaign that saw his party win two of the three contested seats.
During the elections for the second government of the 4th Republic in 1997, while simultaneously serving as Cabinet Leader for Prime Minister Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo from 1996, he headed up the list of candidates for the ruling party, which had since become the Congress for Democracy and Progress (CDP). As a result, he won the two contested seats in his constituency and would go on to do the same in 2002, 2007, and 2012.
Although elected four times as a Member of the National Assembly (1997 to 2012), Yonli never took his seat as an MP, occupying senior governmental posts throughout this period instead. Firstly, as Cabinet Leader for the Prime Minister in 1996, as mentioned above, then as Minister of Civil Service and of State Reform in 1997, and finally as Prime Minister and Head of Government in 2000, a post he would occupy for seven years. He thus holds the record for the longest time spent in senior political positions in his country. Additionally, he served as Minister of Finance from 2000 to 2002.
In 2007, he was appointed Ambassador for Burkina Faso to the United States. He would be the first Ambassador to bring together the entire Burkinabé community residing in the United States, as well as traveling regularly to the University of Houston in Texas to visit one of the largest Burkinabé student communities in the United States.
He returned to his home country in 2012 to become President of the Economic and Social Council, a post he still occupies today.
Achievements for Burkina Faso
The leadership of Yonli was characterized by his innovation, his promotion of the fundamental values of Burkinabé society (dialogue – tolerance - forgiveness), and efficiency.
Implementation of the Global Public Administration Reform (RGAP)
When in September 1997, President Blaise Compaoré appointed Yonli as Minister for Civil Service, he gave him the formidable task of overseeing the Global Public Administration Reform. Following several attempts at reform, both with social partners and with members of the National Assembly, this project had still not been completed despite the government's overwhelming majority in the National Assembly (101 MPs out of 111). It was the first challenge taken up by Yonli. Following the start of his role in September 1997, he would organize national reform hearings in December of the same year and successfully secure the adoption of three laws governing the Global Public Administration Reform as of the first session of the National Assembly in 1998.
Institutionalization of social dialogue
To further cement the public administration reform, Yonli implemented a permanent consultation framework between trade union organizations and the government. This government-trade union meeting was to become institutionalized in 2000 when Yonli became the Burkinabé head of government. These now annual meetings allow the two sides to examine on a yearly basis the negotiating platform of trade union organizations on the one hand, and government actions aimed at the promotion and optimization of the reform's content on the other. The institutionalization of these meetings has helped reduce labour conflicts as much as possible, and to instil trust between the government and workers’ unions, both of which have shored up social stability which is a pre-requisite for the harmonious development of a nascent democracy.
Institutionalization of government-private sector dialogue
In July 2001, in Bobo Dioulasso, Yonli decided in agreement with the business world, to institutionalize exchanges between the government and the entire private sector. Welcomed by the Chamber of Commerce and development partners, this meeting which is held yearly in the economic capital allows countries to share their economic and social achievements over the past year, gauge the extent of challenges faced and forecast for the year ahead. This meeting, which still takes place today, has become a key tool for economic governance in Burkina Faso, because it allows the government to make their interventions in the economic sector more targeted, in line with medium and long-term economic planning benchmarks.
National Youth Forum and Annual women’s conference
Drawing on the sectoral strategies of international organisations, under the Yonli government Burkina Faso decided to go beyond conventional gender management methods and organise annual meetings focused on women and young people in 2004. These meetings have served as a forum for self-reflection and brainstorming to effectively tackle the problem of promoting and developing these two social groups who make up more than 70% of the country's active population.
Creation of ‘’BURKINA 2025’’ and reintroduction of the National Territorial Development Plan (SNAT)
When Yonli became head of government at the end of 2000, he had three main objectives:
Quickly restore peace after the assassination of journalist Norbert Zongo;
Ensure decentralization;
Speed up the implementation of poverty reduction reforms.
These three objectives were tackled by a cabinet which he composed himself and submitted to Président COMPAORÉ who approved it without any significant changes. The cabinet made up of technocrats, politicians and representatives from civil society, got to work on the priorities set by Yonli.
On a social level, dialogue was used as a driving force to foster the right conditions for peace through calls for tolerance and patriotism. In terms of the decentralization objective, the government chose a progressive approach to ensure the best conditions for the adoption of this process by business managers, elected representatives and the wider population.
On an economic level, under the Yonli Government, economic growth went from an annual rate of between 3 and 4% to a rate ranging from 7 to 9%.
Decentralization in Burkina Faso was kick-started. As a result, the process is now complete and serves as a benchmark in the sub-region. Under the Yonli Government, 13 regions were created, making up the 4 provinces. Furthermore, the guidelines for decentralization allowed for the number of communes to be changed from 55 to 30, to allow the population to appoint their local authorities, which led to the development of participatory democracy and also to the development of local economies.
Programmes to combat poverty, although not achieving all anticipated results, have made the country the best economic performer in the sub-region from the point of view of its multilateral partners.
It is also worth mentioning the ten-year education development programme, which has helped speed up the literacy rate. Under his government, the rate of school enrolment has gone from 39 to 70% in seven years.
Finally, instruments for the identification, evaluation and reduction of poverty have now become everyday tools for planning and economic governance leaders. These are all things which help to make development projects and programmes more targeted and yield faster and more tangible results.
This was consolidated thanks to the two major decisions which today underpin the country's economic and social governance:
Making development part of the long-term perspective through the creation of a national roadmap called BURKINA 2025.
The creation of a global visibility framework called the National Territorial Development Plan, which organizes development by tapping into regional potential, to optimize the various areas of expertise specific to each region.
Economic promotion of Burkina Faso overseas
In 2004, Yonli undertook a world tour to promote Burkina Faso's economic potential. The objective of his trip was to provide sufficient information on the economic potential of the country to thus increase its attractiveness to investors.
With this in mind, he visited, accompanied by business leaders:
April 2004: Geneva, with 50 businessmen.
October 2004: Canada, with 80 businessmen. During his visit, he heavily emphasized Burkina Faso's gold mining potential.
April 2005: France, with 70 businessmen.
September 2005: Malaysia, again with around 50 businessmen.
The most significant results of this came after the visit to Canada. It was during this visit that major gold mines were opened, including the first gold mine in Taparko (Sanmatenga province). By 2009, six gold mines were operational, placing gold at the top of the list of products exported from the country, ahead of cotton. Currently, a new mining code is in the process of being adopted, to strike a balance between the profits made by miners, the government and the local populations.
Achievements within the Economic and Social Council
Since 2012, as President of the Economic and Social Council, Yonli has published various reports including:
A report on agriculture, highlighting the need to develop this sector in Burkina Faso.
A second report on gold and the need to submit a new mining code to the National Assembly.
A third report on governance and distrust of public authority, with solutions for sustainable social stability.
Opposition to Article 37
Having reiterated the legality of such a Constitutional reform during a meeting of the CDP at the Stade du 4 Août, Yonli nevertheless officially participated in Autumn 2014 in the drafting of a public report to the Economic and Social Council on the political and social risks linked to such a Constitutional reform.
It is noteworthy that the National Assembly's draft vote on the reform of Article 37 of Burkina Faso's Constitution ultimately caused President Blaise Compaoré's demise.
Distinctions and awards
Member of several charitable organizations
Grand Officer of the National Order
Officer of the National Order
Commander of the Order of Brilliant Star with a special grand cordon, of the Republic of China (Taiwan).
References
^ "Biographie". gouvernement.gov.bf (in French). Archived from the original on 2023-06-09. Retrieved 19 Jun 2023.
^ "Ministre". Ministère des finances.
vtePrime ministers of Burkina Faso French Upper Volta (colony; to 1960)
Coulibaly
Yaméogo
vacant (1959–1971)
Republic of Upper Volta (1960–1984)
Ouédraogo
Lamizana†
Conombo
S. Zerbo†
vacant (1982–1983)
Sankara†
vacant (1983–1984)
Burkina Faso (since 1984)
vacant (1984–1992)
Y. Ouédraogo
Kaboré
K. D. Ouédraogo
Yonli
Zongo
Tiao
Zida†
Thieba
Dabiré
L. Zerbo
A. Ouédraogo
Tambèla
†military
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Netherlands
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Tapoa Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapoa_Province"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Burkina_Faso"},{"link_name":"Congress for Democracy and Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Democracy_and_Progress"}],"text":"Paramanga Ernest Yonli (born 31 December 1956[1] in Tansarga, Tapoa Province) also known as Ernest Paramanga Yonli, is a Burkinabé politician. He was Prime Minister from 6 November 2000 to 3 June 2007 and then President of the Economic and Social Council of Burkina Faso until March 2015.He is a member of the Congress for Democracy and Progress party and a Grand Officer of the National Order of Burkina Faso.","title":"Paramanga Ernest Yonli"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paramanga_Ernest_Yonli_with_Bush.jpg"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Gurma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Gurma_Mossi_state_of_Nungu"},{"link_name":"Kanem-Bornu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanem-Bornu_Empire"},{"link_name":"Gurma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurma_people"},{"link_name":"University of Ouagadougou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ouagadougou"},{"link_name":"University of Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Benin_(Togo)"},{"link_name":"University of Groningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Groningen"}],"text":"Yonli with President George W. Bush after presenting his credentials, January 22, 2008Yonli is a descendant of the last dynasty of the Gurma kingdom, founded at the end of the 13th century by migrants from Kanem-Bornu, a region situated initially between modern Niger, Nigeria, and Chad. This dynasty, often confused with the history of the Gurma people, who live in Eastern Burkina Faso, can be subdivided into three lines: Yobri, Tambaga, and Tansarga. Paramanga Ernest Yonli comes from one of the ruling families of the last line of Tansarga.The Gurma society is organized around a power center of a founding family, ministers of the court, and the people. This power center is governed by democratic principles whereby all adult citizens appoint the Chief or the King following an aligned vote. Paramanga Ernest Yonli's great-grandfather, grandfather, and father each ruled Tansarga in the canton of Gobnangou. Today his older brother remains the chief of the village of Tansarga.He obtained his mathematics and natural sciences baccalaureate with honors in 1976.At the university level, following a degree in general economics at the University of Ouagadougou, he came top of his class in his Masters in economic sciences at the University of Benin in Togo, then completed his training with a Ph.D. at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands. His thesis focused on \"Farmer strategies in food security and cereal marketing: the role of cereal banks in the North Plateau-Central of Burkina Faso.\"Paramanga Ernest Yonli is also a specialist in international economics (Paris I University – Pantheon Sorbonne) and development and agricultural economics (same institution).Married to Safi, one of the daughters of former President Saye Zerbo (1980–82), he is father to four children.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Ouagadougou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ouagadougou"},{"link_name":"University of Groningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Groningen"},{"link_name":"Yatenga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatenga_Province"},{"link_name":"Sanmatenga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanmatenga_Province"},{"link_name":"Namentenga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namentenga_Province"},{"link_name":"Bam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bam_Province"},{"link_name":"Passoré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passor%C3%A9_Province"},{"link_name":"Ouagadougou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouagadougou"},{"link_name":"Bobo Dioulasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobo-Dioulasso"}],"text":"After working in management and business administration in France, he began a career as a researcher at the University of Ouagadougou from 1985 to 1994. During this period, he became a member of an international multi-disciplinary research team whose work focused on “risks in agriculture” in semi-arid areas. This international research body, headquartered in Europe, brings together researchers from the European Union and ECOWAS countries like Ghana, Burkina Faso, Benin, Togo, the Ivory Coast, etc.The Ph.D. thesis he defended in 1997 at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands was a logical progression from the research results discovered by this international team in Burkina Faso, particularly in the provinces of Yatenga, Sanmatenga, Namentenga, Bam, and Passoré. In October 1994, Paramanga Ernest Yonli was appointed, in addition to his role as researcher, as Director General of the National Fund for the Promotion of Employment (F.A.P.E.). He was tasked with reorganizing this body to promote the self-employment of graduates from the country's universities and professional training colleges.Upon receiving further funding, Yonli extended the Fund to artisans and the informal sector. He simultaneously decentralized the Fund, opening branches in Burkina Faso's ten main towns after Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso, thus also demonstrating his sense of innovation and openness to modernization.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tapoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapoa_Province"},{"link_name":"Minister of Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Burkina_Faso)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Burkina Faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso"}],"text":"In 1992, during the first general elections, which saw the return of Burkina Faso to the rule of law, Yonli was approached to head up the list of ODP/MT candidates in his constituency of Tapoa. He declined the offer for personal reasons but led the campaign that saw his party win two of the three contested seats.During the elections for the second government of the 4th Republic in 1997, while simultaneously serving as Cabinet Leader for Prime Minister Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo from 1996, he headed up the list of candidates for the ruling party, which had since become the Congress for Democracy and Progress (CDP). As a result, he won the two contested seats in his constituency and would go on to do the same in 2002, 2007, and 2012.Although elected four times as a Member of the National Assembly (1997 to 2012), Yonli never took his seat as an MP, occupying senior governmental posts throughout this period instead. Firstly, as Cabinet Leader for the Prime Minister in 1996, as mentioned above, then as Minister of Civil Service and of State Reform in 1997, and finally as Prime Minister and Head of Government in 2000, a post he would occupy for seven years. He thus holds the record for the longest time spent in senior political positions in his country. Additionally, he served as Minister of Finance from 2000 to 2002.[2]In 2007, he was appointed Ambassador for Burkina Faso to the United States. He would be the first Ambassador to bring together the entire Burkinabé community residing in the United States, as well as traveling regularly to the University of Houston in Texas to visit one of the largest Burkinabé student communities in the United States.He returned to his home country in 2012 to become President of the Economic and Social Council, a post he still occupies today.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burkinabé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso"}],"text":"The leadership of Yonli was characterized by his innovation, his promotion of the fundamental values of Burkinabé society (dialogue – tolerance - forgiveness), and efficiency.","title":"Achievements for Burkina Faso"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blaise Compaoré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Compaor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"social partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_partners"}],"sub_title":"Implementation of the Global Public Administration Reform (RGAP)","text":"When in September 1997, President Blaise Compaoré appointed Yonli as Minister for Civil Service, he gave him the formidable task of overseeing the Global Public Administration Reform. Following several attempts at reform, both with social partners and with members of the National Assembly, this project had still not been completed despite the government's overwhelming majority in the National Assembly (101 MPs out of 111). It was the first challenge taken up by Yonli. Following the start of his role in September 1997, he would organize national reform hearings in December of the same year and successfully secure the adoption of three laws governing the Global Public Administration Reform as of the first session of the National Assembly in 1998.","title":"Achievements for Burkina Faso"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trade union organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicate"}],"sub_title":"Institutionalization of social dialogue","text":"To further cement the public administration reform, Yonli implemented a permanent consultation framework between trade union organizations and the government. This government-trade union meeting was to become institutionalized in 2000 when Yonli became the Burkinabé head of government. These now annual meetings allow the two sides to examine on a yearly basis the negotiating platform of trade union organizations on the one hand, and government actions aimed at the promotion and optimization of the reform's content on the other. The institutionalization of these meetings has helped reduce labour conflicts as much as possible, and to instil trust between the government and workers’ unions, both of which have shored up social stability which is a pre-requisite for the harmonious development of a nascent democracy.","title":"Achievements for Burkina Faso"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chamber of Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_commerce"}],"sub_title":"Institutionalization of government-private sector dialogue","text":"In July 2001, in Bobo Dioulasso, Yonli decided in agreement with the business world, to institutionalize exchanges between the government and the entire private sector. Welcomed by the Chamber of Commerce and development partners, this meeting which is held yearly in the economic capital allows countries to share their economic and social achievements over the past year, gauge the extent of challenges faced and forecast for the year ahead. This meeting, which still takes place today, has become a key tool for economic governance in Burkina Faso, because it allows the government to make their interventions in the economic sector more targeted, in line with medium and long-term economic planning benchmarks.","title":"Achievements for Burkina Faso"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"National Youth Forum and Annual women’s conference","text":"Drawing on the sectoral strategies of international organisations, under the Yonli government Burkina Faso decided to go beyond conventional gender management methods and organise annual meetings focused on women and young people in 2004. These meetings have served as a forum for self-reflection and brainstorming to effectively tackle the problem of promoting and developing these two social groups who make up more than 70% of the country's active population.","title":"Achievements for Burkina Faso"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Président COMPAORÉ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Compaor%C3%A9"}],"sub_title":"Creation of ‘’BURKINA 2025’’ and reintroduction of the National Territorial Development Plan (SNAT)","text":"When Yonli became head of government at the end of 2000, he had three main objectives:Quickly restore peace after the assassination of journalist Norbert Zongo;\nEnsure decentralization;\nSpeed up the implementation of poverty reduction reforms.These three objectives were tackled by a cabinet which he composed himself and submitted to Président COMPAORÉ who approved it without any significant changes. The cabinet made up of technocrats, politicians and representatives from civil society, got to work on the priorities set by Yonli.On a social level, dialogue was used as a driving force to foster the right conditions for peace through calls for tolerance and patriotism. In terms of the decentralization objective, the government chose a progressive approach to ensure the best conditions for the adoption of this process by business managers, elected representatives and the wider population.On an economic level, under the Yonli Government, economic growth went from an annual rate of between 3 and 4% to a rate ranging from 7 to 9%.Decentralization in Burkina Faso was kick-started. As a result, the process is now complete and serves as a benchmark in the sub-region. Under the Yonli Government, 13 regions were created, making up the 4 provinces. Furthermore, the guidelines for decentralization allowed for the number of communes to be changed from 55 to 30, to allow the population to appoint their local authorities, which led to the development of participatory democracy and also to the development of local economies.Programmes to combat poverty, although not achieving all anticipated results, have made the country the best economic performer in the sub-region from the point of view of its multilateral partners.It is also worth mentioning the ten-year education development programme, which has helped speed up the literacy rate. Under his government, the rate of school enrolment has gone from 39 to 70% in seven years.Finally, instruments for the identification, evaluation and reduction of poverty have now become everyday tools for planning and economic governance leaders. These are all things which help to make development projects and programmes more targeted and yield faster and more tangible results.This was consolidated thanks to the two major decisions which today underpin the country's economic and social governance:Making development part of the long-term perspective through the creation of a national roadmap called BURKINA 2025.\nThe creation of a global visibility framework called the National Territorial Development Plan, which organizes development by tapping into regional potential, to optimize the various areas of expertise specific to each region.","title":"Achievements for Burkina Faso"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Economic promotion of Burkina Faso overseas","text":"In 2004, Yonli undertook a world tour to promote Burkina Faso's economic potential. The objective of his trip was to provide sufficient information on the economic potential of the country to thus increase its attractiveness to investors.With this in mind, he visited, accompanied by business leaders:April 2004: Geneva, with 50 businessmen.\nOctober 2004: Canada, with 80 businessmen. During his visit, he heavily emphasized Burkina Faso's gold mining potential.\nApril 2005: France, with 70 businessmen.\nSeptember 2005: Malaysia, again with around 50 businessmen.The most significant results of this came after the visit to Canada. It was during this visit that major gold mines were opened, including the first gold mine in Taparko (Sanmatenga province). By 2009, six gold mines were operational, placing gold at the top of the list of products exported from the country, ahead of cotton. Currently, a new mining code is in the process of being adopted, to strike a balance between the profits made by miners, the government and the local populations.","title":"Achievements for Burkina Faso"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Achievements within the Economic and Social Council","text":"Since 2012, as President of the Economic and Social Council, Yonli has published various reports including:A report on agriculture, highlighting the need to develop this sector in Burkina Faso.\nA second report on gold and the need to submit a new mining code to the National Assembly.\nA third report on governance and distrust of public authority, with solutions for sustainable social stability.","title":"Achievements for Burkina Faso"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Having reiterated the legality of such a Constitutional reform during a meeting of the CDP at the Stade du 4 Août, Yonli nevertheless officially participated in Autumn 2014 in the drafting of a public report to the Economic and Social Council on the political and social risks linked to such a Constitutional reform.It is noteworthy that the National Assembly's draft vote on the reform of Article 37 of Burkina Faso's Constitution ultimately caused President Blaise Compaoré's demise.","title":"Opposition to Article 37"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Member of several charitable organizations\nGrand Officer of the National Order\nOfficer of the National Order\nCommander of the Order of Brilliant Star with a special grand cordon, of the Republic of China (Taiwan).","title":"Distinctions and awards"}]
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[{"image_text":"Yonli with President George W. Bush after presenting his credentials, January 22, 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Paramanga_Ernest_Yonli_with_Bush.jpg/220px-Paramanga_Ernest_Yonli_with_Bush.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Race_(rowing)
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The Great Race (rowing)
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["1 History","2 Layout","3 Harry Mahon Trophy results","4 Bryan Gould Cup results","5 References","6 External links"]
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This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Great Race (or Harry Mahon Trophy) was an annual rowing race between the men's eight from the University of Waikato, New Zealand and a prominent university team (or teams) from outside New Zealand. The race was held over a 4.8 kilometre stretch of the Waikato River in Hamilton and was raced upstream. The women race for the Bryan Gould Cup.
History
Previously, the University of Waikato had raced the University of Auckland over the Waikato River course in an annual fixture, which was first held in 1989. Known then as the 'Gallagher Boathouse Eights', the event was organised by Waikato University Sport & Recreation Manager Bill Crome and received huge local support from the people of Hamilton. Waikato won the first encounter against Auckland with a crew that contained three former Olympic representatives, Nigel Atherfold, Greg Johnston and Chris White, with the rest of the crew consisting of Waikato Rowing Club oarsmen, Andy Mahon, Nik Posa and Richard Kirke, and Stephen Hatfield and Chris Spanninga from the Hamilton Rowing Club, and coxswain Russell Robson.
The race in its current (international) format was the creation of British politician Bryan Gould, who was a former vice-chancellor of the University of Waikato and a graduate of the University of Oxford. The winners receive the right to hold the Harry Mahon memorial trophy. Harry Mahon, who was born in New Zealand, was a highly respected rowing coach for the Cambridge rowing team and the Olympic British rowing eight. He led many crews to World Championship and Olympic medals. Harry Mahon died of liver cancer in 2001.
The race has been organised by U Leisure from the University of Waikato and Olympic rower Rob Hamill since its conception.
The first race was held on 1 September 2002 where the University of Waikato crew led from the start and won by many boat lengths over the Cambridge University crew. For the second race, held on 7 September 2003, the Oxford crew got out to an early lead of two boat lengths by the first bridge. By half way, the Waikato crew had caught up and powered home to win the race by two boat lengths.
Since 2011, the tenth anniversary race, the format changed from the two boat competition of previous races, to a three boat competition. In 2011 the Waikato crew beat out University of Melbourne and Cambridge University, after Cambridge was forced to row without a rudder following a collision with Waikato; the race was restarted following the collision, caused by Cambridge failing to yield to the Waikato boat.
Layout
The boats used for the Great Race are custom built identical heavyweight men's eights from KIRS (Kiwi International Rowing Skiffs) in Cambridge, New Zealand. The nature of the river creates a highly technical course, with the current frequently switching from side to side of the river over the length of the course. This creates an advantage to the team on the side that the current is not on. The current ranges in speed from 0.64 m/s to 1.30 m/s. The slower water has the potential of slowing down a rowing boat down by 1.5 km/h over the length of the race. The race passes under four bridges along its length.
The visiting crew is flown out to New Zealand and entertained for the period of their stay. In the past this has included accommodation and use of the world class rowing facilities at Lake Karapiro. A full itinerary is organised for the crew, which allows them to really get a taste of New Zealand and make their stay in New Zealand a truly memorable one. Past crews have commented that this has really helped strengthen team bonding as well as making the long journey to New Zealand extremely enjoyable. The race is treated very seriously by both crews and visiting coxswains and coaches are given full briefings on the complexities of the Waikato River and the race course. The event has a high profile in the Hamilton community and as such the visiting crews attract a lot of media attention.
Rowing on the river starts at 9 am with corporate crews battling for work place bragging rights. This is followed by the secondary school races, which has the top NZ school crews and girls) racing over a 3 km upstream course. The boys' race is traditionally between Hamilton Boys' High School and various other schools from around the Waikato and Auckland. The day culminates in the two international races – the Bryan Gould Cup (woman) and the Harry Mahon Trophy (men) – raced over the 4.2 km Great Race course.
The event draws crowds of 20,000 + to the river banks in Hamilton and is covered by national radio and television. Spectator entertainment takes on a carnival atmosphere with corporate hosting, street theatre, displays, competitions and markets, and popular NZ and local music acts performing. The day before the race the two teams compete on indoor rowing machines, initially for fun, but now used to determine starting positions for the race. The Waikato River is sacred to the local Tainui Maori tribe, and a ceremonial haka (war dance) is performed on the boat ramp and a waka (traditional Maori canoe) leads off the two crews to the start line.
Harry Mahon Trophy results
Year
Winner
Runner-up
Second runner-up
2002
University of Waikato
University of Cambridge
2003
University of Waikato
University of Oxford
2004
University of Cambridge
University of Waikato
2005
University of Waikato
University of Washington
2006
University of Waikato
University of Cambridge
2007
University of Waikato
Harvard University
2008
University of Cambridge
University of Waikato
2009
University of Waikato
University of Oxford
2010
University of Cambridge
University of Waikato
2011
University of Waikato
University of Melbourne
University of Cambridge
2012
University of Sydney
University of Waikato
University of Queensland
2013
University of Waikato
University of Sydney
University of Cambridge
2014
University of Waikato
Harvard University
University of Melbourne
2015
Harvard University
University of Cambridge
University of Waikato
Bryan Gould Cup results
Year
Winner
Runner-up
Second runner-up
2006
University of Melbourne
University of Waikato
2007
University of Waikato
University of Melbourne
2008
University of Waikato
University of Sydney
2009
University of Waikato
University of Sydney
2010
University of Sydney
University of Waikato
2011
University of Waikato
University of Melbourne
University of Sydney
2012
University of Waikato
University of Sydney
University of Queensland
2013
University of Waikato
University of Sydney
University of Melbourne
2014
University of Washington
University of Waikato
University of Melbourne
2015
University of Waikato
University of Sydney
University of Melbourne
Previous races were against the Australian National Crew (2005), University of Melbourne (2004), NZ Women Academy Crew (2003) and a Cambridge Invitation (2002). Results for these races are not known.
References
^ Pepperell, Susan (5 April 2009). "Brotherly love: Rob Hamill wants justice for brother killed by Khmer Rouge". The Sunday Star-Times. Stuff.co.nz. Archived from the original on 26 February 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2010.
^ "Hamill set to testify at Khmer Rouge trial" (Press release). Pan Pacific Films. 27 July 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2010.
^ "Rudderless Champs Cross Line Last". Waikato Times. 12 September 2011.
^ "Great Race website". Retrieved 12 September 2011.
External links
The Great Race Website
Tribute to Harry Mahon
vteRowingAustralian rowing
Rowing Australia
Rowing Championships
Head of the River
Head of the Schoolgirls (Victoria)
King's Cup
Head of the River (New South Wales)
Head of the River (Victoria)
Head of the River (Western Australia)
Canadian rowing
Canadian Henley
Rowing Canada Aviron
Secondary School Rowing Association
University Rowing Association
Head of the Trent
New Zealand rowing
List of New Zealand rowers at the Summer Olympics
Maadi Cup
Rowing New Zealand
The Great Race
UK rowing
Boston Marathon
British Rowing
British Rowing Championships
Head of the River Race
Henley Boat Races
Henley Women's Regatta
National Schools' Regatta
Schools' Head of the River Race
Scottish Boat Race
Scottish Rowing
The Boat Race
University rowing
Welsh Rowing
Wingfield Sculls
Women's Boat Race
Women's Eights Head of the River Race
Henley Royal Regatta
Grand Challenge Cup
Stewards' Challenge Cup
Queen Mother Challenge Cup
Silver Goblets & Nickalls' Challenge Cup
Double Sculls Challenge Cup
Diamond Challenge Sculls
Ladies' Challenge Plate
Visitors' Challenge Cup
Prince of Wales Challenge Cup
Thames Challenge Cup
Wyfold Challenge Cup
Britannia Challenge Cup
Temple Challenge Cup
Prince Albert Challenge Cup
Princess Elizabeth Challenge Cup
Fawley Challenge Cup
Remenham Challenge Cup
Princess Grace Challenge Cup
Princess Royal Challenge Cup
US rowing
College rowing
CRASH-B Sprints
Dad Vail Regatta
Eastern Sprints
Harvard–Yale Regatta
Head of the Charles Regatta
Head of the Fish
Head of the Hooch
Head of the Ohio
Head of the Schuylkill Regatta
Poughkeepsie Regatta
Scholastic Rowing Association of America
Stotesbury Cup
NCAA Division I Rowing Championship
Intercollegiate Rowing Association
American Collegiate Rowing Association
World Rowing Federation events
Olympic Games
Paralympic Games
World Rowing Championships
World Rowing Cup
World Rowing Junior Championships
World Rowing U23 Championships
European Rowing Championships
Asian Rowing Championships
Universiade
Pan American Games
African Games
Commonwealth Games
Types of rowing
Bumps race
Coastal
Indoor rower
Lightweight
Para
Racing shell
Sculling
Stern sculling
Sweep
Rowing tank
Women's
Lists
Glossary of rowing terms
Club oars
National oars
Rowing boat manufacturers
Rowing venues
School and university oars
World best times
Category
Commons
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_(sport)"},{"link_name":"University of Waikato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Waikato"},{"link_name":"Waikato River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waikato_River"},{"link_name":"Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand"}],"text":"The Great Race (or Harry Mahon Trophy) was an annual rowing race between the men's eight from the University of Waikato, New Zealand and a prominent university team (or teams) from outside New Zealand. The race was held over a 4.8 kilometre stretch of the Waikato River in Hamilton and was raced upstream. The women race for the Bryan Gould Cup.","title":"The Great Race (rowing)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Auckland"},{"link_name":"Nigel Atherfold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Atherfold"},{"link_name":"Greg Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Johnston_(rower)"},{"link_name":"Chris White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_White_(rower)"},{"link_name":"Bryan Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Gould"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Harry Mahon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Mahon"},{"link_name":"Rob Hamill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Hamill"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"University of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Previously, the University of Waikato had raced the University of Auckland over the Waikato River course in an annual fixture, which was first held in 1989. Known then as the 'Gallagher Boathouse Eights', the event was organised by Waikato University Sport & Recreation Manager Bill Crome and received huge local support from the people of Hamilton. Waikato won the first encounter against Auckland with a crew that contained three former Olympic representatives, Nigel Atherfold, Greg Johnston and Chris White, with the rest of the crew consisting of Waikato Rowing Club oarsmen, Andy Mahon, Nik Posa and Richard Kirke, and Stephen Hatfield and Chris Spanninga from the Hamilton Rowing Club, and coxswain Russell Robson.The race in its current (international) format was the creation of British politician Bryan Gould, who was a former vice-chancellor of the University of Waikato and a graduate of the University of Oxford. The winners receive the right to hold the Harry Mahon memorial trophy. Harry Mahon, who was born in New Zealand, was a highly respected rowing coach for the Cambridge rowing team and the Olympic British rowing eight. He led many crews to World Championship and Olympic medals. Harry Mahon died of liver cancer in 2001.The race has been organised by U Leisure from the University of Waikato and Olympic rower Rob Hamill since its conception.[1][2]The first race was held on 1 September 2002 where the University of Waikato crew led from the start and won by many boat lengths over the Cambridge University crew. For the second race, held on 7 September 2003, the Oxford crew got out to an early lead of two boat lengths by the first bridge. By half way, the Waikato crew had caught up and powered home to win the race by two boat lengths.Since 2011, the tenth anniversary race, the format changed from the two boat competition of previous races, to a three boat competition. In 2011 the Waikato crew beat out University of Melbourne and Cambridge University, after Cambridge was forced to row without a rudder following a collision with Waikato; the race was restarted following the collision, caused by Cambridge failing to yield to the Waikato boat.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cambridge, New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Lake Karapiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Karapiro"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Boys' High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Boys%27_High_School"},{"link_name":"Bryan Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Gould"},{"link_name":"indoor rowing machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_rowing_machine"},{"link_name":"Tainui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tainui"},{"link_name":"haka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haka_(sports)"},{"link_name":"waka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waka_(canoe)"}],"text":"The boats used for the Great Race are custom built identical heavyweight men's eights from KIRS (Kiwi International Rowing Skiffs) in Cambridge, New Zealand. The nature of the river creates a highly technical course, with the current frequently switching from side to side of the river over the length of the course. This creates an advantage to the team on the side that the current is not on. The current ranges in speed from 0.64 m/s to 1.30 m/s. The slower water has the potential of slowing down a rowing boat down by 1.5 km/h over the length of the race. The race passes under four bridges along its length.The visiting crew is flown out to New Zealand and entertained for the period of their stay. In the past this has included accommodation and use of the world class rowing facilities at Lake Karapiro. A full itinerary is organised for the crew, which allows them to really get a taste of New Zealand and make their stay in New Zealand a truly memorable one. Past crews have commented that this has really helped strengthen team bonding as well as making the long journey to New Zealand extremely enjoyable. The race is treated very seriously by both crews and visiting coxswains and coaches are given full briefings on the complexities of the Waikato River and the race course. The event has a high profile in the Hamilton community and as such the visiting crews attract a lot of media attention.Rowing on the river starts at 9 am with corporate crews battling for work place bragging rights. This is followed by the secondary school races, which has the top NZ school crews and girls) racing over a 3 km upstream course. The boys' race is traditionally between Hamilton Boys' High School and various other schools from around the Waikato and Auckland. The day culminates in the two international races – the Bryan Gould Cup (woman) and the Harry Mahon Trophy (men) – raced over the 4.2 km Great Race course.The event draws crowds of 20,000 + to the river banks in Hamilton and is covered by national radio and television. Spectator entertainment takes on a carnival atmosphere with corporate hosting, street theatre, displays, competitions and markets, and popular NZ and local music acts performing. The day before the race the two teams compete on indoor rowing machines, initially for fun, but now used to determine starting positions for the race. The Waikato River is sacred to the local Tainui Maori tribe, and a ceremonial haka (war dance) is performed on the boat ramp and a waka (traditional Maori canoe) leads off the two crews to the start line.","title":"Layout"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Harry Mahon Trophy results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Great_Race_website-4"}],"text":"Previous races were against the Australian National Crew (2005), University of Melbourne (2004), NZ Women Academy Crew (2003) and a Cambridge Invitation (2002). Results for these races are not known.\n[4]","title":"Bryan Gould Cup results"}]
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[{"reference":"Pepperell, Susan (5 April 2009). \"Brotherly love: Rob Hamill wants justice for brother killed by Khmer Rouge\". The Sunday Star-Times. Stuff.co.nz. Archived from the original on 26 February 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110226115256/http://www.stuff.co.nz/sunday-star-times/features/2315038/Brotherly-love-Rob-Hamill-wants-justice-for-brother-killed-by-Khmer-Rouge","url_text":"\"Brotherly love: Rob Hamill wants justice for brother killed by Khmer Rouge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Star-Times","url_text":"The Sunday Star-Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuff.co.nz","url_text":"Stuff.co.nz"},{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/sunday-star-times/features/2315038/Brotherly-love-Rob-Hamill-wants-justice-for-brother-killed-by-Khmer-Rouge","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hamill set to testify at Khmer Rouge trial\" (Press release). Pan Pacific Films. 27 July 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO0907/S00278.htm","url_text":"\"Hamill set to testify at Khmer Rouge trial\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rudderless Champs Cross Line Last\". Waikato Times. 12 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waikato_Times","url_text":"Waikato Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Great Race website\". Retrieved 12 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thegreatrace.co.nz/the-great-race/the-winners","url_text":"\"Great Race website\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110226115256/http://www.stuff.co.nz/sunday-star-times/features/2315038/Brotherly-love-Rob-Hamill-wants-justice-for-brother-killed-by-Khmer-Rouge","external_links_name":"\"Brotherly love: Rob Hamill wants justice for brother killed by Khmer Rouge\""},{"Link":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/sunday-star-times/features/2315038/Brotherly-love-Rob-Hamill-wants-justice-for-brother-killed-by-Khmer-Rouge","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO0907/S00278.htm","external_links_name":"\"Hamill set to testify at Khmer Rouge trial\""},{"Link":"http://www.thegreatrace.co.nz/the-great-race/the-winners","external_links_name":"\"Great Race website\""},{"Link":"http://www.thegreatrace.co.nz/","external_links_name":"The Great Race Website"},{"Link":"http://www.total.rowing.org.uk/mahon.html","external_links_name":"Tribute to Harry Mahon"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Benghazi_(2014%E2%80%932017)
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Battle of Benghazi (2014–2017)
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["1 Background","2 Timeline of the battle","2.1 Operation launched","2.2 Stalemate and Port of Benghazi","2.3 Renewed advance","2.4 Slowdown","2.5 Offensive stalls","2.6 Summer 2016 advance","2.7 Attempted BDB offensive towards Benghazi","2.8 LNA capture of Gwarsha and advance into Ganfouda","2.9 Ganfouda and Bosnaib","2.10 12 Blocks siege","2.11 Entering Al-Sabri and Souq al-Hoot","2.12 Final LNA push","2.13 Sidi Akribesh siege","3 See also","4 References"]
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Coordinates: 32°07′00″N 20°04′00″E / 32.1167°N 20.0667°E / 32.1167; 20.0667Battle during the Second Libyan Civil War
Battle of Benghazi (2014–2017)Part of the Second Libyan Civil WarThe situation in August 2016; before the LNA captured the Gwarsha and Ganfouda districtsDate15 October 2014 – 30 December 2017(3 years, 2 months, 2 weeks and 1 day)LocationBenghazi, Libya32°07′00″N 20°04′00″E / 32.1167°N 20.0667°E / 32.1167; 20.0667Result
Major Libyan National Army victory
Ansar al-Sharia dissolves itself
BRSC's Libya Martyrs' Brigade announces withdrawal of surviving fighters to DernaBelligerents
Libyan National Army
Benghazi Security Directorate
Supported by: France
DGSE
Special Forces
Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries
Benghazi Defense Brigades
Ansar al-Sharia
Libya Shield 1
Supported by:
LROR
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (from Nov. 2014 to Jan. 2017)
Wilayat BarqaCommanders and leaders
Field Marshal Khalifa Haftar(Commander of Operation Dignity) Colonel Abdussalam Al-Hassi(Commander of the LNA's Benghazi operations room) Col. Wanis Abu Khamada(Commander of Libya's Special Forces) Brig. Gen. Saqr Geroushi(Commander of the Libyan Air Force) Salem Al-Naaili † (Libyan Special Forces top commander) Ahmed Abu-Bakr Huttea Al-Zwai † (Field commander)
Mohamed al-Zahawi † (Ansar al-Shariah Leader) Abu Khalid Al-Madani †(Zahawi's Successor) Ibrahim Bunuwara (POW) (Ansar al-Shariah top commander) Wissam Ben Hamid † (Libya Shield 1 Commander) Younis Al Louhicha † (Field commander) Jalal Makhzum †
Abdul Qader al-NajdiStrength
25,000
SCBR: several thousand (in 2014)
ISIL: UnknownCasualties and losses
5,000+ killed 3 DGSE operators killed, 1 helicopter downed
Unknown
Unknown
a Despite the LNA's declaration of victory on 5 July 2017, the battle continued with militants still holding 150 m2 of territory, which was reportedly reduced to just one building by 27 July. The militant-controlled area was cleared on 30 December.
vteLibyan civil war (2014–2020)
2014s coups
Islamist conflict with Libyan National Army
1st Benghazi
Benina Airport
2nd Benghazi
2nd Derna
4th Derna
ISIL and anti-ISIL operations
Kikla
1st Derna
Nofaliya
Egyptian airstrikes
1st Sirte
Bin Jawad
Misrata
2nd Sirte
Factional fighting
Tripoli Airport
Ubari
Traghan
West Libya
1st Tripoli
LNA vs GNA
Gulf of Sidra
Brak al-Shati
2nd Gulf of Sidra
Saddada Castle
Southern Libya
Sabha
Murzuq
Western Libya
Gharyan
Volcano of Rage
Tajoura
Misrata
Zuwarah
Tripoli military school
3rd Sirte
Central Libya
al-Watiya
al-Watiya airstrike
Terror attacks
Kidnapping of Copts
Corinthia Hotel
Al Qubbah
Zliten truck bombing
Flight 209
3rd Derna
Benghazi car bombing
Benghazi bombing
Tripoli attack
NOC attack
Foreign involvement
American intervention
Turkish intervention
Egyptian intervention
Peace Process
Palermo Conference
Libyan peace process
Libyan peace process
The Battle of Benghazi (2014–2017) was a major battle of the Second Libyan Civil War that raged from October 2014 to December 2017, between the Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in Libya, and the Libyan National Army (LNA), and paramilitaries supporting the Libyan National Army in the city. The battle was a direct consequence of the failed Benina Airport Offensive by the Benghazi Revolutionaries and their Allies, which allowed LNA Forces to regroup and attack deep into Benghazi.
By May 2016, the LNA controlled at least 90% of the City, including Ansar Al-Sharia's main neighborhood of Al-Laithi, Benghazi University, and the Cement Factory.
A number of Benghazi revolutionaries regrouped later on and announced the formation of the Benghazi Defense Brigades in June 2016, to support the Shura Council. Despite LNA General Khalifa Haftar's declaration of the "liberation" of the city, dozens of gunmen remained fortified and besieged in Sidi Akribesh, according to sources close to military, with the final pocket persisting until December 2017.
Background
Heavy clashes broke out in Benghazi on 16 May 2014 with the Libyan National Army attacking the militias in the city. The attack was led by Khalifa Haftar, the commander of the LNA. He declared it was launched to clear the city of Islamist militias and "restore Libya's dignity". However during the summer of 2014, the Benghazi revolutionaries, an alliance of former rebels and Islamist militants, launched constant attacks against LNA bases and headquarters, eventually forcing the LNA to retreat to the nearby town of Benina. On 30 July 2014 Ansar al-Sharia, one of the militant Islamist groups within the Shura Council, stated it had taken complete control over Benghazi. The announcement came after they had seized the headquarters of the special forces of the Libyan National Army.
With the retreat of the LNA from Benghazi proper, the city's airport (located 15 km east in the town of Benina) became one of the last areas still held by the army. The LNA managed to repel the attempt by militants to seize the airport in the Battle of Benina Airport, inflicting high casualties on the Islamist fighters, and setting the stage for the LNA operation to recapture Benghazi.
Timeline of the battle
Operation launched
On 14 October 2014, Khalifa Haftar declared he would "liberate the city" from "terrorists". Troops loyal to him and allied to the army, launched an offensive on 15 October with some residents allying with his forces to dismantle checkpoints set up by Islamists. Per hospital medics, at least nine soldiers and four civilians were found dead on a street during the clashes, with two soldiers wounded. Haftar's forces and the army stated on 17 October they were in complete control of the camp of February 17th Martyrs Brigade. Meanwhile, Red Crescent called for a ceasefire.
At least 18 people were killed in fighting on 17 October according to Benghazi Medical Centre, with the dead being mostly soldiers and allied civilian from the central al-Majouri neighbourhood. The total death toll climbed to 52 according to hospital figures. Farraj Hashem, the spokesman of Libya's elected parliament called House of Representatives which had relocated to Tobruk, announced that the parliament had endorsed Haftar's "Operation Dignity" against the Islamists and had given him an official role.
After the militants were expelled from the airport and the February 17 camp, fighting broke out in the campus of University of Benghazi between Ansar al-Sharia and the army, as well as areas around the February 17 camp. Units of the Libyan Army also clashed with the Islamists in other areas according to residents. Meanwhile, the death toll in the clashes rose to 130 by 26 October. Ten people were killed on 29 October according to medics as several residential districts were hit by rockets and artillery shells, with the death toll rising to at least 180.
Special Forces commander Wanis Bukhamada stated on 31 October that his troops had recaptured four army barracks after two weeks of clashes, as well as the eastern road leading out of the city. He also claimed the army was in control of 80% of the city. The death toll meanwhile rose to 210 according to medics.
Stalemate and Port of Benghazi
On 3 November, Libyan Army urged residents to evacuate Islamist-controlled Assabri district which houses the Port of Benghazi. Ansar al-Sharia had retreated to the district after the Army had taken control of other areas. A ship of the Libyan Navy was struck during heavy clashes that involved airplanes and tanks according to residents. Five pro-government soldiers were killed and 28 wounded on 8 November, with the death toll rising to 300 according to medics.
Fighters loyal to Islamic State of Iraq and Levant were reported to have expanded their presence westwards from Derna along the coast, including in Benghazi.
About 400 were killed by 29 November according to medics, with the fighting focused on the port in the past three weeks. About 50 were killed in the next 10 days, medical personnel stated on 10 December. The fighting had become a stalemate around the port. Mohamed El Hejazi, Haftar's spokesman as well as the spokesman for the army in eastern Libya, stated that reinforcements were arriving from Tobruk and Ajdabiya.
By 18 December, at least 25 people had been killed and 103 wounded over the previous eight days according to medics, bringing the death toll to 475 as clashes continued in the port. The death toll climbed to 600 by 18 January 2015, according to medics, with the army trying to capture the port and two other districts where they claimed Ansar al-Sharia was holed up, with the army controlling most of the city according to Reuters. Mohamed El Hejazi claimed the army controlled 90% of the city.
Renewed advance
Heavy clashes erupted on 6 February 2015 as pro-government forces pushed to capture the port. Army vehicles advanced along the Corniche gate to the gate of the port and a nearby court building. They also captured several government buildings. Seven soldiers were killed and 25 wounded according to military officials. Two people were killed and 20 wounded, according to medics and military officials, in a car bomb attack on a military base in Lithi neighborhood where the military and Islamists were fighting.
The death toll of the battle rose to 700 on 8 February according to medics. Libyan special forces declared on 9 February 2015 that they had captured the main military base, on a road to the airport, from the Islamists. Military official Fadil Hassi stated that two people were killed and 30 injured when at least two rockets struck downtown Benghazi. Bukhamada meanwhile claimed that his troops had captured a large part of the airport road.
Slowdown
The House of Representatives appointed Haftar as the commander of the armed forces in early March. Seven soldiers were killed according to Fadl al-Hasi, in a suicide car bomb attack on an army checkpoint in Laithi district. ISIL claimed the attack with the military carrying out air strikes in response. Meanwhile, two people were killed when a rocket hit a residential building. Medics stated on 11 April that ten soldiers were killed and 55 wounded with a tank battalion and armed youths clashing against the Shura for most of the previous day.
Two civilians were killed and four wounded when a residential building was struck by a rocket on 7 May. The death toll of the battle rose to 53 in the past five weeks. Around 17 civilians were killed since April while 90 were wounded in artillery and rocket strikes. Thirty-six soldiers and armed youths were killed while about 270 were wounded in street clashes since April. Hejazi blamed the Islamists for firing rockets whenever the army attacked their areas, though this was denied by the Islamist faction.
Nine soldiers were killed in clashes on 20 May. Thirty soldiers were wounded according to a military spokesman. He also stated that the special forces, backed by helicopters, had recaptured several government buildings. A military spokesman stated on 1 June that they were facing an ammunition shortage. Progress had stalled as Shura fighters were holed up in several districts as well as the port. Meanwhile, hospital sources said that 57 soldiers had been killed and 170 were wounded in May.
Offensive stalls
Medics stated on 11 July that around 19 people were killed and 80 wounded in clashes in past three days with heavy clashes in the Laithi area where Islamist fighters attacked soldiers who had cut off the main streets into the district. ISIL stated on 15 July that it had killed a Libyan Army commander Salem al-Naili as the offensive appeared to stall. Army officials stated he was killed in clashes in Laithi along with another soldier.
The offensive stalled by August with the army receiving high casualties as it lacked training and weapons for street clashes. Special forces spokesman Milad al-Zwai stated that 25 soldiers were killed and 35 wounded in July. A tank battalion fought against Islamist brigades trying to advance on 30 August. Four soldiers were killed and six wounded according to medics. Pro-ISIL fighters trying to capture tanks attacked a LNA post in Annawaghia, a town 8 kilometres (5 mi) southwest of Benghazi. At least seven soldiers were killed while repelling the attack.
At least 16 people were killed according to a military commander on 11 November. Military spokesman Milad Zwei, meanwhile, stated that they had captured the air defense camp between Mash'hash and Sidi Faraj districts. Medical officials stated on 20 February 2016 that 14 people were killed in clashes between LNA and Islamist militants. A military spokesman told Reuters that most of the clashes were occurring in the neighborhood of Botani.
Summer 2016 advance
LNA claimed on 21 February that they had pushed back Islamists in several areas and had taken further territory including the strategic port of Marisa as well as the nearby Al-Halis district. On 23 February, the army captured the Laithi area, which was notorious as a nerve centre of ISIL. The military stated it had seized complete control of Boatni and Laithi districts.
A hospital source stated on 16 April that at least 15 soldiers were killed in clashes in the past two days with 40 being wounded. ISIL had attempted two suicide attacks near a cement factory to the west of the city where fighters were holding out, though only one struck the troops per Milad al-Zawie. ISIL claimed to have killed dozens of soldiers, though Zawie stated 6 were killed and 25 wounded.
Zawie stated on 18 April that the troops had captured a cement factory and cemetery in El Hawari district where pro-ISIL fighters had been holding out. He also stated that they had captured a camp behind Garyounis University. They thus built on their advance in February when they had captured Laithi and Boatni districts.
By 22 June, the LNA captured the Gharyounis district and most of the tourist village at Ganfouda, under the control of Benghazi Shura. On the same day, 11 fighters affiliated with Khalifa Haftar-led Dignity Operation forces were killed and almost 5 others were injured due to clashes with the Benghazi Shura Council, according to a source.
Attempted BDB offensive towards Benghazi
The Benghazi Defense Brigades (BDB), a new grouping allied with the Shura Council Islamists, was founded on 1 June 2016, combining soldiers, ex-policemen and Islamist mujahideen previously expelled from Benghazi by the LNA. After an attack on Ajdabiya in late June, its commander Mustafa al-Sharkasi announced their intention to advance and retake Benghazi. BDB sources stated on 10 July 2016 that it had captured Sultan and Al-Jeldaya checkpoint, however LNA refuted this, stating the attack was repelled. BDB's media wing announced on 16 July it had started moving towards Benghazi after capturing many areas west of it including Al-Magroon and were 60 to 70 kilometres away from Benghazi.
On 17 July, BDB claimed it had shot down a LNA helicopter in Al-Magroon. The militia later on 19 July reported that two French special forces troops were possibly among the crew killed in the crash. A day later, French government confirmed that three French special forces soldiers had died in the crash. French military and intelligence presence was announced in February 2016, after a small detachment of Special Forces and DGSE based out of Benina Airport assisted the Tobruk-based Libyan National Army. The detachment had been in Libya for several months, and coordinated the November US strike on Derna which killed the most senior ISIL leader in the country, Iraqi Abu Nabil al-Anbari.
BDB stated on 20 July that 13 of its fighters were killed in retaliatory French airstrikes near Benghazi. Red Crescent stated that it had received 17 bodies from districts bombed to east of Benghazi. After an overnight air attack and LNA advance, BDB were reported to be retreating towards Sultan while LNA entered Magroon. BDB was reported to have retreated back to Al Jufra Airbase on 22–23 July.
Libyan Air Force commander Saqr Geroushi meanwhile in July confirmed the presence of soldiers of Western nations in Libya. He stated that 20 troops from United States, France and United Kingdom were stationed at Benina airbase, stating they were only "monitoring the movements of the Islamic State jihadists and how they store ammunition" but "there are no (foreign) pilots fighting in the place of our pilots and fighters."
However many sources indicates that French Special Forces and DGSE along with other unit were actually operating on the ground during the battle for the city. It seems that French leads at least 4 raid in February and were active in fight alongside the LNA.
LNA capture of Gwarsha and advance into Ganfouda
On 20 August 2016, the LNA captured several parts of the Gwarsha district and offered ceasefire to the militants if they surrendered. On 2 August 2016, a car bomb attack claimed by the Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries in a residential district in Guwarsha district of western Benghazi targeting Libyan National Army killed at least 22 and injured another 20 more people.
On 30 August 2016, media sources reported five fighters from Dignity Operation were killed and others were injured in fierce clashes when pro-Haftar forces tried to advance into the Al-Yasameen Summer Resort which was captured by Benghazi Shura Council the day before. On 6 September, sources from the Benghazi Shura Council reported Tuesday that four fighters from Dignity Operation forces of Khalifa Haftar were killed and others were wounded by a landmine blast in Gawarcha frontline.
On 16 November, the LNA captured Gwarsha Gate, as well as the Gwarsha district on the next day and were besieging fighters from the Benghazi Revolutionary Shura Council in Ganfouda. Twenty-three soldiers were killed in the clashes, while 60 were wounded.
LNA captured over 20 square kilometres of area in Ganfouda by 20 November, with Shura-held territory being reduced to less than 6 square kilometres. A mufti of the Shura Council was also killed in the clashes. On 22 November, LNA started shelling Sabri and Suq al-Hout in preparation for a future offensive to retake the two districts. On 30 November, it launched an assault on Ganfouda, with tanks attacking from the west, while soldiers advanced across the whole perimeter and naval forces bombarded from offshore. It had captured about 90% of the district by this point and had destroyed the last tank of the Shura.
On 21 December 2016, an ISIL suicide bomber killed eight troops in fighting near Benghazi, media reports said.
Ganfouda and Bosnaib
On 5 January 2017, ISIL militants operating in Benghazi decided to flee the city after more than two years of clashes. There were conflicting reports about the reasons behind it. The Shura council said all the militants in Al-Sabri and Ganfouda districts were given a safe corridor by LNA to leave from the western gate of the city, while LNA claimed that the fighters had secretly escaped. The Shura council also stated that it had taken control of the districts and areas that were earlier under the group's control. Thirteen pro-LNA fighters were reportedly killed as the group withdrew, according to media sources. 2 ISIL fighters were also reportedly killed in the clashes, while another two were captured.
LNA stated on 6 January that the captured spokesman of the Shura Council confirmed that Wissam Ben Hamid, the leader of the pro-Shura groups, was killed in an airstrike in December 2016.
On 15 January 2017, Benghazi Shura Council fighters shot down a MiG 23 warplane of LNA. On 16 January 2017, pro-Haftar forces retook the Abu Sneib district in the city from Benghazi Shura Council militants after two days of fighting. A commanding officer stated that around 52 troops had died in fighting since 1 January in and around Benghazi. On 17 January, Fadel al-Hassi stated that LNA had captured the Bosnaib district.
LNA made gains around the Ganfouda district on 23 January. On 25 January 2017, LNA captured the Ganfouda district and stated that the remaining militants had fled to an area known as "12 Blocks". According to spokesman of LNA's Zawiya Martyrs' brigade, Wahid al-Zawi, the army was yet to secure the "12 Blocks" area which lies between Ganfouda and Bosnaib. A LNA commander told broadcaster Libya Channel that their forces had freed more than 60 people from captivity, following the fighting.
12 Blocks siege
On 27 January 2017, the remnants of jihadists in the "12 Block" pocket were reported to have been defeated by the LNA. On 1 and 2 February 2017, 9 LNA soldiers were killed while clearing the "12 Blocks" area. The "12 Blocks" area was reported to have been fully secured on 2 February. However, clashes kept ongoing in the area despite the claims. BRSC announced on 21 February that one of its field commanders, Younis Al-Louhaishi, was killed in an airstrike. On 28 February it announced that Omer Ishkel, who is reported to be a former regime officer and Muammar Gaddafi's cousin, was killed in an airstrike on "12 Blocks". On 15 March, it stated that its commander Jalal Makhzum had been killed in 12 Blocks area during the clashes.
LNA captured the 12 Blocks complex on 18 March after an assault. The siege ended after the BRSC fighters attempted to escape. Milad al-Zwai, spokesman of LNA's special forces stated that 23 BRSC fighters were killed while six were arrested though some managed to escape along with civilians. In return, seven LNA soldiers were killed and six wounded. LNA also stated it lost a MiG-21 fighter jet over the Sabri district. It also detained and was investigating some of the civilians who had remained in the area after its capture.
Entering Al-Sabri and Souq al-Hoot
On 28 March, the LNA announced the beginning of the "final operation" to retake the remaining areas in central Benghazi that was still held by Shura Council militants. On 3 April, it was reported that the last Shura Council pocket in the Al-Sabri and Souq al-Hooq Districts had been heavily bombed by warplanes of LNA and ally nations. It was reported that the airstrikes caused the collapse of the Al-Lathamah Bridge in eastern Al-Sabri. On 3 May 2017, three civilians were killed and seven to 14 people were also wounded when a rocket hit a building in Shibna of Hay Dollar district. Meanwhile, four LNA engineers were killed when trying to defuse an explosive device when it detonated in Al-Sabri. On 9 May 2017, Riyadh al-Shahiebi, of the Saiqa special forces media office, said that 17 LNA troops were killed and that they had entered the Souq al-Hout and Sabri areas, but their advance has been slowed by roadside bombs. Another 55 LNA soldiers were also wounded. On the same day, LNA managed to recapture the National Library of Libya in Sabri district after heavy fighting with Islamic militants. At least 24 troops were killed and over 110 wounded during the previous 24 hours.
Final LNA push
On 19 June 2017, LNA soldiers were able to advance along Dernah, Al-Ageeb and Zuwara streets in Suq Al-Hout while also pushing militants out of the century-old Erkheis mosque.
On 23 June 2017, LNA announced that it had taken control of Souq al-Hout district. According to a medical official, at least 13 LNA soldiers were killed and 37 wounded during the past two days of fighting with many of those killed by landmines.
On 28 June 2017, the LNA took control of the Al-Thadi football club and surrounding buildings in Sabri during fighting, killing at least three LNA soldiers and injuring dozens. Field Marshal Haftar assigned Colonel Abdulmalik al-Awkali as the new military commander of Benghazi, while official reports that 44 soldiers were killed in fighting with the militants. LNA spokesman Khalifa al-Abidi stated that troops had made progress and the militants were besieged in an area of two square kilometres. On 4 July 2017, at least 17 LNA troops have died and 50 injured during the past 24 hours, according to a medical source. Meanwhile, LNA claimed that 19 militants were also killed in fighting and took control over important sites.
On 5 July 2017, LNA overran militants' position in Sabri district by retaking Gumhoriya Hospital and the unfinished Hyatt Regency hotel. Five LNA soldiers were killed, including Colonel Saleh Al-Rishi. Troops were meanwhile surrounding Sidi Akribesh area where the last holdout of the militants. Later in the evening, Field Marshal Khalifa Haftar declared that LNA forces had taken full control of the city from the Islamist militants.
Fighting in Benghazi continued two days after Haftar's declaration of victory, with 12 LNA men being killed and 35 wounded as it attempted to clear the last pockets of resistance in Sabri district. At least five militants were meanwhile killed and 11 arrested, while 10 prisoners held by them were freed according to LNA officials.
On 8 July, fighting with cornered militants continued with 18 LNA soldiers being killed during the day in mop-up operations. LNA claimed it killed Nasser Al-Tarshani, also known as Abu Khaled Al-Madani, a leader of Ansar al-Sharia. LNA spokesman Colonel Miloud Zwei stated on the next day that 20 LNA soldiers had been killed since the declaration of victory, while several militants were also killed and 17 arrested. He stated that the clashes were still ongoing in Souq al-Jarid. On 9 July, LNA stated it had managed to capture Sabri's Sidi Akribesh, the last militant positions after four days of fighting which left at least 22 LNA soldiers dead.
In an official statement after Haftar's declaration of victory, the Egyptian foreign ministry meanwhile praised LNA for its role, welcoming their victory as a "purge of terrorist and extremist organisations" in Benghazi. France's foreign ministry too welcomed LNA's victory while calling on Haftar to integrate a Libyan army under the authority of a civil power. GNA issued a statement congratulating the Benghazi residents for the victory. Thousands of Libyan civilians in many cities of the country celebrated after LNA's declaration of victory. In mid-July 2017, according to scholars from Benghazi University, an estimated of 5 to 10 billion Libyan dinars are needed to rebuild Benghazi with the help from central government.
On 18 July 2017, the LNA admitted that 78 soldiers had been killed since the start of the month, including 21 soldiers which were killed by land mines and booby traps. It was also revealed that Sidi Akherbish had not been fully secured by the LNA, with two pockets of militants resuming to fight from Sabri's vegetable market and Al-Ruyaain hotel. A local hospital said six dead and 20 wounded soldiers had been brought in during the past four days.
Sidi Akribesh siege
On 22 July 2017, heavy fighting erupted in Bela Square. Two Ansar Al-Sharia leaders were believed to be holed up in the area, identified as Abdullah Buzgeia and Ahmed bin Shatwan. Meanwhile, Saiqa Special Forces spokesman Milad Al-Zwai said that the militants controlled an area of just 150 square metres and that after its capture the LNA's operation in Benghazi would end. Six LNA troops were killed while eight were injured in the clashes. Five days later, the militants in Sidi Akribesh were confined to one building, with most of them wearing suicide vests, according to a Saiqa Special Forces spokesman.
Ibrahim Bunuwara, who was said to earlier have been one of Ansar al-Sharia's top commanders in Sidi Akribesh, was captured, reportedly in Al-Khums.
Though the LNA's operational focus had shifted to Derna by August 2017, it was reported that some militants were still holding out in Sidi Akribesh. It was reported during the next month that a group of militants was still holding out in the area and inflicting casualties on the LNA. The LNA continued to insist that the surviving militants were confined to a few buildings. Meanwhile, the Jalaa Hospital was reported to have stated that four soldiers died, while 66 were injured in August.
In November 2017, LNA commanders abandoned their plan to starve out the remaining militants. Meanwhile, an LNA warplane launched airstrikes on the district for the first time in weeks. After that, the LNA advanced, but apparently met stiff resistance, with three soldiers killed and 12 wounded. One of the militants was also killed. On 9 November, one soldier and several Islamists were killed when LNA special forces advanced into Khreibish district, one of the remaining pockets of resistance. Ten soldiers were also wounded. Commander Wanis Bukhamada stated that his forces had captured almost the entire district after one day of fighting.
The LNA declared complete control of Sidi Akribesh according to a report on 11 November, with a warplane flying above to salute the soldiers. After the LNA's initial attacks were beaten back in August, Saiqa Special Forces had been called in to end the siege. However, Saiqa forces' spokesman Melod Zawi denied these reports as baseless, stating that military operations were still ongoing in Sidi Akribesh.
Dozens of militants remained holed up until late November in Sidi Akribesh despite Haftar's declaration of liberation in the summer, according to sources close to the military, who estimated the militants to be 90 in number. A military officer told Asharq Al-Awsat that the gunmen were using al-Baladi hotel as their main headquarters. While LNA claimed the militants to be ISIL, a mediator close to the armed groups stated they were Libya Shield 1. Zwai stated on 25 November that two LNA fighters were killed in clashes against Shura fighters, while three were also injured in clashes that broke out near Baladi hotel. Ten militants and seven soldiers were killed in November.
One person was killed and 10 injured in renewed clashes in Sidi Akribesh on 1 December. Zwai stated that they had advanced to the municipal hotel area and captured new locations. Another soldier was killed on 4 December, while three were wounded according to Zwai. He also added that they had found a supply dump used by the militants. By 7 December, a hospital in Benghazi had received five dead bodies and 12 wounded of LNA from battles with BRSC over the past three days. Medical sources meanwhile stated on 11 December that four LNA fighters had been killed and 10 others injured since the beginning of December.
Fresh clashes erupted between the two sides on 14 December in response to the killing of two soldiers by a sniper from Ansar al-Sharia, according to army officer Saeed Wanees. He added that the army's assault aimed at "ending the battle in Benghazi and completing the liberation announced months ago." By this time, nine soldiers had been killed in the battle since the beginning of December.
The LNA took over the last remaining militant stronghold of Sidi Akribesh on 28 December., with the military announceing that it had captured this last district of Benghazi from the Islamist fighters. Commander Wanis Bukhamada, head of army special forces, said LNA now fully controlled the district. They also stated they had captured the Baladi hotel and its surroundings. Al-Jalaa Hospital received 17 dead and 76 wounded LNA fighters in December 2017.
An LNA source stated on 29 December that three militants were killed in clashes. The source added that they were still besieging a number of terrorists in the area and the three who were killed were hiding in the rubble of the municipal hotel while the army was searching for fleeing militants. A military source stated on 30 December that all military operations had been concluded after securing the area and pursuing fleeing militants, killing five of them.
Mohammed Salalbi, senior leader of the Libya Martyrs' Brigade, stated that the remaining BRSC fighters had retreated from Benghazi and arrived in Derna on 29 December after misleading the LNA to make their way out. Merhi al-Houti of the LNA, meanwhile, denied that they had retreated, claiming that the army had blocked the road to areas controlled by them and had liberated the entire region from the "terrorist groups". He reiterated that clashes had ended.
See also
Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)
Battle of Sirte (2016)
Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)
Siege of Marawi
Battle of Derna (2018–2019)
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^ "Yet another mine-blast civilian victim in Benghazi". Libya Herald. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
^ "Benghazi militants still holding out two months after Hafter's victory speech". Libya Herald. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
^ "Air strike on Benghazi militants still holding out after four months". Libya Herald. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
^ "East Libyan forces make new push to end Islamist resistance in Benghazi". Reuters. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
^ "LNA finally takes Benghazi's Sidi Akribesh after 4-month siege: report". Libyan herald. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
^ "Clashes still rage in Sidi Kharibish, Benghazi". Libya Observer. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
^ "Two Dignity Operation fighters killed as clashes rage in Benghazi". Libya Observer. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
^ a b "Clashes erupt between army, militants in Libya's Benghazi". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 19 December 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
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^ "Libyan forces suffer casualties as fighting drags on in Benghazi". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
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^ "Eastern Libyan forces say they fully control Benghazi". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
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^ "Libya: Haftar Forces Deny Extremists Fled to Derna". Asharq al-Awsat. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
vteIslamic StateNames of the Islamic StateMembers(List of leaders)Current
Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi
Abu Hudhayfah Al-Ansari
Abu Fatima al-Jaheishi
Abu Yusaf
Abu al-Baraa el-Azdi
Abu Habib al-Libi
Abu Jandal al-Masri
Abu Rumaysah
Zulfi Hoxha
Bajro Ikanović
Faysal Ahmad Ali al-Zahrani
Fatiha Mejjati
Ahlam al-Nasr
Issam Abuanza
Hayat Boumeddiene
† Former
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi
Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi
Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi
Abu Ahmad al-Alwani
Haji Bakr
Abu Usamah al-Maghrebi
Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi
Abu Muhannad al-Suwaydawi
Abdul Rauf Aliza
Abu Sayyaf
Ali Awni al-Harzi
Tariq al-Harzi
Abu Khattab al-Tunisi
Maher Meshaal
Abu Muslim al-Turkmani
Abu Saleh
Mohammed Emwazi
Abu Nabil al-Anbari
Abu Ali al-Anbari
Abu Waheeb
Ali Aswad al-Jiburi
Abu Omar al-Shishani
Abu Mohammad al-Adnani
Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi
Abu Muhammad al-Furqan
Abu Jandal al-Kuwaiti
Abu Bilal al-Harbi
Ahmad Abousamra
Turki al-Binali
Tareq Kamleh
Lavdrim Muhaxheri
Abu Osama al-Masri
Abul-Hasan al-Muhajir
Abu Muhammad al-Shimali
Gulmurod Khalimov
Abdul Nasser Qardash (captured)
Abu Yasser al-Issawi
Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi
Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi
Yusuf al-Hindi
Abu Omar al-Muhajir (captured)
Othman al-Nazih
Jamal Udeen Al-Harith
Aine Davis (captured)
Alexanda Kotey (captured)
El Shafee Elsheikh (captured)
Denis Cuspert
Abdelhamid Abaaoud
History
Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (1999–2004)
Al-Qaeda in Iraq (2004–2006)
Mujahideen Shura Council (2006)
Islamic State of Iraq (2006–2013)
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (2013–2014)
Islamic State (2014–present)
Timeline of events
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
GroupsInternational branches
Khorasan Province (Afghanistan and Pakistan)
Libyan Provinces (Libya)
Caucasus Province (North Caucasus, Russia)
Sinai Province (Sinai, Egypt)
Algeria Province (Algeria)
Yemen Province (Yemen)
Abnaa ul-Calipha (Somalia and Somaliland)
Bengal Province (Bangladesh)
Boko Haram (Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Mali) (2015–2016)
West Africa Province (Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad and Niger)
Central Africa Province (DR Congo, Kenya, Mozambique and Tanzania)
Greater Sahara Province (Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso)
Khalid ibn al-Walid Army (Syria) (2016–2018)
Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade (Gaza)
Abu Sayyaf (Philippines) (1991–2024)
Ansar Khalifa (Philippines) (2014–2021)
Ansar al-Khilafah Brazil (Brazil) (2016–2018)
East Indonesia Mujahideen (Indonesia) (2014–2022)
Unorganized cells
Azerbaijan Province (Azerbaijan)
Hind Province (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh)
Jammu and Kashmir Province (Jammu and Kashmir)
Pakistan Province (Pakistan)
Kurdistan Province (Kurdistan)
Turkey Province (Turkey)
Haramayn Province (Saudi Arabia and Bahrain)
Lebanon Province (Lebanon)
Tunis Province (Tunisia)
Misr Province (Egypt)
Muzambiq Province (Mozambique and Tanzania)
Brussels Islamic State terror cell (Belgium)
Wars
War on terror
Iraq War
Insurgency (2003–2011)
Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)
Insurgency (2011–2013)
War in Iraq (2013–2017)
Insurgency (2017–present)
Syrian civil war
Spillover
Spillover in Lebanon
Opposition–Islamic State conflict
Sinai insurgency
Second Libyan Civil War
Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Mozambique
Islamist insurgency in the Sahel
Mali War
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
Conflict with Taliban
Moro conflict (1968–2019)
al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
Boko Haram insurgency
Military intervention against IS
US-led intervention in Iraq
US-led intervention in Syria
Russian intervention in Syria
Turkish operation
Somalia
Battles2013
Akashat
Hawija
Raqqa
Al-Shabah
Ras al-Ayn
Tell Abyad
Latakia
Menagh
Sidi Ali Ben Aoun
Sadad
Qalamoun
Aleppo
Al-Yaarubiyah
Tell Hamis and Tell Brak
Anbar
2014
Fallujah
N Aleppo
Markada
N Iraq (Jun)
Mosul
Salahuddin
Baiji (Jun)
Tikrit
N Iraq (Aug)
Kobanî
Sinjar (Aug)
Derna
Ramadi
Deir ez-Zor
Baiji (14–15)
Sinjar (Dec)
Zumar
Amirli
2015
Nofaliya
W Africa
Egyptian airstrikes in Libya
Niger raid
E al-Hasakah
Tikrit
Sirte
Hama & Homs (Mar–Apr)
Sarrin (Mar–Apr)
Yarmouk
Qalamoun
Palmyra (May)
W al-Hasakah
Al-Hasakah city
Tell Abyad
Sarrin (Jun–Jul)
Al-Hasakah
Kobani
Palmyra (Jul–Aug)
Ramadi (15–16)
Al-Qaryatayn
Al-Hawl
Homs (Nov–Dec)
Sinjar
E Aleppo (15–16)
Niveneh Plains
Tishrin Dam
2016
Deir ez-Zor (Jan)
Fallujah (Feb–May)
Nangarhar
Ben Guerdane
Ithriyah-Raqqa (Feb–Mar)
Al-Shaddadi
Khanasir
Al-Qaryatayn (Mar–Apr)
Palmyra (Mar)
N Aleppo (Mar–Jun)
Hīt
Tipo-Tipo
Sirte
Ar-Rutbah
N Raqqa
Fallujah (May–Jun)
Manbij
Ithriyah-Raqqa (Jun)
Abu Kamal
al-Rai (Aug)
N al-Bab (Sep)
W al-Bab (Sep)
Dabiq
W al-Bab (Oct–Nov)
Al-Bab
Aleppo
Palmyra
2017
Mosul (16–17)
Raqqa (16–17)
Palmyra
Deir ez-Zor (Jan–Feb)
E Aleppo (Jan–Apr)
E Homs
Hama
W Nineveh
Tabqa
Syrian Desert (Dec 16–Apr 17)
Syrian Desert (May–Jul)
Maskanah
Marawi
Raqqa
S Raqqa
C Syria
Tal Afar
Deir ez-Zor (17–19)
Hawija
E Syria (Sep–Dec)
NW Syria (Oct 17–Feb 18)
Abu Kamal
W Iraq
2018
As-Suwayda (Jun)
S Syria
As-Suwayda (Aug–Nov)
2019
Hajin
Baghuz Fawqani
Barisha raid
2020
Chinagodrar
Danag
Mocímboa da Praia
Al Bayda
2021
Tessit
Palma
Sambisa
Dangarous
2022
Al-Hasakah
Atme raid
Andéramboukane
Talataye
2023
Falagountou
Attacks2014
Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting
Camp Speicher massacre
Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming
2015
Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege
Beheading of Copts in Libya
Corinthia Hotel
Al Qubbah bombings
Bardo National Museum
Sanaa bombings (Mar)
Jalalabad bombing
Curtis Culwell Center
Qatif & Dammam bombings
26 June
Kobanî massacre
Saint-Quentin-Fallavier
Kuwait mosque bombing
Sousse
Khan Bani Saad bombing
Suruç bombing
Baghdad bombing (Aug)
Sanaa bombing (Sep)
Ankara bombings
Saihat shooting
Metrojet Flight 9268
Beirut bombings
Paris (Nov)
Tunis bombing
San Bernardino attack
Qamishli bombings
2016
Zliten truck bombing
Hurghada
Istanbul bombing (Jan)
Jakarta
Ramadi bombing
Mahasin mosque
Sayyidah Zaynab (Jan)
Mosul massacre
Homs bombings (Feb)
Sayyidah Zaynab bombings (Feb)
Baghdad bombings (Feb)
Istanbul bombing (Mar)
Brussels bombings
Aden bombing
Iskandariya bombing
Baghdad bombing (Apr)
Samawa bombing
Gaziantep bombing (May)
Baghdad bombings (11 May)
Real Madrid fan club massacres
Baghdad gas plant
Yemen police bombings (15 May)
Baghdad bombings (17 May)
Jableh & Tartous bombings (May)
Yemen bombings (23 May)
Aktobe shootings
Pulse nightclub shooting
Magnanville stabbing
Mukalla (Jun)
Movida Bar
Atatürk Airport
Dhaka (Jul)
Karrada bombing
Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi Mausoleum
Nice truck
Würzburg train
Kabul bombing (Jul)
Ansbach bombing
Normandy church
Qamishli bombings (Jul)
Charleroi stabbing
Shchelkovo Highway police station
Aden bombing (Aug)
Syria bombings (5 Sep)
Baghdad bombings (9 Sep)
Baghdad bombings (Oct)
Quetta police college
Hamam al-Alil massacre
Khuzdar bombing
Samarinda bombing
Hillah bombing (Nov)
Aden bombings (Dec)
Botroseya bombing
Al-Karak
Berlin truck
Murders of Sefter Taş and Fethi Şahin
Baghdad bombings (Dec)
2017
Istanbul nightclub shooting
Baghdad bombings (2 Jan)
Azaz bombing (Jan)
Sehwan bombing
Kabul (Mar)
Westminster
St Petersburg Metro bombing
Egypt church bombings
Mastung bombing
Manchester Arena bombing
Jakarta bombings
Minya
Al-Faqma bombing
London Bridge
Brighton siege
Tehran
Pakistan attacks (Jun)
Hurghada
Quetta bombing (Aug)
Barcelona
Brussels (Aug)
Nasiriyah
Afghanistan (20 Oct)
New York City truck
Sinai mosque
Kabul bombing (28 Dec)
Saint Menas church
2018
Baghdad bombings
Save The Children Jalalabad
Kizlyar church shooting
Kabul bombing (Mar)
Carcasonne & Trèbes
Kabul bombing (22 Apr)
Kabul bombings (30 Apr)
Tripoli
Mako Brimob standoff
Paris knife
Surabaya bombings
Liège
Jalalabad bombing (Jul)
Mastung & Bannu bombings
Quetta bombing
As-Suwayda
Tajikistan attack
Kabul (Sep)
Ahvaz military parade
Minya bus
Melbourne stabbing
Murders of Louisa Vesterager Jespersen and Maren Ueland
2019
Jolo Cathedral bombings
Sri Lanka Easter bombings
Sainthamaruthu shootout
Kabul bombing (17 Aug)
2020
Kabul shooting (6 Mar)
Kabul gurdwara
Xitaxi
Afghanistan (May)
Jalalabad prison
Jolo bombings
Kabul University
Vienna
Afghanistan (Dec)
2021
Machh
January Baghdad bombings
Kabul school bombing
Kabul airport
Kunduz bombing
Kandahar bombing
Kampala bombings
Kabul hospital
2022
Diyala massacre
Peshawar mosque
Hadera shooting
Mazar-i-Sharif mosque bombing
Mazar-i-Sharif minivan bombings
Bourasso and Namissiguima
Kuje prison break
5 August Kabul bombing
August Kabul mosque bombing
Bombing of the Russian embassy in Kabul
Shah Cheragh
Kabul hotel
2023
Kabul airport bombing
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan bombing
Al-Sukhnah
Hama
Khar bombing
Arras school stabbing
Pul-i-Khumri bombing
Brussels shooting
Kabul bombing (Nov)
Paris
Mindanao State University bombing
2024
Kerman bombings
Istanbul church shooting
Balochistan bombings
Sibi bombing
Zürich stabbing attack
Mucojo attack
Karabulak clash
Kandahar New Kabul Bank bombing
Tillabéri attack
Crocus City Hall attack
2024 Bamyan shooting
Politics and organization
Finances
Ideology
Medicare
Military
Armoured warfare
Human rights
Genocide of Christians
Persecution of Shias
Genocide of Yazidis
Genocide of Turkmen
Persecution of gay and bisexual men
Killing of captives
Beheading incidents
Destruction of cultural heritage
Occupation of Mosul
Executions in Mosul
Relations
Iran and the Islamic State
Philippines and the Islamic State
United Kingdom and the Islamic State
Trinidad and Tobago and the Islamic State
Foreign fighters
Name changes due to the Islamic State
Portrayal of the Islamic State in American media
Connection with Saddam Regime and Baath Party
Society
Members
Terrorist cell in Brussels
Territorial claims
al-Barakah district
Collaboration
Media
A Second Message to America
Al-Bayan
Al-Furat Media Center
Al-Hayat Media Center
Al-Naba
Amaq News Agency
Dar al-Islam
Dabiq
Dawlat al-Islam Qamat
Huroof
I'lam foundation
Istok
Konstantiniyye
Rumiyah
Salil al-Sawarim
Related topics
Defeating ISIS
ISIS-chan
Islamism
Millenarianism
Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency
Shia–Sunni relations
Slavery in 21st-century jihadism
Theocracy
|
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Brigades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benghazi_Defense_Brigades"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Khalifa Haftar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifa_Haftar"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Asharq-22"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-concludes-19"}],"text":"Battle during the Second Libyan Civil WarvteLibyan civil war (2014–2020)\n2014s coups\nIslamist conflict with Libyan National Army\n\n1st Benghazi\nBenina Airport\n2nd Benghazi\n2nd Derna\n4th Derna\nISIL and anti-ISIL operations\n\nKikla\n1st Derna\nNofaliya\nEgyptian airstrikes\n1st Sirte\nBin Jawad\nMisrata\n2nd Sirte\nFactional fighting\n\nTripoli Airport\nUbari\nTraghan\nWest Libya\n1st Tripoli\nLNA vs GNA\n\nGulf of Sidra\nBrak al-Shati\n2nd Gulf of Sidra\nSaddada Castle\nSouthern Libya\nSabha\nMurzuq\nWestern Libya\nGharyan\nVolcano of Rage\nTajoura\nMisrata\nZuwarah\nTripoli military school\n3rd Sirte\nCentral Libya\nal-Watiya\nal-Watiya airstrike\nTerror attacks\n\nKidnapping of Copts\nCorinthia Hotel\nAl Qubbah\nZliten truck bombing\nFlight 209\n3rd Derna\nBenghazi car bombing\nBenghazi bombing\nTripoli attack\nNOC attack\nForeign involvement\n\nAmerican intervention\nTurkish intervention\nEgyptian intervention\nPeace Process\n\nPalermo Conference\nLibyan peace process\nLibyan peace processThe Battle of Benghazi (2014–2017) was a major battle of the Second Libyan Civil War that raged from October 2014 to December 2017, between the Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in Libya, and the Libyan National Army (LNA), and paramilitaries supporting the Libyan National Army in the city. The battle was a direct consequence of the failed Benina Airport Offensive by the Benghazi Revolutionaries and their Allies, which allowed LNA Forces to regroup and attack deep into Benghazi.By May 2016, the LNA controlled at least 90% of the City, including Ansar Al-Sharia's main neighborhood of Al-Laithi, Benghazi University, and the Cement Factory.[20]A number of Benghazi revolutionaries regrouped later on and announced the formation of the Benghazi Defense Brigades in June 2016, to support the Shura Council.[21] Despite LNA General Khalifa Haftar's declaration of the \"liberation\" of the city, dozens of gunmen remained fortified and besieged in Sidi Akribesh, according to sources close to military,[22] with the final pocket persisting until December 2017.[19]","title":"Battle of Benghazi (2014–2017)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heavy clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Benghazi_(2014)"},{"link_name":"Khalifa Haftar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifa_Haftar"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Ansar al-Sharia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansar_al-Sharia_(Libya)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Battle of Benina Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Benina_Airport"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benina-27"}],"text":"Heavy clashes broke out in Benghazi on 16 May 2014 with the Libyan National Army attacking the militias in the city. The attack was led by Khalifa Haftar, the commander of the LNA. He declared it was launched to clear the city of Islamist militias and \"restore Libya's dignity\".[23] However during the summer of 2014, the Benghazi revolutionaries, an alliance of former rebels and Islamist militants, launched constant attacks against LNA bases and headquarters, eventually forcing the LNA to retreat to the nearby town of Benina.[24] On 30 July 2014 Ansar al-Sharia, one of the militant Islamist groups within the Shura Council, stated it had taken complete control over Benghazi. The announcement came after they had seized the headquarters of the special forces of the Libyan National Army.[25]With the retreat of the LNA from Benghazi proper, the city's airport (located 15 km east in the town of Benina) became one of the last areas still held by the army.[26] The LNA managed to repel the attempt by militants to seize the airport in the Battle of Benina Airport, inflicting high casualties on the Islamist fighters, and setting the stage for the LNA operation to recapture Benghazi.[27]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Timeline of the battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"February 17th Martyrs Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_17th_Martyrs_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Red Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Libya)"},{"link_name":"Tobruk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruk"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"University of Benghazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Benghazi"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Operation launched","text":"On 14 October 2014, Khalifa Haftar declared he would \"liberate the city\" from \"terrorists\".[28] Troops loyal to him and allied to the army, launched an offensive on 15 October with some residents allying with his forces to dismantle checkpoints set up by Islamists.[29] Per hospital medics, at least nine soldiers and four civilians were found dead on a street during the clashes, with two soldiers wounded.[30] Haftar's forces and the army stated on 17 October they were in complete control of the camp of February 17th Martyrs Brigade. Meanwhile, Red Crescent called for a ceasefire.[31]At least 18 people were killed in fighting on 17 October according to Benghazi Medical Centre, with the dead being mostly soldiers and allied civilian from the central al-Majouri neighbourhood. The total death toll climbed to 52 according to hospital figures.[32] Farraj Hashem, the spokesman of Libya's elected parliament called House of Representatives which had relocated to Tobruk, announced that the parliament had endorsed Haftar's \"Operation Dignity\" against the Islamists and had given him an official role.[33]After the militants were expelled from the airport and the February 17 camp, fighting broke out in the campus of University of Benghazi between Ansar al-Sharia and the army, as well as areas around the February 17 camp. Units of the Libyan Army also clashed with the Islamists in other areas according to residents. Meanwhile, the death toll in the clashes rose to 130 by 26 October.[34] Ten people were killed on 29 October according to medics as several residential districts were hit by rockets and artillery shells, with the death toll rising to at least 180.[35]Special Forces commander Wanis Bukhamada stated on 31 October that his troops had recaptured four army barracks after two weeks of clashes, as well as the eastern road leading out of the city. He also claimed the army was in control of 80% of the city. The death toll meanwhile rose to 210 according to medics.[36]","title":"Timeline of the battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Port of Benghazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Benghazi"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Libyan Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Navy"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Islamic State of Iraq and Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_Levant"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Ajdabiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajdabiya"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Stalemate and Port of Benghazi","text":"On 3 November, Libyan Army urged residents to evacuate Islamist-controlled Assabri district which houses the Port of Benghazi. Ansar al-Sharia had retreated to the district after the Army had taken control of other areas.[37] A ship of the Libyan Navy was struck during heavy clashes that involved airplanes and tanks according to residents.[38] Five pro-government soldiers were killed and 28 wounded on 8 November, with the death toll rising to 300 according to medics.[39]Fighters loyal to Islamic State of Iraq and Levant were reported to have expanded their presence westwards from Derna along the coast, including in Benghazi.[40]About 400 were killed by 29 November according to medics, with the fighting focused on the port in the past three weeks.[41] About 50 were killed in the next 10 days, medical personnel stated on 10 December. The fighting had become a stalemate around the port. Mohamed El Hejazi, Haftar's spokesman as well as the spokesman for the army in eastern Libya, stated that reinforcements were arriving from Tobruk and Ajdabiya.[42]By 18 December, at least 25 people had been killed and 103 wounded over the previous eight days according to medics, bringing the death toll to 475 as clashes continued in the port.[43] The death toll climbed to 600 by 18 January 2015, according to medics, with the army trying to capture the port and two other districts where they claimed Ansar al-Sharia was holed up, with the army controlling most of the city according to Reuters. Mohamed El Hejazi claimed the army controlled 90% of the city.[44]","title":"Timeline of the battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Renewed advance","text":"Heavy clashes erupted on 6 February 2015 as pro-government forces pushed to capture the port. Army vehicles advanced along the Corniche gate to the gate of the port and a nearby court building. They also captured several government buildings. Seven soldiers were killed and 25 wounded according to military officials.[45] Two people were killed and 20 wounded, according to medics and military officials, in a car bomb attack on a military base in Lithi neighborhood where the military and Islamists were fighting.[46]The death toll of the battle rose to 700 on 8 February according to medics.[47] Libyan special forces declared on 9 February 2015 that they had captured the main military base, on a road to the airport, from the Islamists.[48] Military official Fadil Hassi stated that two people were killed and 30 injured when at least two rockets struck downtown Benghazi. Bukhamada meanwhile claimed that his troops had captured a large part of the airport road.[49]","title":"Timeline of the battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"car bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_bomb"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Slowdown","text":"The House of Representatives appointed Haftar as the commander of the armed forces in early March.[50] Seven soldiers were killed according to Fadl al-Hasi, in a suicide car bomb attack on an army checkpoint in Laithi district.[51] ISIL claimed the attack with the military carrying out air strikes in response. Meanwhile, two people were killed when a rocket hit a residential building.[52] Medics stated on 11 April that ten soldiers were killed and 55 wounded with a tank battalion and armed youths clashing against the Shura for most of the previous day.[53]Two civilians were killed and four wounded when a residential building was struck by a rocket on 7 May. The death toll of the battle rose to 53 in the past five weeks. Around 17 civilians were killed since April while 90 were wounded in artillery and rocket strikes. Thirty-six soldiers and armed youths were killed while about 270 were wounded in street clashes since April. Hejazi blamed the Islamists for firing rockets whenever the army attacked their areas, though this was denied by the Islamist faction.[54]Nine soldiers were killed in clashes on 20 May. Thirty soldiers were wounded according to a military spokesman. He also stated that the special forces, backed by helicopters, had recaptured several government buildings.[55] A military spokesman stated on 1 June that they were facing an ammunition shortage. Progress had stalled as Shura fighters were holed up in several districts as well as the port. Meanwhile, hospital sources said that 57 soldiers had been killed and 170 were wounded in May.[56]","title":"Timeline of the battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Offensive stalls","text":"Medics stated on 11 July that around 19 people were killed and 80 wounded in clashes in past three days with heavy clashes in the Laithi area where Islamist fighters attacked soldiers who had cut off the main streets into the district.[57] ISIL stated on 15 July that it had killed a Libyan Army commander Salem al-Naili as the offensive appeared to stall. Army officials stated he was killed in clashes in Laithi along with another soldier.[58]The offensive stalled by August with the army receiving high casualties as it lacked training and weapons for street clashes. Special forces spokesman Milad al-Zwai stated that 25 soldiers were killed and 35 wounded in July.[59] A tank battalion fought against Islamist brigades trying to advance on 30 August. Four soldiers were killed and six wounded according to medics.[60] Pro-ISIL fighters trying to capture tanks attacked a LNA post in Annawaghia, a town 8 kilometres (5 mi) southwest of Benghazi. At least seven soldiers were killed while repelling the attack.[61]At least 16 people were killed according to a military commander on 11 November. Military spokesman Milad Zwei, meanwhile, stated that they had captured the air defense camp between Mash'hash and Sidi Faraj districts.[62] Medical officials stated on 20 February 2016 that 14 people were killed in clashes between LNA and Islamist militants. A military spokesman told Reuters that most of the clashes were occurring in the neighborhood of Botani.[63]","title":"Timeline of the battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"sub_title":"Summer 2016 advance","text":"LNA claimed on 21 February that they had pushed back Islamists in several areas and had taken further territory including the strategic port of Marisa as well as the nearby Al-Halis district.[64] On 23 February, the army captured the Laithi area, which was notorious as a nerve centre of ISIL.[65] The military stated it had seized complete control of Boatni and Laithi districts.[66]A hospital source stated on 16 April that at least 15 soldiers were killed in clashes in the past two days with 40 being wounded. ISIL had attempted two suicide attacks near a cement factory to the west of the city where fighters were holding out, though only one struck the troops per Milad al-Zawie. ISIL claimed to have killed dozens of soldiers, though Zawie stated 6 were killed and 25 wounded.[67]Zawie stated on 18 April that the troops had captured a cement factory and cemetery in El Hawari district where pro-ISIL fighters had been holding out. He also stated that they had captured a camp behind Garyounis University. They thus built on their advance in February when they had captured Laithi and Boatni districts.[68]By 22 June, the LNA captured the Gharyounis district and most of the tourist village at Ganfouda, under the control of Benghazi Shura.[69] On the same day, 11 fighters affiliated with Khalifa Haftar-led Dignity Operation forces were killed and almost 5 others were injured due to clashes with the Benghazi Shura Council, according to a source.[70]","title":"Timeline of the battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ajdabiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajdabiya"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan,_Libya"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Al Jufra Airbase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jufra_Airbase"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Libyan Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"DGSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"sub_title":"Attempted BDB offensive towards Benghazi","text":"The Benghazi Defense Brigades (BDB), a new grouping allied with the Shura Council Islamists, was founded on 1 June 2016, combining soldiers, ex-policemen and Islamist mujahideen previously expelled from Benghazi by the LNA. After an attack on Ajdabiya in late June, its commander Mustafa al-Sharkasi announced their intention to advance and retake Benghazi.[71] BDB sources stated on 10 July 2016 that it had captured Sultan and Al-Jeldaya checkpoint, however LNA refuted this, stating the attack was repelled.[72] BDB's media wing announced on 16 July it had started moving towards Benghazi after capturing many areas west of it including Al-Magroon and were 60 to 70 kilometres away from Benghazi.[73]On 17 July, BDB claimed it had shot down a LNA helicopter in Al-Magroon.[74] The militia later on 19 July reported that two French special forces troops were possibly among the crew killed in the crash.[75] A day later, French government confirmed that three French special forces soldiers had died in the crash.[76] French military and intelligence presence was announced in February 2016, after a small detachment of Special Forces and DGSE based out of Benina Airport assisted the Tobruk-based Libyan National Army. The detachment had been in Libya for several months, and coordinated the November US strike on Derna which killed the most senior ISIL leader in the country, Iraqi Abu Nabil al-Anbari.[77]BDB stated on 20 July that 13 of its fighters were killed in retaliatory French airstrikes near Benghazi.[78] Red Crescent stated that it had received 17 bodies from districts bombed to east of Benghazi.[79] After an overnight air attack and LNA advance, BDB were reported to be retreating towards Sultan while LNA entered Magroon.[80] BDB was reported to have retreated back to Al Jufra Airbase on 22–23 July.[81]Libyan Air Force commander Saqr Geroushi meanwhile in July confirmed the presence of soldiers of Western nations in Libya. He stated that 20 troops from United States, France and United Kingdom were stationed at Benina airbase, stating they were only \"monitoring the movements of the Islamic State jihadists and how they store ammunition\" but \"there are no (foreign) pilots fighting in the place of our pilots and fighters.\"[82]However many sources indicates that French Special Forces and DGSE along with other unit were actually operating on the ground during the battle for the city. It seems that French leads at least 4 raid in February and were active in fight alongside the LNA.[83][84][85]","title":"Timeline of the battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"}],"sub_title":"LNA capture of Gwarsha and advance into Ganfouda","text":"On 20 August 2016, the LNA captured several parts of the Gwarsha district and offered ceasefire to the militants if they surrendered.[86] On 2 August 2016, a car bomb attack claimed by the Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries in a residential district in Guwarsha district of western Benghazi targeting Libyan National Army killed at least 22 and injured another 20 more people.[87]On 30 August 2016, media sources reported five fighters from Dignity Operation were killed and others were injured in fierce clashes when pro-Haftar forces tried to advance into the Al-Yasameen Summer Resort which was captured by Benghazi Shura Council the day before.[88] On 6 September, sources from the Benghazi Shura Council reported Tuesday that four fighters from Dignity Operation forces of Khalifa Haftar were killed and others were wounded by a landmine blast in Gawarcha frontline.[89]On 16 November, the LNA captured Gwarsha Gate, as well as the Gwarsha district on the next day and were besieging fighters from the Benghazi Revolutionary Shura Council in Ganfouda. Twenty-three soldiers were killed in the clashes, while 60 were wounded.[90][91]LNA captured over 20 square kilometres of area in Ganfouda by 20 November, with Shura-held territory being reduced to less than 6 square kilometres. A mufti of the Shura Council was also killed in the clashes.[92] On 22 November, LNA started shelling Sabri and Suq al-Hout in preparation for a future offensive to retake the two districts.[93] On 30 November, it launched an assault on Ganfouda, with tanks attacking from the west, while soldiers advanced across the whole perimeter and naval forces bombarded from offshore. It had captured about 90% of the district by this point and had destroyed the last tank of the Shura.[94]On 21 December 2016, an ISIL suicide bomber killed eight troops in fighting near Benghazi, media reports said.[95]","title":"Timeline of the battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flees-4"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"}],"sub_title":"Ganfouda and Bosnaib","text":"On 5 January 2017, ISIL militants operating in Benghazi decided to flee the city after more than two years of clashes. There were conflicting reports about the reasons behind it. The Shura council said all the militants in Al-Sabri and Ganfouda districts were given a safe corridor by LNA to leave from the western gate of the city, while LNA claimed that the fighters had secretly escaped.[4] The Shura council also stated that it had taken control of the districts and areas that were earlier under the group's control.[96] Thirteen pro-LNA fighters were reportedly killed as the group withdrew, according to media sources. 2 ISIL fighters were also reportedly killed in the clashes, while another two were captured.[97]LNA stated on 6 January that the captured spokesman of the Shura Council confirmed that Wissam Ben Hamid, the leader of the pro-Shura groups, was killed in an airstrike in December 2016.[98]On 15 January 2017, Benghazi Shura Council fighters shot down a MiG 23 warplane of LNA.[99] On 16 January 2017, pro-Haftar forces retook the Abu Sneib district in the city from Benghazi Shura Council militants after two days of fighting. A commanding officer stated that around 52 troops had died in fighting since 1 January in and around Benghazi.[100] On 17 January, Fadel al-Hassi stated that LNA had captured the Bosnaib district.[101]LNA made gains around the Ganfouda district on 23 January.[102] On 25 January 2017, LNA captured the Ganfouda district and stated that the remaining militants had fled to an area known as \"12 Blocks\".[103] According to spokesman of LNA's Zawiya Martyrs' brigade, Wahid al-Zawi, the army was yet to secure the \"12 Blocks\" area which lies between Ganfouda and Bosnaib.[104] A LNA commander told broadcaster Libya Channel that their forces had freed more than 60 people from captivity, following the fighting.[105]","title":"Timeline of the battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Muammar Gaddafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LHJalal-13"},{"link_name":"MiG-21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-21"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"}],"sub_title":"12 Blocks siege","text":"On 27 January 2017, the remnants of jihadists in the \"12 Block\" pocket were reported to have been defeated by the LNA.[106] On 1 and 2 February 2017, 9 LNA soldiers were killed while clearing the \"12 Blocks\" area. The \"12 Blocks\" area was reported to have been fully secured on 2 February.[107] However, clashes kept ongoing in the area despite the claims. BRSC announced on 21 February that one of its field commanders, Younis Al-Louhaishi, was killed in an airstrike.[108] On 28 February it announced that Omer Ishkel, who is reported to be a former regime officer and Muammar Gaddafi's cousin, was killed in an airstrike on \"12 Blocks\".[109][110] On 15 March, it stated that its commander Jalal Makhzum had been killed in 12 Blocks area during the clashes.[13]LNA captured the 12 Blocks complex on 18 March after an assault. The siege ended after the BRSC fighters attempted to escape. Milad al-Zwai, spokesman of LNA's special forces stated that 23 BRSC fighters were killed while six were arrested though some managed to escape along with civilians. In return, seven LNA soldiers were killed and six wounded. LNA also stated it lost a MiG-21 fighter jet over the Sabri district. It also detained and was investigating some of the civilians who had remained in the area after its capture.[111][112][113][114]","title":"Timeline of the battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-final_operation-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-air_attack-116"},{"link_name":"Al-Sabri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sabri"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"National Library of Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Libya"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"}],"sub_title":"Entering Al-Sabri and Souq al-Hoot","text":"On 28 March, the LNA announced the beginning of the \"final operation\" to retake the remaining areas in central Benghazi that was still held by Shura Council militants.[115] On 3 April, it was reported that the last Shura Council pocket in the Al-Sabri and Souq al-Hooq Districts had been heavily bombed by warplanes of LNA and ally nations. It was reported that the airstrikes caused the collapse of the Al-Lathamah Bridge in eastern Al-Sabri.[116] On 3 May 2017, three civilians were killed and seven to 14 people were also wounded when a rocket hit a building in Shibna of Hay Dollar district. Meanwhile, four LNA engineers were killed when trying to defuse an explosive device when it detonated in Al-Sabri.[117] On 9 May 2017, Riyadh al-Shahiebi, of the Saiqa special forces media office, said that 17 LNA troops were killed and that they had entered the Souq al-Hout and Sabri areas, but their advance has been slowed by roadside bombs.[118] Another 55 LNA soldiers were also wounded.[119] On the same day, LNA managed to recapture the National Library of Libya in Sabri district after heavy fighting with Islamic militants. At least 24 troops were killed and over 110 wounded during the previous 24 hours.[120]","title":"Timeline of the battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"GNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_National_Accord"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goeson-16"}],"sub_title":"Final LNA push","text":"On 19 June 2017, LNA soldiers were able to advance along Dernah, Al-Ageeb and Zuwara streets in Suq Al-Hout while also pushing militants out of the century-old Erkheis mosque.[121]On 23 June 2017, LNA announced that it had taken control of Souq al-Hout district.[122] According to a medical official, at least 13 LNA soldiers were killed and 37 wounded during the past two days of fighting with many of those killed by landmines.[123]On 28 June 2017, the LNA took control of the Al-Thadi football club and surrounding buildings in Sabri during fighting, killing at least three LNA soldiers and injuring dozens.[124] Field Marshal Haftar assigned Colonel Abdulmalik al-Awkali as the new military commander of Benghazi, while official reports that 44 soldiers were killed in fighting with the militants. LNA spokesman Khalifa al-Abidi stated that troops had made progress and the militants were besieged in an area of two square kilometres.[125] On 4 July 2017, at least 17 LNA troops have died and 50 injured during the past 24 hours, according to a medical source. Meanwhile, LNA claimed that 19 militants were also killed in fighting and took control over important sites.[126][127]On 5 July 2017, LNA overran militants' position in Sabri district by retaking Gumhoriya Hospital and the unfinished Hyatt Regency hotel. Five LNA soldiers were killed, including Colonel Saleh Al-Rishi. Troops were meanwhile surrounding Sidi Akribesh area where the last holdout of the militants.[128] Later in the evening, Field Marshal Khalifa Haftar declared that LNA forces had taken full control of the city from the Islamist militants.[129]Fighting in Benghazi continued two days after Haftar's declaration of victory, with 12 LNA men being killed and 35 wounded as it attempted to clear the last pockets of resistance in Sabri district. At least five militants were meanwhile killed and 11 arrested, while 10 prisoners held by them were freed according to LNA officials.[130]On 8 July, fighting with cornered militants continued with 18 LNA soldiers being killed during the day in mop-up operations. LNA claimed it killed Nasser Al-Tarshani, also known as Abu Khaled Al-Madani, a leader of Ansar al-Sharia.[131] LNA spokesman Colonel Miloud Zwei stated on the next day that 20 LNA soldiers had been killed since the declaration of victory, while several militants were also killed and 17 arrested. He stated that the clashes were still ongoing in Souq al-Jarid.[132] On 9 July, LNA stated it had managed to capture Sabri's Sidi Akribesh, the last militant positions after four days of fighting which left at least 22 LNA soldiers dead.[133]In an official statement after Haftar's declaration of victory, the Egyptian foreign ministry meanwhile praised LNA for its role, welcoming their victory as a \"purge of terrorist and extremist organisations\" in Benghazi.[134] France's foreign ministry too welcomed LNA's victory while calling on Haftar to integrate a Libyan army under the authority of a civil power.[135] GNA issued a statement congratulating the Benghazi residents for the victory. Thousands of Libyan civilians in many cities of the country celebrated after LNA's declaration of victory.[136] In mid-July 2017, according to scholars from Benghazi University, an estimated of 5 to 10 billion Libyan dinars are needed to rebuild Benghazi with the help from central government.[137]On 18 July 2017, the LNA admitted that 78 soldiers had been killed since the start of the month, including 21 soldiers which were killed by land mines and booby traps. It was also revealed that Sidi Akherbish had not been fully secured by the LNA, with two pockets of militants resuming to fight from Sabri's vegetable market and Al-Ruyaain hotel. A local hospital said six dead and 20 wounded soldiers had been brought in during the past four days.[16]","title":"Timeline of the battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saiqa Special Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Special_Forces"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-women-17"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"suicide vests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_vest"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wearing-18"},{"link_name":"Al-Khums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khums"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bunuwara-11"},{"link_name":"Derna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derna,_Libya"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"Asharq Al-Awsat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asharq_Al-Awsat"},{"link_name":"Libya Shield 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya_Shield_1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Asharq-22"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-erupt-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Witnesses-150"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-erupt-146"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stronghold-151"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-concludes-19"},{"link_name":"Libya Martyrs' Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_17th_Martyrs_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leave-6"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"}],"sub_title":"Sidi Akribesh siege","text":"On 22 July 2017, heavy fighting erupted in Bela Square. Two Ansar Al-Sharia leaders were believed to be holed up in the area, identified as Abdullah Buzgeia and Ahmed bin Shatwan. Meanwhile, Saiqa Special Forces spokesman Milad Al-Zwai said that the militants controlled an area of just 150 square metres and that after its capture the LNA's operation in Benghazi would end. Six LNA troops were killed while eight were injured in the clashes.[17][138] Five days later, the militants in Sidi Akribesh were confined to one building, with most of them wearing suicide vests, according to a Saiqa Special Forces spokesman.[18]Ibrahim Bunuwara, who was said to earlier have been one of Ansar al-Sharia's top commanders in Sidi Akribesh, was captured, reportedly in Al-Khums.[11]Though the LNA's operational focus had shifted to Derna by August 2017, it was reported that some militants were still holding out in Sidi Akribesh.[139] It was reported during the next month that a group of militants was still holding out in the area and inflicting casualties on the LNA. The LNA continued to insist that the surviving militants were confined to a few buildings. Meanwhile, the Jalaa Hospital was reported to have stated that four soldiers died, while 66 were injured in August.[140]In November 2017, LNA commanders abandoned their plan to starve out the remaining militants. Meanwhile, an LNA warplane launched airstrikes on the district for the first time in weeks. After that, the LNA advanced, but apparently met stiff resistance, with three soldiers killed and 12 wounded. One of the militants was also killed.[141] On 9 November, one soldier and several Islamists were killed when LNA special forces advanced into Khreibish district, one of the remaining pockets of resistance. Ten soldiers were also wounded. Commander Wanis Bukhamada stated that his forces had captured almost the entire district after one day of fighting.[142]The LNA declared complete control of Sidi Akribesh according to a report on 11 November, with a warplane flying above to salute the soldiers. After the LNA's initial attacks were beaten back in August, Saiqa Special Forces had been called in to end the siege.[143] However, Saiqa forces' spokesman Melod Zawi denied these reports as baseless, stating that military operations were still ongoing in Sidi Akribesh.[144]Dozens of militants remained holed up until late November in Sidi Akribesh despite Haftar's declaration of liberation in the summer, according to sources close to the military, who estimated the militants to be 90 in number. A military officer told Asharq Al-Awsat that the gunmen were using al-Baladi hotel as their main headquarters. While LNA claimed the militants to be ISIL, a mediator close to the armed groups stated they were Libya Shield 1.[22] Zwai stated on 25 November that two LNA fighters were killed in clashes against Shura fighters, while three were also injured in clashes that broke out near Baladi hotel.[145] Ten militants and seven soldiers were killed in November.[146]One person was killed and 10 injured in renewed clashes in Sidi Akribesh on 1 December. Zwai stated that they had advanced to the municipal hotel area and captured new locations.[147] Another soldier was killed on 4 December, while three were wounded according to Zwai. He also added that they had found a supply dump used by the militants.[148] By 7 December, a hospital in Benghazi had received five dead bodies and 12 wounded of LNA from battles with BRSC over the past three days.[149] Medical sources meanwhile stated on 11 December that four LNA fighters had been killed and 10 others injured since the beginning of December.[150]Fresh clashes erupted between the two sides on 14 December in response to the killing of two soldiers by a sniper from Ansar al-Sharia, according to army officer Saeed Wanees. He added that the army's assault aimed at \"ending the battle in Benghazi and completing the liberation announced months ago.\" By this time, nine soldiers had been killed in the battle since the beginning of December.[146]The LNA took over the last remaining militant stronghold of Sidi Akribesh on 28 December.,[151] with the military announceing that it had captured this last district of Benghazi from the Islamist fighters. Commander Wanis Bukhamada, head of army special forces, said LNA now fully controlled the district.[152] They also stated they had captured the Baladi hotel and its surroundings.[153] Al-Jalaa Hospital received 17 dead and 76 wounded LNA fighters in December 2017.[154]An LNA source stated on 29 December that three militants were killed in clashes. The source added that they were still besieging a number of terrorists in the area and the three who were killed were hiding in the rubble of the municipal hotel while the army was searching for fleeing militants.[155] A military source stated on 30 December that all military operations had been concluded after securing the area and pursuing fleeing militants, killing five of them.[19]Mohammed Salalbi, senior leader of the Libya Martyrs' Brigade, stated that the remaining BRSC fighters had retreated from Benghazi and arrived in Derna on 29 December after misleading the LNA to make their way out.[6] Merhi al-Houti of the LNA, meanwhile, denied that they had retreated, claiming that the army had blocked the road to areas controlled by them and had liberated the entire region from the \"terrorist groups\". He reiterated that clashes had ended.[156]","title":"Timeline of the battle"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)"},{"title":"Battle of Sirte (2016)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sirte_(2016)"},{"title":"Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%932017)"},{"title":"Siege of Marawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Marawi"},{"title":"Battle of Derna (2018–2019)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Derna_(2018%E2%80%932019)"}]
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[{"reference":"\"The Emergence of the Islamic State's 'Cyrenaica Province' (Wilayat Barqa) in Libya\". 17 November 2014. Archived from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aymennjawad.org/2014/11/the-emergence-of-the-islamic-state-cyrenaica","url_text":"\"The Emergence of the Islamic State's 'Cyrenaica Province' (Wilayat Barqa) in Libya\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161226033455/http://www.aymennjawad.org/2014/11/the-emergence-of-the-islamic-state-cyrenaica","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ISIS Shows Off Corpses After Attack in Benghazi\". Heavy.com. 1 September 2016. Archived from the original on 1 December 2016. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Drag%C3%A3o_da_Maldade_Contra_o_Santo_Guerreiro
|
Antonio das Mortes
|
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","3.1 Awards and nominations","4 Soundtrack","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
|
1969 film directed by Glauber Rocha
Antonio das MortesDirected byGlauber RochaWritten byGlauber RochaProduced byGlauber RochaZelito VianaClaude AntoineLuiz Carlos BarretoStarringMaurício do ValleOdete LaraOthon BastosHugo CarvanaCinematographyAffonso BeatoEdited byEduardo EscorelMusic bySérgio RicardoProductioncompanyMapa FilmesDistributed byMapa FilmesRelease date
September 6, 1969 (1969-09-06)
Running time95 minutesCountryBrazilLanguagePortuguese
Antonio das Mortes (Portuguese: O Dragão da Maldade contra o Santo Guerreiro, lit. "The Dragon of Wickedness Against the Holy Warrior") is a 1969 Brazilian western film directed by Glauber Rocha. It is often cited as the last installment of Rocha's film trilogy, preceded by Black God, White Devil and Entranced Earth. It features return of the character Antonio das Mortes, now as the protagonist, again played by Maurício do Valle. The original title is a reference to the tale of Saint George and the Dragon.
The film was selected as the Brazilian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 42nd Academy Awards, but it was not nominated.
Plot
After the World War II, in the Brazilian sertão. A group of impoverished peasant mystics (beatos) gathered around Dona Santa (Rosa Maria Penna), a female spiritual figure, join in veneration of Saint George with an obscure figure named Coirana (Lorival Pariz). Coirana claims to have restarted the cangaço and seeks to take the revenge of Lampião and other cangaceiro martyrs, presenting the tale of Saint George and the Dragon in a contemporary class conflict context. They threaten the town of Jardim de Piranhas governed by Coronel Horácio (Joffre Soares) a blind and old cattle owner married to younger and attractive Laura (Odete Lara). Dr. Mattos (Hugo Carvana), the corrupt police chief of the town, hires Antônio das Mortes as a jagunço against Coirana and Antônio fatally wounds Coirana in a duel. However, Antônio is changed by his experiences with the poor, and so he then demands that the coronel distribute the food stored in a warehouse to the remaining cangaceiros. The colonel raged and sent Mata Vaca (Vinícius Salvatori) to kill Antônio das Mortes. But Antônio das Mortes with the help of his friend "Professor" (Othon Bastos) kills Mata Vaca and his jagunços. The coronel is killed by Antão (Mário Gusmão), the helper and possibly lover of Dona Santa in a scene reminiscent of Saint George slaying the Dragon iconography. The movie ends with Antônio das Mortes walking by the roadside, carrying on the struggle - in some ways hopeless or unending - which extends beyond the killing of the colonel and the expropriation of his land.
Cast
Maurício do Valle - Antônio das Mortes
Odete Lara - Laura
Othon Bastos - Professor
Hugo Carvana - Dr. Mattos
Joffre Soares - Coronel Horácio
Lorival Pariz - Coirana
Rosa Maria Penna - Dona Santa
Vinícius Salvatori - Mata Vaca
Mário Gusmão - Antão
Emmanuel Cavalcanti - Priest
Santi Scaldaferri - Batista
Conceição Senna - Waitress
Paulo Lima
Reception
Awards and nominations
Rocha won the award for Best Director at the 1969 Cannes Film Festival. It was chosen by the Ministry of Culture to represent Brazil in the 42nd Academy Awards, but was not nominated for Best Foreign Language Film.
Soundtrack
Antonio das Mortes, written & performed by Sérgio Ricardo
Carinhoso, written by Pixinguinha & João de Barro, performed by Odete Lara & Hugo Carvana
Coirana, written by Walter Queiroz, performed by Lorival Pariz
Volta por Cima, written by Paulo Vanzolini
Ukrinmakrinkrin, for soprano, wind instruments, and piano, composed by Marlos Nobre
See also
List of submissions to the 42nd Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
List of Brazilian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
References
^ "O Dragão da Maldade Contra o Santo Guerreiro" (in Portuguese). Cinemateca Brasileira. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
^ "Festival de Cannes: O Dragão da Maldade Contra o Santo Guerreiro". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
^ Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
External links
Antonio das Mortes at IMDb
Antonio das Mortes at AllMovie
vteFilms directed by Glauber Rocha
Barravento (1962)
Black God, White Devil (1964)
Entranced Earth (1967)
Antonio das Mortes (1969)
Cabezas cortadas (1970)
The Lion Has Seven Heads (1970)
Câncer (1972)
Claro (1975)
The Age of the Earth (1980)
vteBrazilian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film1960—1999
Death Commands Brigandage (1960)
Keeper of Promises (1962)
Black God, White Devil (1964)
São Paulo Incorporated (1965)
Case of the Naves Brothers (1967)
The Amorous Ones (1968)
Antonio das Mortes (1969)
Mortal Sin (1970)
Pra Quem Fica, Tchau (1971)
How Tasty Was My Little Frenchman (1972)
John, the Knife and the River (1973)
The Scarecrow's Night (1974)
Ogum's Amulet (1975)
Xica (1976)
Tent of Miracles (1977)
The Lyre of Delight (1978)
Bye Bye Brazil (1979)
Pixote (1980)
Memoirs of Prison (1984)
Hour of the Star (1986)
Subway to the Stars (1987)
The Story of Fausta (1988)
Better Days Ahead (1989)
Exposure (1991)
O Quatrilho (1995)
Tieta of Agreste (1996)
Four Days in September (1997)
Central Station (1998)
Orfeu (1999)
2000—present
Me, You, Them (2000)
Behind the Sun (2001)
City of God (2002)
Carandiru (2003)
Olga (2004)
Two Sons of Francisco (2005)
Cinema, Aspirins and Vultures (2006)
The Year My Parents Went on Vacation (2007)
Last Stop 174 (2008)
Time of Fear (2009)
Lula, Son of Brazil (2010)
Elite Squad: The Enemy Within (2011)
The Clown (2012)
Neighboring Sounds (2013)
The Way He Looks (2014)
The Second Mother (2015)
Little Secret (2016)
Bingo: The King of the Mornings (2017)
The Great Mystical Circus (2018)
The Invisible Life of Eurídice Gusmão (2019)
Babenco: Tell Me When I Die (2020)
Private Desert (2021)
Mars One (2022)
Pictures of Ghosts (2023)
|
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It is often cited as the last installment of Rocha's film trilogy, preceded by Black God, White Devil and Entranced Earth. It features return of the character Antonio das Mortes, now as the protagonist, again played by Maurício do Valle. 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A group of impoverished peasant mystics (beatos) gathered around Dona Santa (Rosa Maria Penna), a female spiritual figure, join in veneration of Saint George with an obscure figure named Coirana (Lorival Pariz). Coirana claims to have restarted the cangaço and seeks to take the revenge of Lampião and other cangaceiro martyrs, presenting the tale of Saint George and the Dragon in a contemporary class conflict context. They threaten the town of Jardim de Piranhas governed by Coronel Horácio (Joffre Soares) a blind and old cattle owner married to younger and attractive Laura (Odete Lara). Dr. Mattos (Hugo Carvana), the corrupt police chief of the town, hires Antônio das Mortes as a jagunço against Coirana and Antônio fatally wounds Coirana in a duel. However, Antônio is changed by his experiences with the poor, and so he then demands that the coronel distribute the food stored in a warehouse to the remaining cangaceiros. The colonel raged and sent Mata Vaca (Vinícius Salvatori) to kill Antônio das Mortes. But Antônio das Mortes with the help of his friend \"Professor\" (Othon Bastos) kills Mata Vaca and his jagunços. The coronel is killed by Antão (Mário Gusmão), the helper and possibly lover of Dona Santa in a scene reminiscent of Saint George slaying the Dragon iconography. The movie ends with Antônio das Mortes walking by the roadside, carrying on the struggle - in some ways hopeless or unending - which extends beyond the killing of the colonel and the expropriation of his land.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maurício do Valle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maur%C3%ADcio_do_Valle"},{"link_name":"Odete Lara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odete_Lara"},{"link_name":"Othon Bastos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othon_Bastos"},{"link_name":"Hugo Carvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Carvana"},{"link_name":"Joffre Soares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joffre_Soares"}],"text":"Maurício do Valle - Antônio das Mortes\nOdete Lara - Laura\nOthon Bastos - Professor\nHugo Carvana - Dr. Mattos\nJoffre Soares - Coronel Horácio\nLorival Pariz - Coirana\nRosa Maria Penna - Dona Santa\nVinícius Salvatori - Mata Vaca\nMário Gusmão - Antão\nEmmanuel Cavalcanti - Priest\nSanti Scaldaferri - Batista\nConceição Senna - Waitress\nPaulo Lima","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Best Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Director_Award_(Cannes_Film_Festival)"},{"link_name":"1969 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-festival-cannes.com-2"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Brazil)"},{"link_name":"42nd Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42nd_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Awards and nominations","text":"Rocha won the award for Best Director at the 1969 Cannes Film Festival.[2] It was chosen by the Ministry of Culture to represent Brazil in the 42nd Academy Awards, but was not nominated for Best Foreign Language Film.[3]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sérgio Ricardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Ricardo_(director)"},{"link_name":"Pixinguinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixinguinha"},{"link_name":"Walter Queiroz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Queiroz"},{"link_name":"Paulo Vanzolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_Vanzolini"},{"link_name":"Marlos Nobre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlos_Nobre"}],"text":"Antonio das Mortes, written & performed by Sérgio Ricardo\nCarinhoso, written by Pixinguinha & João de Barro, performed by Odete Lara & Hugo Carvana\nCoirana, written by Walter Queiroz, performed by Lorival Pariz\nVolta por Cima, written by Paulo Vanzolini\nUkrinmakrinkrin, for soprano, wind instruments, and piano, composed by Marlos Nobre","title":"Soundtrack"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of submissions to the 42nd Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_submissions_to_the_42nd_Academy_Awards_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"title":"List of Brazilian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"O Dragão da Maldade Contra o Santo Guerreiro\" (in Portuguese). Cinemateca Brasileira. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061341/http://cinemateca.gov.br/cgi-bin/wxis.exe/iah/?IsisScript=iah%2Fiah.xis&base=FILMOGRAFIA&lang=p&nextAction=lnk&exprSearch=ID%3D002155&format=detailed.pft#1","url_text":"\"O Dragão da Maldade Contra o Santo Guerreiro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinemateca_Brasileira","url_text":"Cinemateca Brasileira"},{"url":"http://cinemateca.gov.br/cgi-bin/wxis.exe/iah/?IsisScript=iah/iah.xis&base=FILMOGRAFIA&lang=p&nextAction=lnk&exprSearch=ID=002155&format=detailed.pft#1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Festival de Cannes: O Dragão da Maldade Contra o Santo Guerreiro\". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 2009-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/2510/year/1969.html","url_text":"\"Festival de Cannes: O Dragão da Maldade Contra o Santo Guerreiro\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061341/http://cinemateca.gov.br/cgi-bin/wxis.exe/iah/?IsisScript=iah%2Fiah.xis&base=FILMOGRAFIA&lang=p&nextAction=lnk&exprSearch=ID%3D002155&format=detailed.pft#1","external_links_name":"\"O Dragão da Maldade Contra o Santo Guerreiro\""},{"Link":"http://cinemateca.gov.br/cgi-bin/wxis.exe/iah/?IsisScript=iah/iah.xis&base=FILMOGRAFIA&lang=p&nextAction=lnk&exprSearch=ID=002155&format=detailed.pft#1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/2510/year/1969.html","external_links_name":"\"Festival de Cannes: O Dragão da Maldade Contra o Santo Guerreiro\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0064256/","external_links_name":"Antonio das Mortes"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v2631","external_links_name":"Antonio das Mortes"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_Fontanarossa
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Susanna Fontanarossa
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["1 Biography","2 References"]
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Mother of Christopher Columbus
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Susanna Fontanarossa" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2023)
Susanna FontanarossaBorn1435Monticellu, Republic of GenoaDied1489 (aged 53–54)SpouseDomenico ColomboChildrenChristopher ColumbusGiovanni Pellegrino ColomboBartholomew Columbus Giacomo ColomboBianchinetta ColomboParentGiacometti Fontanarossa (father)
Plaque dedicated to Susanna Fontanarossa
Susanna Fontanarossa (1435–1489) was the mother of navigator and explorer Christopher Columbus.
Biography
Susanna was born in the hillside village of Monticellu, on the then Genoese island of Corsica, to a wealthy Catholic family. Her family owned substantial real estate in Quezzi, a little village in the low-lying valley of Bisagno (part of the present-day city of Genoa). She married Domenico Colombo in 1455 and bore him 5 children: Cristoforo, Bartolomeo, Giovanni, Giacomo, and a daughter named Bianchinetta.
Commemorative marble plaque to Suzanna Fontanarossa in the village of Fontanarossa. The inscription reads Susanna Fontanarossa, the mother of Christopher Columbus, was born in this village. ("In questo borgo nacque Susanna Fontanarossa, madre di Cristoforo Colombo.") Erected 1958 (mcmlviii).
A notarised document of sale in the Genoa state archive contains the Latinate text «Sozana, (quondam) de Jacobi de Fontana Rubea, uxor Dominici de Columbo de Ianua ac Christophorus et Pelegrinus filii eorum», which can be translated as "Susanna was (the daughter) of Giacomo from Fontanarossa of the Bisagno, wife of Domenico Columbus from Genoa, their sons are Cristoforo and Pellegrino." The Val Bisagno was a significant inland district in the ancient Republic of Genoa including the valley of the Bisagno. Thus she was described as 'Susanna from Fontanarossa' within the Val Bisagno, rather than Suzanna Fontarossa.
Today the hilltop village of Fontanarossa frazione of Gorreto, Genoa, Liguria, in the Val Trebbia (31 km inland from Genoa, at 44°35′10.66″N 9°15′18.80″E / 44.5862944°N 9.2552222°E / 44.5862944; 9.2552222) and only 6 km beyond the watershed of the river Bisagno, has a marble stone with the inscription Susanna Fontanarossa, the mother of Christopher Columbus, was born in this village. ("In questo borgo nacque Susanna Fontanarossa, madre di Cristoforo Colombo.").
Little is known about her after 1484. She died before her husband, Domenico
References
^ Beding, Silvio A. (2016-02-08). The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia. Springer. p. 283. ISBN 9781349125739.
This Italian biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lapide_di_Susanna_Fontanarossa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Christopher Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus"}],"text":"Plaque dedicated to Susanna FontanarossaSusanna Fontanarossa (1435–1489) was the mother of navigator and explorer Christopher Columbus.","title":"Susanna Fontanarossa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monticellu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monticello,_Haute-Corse"},{"link_name":"Genoese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoese_colonies"},{"link_name":"Corsica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsica"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Domenico Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Colombo"},{"link_name":"Cristoforo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus"},{"link_name":"Bartolomeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholomew_Columbus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fontanarossa_-_Lapide_di_S_Fontanarossa.jpg"},{"link_name":"notarised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notary_public"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"},{"link_name":"Latinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Val Bisagno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Bisagno"},{"link_name":"Republic of Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa"},{"link_name":"Bisagno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisagno_(stream)"},{"link_name":"frazione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frazione"},{"link_name":"Gorreto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorreto"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"},{"link_name":"Liguria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liguria"},{"link_name":"Val Trebbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebbia"},{"link_name":"44°35′10.66″N 9°15′18.80″E / 44.5862944°N 9.2552222°E / 44.5862944; 9.2552222","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Susanna_Fontanarossa¶ms=44_35_10.66_N_9_15_18.80_E_"}],"text":"Susanna was born in the hillside village of Monticellu, on the then Genoese island of Corsica, to a wealthy Catholic family. Her family owned substantial real estate in Quezzi, a little village in the low-lying valley of Bisagno (part of the present-day city of Genoa).[1] She married Domenico Colombo in 1455 and bore him 5 children: Cristoforo, Bartolomeo, Giovanni, Giacomo, and a daughter named Bianchinetta.Commemorative marble plaque to Suzanna Fontanarossa in the village of Fontanarossa. The inscription reads Susanna Fontanarossa, the mother of Christopher Columbus, was born in this village. (\"In questo borgo nacque Susanna Fontanarossa, madre di Cristoforo Colombo.\") Erected 1958 (mcmlviii).A notarised document of sale in the Genoa state archive contains the Latinate text «Sozana, (quondam) de Jacobi de Fontana Rubea, uxor Dominici de Columbo de Ianua ac Christophorus et Pelegrinus filii eorum», which can be translated as \"Susanna was (the daughter) of Giacomo from Fontanarossa of the Bisagno, wife of Domenico Columbus from Genoa, their sons are Cristoforo and Pellegrino.\" The Val Bisagno was a significant inland district in the ancient Republic of Genoa including the valley of the Bisagno. Thus she was described as 'Susanna from Fontanarossa' within the Val Bisagno, rather than Suzanna Fontarossa.Today the hilltop village of Fontanarossa frazione of Gorreto, Genoa, Liguria, in the Val Trebbia (31 km inland from Genoa, at 44°35′10.66″N 9°15′18.80″E / 44.5862944°N 9.2552222°E / 44.5862944; 9.2552222) and only 6 km beyond the watershed of the river Bisagno, has a marble stone with the inscription Susanna Fontanarossa, the mother of Christopher Columbus, was born in this village. (\"In questo borgo nacque Susanna Fontanarossa, madre di Cristoforo Colombo.\").Little is known about her after 1484. She died before her husband, Domenico","title":"Biography"}]
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[{"image_text":"Plaque dedicated to Susanna Fontanarossa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lapide_di_Susanna_Fontanarossa.jpg/230px-Lapide_di_Susanna_Fontanarossa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Commemorative marble plaque to Suzanna Fontanarossa in the village of Fontanarossa. The inscription reads Susanna Fontanarossa, the mother of Christopher Columbus, was born in this village. (\"In questo borgo nacque Susanna Fontanarossa, madre di Cristoforo Colombo.\") Erected 1958 (mcmlviii).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Fontanarossa_-_Lapide_di_S_Fontanarossa.jpg/230px-Fontanarossa_-_Lapide_di_S_Fontanarossa.jpg"}]
| null |
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelapa_Gading_Sport_Mall
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The BritAma Arena
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["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
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Coordinates: 6°08′59″S 106°54′10″E / 6.1498°S 106.9029°E / -6.1498; 106.9029Indoor sporting arena located in Jakarta, Indonesia
This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The BritAma ArenaKelapa Gading Sports MallLocationKelapa Gading, Jakarta Utara, IndonesiaCoordinates6°08′59″S 106°54′10″E / 6.1498°S 106.9029°E / -6.1498; 106.9029OwnerErick ThohirCapacity5,000TenantsSatria Muda Pertamina (IBL)
The BritAma Arena (Indonesian: Arena BritAma), also known as Kelapa Gading Sports Mall or Mahaka Square, is an indoor sporting arena located in the affluent Kelapa Gading subdistrict in North Jakarta, Indonesia.
The arena plays host to the basketball games of Indonesia's most successful club basketball team Satria Muda BritAma in the Indonesian Basketball League and ASEAN Basketball League (ABL), and also serves as the venue of some sporting and trade events in the North Jakarta area. The arena hosted the third game of the 2010 ABL Finals, and was the venue of the 2011 Southeast Asian basketball tournament, as well as the eSports exhibition event at the 2018 Asian Games.
As Bank Rakyat Indonesia, through its brand "Tabungan BritAma", is the main sponsor of what used to be known as the Satria Muda Mahaka Jakarta team, it also has the naming rights for the venue; therefore "The BritAma Arena".
See also
List of indoor arenas
Mata Elang International Stadium
Istora Gelora Bung Karno
DBL Arena
Palembang Sport and Convention Center
Jakarta portal
References
^ http://www.mahakasquare.com/2016/03/04/marketing/
^ "Jakarta District Guide (includes commentary on adjacent community)". Streetdirectory.com. Retrieved 2012-09-21.
External links
The BritAma Arena Sports Mall Archived 2018-04-11 at the Wayback Machine - Official Website
This article about an Indonesian sports venue is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"title":"List of indoor arenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_indoor_arenas"},{"title":"Mata Elang International Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_Elang_International_Stadium"},{"title":"Istora Gelora Bung Karno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istora_Gelora_Bung_Karno"},{"title":"DBL Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBL_Arena,_Surabaya"},{"title":"Palembang Sport and Convention Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palembang_Sport_and_Convention_Center"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Jakarta.svg"},{"title":"Jakarta portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Jakarta"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Jakarta District Guide (includes commentary on adjacent community)\". Streetdirectory.com. Retrieved 2012-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/indonesia/jakarta/jakarta_districts/info-131-kelapa_gading_jakarta_district_guide.php","url_text":"\"Jakarta District Guide (includes commentary on adjacent community)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igado
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Igado
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["1 References"]
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Filipino dish
IgadoAlternative namesHigadoCoursemain course, side dishPlace of originPhilippinesRegion or stateIlocos RegionServing temperatureWarmMain ingredientspork liver, potatoes, carrots, bell pepper, green peasSimilar dishesMenudo (stew), Pork guisantes Media: Igado
Igado (or higado) is a Filipino pork dish originating from the Ilocos Region in the Philippines. Its name means "liver" in Spanish for which it features, although it may include other pork meats and offal also.
The pork―liver, meat, and offal―are sliced into tiny pieces and simmered with bell pepper and green peas, producing a dish often likened to the menudo. Unlike menudo, igado typically uses soy sauce (or patis) and vinegar rather than tomato sauce. Also, potatoes and carrots are optional.
The dish was a favorite of Elpidio Quirino, an Ilocano, and sixth president of the Philippines.
References
^ a b Villar, Roberto (December 30, 2019). "The Convoluted Histories of Mechado, Afritada, Menudo, and Kaldereta". Esquire Magazine Philippines.
^ Samonte, Quirico S. (2007). Not at the table, please. Northville, MI: Ferne Press. ISBN 1-933916-03-6. OCLC 122941823.
^ "Filipino fare that sound spooky but very comforting to enjoy". The Manila Times. October 31, 2019. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
^ Shaynne, Jhoana (November 13, 2019). "Igado: The Other Sought After Filipino Dish". Wonder Pinays. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
^ Lott, Bebs (May 8, 2021). "Authentic Igado Recipe Recipe". Foxy Folksy. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
^ Quirino, Elizabeth Ann; Quirino, Constante G. (2015). Statesman And Survivor: Elpidio Quirino 6th President of the Philippines.
vte Filipino cuisineMain dishes
Adobo
Afritada
Asado
matua
pork
Balbacua
Balut
Bicol express/Sinilihan
Binagoongan
kangkong
Binalot
Bistek
Biyaring
Bola-bola
Bopis
Burong isda
Burong mangga
Carne norte guisado
Chicken galantina/Relyenong manok
Chicken pastel/Pastel de pollo
Chori burger
Coconut burger
Curacha
Alavar
Decho
Dinakdakan/Warek-Warek
Dinengdeng
Dinuguan
Embutido
Escabeche
Estofado
Everlasting
Giniling
Ginisang kangkóng
Goto
Halabós
Hamonado
Hardinera
Humbà
Igado
Inasal
Inihaw/Filipino barbecue
Inubaran
Isaw
Kaldereta
Kare-kare
Kilawin
Kinilnat
Kinilaw
Kulawo
Laing/Pinangat
Inulukan
Linapay/Tinamuk
Tinumok
Lechon
baboy
baka
manok
Lengua estofado
Lengua pastel
Lengua Sevillana
Linagpang
Linarang
Linat-an
Lumlom
Mechado
Menudo/Ginamay
Waknatoy
Morcón
Nilagang saging
Paklay
Papaitan
Pares
Pares kanto
Pata tim
Piaparan
Picadillo
Pinais
Pinapaitan
Pinakbet
Pinangat na isda
Pinatisan
Pininyahang hipon
Pininyahang manok
Pinsec frito
Piyanggang manok
Piutu
Poqui poqui
Proben
Pudpod
Putsero
Rendang
Ropa vieja
Sarsa na uyang
Satti
Sinanglay
Sinantolan
Siomai
Tamale
Talunan
Tapa
Tinapa
Tinapayan
Tinola
Tuslob buwa
Fried dishes
Bagnet
Calamares
Camaron rebosado
Carne frita
Chicharon
Crispy kangkóng
Crispy pata
Crispy tadyang ng baka
Daing
Fish balls
Kikiam
Lechon kawali
Nilasing na hipon
Okoy
Pudpod
Sisig
Tapa
Tocino
Tokneneng
Kwek kwek
Tokwa’t baboy
Torta
carne norte
kalabasa
sardinas
talong
Rice dishes
Aligue fried rice
Arroz a la cubana
Arroz valenciana
Arroz caldo
Bagoong fried rice
Balao-balao
Java rice
Junay
Kiampong
Kuning
Lugaw
Morisqueta tostada
Oko-oko
Paelya
Bringhe
Nasing biringyi
Pastil
Pusô/Tamu
Silog
Sinangág
Sinigapuna
Soups
Batchoy Tagalog/Batsoy
Binakol
Bulalo
Cansi
Ginataan
ampalaya
hipon
isda
kalabasa
kuhol
labong
langka
manok
sugpo
ubod
Ginisang munggo
Gising-gising
Kadyos, baboy, kag langka
Kadyos, manok, kag ubad
Kinamatisang manok (Sarciadong manok)
Nilaga
Paksiw
Inun-unan
Pinikpikan
Sarsiado
Sinabawang corned beef
Sinabawang gulay
Sinampalukan
Sinigang
Sorol
Soup Number Five
Suam na mais
Tiyula itum
Noodles and pasta
Balbacua con misua
Batchoy
Batchoy Tagalog
Filipino spaghetti
Kinalas
Macaroni salad
Maki mi
Odong
Pancit
bihon
buko
canton
choca
estacion
lomi
luglug
Malabon
mami
miki
Molo
palabok
sotanghon
Pares mami
Sinigáng sa misô
Sopa de fideo
Sopas
Sausages
Longganisa
Alaminos
Baguio
Cabanatuan/Batutay
Calumpit
Chicken
Fish
Guagua/Candaba
Guinobatan
Longganisang dugo
Lucban
Pampanga
Tuguegarao
Vigan
Chorizo
de Bilbao
de Cebu
de Macao
Negrense
pudpud
Pinuneg
Lumpia and turón
Daral
Dinamita
Lumpia
adobo
gulay
hubad
isda
keso
labong
prito
sariwa
Shanghai
singkamas
togue
ubod
Vegetarian lumpia
Ngohiong
Turón
Breads, cakes,and pastries
Alfajor
Asado roll
Banada
Banana cake
Bicho
Binangkal
Biscocho
Kinihad
Brazo de Mercedes
Buko pandan cake
Buko pie
Buñuelo
Churro
Crema de Fruta
Egg pie
Empanada
Ensaymada
Flan cake
Hopia
Inipit
Kumukunsi
Mamón
Broas
Puto mamón
Taisan
tostado
Mango cake
Mango float
Napoleones
Ohaldre
Pan de coco
Pan de monggo
Pan de monja/Monáy
Putok
Pan de regla
Pan de siosa/Pan de leche
Pandesal
Pastel de Camiguín
Pianono
Piaya
Pilipit
Pinagong
Polvorón
Sans rival
Señorita bread/Spanish bread
Shakoy
Shing-a-ling
Silvana
Siopao
Ube cake
Ube cheesecake
Waffle dog
Yema cake
Biscuits/cookies
Aparon
Apas
Barquillos
Barquiron
Camachile cookies
Caycay
Galletas
de bato
de patatas/Egg cracklets
del Carmen
pesquera
Gorgoria
Half-moon cookie
Jacobina
Lengua de gato
Linga
Masa podrida
Otap
Paciencia
Paborita
Puto seco
Roscas
Rosquillo
Ube crinkles
Ugoy-ugoy
Uraró/Arrowroot cookies
Desserts
Ampaw
Banana cue
Baye baye
Binagol
Binaki
Buko salad
Buko halo
Buko melon
Buko pandan
Camote cue
Camote halaya
Cascaron
Cassava cake
Pitsi-pitsî
Champóy
Coconut macaroon
Cornick
Daral
Dodol
Duman
Ginanggang
Kalamay
Kiamoy
Leche flan
Lokot-lokot
Maja blanca
Maruya
Masareal
Membrilyo
Minatamis na saging
Nilupak/Nilusak
Pinipig
Pritong saging
Salukara
Taho
Tamales
Tibok-tibok
Tocino de cielo
Turón
Turrón de casúy
Turrón de pili
Ube
halaya
macapuno
Candies and confections
Pastillas
Balikucha
Belekoy
Coconut toffee
Peanut Brittle
Panocha mani
Sampalok candy
Yema
Chips and crackers
Banana chips
Kabkab/Cassava cracker
Kropek
Kiping
Pinasugbo/Consilva
Frozen desserts
Avocado and milk in ice/Abukado lamaw
Guinomis
Halo-halo
Ice buko
Ice scramble
Knickerbocker
Maíz con hielo
Queso ice cream
Saba con hielo
Sili ice cream
Sorbetes
Ube ice cream
Kakanin (ricecakes)
Bibingka
Bibingkoy
Binakle
Biko
Espasol
Kutsinta
Mache
Masi
Moche
Morón
Palitaw
Panyalam
Putli mandi
Puto
Puto bumbong
Puto maya
Sapin-sapin
Sayongsong
Suman
Tikoy
Tupig
Soup desserts
Bilo-bilo
Binatog
Binignit
Champorado
Ginataan
mais
munggo/Lelot balatong
saba
Lamaw
Condimentsand ingredients
Agre dulce/sweet and sour sauce
Achuete
Asín tibuok
Atchara
Bagoong
alamang
monamon
terong
Banana ketchup
Biasong
Bukayo
Burô/tapay
Calamansi
Dayap
Dayok
Dungon
Galapóng
Gamet
Gatâ
Giniling
Gulaman
Gusô
Kakang gatâ
Kamias
Kaong
Kasubha
Keso de bola
Kesong puti
Labóng
Landang
Latik
Latô
Lemongrass
Liver spread/Lechon sauce
Luyang dilaw
Macapuno
Minatamís na báo
Muscovado
Nata de coco
Nata de piña
Pakô
Palapa
Pandan
Panutsa
Patis
Pili nut
Saba banana
Sago
Sakurab/Sibujing
Siling haba
Siling labuyo
Taba ng talangka
Tabon-tabon
Toyomansi
Toyo, suka, at sili
Túltul
Ube
Ubad
Ubod
Vinegar
cane
coconut
kaong palm
nipa palm
spiced
BeveragesNon-alcoholic
Avocado milkshake
Calamansi juice
Coffee
Barako
Benguet
Sagada
Sulu
Salabat
Samalamig
Buko pandan drink
Sago at gulaman
Tsokolate
Tubho tea
Alcoholic
Agkud
Anisado
Bahalina
Bais
Basi
Bignay wine
Byais
Dubado
Duhat wine
Intus
Kabarawan
Kinutil
Laksoy/Dalisay de nipa/Barik
Lambanog/Dalisay de coco
Mallorca
Palek
Pangasi
Tapuy/Baya
Tubâ
Tuhak
Tunggang
Food portal
See also:
Philippine condiments
Filipino Chinese cuisine
Kamayan
Kapampangan cuisine
List of restaurant chains in the Philippines
This Filipino cuisine–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"pork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork"},{"link_name":"Ilocos Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilocos_Region"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Villar_20191230-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Samonte2007-2"},{"link_name":"liver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_as_food"},{"link_name":"offal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JhoanaShaynne20191113-4"},{"link_name":"bell pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_pepper"},{"link_name":"green peas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_peas"},{"link_name":"menudo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menudo_(stew)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Villar_20191230-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Elpidio Quirino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elpidio_Quirino"},{"link_name":"Ilocano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilocano_people"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuirinoandQurino-6"}],"text":"Igado (or higado) is a Filipino pork dish originating from the Ilocos Region in the Philippines.[1][2] Its name means \"liver\" in Spanish for which it features, although it may include other pork meats and offal also.[3][4]The pork―liver, meat, and offal―are sliced into tiny pieces and simmered with bell pepper and green peas, producing a dish often likened to the menudo.[1] Unlike menudo, igado typically uses soy sauce (or patis) and vinegar rather than tomato sauce. Also, potatoes and carrots are optional.[5]The dish was a favorite of Elpidio Quirino, an Ilocano, and sixth president of the Philippines.[6]","title":"Igado"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Villar, Roberto (December 30, 2019). \"The Convoluted Histories of Mechado, Afritada, Menudo, and Kaldereta\". Esquire Magazine Philippines.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/convoluted-histories-mechado-afritada-menudo-kaldereta-a2386-20191230-lfrm2","url_text":"\"The Convoluted Histories of Mechado, Afritada, Menudo, and Kaldereta\""}]},{"reference":"Samonte, Quirico S. (2007). Not at the table, please. Northville, MI: Ferne Press. ISBN 1-933916-03-6. OCLC 122941823.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122941823","url_text":"Not at the table, please"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-933916-03-6","url_text":"1-933916-03-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122941823","url_text":"122941823"}]},{"reference":"\"Filipino fare that sound spooky but very comforting to enjoy\". The Manila Times. October 31, 2019. Retrieved May 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.manilatimes.net/2019/10/31/lifestyle-entertainment/life-times/flavors/filipino-fare-that-sound-spooky-but-very-comforting-to-enjoy/652296/","url_text":"\"Filipino fare that sound spooky but very comforting to enjoy\""}]},{"reference":"Shaynne, Jhoana (November 13, 2019). \"Igado: The Other Sought After Filipino Dish\". Wonder Pinays. Retrieved May 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://wonderpinays.com/igado-the-other-sought-after-filipino-dish/","url_text":"\"Igado: The Other Sought After Filipino Dish\""}]},{"reference":"Lott, Bebs (May 8, 2021). \"Authentic Igado Recipe Recipe\". Foxy Folksy. Retrieved October 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foxyfolksy.com/igado/","url_text":"\"Authentic Igado Recipe Recipe\""}]},{"reference":"Quirino, Elizabeth Ann; Quirino, Constante G. (2015). Statesman And Survivor: Elpidio Quirino 6th President of the Philippines.","urls":[]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/convoluted-histories-mechado-afritada-menudo-kaldereta-a2386-20191230-lfrm2","external_links_name":"\"The Convoluted Histories of Mechado, Afritada, Menudo, and Kaldereta\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122941823","external_links_name":"Not at the table, please"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122941823","external_links_name":"122941823"},{"Link":"https://www.manilatimes.net/2019/10/31/lifestyle-entertainment/life-times/flavors/filipino-fare-that-sound-spooky-but-very-comforting-to-enjoy/652296/","external_links_name":"\"Filipino fare that sound spooky but very comforting to enjoy\""},{"Link":"https://wonderpinays.com/igado-the-other-sought-after-filipino-dish/","external_links_name":"\"Igado: The Other Sought After Filipino Dish\""},{"Link":"https://www.foxyfolksy.com/igado/","external_links_name":"\"Authentic Igado Recipe Recipe\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Igado&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondius_Inlet
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Hondius Inlet
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["1 Location","2 Maps","3 References","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 68°04′50″S 64°55′00″W / 68.08056°S 64.91667°W / -68.08056; -64.91667Ice-filled inlet
Location of Joerg Peninsula in Graham Land, Antarctic Peninsula.
Hondius Inlet is the 5.7 km wide ice-filled inlet indenting for 6.7 km the tip of Joerg Peninsula, Bowman Coast on the Antarctic Peninsula southeast of Three Slice Nunatak. Its head is fed by Getman Ice Piedmont.
The geographic feature is named after the Flemish cartographer Jodocus Hondius (1563–1612), whose map in 1595 depicted the southern continent Terra Australis being separated from Tierra del Fuego and New Guinea.
Location
The Hondius Inlet is centred at 68°04′50″S 64°55′00″W / 68.08056°S 64.91667°W / -68.08056; -64.91667. British mapping in 1963 and 1976.
Maps
British Antarctic Territory. Scale 1:200,000 topographic map. DOS 610 Series, Sheet W 68 64. Directorate of Overseas Surveys, Tolworth, UK, 1963.
British Antarctic Territory: Palmer Land. Scale 1:250,000 topographic map. BAS 250 Series, Sheet SR 19–20. London, 1976.
Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250,000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated.
References
^ "Gazetteer - AADC". data.aad.gov.au. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
Hondius Inlet. SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer.
Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer. Antarctic Place-names Commission. (details in Bulgarian, basic data in English)
External links
Hondius Inlet. Copernix satellite image
This article includes information from the Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria which is used with permission.
This Bowman Coast location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant-pen-map-Joerg.PNG"},{"link_name":"Joerg Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joerg_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Bowman Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowman_Coast"},{"link_name":"Antarctic Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Three Slice Nunatak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Slice_Nunatak"},{"link_name":"Getman Ice Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getman_Ice_Piedmont"},{"link_name":"Flemish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_people"},{"link_name":"Jodocus Hondius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodocus_Hondius"},{"link_name":"Terra Australis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_Australis"},{"link_name":"Tierra del Fuego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Ice-filled inletLocation of Joerg Peninsula in Graham Land, Antarctic Peninsula.Hondius Inlet is the 5.7 km wide ice-filled inlet indenting for 6.7 km the tip of Joerg Peninsula, Bowman Coast on the Antarctic Peninsula southeast of Three Slice Nunatak. Its head is fed by Getman Ice Piedmont.The geographic feature is named after the Flemish cartographer Jodocus Hondius (1563–1612), whose map in 1595 depicted the southern continent Terra Australis being separated from Tierra del Fuego and New Guinea.[1]","title":"Hondius Inlet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"68°04′50″S 64°55′00″W / 68.08056°S 64.91667°W / -68.08056; -64.91667","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hondius_Inlet¶ms=68_04_50_S_64_55_00_W_"}],"text":"The Hondius Inlet is centred at 68°04′50″S 64°55′00″W / 68.08056°S 64.91667°W / -68.08056; -64.91667. British mapping in 1963 and 1976.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antarctic Digital Database (ADD).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.add.scar.org"}],"text":"British Antarctic Territory. Scale 1:200,000 topographic map. DOS 610 Series, Sheet W 68 64. Directorate of Overseas Surveys, Tolworth, UK, 1963.\nBritish Antarctic Territory: Palmer Land. Scale 1:250,000 topographic map. BAS 250 Series, Sheet SR 19–20. London, 1976.\nAntarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250,000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated.","title":"Maps"}]
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[{"image_text":"Location of Joerg Peninsula in Graham Land, Antarctic Peninsula.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ant-pen-map-Joerg.PNG/220px-Ant-pen-map-Joerg.PNG"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Gazetteer - AADC\". data.aad.gov.au. Retrieved 14 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137665","url_text":"\"Gazetteer - AADC\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hondius_Inlet¶ms=68_04_50_S_64_55_00_W_","external_links_name":"68°04′50″S 64°55′00″W / 68.08056°S 64.91667°W / -68.08056; -64.91667"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hondius_Inlet¶ms=68_04_50_S_64_55_00_W_","external_links_name":"68°04′50″S 64°55′00″W / 68.08056°S 64.91667°W / -68.08056; -64.91667"},{"Link":"http://www.add.scar.org/","external_links_name":"Antarctic Digital Database (ADD)."},{"Link":"https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137665","external_links_name":"\"Gazetteer - AADC\""},{"Link":"https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137665","external_links_name":"Hondius Inlet."},{"Link":"http://apcbg.org/gazet-bg.pdf","external_links_name":"Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer."},{"Link":"http://apcbg.org/gazet.pdf","external_links_name":"basic data"},{"Link":"https://copernix.io/#?where=-64.94275952929688,-68.07017243617071,12&?query=&?map_type=hybrid","external_links_name":"Hondius Inlet."},{"Link":"http://apcbg.org/","external_links_name":"Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hondius_Inlet&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_(Epcot)
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France Pavilion at Epcot
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["1 Layout","2 Attractions","2.1 Current attractions","2.2 Former attractions","3 Street performers and atmosphere","4 Dining","5 References","6 External links"]
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Coordinates: 28°22′08″N 81°33′10″W / 28.368936°N 81.552774°W / 28.368936; -81.552774Pavilion of World Showcase in Epcot
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "France Pavilion at Epcot" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
France PavilionEpcotAreaWorld ShowcaseCoordinates28°22′08″N 81°33′10″W / 28.368936°N 81.552774°W / 28.368936; -81.552774StatusOperatingOpening dateOctober 1, 1982
Ride statisticsAttraction typeThemed PavilionThemeParis, France
The France Pavilion is a French-themed pavilion that is part of the World Showcase within Epcot at Walt Disney World in Bay Lake, Florida. Its location is between the Morocco and United Kingdom pavilions.
Layout
The France Pavilion is themed to look like a Parisienne neighborhood with a pool and fountains and with a view of the Eiffel Tower in the distance. Most of the shops on the streets are actual shops selling French goods such as Guerlain perfume. The attraction effects France's cities and historical structures. It also includes two French restaurants, Monsieur Paul (formerly the Bistro de Paris) and Les Chefs de France; as well as the eateries Les Halles Boulangerie and Patisserie and L'artisan des Glace ice-cream parlour.
Attractions
As with many of the pavilions located within the World Showcase section of the Epcot park, a key aspect of the France Pavilion is its panoramic film Impressions de France. The film, which has been playing since the opening day of the Epcot park in 1982, offers a visual tour of the nation, set against a musical score written by Buddy Baker, encompassing the music of classical French composers such as Claude Debussy and Camille Saint-Saëns. The film itself is the work of director Rick Harper and produced by two-time Academy Award nominee Bob Rogers. The film's visual tour includes some of the nation's most stunning and romantic landmarks such as the cliffs of Étretat in the Haute-Normandie region, Mont Saint-Michel in Normandy, Château de Chambord in the Loire Valley, Notre Dame de Paris and the Eiffel Tower.
In addition to Impressions de France, which is set to became part of Palais du Cinéma, the France Pavilion is also one of the many themed land participants in the "Kim Possible World Showcase Adventure". This interactive scavenger hunt type attraction, which began in January 2009, was played across the numerous themed lands of Epcot's "World Showcase". It was replaced by "Agent P's World Showcase Adventure" in June 2012. On July 15, 2017, Disney announced that Remy's Ratatouille Adventure would be coming to the France Pavilion.
On January 16, 2020, a Beauty and the Beast sing-along show premiered in Palais du Cinéma, which alternates showtimes with Impressions de France. On December 12, 2022, EPCOT announced that the France Pavilion would participate in DuckTales World Showcase Adventure beginning on December 16; the opening date had been postponed since 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Current attractions
Palais du Cinéma
Impressions de France (1982-present)
Beauty and the Beast Sing-Along (2020-present)
Remy's Ratatouille Adventure (2021-present)
EPCOT World Showcase Adventure
DuckTales World Showcase Adventure (2022-present)
Former attractions
Kim Possible World Showcase Adventure
Agent P's World Showcase Adventure
Street performers and atmosphere
Belle, from the 1991 Disney animated film Beauty and the Beast, and Aurora, from the 1959 Disney animated film Sleeping Beauty, meet guests at the France Pavilion. In addition, the comedy chair climbing and balancing show "Serveur Amusant" performs on a daily basis outside Les Chefs de France. Also, adding to the themed land's atmosphere, are advertisements for Disneyland Paris and souvenirs featuring it.
Dining
Les Chefs de France
Les Chefs de France was opened by French gastronomic legends Roger Vergé, Gaston Lenôtre, and Paul Bocuse. It opened at Epcot's inception in 1982 and has been run since 1996 by Bocuse's son Jérôme. In 2009, an Audio-animatronic figure of the rat Remy from the Disney animated feature Ratatouille appeared at the restaurant several times daily. The Rémy figure (which is the smallest created by Walt Disney Imagineering) was brought around by a handler to appear at diners' tables, which was especially apt given that one of the establishment's founders, Gaston Lenôtre, is widely believed to have been part of the inspiration for Auguste Gusteau in the film.
Les Creperie de France
Monsieur Paul
Boulangerie Pâtisserie des Halles
References
^ Niles, Robert (December 17, 2008). "Why 'Impressions de France' is the best movie ever made for a theme park". Theme Park Insider.
^ a b Niles, Robert (March 8, 2010). "2010 Best Theme Park Attraction nominee: Epcot's Impressions de France". Theme Park Insider.
^ Rogers, Bob (December 18, 2008). "Impressions de France reviews". Theme Park Insider.
^ Jon Fiedler. "France at Disney Character Central". Disney Character Central. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
^ "Nouvelle Cuisine inventor, Paul Bocuse, named Chef of the 20th Century". Irish Food Guide. 2011-04-01. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
^ "Paul Bocuse, Co-Founder of Les Chefs de France, dies at 91". Disboards.com. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
^ "Paul Bocuse, Celebrated French Chef, Dies at 91". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
^ "Chefs de France". Go.com.
^ Bevil, Dewayne (2009-04-10). "Remy's making the rounds at mealtime". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
^ Baum, Gary (2014-05-21). "Cannes Culinary Showdown: Ranking the Macarons". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to France, Epcot.
Walt Disney World Resort - France Pavilion
Walt Disney World Resort - Impressions de France
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavilion"},{"link_name":"World Showcase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epcot#World_Showcase"},{"link_name":"Epcot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epcot"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_World"},{"link_name":"Bay Lake, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Lake,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco_Pavilion_at_Epcot"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Pavilion_at_Epcot"}],"text":"Pavilion of World Showcase in EpcotThe France Pavilion is a French-themed pavilion that is part of the World Showcase within Epcot at Walt Disney World in Bay Lake, Florida. Its location is between the Morocco and United Kingdom pavilions.","title":"France Pavilion at Epcot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parisienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Eiffel Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower"}],"text":"The France Pavilion is themed to look like a Parisienne neighborhood with a pool and fountains and with a view of the Eiffel Tower in the distance. Most of the shops on the streets are actual shops selling French goods such as Guerlain perfume. The attraction effects France's cities and historical structures. It also includes two French restaurants, Monsieur Paul (formerly the Bistro de Paris) and Les Chefs de France; as well as the eateries Les Halles Boulangerie and Patisserie and L'artisan des Glace ice-cream parlour.","title":"Layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Impressions de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressions_de_France"},{"link_name":"Buddy Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Baker_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Claude Debussy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy"},{"link_name":"Camille Saint-Saëns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"Bob Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Rogers_(designer)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"cliffs of Étretat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliffs_of_%C3%89tretat"},{"link_name":"Mont Saint-Michel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Saint-Michel"},{"link_name":"Château de Chambord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chambord"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"Eiffel Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Remy's Ratatouille Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remy%27s_Ratatouille_Adventure"},{"link_name":"Beauty and the Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_film)"}],"text":"As with many of the pavilions located within the World Showcase section of the Epcot park, a key aspect of the France Pavilion is its panoramic film Impressions de France. The film, which has been playing since the opening day of the Epcot park in 1982, offers a visual tour of the nation, set against a musical score written by Buddy Baker, encompassing the music of classical French composers such as Claude Debussy and Camille Saint-Saëns.[1] The film itself is the work of director Rick Harper[2] and produced by two-time Academy Award nominee Bob Rogers.[2] The film's visual tour includes some of the nation's most stunning and romantic landmarks such as the cliffs of Étretat in the Haute-Normandie region, Mont Saint-Michel in Normandy, Château de Chambord in the Loire Valley, Notre Dame de Paris and the Eiffel Tower.[3]In addition to Impressions de France, which is set to became part of Palais du Cinéma, the France Pavilion is also one of the many themed land participants in the \"Kim Possible World Showcase Adventure\". This interactive scavenger hunt type attraction, which began in January 2009, was played across the numerous themed lands of Epcot's \"World Showcase\". It was replaced by \"Agent P's World Showcase Adventure\" in June 2012. On July 15, 2017, Disney announced that Remy's Ratatouille Adventure would be coming to the France Pavilion.On January 16, 2020, a Beauty and the Beast sing-along show premiered in Palais du Cinéma, which alternates showtimes with Impressions de France. On December 12, 2022, EPCOT announced that the France Pavilion would participate in DuckTales World Showcase Adventure beginning on December 16; the opening date had been postponed since 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Impressions de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressions_de_France"},{"link_name":"Beauty and the Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_film)"},{"link_name":"Remy's Ratatouille Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remy%27s_Ratatouille_Adventure"}],"sub_title":"Current attractions","text":"Palais du Cinéma\nImpressions de France (1982-present)\nBeauty and the Beast Sing-Along (2020-present)\nRemy's Ratatouille Adventure (2021-present)\nEPCOT World Showcase Adventure\nDuckTales World Showcase Adventure (2022-present)","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Former attractions","text":"Kim Possible World Showcase Adventure\nAgent P's World Showcase Adventure","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_(Disney)"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios"},{"link_name":"Beauty and the Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_film)"},{"link_name":"Aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(Disney)"},{"link_name":"Sleeping Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty_(1959_film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Disneyland Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland_Paris"}],"text":"Belle, from the 1991 Disney animated film Beauty and the Beast, and Aurora, from the 1959 Disney animated film Sleeping Beauty, meet guests at the France Pavilion.[4] In addition, the comedy chair climbing and balancing show \"Serveur Amusant\" performs on a daily basis outside Les Chefs de France. Also, adding to the themed land's atmosphere, are advertisements for Disneyland Paris and souvenirs featuring it.","title":"Street performers and atmosphere"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Les_Chefs_de_France.jpg"},{"link_name":"Roger Vergé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Verg%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Gaston Lenôtre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Len%C3%B4tre"},{"link_name":"Paul Bocuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bocuse"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Jérôme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bocuse"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Audio-animatronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio-Animatronics"},{"link_name":"Ratatouille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratatouille_(film)"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Imagineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Imagineering"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Les Chefs de FranceLes Chefs de France was opened by French gastronomic legends Roger Vergé, Gaston Lenôtre, and Paul Bocuse.[5][6][7] It opened at Epcot's inception in 1982 and has been run since 1996 by Bocuse's son Jérôme.[8] In 2009, an Audio-animatronic figure of the rat Remy from the Disney animated feature Ratatouille appeared at the restaurant several times daily. The Rémy figure (which is the smallest created by Walt Disney Imagineering) was brought around by a handler to appear at diners' tables, which was especially apt given that one of the establishment's founders, Gaston Lenôtre, is widely believed to have been part of the inspiration for Auguste Gusteau in the film.[9][10]\nLes Creperie de France\nMonsieur Paul\nBoulangerie Pâtisserie des Halles","title":"Dining"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Les Chefs de France","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Les_Chefs_de_France.jpg/220px-Les_Chefs_de_France.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Niles, Robert (December 17, 2008). \"Why 'Impressions de France' is the best movie ever made for a theme park\". Theme Park Insider.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.themeparkinsider.com/flume/200812/996/","url_text":"\"Why 'Impressions de France' is the best movie ever made for a theme park\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theme_Park_Insider&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Theme Park Insider"}]},{"reference":"Niles, Robert (March 8, 2010). \"2010 Best Theme Park Attraction nominee: Epcot's Impressions de France\". Theme Park Insider.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.themeparkinsider.com/flume/201003/1750/","url_text":"\"2010 Best Theme Park Attraction nominee: Epcot's Impressions de France\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theme_Park_Insider&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Theme Park Insider"}]},{"reference":"Rogers, Bob (December 18, 2008). \"Impressions de France reviews\". Theme Park Insider.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.themeparkinsider.com/reviews/epcot/impressions_de_france/","url_text":"\"Impressions de France reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theme_Park_Insider&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Theme Park Insider"}]},{"reference":"Jon Fiedler. \"France at Disney Character Central\". Disney Character Central. Retrieved 4 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.charactercentral.net/L30_DisneyCharacters_WaltDisneyWorld_EPCOT_France.aspx","url_text":"\"France at Disney Character Central\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nouvelle Cuisine inventor, Paul Bocuse, named Chef of the 20th Century\". Irish Food Guide. 2011-04-01. Retrieved 2016-04-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishfoodguide.ie/2011/04/nouvelle-cuisine-inventor-paul-bocuse.html","url_text":"\"Nouvelle Cuisine inventor, Paul Bocuse, named Chef of the 20th Century\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Bocuse, Co-Founder of Les Chefs de France, dies at 91\". Disboards.com. Retrieved 30 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.disboards.com/threads/paul-bocuse-co-founder-of-les-chefs-de-france-dies-at-91.3659317/","url_text":"\"Paul Bocuse, Co-Founder of Les Chefs de France, dies at 91\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Bocuse, Celebrated French Chef, Dies at 91\". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 30 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/20/obituaries/paul-bocuse-dead.html","url_text":"\"Paul Bocuse, Celebrated French Chef, Dies at 91\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chefs de France\". Go.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://disneyworld.disney.go.com/dining/epcot/chefs-de-france/","url_text":"\"Chefs de France\""}]},{"reference":"Bevil, Dewayne (2009-04-10). \"Remy's making the rounds at mealtime\". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 2016-04-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2009-04-10/entertainment/bevil10_1_remy-walt-disney-epcot","url_text":"\"Remy's making the rounds at mealtime\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel","url_text":"Orlando Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"Baum, Gary (2014-05-21). \"Cannes Culinary Showdown: Ranking the Macarons\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2016-04-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cannes-culinary-showdown-ranking-macarons-706136","url_text":"\"Cannes Culinary Showdown: Ranking the Macarons\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaro
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Damaro
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 9°08′N 8°54′W / 9.133°N 8.900°W / 9.133; -8.900Sub-prefecture and town in Kankan Region, GuineaDamaroSub-prefecture and townDamaroLocation in GuineaCoordinates: 9°8′N 8°54′W / 9.133°N 8.900°W / 9.133; -8.900Country GuineaRegionKankan RegionPrefectureKérouané PrefecturePopulation (2014) • Total27,422Time zoneUTC+0 (GMT)
Damaro is a town and sub-prefecture in the Kérouané Prefecture in the Kankan Region of south-eastern Guinea. As of 2014 it had a population of 27,422 people.
References
^ "Subprefectures of Guinea". Statoids. Retrieved April 19, 2009.
^ "Guinea". Institut National de la Statistique, Guinea, accessed via Geohive. Archived from the original on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
vte Kérouané PrefectureCapital: KérouanéSub-prefectures
Kérouané-Centre
Banankoro
Damaro
Komodou
Kounsankoro
Linko
Sibiribaro
Soromaya
9°08′N 8°54′W / 9.133°N 8.900°W / 9.133; -8.900
This Guinea location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Subprefectures of Guinea\". Statoids. Retrieved April 19, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statoids.com/ygn.html","url_text":"\"Subprefectures of Guinea\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guinea\". Institut National de la Statistique, Guinea, accessed via Geohive. Archived from the original on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151124030052/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/guinea.aspx","url_text":"\"Guinea\""},{"url":"http://www.geohive.com/cntry/guinea.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politechnika_Gda%C5%84ska
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Gdańsk University of Technology
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["1 History","2 Location","3 Scientific traditions","4 Historic places","4.1 The historic gas meters","4.2 Gatehouses at the main entrance gate","4.3 Two lions placed on the balconies of both houses","4.4 Owl Sculpture","4.5 Machine Laboratory","4.6 Cooling tower","4.7 Building of the Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering","4.8 Auditorium E1","4.9 The building of the Chemical Faculty – \"Old Chemistry\"","4.10 Symbols of chemical elements","4.11 Gdańsk Tech Chemical Auditorium","4.12 Periodic Table","5 Campus","6 Scientific research","6.1 The European HR Excellence in Research logo","7 Rankings","8 Research university","9 Recent achievements at Gdańsk Tech","9.1 Cyber-eye","9.2 MEDEYE","9.3 PathMon","9.4 Medicine for osteoporosis","9.5 NOR-STA Platform","9.6 Electronic nose","9.7 Auditory–Visual Attention Simulator","10 Joint ventures","11 Faculties","11.1 Chemical Faculty","12 International cooperation","13 Centre for Knowledge and Technology Transfer","14 Gdańsk Tech's Computer Network","15 Library","16 110th anniversary of Gdańsk Tech","17 Notable alumni","18 References","19 External links"]
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Coordinates: 54°22′17″N 18°37′8″E / 54.37139°N 18.61889°E / 54.37139; 18.61889University in Gdańsk, Poland
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Gdańsk University of TechnologyPolitechnika GdańskaMotto"History is wisdom – future is challenge" – the motto of the university adopted by the resolution of the Senate of Gdańsk University of Technology on January 21, 2015TypePublicEstablished1904Rectorprof. Krzysztof WildeStudents18 000AddressNarutowicza 11/1280-233 Gdańsk Wrzeszcz, Gdańsk, Pomeranian Voivodeship, PolandAffiliationsCESAER, Erasmus+, EUAWebsitewww.pg.edu.pl
University rankingsRegional – OverallQS Emerging Europe and Central Asia78 (2022)
The Gdańsk University of Technology (Gdańsk Tech, former GUT; Polish: Politechnika Gdańska) is a university of technology in the Wrzeszcz borough of Gdańsk, and one of the oldest universities in Poland. It has eight faculties and with 41 fields of study and more than 18 thousand undergraduate, as well as about 626 doctoral students. It employs 2768 people, including 1313 academic teachers.
Some degree courses and various specialisations are taught in English. Moreover, some of the courses offered by Gdańsk Tech are unique in Poland, for instance ones in Construction Chemistry, Nanotechnology, Geodesy and Cartography, as well as Engineering of Natural Resources.
Students have access to specialist laboratories, lecture theatres with multimedia facilities, a library with 1.2 million volumes and various sports facilities. Undergraduates can also join one or more of 60 student science or language societies as well as other organisations.
Gdańsk Tech is the first and only Polish university to be a member of the CDIO Initiative, founded by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in collaboration with Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden. CDIO aims to provide an education for engineers that enables them to “Conceive, Design, Implement and Operate” pro-industrial technological systems.
Active member of a number of university networks and associations, e.g. Baltic Science Research (coordination of nanotechnology research and education), Baltic University Network (Uppsala Protocol) and the Baltic Sea Region University Network.
In October 2015, the school became a member of CESAER. In 2016, it was listed as one of the 800 best universities in the world by Times Higher Education World University Rankings.
With over nine people applying for one place at the university, Gdańsk Tech was ranked at the first position on the list of the most popular Polish universities in 2017. The ranking was published by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education. Gdańsk Tech also ranked 4th among technical universities and 9th among all universities in Poland in the prestigious higher education ranking prepared by the „Perspektywy” Educational Foundation.
Gdańsk University of Technology has an international institutional accreditation EUA – IEP (European University Association – Institutional Evaluation Programme).
History
The university was founded in 1904 as Königliche Technische Hochschule zu Danzig, in Danzig, which was part of the German Empire. Since the Middle Ages, Danzig, or Gdańsk in Polish, was a German-speaking Hanseatic city. The history of Gdańsk is complex and the city itself belonged, at different times to Poland and Germany. By the decision of Treaty of Versailles in the period of 1920–1939 it had become a "free city". The names of the city's educational institutions were affected by the changes in the city status.
The university was known by different names:
1918–1921: Technische Hochschule in Danzig (Wyższa Szkoła Techniczna w Gdańsku)
1921–1939: Technische Hochschule der Freien Stadt Danzig (Wyższa Szkoła Techniczna Wolnego Miasta Gdańska)
1939–1941: Technische Hochschule Danzig
1941–1945: Reichshochschule Danzig
Following the take over of the city by the Red Army, the Soviets arranged stables and barracks in other buildings. In 1945, all Germans were expelled from the city of Gdańsk and the burned ruins were turned into a Polish university (24.05.1945). In light of tragic history of the university under Nazi rule, today's university officially does not continue traditions of pre-war schools and its history starts in 1945.
Main building in 1904
The school was reorganized and rebuilt under the supervision of Stanisław Turski, a Polish mathematician and former inmate of German concentration camps. Turski also served as the first post-war rector of the university.
Important dates in Gdańsk University of Technology history:
1900 – The cornerstone is laid for the university building
1904 – King's Technical High School is created
1941–1945 – The university is subordinated to Nazi Germany
1945 – On May 24, the university became a Polish state academy
2004 – The 100-year anniversary of founding a Gdańsk University of Technology
2014 – The 110-year anniversary of founding a Gdańsk University of Technology
2020 – Smart University
Location
The Gdańsk University of Technology (Gdańsk Tech) is located in Gdańsk – a city of more-than-1000-year-old tradition, situated at the mouth of the Vistula River on the Baltic Sea. Gdańsk is the capital of the Pomeranian region and has nearly 500 000 inhabitants.
The Main Campus is situated in the centre of old Wrzeszcz – a district which has good communication with other parts of Gdańsk. The campus is located on Narutowicza Street.
Scientific traditions
Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit's Courtyard in the Main Building
Johannes Hevelius (1611–1687) created the first world's great astronomical observatory equipped with telescopes. Hevelius was also a physicist because he discovered centuries old changes in magnetic declination. He was technician too, because he constructed Poland's first pendulum clock, conceived, designed and built the first world's periscope, as well as the first micrometer screw which belongs today to the Gdańsk City Council.
Hevelius' Courtyard
Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736) was born in Gdańsk. He is mainly known for being the first to use mercury in temperature measuring devices (previously alcohol was used) and developed his own scale of 0 to 212 degrees.
Hevelius and Fahrenheit, the two distinguished physicists who are considered as representatives of Polish science, have their own places of rembrance at Gdańsk University of Technology. By virtue of the Resolution of the Senate, the Courtyards in the Main Building of Gdańsk University of Technology have been named after the two scientists. Both of them have been commemorated with reliefs that have been designed by the scientists of Gdańsk University of Technology with the help of genetic algorithms and a specially designed computer application running on Gdańsk Tech's supercomputer.
Historic places
The main building, designed by Hermann Eggertt and Albert Carsten, was built between 1900 and 1904 and constructed at the same time as the Electro-Technical Institute, Machine Laboratory and the Chemical Institute. All the buildings were designed in the style of the Northern Renaissance with the elements of Art Nouveau. Several stone images that decorate the front represent in symbols the purpose of the building. The Medusa head above the main entrance protects the building against intruders and signifies energy. The images above the eastern side gate are a lighthouse and the tower of St. Mary's Church, while those over the western gate are a partially damaged likeness of a steam engine and a bow of a ship. Portraits of Prussian scientists and pioneers of the 19th-century engineering are to be found above the windows of the upper ground floor – the architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel, physicist Gotthilf H. L. Hagen, a manufacturer of steam engines Johann F. A. Borsig and a naval architect Ferdinand Schichau. The ornamental gutters are decorated with copper spouts in the shape of four male figures holding water monsters.
Gargoyles
The Clock Tower destroyed in 1945 was restored to the roof of the main building on the 13th of May 2012. The tower is 18m high, weighs 15 tons and is crowned with a gilded image of the Allegory of Science. The main building encloses inner courtyards covered by glass domes designed by W. Czabański and Z. Wilk and installed in 2004. In 2012 the South Courtyard was officially renamed in honour of Johannes Hevelius. The Foucault pendulum is designed to show the rotation of the Earth on its axis. It is named after the French physicist who first performed a similar experiment at the Paris Pantheon in 1851. The machine that made its appearance in 2005 in the South Courtyard of Gdansk University of Technology is a 64 kg metal disc suspended on a 26m arm. The movement of the pendulum is easy to follow because of a laser beam. An electromagnet fixed at the point of suspension powers the movement of the pendulum that would have otherwise stopped. Reliefs in the window niches above the Foucault pendulum show Johannes Hevelius, a design of a reflective sundial (on the left) and a rotating map of the sky with a sextant. These stainless steel reliefs have been made by Robert Kaja. A relief of a well-known Gdańsk resident D.G. Fahrenheit was unveiled in the North Courtyard in October 2013. Fahrenheit was a physicist, engineer, inventor and the creator of a mercury thermometer temperature scale. There are two portraits of the great physicist. The first can be found in a window niche. The other is covered with a thick glass pane. Its upper section looks like a network of blood vessels, while the blue-tinted section at the bottom shows crystal-like structures that can often be seen on glass when temperature is lower than 0 °C or 32 °F. In the middle there is an image of a Fahrenheit thermometer.
The historic gas meters
While the university buildings were being completed in 1904 the mains gas supply was installed at the same time. The internal gas distribution system started at the porter's lodge with the main valve and the gas meters fitted in a purpose designed cabinet located nearby. The permanent exhibition of the Gdańsk University of Technology historic water powered gas meters that remain on their original site shows the well-preserved fragments of the original system.
Gatehouses at the main entrance gate
The gatehouses are two small lodges in front of the main building positioned symmetrically along the main axis. On the eastern side there is a porter's lodge (with an image of a key) and a cottage which officially belonged to the head electrician (with a flower image, it was more likely to be a gardener's house). After modernisation the structures became the headquarters of the Promotion Office and the main reception.
Two lions placed on the balconies of both houses
The lion on the eastern side holds the coat of arms of the city of Gdańsk.
Owl Sculpture
There is a rebuilt life-size image of an owl at the porter's lodge which is a symbol of knowledge and wisdom.
Machine Laboratory
The historic chimney and the adjacent water tower rising above the buildings of the Gdańsk University of Technology campus were created as part of the Machine Laboratory. Built in 1904 and based on the design by Hermann Eggertt and Albert Carsten, those buildings met the university's heating, water and electricity needs as well as offering more teaching space. The structure consisted of a basement machine room with an adjoining boiler-house, a chimney situated between them with an adjacent water tower and a set of rooms. The system was designed by Prof. Josse. This was the first peaking power plant in Gdańsk in 1945 serving the residents of the Gdansk district of Wrzeszcz.
The laboratory was expanded and modernized in 1994–1997 and has retained many of its original technical features.
Cooling tower
The cooling tower and the machine operator building were erected close to the laboratory.
The steel-frame cooling tower, 28m high, designed to work as a closed circuit system was built on a granite foundation behind the machine hall. The lower part is a cold sprinkler of an oval cross-section that served as a heat exchanger. A circular chimney was then placed on the oval cross-section to get a free flow of air. The dome of the cooling tower is crowned with a spearhead.
Building of the Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering
The Institute of Electrical and Control Engineering (Elektrotechnisches Institute) was established in 1900–1904 and the building was designed by Hermann Eggertt and Albert Carsten. It consisted of four distinctive spaces and areas interconnected by a corridor: workshops and laboratories with a small auditorium hall, a machine hall (Drive Hall), an auditorium hall and laboratories, and the drafting hall with additional rooms. Today, the building is named after Prof. Kazimierz Kopecki. The building now houses large auditoriums, a renovated auditorium E1 and a historic auditorium E41 named after Prof. Stanisław Szpor. Following extensive renovation and restoration the latter was returned to its original appearance going back to 1904.
Completed in 2011 the work of renovation, modernization and fitting the historic rooms with modern audiovisual and ICT equipment was funded by the project "Modern Auditoriums at Gdańsk University of Technology."
One of the most interesting sculptures on the university campus can be found on the façade of the building. It shows a couple kissing – the young woman is holding an ear of grain and the man has a burning flame torch in his hand.
Auditorium E1
The laboratory building was erected as an extension to the main building.
Between 2006 and 2008, the interior of the laboratory of Electrical Drives classroom was remodelled and the room was changed into a lecture auditorium. At the back of the E-1 auditorium there is a permanent exhibition of historic electrical measurement equipment.
The building of the Chemical Faculty – "Old Chemistry"
The Chemical Institute (Chemisches Institut) building was one of the first built specially for Gdańsk University of Technology in 1900–1904.
The main entrance is decorated with a set of symbols relating to the purpose of the building. Above the entrance arch there is a decorative cartouche (currently with the inscription "CHEMISTRY") crowned with a triangular open tympanum.
The refurbishment of the north wing of the Chemistry A building, that includes the Chemical Auditorium and infrastructure rooms, was completed in 2010.
Symbols of chemical elements
Chemical elements' symbols in the staircase
The symbols of chemical elements are evenly spaced along the top edge of the facade in the side wings of the Chemical Faculty building. The 24 characters – heavily stylized abbreviations of the symbols of chemical elements – have been divided into 4 groups of 6 symbols each. The non-metals were placed on the west wing, while metals on the east one.
The elements are depicted by the symbols used in the late 19th and early 20th century.
Gdańsk Tech Chemical Auditorium
Chemical auditorium (1904) original equipment and periodic table of elements from early 20th century
The interior of the auditorium has regained its early 20th-century appearance following a renovation. The historic auditorium has retained 80 percent of the original fittings and interior design: the decorative wall paintings, decorative architectural elements of the arches, laboratory tables, chairs with back supports and desks. Stoneware laboratory sinks were also preserved along with the wooden windows – including the door handles, fittings and hinges – doors and the electrically controlled window shutters.
Periodic Table
The periodic table originally painted in 1904 and discovered during the renovation of the Chemical Auditorium reflects the knowledge of chemistry in the early 20th century.
Campus
The university campus consists of many buildings built with various architectural styles over the last one hundred years. The monumental Main Building designed at the beginning of the 20th century in the Dutch Neo-Renaissance style by Albert Cersten – an architect and a university professor – is the symbol of the university.
During the second world war 60 percent of the building and 70 percent of its roofing got burnt. The steel framework was the only remains of the clock tower. The damages were rebuilt but the decision on the tower reconstruction was put off many times. It was rebuilt on the Main Building 13 May 2012.
The campus of the Gdańsk University of Technology is continuously being developed. Elegant, modern, and eco-friendly buildings co-exist with charming and majestic edifices. Classes take place in modern auditoriums and well equipped specialised laboratories.
Nanotechnology B Centre
Linte^2
There are following modern educational and research centers along with supporting units within the university campus:
Nanotechnology Centre with 25 laboratories equipped with devices for tests and level of atoms
LINTE^2 Laboratory of Innovative Electrical Power Technologies and Integration of Renewable Energy Sources.
Maths and Distance Learning Centre that uses modern ICT technologies and tools for mathematical modeling and visualization of data.
ICT Educational and Research Centre
that collaborates with over 100 companies in Pomerania and their partners in Kuyavia and Mazovia regions.
Academic Sports Centre – sports facilities accessible to all students and employees: two swimming-pools: 25 m and 12,5 m; a full size football pitch 64m x 105m; a sports hall, a volleyball pitch, outdoor tennis courts; a fitness gym, bodybuilding gyms, a rowing gym, and a judo gym.
Gdańsk University of Technology has a modern student housing estate, which accommodates more than 2,500 people in 11 dormitories located in three attractive locations in the city.
Academic Sports CentreAcademic Sports Center
In 2018 magazine Times Higher Education listed the campus of the university among 10 most beautiful universities in Europe, along with e.g. University of Bologna (Italy), University of Salamanca (Spain), and University of Coimbra (Portugal)
Scientific research
300 inventions ready for implementation
200 research and development projects currently carried out
800 agreements with entrepreneurs concluded in last 3 years
There are high-investment projects carried out under the MAESTRO programme, the Applied Research Programme, the LIDER programme, the INNOTECH programme and the new GRAF-TECH programme. Outstanding students carry out their projects at the university within Diamond Grant programme.
The European HR Excellence in Research logo
The European Commission has granted Gdańsk University of Technology the right to use the HR Excellence in Research logo.
Rankings
2021
In the 21st edition of the Ranking of Universities organized by the Perspektywy Educational Foundation, Gdańsk University of Technology was ranked 6th among all academic universities in the country and 3rd (together with Wrocław University of Science and Technology) among technical universities.
In the Higher Education Impact Rankings 2021 - the only global ranking based on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) created by the United Nations, Gdańsk University of Technology was classified in the overall ranking and eight individual Sustainable Development Goals. The university fared best in four areas of SDGs, ranking first among Polish universities in each of them. Gdańsk Tech was in the range of 101-200 in the global ranking in area no. 9 (Innovation, industry, infrastructure) and area no. 13 (Climate action). Gdańsk Tech was also classified in the range of 301-400 in area no. 12 (Responsible consumption and production), and as the only university in Poland, it was ranked in the range of 401-600 in area no. 16 (Peace, justice and strong institutions).
2020
In the QS World University Rankings 2021 edition, Gdańsk University of Technology was ranked for the second time in the range of 801-1000 of the best universities out of over 5.5 thousand universities from 80 countries, slightly improving its total score from 11.7 points in the 2020 edition to 12.8 points in 2021. Similarly to the previous edition of the ranking, Gdańsk Tech achieved the best result in the Faculty Student Ratio area.
In the 20th edition of the Ranking of Universities organized by the Perspektywy Educational Foundation, Gdańsk University of Technology ranked 8th among all academic universities in the country (together with the Łódź University of Technology) and 4th among technical universities.
In the U-Multirank 2020 ranking, which was attended by 1,759 universities from 92 countries, including 37 Polish universities, Gdańsk University of Technology received the highest possible "A" score in the following areas: External Research Income, Interdisciplinary Publications, Post-doc positions, Income from private sources, Graduate companies.
In 2020, in the GreenMetric World Ranking of Universities, in which universities are assessed in terms of the practical application of the principles of sustainable development, Gdańsk Tech improved its previous result, ranking 231st in the world ranking, 78th among European universities and maintaining the 2nd place in the country.
In 2020, Gdańsk University of Technology was among the 1000 best universities in the world in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings.
2019
Gdańsk University of Technology has been at the forefront of the ranking of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education measuring the popularity of studies among candidates for years. In the 2018/19 academic year it took the first place for the second time in a row, with a result of 8.8 candidates for one place in full-time first-cycle studies and uniform master's studies. Out of 29,500 candidates, 4,385 people were accepted for first-cycle and second-cycle studies (including 3,366 for full-time first-cycle studies). The greatest number of applicants was interested in the following fields: economics (33 people per place), management in English (28.8) and economic analysis (22.5).
In the GreenMetric ranking, in which universities are ranked in terms of the implementation of the principles of sustainable development around their campuses, Gdańsk Tech was placed 277th in the world ranking, 104th among European universities, and obtained 2nd place in Poland.
2018
Gdańsk University of Technology took the first place again in the ranking of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of universities most frequently chosen by candidates. In 2018, on average, there were 8.8 high school graduates per one place.
In the 19th edition of the Ranking of Universities, organized by the Perspektywy Educational Foundation, Gdańsk University of Technology ranked 9th among all academic universities in the country (together with the Silesian University of Technology) and 4th among technical universities.
In 2018, in the third edition of the Competition and the Program for Accreditation of Study Courses "Studies with the Future" organized by the Foundation for the Development of Science and Higher Education supervised by the Ministry of National Education, 16 fields of study at Gdańsk University of Technology were awarded, which was the largest number of awards among universities in Poland.
In 2018, the Times Higher Education portal placed Gdańsk University of Technology campus on the list of 10 European universities distinguished by beautiful architecture and attractive location.
2017
In 2017, 7 faculties obtained accreditation in the highest categories A and A +, awarded by the Scientific Units Evaluation Committee.
In 2017, in the ranking of Perspektywy Gdańsk University of Technology was ranked 10th among the best Polish universities. In the classification of technical universities, the "Perspektywy University Ranking" placed Gdańsk Tech in the 4th place.
Gdańsk Tech is among 9 Polish universities classified in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, which includes the best universities in the world.
Transparent Ranking 2017, which classifies universities according to the number of citations in Google Scholar, placed Gdańsk Tech on 1,306 place among over 9,000 universities in the world.
2016
In 2016, the Perspektywy Education Foundation placed the Gdańsk University of Technology MBA studies among the top 10 MBA programs in Poland.
Research university
In 2019, in the competition organized by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education within the "Initiative of Excellence – Research University" program, Gdańsk University of Technology was recognized by the international team of experts as the second best university in Poland, thus obtaining the status of the so-called research university, educating and conducting research at the highest level.
Thanks to the "Initiative of Excellence - Research University" program, four research centers were established at Gdańsk University of Technology: BioTechMed Center, EcoTech Center, Advanced Materials Center and Digital Technologies Center.
BioTechMed Center deals with research and implementation of modern technologies in the field of biomedical engineering, molecular and pharmaceutical biotechnology as well as methods of searching for new drugs. Researchers are working on new biomedical measurement methods (also using artificial intelligence methods), patient diagnosis and therapy, and dedicated device control systems that are widely used in medicine, including rehabilitation and exoskeletons. The work will also aim at developing a strategy of nutritional prevention in chronic non-communicable diseases. The new Center includes specialists in biomedical and genetic engineering, molecular biotechnology, chemistry and drug analysis, and food biotechnology. They have been cooperating with the medical community for years, developing new solutions for healthcare.
Scientists from Gdańsk University of Technology created, among others, CyberEye - a system that allows us to communicate with people in a vegetative state or awakened from a coma. The researchers have developed and implemented modern hearing, vision and speech screening methods that are currently used throughout the world. Research groups of Gdańsk University of Technology have prepared new compounds that may find application in cancer chemotherapy and in the treatment of infections caused by fungal microorganisms. Members of the Center also have significant successes in research on counteracting drug resistance of microorganisms and cancer cells, which is one of the biggest challenges of today's medicine.
Researchers plan to develop new, innovative medical instruments and devices. They will prepare, among others, a new method of hearing testing and automatic detection of disease states. They will create CyberBed, which will help counteract digital exclusion of paralysed patients. They are also developing the world's first so-called biomarkers of human memory that will allow better understanding and optimization of methods for improving memory. Researchers will also define new strategies to combat drug resistance of pathogenic microorganisms, as well as develop new methods for diagnosis and therapy of patients. The teams will also work on new solutions in the field of physicochemistry as well as chemo and radiotherapy, and will also develop technologies that will contribute to the development of the healthy food market.
EcoTech Center deals with shaping a harmonious, sustainable space for human life in the face of current environmental challenges, climate change as well as social and demographic changes. Scientists are working on solutions that will counteract the negative effects of human activities. They are also looking for innovative pro-ecological solutions for intelligent urban and extra-urban areas. In addition, they are developing new methods for monitoring the environment and infrastructure, as well as modern technologies for the production of electricity and heat, which reduce the carbon footprint and contribute to meeting emission requirements. The Center includes research teams composed of representatives of all scientific disciplines of Gdańsk University of Technology, and specialists working on sustainable shaping of human environment play a significant role there.
Teams of researchers are developing and implementing new methods for monitoring the environment and infrastructure, as well as technologies for water and wastewater treatment (including management and reuse of rainwater) and to reduce the phenomenon of so-called ‘Light smog’ (light pollution). Experts deal with innovative solutions in the field of eco-energy, green technologies, low-emission transport, waste management, clean industrial production, energy-neutral construction and renewable energy sources (and their integration with the power system).
The result of the activities of scientists will be the development of a number of solutions to monitor the environment and infrastructure, and to counteract the so-called anthropopression, i.e. human influence on the natural environment. Scientific analyzes and technologies and engineering solutions developed on their basis will meet the principles of sustainable development and the requirements of the circular economy. An important element will also be to support the spatial planning of 'the future ecocities of 2050', i.e. cities resilient to climate change and ensuring high quality of life. These studies will be supplemented with analyzes of social acceptance of new technologies and building new business models for the solutions being developed. Scientists are working on solutions that will counteract the negative effects of human activities.
Advanced Materials Center focus on the production and characterization of innovative materials (including polymer and carbon, nanomaterials, superconductors and high-temperature conductive materials) with wide application in industry and medicine, but also aeronautics and oceanotechnics. In addition, scientists at the Center are dealing with issues related to the technology of manufacturing and obtaining innovative structures and instruments, material recycling and metrology. Within the Center, there are scientists from the field of material engineering specializing in chemistry, physics and solid state electronics, electrochemistry, polymer chemistry, biomaterial engineering, surface engineering and physicochemistry of metal materials.
Research teams already have a number of successes in this area, e.g. research on atomic and electronic structures and chemical composition have allowed the discovery of new superconductors. Scientists have also developed photo-catalysts that allow the oxidation of pharmaceuticals that are not susceptible to biodegradation. In turn, modification of road bitumens with polymers allowed for the development of a wide group of so-called polymer-asphalt binders (binders connecting loose materials into a homogeneous mass), characterized by better resistance to environmental factors and changing temperature conditions.
The results of the Center's activity will be the development of materials for the storage of electricity from renewable energy sources (including wind farms, solar panels, etc.), which will meet the current trends in the energy market and the challenges of today's world. Thanks to the work of Gdańsk University of Technology scientists, it will be possible to create new ways to store and convert excess energy in innovative batteries and supercapacitors, but also to use them at a later time using photovoltaic devices and electrolysers. Research will also be conducted here on carbonaceous materials (including diamond-like ones) that can be used in biosensor systems or for the utilization of impurities. Further research teams will work among others on materials for regenerative medicine, as well as on materials for generating strong magnetic fields. The work of scientists within the Advanced Materials Center focuses on manufacturing innovative materials
Digital Technologies Center develops technologically advanced solutions in the field of electronics, IT, automation, robotics and mechatronics as well as telecommunications. Researchers are working to improve the broadly understood safety and comfort of society. They will enable an increase in the efficiency of enterprises and institutions by preparing systems for more efficient management of their structure. Research teams in the Digital Technologies Center are also working on projects in the field of robotization and automation. They will create innovative design techniques and production technologies that will allow the development of completely new sensors, devices and systems with innovative practical applications. The Center includes specialists in the field of developing new techniques for designing systems and devices used in the ICT industry and innovative data processing algorithms, including using artificial intelligence algorithms.
Researchers have had significant successes and are authors of innovative solutions in the field of design techniques for miniature sensors on flexible substrates, human-machine communication, safe and reliable wireless radio links (including those for autonomous vehicles and infrastructure systems), as well as methods that allow creating high quality software. Scientists of Gdańsk University of Technology will contribute to the creation of intelligent ambience in the environment of human life: at home and on the street, but also in the functioning of enterprises (including logistics centers). They will also develop technologies to increase the productivity of harbours and logistics areas, which is particularly important for the university located within the activities of large harbours.
The result of this work will include miniature electronic systems (placed inside objects and devices that surround people on a daily basis), which will allow automatic adaptation of a specific space to human needs. They will also be used in vehicles and autonomous systems. New wireless communication methods, which will be created thanks to the work of scientists of Gdańsk University of Technology, will allow the creation of harmoniously operating networks of devices and systems within intelligent environments - also using artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms. Scientists are working to improve the broadly understood safety and comfort of society
Gdańsk University of Technology, in cooperation with the socio-economic environment, established two university-wide, interdisciplinary research centers: the Offshore Wind Energy Center and the Hydrogen Technologies Center. The task of both centers is to coordinate research, design and expert works for the construction of offshore wind farms and modern hydrogen technologies in the energy sector.
Offshore Wind Energy Center brings together outstanding specialists from all areas of knowledge related to offshore wind energy and has a highly specialized laboratory base that allows for detailed identification of many technical and organizational problems in the construction and operation of offshore wind farms. The Center offers scientific support in the field of design, manufacturing technology, operation of offshore wind farms, conducts research, advises on how to solve technical problems, and trains management and engineering staff.
The center's activities are focused on such research areas as: design of special vessels, diagnostics of the mechanical and hydraulic system of a wind turbine, design and diagnostics of a wind turbine rotor, comprehensive corrosion protection of wind turbine towers, underwater and water safety of wind farms, foundation of offshore wind turbines, design of storage systems for excess wind energy, design of power control and electricity transmission systems, staff training and management in offshore wind energy.
Hydrogen Technologies Center is the first unit of this type in Poland to offer research services related to hydrogen. The Center concentrates on the competences in the field of processing, storing and combustion of hydrogen as well as processing energy obtained in fuel cells. The Center is a unit dedicated to cooperation with the industry, including the practical application of scientific achievements, and deals with comprehensive service of hydrogen projects (from the concept phase, through designing solutions, modeling the manufacturing process as well as diagnostics and maintenance of the developed solutions), as well as the development and maintenance of existing technologies using hydrogen. Moreover, it offers specialized services necessary when applying for European funds, specialized expertise for which modern diagnostic and measurement equipment is used, commissioned tests, organization of training courses. The Center's activities are focused on the following research areas: fuel cell diagnostics, hydrogen storage (chemical hydrogen storage), hydrogen production (biohydrogen), energy production (functional coatings), energy conversion (automation / power engineering), modeling of hydrogen processes (modeling / decision-making support systems / artificial intelligence).
Recent achievements at Gdańsk Tech
Visualization of Laboratory of Immersed Spatial Visualisation
Cyber-eye
A cyber-eye can help people who fall into a coma. The device consists of an infrared camera and a special program that reads the eyeball movement. The cyber-eye allows to follow the place on the computer screen which the user observes. Thanks to it the patient can inform that he is thirsty or that a window needs to be opened. The authors of the system won the “Polish Innovation 2013” competition organized by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education. The invention is a part of the series of types of computer multimodal interfaces project.
MEDEYE
Within 15 minutes it indicates a suspicious fragment in the recording where there may be an ulcer, bleeding, a polyp or another disease. It sends information about the completed analysis by text message or by email. A system to support the diagnostic endoscopic examination of the human digestive tract named MEDEYE has been designed to make the work of a physician more efficient. It analyses and interprets the image from a tiny camera closed in a capsule. Thanks to the MEDEYE the physician does not have to watch several-hourlong recordings but can concentrate on the fragments indicated by the system.
PathMon
An integrated circuit which analyses electrocardiographic and impedance signal which contain an information about the cardiac cycle. PathMon makes possible simultaneous measurement of various vital signs. The analysis in real time allows detection of some untypical events which indicate threat to health or life. The device shows condition of the heart, effectiveness of blood pump and blood vessels’ contractility.
Medicine for osteoporosis
Most medicines available on the global market which contain alendronate sodium contain a biologically active substance manufactured by Polpharma SA basing on the technology developed at Gdańsk University of Technology. A single pack of Ostemax 70 comfort that contains 4 pills costs 25–30 PLN. In 2013 Polpharma SA was awarded the President of the Republic of Poland's Award for Innovation in recognition of its work on innovative technologies and launching a series of substances used for osteoporosis treatment.
NOR-STA Platform
The NOR-STA Platform is a platform of innovative software services facilitating achieving and assessing conformance to norms and standards – including hospital accreditation, CAF (Common Assessment Framework), information security management systems and HACCP standards. The users of the platform indicate its following major advantages: improved document management, retaining conformance, support for decision making process and time saving. This solution was awarded with the Gold Medal – Consumer Choice at the Poznań International Fair.
LINTE^2 Laboratory of Innovative Electrical Power Technologies and Integration of Renewable Energy Sources
Electronic nose
See also: Electronic nose
Prototype of electronic nose
Electronic nose developed in Analytical Chemistry Department at Chemical Faculty allows for rapid classification of food or environmental samples. The cost of this equipment is far lower than commercialized instruments of such kind.
Auditory–Visual Attention Simulator
The interface will support people with disabilities of eyesight and hearing, as well as children with ADHD, as a multimedia stimulator of binocular vision in cases of “amblyopia” (“lazy eye” syndrome). An original application is a set of tools and tests to diagnose degree of awareness of persons with no contact (in coma or vegetative state); the interface was awarded gold medal of the Poznań International Fair within the competition Economy for Science, and was also awarded with the international exhibition of inventions BRUSSELS INNOVA 2012.
Joint ventures
The university carries out dozens of different kinds of agreements with the business environment. Examples of cooperation:
Pomeranian Metropolitan Railway SA realization of geodetic inventory measurements of railway track and acceptance testing of viaducts
Airbus Helicopters joint research and scientific programs in the field of marine technologies (improving support systems for helicopters on flights over large water bodies), training of engineers
European Dental Implant Institute Vivadental; cooperation in the creation of a prototype of a dental implant designed for industrial production
ACCUS project – a partnership 28 scientific institutions and companies from eight EU countries: creation of the most advanced types of SmartCity system in Europe, which will be launchedin Gdańsk
Bohemia Interactive: Common Crisis Management Laboratory at Gdańsk University of Technology, which will carry out research on training methods and crisis management
Sunreef Yachts: research support for the company from the university; internships and a series of lectures for students from SY
IBM: joint IBM Advanced Research Center (the Center for Advanced Studies) operates within the Hub for Innovative Technologies at Gdańsk Tech. Its task is the implementation of projects in the field of information technologies in conjunction with the business strategy of IBM
Gdansk Municipal Investments Sp. Z oo: participation in a team of scientific advisers to build a tunnel under Martwa Wisła (the Dead Vistula)
The Company for Exploitation of Oil Pipelines "Przyjaźń": the development of innovative solutions for oil and chemical logistics, performing analyses, expert and technical studies
Polpharma: cooperation in the development of synthesis and manufacturing technology of new drugs production
Blirt: cooperation in the development of innovative cancer and antimicrobial drugs, including joint initiatives in the framework of strategic NCBR programs of STRATEGMED type
MedVentures Sp. Z o.o and Pro-Science Poland Sp. z oo: cooperation within the program STRATEGMED in the project "New technologies in pharmacological stimulation of regeneration"
Faculties
Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics
Faculty of Architecture
Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics
Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering
Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Faculty of Ocean Engineering and Ship Technology
Faculty of Management and Economics
Chemical Faculty
Student laboratory, 1904
Wooden fume hood at Gdansk University of Technology, 1904
Chemical Faculty was one of the four original faculties of 'Royal Technical College in Gdańsk', operating continuously in the pre-war German technical university since its establishment. The Chemical Institute (Chemisches Institut) building was one of the first built specially for Gdańsk University of Technology in 1900–1904.
Famous for his discovery of sex hormones Adolf Butenandt was professor at the Technical University of Danzig 1933–1936. Here at Chemisches Institut he was continuing his works over hormones extracting from several thousand liters of urine progesterone in 1934 and testosterone a year later. Subsequently, Butenandt had synthesized estrogen and testosterone. Adolf Butenandt also had characterized the first pheromone, bombykol, a chemically well-characterized sexual hormone released by the female silkworm to attract mates. While working in Gdańsk Butenandt has obtained a substantial part of research results awarded later by Nobel Committee in 1939.
Chemical Faculty is one of five faculties, which started operations research and teaching in 1945, as a result of the decree of the Polish government transforming technical university acting in Gdańsk since 1904 into Polish Gdańsk University of Technology. To this day, it works in rooms designed specifically for training chemists, since 1904 operate here labs, preserved historic auditorium, which original equipment is unique in the world.
In the period of 1945–2005 from the Chemical Faculty graduated more than 7000 people, including 4877 masters of engineering and 1967 engineers. PhD degree was given 565, and 97 DSc degrees (habilitations). A total of 43 professors have held posts at Gdańsk Tech during this time. The Chemical Faculty has worldwide research ties and ranks consistently among the top 10 Polish public colleges and universities in funded research.
As early as in 1904 the laboratories in the Chemical Faculty at the Technical University in Gdańsk were equipped with wooden fume hoods. That was one of earliest applications of that kind in the world. Harmful and corrosive gaseous byproducts of reactions were actively sucked allowing safe operation with chemicals. There were used the natural draft of a fireplace chimney to remove these substances from the lab. This unique in the world equipment is well maintained and still in daily use for almost 120 years.
Two-dimensional chromatograph, 2016
At the faculty there are realized projects financed by the Komitet Badań Naukowych (Science Research Council) and European Commission. Faculty research teams collaborate with foreign centers from several countries. At the faculty operates the Centre of Excellence in Environmental Analysis and Monitoring.
The Chemical Faculty's scientific activity is performed within the framework of domestic and international research programmes. There are around 70 ongoing projects with financial support from the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research as well as 200 projects financed by Statutory research programmes. There are also research programmes financed by the European Commission within the framework of EU programmes V and VI.
International cooperation
Gdańsk University of Technology takes part in the European ERASMUS programme: Erasmus Plus, LLP Erasmus, LLP Erasmus Intensive Programs, Erasmus Mundus, Jean Monnet, CEEPUS, TEMPUS and Leonardo da Vinci.
Number of foreign students and visitors from all over the world grows year after year. The biggest groups of international students come from: Spain and China.
Gdańsk Tech participates in activities of IRO's Forum and the Baltic Sea Region University Network, whose purpose is to exchange experiences between universities in the fields of: internationalization of universities, exchange of students, intercultural communication, joint degree programs, internationalization at home or promotion abroad.
Centre for Knowledge and Technology Transfer
Foucault pendulum at Johannes Hevelius's Courtyard in the Main Building
Gdańsk University of Technology cooperates with the world of business on various planes, and its relationship with the economic community is continually developing. Since March 2009 the university has had its own Centre for Knowledge and Technology Transfer (CTWT), where business people and scientists can meet.
Thus innovative ideas reach those who are able to implement them and scientists obtain a better understanding of what the market needs. The Centre collaborates with many enterprises and represents them in dealings with, for instance, the Pomeranian Development Agency, Pomeranian Business Council, Pomerania Special Economic Zone, science and technology parks, other universities, Pomerania Regional Chamber of Commerce, Gdańsk International Fair, and various economic councils. Through this Centre Gdańsk Tech particularly wants to help small and medium-sized enterprises.
Support will also be provided to students and graduates who want to start their own business activities. Moreover, the Centre acts for the protection of intellectual property. In addition to this, the university makes numerous contracts concerning student internships and work experience. Leading firms in the Pomeranian region provide research grants and scholarships to the most talented students, as well as awarding prizes for the best diploma works and doctoral theses.
The best known figures in business participate in student debates, give lectures or provide training in self-presentation or company management. The university organises conferences with the participation of business people. For several years now Gdańsk University of Technology has been participating in the Technicon Innovations Science, Business and Industry Fair, during which a broad range of the newest inventions and their implementations is presented. Annual participation in this fair has resulted in the awarding of many prizes, including ones from competitions for the best innovations and technological solutions. The inventions of Gdańsk Tech students and staff have also been awarded prizes at international fairs.
Gdańsk Tech's Computer Network
Nanotechnology Centre
The Academic Computer Centre in Gdańsk (CI TASK) is one of the largest urban internet networks in Poland. It has been operating since 1992 thanks to an agreement reached between the Tri-City's chief institutions of higher education. Gdańsk University of Technology has played the leading role in constructing this metropolitan network. The initial plan was for it to primarily serve all schools of higher education as well as local branches of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Currently TASK is being prepared to include all schools in Gdańsk, of which there are over hundred.
Supercomputer Tryton at TASK Computer Centre
Entrusted with the management and expansion of this metropolitan network is the TASK Computer Centre, which was set up at Gdańsk University of Technology in 1994. Today it is based in the new Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics building. As one of the five supercomputer centres in Poland, it provides the scientific community with processing resources in the form of high speed computers and specialist software. These resources help in the development of various fields of knowledge, for example: chemistry, physics, engineering, electronics and oceanography. Presently, there are over 50 projects being realised using the supercomputers at the centre, concerning among other things: molecular modeling of nucleic proteins and acids; quantum chemistry calculations; research into the properties of nanomaterials; modeling wave motion, currents and rising storms in the Baltic Sea and the Bay of Gdańsk; research into Nordic Seas dynamics and also modeling the behavior of skeleton muscles. The TASK Computer Centre is co-creating a national PIONIER fibre-optic network for the scientific and information community, and is also actively participating in six projects of the so-called innovative economy: MAYDAY, Pl-Grid, PLATON, Pomeranian Digital Library, Integrated Oceanographic Data System and NEWMAN. Virtually all these projects help to create new jobs. The total value in the region of 300 million zlotys. At the start of 2008 the Centre installed Galera, a computer cluster with the theoretical computer power over 50 Tflops. Thanks to Galera, the TASK Computer Centre has become one of the world's leading supercomputing sites. Galera was in 2014 still listed among the world's 200 fastest computers in the prestigious TOP 500 chart.
In 2015 the next generation computer cluster TRYTON started at CD NIWA. At the moment of starting it was the fastest computer in Poland, in June 2015 was listed at the 128 position on chart of world's TOP500 supercomputers with the theoretical power over 530 Tflops.
Library
Further information: Gdańsk University of Technology Library
The Gdańsk University of Technology Library is the oldest and largest technical library in Northern Poland. Among the libraries of the world it can boast unique collection of priceless manuscripts and old prints from the Danzig Research Society, which was founded in 1743, and donated its 30,000 – volume collection to this library in 1923. The library's current collection includes over a million volumes, including textbooks, lecture notes, books on science and technology, Polish and foreign scientific journals, as well as technical and trade literature. Moreover, the library stores publications in electronic form, to which it provides access via an on-line database. Every year the collection is expanded by new Polish and foreign publications concerning all aspects of science and technology.
Library
The library system is very modern. Students can find the book or journal they are looking for in an on-line catalogue together with up-to-date information and whether it can be borrowed or read only in the reading room. By using their personal internet accounts, they can also prolong the time they borrow publications. There are a total of 16 reading rooms, ten in faculty branches of the library including specialist reading rooms for: journals and databases, scientific information and norms, technology and trade literature, as well as a historical collections reading room. In 2008 the library opened one of the most modern reading rooms in the country, which among other things provides a self-service specialist literature lending and returning facility. Gdańsk University of Technology also provides a digital library. Moreover, it is participating in the creation of the Universal Library, i.e. worldwide digital library, and is also the coordinator of the Pomerania Digital Library. This internet library will comprise digital reproductions of scanned historical documents (lettered and unlettered). The intention is to digitalize an estimated total of over 20 million pages from Pomeranian library collections.
110th anniversary of Gdańsk Tech
Throughout the whole year 2014 the Gdańsk University of Technology celebrated 110 years of its existence. The official inauguration of the jubilee year was in January 2014. The ceremony was held during the public session of the Senate on the occasion of academic promotions. Exactly on the 110th anniversary of the first inauguration – October 6, 2014 – there was the jubilee inauguration of the academic year. It is worth mentioning that a number of eminent personalities, including President Lech Wałęsa, and Minister of Science and Higher Education Lena Kolarska-Bobinska were among the honorary committee of the jubilee. The culmination point was the ceremony of conferring an honorary doctorate of Gdańsk Tech on world-renowned professor of chemistry Robert Cava from Princeton University. The main ceremony ended with the concert at the Polish Baltic Philharmonic. The symphony orchestra of PBP with the Gdańsk Tech and Poznań University of Technology choirs performed the oratorio Quo vadis by Feliks Nowowiejski. The next days the Gdańsk Tech organised a meeting with members of the European Federation of National Engineering Associations.
The main building
The main building
Nanotechnology B Centre
Laboratory of Immersed Spatial Visualisation
Heat-only boiler station
Faculty of Management and Economics
Gdańsk Tech's students
Sports day
Academic Sports Centre
Bicycle parking and service station
Notable alumni
Bodo von Borries (1905—1956), German physicist, co-inventor of electron microscope
Zygmunt Choreń (born 1941), naval architect
Jaroslaw Drelich (1957), surface engineer, professor at the Michigan Technological University
Abraham Esau (1884–1955), German physicist
Andrzej Gwiazda (born 1935), anti-communist activist and physicist
Richard B. Hetnarski (born 1928), Polish-American mechanical engineer
Tomasz Imieliński (born 1954), Polish-American computer scientist
Michał Kalecki (1899–1970), Marxian economist, "one of the most distinguished economists of the 20th century"
Włodzimierz Julian Korab-Karpowicz (born 1953), philosopher and political theorist
Alar Kotli (1904–1963), Estonian architect
Janusz Liberkowski (born 1953), inventor
Lâm Quang Mỹ (born 1944), Polish-Vietnamese physicist and poet
Jacek Namieśnik (1949–2019), chemist
Janusz Pawliszyn (born 1954), chemist
Marek Piechocki (born 1961), civil engineer, co-founder of LPP Group
Kazimierz Piechowski (1919–2017), engineer
Janusz Smulko (born 1964), electronics engineer
Wojciech Szpankowski (born 1952), computer scientist
Marianna Sankiewicz-Budzyńska (1921–2018) electronics engineer
References
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^ Józef Włodarski. "Technical University in Gdańsk in the years 1904–1945, official website of Gdańsk Technical University". Józef Włodarski. Archived from the original on December 6, 2007. Retrieved November 25, 2009.
^ "Gdańsk University of Technology 1904-2017" (PDF).
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^ "Gdańsk University of Technology campus". Retrieved 26 January 2017.
^ "Official Website of European Fonds: Nanotechnology Centre". Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
^ "Official Website of ICT Educational and Research Centre". Archived from the original on April 3, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
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^ "HRS4R". EURAXESS. 2015-07-17. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
^ "Perspektywy 2021 ranking. Gdańsk Tech on the podium of the best technical universities in the country | Gdańsk University of Technology". pg.edu.pl. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
^ "Gdańsk Tech is a leader in 4 areas of Times Higher Education Impact Rankings 2021 | Gdańsk University of Technology". pg.edu.pl. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
^ "Gdańsk Tech appears yet again in the prestigious QS World University Rankings | Gdańsk University of Technology". pg.edu.pl. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
^ "GUT among the top ten best universities in the country according to the 'Perspektywy' ranking - Wydawca treści". pg.edu.pl. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
^ "Gdańsk University of Technology in the prestigious ranking of the best universities in the world - Older news". pg.edu.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2021-07-08.
^ "GUT is the second 'greenest' university in Poland | Gdańsk University of Technology". pg.edu.pl. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
^ "THE World University Rankings 2020. GUT Is the Only Polish Technical University in the Top 1000 - Older news". pg.edu.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2021-07-08.
^ "Gdańsk University of Technology in the Top Ten of the Best Universities in Poland! - Older news". pg.edu.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2021-07-08.
^ "The Faculty of Chemistry has been granted an A+ - Asset". pg.edu.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2021-07-08.
^ "Gdańsk University of Technology in the Top Ten of the Best Universities in Poland! - News". pg.edu.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2021-07-08.
^ "Gdańsk University of Technology in the International Ranking of the Best Universities in the World - News". pg.edu.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2021-07-08.
^ "Our University in an International Citation Ranking - Older news". pg.edu.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2021-07-08.
^ "Authors of the Cyber-eye have won PLN 50 thousand in the competition "Polish Inventor 2013"". Retrieved 26 January 2017.
^ "A new means of communication: Cyber eye". Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
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^ "Ostemax 70 comfort. Przełom w leczeniu osteoporozy". Retrieved 26 January 2017.
^ "About NOR-STA Support for Achieving and Assessing Conformance to NORms and STAndards". Retrieved 26 January 2017.
^ "NOR-STA Platform". Retrieved August 20, 2014.
^ "E-nose from Gdańsk traces the origin of odours in one minute". Retrieved 26 January 2017.
^ "Selected international and national achievements of GUT researchers and students" (PDF). Retrieved August 20, 2014.
^ "History of the Chemical Faculty". chem.pg.edu.pl. Retrieved 2016-09-01.
^ Butenandt, A.; Beckamnn, R.; Hecker, E. (1961). "Über den Sexuallockstoff des Seidenspinners .1. Der biologische Test und die Isolierung des reinen Sexuallockstoffes Bombykol". Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie. 324: 71–83. doi:10.1515/bchm2.1961.324.1.71. PMID 13689417.
^ Piosik, R. (2003). "Adolf Butenandt und sein Wirken an der Technischen Hochschule Danzig". Chemkon. 10 (3): 135–138. doi:10.1002/ckon.200390038.
^ "Wehikuł czasu na Politechnice Gdańskiej; Politechnika Gdańska, audytorium chemiczne, wydział chemiczny, wydział chemia, Gdańsk, Gdynia, Sopot". Trojmiasto.pl. 2010-09-30. Retrieved 2016-08-26.
^ "Faculty of Chemistry – General Information". chem.pg.edu.pl. Retrieved 2016-09-01.
^ John Buie (2011-12-09). "Evolution of fume hoods". Lab Manager. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2018-03-13.
^ Marzena Klimowicz-Sikorska (2010-09-30). "Wehikuł czasu na Politechnice Gdańskiej/Time machine at the Gdańsk University of Technology". Trojmiasto.pl.
^ "Centre of Excellence in Environmental Analysis and Monitoring at the Chemical Faculty of the Gdańsk University of Technology" (PDF). www.pjoes.com. 2004-01-02. Retrieved 2016-08-30.
^ "The Proceedings of 15th International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment" (PDF). www.iaea.org. Retrieved 2016-08-30.
^ "15th Workshop on Progress in Trace Metal Speciation for Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Gdańsk, Poland, September 04-07, 2016" (PDF). www.iaeac.com. Retrieved 2016-08-30.
^ "ICCCP 2017 7th International Conference on Chemistry and Chemical Process_Ei Compendex, Scopus 8th–10th February 2017". www.nature.com. Retrieved 2016-08-30.
^ "Faculty of Chemistry – General Information". chem.pg.edu.pl. Retrieved 2016-08-26.
^ "Official Website of Centre for Knowledge and Technology Transfer". Retrieved August 20, 2014.
^ "Academic Computer Centre in Gdansk". Retrieved 20 January 2017.
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^ "PIONIER Polish Optical Internet". Retrieved 20 January 2017.
^ "Academic Computer Centre in Gdańsk (CI TASK)". Retrieved August 20, 2014.
^ "Tryton". Retrieved 2016-04-05.
^ "The Library of Gdansk University of Technology". Retrieved 20 January 2017.
^ "The Library of Gdansk University of Technology". Retrieved 20 January 2017.
^ "Partners Pomerania Digital Library". Retrieved 20 January 2017.
^ "Library of Gdansk University of Technology". Retrieved August 20, 2014.
^ "The jubilee year of the Gdańsk University of Technology". Retrieved 20 January 2017.
^ "110th anniversary GUT – Honourable Committee". Retrieved 20 January 2017.
^ "Cava Granted Honorary Doctorate from Gdańsk University of Technology". Retrieved 20 January 2017.
^ "110th anniversary of the GUT – Programme". Retrieved 20 January 2017.
External links
University website
The buildings of the university
International Office
U-Multirank Ranking
http://www.nauka.gov.pl/
54°22′17″N 18°37′8″E / 54.37139°N 18.61889°E / 54.37139; 18.61889
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|
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It has eight faculties and with 41 fields of study and more than 18 thousand[3] undergraduate, as well as about 626[4] doctoral students. It employs 2768 people, including 1313 academic teachers.[5]Some degree courses and various specialisations are taught in English. Moreover, some of the courses offered by Gdańsk Tech are unique in Poland, for instance ones in Construction Chemistry, Nanotechnology, Geodesy and Cartography, as well as Engineering of Natural Resources. \nStudents have access to specialist laboratories, lecture theatres with multimedia facilities, a library with 1.2 million volumes and various sports facilities. Undergraduates can also join one or more of 60 student science or language societies as well as other organisations. \nGdańsk Tech is the first and only Polish university to be a member of the CDIO Initiative,[6] founded by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in collaboration with Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden. CDIO aims to provide an education for engineers that enables them to “Conceive, Design, Implement and Operate” pro-industrial technological systems.\nActive member of a number of university networks and associations, e.g. Baltic Science Research (coordination of nanotechnology research and education), Baltic University Network (Uppsala Protocol) and the Baltic Sea Region University Network.In October 2015, the school became a member of CESAER.[7] In 2016, it was listed as one of the 800 best universities in the world by Times Higher Education World University Rankings.[8]With over nine people applying for one place at the university, Gdańsk Tech was ranked at the first position on the list of the most popular Polish universities in 2017. The ranking was published by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education.[9] Gdańsk Tech also ranked 4th among technical universities and 9th among all universities in Poland in the prestigious higher education ranking prepared by the „Perspektywy” Educational Foundation.[10]Gdańsk University of Technology has an international institutional accreditation EUA – IEP (European University Association – Institutional Evaluation Programme).","title":"Gdańsk University of Technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Hanseatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanse"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"\"free city\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Versailles-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1904-Gmach_Glowny.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Turski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Turski"},{"link_name":"German concentration camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"}],"text":"The university was founded in 1904 as Königliche Technische Hochschule zu Danzig, in Danzig, which was part of the German Empire. Since the Middle Ages, Danzig, or Gdańsk in Polish, was a German-speaking Hanseatic city. The history of Gdańsk is complex and the city itself belonged, at different times to Poland and Germany. By the decision of Treaty of Versailles in the period of 1920–1939 it had become a \"free city\". The names of the city's educational institutions were affected by the changes in the city status.[11] \nThe university was known by different names:1918–1921: Technische Hochschule in Danzig (Wyższa Szkoła Techniczna w Gdańsku)\n1921–1939: Technische Hochschule der Freien Stadt Danzig (Wyższa Szkoła Techniczna Wolnego Miasta Gdańska)\n1939–1941: Technische Hochschule Danzig\n1941–1945: Reichshochschule DanzigFollowing the take over of the city by the Red Army, the Soviets arranged stables and barracks in other buildings. In 1945, all Germans were expelled from the city of Gdańsk and the burned ruins were turned into a Polish university (24.05.1945). In light of tragic history of the university under Nazi rule, today's university officially does not continue traditions of pre-war schools and its history starts in 1945.[12]Main building in 1904The school was reorganized and rebuilt under the supervision of Stanisław Turski, a Polish mathematician and former inmate of German concentration camps. Turski also served as the first post-war rector of the university.\nImportant dates in Gdańsk University of Technology history:\n1900 – The cornerstone is laid for the university building \n1904 – King's Technical High School is created \n1941–1945 – The university is subordinated to Nazi Germany \n1945 – On May 24, the university became a Polish state academy \n2004 – The 100-year anniversary of founding a Gdańsk University of Technology \n2014 – The 110-year anniversary of founding a Gdańsk University of Technology \n2020 – Smart University","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Vistula River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula_River"},{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Pomeranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Danzig_Krantor_Gdansk_%C5%BBuraw.jpg"}],"text":"The Gdańsk University of Technology (Gdańsk Tech) is located in Gdańsk – a city of more-than-1000-year-old tradition, situated at the mouth of the Vistula River on the Baltic Sea. Gdańsk is the capital of the Pomeranian region and has nearly 500 000 inhabitants.The Main Campus is situated in the centre of old Wrzeszcz – a district which has good communication with other parts of Gdańsk. The campus is located on Narutowicza Street.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dziedziniec_farenheita.JPG"},{"link_name":"Johannes Hevelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Hevelius"},{"link_name":"magnetic declination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_declination"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dziedziniec_heweliusza_pg.tif"},{"link_name":"Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Gabriel_Fahrenheit"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Hevelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hevelius"},{"link_name":"Fahrenheit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit"}],"text":"Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit's Courtyard in the Main BuildingJohannes Hevelius (1611–1687) created the first world's great astronomical observatory equipped with telescopes. Hevelius was also a physicist because he discovered centuries old changes in magnetic declination. He was technician too, because he constructed Poland's first pendulum clock, conceived, designed and built the first world's periscope, as well as the first micrometer screw which belongs today to the Gdańsk City Council.[13]Hevelius' CourtyardDaniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736) was born in Gdańsk. He is mainly known for being the first to use mercury in temperature measuring devices (previously alcohol was used) and developed his own scale of 0 to 212 degrees.Hevelius and Fahrenheit, the two distinguished physicists who are considered as representatives of Polish science, have their own places of rembrance at Gdańsk University of Technology. By virtue of the Resolution of the Senate, the Courtyards in the Main Building of Gdańsk University of Technology have been named after the two scientists. Both of them have been commemorated with reliefs that have been designed by the scientists of Gdańsk University of Technology with the help of genetic algorithms and a specially designed computer application running on Gdańsk Tech's supercomputer.","title":"Scientific traditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hermann Eggertt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Eggert"},{"link_name":"Albert Carsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Carsten"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FOT_2822.jpg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The main building, designed by Hermann Eggertt and Albert Carsten, was built between 1900 and 1904 and constructed at the same time as the Electro-Technical Institute, Machine Laboratory and the Chemical Institute. All the buildings were designed in the style of the Northern Renaissance with the elements of Art Nouveau. Several stone images that decorate the front represent in symbols the purpose of the building. The Medusa head above the main entrance protects the building against intruders and signifies energy. The images above the eastern side gate are a lighthouse and the tower of St. Mary's Church, while those over the western gate are a partially damaged likeness of a steam engine and a bow of a ship. Portraits of Prussian scientists and pioneers of the 19th-century engineering are to be found above the windows of the upper ground floor – the architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel, physicist Gotthilf H. L. Hagen, a manufacturer of steam engines Johann F. A. Borsig and a naval architect Ferdinand Schichau. The ornamental gutters are decorated with copper spouts in the shape of four male figures holding water monsters.GargoylesThe Clock Tower destroyed in 1945 was restored to the roof of the main building on the 13th of May 2012. The tower is 18m high, weighs 15 tons and is crowned with a gilded image of the Allegory of Science. The main building encloses inner courtyards covered by glass domes designed by W. Czabański and Z. Wilk and installed in 2004. In 2012 the South Courtyard was officially renamed in honour of Johannes Hevelius. The Foucault pendulum is designed to show the rotation of the Earth on its axis. It is named after the French physicist who first performed a similar experiment at the Paris Pantheon in 1851. The machine that made its appearance in 2005 in the South Courtyard of Gdansk University of Technology is a 64 kg metal disc suspended on a 26m arm. The movement of the pendulum is easy to follow because of a laser beam. An electromagnet fixed at the point of suspension powers the movement of the pendulum that would have otherwise stopped. Reliefs in the window niches above the Foucault pendulum show Johannes Hevelius, a design of a reflective sundial (on the left) and a rotating map of the sky with a sextant. These stainless steel reliefs have been made by Robert Kaja. A relief of a well-known Gdańsk resident D.G. Fahrenheit was unveiled in the North Courtyard in October 2013. Fahrenheit was a physicist, engineer, inventor and the creator of a mercury thermometer temperature scale. There are two portraits of the great physicist. The first can be found in a window niche. The other is covered with a thick glass pane. Its upper section looks like a network of blood vessels, while the blue-tinted section at the bottom shows crystal-like structures that can often be seen on glass when temperature is lower than 0 °C or 32 °F. In the middle there is an image of a Fahrenheit thermometer.[14]","title":"Historic places"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The historic gas meters","text":"While the university buildings were being completed in 1904 the mains gas supply was installed at the same time. The internal gas distribution system started at the porter's lodge with the main valve and the gas meters fitted in a purpose designed cabinet located nearby. The permanent exhibition of the Gdańsk University of Technology historic water powered gas meters that remain on their original site shows the well-preserved fragments of the original system.","title":"Historic places"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gatehouses at the main entrance gate","text":"The gatehouses are two small lodges in front of the main building positioned symmetrically along the main axis. On the eastern side there is a porter's lodge (with an image of a key) and a cottage which officially belonged to the head electrician (with a flower image, it was more likely to be a gardener's house). After modernisation the structures became the headquarters of the Promotion Office and the main reception.","title":"Historic places"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Two lions placed on the balconies of both houses","text":"The lion on the eastern side holds the coat of arms of the city of Gdańsk.","title":"Historic places"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Owl Sculpture","text":"There is a rebuilt life-size image of an owl at the porter's lodge which is a symbol of knowledge and wisdom.","title":"Historic places"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Machine Laboratory","text":"The historic chimney and the adjacent water tower rising above the buildings of the Gdańsk University of Technology campus were created as part of the Machine Laboratory. Built in 1904 and based on the design by Hermann Eggertt and Albert Carsten, those buildings met the university's heating, water and electricity needs as well as offering more teaching space. The structure consisted of a basement machine room with an adjoining boiler-house, a chimney situated between them with an adjacent water tower and a set of rooms. The system was designed by Prof. Josse. This was the first peaking power plant in Gdańsk in 1945 serving the residents of the Gdansk district of Wrzeszcz.The laboratory was expanded and modernized in 1994–1997 and has retained many of its original technical features.","title":"Historic places"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cooling tower","text":"The cooling tower and the machine operator building were erected close to the laboratory.The steel-frame cooling tower, 28m high, designed to work as a closed circuit system was built on a granite foundation behind the machine hall. The lower part is a cold sprinkler of an oval cross-section that served as a heat exchanger. A circular chimney was then placed on the oval cross-section to get a free flow of air. The dome of the cooling tower is crowned with a spearhead.","title":"Historic places"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Building of the Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering","text":"The Institute of Electrical and Control Engineering (Elektrotechnisches Institute) was established in 1900–1904 and the building was designed by Hermann Eggertt and Albert Carsten. It consisted of four distinctive spaces and areas interconnected by a corridor: workshops and laboratories with a small auditorium hall, a machine hall (Drive Hall), an auditorium hall and laboratories, and the drafting hall with additional rooms. Today, the building is named after Prof. Kazimierz Kopecki. The building now houses large auditoriums, a renovated auditorium E1 and a historic auditorium E41 named after Prof. Stanisław Szpor. Following extensive renovation and restoration the latter was returned to its original appearance going back to 1904.Completed in 2011 the work of renovation, modernization and fitting the historic rooms with modern audiovisual and ICT equipment was funded by the project \"Modern Auditoriums at Gdańsk University of Technology.\"One of the most interesting sculptures on the university campus can be found on the façade of the building. It shows a couple kissing – the young woman is holding an ear of grain and the man has a burning flame torch in his hand.","title":"Historic places"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Auditorium E1","text":"The laboratory building was erected as an extension to the main building.Between 2006 and 2008, the interior of the laboratory of Electrical Drives classroom was remodelled and the room was changed into a lecture auditorium. At the back of the E-1 auditorium there is a permanent exhibition of historic electrical measurement equipment.","title":"Historic places"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The building of the Chemical Faculty – \"Old Chemistry\"","text":"The Chemical Institute (Chemisches Institut) building was one of the first built specially for Gdańsk University of Technology in 1900–1904.The main entrance is decorated with a set of symbols relating to the purpose of the building. Above the entrance arch there is a decorative cartouche (currently with the inscription \"CHEMISTRY\") crowned with a triangular open tympanum.The refurbishment of the north wing of the Chemistry A building, that includes the Chemical Auditorium and infrastructure rooms, was completed in 2010.","title":"Historic places"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chemical_Elements%27_Symbols_Staircase_Chemical_Faculty_GUT_Gda%C5%84sk_Poland.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Symbols of chemical elements","text":"Chemical elements' symbols in the staircaseThe symbols of chemical elements are evenly spaced along the top edge of the facade in the side wings of the Chemical Faculty building. The 24 characters – heavily stylized abbreviations of the symbols of chemical elements – have been divided into 4 groups of 6 symbols each. The non-metals were placed on the west wing, while metals on the east one.The elements are depicted by the symbols used in the late 19th and early 20th century.","title":"Historic places"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auditorium_Chemical_Faculty_GUT_Gda%C5%84sk_Poland,_Polkowska.jpg"},{"link_name":"periodic table of elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table"}],"sub_title":"Gdańsk Tech Chemical Auditorium","text":"Chemical auditorium (1904) original equipment and periodic table of elements from early 20th centuryThe interior of the auditorium has regained its early 20th-century appearance following a renovation. The historic auditorium has retained 80 percent of the original fittings and interior design: the decorative wall paintings, decorative architectural elements of the arches, laboratory tables, chairs with back supports and desks. Stoneware laboratory sinks were also preserved along with the wooden windows – including the door handles, fittings and hinges – doors and the electrically controlled window shutters.","title":"Historic places"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Periodic Table","text":"The periodic table originally painted in 1904 and discovered during the renovation of the Chemical Auditorium reflects the knowledge of chemistry in the early 20th century.","title":"Historic places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neo-Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Albert Cersten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Carsten"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nanotechnologia_B.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linte2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nanotechnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"LINTE^2 Laboratory of Innovative Electrical Power Technologies and Integration of Renewable Energy Sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/LINTE%5E2"},{"link_name":"Maths and Distance Learning Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131216035922/http://cnm.pg.gda.pl/page/pl/strona_glowna"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Academic Sports Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//csa.pg.edu.pl/"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CENTRUM-SPORTU_8028.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Basen_politechnika_gdanska.jpg"},{"link_name":"Times Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Education"},{"link_name":"University of Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bologna"},{"link_name":"University of Salamanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Salamanca"},{"link_name":"University of Coimbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Coimbra"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The university campus consists of many buildings built with various architectural styles over the last one hundred years. The monumental Main Building designed at the beginning of the 20th century in the Dutch Neo-Renaissance style by Albert Cersten – an architect and a university professor – is the symbol of the university.[15]During the second world war 60 percent of the building and 70 percent of its roofing got burnt. The steel framework was the only remains of the clock tower. The damages were rebuilt but the decision on the tower reconstruction was put off many times. It was rebuilt on the Main Building 13 May 2012.The campus of the Gdańsk University of Technology is continuously being developed. Elegant, modern, and eco-friendly buildings co-exist with charming and majestic edifices. Classes take place in modern auditoriums and well equipped specialised laboratories.Nanotechnology B CentreLinte^2There are following modern educational and research centers along with supporting units within the university campus:Nanotechnology Centre with 25 laboratories equipped with devices for tests and level of atoms[16]LINTE^2 Laboratory of Innovative Electrical Power Technologies and Integration of Renewable Energy Sources.\nMaths and Distance Learning Centre that uses modern ICT technologies and tools for mathematical modeling and visualization of data.\nICT Educational and Research Centre[17]that collaborates with over 100 companies in Pomerania and their partners in Kuyavia and Mazovia regions.Academic Sports Centre – sports facilities accessible to all students and employees: two swimming-pools: 25 m and 12,5 m; a full size football pitch 64m x 105m; a sports hall, a volleyball pitch, outdoor tennis courts; a fitness gym, bodybuilding gyms, a rowing gym, and a judo gym.[18]Gdańsk University of Technology has a modern student housing estate, which accommodates more than 2,500 people in 11 dormitories located in three attractive locations in the city.Academic Sports CentreAcademic Sports CenterIn 2018 magazine Times Higher Education listed the campus of the university among 10 most beautiful universities in Europe, along with e.g. University of Bologna (Italy), University of Salamanca (Spain), and University of Coimbra (Portugal)[19]","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MAESTRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MAESTRO&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Applied Research Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Applied_Research_Programme&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LIDER programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LIDER_programme&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"INNOTECH programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=INNOTECH_programme&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"GRAF-TECH programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GRAF-TECH_programme&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Diamond Grant programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diamond_Grant_programme&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"300 inventions ready for implementation\n200 research and development projects currently carried out\n800 agreements with entrepreneurs concluded in last 3 yearsThere are high-investment projects carried out under the MAESTRO programme, the Applied Research Programme, the LIDER programme, the INNOTECH programme and the new GRAF-TECH programme. Outstanding students carry out their projects at the university within Diamond Grant programme.","title":"Scientific research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"The European HR Excellence in Research logo","text":"The European Commission has granted Gdańsk University of Technology the right to use the HR Excellence in Research logo.[20]","title":"Scientific research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"2021In the 21st edition of the Ranking of Universities organized by the Perspektywy Educational Foundation, Gdańsk University of Technology was ranked 6th among all academic universities in the country and 3rd (together with Wrocław University of Science and Technology) among technical universities.[21]\nIn the Higher Education Impact Rankings 2021 - the only global ranking based on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) created by the United Nations, Gdańsk University of Technology was classified in the overall ranking and eight individual Sustainable Development Goals. The university fared best in four areas of SDGs, ranking first among Polish universities in each of them. Gdańsk Tech was in the range of 101-200 in the global ranking in area no. 9 (Innovation, industry, infrastructure) and area no. 13 (Climate action). Gdańsk Tech was also classified in the range of 301-400 in area no. 12 (Responsible consumption and production), and as the only university in Poland, it was ranked in the range of 401-600 in area no. 16 (Peace, justice and strong institutions).[22]2020In the QS World University Rankings 2021 edition, Gdańsk University of Technology was ranked for the second time in the range of 801-1000 of the best universities out of over 5.5 thousand universities from 80 countries, slightly improving its total score from 11.7 points in the 2020 edition to 12.8 points in 2021. Similarly to the previous edition of the ranking, Gdańsk Tech achieved the best result in the Faculty Student Ratio area.[23]\nIn the 20th edition of the Ranking of Universities organized by the Perspektywy Educational Foundation, Gdańsk University of Technology ranked 8th among all academic universities in the country (together with the Łódź University of Technology) and 4th among technical universities.[24]\nIn the U-Multirank 2020 ranking, which was attended by 1,759 universities from 92 countries, including 37 Polish universities, Gdańsk University of Technology received the highest possible \"A\" score in the following areas: External Research Income, Interdisciplinary Publications, Post-doc positions, Income from private sources, Graduate companies.[25]\nIn 2020, in the GreenMetric World Ranking of Universities, in which universities are assessed in terms of the practical application of the principles of sustainable development, Gdańsk Tech improved its previous result, ranking 231st in the world ranking, 78th among European universities and maintaining the 2nd place in the country.[26]\nIn 2020, Gdańsk University of Technology was among the 1000 best universities in the world in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings.[27]2019Gdańsk University of Technology has been at the forefront of the ranking of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education measuring the popularity of studies among candidates for years. In the 2018/19 academic year it took the first place for the second time in a row, with a result of 8.8 candidates for one place in full-time first-cycle studies and uniform master's studies. Out of 29,500 candidates, 4,385 people were accepted for first-cycle and second-cycle studies (including 3,366 for full-time first-cycle studies). The greatest number of applicants was interested in the following fields: economics (33 people per place), management in English (28.8) and economic analysis (22.5).\nIn the GreenMetric ranking, in which universities are ranked in terms of the implementation of the principles of sustainable development around their campuses, Gdańsk Tech was placed 277th in the world ranking, 104th among European universities, and obtained 2nd place in Poland.2018Gdańsk University of Technology took the first place again in the ranking of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of universities most frequently chosen by candidates. In 2018, on average, there were 8.8 high school graduates per one place.\nIn the 19th edition of the Ranking of Universities, organized by the Perspektywy Educational Foundation, Gdańsk University of Technology ranked 9th among all academic universities in the country (together with the Silesian University of Technology) and 4th among technical universities.\nIn 2018, in the third edition of the Competition and the Program for Accreditation of Study Courses \"Studies with the Future\" organized by the Foundation for the Development of Science and Higher Education supervised by the Ministry of National Education, 16 fields of study at Gdańsk University of Technology were awarded, which was the largest number of awards among universities in Poland.\nIn 2018, the Times Higher Education portal placed Gdańsk University of Technology campus on the list of 10 European universities distinguished by beautiful architecture and attractive location.[28]2017In 2017, 7 faculties obtained accreditation in the highest categories A and A +, awarded by the Scientific Units Evaluation Committee.[29]\nIn 2017, in the ranking of Perspektywy Gdańsk University of Technology was ranked 10th among the best Polish universities. In the classification of technical universities, the \"Perspektywy University Ranking\" placed Gdańsk Tech in the 4th place.[30]\nGdańsk Tech is among 9 Polish universities classified in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, which includes the best universities in the world.[31]\nTransparent Ranking 2017, which classifies universities according to the number of citations in Google Scholar, placed Gdańsk Tech on 1,306 place among over 9,000 universities in the world.[32]2016In 2016, the Perspektywy Education Foundation placed the Gdańsk University of Technology MBA studies among the top 10 MBA programs in Poland.","title":"Rankings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biomedical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_engineering"},{"link_name":"biotechnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology"},{"link_name":"chemotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy"},{"link_name":"cancer cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_cell"},{"link_name":"chemo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy"},{"link_name":"radiotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_therapy"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"carbon footprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_footprint"},{"link_name":"light pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_pollution"},{"link_name":"green technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_technology"},{"link_name":"renewable energy sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy"},{"link_name":"circular economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_economy"},{"link_name":"aeronautics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautics"},{"link_name":"metrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrology"},{"link_name":"renewable energy sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy"},{"link_name":"photovoltaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics"},{"link_name":"offshore wind energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_wind_power"},{"link_name":"wind farms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farm"},{"link_name":"wind turbine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine"},{"link_name":"hydrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen"},{"link_name":"power engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_engineering"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"}],"text":"In 2019, in the competition organized by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education within the \"Initiative of Excellence – Research University\" program, Gdańsk University of Technology was recognized by the international team of experts as the second best university in Poland, thus obtaining the status of the so-called research university, educating and conducting research at the highest level.Thanks to the \"Initiative of Excellence - Research University\" program, four research centers were established at Gdańsk University of Technology: BioTechMed Center, EcoTech Center, Advanced Materials Center and Digital Technologies Center.BioTechMed Center deals with research and implementation of modern technologies in the field of biomedical engineering, molecular and pharmaceutical biotechnology as well as methods of searching for new drugs. Researchers are working on new biomedical measurement methods (also using artificial intelligence methods), patient diagnosis and therapy, and dedicated device control systems that are widely used in medicine, including rehabilitation and exoskeletons. The work will also aim at developing a strategy of nutritional prevention in chronic non-communicable diseases. The new Center includes specialists in biomedical and genetic engineering, molecular biotechnology, chemistry and drug analysis, and food biotechnology. They have been cooperating with the medical community for years, developing new solutions for healthcare.Scientists from Gdańsk University of Technology created, among others, CyberEye - a system that allows us to communicate with people in a vegetative state or awakened from a coma. The researchers have developed and implemented modern hearing, vision and speech screening methods that are currently used throughout the world. Research groups of Gdańsk University of Technology have prepared new compounds that may find application in cancer chemotherapy and in the treatment of infections caused by fungal microorganisms. Members of the Center also have significant successes in research on counteracting drug resistance of microorganisms and cancer cells, which is one of the biggest challenges of today's medicine.Researchers plan to develop new, innovative medical instruments and devices. They will prepare, among others, a new method of hearing testing and automatic detection of disease states. They will create CyberBed, which will help counteract digital exclusion of paralysed patients. They are also developing the world's first so-called biomarkers of human memory that will allow better understanding and optimization of methods for improving memory. Researchers will also define new strategies to combat drug resistance of pathogenic microorganisms, as well as develop new methods for diagnosis and therapy of patients. The teams will also work on new solutions in the field of physicochemistry as well as chemo and radiotherapy, and will also develop technologies that will contribute to the development of the healthy food market.EcoTech Center deals with shaping a harmonious, sustainable space for human life in the face of current environmental challenges, climate change as well as social and demographic changes. Scientists are working on solutions that will counteract the negative effects of human activities. They are also looking for innovative pro-ecological solutions for intelligent urban and extra-urban areas. In addition, they are developing new methods for monitoring the environment and infrastructure, as well as modern technologies for the production of electricity and heat, which reduce the carbon footprint and contribute to meeting emission requirements. The Center includes research teams composed of representatives of all scientific disciplines of Gdańsk University of Technology, and specialists working on sustainable shaping of human environment play a significant role there.Teams of researchers are developing and implementing new methods for monitoring the environment and infrastructure, as well as technologies for water and wastewater treatment (including management and reuse of rainwater) and to reduce the phenomenon of so-called ‘Light smog’ (light pollution). Experts deal with innovative solutions in the field of eco-energy, green technologies, low-emission transport, waste management, clean industrial production, energy-neutral construction and renewable energy sources (and their integration with the power system).The result of the activities of scientists will be the development of a number of solutions to monitor the environment and infrastructure, and to counteract the so-called anthropopression, i.e. human influence on the natural environment. Scientific analyzes and technologies and engineering solutions developed on their basis will meet the principles of sustainable development and the requirements of the circular economy. An important element will also be to support the spatial planning of 'the future ecocities of 2050', i.e. cities resilient to climate change and ensuring high quality of life. These studies will be supplemented with analyzes of social acceptance of new technologies and building new business models for the solutions being developed. Scientists are working on solutions that will counteract the negative effects of human activities.Advanced Materials Center focus on the production and characterization of innovative materials (including polymer and carbon, nanomaterials, superconductors and high-temperature conductive materials) with wide application in industry and medicine, but also aeronautics and oceanotechnics. In addition, scientists at the Center are dealing with issues related to the technology of manufacturing and obtaining innovative structures and instruments, material recycling and metrology. Within the Center, there are scientists from the field of material engineering specializing in chemistry, physics and solid state electronics, electrochemistry, polymer chemistry, biomaterial engineering, surface engineering and physicochemistry of metal materials.Research teams already have a number of successes in this area, e.g. research on atomic and electronic structures and chemical composition have allowed the discovery of new superconductors. Scientists have also developed photo-catalysts that allow the oxidation of pharmaceuticals that are not susceptible to biodegradation. In turn, modification of road bitumens with polymers allowed for the development of a wide group of so-called polymer-asphalt binders (binders connecting loose materials into a homogeneous mass), characterized by better resistance to environmental factors and changing temperature conditions.The results of the Center's activity will be the development of materials for the storage of electricity from renewable energy sources (including wind farms, solar panels, etc.), which will meet the current trends in the energy market and the challenges of today's world. Thanks to the work of Gdańsk University of Technology scientists, it will be possible to create new ways to store and convert excess energy in innovative batteries and supercapacitors, but also to use them at a later time using photovoltaic devices and electrolysers. Research will also be conducted here on carbonaceous materials (including diamond-like ones) that can be used in biosensor systems or for the utilization of impurities. Further research teams will work among others on materials for regenerative medicine, as well as on materials for generating strong magnetic fields. The work of scientists within the Advanced Materials Center focuses on manufacturing innovative materialsDigital Technologies Center develops technologically advanced solutions in the field of electronics, IT, automation, robotics and mechatronics as well as telecommunications. Researchers are working to improve the broadly understood safety and comfort of society. They will enable an increase in the efficiency of enterprises and institutions by preparing systems for more efficient management of their structure. Research teams in the Digital Technologies Center are also working on projects in the field of robotization and automation. They will create innovative design techniques and production technologies that will allow the development of completely new sensors, devices and systems with innovative practical applications. The Center includes specialists in the field of developing new techniques for designing systems and devices used in the ICT industry and innovative data processing algorithms, including using artificial intelligence algorithms.Researchers have had significant successes and are authors of innovative solutions in the field of design techniques for miniature sensors on flexible substrates, human-machine communication, safe and reliable wireless radio links (including those for autonomous vehicles and infrastructure systems), as well as methods that allow creating high quality software. Scientists of Gdańsk University of Technology will contribute to the creation of intelligent ambience in the environment of human life: at home and on the street, but also in the functioning of enterprises (including logistics centers). They will also develop technologies to increase the productivity of harbours and logistics areas, which is particularly important for the university located within the activities of large harbours.The result of this work will include miniature electronic systems (placed inside objects and devices that surround people on a daily basis), which will allow automatic adaptation of a specific space to human needs. They will also be used in vehicles and autonomous systems. New wireless communication methods, which will be created thanks to the work of scientists of Gdańsk University of Technology, will allow the creation of harmoniously operating networks of devices and systems within intelligent environments - also using artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms. Scientists are working to improve the broadly understood safety and comfort of societyGdańsk University of Technology, in cooperation with the socio-economic environment, established two university-wide, interdisciplinary research centers: the Offshore Wind Energy Center and the Hydrogen Technologies Center. The task of both centers is to coordinate research, design and expert works for the construction of offshore wind farms and modern hydrogen technologies in the energy sector.Offshore Wind Energy Center brings together outstanding specialists from all areas of knowledge related to offshore wind energy and has a highly specialized laboratory base that allows for detailed identification of many technical and organizational problems in the construction and operation of offshore wind farms. The Center offers scientific support in the field of design, manufacturing technology, operation of offshore wind farms, conducts research, advises on how to solve technical problems, and trains management and engineering staff.The center's activities are focused on such research areas as: design of special vessels, diagnostics of the mechanical and hydraulic system of a wind turbine, design and diagnostics of a wind turbine rotor, comprehensive corrosion protection of wind turbine towers, underwater and water safety of wind farms, foundation of offshore wind turbines, design of storage systems for excess wind energy, design of power control and electricity transmission systems, staff training and management in offshore wind energy.Hydrogen Technologies Center is the first unit of this type in Poland to offer research services related to hydrogen. The Center concentrates on the competences in the field of processing, storing and combustion of hydrogen as well as processing energy obtained in fuel cells. The Center is a unit dedicated to cooperation with the industry, including the practical application of scientific achievements, and deals with comprehensive service of hydrogen projects (from the concept phase, through designing solutions, modeling the manufacturing process as well as diagnostics and maintenance of the developed solutions), as well as the development and maintenance of existing technologies using hydrogen. Moreover, it offers specialized services necessary when applying for European funds, specialized expertise for which modern diagnostic and measurement equipment is used, commissioned tests, organization of training courses. The Center's activities are focused on the following research areas: fuel cell diagnostics, hydrogen storage (chemical hydrogen storage), hydrogen production (biohydrogen), energy production (functional coatings), energy conversion (automation / power engineering), modeling of hydrogen processes (modeling / decision-making support systems / artificial intelligence).","title":"Research university"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wizualizacja_Laboratorium.jpg"}],"text":"Visualization of Laboratory of Immersed Spatial Visualisation","title":"Recent achievements at Gdańsk Tech"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Cyber-eye","text":"A cyber-eye can help people who fall into a coma. The device consists of an infrared camera and a special program that reads the eyeball movement. The cyber-eye allows to follow the place on the computer screen which the user observes. Thanks to it the patient can inform that he is thirsty or that a window needs to be opened. The authors of the system won the “Polish Innovation 2013” competition organized by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education.[33] The invention is a part of the series of types of computer multimodal interfaces project.[34]","title":"Recent achievements at Gdańsk Tech"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"MEDEYE","text":"Within 15 minutes it indicates a suspicious fragment in the recording where there may be an ulcer, bleeding, a polyp or another disease. It sends information about the completed analysis by text message or by email. A system to support the diagnostic endoscopic examination of the human digestive tract named MEDEYE has been designed to make the work of a physician more efficient. It analyses and interprets the image from a tiny camera closed in a capsule. Thanks to the MEDEYE the physician does not have to watch several-hourlong recordings but can concentrate on the fragments indicated by the system.[35]","title":"Recent achievements at Gdańsk Tech"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"PathMon","text":"An integrated circuit which analyses electrocardiographic and impedance signal which contain an information about the cardiac cycle. PathMon makes possible simultaneous measurement of various vital signs. The analysis in real time allows detection of some untypical events which indicate threat to health or life. The device shows condition of the heart, effectiveness of blood pump and blood vessels’ contractility.[36]","title":"Recent achievements at Gdańsk Tech"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Republic of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Poland"}],"sub_title":"Medicine for osteoporosis","text":"Most medicines available on the global market which contain alendronate sodium contain a biologically active substance manufactured by Polpharma SA[37] basing on the technology developed at Gdańsk University of Technology. A single pack of Ostemax 70 comfort that contains 4 pills costs 25–30 PLN. In 2013 Polpharma SA was awarded the President of the Republic of Poland's Award for Innovation in recognition of its work on innovative technologies and launching a series of substances used for osteoporosis treatment.","title":"Recent achievements at Gdańsk Tech"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linte1.jpg"}],"sub_title":"NOR-STA Platform","text":"The NOR-STA Platform is a platform of innovative software services facilitating achieving and assessing conformance to norms and standards – including hospital accreditation, CAF (Common Assessment Framework), information security management systems and HACCP standards.[38] The users of the platform indicate its following major advantages: improved document management, retaining conformance, support for decision making process and time saving. This solution was awarded with the Gold Medal – Consumer Choice at the Poznań International Fair.[39]LINTE^2 Laboratory of Innovative Electrical Power Technologies and Integration of Renewable Energy Sources","title":"Recent achievements at Gdańsk Tech"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Electronic nose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_nose"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enose_prototype_Analytical_Dept_Chemical_Faculty_GUT_Gdansk.jpg"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Electronic nose","text":"See also: Electronic nosePrototype of electronic noseElectronic nose developed in Analytical Chemistry Department at Chemical Faculty allows for rapid classification of food or environmental samples. The cost of this equipment is far lower than commercialized instruments of such kind.[40]","title":"Recent achievements at Gdańsk Tech"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Auditory–Visual Attention Simulator","text":"The interface will support people with disabilities of eyesight and hearing, as well as children with ADHD, as a multimedia stimulator of binocular vision in cases of “amblyopia” (“lazy eye” syndrome). An original application is a set of tools and tests to diagnose degree of awareness of persons with no contact (in coma or vegetative state); the interface was awarded gold medal of the Poznań International Fair within the competition Economy for Science, and was also awarded with the international exhibition of inventions BRUSSELS INNOVA 2012.[41]","title":"Recent achievements at Gdańsk Tech"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Airbus Helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_Helicopters"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"}],"text":"The university carries out dozens of different kinds of agreements with the business environment. Examples of cooperation:Pomeranian Metropolitan Railway SA realization of geodetic inventory measurements of railway track and acceptance testing of viaducts\nAirbus Helicopters joint research and scientific programs in the field of marine technologies (improving support systems for helicopters on flights over large water bodies), training of engineers\nEuropean Dental Implant Institute Vivadental; cooperation in the creation of a prototype of a dental implant designed for industrial production\nACCUS project – a partnership 28 scientific institutions and companies from eight EU countries: creation of the most advanced types of SmartCity system in Europe, which will be launchedin Gdańsk\nBohemia Interactive: Common Crisis Management Laboratory at Gdańsk University of Technology, which will carry out research on training methods and crisis management\nSunreef Yachts: research support for the company from the university; internships and a series of lectures for students from SY\nIBM: joint IBM Advanced Research Center (the Center for Advanced Studies) operates within the Hub for Innovative Technologies at Gdańsk Tech. Its task is the implementation of projects in the field of information technologies in conjunction with the business strategy of IBM\nGdansk Municipal Investments Sp. Z oo: participation in a team of scientific advisers to build a tunnel under Martwa Wisła (the Dead Vistula)\nThe Company for Exploitation of Oil Pipelines \"Przyjaźń\": the development of innovative solutions for oil and chemical logistics, performing analyses, expert and technical studies\nPolpharma: cooperation in the development of synthesis and manufacturing technology of new drugs production\nBlirt: cooperation in the development of innovative cancer and antimicrobial drugs, including joint initiatives in the framework of strategic NCBR programs of STRATEGMED type\nMedVentures Sp. Z o.o and Pro-Science Poland Sp. z oo: cooperation within the program STRATEGMED in the project \"New technologies in pharmacological stimulation of regeneration\"","title":"Joint ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Politech_gda_eti.tif"}],"text":"Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and InformaticsFaculty of Architecture\nFaculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics\nFaculty of Electrical and Control Engineering\nFaculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics\nFaculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering\nFaculty of Mechanical Engineering\nFaculty of Ocean Engineering and Ship Technology\nFaculty of Management and Economics","title":"Faculties"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laboratory_1_Analytical_Chemistry_Dept_Gdansk_University_of_Technology.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wooden_fume_hood_Gdansk_University_of_Technology.jpg"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Adolf Butenandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Butenandt"},{"link_name":"Technical University of Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_Danzig"},{"link_name":"urine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine"},{"link_name":"progesterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone"},{"link_name":"testosterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone"},{"link_name":"estrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen"},{"link_name":"pheromone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheromone"},{"link_name":"bombykol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombykol"},{"link_name":"silkworm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkworm"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"awarded later by Nobel Committee in 1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GCxGC-TOFMS_Analytical_Dept_Chemical_Faculty_GUT_Gdansk.jpg"},{"link_name":"Two-dimensional chromatograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-dimensional_chromatography"},{"link_name":"Komitet Badań Naukowych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komitet_Bada%C5%84_Naukowych"},{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Chemical Faculty","text":"Student laboratory, 1904Wooden fume hood at Gdansk University of Technology, 1904Chemical Faculty was one of the four original faculties of 'Royal Technical College in Gdańsk', operating continuously in the pre-war German technical university since its establishment. The Chemical Institute (Chemisches Institut) building was one of the first built specially for Gdańsk University of Technology in 1900–1904.[42]Famous for his discovery of sex hormones Adolf Butenandt was professor at the Technical University of Danzig 1933–1936. Here at Chemisches Institut he was continuing his works over hormones extracting from several thousand liters of urine progesterone in 1934 and testosterone a year later. Subsequently, Butenandt had synthesized estrogen and testosterone. Adolf Butenandt also had characterized the first pheromone, bombykol, a chemically well-characterized sexual hormone released by the female silkworm to attract mates.[43] While working in Gdańsk Butenandt has obtained a substantial part of research results awarded later by Nobel Committee in 1939.[44]Chemical Faculty is one of five faculties, which started operations research and teaching in 1945, as a result of the decree of the Polish government transforming technical university acting in Gdańsk since 1904 into Polish Gdańsk University of Technology. To this day, it works in rooms designed specifically for training chemists, since 1904 operate here labs, preserved historic auditorium, which original equipment is unique in the world.[45]In the period of 1945–2005 from the Chemical Faculty graduated more than 7000 people, including 4877 masters of engineering and 1967 engineers. PhD degree was given 565, and 97 DSc degrees (habilitations). A total of 43 professors have held posts at Gdańsk Tech during this time. The Chemical Faculty has worldwide research ties and ranks consistently among the top 10 Polish public colleges and universities in funded research.[46]As early as in 1904 the laboratories in the Chemical Faculty at the Technical University in Gdańsk were equipped with wooden fume hoods. That was one of earliest applications of that kind in the world.[47] Harmful and corrosive gaseous byproducts of reactions were actively sucked allowing safe operation with chemicals. There were used the natural draft of a fireplace chimney to remove these substances from the lab. This unique in the world equipment is well maintained and still in daily use for almost 120 years.[48]Two-dimensional chromatograph, 2016At the faculty there are realized projects financed by the Komitet Badań Naukowych (Science Research Council) and European Commission. Faculty research teams collaborate with foreign centers from several countries. At the faculty operates the Centre of Excellence in Environmental Analysis and Monitoring.[49] \nThe Chemical Faculty's scientific activity is performed within the framework of domestic and international research programmes.[50][51][52] There are around 70 ongoing projects with financial support from the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research as well as 200 projects financed by Statutory research programmes. There are also research programmes financed by the European Commission within the framework of EU programmes V and VI.[53]","title":"Faculties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ERASMUS programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERASMUS_programme"},{"link_name":"Erasmus Mundus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_Mundus"},{"link_name":"Jean Monnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Monnet"},{"link_name":"TEMPUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TEMPUS"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci_programme"}],"text":"Gdańsk University of Technology takes part in the European ERASMUS programme: Erasmus Plus, LLP Erasmus, LLP Erasmus Intensive Programs, Erasmus Mundus, Jean Monnet, CEEPUS, TEMPUS and Leonardo da Vinci. \nNumber of foreign students and visitors from all over the world grows year after year. The biggest groups of international students come from: Spain and China.Gdańsk Tech participates in activities of IRO's Forum and the Baltic Sea Region University Network, whose purpose is to exchange experiences between universities in the fields of: internationalization of universities, exchange of students, intercultural communication, joint degree programs, internationalization at home or promotion abroad.","title":"International cooperation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wahad%C5%82o_Foucaulta_na_dziedzi%C5%84cu_im._Jana_Heweliusza._Fot._K._Krzempek.jpg"},{"link_name":"Foucault pendulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucault_pendulum"},{"link_name":"Pomeranian Development Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pomeranian_Development_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pomeranian Business Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pomeranian_Business_Council&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pomerania Special Economic Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pomerania_Special_Economic_Zone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pomerania Regional Chamber of Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pomerania_Regional_Chamber_of_Commerce&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk International Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gda%C5%84sk_International_Fair&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"Foucault pendulum at Johannes Hevelius's Courtyard in the Main BuildingGdańsk University of Technology cooperates with the world of business on various planes, and its relationship with the economic community is continually developing. Since March 2009 the university has had its own Centre for Knowledge and Technology Transfer (CTWT), where business people and scientists can meet.\nThus innovative ideas reach those who are able to implement them and scientists obtain a better understanding of what the market needs. The Centre collaborates with many enterprises and represents them in dealings with, for instance, the Pomeranian Development Agency, Pomeranian Business Council, Pomerania Special Economic Zone, science and technology parks, other universities, Pomerania Regional Chamber of Commerce, Gdańsk International Fair, and various economic councils. Through this Centre Gdańsk Tech particularly wants to help small and medium-sized enterprises.\nSupport will also be provided to students and graduates who want to start their own business activities. Moreover, the Centre acts for the protection of intellectual property. In addition to this, the university makes numerous contracts concerning student internships and work experience. Leading firms in the Pomeranian region provide research grants and scholarships to the most talented students, as well as awarding prizes for the best diploma works and doctoral theses.\nThe best known figures in business participate in student debates, give lectures or provide training in self-presentation or company management. The university organises conferences with the participation of business people. For several years now Gdańsk University of Technology has been participating in the Technicon Innovations Science, Business and Industry Fair, during which a broad range of the newest inventions and their implementations is presented. Annual participation in this fair has resulted in the awarding of many prizes, including ones from competitions for the best innovations and technological solutions. The inventions of Gdańsk Tech students and staff have also been awarded prizes at international fairs.[54]","title":"Centre for Knowledge and Technology Transfer"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Centrum_nanotechnologii.jpg"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Tri-City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricity,_Poland"},{"link_name":"Polish Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tryton_supercomputer_Gdansk_University_of_Technology_2015.jpg"},{"link_name":"Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//eti.pg.edu.pl/"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"PIONIER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIONIER"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"MAYDAY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAYDAY"},{"link_name":"Pl-Grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pl-Grid&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"PLATON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PLATON&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"NEWMAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NEWMAN&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"TOP500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOP500"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"text":"Nanotechnology CentreThe Academic Computer Centre in Gdańsk (CI TASK) is one of the largest urban internet networks in Poland. It has been operating since 1992 thanks to an agreement reached between the Tri-City's chief institutions of higher education. Gdańsk University of Technology has played the leading role in constructing this metropolitan network. The initial plan was for it to primarily serve all schools of higher education as well as local branches of the Polish Academy of Sciences.[55] Currently TASK is being prepared to include all schools in Gdańsk, of which there are over hundred.Supercomputer Tryton at TASK Computer CentreEntrusted with the management and expansion of this metropolitan network is the TASK Computer Centre, which was set up at Gdańsk University of Technology in 1994. Today it is based in the new Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics building. As one of the five supercomputer centres in Poland, it provides the scientific community with processing resources in the form of high speed computers and specialist software.[56] These resources help in the development of various fields of knowledge, for example: chemistry, physics, engineering, electronics and oceanography. Presently, there are over 50 projects being realised using the supercomputers at the centre, concerning among other things: molecular modeling of nucleic proteins and acids; quantum chemistry calculations; research into the properties of nanomaterials; modeling wave motion, currents and rising storms in the Baltic Sea and the Bay of Gdańsk; research into Nordic Seas dynamics and also modeling the behavior of skeleton muscles. The TASK Computer Centre is co-creating a national PIONIER fibre-optic network for the scientific and information community,[57] and is also actively participating in six projects of the so-called innovative economy: MAYDAY, Pl-Grid, PLATON, Pomeranian Digital Library, Integrated Oceanographic Data System and NEWMAN. Virtually all these projects help to create new jobs. The total value in the region of 300 million zlotys. At the start of 2008 the Centre installed Galera, a computer cluster with the theoretical computer power over 50 Tflops. Thanks to Galera, the TASK Computer Centre has become one of the world's leading supercomputing sites. Galera was in 2014 still listed among the world's 200 fastest computers in the prestigious TOP 500 chart.[58]In 2015 the next generation computer cluster TRYTON started at CD NIWA. At the moment of starting it was the fastest computer in Poland, in June 2015 was listed at the 128 position on chart of world's TOP500 supercomputers with the theoretical power over 530 Tflops.[59]","title":"Gdańsk Tech's Computer Network"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gdańsk University of Technology Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_University_of_Technology_Library"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Danzig Research Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzig_Research_Society"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starodruki_politechniki_gda%C5%84skiej.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pomerania Digital Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//pbc.gda.pl/dlibra?action=ChangeLanguageAction&language=en"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"Further information: Gdańsk University of Technology LibraryThe Gdańsk University of Technology Library is the oldest and largest technical library in Northern Poland.[60] Among the libraries of the world it can boast unique collection of priceless manuscripts and old prints from the Danzig Research Society, which was founded in 1743, and donated its 30,000 – volume collection to this library in 1923. The library's current collection includes over a million volumes, including textbooks, lecture notes, books on science and technology, Polish and foreign scientific journals, as well as technical and trade literature.[61] Moreover, the library stores publications in electronic form, to which it provides access via an on-line database. Every year the collection is expanded by new Polish and foreign publications concerning all aspects of science and technology.LibraryThe library system is very modern. Students can find the book or journal they are looking for in an on-line catalogue together with up-to-date information and whether it can be borrowed or read only in the reading room. By using their personal internet accounts, they can also prolong the time they borrow publications. There are a total of 16 reading rooms, ten in faculty branches of the library including specialist reading rooms for: journals and databases, scientific information and norms, technology and trade literature, as well as a historical collections reading room. In 2008 the library opened one of the most modern reading rooms in the country, which among other things provides a self-service specialist literature lending and returning facility. Gdańsk University of Technology also provides a digital library. Moreover, it is participating in the creation of the Universal Library, i.e. worldwide digital library, and is also the coordinator of the Pomerania Digital Library.[62] This internet library will comprise digital reproductions of scanned historical documents (lettered and unlettered). The intention is to digitalize an estimated total of over 20 million pages from Pomeranian library collections.[63]","title":"Library"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Robert Cava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cava"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Polish Baltic Philharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Baltic_Philharmonic"},{"link_name":"Poznań University of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_University_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Feliks Nowowiejski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feliks_Nowowiejski"},{"link_name":"European Federation of National Engineering Associations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Federation_of_National_Engineering_Associations"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gmach_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny,_Politechnika_Gda%C5%84ska._Fot._K._Krzempek.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gdansk_University_of_Technology_by_night.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nanotechnologia_B_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laboratorium_Politechniki_Gda%C5%84skiej.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gda%C5%84sk_-_kot%C5%82ownia.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Politech_gd_zarzadziekon.tif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Studenci_Politechniki_Gda%C5%84skiej.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dzie%C5%84_sportu_Politechnika_Gda%C5%84ska.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Centrum_sportu_akademickiego.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bicycle_parking_at_GUT_Gdansk.jpg"}],"text":"Throughout the whole year 2014 the Gdańsk University of Technology celebrated 110 years of its existence.[64] The official inauguration of the jubilee year was in January 2014. The ceremony was held during the public session of the Senate on the occasion of academic promotions. Exactly on the 110th anniversary of the first inauguration – October 6, 2014 – there was the jubilee inauguration of the academic year. It is worth mentioning that a number of eminent personalities, including President Lech Wałęsa, and Minister of Science and Higher Education Lena Kolarska-Bobinska were among the honorary committee of the jubilee.[65] The culmination point was the ceremony of conferring an honorary doctorate of Gdańsk Tech on world-renowned professor of chemistry Robert Cava from Princeton University.[66] The main ceremony ended with the concert at the Polish Baltic Philharmonic. The symphony orchestra of PBP with the Gdańsk Tech and Poznań University of Technology choirs performed the oratorio Quo vadis by Feliks Nowowiejski. The next days the Gdańsk Tech organised a meeting with members of the European Federation of National Engineering Associations.[67]The main building\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe main building\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNanotechnology B Centre\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLaboratory of Immersed Spatial Visualisation\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHeat-only boiler station\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFaculty of Management and Economics\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGdańsk Tech's students\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSports day\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAcademic Sports Centre\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBicycle parking and service station","title":"110th anniversary of Gdańsk Tech"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bodo von Borries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodo_von_Borries"},{"link_name":"electron microscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscope"},{"link_name":"Zygmunt Choreń","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt_Chore%C5%84"},{"link_name":"Jaroslaw Drelich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaroslaw_Drelich"},{"link_name":"Michigan Technological University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Technological_University"},{"link_name":"Abraham Esau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Esau"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Gwiazda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Gwiazda"},{"link_name":"Richard B. Hetnarski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_B._Hetnarski"},{"link_name":"Tomasz Imieliński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasz_Imieli%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Michał Kalecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki"},{"link_name":"Włodzimierz Julian Korab-Karpowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Julian_Korab-Karpowicz"},{"link_name":"Alar Kotli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alar_Kotli"},{"link_name":"Janusz Liberkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_Liberkowski"},{"link_name":"Lâm Quang Mỹ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2m_Quang_M%E1%BB%B9"},{"link_name":"Jacek Namieśnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacek_Namie%C5%9Bnik"},{"link_name":"Janusz Pawliszyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_Pawliszyn"},{"link_name":"Marek Piechocki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marek_Piechocki"},{"link_name":"LPP Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPP_(company)"},{"link_name":"Kazimierz Piechowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Piechowski"},{"link_name":"Janusz Smulko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_Smulko"},{"link_name":"Wojciech Szpankowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojciech_Szpankowski"},{"link_name":"Marianna Sankiewicz-Budzyńska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianna_Sankiewicz-Budzy%C5%84ska"}],"text":"Bodo von Borries (1905—1956), German physicist, co-inventor of electron microscope\nZygmunt Choreń (born 1941), naval architect\nJaroslaw Drelich (1957), surface engineer, professor at the Michigan Technological University\nAbraham Esau (1884–1955), German physicist\nAndrzej Gwiazda (born 1935), anti-communist activist and physicist\nRichard B. Hetnarski (born 1928), Polish-American mechanical engineer\nTomasz Imieliński (born 1954), Polish-American computer scientist\nMichał Kalecki (1899–1970), Marxian economist, \"one of the most distinguished economists of the 20th century\"\nWłodzimierz Julian Korab-Karpowicz (born 1953), philosopher and political theorist\nAlar Kotli (1904–1963), Estonian architect\nJanusz Liberkowski (born 1953), inventor\nLâm Quang Mỹ (born 1944), Polish-Vietnamese physicist and poet\nJacek Namieśnik (1949–2019), chemist\nJanusz Pawliszyn (born 1954), chemist\nMarek Piechocki (born 1961), civil engineer, co-founder of LPP Group\nKazimierz Piechowski (1919–2017), engineer\nJanusz Smulko (born 1964), electronics engineer\nWojciech Szpankowski (born 1952), computer scientist\nMarianna Sankiewicz-Budzyńska (1921–2018) electronics engineer","title":"Notable alumni"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Main building in 1904","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/1904-Gmach_Glowny.jpg/220px-1904-Gmach_Glowny.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Danzig_Krantor_Gdansk_%C5%BBuraw.jpg/220px-Danzig_Krantor_Gdansk_%C5%BBuraw.jpg"},{"image_text":"Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit's Courtyard in the Main Building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Dziedziniec_farenheita.JPG/270px-Dziedziniec_farenheita.JPG"},{"image_text":"Hevelius' Courtyard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Dziedziniec_heweliusza_pg.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Dziedziniec_heweliusza_pg.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gargoyles","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/FOT_2822.jpg/220px-FOT_2822.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chemical elements' symbols in the staircase","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Chemical_Elements%27_Symbols_Staircase_Chemical_Faculty_GUT_Gda%C5%84sk_Poland.jpg/220px-Chemical_Elements%27_Symbols_Staircase_Chemical_Faculty_GUT_Gda%C5%84sk_Poland.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chemical auditorium (1904) original equipment and periodic table of elements from early 20th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Auditorium_Chemical_Faculty_GUT_Gda%C5%84sk_Poland%2C_Polkowska.jpg/220px-Auditorium_Chemical_Faculty_GUT_Gda%C5%84sk_Poland%2C_Polkowska.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nanotechnology B Centre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Nanotechnologia_B.jpg/220px-Nanotechnologia_B.jpg"},{"image_text":"Linte^2","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Linte2.jpg/220px-Linte2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Academic Sports Centre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/CENTRUM-SPORTU_8028.jpg/220px-CENTRUM-SPORTU_8028.jpg"},{"image_text":"Academic Sports Center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Basen_politechnika_gdanska.jpg/220px-Basen_politechnika_gdanska.jpg"},{"image_text":"Visualization of Laboratory of Immersed Spatial Visualisation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Wizualizacja_Laboratorium.jpg/170px-Wizualizacja_Laboratorium.jpg"},{"image_text":"LINTE^2 Laboratory of Innovative Electrical Power Technologies and Integration of Renewable Energy Sources","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Linte1.jpg/200px-Linte1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prototype of electronic nose","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Enose_prototype_Analytical_Dept_Chemical_Faculty_GUT_Gdansk.jpg/220px-Enose_prototype_Analytical_Dept_Chemical_Faculty_GUT_Gdansk.jpg"},{"image_text":"Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Politech_gda_eti.tif/lossy-page1-250px-Politech_gda_eti.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Student laboratory, 1904","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Laboratory_1_Analytical_Chemistry_Dept_Gdansk_University_of_Technology.jpg/220px-Laboratory_1_Analytical_Chemistry_Dept_Gdansk_University_of_Technology.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wooden fume hood at Gdansk University of Technology, 1904","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Wooden_fume_hood_Gdansk_University_of_Technology.jpg/220px-Wooden_fume_hood_Gdansk_University_of_Technology.jpg"},{"image_text":"Two-dimensional chromatograph, 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/GCxGC-TOFMS_Analytical_Dept_Chemical_Faculty_GUT_Gdansk.jpg/220px-GCxGC-TOFMS_Analytical_Dept_Chemical_Faculty_GUT_Gdansk.jpg"},{"image_text":"Foucault pendulum at Johannes Hevelius's Courtyard in the Main Building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Wahad%C5%82o_Foucaulta_na_dziedzi%C5%84cu_im._Jana_Heweliusza._Fot._K._Krzempek.jpg/180px-Wahad%C5%82o_Foucaulta_na_dziedzi%C5%84cu_im._Jana_Heweliusza._Fot._K._Krzempek.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nanotechnology Centre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Centrum_nanotechnologii.jpg/220px-Centrum_nanotechnologii.jpg"},{"image_text":"Supercomputer Tryton at TASK Computer Centre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Tryton_supercomputer_Gdansk_University_of_Technology_2015.jpg/180px-Tryton_supercomputer_Gdansk_University_of_Technology_2015.jpg"},{"image_text":"Library","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Starodruki_politechniki_gda%C5%84skiej.jpg/220px-Starodruki_politechniki_gda%C5%84skiej.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Gdańsk University of Technology\". 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://pg.edu.pl/documents/10784/dfad2535-e9ea-48ea-b1a8-4b688cb70979","url_text":"\"Gdańsk University of Technology\""}]},{"reference":"\"QS World University Rankings-Emerging Europe & Central Asia\". Retrieved 15 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/eeca-rankings/2022","url_text":"\"QS World University Rankings-Emerging Europe & Central Asia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gdańsk University of Technology\". 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://pg.edu.pl/documents/10784/dfad2535-e9ea-48ea-b1a8-4b688cb70979","url_text":"\"Gdańsk University of Technology\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gdańsk University of Technology – General information\". 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://pg.edu.pl/documents/10607/7495de35-c8d1-4fa9-b8bc-d548b68c2521","url_text":"\"Gdańsk University of Technology – General information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gdańsk University of Technology – General information\". 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://pg.edu.pl/documents/10607/7495de35-c8d1-4fa9-b8bc-d548b68c2521","url_text":"\"Gdańsk University of Technology – General information\""}]},{"reference":"\"CDIO – Member Schools\". Retrieved 26 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cdio.org/cdio-action/school-profiles/gdansk-university-technology-europe-region","url_text":"\"CDIO – Member Schools\""}]},{"reference":"\"Poland\". CESAER – members. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160314172339/http://www.cesaer.org/en/members/poland/","url_text":"\"Poland\""},{"url":"http://www.cesaer.org/en/members/poland/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"World University Rankings 2015–2016\". 30 September 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/world-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats","url_text":"\"World University Rankings 2015–2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ministry of Science and Higher Education\" (PDF). 2017-11-29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2017-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180219000534/http://www.nauka.gov.pl/g2/oryginal/2017_11/10fdb695fecb35d87dee6629b9a63003.pdf","url_text":"\"Ministry of Science and Higher Education\""},{"url":"http://www.nauka.gov.pl/g2/oryginal/2017_11/10fdb695fecb35d87dee6629b9a63003.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"GUT Ranked 4th among Technical Universities and 9th among All Universities in Poland\". 2018-06-13. Retrieved 2018-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://pg.edu.pl/news/-/asset_publisher/2OCHML5NTp6m/content/gut-ranked-4th-among-technical-universities-and-9th-among-all-universities-in-poland","url_text":"\"GUT Ranked 4th among Technical Universities and 9th among All Universities in Poland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gdańsk University of Technology – Historical calendar\". Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161129013730/http://pg.edu.pl/about/historical-calendar","url_text":"\"Gdańsk University of Technology – Historical calendar\""},{"url":"http://pg.edu.pl/about/historical-calendar","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Józef Włodarski. \"Technical University in Gdańsk in the years 1904–1945, official website of Gdańsk Technical University\". Józef Włodarski. Archived from the original on December 6, 2007. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureaplasma_urealyticum_infection
|
Ureaplasma urealyticum
|
["1 Classification","2 Gram Staining","3 Treatment","4 Testing On Agar","5 Clinical relevance","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
|
Species of bacterium
Ureaplasma urealyticum
A number of medium-sized, Ureaplasma urealyticum colonies, otherwise known as T-strain mycoplasma, under magnification of 500×
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Mycoplasmatota
Class:
Mollicutes
Order:
Mycoplasmatales
Family:
Mycoplasmataceae
Genus:
Ureaplasma
Species:
U. urealyticum
Binomial name
Ureaplasma urealyticumShepard et al. 1974 (Approved Lists 1980)
Ureaplasma urealyticum is a bacterium belonging to the genus Ureaplasma and the family Mycoplasmataceae in the order Mycoplasmatales. This family consists of the genera Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma. Its type strain is T960. There are two known biovars of this species; T960 and 27. These strains of bacteria are commonly found as commensals in the urogenital tracts of human beings, but overgrowth can lead to infections that cause the patient discomfort. Unlike most bacteria, Ureaplasma urealyticum lacks a cell wall making it unique in physiology and medical treatment.
Classification
The six recognised Ureaplasma species have a GC content of 27 to 30 percent and a genome size ranging from 0.76 to 1.17 million base pairs, and cholesterol is required for growth. A defining characteristic of the genus is that they perform urea hydrolysis, which creates ammonia as a product. Some strains originally classified as U. urealyticum should be treated as a new species, U. parvum. Both strains of Ureaplasma urealyticum have had their DNA sequenced, using a PCR amplification and dideoxy termination method. Their sequences can be accessed through public records and databases. Most of the16S rDNA sequence of the two strains constitute the exact same nucleotides bases (97.3% homology), yet small differences have been acknowledged. Due to the direct similarity and the increased variation in other species of Ureaplasma, it is thought that the two strains of Ureaplasma urealyticum (T960 and 27) have evolutionary diverged together. In the same study conducted, using the same 16s rDNA aligned sequences, they concluded all the mammalian strains diverged and coevolved with their corresponding species (canine, feline, human, bovine) during the Cretaceous period. It was found that the most closely related species strain of Ureaplasma to Ureaplasma urealyticum was Ureaplasma diversum (isolated from bovine).
Gram Staining
U. urealyticum represents one of the 14 distinct types within the Ureaplasma genus. Classified within the Mollicutes class, Ureaplasma species have undergone significant evolutionary adaptations from their Gram-positive bacterial ancestors, a phenomenon termed degenerative evolutions (Kallapur, Suhas G, et al 2013). This evolutionary trajectory has resulted in the loss of the peptidoglycan cell wall, a hallmark characteristic of Gram-positive bacteria. Despite this evolutionary divergence, instances have been reported where U. urealyticum, upon gram staining, exhibited the same characteristics as Gram-negative bacteria. Notably, despite such staining outcomes, it is imperative to recognize that the U. urealyticum remains a Gram-Positive bacterium, This discrepancy underscores the importance of discerning between staining outcomes and bacterial classification (“Ureaplasma Urealyticum.” Microbewiki).
Treatment
As stated previously, since these bacteria are still considered Gram-positive, and lack a cell wall, the most versatile antibiotic that can’t be used is penicillin. Since these antibiotics attack the cell wall of a bacterium, they can not be used for this type of infection. The reason that many individuals get this infection can be damage to the uterus wall lining, causing the bacteria to thrive in a carbon-rich environment.
Unfortunately, it was found from trials that many of the antibiotics that we utilize on a day-to-day basis for urinary tract infections do not affect the bacteria due to lacking a cell wall. Yet, the types of antibiotics that can be used are quinolones, tetracyclines, and macrolides, since they affect a large part of the mycoplasma family of bacteria where U. urealyticum falls under.
Yet, it is not recommended to be used a lot because these bacteria can develop resistance to these antibiotics fairly fast. Secondly, other drugs that have β-lactamases are infective to treat infection because of how fast the bacteria's circular genome can mutate (Fan et al. 2023). However, there are new movements to use Azithromycin to treat these infections. This is a therapeutic that can be taken orally, once ingested our macrophages, which are part of our immune system, take up the antibiotic and deliver it to the sites of infection (Fan et al. 2023). This helps control the infection where the bacteria grows, additionally, it is also a great alternative to when a mother is pregnant so it does not cause harm to the fetus since It's using our immune system to help defend the fetus and the mother's body.
Testing On Agar
To test for this bacterium, an agar plate, which is 10B broth, should be used on U. urealyticum. Since these bacteria love to grow in mostly acidic places, the bacteria should go under microdilution MIC dilution to get a pH color change. If the dilution color changes to red it indicates that there is presence of U. urealyticum in the sample. After this, it should be transferred to the 10B Broth, where once placed it will turn yellow, but then slowly change the color to pink. This helps to indicate the growth of the bacterium(Waites, Ken B, et al 2012). The reason it can grow on this 10B Broth is because it has a lot of nutrients that let the bacteria grow from heart infusion to yeast extract, yet, it also has urea to help the bacteria to hydrolyze it and with hydrolyzing it causes the release of ammonia that causes the broth to change to a pink color (10B Broth - Thermo Fisher Scientific). The reason for this is that it loves to live in urea-rich environments. It's the same reason why in clinics, they take urine samples or vaginal swabs to be sent to the labs to run this test on 10B broth.
Clinical relevance
Ureaplasma urealyticum can cause urethritis and may cause bacterial vaginosis. Infection can occur in extragenital sites. A common symptom associated with these infections is the "fishy" smell that is created due to the production of ammonia by the hydrolysis of urea. Patients should confirm diagnosis with a doctor. The bacterium has high correlations with the Human Papillomavirus (HPV). It has also been linked to infertility in both males and females. In addition, this pathogen may latently infect the chorionic villi tissues of pregnant women, thereby impacting pregnancy outcome. Issues that arise from Ureaplasma urealyticum infections during pregnancy include preterm birth and impacted embryonic development. Some patients have given birth to children subjected to bronchopulmonary dysplasia, Intraventricular hemorrhage, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Patients can evolve resistances to normal antibiotic treatments due to the distinctive physiology of these organisms. In the Western World, approximately 40% of Ureaplasma species are resistant to fluoroquinolones (i.e. ciprofloxacin). Patients who are pregnant have further limitations on the treatment course of a Ureaplasma urealyticum infection, making it far harder to successfully cure.
See also
International Organization for Mycoplasmology (IOM)
Sexually transmitted infection
Vaginal infection
Vaginal disease
Vaginal health
List of bacterial vaginosis microbiota
Uterine microbiome
Mycoplasma
References
^ E.A. Freundt The classification of the pleuropneumonia group of organisms (Borrelomycetales) International Bulletin of Bacteriological Nomenclature and Taxonomy, 1955, 5, 67–78.] (See page 73)
^ a b "Ureaplasma urealyticum- Classification". Meducation.net.
^ a b "Ureaplasma Infection: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology". 17 November 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ a b c HARASAWA, RYÒ; CASSELL, GAIL H. (1996). "Phylogenetic Analysis of Genes Coding for 16S rRNA in Mammalian Ureaplasmas". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 46 (3): 827–829. doi:10.1099/00207713-46-3-827. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 8782697.
^ a b Contini C, Rotondo JC, Magagnoli F, Maritati M, Seraceni S, Graziano A, Poggi A, Capucci R, Vesce F, Tognon M, Martini F (2018). "Investigation on silent bacterial infections in specimens from pregnant women affected by spontaneous miscarriage". J Cell Physiol. 234 (1): 100–9107. doi:10.1002/jcp.26952. hdl:11392/2393176. PMID 30078192.
^ a b Pavoni, Matteo; Principe, Luigi; Foschi, Claudio; Meroni, Elisa; Briozzo, Elena; Lazzarotto, Tiziana; Ambretti, Simone; Di Bella, Stefano (7 December 2023). "Antimicrobial Resistance of Genital Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma : A Multicentre Study Over a 5-Year Period in Italy (2017–2021)". Microbial Drug Resistance. 30: 55–60. doi:10.1089/mdr.2023.0202. ISSN 1076-6294. PMID 38060805.
^ Fan, Weibin; Wang, Qisheng; Liang, Zuyu; Wang, Jinyu; Zhang, Lin (16 March 2023). "Efficacy of azithromycin in treating Ureaplasma urealyticum: a systematic review and meta-analysis". BMC Infectious Diseases. 23 (1): 163. doi:10.1186/s12879-023-08102-5. ISSN 1471-2334. PMC 10021952. PMID 36927441.
^ Waites, Ken B.; Duffy, Lynn B.; Bébéar, Cécile M.; Matlow, Anne; Talkington, Deborah F.; Kenny, George E.; Totten, Patricia A.; Bade, Donald J.; Zheng, Xiaotian; Davidson, Maureen K.; Shortridge, Virginia D.; Watts, Jeffrey L.; Brown, Steven D. (November 2012). "Standardized Methods and Quality Control Limits for Agar and Broth Microdilution Susceptibility Testing of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 50 (11): 3542–3547. doi:10.1128/JCM.01439-12. ISSN 0095-1137. PMC 3486213. PMID 22915608.
^ a b "Ureaplasma: Causes, symptoms, and treatment". Medical News Today. 26 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
^ Hillitt, K. L.; Jenkins, R. E.; Spiller, O. B.; Beeton, M. L. (2017). "Antimicrobial activity of Manuka honey against antibiotic-resistant strains of the cell wall-free bacteria Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum" (PDF). Letters in Applied Microbiology. 64 (3): 198–202. doi:10.1111/lam.12707. hdl:10369/8313. ISSN 1472-765X. PMID 27992658. S2CID 8466307.
External links
Ureaplasma Infection at eMedicine
Ureaplasma Genome Projects from Genomes OnLine Database
Type strain of Ureaplasma urealyticum at BacDive – the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
vte
Bacillota (low-G+C) Infectious diseases
Bacterial diseases: G+
BacilliLactobacillales(Cat-)Streptococcusαoptochin susceptible
S. pneumoniae
Pneumococcal infection
optochin resistant
Viridans streptococci: S. mitis
S. mutans
S. oralis
S. sanguinis
S. sobrinus
S. anginosus group
βA
bacitracin susceptible: S. pyogenes
Group A streptococcal infection
Streptococcal pharyngitis
Scarlet fever
Erysipelas
Rheumatic fever
B
bacitracin resistant, CAMP test+: S. agalactiae
Group B streptococcal infection
ungrouped
Streptococcus iniae
Cutaneous Streptococcus iniae infection
γ
D
BEA+: Streptococcus bovis
Enterococcus
BEA+: Enterococcus faecalis
Urinary tract infection
Enterococcus faecium
Bacillales(Cat+)StaphylococcusCg+
S. aureus
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
Toxic shock syndrome
MRSA
Cg-
novobiocin susceptible
S. epidermidis
novobiocin resistant
S. saprophyticus
Bacillus
Bacillus anthracis
Anthrax
Bacillus cereus
Food poisoning
Listeria
Listeria monocytogenes
Listeriosis
ClostridiaClostridium (spore-forming)motile:
Clostridium botulinum
Botulism
Clostridium tetani
Tetanus
nonmotile:
Clostridium perfringens
Gas gangrene
Clostridial necrotizing enteritis
Clostridioides (spore-forming)
Clostridioides difficile
Pseudomembranous colitis
Finegoldia (non-spore forming)
Finegoldia magna
MollicutesMycoplasmataceae
Ureaplasma urealyticum
Ureaplasma infection
Mycoplasma genitalium
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Anaeroplasmatales
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Erysipeloid
Taxon identifiersUreaplasma urealyticum
Wikidata: Q137110
BacDive: 138826
CoL: 7DQ9B
EoL: 975303
EPPO: UREPUR
GBIF: 3226072
IRMNG: 11298674
ITIS: 967521
LPSN: ureaplasma-urealyticum
NCBI: 2130
Open Tree of Life: 198047
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bacterium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterium"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Ureaplasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureaplasma"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Mycoplasmataceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasmataceae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Mycoplasmatales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasmatales"},{"link_name":"Mycoplasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma"},{"link_name":"Ureaplasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureaplasma"},{"link_name":"type strain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_(biology)"},{"link_name":"biovars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biovar"},{"link_name":"commensals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commensal"},{"link_name":"urogenital tracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urogenital_tract"},{"link_name":"cell wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wall"}],"text":"Species of bacteriumUreaplasma urealyticum is a bacterium belonging to the genus Ureaplasma and the family Mycoplasmataceae[1] in the order Mycoplasmatales. This family consists of the genera Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma. Its type strain is T960. There are two known biovars of this species; T960 and 27. These strains of bacteria are commonly found as commensals in the urogenital tracts of human beings, but overgrowth can lead to infections that cause the patient discomfort. Unlike most bacteria, Ureaplasma urealyticum lacks a cell wall making it unique in physiology and medical treatment.","title":"Ureaplasma urealyticum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"GC content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GC_content"},{"link_name":"genome size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_size"},{"link_name":"base pairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pairs"},{"link_name":"cholesterol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol"},{"link_name":"growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_growth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"urea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea"},{"link_name":"hydrolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis"},{"link_name":"U. parvum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureaplasma_parvum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-4"}],"text":"The six recognised Ureaplasma species have a GC content of 27 to 30 percent and a genome size ranging from 0.76 to 1.17 million base pairs, and cholesterol is required for growth.[2] A defining characteristic of the genus is that they perform urea hydrolysis, which creates ammonia as a product. Some strains originally classified as U. urealyticum should be treated as a new species, U. parvum.[3] Both strains of Ureaplasma urealyticum have had their DNA sequenced, using a PCR amplification and dideoxy termination method.[4] Their sequences can be accessed through public records and databases. Most of the16S rDNA sequence of the two strains constitute the exact same nucleotides bases (97.3% homology), yet small differences have been acknowledged.[4] Due to the direct similarity and the increased variation in other species of Ureaplasma, it is thought that the two strains of Ureaplasma urealyticum (T960 and 27) have evolutionary diverged together. In the same study conducted, using the same 16s rDNA aligned sequences, they concluded all the mammalian strains diverged and coevolved with their corresponding species (canine, feline, human, bovine) during the Cretaceous period. It was found that the most closely related species strain of Ureaplasma to Ureaplasma urealyticum was Ureaplasma diversum (isolated from bovine).[4]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"}],"text":"U. urealyticum represents one of the 14 distinct types within the Ureaplasma genus. Classified within the Mollicutes class, Ureaplasma species have undergone significant evolutionary adaptations from their Gram-positive bacterial ancestors, a phenomenon termed degenerative evolutions (Kallapur, Suhas G, et al 2013[2]). This evolutionary trajectory has resulted in the loss of the peptidoglycan cell wall, a hallmark characteristic of Gram-positive bacteria. Despite this evolutionary divergence, instances have been reported where U. urealyticum, upon gram staining, exhibited the same characteristics as Gram-negative bacteria. Notably, despite such staining outcomes, it is imperative to recognize that the U. urealyticum remains a Gram-Positive bacterium, This discrepancy underscores the importance of discerning between staining outcomes and bacterial classification (“Ureaplasma Urealyticum.” Microbewiki[5]).","title":"Gram Staining"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"As stated previously, since these bacteria are still considered Gram-positive, and lack a cell wall, the most versatile antibiotic that can’t be used is penicillin. Since these antibiotics attack the cell wall of a bacterium, they can not be used for this type of infection. The reason that many individuals get this infection can be damage to the uterus wall lining, causing the bacteria to thrive in a carbon-rich environment.Unfortunately, it was found from trials that many of the antibiotics that we utilize on a day-to-day basis for urinary tract infections do not affect the bacteria due to lacking a cell wall. Yet, the types of antibiotics that can be used are quinolones, tetracyclines, and macrolides, since they affect a large part of the mycoplasma family of bacteria where U. urealyticum falls under.Yet, it is not recommended to be used a lot because these bacteria can develop resistance to these antibiotics fairly fast. Secondly, other drugs that have β-lactamases are infective to treat infection because of how fast the bacteria's circular genome can mutate (Fan et al. 2023[6]). However, there are new movements to use Azithromycin to treat these infections. This is a therapeutic that can be taken orally, once ingested our macrophages, which are part of our immune system, take up the antibiotic and deliver it to the sites of infection (Fan et al. 2023[7]). This helps control the infection where the bacteria grows, additionally, it is also a great alternative to when a mother is pregnant so it does not cause harm to the fetus since It's using our immune system to help defend the fetus and the mother's body.","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"10B Broth - Thermo Fisher Scientific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//tools.thermofisher.com/content/sfs/manuals/IFU20302.pdf"}],"text":"To test for this bacterium, an agar plate, which is 10B broth, should be used on U. urealyticum. Since these bacteria love to grow in mostly acidic places, the bacteria should go under microdilution MIC dilution to get a pH color change. If the dilution color changes to red it indicates that there is presence of U. urealyticum in the sample. After this, it should be transferred to the 10B Broth, where once placed it will turn yellow, but then slowly change the color to pink. This helps to indicate the growth of the bacterium(Waites, Ken B, et al 2012[8]). The reason it can grow on this 10B Broth is because it has a lot of nutrients that let the bacteria grow from heart infusion to yeast extract, yet, it also has urea to help the bacteria to hydrolyze it and with hydrolyzing it causes the release of ammonia that causes the broth to change to a pink color (10B Broth - Thermo Fisher Scientific). The reason for this is that it loves to live in urea-rich environments. It's the same reason why in clinics, they take urine samples or vaginal swabs to be sent to the labs to run this test on 10B broth.","title":"Testing On Agar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"urethritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urethritis"},{"link_name":"bacterial vaginosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_vaginosis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"Infection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"infertility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infertility"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"chorionic villi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"bronchopulmonary dysplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchopulmonary_dysplasia"},{"link_name":"Intraventricular hemorrhage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraventricular_hemorrhage"},{"link_name":"necrotizing enterocolitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrotizing_enterocolitis"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"antibiotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Ureaplasma urealyticum can cause urethritis and may cause bacterial vaginosis.[9] Infection can occur in extragenital sites.[3] A common symptom associated with these infections is the \"fishy\" smell that is created due to the production of ammonia by the hydrolysis of urea. Patients should confirm diagnosis with a doctor. The bacterium has high correlations with the Human Papillomavirus (HPV).[citation needed] It has also been linked to infertility in both males and females.[9] In addition, this pathogen may latently infect the chorionic villi tissues of pregnant women, thereby impacting pregnancy outcome.[5] Issues that arise from Ureaplasma urealyticum infections during pregnancy include preterm birth and impacted embryonic development. Some patients have given birth to children subjected to bronchopulmonary dysplasia, Intraventricular hemorrhage, and necrotizing enterocolitis.[10] Patients can evolve resistances to normal antibiotic treatments due to the distinctive physiology of these organisms. In the Western World, approximately 40% of Ureaplasma species are resistant to fluoroquinolones (i.e. ciprofloxacin).[6] Patients who are pregnant have further limitations on the treatment course of a Ureaplasma urealyticum infection, making it far harder to successfully cure.[citation needed]","title":"Clinical relevance"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"International Organization for Mycoplasmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Mycoplasmology"},{"title":"Sexually transmitted infection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection"},{"title":"Vaginal infection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal_infection"},{"title":"Vaginal disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal_disease"},{"title":"Vaginal health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal_health"},{"title":"List of bacterial vaginosis microbiota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bacterial_vaginosis_microbiota"},{"title":"Uterine microbiome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine_microbiome"},{"title":"Mycoplasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Ureaplasma urealyticum- Classification\". Meducation.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.meducation.net/community_notes/5561-Ureaplasma-urealyticum","url_text":"\"Ureaplasma urealyticum- Classification\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ureaplasma Infection: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology\". 17 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/231470-overview#a5","url_text":"\"Ureaplasma Infection: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology\""}]},{"reference":"HARASAWA, RYÒ; CASSELL, GAIL H. (1996). \"Phylogenetic Analysis of Genes Coding for 16S rRNA in Mammalian Ureaplasmas\". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 46 (3): 827–829. doi:10.1099/00207713-46-3-827. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 8782697.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1099%2F00207713-46-3-827","url_text":"\"Phylogenetic Analysis of Genes Coding for 16S rRNA in Mammalian Ureaplasmas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1099%2F00207713-46-3-827","url_text":"10.1099/00207713-46-3-827"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1466-5026","url_text":"1466-5026"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8782697","url_text":"8782697"}]},{"reference":"Contini C, Rotondo JC, Magagnoli F, Maritati M, Seraceni S, Graziano A, Poggi A, Capucci R, Vesce F, Tognon M, Martini F (2018). \"Investigation on silent bacterial infections in specimens from pregnant women affected by spontaneous miscarriage\". J Cell Physiol. 234 (1): 100–9107. doi:10.1002/jcp.26952. hdl:11392/2393176. PMID 30078192.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjcp.26952","url_text":"\"Investigation on silent bacterial infections in specimens from pregnant women affected by spontaneous miscarriage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjcp.26952","url_text":"10.1002/jcp.26952"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11392%2F2393176","url_text":"11392/2393176"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30078192","url_text":"30078192"}]},{"reference":"Pavoni, Matteo; Principe, Luigi; Foschi, Claudio; Meroni, Elisa; Briozzo, Elena; Lazzarotto, Tiziana; Ambretti, Simone; Di Bella, Stefano (7 December 2023). \"Antimicrobial Resistance of Genital Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma : A Multicentre Study Over a 5-Year Period in Italy (2017–2021)\". Microbial Drug Resistance. 30: 55–60. doi:10.1089/mdr.2023.0202. ISSN 1076-6294. PMID 38060805.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/mdr.2023.0202","url_text":"\"Antimicrobial Resistance of Genital Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma : A Multicentre Study Over a 5-Year Period in Italy (2017–2021)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fmdr.2023.0202","url_text":"10.1089/mdr.2023.0202"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1076-6294","url_text":"1076-6294"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38060805","url_text":"38060805"}]},{"reference":"Fan, Weibin; Wang, Qisheng; Liang, Zuyu; Wang, Jinyu; Zhang, Lin (16 March 2023). \"Efficacy of azithromycin in treating Ureaplasma urealyticum: a systematic review and meta-analysis\". BMC Infectious Diseases. 23 (1): 163. doi:10.1186/s12879-023-08102-5. ISSN 1471-2334. PMC 10021952. PMID 36927441.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10021952","url_text":"\"Efficacy of azithromycin in treating Ureaplasma urealyticum: a systematic review and meta-analysis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12879-023-08102-5","url_text":"10.1186/s12879-023-08102-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2334","url_text":"1471-2334"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10021952","url_text":"10021952"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36927441","url_text":"36927441"}]},{"reference":"Waites, Ken B.; Duffy, Lynn B.; Bébéar, Cécile M.; Matlow, Anne; Talkington, Deborah F.; Kenny, George E.; Totten, Patricia A.; Bade, Donald J.; Zheng, Xiaotian; Davidson, Maureen K.; Shortridge, Virginia D.; Watts, Jeffrey L.; Brown, Steven D. (November 2012). \"Standardized Methods and Quality Control Limits for Agar and Broth Microdilution Susceptibility Testing of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum\". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 50 (11): 3542–3547. doi:10.1128/JCM.01439-12. ISSN 0095-1137. PMC 3486213. PMID 22915608.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3486213","url_text":"\"Standardized Methods and Quality Control Limits for Agar and Broth Microdilution Susceptibility Testing of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJCM.01439-12","url_text":"10.1128/JCM.01439-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0095-1137","url_text":"0095-1137"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3486213","url_text":"3486213"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22915608","url_text":"22915608"}]},{"reference":"\"Ureaplasma: Causes, symptoms, and treatment\". Medical News Today. 26 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321636.php","url_text":"\"Ureaplasma: Causes, symptoms, and treatment\""}]},{"reference":"Hillitt, K. L.; Jenkins, R. E.; Spiller, O. B.; Beeton, M. L. (2017). \"Antimicrobial activity of Manuka honey against antibiotic-resistant strains of the cell wall-free bacteria Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum\" (PDF). Letters in Applied Microbiology. 64 (3): 198–202. doi:10.1111/lam.12707. hdl:10369/8313. ISSN 1472-765X. PMID 27992658. S2CID 8466307.","urls":[{"url":"http://orca.cf.ac.uk/97184/3/Activity%2520of%2520Manuka%2520Honey%2520against%2520Ureaplasma%2520spp_Clean%2520version%5B1%5D.pdf","url_text":"\"Antimicrobial activity of Manuka honey against antibiotic-resistant strains of the cell wall-free bacteria Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Flam.12707","url_text":"10.1111/lam.12707"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10369%2F8313","url_text":"10369/8313"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1472-765X","url_text":"1472-765X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27992658","url_text":"27992658"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8466307","url_text":"8466307"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://tools.thermofisher.com/content/sfs/manuals/IFU20302.pdf","external_links_name":"10B Broth - Thermo Fisher Scientific"},{"Link":"http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/5/2/67.pdf","external_links_name":"The classification of the pleuropneumonia group of organisms (Borrelomycetales)"},{"Link":"https://www.meducation.net/community_notes/5561-Ureaplasma-urealyticum","external_links_name":"\"Ureaplasma urealyticum- Classification\""},{"Link":"https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/231470-overview#a5","external_links_name":"\"Ureaplasma Infection: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1099%2F00207713-46-3-827","external_links_name":"\"Phylogenetic Analysis of Genes Coding for 16S rRNA in Mammalian Ureaplasmas\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1099%2F00207713-46-3-827","external_links_name":"10.1099/00207713-46-3-827"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1466-5026","external_links_name":"1466-5026"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8782697","external_links_name":"8782697"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjcp.26952","external_links_name":"\"Investigation on silent bacterial infections in specimens from pregnant women affected by spontaneous miscarriage\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjcp.26952","external_links_name":"10.1002/jcp.26952"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/11392%2F2393176","external_links_name":"11392/2393176"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30078192","external_links_name":"30078192"},{"Link":"https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/mdr.2023.0202","external_links_name":"\"Antimicrobial Resistance of Genital Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma : A Multicentre Study Over a 5-Year Period in Italy (2017–2021)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fmdr.2023.0202","external_links_name":"10.1089/mdr.2023.0202"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1076-6294","external_links_name":"1076-6294"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38060805","external_links_name":"38060805"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10021952","external_links_name":"\"Efficacy of azithromycin in treating Ureaplasma urealyticum: a systematic review and meta-analysis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12879-023-08102-5","external_links_name":"10.1186/s12879-023-08102-5"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2334","external_links_name":"1471-2334"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10021952","external_links_name":"10021952"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36927441","external_links_name":"36927441"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3486213","external_links_name":"\"Standardized Methods and Quality Control Limits for Agar and 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urealyticum\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Flam.12707","external_links_name":"10.1111/lam.12707"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10369%2F8313","external_links_name":"10369/8313"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1472-765X","external_links_name":"1472-765X"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27992658","external_links_name":"27992658"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8466307","external_links_name":"8466307"},{"Link":"https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/231470-overview","external_links_name":"Ureaplasma Infection"},{"Link":"http://www.genomesonline.org/search.cgi?colcol=all&goldstamp=ALL&gen_type=ALL&org_name1=genus&gensp=Ureaplasma&org_domain=ALL&org_status=ALL&size2=ALL&org_size=Kb&gen_gc=ALL&phylogeny2=ALL&gen_institution=ALL&gen_funding=ALL&gen_data=ALL&cont=ALL&gen_country=ALL&gen_pheno=ALL&gen_eco=ALL&gen_disease=ALL&gen_relevance=ALL&gen_avail=ALL&selection=submit+search","external_links_name":"Ureaplasma Genome Projects"},{"Link":"http://www.genomesonline.org/","external_links_name":"Genomes OnLine Database"},{"Link":"https://bacdive.dsmz.de/strain/138826","external_links_name":"Type strain of Ureaplasma urealyticum at BacDive – the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase"},{"Link":"https://bacdive.dsmz.de/strain/138826","external_links_name":"138826"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7DQ9B","external_links_name":"7DQ9B"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/975303","external_links_name":"975303"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/UREPUR","external_links_name":"UREPUR"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3226072","external_links_name":"3226072"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11298674","external_links_name":"11298674"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=967521","external_links_name":"967521"},{"Link":"https://lpsn.dsmz.de/species/ureaplasma-urealyticum","external_links_name":"ureaplasma-urealyticum"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2130","external_links_name":"2130"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=198047","external_links_name":"198047"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_objects
|
Mental world
|
["1 References","2 See also"]
|
The mental world is an ontological category in metaphysics, populated by nonmaterial mental objects, without physical extension (though possibly with mental extension as in a visual field, or possibly not, as in an olfactory field) contrasted with the physical world of space and time populated with physical objects, or Plato's world of ideals populated, in part, with mathematical objects.
The mental world may be populated with, or framed with, intentions, sensory fields, and corresponding objects.
The mental world is usually considered to be subjective and not objective.
In psychologism, mathematical objects are mental objects.
Descartes argued for a mental world as separate from the physical world. Debates regarding free will include how it could be possible for anything in the mental world to have an effect on the physical world. In various forms of Epiphenomenalism, the physical world can cause effects in the mental world, but not conversely.
References
^ Synopsis of Consciousness and Berkeley's Metaphysics. ... "What are the basic constituents of the mental world?", Consciousness and Berkley's Metaphysics, Peter B. Lloyd, 2008
^ Gottlob Frege, Foundations of Arithmetic
^ a b Metaphysics, Richard Taylor, Foundations of Philosophy series
^ Problems of Philosophy, Bertrand Russell
^ History of Western Philosophy, Bertrand Russell
^ a b Meditations, Renes Descartes
See also
Mind-body dualism
Mind-body problem
Descartes
Berkeley
Behaviorism
Mental operations
Object of the mind
|
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|
[]
|
[{"title":"Mind-body dualism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind-body_dualism"},{"title":"Mind-body problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind-body_problem"},{"title":"Descartes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descartes"},{"title":"Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Berkeley"},{"title":"Behaviorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorism"},{"title":"Mental operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_operations"},{"title":"Object of the mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_of_the_mind"}]
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_households
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Maya households
|
["1 Households","2 The Commoner houses","3 Elite houses","4 Notes","5 References"]
|
Ancient Mayan society was similar to other societies in regard to their social classes. The two main categories in society were the elite class and the commoner class. The elites had control over every city's politics and religion; however, the vast majority of the population fell into the commoners category. The Maya lived in houses surrounded by extended family. The type of house that an individual had depended largely on how much power they had. The elites had houses that were larger and made of longer-lasting material than the commoners. The quality and quantity of items inside a person's house also depended on status in their society.
Households
The households in Maya civilization consisted of extended families living near each other and sharing common spaces. The nuclear family each had personal homes. The shared areas would sometimes include a garden, kitchen area, storage area, and manufacturing area. The amount of shared buildings in a household depended on how many families were living there, how large the nuclear homes were, and what the occupations of that family included.
Women spent the majority of time at the house with children, while the men had to go hunting and provide for the family. The women were in charge of gardening and would teach their daughters as they grew older. When a young man was old enough to marry he would leave his parents' house. He would then build a new house near his father's house and once he had a wife they would live there together and raise children.
The shape of the houses was the same for both main classes. The differences were the size of the houses and the materials used to build the houses. They would either be oblong or rectangular in shape.
Every house contained some type of pottery. The ancient Maya used pottery for cooking, eating, and storing water. The pottery of the commoners was less elaborate than that of the elite. The elite had pottery for household tasks but they also had pottery for decoration and art. The items inside the royal homes were yet another way for them to show power and wealth.
The houses consist of mud and stone walls with thatched roofs. The houses also have straw to protect them from things such as rain and snow. The Ancient Maya houses have not changed for well over a thousand years.
The Commoner houses
The commoners made up the majority of the population and included skilled craftsmen. The individual homes of the commoners were occupied by nuclear families. This included parents and their children.
Since the commoners did not have the power and prestige that the elites had, their houses were usually made out of perishable goods. They would use trees, mud, and grass to construct their homes. They would pack mud onto the walls to keep out rainfall and for temperature control. They would cover the top of the house with grass or tree branches to try to prevent rain from entering the house. If the house had a hearth in it there was a danger of fire since most of the material used to build the house was not fire resistant. Sometimes the house would have a stone foundation, but it was rare. The house was usually one big room, sometimes separated by a wall. It was common for the families to decorate the wall in the front of their house by using lime to make it whiter. The sleeping area was in the back of the house and the front of the house had the door, facing east, and sometimes a porch area.
The family would sleep in the same room. The beds were made out of sapling rods and a mat was placed on top. They would use cloths made out of cotton for a blanket to keep warm at night. The commoner's houses had to be remodeled often because of the materials used to build them.
When a relative died they would usually bury them either under the relatives' floor or near the house. This is one of the reasons that there is less knowledge about the commoners than there is about the elites.
Elite houses
The elite people in the Maya society held political power. They were the kings and royalty of the cities. Because they had more power than the commoners they lived in the center of the city.
Since lineage was so important to the Maya people, the nobles also lived in the same location as their extended families. The kingship was inherited so in order to be royalty one had to be either born into the family or marry into the family.
The people that were considered elite had to show their power and show that they held higher standings than the commoners. They did this by building larger homes than the majority of society and by using better materials to do so. Using high quality materials ensured the longevity of their house. One way to prevent damage was using vaulted masonry, it was harder for enemies to destroy and harder for accidental fires to burn down the structure. The structure was made with non-perishable items including stone for the walls and roof. Their houses were also unique from the commoners in that their structures were built on higher platforms, instead of smaller dirt mounds. The elite had more resources for burying their relatives. Instead of burying a relative under the house or near the house with no protection, they were buried inside of temples.
Notes
^ Sharer & Traxler 2006
^ My social studies class
^ McKillop 2006, pp. 159–160
^ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p. 677
^ a b Sharer & Traxler 2006, p. 466
^ McKillop 2006, p. 188
^ McKillop 2006, p. 156
^ Christie 2010
^ McKillop 2006, p. 476
References
Sharer, Robert J.; Traxler, Loa P. (2006). The ancient Maya (6th ed.). Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804748179.
Jr, Fred Valdez (2010). Lohse, John C. (ed.). Ancient maya commoners. : Univ Of Texas Pr. ISBN 978-0-292-72610-9.
McKillop, Heather (2006). The ancient Maya : new perspectives. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393328905.
Abrams, Elliot M. (1994). How the Maya built their world : energetics and ancient architecture (1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0292704626.
Christie, Jessica Joyce (2010). Maya palaces and elite residences : an interdisciplinary approach. Austin: University Of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0292725980.
vteMaya civilizationHistory
Preclassic Maya
Classic Maya collapse
Spanish conquest
Chiapas
Guatemala
Petén
Yucatán
Topics
Architecture
E-Group
Triadic pyramid
Twin-pyramid complex
Revival
Art
Graffiti
Ceramics
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Economy
Trade
Maritime trade
Languages
Classic
Script
List
Mayanist
Medicine
Music
Mythology
Numerals
People
Sites
Stelae
Textiles
Warfare
Society
Childhood
Women
Midwifery
Religion
Priesthood
Sacrifice
Human sacrifice
Death rituals
Social classes
Ajaw
Households
Calendar
Ajaw
Baktun
Haabʼ
Kʼatun
Kʼin
Tun
Tzolkʼin
Winal
Literature
Annals of the Cakchiquels
Chilam Balam
Codices
Dresden
Grolier
Madrid
Paris
Popol Vuh
Rabinal Achí
Ritual of the Bacabs
Songs of Dzitbalché
Título Cʼoyoi
Título de Totonicapán
Deities
Classic
Bacab
Chaac
Death gods
God L
Goddess I
Hero Twins
Howler monkey gods
Itzamna
Ixchel
Jaguar gods
Kʼawiil
Kinich Ahau
Maize god
Mam
Moon goddess
Yopaat
Post-Classic
Acat
Ah-Muzen-Cab
Akna
Chin
Ixtab
Kukulkan
Yum Kaax
Popol Vuh
Awilix
Camazotz
Hun Hunahpu
Huracan
Jacawitz
Qʼuqʼumatz
Tohil
Vucub Caquix
Xmucane and Xpiacoc
Xquic
Zipacna
Kings
Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil
Haʼ Kʼin Xook
Itzam Kʼan Ahk II
Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat
Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal
Kʼinich Yat Ahk II
Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ
Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I
Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil
Yoʼnal Ahk III
Yuknoom Chʼeen II
Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ
Queens
Lady Eveningstar
Lady of Itzan
Lady of Tikal
Lady Xoc
Sak Kʼukʼ
Wak Chanil Ajaw
Yohl Ikʼnal
|
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The nuclear family each had personal homes. The shared areas would sometimes include a garden, kitchen area, storage area, and manufacturing area. The amount of shared buildings in a household depended on how many families were living there, how large the nuclear homes were, and what the occupations of that family included.Women spent the majority of time at the house with children, while the men had to go hunting and provide for the family. The women were in charge of gardening and would teach their daughters as they grew older. When a young man was old enough to marry he would leave his parents' house. He would then build a new house near his father's house and once he had a wife they would live there together and raise children.The shape of the houses was the same for both main classes. The differences were the size of the houses and the materials used to build the houses. They would either be oblong or rectangular in shape.[1]Every house contained some type of pottery. The ancient Maya used pottery for cooking, eating, and storing water. The pottery of the commoners was less elaborate than that of the elite. The elite had pottery for household tasks but they also had pottery for decoration and art. The items inside the royal homes were yet another way for them to show power and wealth.The houses consist of mud and stone walls with thatched roofs. The houses also have straw to protect them from things such as rain and snow.[2][better source needed] The Ancient Maya houses have not changed for well over a thousand years.","title":"Households"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"parents and their children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternal_bond"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"perishable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decomposition"},{"link_name":"rainfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain"},{"link_name":"temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature"},{"link_name":"fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shearer466-5"},{"link_name":"cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"blanket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanket"},{"link_name":"night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shearer466-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The commoners made up the majority of the population and included skilled craftsmen.[3] The individual homes of the commoners were occupied by nuclear families. This included parents and their children.[4]Since the commoners did not have the power and prestige that the elites had, their houses were usually made out of perishable goods. They would use trees, mud, and grass to construct their homes. They would pack mud onto the walls to keep out rainfall and for temperature control. They would cover the top of the house with grass or tree branches to try to prevent rain from entering the house. If the house had a hearth in it there was a danger of fire since most of the material used to build the house was not fire resistant. Sometimes the house would have a stone foundation, but it was rare. The house was usually one big room, sometimes separated by a wall. It was common for the families to decorate the wall in the front of their house by using lime to make it whiter. The sleeping area was in the back of the house and the front of the house had the door, facing east, and sometimes a porch area.[5]The family would sleep in the same room. The beds were made out of sapling rods and a mat was placed on top. They would use cloths made out of cotton for a blanket to keep warm at night.[5] The commoner's houses had to be remodeled often because of the materials used to build them.[6]When a relative died they would usually bury them either under the relatives' floor or near the house. This is one of the reasons that there is less knowledge about the commoners than there is about the elites.","title":"The Commoner houses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maya society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_society"},{"link_name":"kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King"},{"link_name":"royalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_family"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The kingship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christie-8"},{"link_name":"stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drafted_masonry"},{"link_name":"roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roof"},{"link_name":"dirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirt"},{"link_name":"mounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mound"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple"}],"text":"The elite people in the Maya society held political power. They were the kings and royalty of the cities. Because they had more power than the commoners they lived in the center of the city.[7]Since lineage was so important to the Maya people, the nobles also lived in the same location as their extended families. The kingship was inherited so in order to be royalty one had to be either born into the family or marry into the family.The people that were considered elite had to show their power and show that they held higher standings than the commoners. They did this by building larger homes than the majority of society and by using better materials to do so. Using high quality materials ensured the longevity of their house. One way to prevent damage was using vaulted masonry, it was harder for enemies to destroy and harder for accidental fires to burn down the structure.[8] The structure was made with non-perishable items including stone for the walls and roof. Their houses were also unique from the commoners in that their structures were built on higher platforms, instead of smaller dirt mounds.[9] The elite had more resources for burying their relatives. Instead of burying a relative under the house or near the house with no protection, they were buried inside of temples.","title":"Elite houses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Sharer & Traxler 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSharerTraxler2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"McKillop 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcKillop2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Sharer & Traxler 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSharerTraxler2006"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Shearer466_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Shearer466_5-1"},{"link_name":"Sharer & Traxler 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSharerTraxler2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"McKillop 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcKillop2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"McKillop 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcKillop2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Christie_8-0"},{"link_name":"Christie 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChristie2010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"McKillop 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcKillop2006"}],"text":"^ Sharer & Traxler 2006\n\n^ My social studies class\n\n^ McKillop 2006, pp. 159–160\n\n^ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p. 677\n\n^ a b Sharer & Traxler 2006, p. 466\n\n^ McKillop 2006, p. 188\n\n^ McKillop 2006, p. 156\n\n^ Christie 2010\n\n^ McKillop 2006, p. 476","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Sharer, Robert J.; Traxler, Loa P. (2006). The ancient Maya (6th ed.). Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804748179.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ancientmaya0006shar","url_text":"The ancient Maya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804748179","url_text":"978-0804748179"}]},{"reference":"Jr, Fred Valdez (2010). Lohse, John C. (ed.). Ancient maya commoners. [S.l.]: Univ Of Texas Pr. ISBN 978-0-292-72610-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72610-9","url_text":"978-0-292-72610-9"}]},{"reference":"McKillop, Heather (2006). The ancient Maya : new perspectives. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393328905.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_McKillop","url_text":"McKillop, Heather"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ancientmaya00heat","url_text":"The ancient Maya : new perspectives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393328905","url_text":"978-0393328905"}]},{"reference":"Abrams, Elliot M. (1994). How the Maya built their world : energetics and ancient architecture (1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0292704626.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/howmayabuiltthei00abra","url_text":"How the Maya built their world : energetics and ancient architecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0292704626","url_text":"978-0292704626"}]},{"reference":"Christie, Jessica Joyce (2010). Maya palaces and elite residences : an interdisciplinary approach. Austin: University Of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0292725980.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0292725980","url_text":"978-0292725980"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ancientmaya0006shar","external_links_name":"The ancient Maya"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ancientmaya00heat","external_links_name":"The ancient Maya : new perspectives"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/howmayabuiltthei00abra","external_links_name":"How the Maya built their world : energetics and ancient architecture"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_H%C3%B8nsvald
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Nils Hønsvald
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
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Norwegian politician
Nils HønsvaldHønsvald in 1948.President of the OdelstingIn office8 October 1965 – 30 September 1969Vice PresidentHans BorgenPreceded byPer BortenSucceeded byHåkon JohnsenPresident of the LagtingIn office6 October 1961 – 30 September 1965Vice PresidentEinar HareidePreceded byBent RøiselandSucceeded byBent RøiselandVice President of the StortingIn office8 May 1958 – 30 September 1961PresidentNils LanghellePreceded byNils LanghelleSucceeded byAlv KjøsMinister of Provisioning and ReconstructionIn office10 January 1948 – 14 September 1950Prime MinisterEinar GerhardsenPreceded byOscar TorpSucceeded byPosition abolished
Personal detailsBorn(1899-12-04)4 December 1899Horten, Vestfold, NorwayDied24 November 1971(1971-11-24) (aged 71)Political partyLabour
Nils Hønsvald (4 December 1899 – 24 November 1971) was a Norwegian newspaper editor and politician for the Labour Party. He was one of the leading figures in Norwegian politics from 1945 to 1969. He served as President of the Nordic Council in 1958 and 1963.
Hønsvald was born in Horten, Vestfold County, Norway. He was editor of Østfold Arbeiderblad in Sarpsborg, regional newspaper for the Norwegian Labour Party which was discontinued in 1929 and editor of Sarpsborg Arbeiderblad, a local newspaper published in Sarpsborg (1929–1969).
He participated in the Left Communist Youth League's military strike action of 1924. He was convicted for assisting in this crime and sentenced to 120 days of prison. He was later present at the congress of 24 April 1927 when the Left Communist Youth League was merged with the Socialist Youth League to found the Workers' Youth League.
During the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, he was arrested in March 1941. He was incarcerated at Møllergata 19 before being transferred to Ånebyleiren concentration camp and then to Grini concentration camp in May. He was released on 12 June 1941. In December 1944 he was arrested again, and was transferred from Fredrikstad to Grini, where he remained until the war's end.
Hønsvald was Minister of Supplies and Reconstruction (1948–1950), and minister without ministry in 1950. Hønsvald was President of the Lagting (1961–1965) and President of the Odelsting (1965–1969). Nils Hønsvalds gate in Sarpsborg was named in his honor.
References
^ Maurseth, Per (1987). Gjennom kriser til makt 1920-1935. Volume three of Arbeiderbevegelsens historie i Norge (in Norwegian). Oslo: Tiden. p. 502. ISBN 82-10-02753-0.
^ Solbakken, Evald O. (1951). Det røde fylke. Trekk av den politiske arbeiderbevegelse i Hedmark gjennom 100 år (in Norwegian). Hamar: Hedmark Labour Party. p. 118.
^ Ottosen, Kristian, ed. (2004). Nordmenn i fangenskap 1940–1945 (in Norwegian) (2nd ed.). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. p. 330. ISBN 82-15-00288-9.
^ Hønsvald, Nils (Stortingets informasjonshjørne)
External links
Photograph of Nils Hønsvald
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This article about a Norwegian politician born in the 1890s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"Maurseth, Per (1987). Gjennom kriser til makt 1920-1935. Volume three of Arbeiderbevegelsens historie i Norge (in Norwegian). Oslo: Tiden. p. 502. ISBN 82-10-02753-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Maurseth","url_text":"Maurseth, Per"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeiderbevegelsens_historie_i_Norge","url_text":"Arbeiderbevegelsens historie i Norge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-10-02753-0","url_text":"82-10-02753-0"}]},{"reference":"Solbakken, Evald O. (1951). Det røde fylke. Trekk av den politiske arbeiderbevegelse i Hedmark gjennom 100 år (in Norwegian). Hamar: Hedmark Labour Party. p. 118.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evald_O._Solbakken","url_text":"Solbakken, Evald O."}]},{"reference":"Ottosen, Kristian, ed. (2004). Nordmenn i fangenskap 1940–1945 (in Norwegian) (2nd ed.). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. p. 330. ISBN 82-15-00288-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristian_Ottosen","url_text":"Ottosen, Kristian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-15-00288-9","url_text":"82-15-00288-9"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.stortinget.no/no/Representanter-og-komiteer/Representantene/Representantfordeling/Representant/?perid=NIH%C3%98","external_links_name":"Hønsvald, Nils (Stortingets informasjonshjørne)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110724182318/http://www.oslobilder.no/OMU/OB.%C3%9848_0549","external_links_name":"Photograph of Nils Hønsvald"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nils_H%C3%B8nsvald&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Jay
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Tony Jay
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["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 South Africa","2.2 United Kingdom","2.3 United States","3 Personal life","4 Illness and death","5 Filmography","5.1 Film","5.2 Television","5.3 Video games","5.4 Theme parks","5.5 Audiobooks and audio plays","5.6 Commercials","6 Accolades","7 References","8 External links"]
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British actor (1933–2006)
Tony JayBorn(1933-02-02)2 February 1933London, EnglandDied13 August 2006(2006-08-13) (aged 73)Los Angeles, California, U.S.Resting placeForest Lawn Memorial Park, Hollywood HillsEducationPinner County Grammar SchoolOccupationActorYears active1966–2006Spouse
Marta MacGeraghty (m. 2004)Children1
Tony Jay (2 February 1933 – 13 August 2006) was a British actor. A former member of the Royal Shakespeare Company, he was known for his voice work in radio, animation, film, and video games. Jay was particularly noted for his distinctive hoarse baritone voice, which often led to him being cast in villainous or authoritative roles. He was best known as the voice of Claude Frollo in Disney's The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996), Megabyte in ReBoot (1994–2001), Shere Khan in The Jungle Book 2 and the TV series TaleSpin (replacing George Sanders, who played the character in the original film), and the Elder God (plus various other roles) in the Legacy of Kain series of video games.
Jay also made many distinguished on-screen appearances, including the role of Nigel St John on Lois and Clark: The New Adventures of Superman (1993–1995). He further made guest appearances on programs including The Golden Girls in 1987, Twin Peaks in 1990 to 1991, and Night Court in 1991. His most prominent onscreen role, however, is that of Professor Werner in Twins (1988), the father figure/mentor to Arnold Schwarzenegger's character, Julius Benedict.
Early life
Jay was born in London. He attended Pinner County Grammar School, and completed his National Service with the Royal Air Force in 1953. He later recalled, "I was always an actor at school"; but opted for the financial security of a real estate business. Jay moved to South Africa in about 1966, after hearing of the potential there for his line of work. He left South Africa to return to England in 1973, after which he moved to the United States in 1986.
Career
While establishing his real estate business in England, Jay acted occasionally in amateur productions.
South Africa
Within three months of relocating to South Africa at the age of 33, Jay found himself acting in radio dramas such as the detective series Sounds of Darkness where he played a savvy but blind FBI agent (1967–1972). The experience led him to decide to take acting up professionally.
Jay acted, wrote, and directed radio plays on the South African Broadcasting Corporation's first commercial radio station, Springbok Radio (1950–85). He was especially associated with the comic series Taxi! (1969–1972,1975–1978), in which he not only portrayed New York cabby Red Kowalski, but also co-wrote many scripts with Joe Stewardson. Other shows in which he was involved included Lux Radio Theatre, Playhouse 90, and Tuesday Theatre. Jay adapted, cast, and directed the first 6 months of episodes for The Avengers. The series, based on Seasons 4–6 of the 1960s British television series of the same name, was broadcast on Springbok from 6 December 1971 to 28 December 1973. To bridge the gap between the visual orientation of the British television series and the sound-only perspective of radio, Jay created a narrator which he embued with irony and scepticism.
Jay's voice work led him to do commercials for companies such as Gunston Cigarettes, Barclays Bank, and Bols Brandy.
United Kingdom
After Jay's return to Britain in 1973 he worked in various television productions. For the BBC series Fall of Eagles (1974) he portrayed Tsar Alexander III of Russia, during which time he met Patrick Stewart, who played Vladimir Lenin. Jay appeared as the merchant in Shakespeare's Timon of Athens (1981) for BBC Shakespeare, and in single episodes of popular television programmes such as The Sweeney (1975), The Professionals (1978) and the comedy Whoops Apocalypse (1982).
During this period he was cast as Vladimir Maximovitch in Woody Allen's Love and Death (1975), which was shot in Hungary and France. George Lucas met with Jay about playing Obi-Wan Kenobi in a planned film with the working title Galactic Warfare. Despite Jay agreeing to the role, Lucas decided to cast Alec Guinness, instead.
On stage he had small roles in plays such as Anton Chekhov's The Three Sisters (1976) and Terence Rattigan's The Deep Blue Sea (1981). More important roles followed with an appearance as Jaggers in Great Expectations (1984) at the Old Vic, and as Shylock in The Merchant of Venice.
Jay was cast as Vincent Crummles in the Royal Shakespeare Company's 8+1⁄2-hour-long production of The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby (1986) at Stratford-upon-Avon.
United States
After a tour of Britain, Nicholas Nickleby embarked on a limited tour of the United States, starting with performances in Los Angeles in June 1986, then on to Boston, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., and New York City. "Even before I left England, I told friends I'd be staying if I got the chance," he recalled in a 1986 The New York Times interview.
During its run from August to October 1986 at the Broadhurst Theatre on Broadway, Jay's performance was described as "brilliantly played" by the New York Times. Consequently, he was nominated for the 1987 Drama Desk Award as Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play.
Jay's acting drew the attention of an agent who arranged for him to return from England to the United States for an audition. Jay was cast in a pilot program called Circus which was unsuccessful. On set Jay met make-up artist Kathy Rogers, who would become his second wife. He moved to the United States where he became a resident.
In addition, Jay won parts in television series such as Night Court (1984), The Golden Girls (1987), Twins (1988), and Eerie, Indiana (1991). Bigger roles included Paracelsus on the 1987 CBS TV series adaptation of Beauty and the Beast; Minister Campio on Star Trek: The Next Generation (1992); and Lex Luthor's villainous aide-de-camp Nigel St. John in Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman (1993–95).
Jay's voice-over work included Monsieur D'Arque, the amoral asylum superintendent, in Disney's 1991 hit animated film version of Beauty and the Beast. From 1994 to 2001 he supplied the voice for the virus Megabyte in the animated television show ReBoot. According to one source, Jay was preferred to Patrick Stewart, Derek Jacobi and Ian McKellen for the voice of the main antagonist Judge Claude Frollo in Disney's 1996 animated film adaptation of The Hunchback of Notre Dame, directed by Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise, who had also steered his performance in the film version of Beauty and the Beast. Jay reprised Frollo's voice for Walt Disney World's nighttime light and fireworks show Fantasmic! From 1995 to 1996 Jay was the voice of the alien warlord Lord Dregg, the villain during the last two seasons of the original 1987 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles animated TV series.
He is also well known among fans of the 1996–2003 video game series Legacy of Kain for his voicing of the original Mortanius and of the Elder God, alongside several other minor characters.
In various animated projects Jay took over the voice of Shere Khan, which actor George Sanders had originated for the 1967 Disney animated film The Jungle Book. In 11 episodes spanning 1990–91, Jay voiced Shere Khan for Disney's animated TV series TaleSpin, The Jungle Book: Rhythm and Groove videogame (2000), and House of Mouse (2001–02). His final appearance as Khan came in the 2003 film The Jungle Book 2. His final role was voicing Spiderus in the Miss Spider series.
Jay was a devotee of classic Broadway and made several recordings and performances of old-time Broadway lyrics, in spoken-word form. A CD of these readings, Speaking of Broadway, was released in 2005; a version recorded in 1996 was entitled Poets on Broadway, as was his website. On it Jay recites lyrics written by the likes of Noël Coward, Ira Gershwin, and Oscar Hammerstein, accompanied by synthesized music which he composed.
Personal life
Jay began a relationship with Marta MacGeraghty in 1974. They had a son, born in 1989. They did not marry until 2004, and remained together until Jay's death in 2006.
Illness and death
In April 2006, Jay underwent surgery at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles to remove a non-cancerous tumour from his lungs. Afterwards he became critically ill and was readmitted to Cedar Sinai, where he died on 13 August 2006, aged 73. He is buried in Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Los Angeles, California.
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1968
Majuba: Heuwel van Duiwe
Uncredited
1969
Petticoat Safari
Co-writer
1970
Lied in my hart
Rudi
Scotty & Co.
Ginger Sid
Sien Jou Môre
Prof. Ivan Ullman
(voiced by Danie Smuts)
Taxi!
Red Kowalski
1972
My Way
Natie Kaplan
Leatherlip
Uncredited
1975
Love and Death
Vladimir Maximovich
1977
My Way II
Natie Kaplan
1978
The Greek Tycoon
Doctor
1981
Time Bandits
The Supreme Being
Voice
1987
Little Dorrit
Doctor
1988
Twins
Professor Werner & The Narrator
My Stepmother Is an Alien
Council Chief
1989
Asterix and the Big Fight
Narrator
Voice, English version
1991
Beauty and the Beast
Monsieur D'Arque
Voice
Beasties
Frankie
Direct-to-video
1992
Tom and Jerry: The Movie
Lickboot
Voice
1994
Thumbelina
Bull
Voice, uncredited
Scooby-Doo! in Arabian Nights
Lord of the Amulet
Voice, television film
1996
All Dogs Go to Heaven 2
Reginald
Voice
The Hunchback of Notre Dame
Judge Claude Frollo
1998
The Rugrats Movie
Dr. Werner Lipschitz
An American Tail: The Treasure of Manhattan Island
Mr. Toplofty
Voice, direct-to-video
1999
Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me
Narrator
Voice, uncredited
2001
Recess: School's Out
Dr. Rosenthal
Voice
Race to Space
Narrator
Voice
2002
Treasure Planet
2003
The Jungle Book 2
Shere Khan
Voice
Rugrats Go Wild
Dr. Werner Lipschitz
2005
Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind
Narrator
Voice, Disney 2005 dub
2007
Albert Fish: In Sin He Found Salvation
Voice, posthumous release
2011
Seek
Producer
Short, posthumous release
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1974
Fall of Eagles
Tsar Alexander III
2 episodes
Justice
Mr. Papalonios
Episode: "Collision Course"
The Case of Eliza Armstrong
Henry Poland QC
1 episode
1975
Within These Walls
Mr. Graham
Episode: "Nowhere for the Kids"
The Sweeney
Lambourne
Episode: "Golden Boy"
Affairs of the Heart
Sir Luke Strett
1 episode
The Hanged Man
Lazlo
Episode: "Grail and Platter"
Six Days of Justice
Edwin Lovatt
Episode: "Angelica"
1977
The XYY Man
Jacob Mahler
2 episodes
1978
The Professionals
Foreign Observer 1
Episode: "Blind Run"
1980
Escape
Colonel Jalbout
Episode: "Kim Philby"
1981
Timon of Athens
Merchant
Television film
1982
Whoops Apocalypse
Bagatu
Episode: "How to Get Rid of It"
The Agatha Christie Hour
Count Streptitch
Episode: "Jane in Search of a Job"
1985
Dempsey and Makepeace
Abe Moser
Episode: "Armed and Extremely Dangerous"
1986
The Greatest Adventure: Stories from the Bible
Caiaphas, Jerusalem Man No. 3, God
2 episodes
1987
Riviera
Habib
Television film
The Golden Girls
Laszlo
Episode: "The Artist"
Hunter
Father Michaels
Episode: "Allegra"
1988
Beverly Hills Buntz
Sheik Mohammed
Episode: "Buntz of the Desert"
Circus
Conrad Simpson
TV Pilot
1988–1989
Beauty and the Beast
Paracelsus
6 episodes
1989
Mr. Belvedere
Captain Peel
Episode: "Mutiny"
The Smurfs
Merlin
Voice, episode: "The Smurfs of the Round Table"
The New Lassie
Mr. Shepherd
Episode: "Once Upon a Time..."
Newhart
Reginald Wooster
Episode: "Good Lord Loudon"
The Easter Story
Caiaphas, Jerusalem Man #3
Animated short
1990
Christine Cromwell
Episode: "In Vino Veritas"
His & Hers
Dr. Zimmerman
Episode: "Fear of Marriage"
Rainbow Drive
Max Hollister
Television film
Peter Pan and the Pirates
Alf Mason
Voice, 16 episodes
The Adventures of Don Coyote and Sancho Panda
Voice, episode: "Pity the Poor Pirate"
1990–1991
Twin Peaks
Dougie Milford
3 episodes
TaleSpin
Mr. Shere Khan, Zoo Director, Elevator Guard, "Scottie" Jock
Voice, 11 episodes
1991
Matlock
John Bosley Hackett
Episode: "The Critic"
Absolute Strangers
Weisfeld
Television film
Murphy Brown
Dr. Wade Benoit
Episode: "Q & A on FYI"
Eerie, Indiana
Sir Boris von Orloff
Episode: "Scariest Home Videos"
Dynasty: The Reunion
Dr. Jobinet
2 episodes
Darkwing Duck
Grim Reaper
Voice, episode: "Dead Duck"
Night Court
Joseph Schiavelli
Episode: "Guess Who's Listening to Dinner?"
Who's the Boss?
Paul Murphy
Episode: "Grandmommie Dearest"
Sisters
Charles Dickens
Episode: "Eggnog"
Adventures in Odyssey
Fred J. Faustus
Voice, episode: "The Knight Travellers"
1991–1993
The Legend of Prince Valiant
Cynan, Baron Alric, Magistrate
Voice, 5 episodes
1992
Jonah
Voice, 1 episode
Star Trek: The Next Generation
Third Minister Campio
Episode: "Cost of Living"
Tom & Jerry Kids
Voice, episode: "Penthouse Mouse/12 Angry Sheep/The Ant Attack"
1992–2003
Rugrats
Dr. Werner Lipschitz, Doctor, Rich Man, Wombat President, Narrator, Manager, Man with Car, Max, Dream Santa, Barney, Scientist #2, General
Voice, 10 episodes
1993
Sonic the Hedgehog
Guardian
Voice, episode: "Super Sonic"; uncredited
The Little Mermaid
Wish Star
Voice, episode: "Wish Upon a Starfish"
Fugitive Nights: Danger in the Desert
Television film
The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr.
Judge Silot Gatt
Episode: "Brisco for the Defense"
2 Stupid Dogs
The Chief
Voice, 13 episodes
1993–1994
Mighty Max
Virgil/Narrator, Norman's Dad, Witch Doctor
Voice, 40 episodes
1993–1995
Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman
Nigel St. John
7 episodes
1994
Picket Fences
Chief Rabbi
Episode: "Squatter's Rights"
Duckman
Voice, episode: "Ride the High School"
Scooby-Doo in Arabian Nights
Voice, television film
Beethoven
Watson
Voice, episode: "Scent of a Mutt/Down on the Farm"
1994–1995
Skeleton Warriors
Golden Skull
Voice, 13 episodes
1994–1996
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
Lord Dregg
Voice, 17 episodes
The Tick
Chairface Chippendale
Voice, 7 episodes
Fantastic Four
Galactus, Terrax, Nauseated Man on TV
Voice, 5 episodes
1994–2001
ReBoot
Megabyte
Voice, 26 episodes
1995
Aladdin
Sorcerer
Voice, episode: "The Book of Khartoum"
Aaahh!!! Real Monsters
Frederick, Chief
Voice, episode: "Eau de Krumm/O'Lucky Monster"
Gargoyles
Anubis
Voice, episode: "Grief"
The Ghosts of Gettysburg
Narrator
Voice, uncredited
1995–1996
The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat
Peeping Duck, Jaggo Doughnut, Mr.Wizard
3 episodes
The Savage Dragon
Overlord, Mindwarp, Reporter
Voice, 15 episodes
1996
Russia's Last Tsar
Voice, National Geographic special
Siegfried & Roy: Masters of the Impossible
Voice
Captain Planet and the Planeteers
Yeti
Voice, episode: "Twelve Angry Animals"
Animaniacs
Narrator
Voice, episode: "Gunga Dot"
Superman: The Animated Series
Sul-Van
Voice, episode: "The Last Son of Krypton" Pt. 1
The Burning Zone
The Chairman
Episode: "The Silent Tower"
Bruno the Kid
Jarlesburg
Voice, episode: "The Adventure Begins"
Spider-Man
Baron Mordo
Voice, 3 episodes
The Making of Disney's 'The Hunchback of Notre Dame'
Himself, Voice of Claude Frollo
Pinky and the Brain
Egyptian Priest
Voice, episode: "The Mummy"
1996–1997
Mighty Ducks
Wraith
Voice, 21 episodes
1996–1999
Jumanji
The Master of Jumanji
Voice
Timon & Pumbaa
Empress's Assistant, Jungle Inspector
Voice, 2 episodes
1996–2004
Hey Arnold!
Rex Smythe-Higgins, Voice in the Sky, Doctor
Voice, 5 episodes
1997
Doomsday: What Can We Do?
Narrator
Voice, TV documentary
1997
What If?
Puss in Boots
Voice, television film
Adventures from the Book of Virtues
King Darius
Voice, episode: "Faith "
Extreme Ghostbusters
Maiikrob
Voice, episode: "Moby Ghost"
1998
Hollywood & Vinyl
Himself
1 episode
Recess
King Arthur, Fence, St. Peter
Voice, episode: "The Lost Ball"
Invasion America
The Dragit
Voice, 13 episodes
1999
Civil War Combat: America's Bloodiest Battles
Narrator
Voice, TV documentary, 2 episodes
To Serve and Protect
Police Pathologist
Mickey Mouse Works
Ostrich
Voice, Episode #1.6
1999–2000
Johnny Bravo
King Brad, Announcer
Voice, 2 episodes
2000
UFOs: Then and Now?
Narrator
Voice, television film
Buzz Lightyear of Star Command
Dr. Animus
Voice, 2 episodes
The New Woody Woodpecker Show
Günther's Guardian
Voice, episode: "Be A Sport"
2001
Lloyd in Space
Dr. Werner Von Brain
Voice, episode: "Caution: Wormhole!"
Providence
Unnamed
Episode: "Rule Number One"
The Human Spinning-Top
The Worst Enemy
Voice
The Legend of Tarzan
German Poacher
Voice, episode: "Tarzan and the Rift"
ReBoot: My Two Bobs
Megabyte
Voice, television film
The Gene Pool
Renfeld
Television film
2001–2002
House of Mouse
Magic Mirror, Shere Khan, Ostrich
Voice, 10 episodes
2003
Criss Angel: Supernatural
Narrator, voice – official trailer
Voice, television film
Miss Spider's Sunny Patch Kids
Spiderus
Voice, television film
Nostradamus: 500 Years Later
Nostradamus
Voice, documentary
Civil War Combat: Culp's Hill at Gettysburg
Narrator
Civil War Combat: The Battle of Chickamauga
2004
UFO Files – UFOs: Then and Now? The Innocent Years
Voice, 1 episode
Teen Titans
Voice, episode: "Transformation"
Tom and Jerry – The Ultimate Classic Collection
Unknown
2004–2007
Miss Spider's Sunny Patch Friends
Spiderus, Cloud King
Voice, 17 episodesNominated—Annie Award for Best Voice Acting in a Feature Film
2005
Mickey's Around the World in 80 Days
Ostrich
Science of the Bible: Jesus, The Preacher
Himself, narrator
Voice, 1 episode
H. H. Holmes: America's First Serial Killer
Narrator
Voice
2006
Me, Eloise
Kevin
Voice, episode: "Eloise in Springtime Part 1"
2007
Xyber 9: New Dawn
Machestro
Voice, 7 episodes
The History Channel Presents: The Civil War
Narrator (archival recordings)
Voice
Video games
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1992
King's Quest VI: Heir Today, Gone Tomorrow
Captain Saladin, Gate, Arch Druid
Voice
1996
Disney's Animated Storybook: The Hunchback of Notre Dame
Judge Claude Frollo
Blood Omen: Legacy of Kain
Mortanius, William the Just, Dark Entity
Voice
1997
Fallout: A Post-Nuclear Role-Playing Game
The Lieutenant
Warcraft Adventures: Lord of the Clans
Drek'Thar
Voice
1998
Titanic Explorer
Capt. Smith, Sir Rufus Isaacs
Die by the Sword
Rastegar, Grub
Reboot
Megabyte
Voice
1999
Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver
Elder God, Zephon
Planescape: Torment
The Transcendent One
Voice
Y2K: The Game
Mister Leopard
2000
Forgotten Realms: Icewind Dale
Kresselack
Sacrifice
Mithras
2001
The Jungle Book: Rhythm 'n Groove
Shere Khan
Dopey's Wild Mine Ride
Magic Mirror
Soul Reaver 2
Elder God
Voice
Forgotten Realms: Baldur's Gate – Dark Alliance
Xantam The Beholder, Ethon
Voice
Star Trek: Armada II
USS Caddebostan Captain
Return to Castle Wolfenstein
The Director
Voice, Uncredited
2002
Draconus: Cult of the Wyrm
Narrator
Hunter: The Reckoning
Voice
2003
Freelancer
Chancellor Florian Gustov Niemann
Star Trek: Elite Force II
Archeopenda
Lionheart: Legacy of the Crusader
Armed & Dangerous
King
Mace Griffin: Bounty Hunter
Leader of the Rangers
Legacy of Kain: Defiance
Elder God
Voice
2004
X-Men Legends
Magneto
Fallout: Brotherhood of Steel
Attis, narrator
Voice
Champions of Norrath: Realms of EverQuest
Innorruk
Galleon
Areliano, narrator
The Bard's Tale
Narrator
Voice
Theme parks
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1992, 1998
Fantasmic!
Magical Mirror, Judge Claude Frollo
Voice
Audiobooks and audio plays
Audiobooks:
2005: Time's Fool: A Mystery of Shakespeare by Leonard Tourney. Reader. Blackstone Audio.
2006: The Castle of Otranto by Horace Walpole. Reader. Blackstone Audio.
Audio plays:
1998: The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, winner of the Independent Publishers Award. Blackstone Audio. Cast member.
Radio serials:
1967–1976: The Sound of Darkness. Writer, Actor (voice).
1968–1972: Squad Cars. Actor, Announcer (voice).
1969–1972: Taxi! Writer. Red Kowalski (voice).
1971–1972: The Avengers. Announcer (voice), writer, Director.
Commercials
Media
Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero.
The Dark Crystal.
London Broadcasting Company – voice-overs for the station's main jingle packages between 1974 and 1980.
Food
Golden Grahams Treats (General Mills snack bar).
Toys
The Empire Strikes Back (Kenner Products toys).
Disney's Hercules.
ReBoot (Irwin Toy).
Return of the Jedi (Kenner Products toys).
Video Games
Dr. Mario.
Kirby's Dream Land 2.
Super Nintendo Entertainment System.
X-Men 2: Clone Wars.
Accolades
Award
Year
Category
Film
Result
Annie Awards
2006
Voice Acting in a Television Production
Miss Spider's Sunny Patch Friends
Nominated
Daytime Emmy Award
Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program
Nominated
References
^ a b Behind The Voice Actors. "Tony Jay". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
^ a b "Tony Jay—Obituary". Associated Press. 21 August 2006. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
^ a b c d e f Nelson, Valerie J (20 August 2006). "Tony Jay, 73; Veteran Voice Actor in Film and Video Games". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
^ a b "Voice actor Tony Jay dies at 73". United Press International. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
^ DeMott, Rick. "Emmy-Nominated Voice-Actor Tony Jay Passes Away". AWN.com. Animation World Network. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
^ "History of the site". Pinner High School. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h "Tony Jay – Writer, director". The Avengers Declassified. Archived from the original on 14 October 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
^ a b c d Nemy, Enid (19 September 1988). "Broadway". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
^ a b c d e f Gross, Edward (November 1989). "To Reign in Hell". Starlog. p. 21. Archived from the original on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
^ In contrast to Jay's own recollection in a Starlog interview and his Los Angeles Times obituary, The New York Times of 19 September 1986 says that he moved to South Africa when he was 33.
^ a b "Tony Jay: In Memorium, 1933–2006". Springbokradio.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
^ a b Hayes, Alan. "The Radio Series – On the Air". Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
^ Hayes, Alan. "The Radio Series – Introduction". The Avengers Declassified. hiddentigerbooks.co.uk. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
^ Hayes, Alan. "The Radio Series – Destination Sonovision". hiddentigerbooks.co.uk. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
^ "Three Sisters, Billingham Forum c1976". Picture Stockton Archive. 26 March 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
^ "Classic Plays: 1976". Rob Wilton Theatricalia. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
^ Amory, Mark (3 October 1981). "Small Changes". The Spectator. United Kingdom. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
^ "The Deep Blue Sea Programme – Greenwich Cue Theater, 1981". Daily Craze. Archived from the original on 29 October 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
^ Hammond, Mary (2016). Charles Dickens's Great Expectations: A Cultural Life, 1860–2012. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 219. ISBN 9781317168256.
^ "RSC Performances: The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby". The Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
^ Drake, Sylvie (13 March 1986). "The Marathon 'Nicholas Nickleby' Is Bound for the Ahmanson". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
^ "Stage View: A 'Nickleby' that Fulfills Our Great Expectations". The New York Times. 7 September 1986.
^ "The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
^ "The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby". Playbill. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
^ Gross, Edward (November 1989). "To Reign in Hell". Starlog. p. 72. Archived from the original on 5 November 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
^ "Sir Ian McKellen". Crawley's Casting Calls. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
^ a b c d Rouner, Jeff. "Tony Jay: Playlist for the Ultimate Voice-Over Villain". Houston Press. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
^ "Poets on Broadway – Earphones Award Winner". Audio File. AudioFile Magazine. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
^ "Daytime Emmy nominated Tony Jay Loses Fight to Recover". Archived from the original on 7 September 2006. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Tony Jay (visual voices guide)". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved 7 October 2023. A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its opening and/or closing credits and/or other reliable sources of information.
^ Various release dates are given: 1996 ; 1997 ; 1998 .
^ InXile Entertainment. The Bard's Tale. InXile Entertainment. Scene: Ending credits, 2:10:10 in, Voice Talent.
^ "LBC – Ten years on". British Universities Film & Video Council. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
^ The official Annie Awards website shows that Tony Jay was not nominated in 1996 for Voice Acting in the Field of Animation, despite many claims that he had. The 1996 nominees were Nancy Cartwright (winner), Jeff Bennett, Jim Cummings, Tress MacNeille, and Rob Paulsen..
^ "33rd Annie Awards (2006)". AnnieAwards.org. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
^ "The National Television Academy Announces 33rd Annual Daytime Emmy Award Nominations". emmyonline.com. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
External links
Tony Jay at IMDb
Tony Jay at Find a Grave
Tony Jay at Hollywood.com
Tony Jay at Memory Alpha
Special Springbok Radio Audio Tribute
Tony Jay's Website
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tony_Jaya-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jay1-2"},{"link_name":"Royal Shakespeare Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT_Obit-3"},{"link_name":"baritone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritone"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-upi-4"},{"link_name":"Claude Frollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Frollo_(Disney_character)"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney"},{"link_name":"The Hunchback of Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1996_film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-upi-4"},{"link_name":"Megabyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ReBoot_characters#Megabyte"},{"link_name":"ReBoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReBoot"},{"link_name":"Shere Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shere_Khan"},{"link_name":"The Jungle Book 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_2"},{"link_name":"TaleSpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TaleSpin"},{"link_name":"George Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sanders"},{"link_name":"original film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(1967_film)"},{"link_name":"Elder God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Legacy_of_Kain_characters#The_Elder_God"},{"link_name":"Legacy of Kain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_of_Kain"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT_Obit-3"},{"link_name":"Lois and Clark: The New Adventures of Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_and_Clark:_The_New_Adventures_of_Superman"},{"link_name":"The Golden Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Girls"},{"link_name":"Twin Peaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Peaks"},{"link_name":"Night Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Court"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twins_(1988_film)"},{"link_name":"Arnold Schwarzenegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT_Obit-3"}],"text":"Tony Jay (2 February 1933[1] – 13 August 2006)[2] was a British actor. A former member of the Royal Shakespeare Company, he was known for his voice work in radio, animation, film, and video games.[3] Jay was particularly noted for his distinctive hoarse baritone voice, which often led to him being cast in villainous or authoritative roles.[4] He was best known as the voice of Claude Frollo in Disney's The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996),[4] Megabyte in ReBoot (1994–2001), Shere Khan in The Jungle Book 2 and the TV series TaleSpin (replacing George Sanders, who played the character in the original film), and the Elder God (plus various other roles) in the Legacy of Kain series of video games.[3]Jay also made many distinguished on-screen appearances, including the role of Nigel St John on Lois and Clark: The New Adventures of Superman (1993–1995). He further made guest appearances on programs including The Golden Girls in 1987, Twin Peaks in 1990 to 1991, and Night Court in 1991.[5] His most prominent onscreen role, however, is that of Professor Werner in Twins (1988), the father figure/mentor to Arnold Schwarzenegger's character, Julius Benedict.[3]","title":"Tony Jay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pinner County Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinner_County_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pinner-6"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Avengers-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nemy-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Log21-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT_Obit-3"}],"text":"Jay was born in London. He attended Pinner County Grammar School,[6] and completed his National Service with the Royal Air Force in 1953.[7] He later recalled, \"I was always an actor at school\"; but opted for the financial security of a real estate business. Jay moved to South Africa in about 1966,[8] after hearing of the potential there for his line of work.[9] He left South Africa to return to England in 1973, after which he moved to the United States in 1986.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Log21-9"}],"text":"While establishing his real estate business in England, Jay acted occasionally in amateur productions.[9]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nemy-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT_Obit-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nemy-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Log21-9"},{"link_name":"South African Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Springbok Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springbok_Radio"},{"link_name":"Joe Stewardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Stewardson"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-memorium-11"},{"link_name":"The Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Avengers_(TV_series)#Radio_series"},{"link_name":"of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Avengers_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Omo-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AOR_Intro-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AOR_Sono-14"},{"link_name":"Barclays Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclays_Bank"},{"link_name":"Bols Brandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bols_(brand)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-memorium-11"}],"sub_title":"South Africa","text":"Within three months of relocating to South Africa at the age of 33,[8][10] Jay found himself acting in radio dramas such as the detective series Sounds of Darkness where he played a savvy but blind FBI agent (1967–1972). The experience led him to decide to take acting up professionally.[3][8][9]Jay acted, wrote, and directed radio plays on the South African Broadcasting Corporation's first commercial radio station, Springbok Radio (1950–85). He was especially associated with the comic series Taxi! (1969–1972,1975–1978), in which he not only portrayed New York cabby Red Kowalski, but also co-wrote many scripts with Joe Stewardson. Other shows in which he was involved included Lux Radio Theatre, Playhouse 90, and Tuesday Theatre.[11] Jay adapted, cast, and directed the first 6 months of episodes for The Avengers. The series, based on Seasons 4–6 of the 1960s British television series of the same name,[12] was broadcast on Springbok from 6 December 1971 to 28 December 1973.[13] To bridge the gap between the visual orientation of the British television series and the sound-only perspective of radio, Jay created a narrator which he embued with irony and scepticism.[14]Jay's voice work led him to do commercials for companies such as Gunston Cigarettes, Barclays Bank, and Bols Brandy.[11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Log21-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Omo-12"},{"link_name":"Fall of Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Eagles"},{"link_name":"Alexander III of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Patrick Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Avengers-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Log21-9"},{"link_name":"Timon of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Television_Shakespeare#Timon_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"The Sweeney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sweeney"},{"link_name":"The Professionals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Professionals_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Whoops Apocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whoops_Apocalypse"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Avengers-7"},{"link_name":"Woody Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Allen"},{"link_name":"Love and Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_and_Death"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Avengers-7"},{"link_name":"George Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lucas"},{"link_name":"Obi-Wan Kenobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi-Wan_Kenobi"},{"link_name":"Galactic Warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)"},{"link_name":"Alec Guinness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Guinness"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Log21-9"},{"link_name":"Anton Chekhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Chekhov"},{"link_name":"The Three Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Sisters_(play)"},{"link_name":"Terence Rattigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Rattigan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"The Deep Blue Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deep_Blue_Sea_(play)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Jaggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggers"},{"link_name":"Great Expectations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Expectations"},{"link_name":"Old Vic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Vic"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Shylock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shylock"},{"link_name":"The Merchant of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT_Obit-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Avengers-7"},{"link_name":"The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Life_and_Adventures_of_Nicholas_Nickleby_(play)"},{"link_name":"Stratford-upon-Avon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford-upon-Avon"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"After Jay's return to Britain in 1973[9] he worked in various television productions.[12] For the BBC series Fall of Eagles (1974) he portrayed Tsar Alexander III of Russia, during which time he met Patrick Stewart, who played Vladimir Lenin.[7][9] Jay appeared as the merchant in Shakespeare's Timon of Athens (1981) for BBC Shakespeare, and in single episodes of popular television programmes such as The Sweeney (1975), The Professionals (1978) and the comedy Whoops Apocalypse (1982).[7]During this period he was cast as Vladimir Maximovitch in Woody Allen's Love and Death (1975), which was shot in Hungary and France.[7] George Lucas met with Jay about playing Obi-Wan Kenobi in a planned film with the working title Galactic Warfare. Despite Jay agreeing to the role, Lucas decided to cast Alec Guinness, instead.[9]On stage he had small roles in plays such as Anton Chekhov's The Three Sisters (1976) and Terence Rattigan's[15][16] The Deep Blue Sea (1981).[17][18] More important roles followed with an appearance as Jaggers in Great Expectations (1984) at the Old Vic,[19] and as Shylock in The Merchant of Venice.[3][7]Jay was cast as Vincent Crummles in the Royal Shakespeare Company's 8+1⁄2-hour-long production of The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby (1986) at Stratford-upon-Avon.[20]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nemy-8"},{"link_name":"Broadhurst Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadhurst_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Drama Desk Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Log72-25"},{"link_name":"Night Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Court"},{"link_name":"The Golden Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Girls"},{"link_name":"Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twins_(1988_film)"},{"link_name":"Eerie, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerie,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Beauty and the Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1987_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: The Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation"},{"link_name":"Lex Luthor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Luthor"},{"link_name":"Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_%26_Clark:_The_New_Adventures_of_Superman"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Avengers-7"},{"link_name":"Monsieur D'Arque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsieur_D%27Arque"},{"link_name":"Beauty and the Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_film)"},{"link_name":"Megabyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ReBoot_characters#Megabyte"},{"link_name":"ReBoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReBoot"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Patrick Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Derek Jacobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Jacobi"},{"link_name":"Ian McKellen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McKellen"},{"link_name":"Judge Claude Frollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Claude_Frollo"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios"},{"link_name":"The Hunchback of Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1996_film)"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_World"},{"link_name":"Fantasmic!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasmic!"},{"link_name":"Lord Dregg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Dregg"},{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(1987_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Legacy of Kain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_of_Kain"},{"link_name":"Mortanius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Legacy_of_Kain_characters#Mortanius_the_Necromancer"},{"link_name":"Elder God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Legacy_of_Kain_characters#The_Elder_God"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-playlist-27"},{"link_name":"Shere Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shere_Khan"},{"link_name":"George Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sanders"},{"link_name":"The Jungle Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(1967_film)"},{"link_name":"TaleSpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TaleSpin"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-playlist-27"},{"link_name":"The Jungle Book: Rhythm and Groove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_Groove_Party"},{"link_name":"House of Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Mouse"},{"link_name":"The Jungle Book 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_2"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_musical"},{"link_name":"spoken-word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoken-word"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-playlist-27"},{"link_name":"Noël Coward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward"},{"link_name":"Ira Gershwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Gershwin"},{"link_name":"Oscar Hammerstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Hammerstein_II"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"After a tour of Britain, Nicholas Nickleby embarked on a limited tour of the United States, starting with performances in Los Angeles in June 1986, then on to Boston, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., and New York City.[21] \"Even before I left England, I told friends I'd be staying if I got the chance,\" he recalled in a 1986 The New York Times interview.[8]During its run from August to October 1986 at the Broadhurst Theatre on Broadway, Jay's performance was described as \"brilliantly played\" by the New York Times.[22][23] Consequently, he was nominated for the 1987 Drama Desk Award as Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play.[24]Jay's acting drew the attention of an agent who arranged for him to return from England to the United States for an audition. Jay was cast in a pilot program called Circus which was unsuccessful. On set Jay met make-up artist Kathy Rogers, who would become his second wife. He moved to the United States where he became a resident.[25]In addition, Jay won parts in television series such as Night Court (1984), The Golden Girls (1987), Twins (1988), and Eerie, Indiana (1991). Bigger roles included Paracelsus on the 1987 CBS TV series adaptation of Beauty and the Beast; Minister Campio on Star Trek: The Next Generation (1992); and Lex Luthor's villainous aide-de-camp Nigel St. John in Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman (1993–95).[7]Jay's voice-over work included Monsieur D'Arque, the amoral asylum superintendent, in Disney's 1991 hit animated film version of Beauty and the Beast. From 1994 to 2001 he supplied the voice for the virus Megabyte in the animated television show ReBoot. According to one source,[26] Jay was preferred to Patrick Stewart, Derek Jacobi and Ian McKellen for the voice of the main antagonist Judge Claude Frollo in Disney's 1996 animated film adaptation of The Hunchback of Notre Dame, directed by Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise, who had also steered his performance in the film version of Beauty and the Beast. Jay reprised Frollo's voice for Walt Disney World's nighttime light and fireworks show Fantasmic! From 1995 to 1996 Jay was the voice of the alien warlord Lord Dregg, the villain during the last two seasons of the original 1987 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles animated TV series.He is also well known among fans of the 1996–2003 video game series Legacy of Kain for his voicing of the original Mortanius and of the Elder God, alongside several other minor characters.[27]In various animated projects Jay took over the voice of Shere Khan, which actor George Sanders had originated for the 1967 Disney animated film The Jungle Book. In 11 episodes spanning 1990–91, Jay voiced Shere Khan for Disney's animated TV series TaleSpin,[27] The Jungle Book: Rhythm and Groove videogame (2000), and House of Mouse (2001–02). His final appearance as Khan came in the 2003 film The Jungle Book 2. His final role was voicing Spiderus in the Miss Spider series.Jay was a devotee of classic Broadway and made several recordings and performances of old-time Broadway lyrics, in spoken-word form. A CD of these readings, Speaking of Broadway, was released in 2005;[27] a version recorded in 1996 was entitled Poets on Broadway, as was his website. On it Jay recites lyrics written by the likes of Noël Coward, Ira Gershwin, and Oscar Hammerstein, accompanied by synthesized music which he composed.[28]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jay1-2"}],"text":"Jay began a relationship with Marta MacGeraghty in 1974. They had a son, born in 1989. They did not marry until 2004, and remained together until Jay's death in 2006.[2]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cedars-Sinai Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedars-Sinai_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Avengers-7"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Avengers-7"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-playlist-27"},{"link_name":"Forest Lawn Memorial Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Lawn_Memorial_Park_(Hollywood_Hills)"}],"text":"In April 2006, Jay underwent surgery at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles to remove a non-cancerous tumour from his lungs.[7][29] Afterwards he became critically ill and was readmitted to Cedar Sinai, where he died on 13 August 2006, aged 73.[7][27] He is buried in Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Los Angeles, California.","title":"Illness and death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Video games","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Theme parks","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Castle of Otranto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Castle_of_Otranto"},{"link_name":"The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari"},{"link_name":"The Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Avengers_(TV_series)#Radio_series"}],"sub_title":"Audiobooks and audio plays","text":"Audiobooks:2005: Time's Fool: A Mystery of Shakespeare by Leonard Tourney. Reader. Blackstone Audio.\n2006: The Castle of Otranto by Horace Walpole. Reader. Blackstone Audio.Audio plays:1998: The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, winner of the Independent Publishers Award. Blackstone Audio. Cast member.Radio serials:1967–1976: The Sound of Darkness. Writer, Actor (voice).\n1968–1972: Squad Cars. Actor, Announcer (voice).\n1969–1972: Taxi! Writer. Red Kowalski (voice).\n1971–1972: The Avengers. Announcer (voice), writer, Director.","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_%26_Mr._Freeze:_SubZero"},{"link_name":"The Dark Crystal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Crystal"},{"link_name":"London Broadcasting Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"General Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Mills"},{"link_name":"The Empire Strikes Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Empire_Strikes_Back"},{"link_name":"Kenner Products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenner_Products"},{"link_name":"Disney's Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%27s_Hercules"},{"link_name":"ReBoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReBoot"},{"link_name":"Irwin Toy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwin_Toy"},{"link_name":"Return of the Jedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_of_the_Jedi"},{"link_name":"Kenner Products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenner_Products"},{"link_name":"Dr. Mario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Mario"},{"link_name":"Kirby's Dream Land 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirby%27s_Dream_Land_2"},{"link_name":"Super Nintendo Entertainment System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"X-Men 2: Clone Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men_2:_Clone_Wars"}],"sub_title":"Commercials","text":"MediaBatman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero.\nThe Dark Crystal.\nLondon Broadcasting Company – voice-overs for the station's main jingle packages between 1974 and 1980.[33]FoodGolden Grahams Treats (General Mills snack bar).ToysThe Empire Strikes Back (Kenner Products toys).\nDisney's Hercules.\nReBoot (Irwin Toy).\nReturn of the Jedi (Kenner Products toys).Video GamesDr. Mario.\nKirby's Dream Land 2.\nSuper Nintendo Entertainment System.\nX-Men 2: Clone Wars.","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accolades"}]
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[{"reference":"Behind The Voice Actors. \"Tony Jay\". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved 16 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/tony-jay","url_text":"\"Tony Jay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tony Jay—Obituary\". Associated Press. 21 August 2006. Retrieved 28 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/obituaries/news/s_466985.html","url_text":"\"Tony Jay—Obituary\""}]},{"reference":"Nelson, Valerie J (20 August 2006). \"Tony Jay, 73; Veteran Voice Actor in Film and Video Games\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 26 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2006/aug/20/local/me-jay20","url_text":"\"Tony Jay, 73; Veteran Voice Actor in Film and Video Games\""}]},{"reference":"\"Voice actor Tony Jay dies at 73\". United Press International. Retrieved 28 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2006/08/20/Voice-actor-Tony-Jay-dies-at-73/45641156104899/","url_text":"\"Voice actor Tony Jay dies at 73\""}]},{"reference":"DeMott, Rick. \"Emmy-Nominated Voice-Actor Tony Jay Passes Away\". AWN.com. Animation World Network. Retrieved 28 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.awn.com/news/emmy-nominated-voice-actor-tony-jay-passes-away","url_text":"\"Emmy-Nominated Voice-Actor Tony Jay Passes Away\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of the site\". Pinner High School. Retrieved 26 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pinnerhighschool.org/page/?pid=19","url_text":"\"History of the site\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tony Jay – Writer, director\". The Avengers Declassified. Archived from the original on 14 October 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181014091422/http://www.declassified.hiddentigerbooks.co.uk/radio_biogs_tony_jay.htm","url_text":"\"Tony Jay – Writer, director\""},{"url":"http://www.declassified.hiddentigerbooks.co.uk/radio_biogs_tony_jay.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nemy, Enid (19 September 1988). \"Broadway\". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/19/theater/broadway.html","url_text":"\"Broadway\""}]},{"reference":"Gross, Edward (November 1989). \"To Reign in Hell\". Starlog. p. 21. Archived from the original on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160625103609/http://www.batb.tv/images/batb/tony3.jpg","url_text":"\"To Reign in Hell\""},{"url":"http://www.batb.tv/images/batb/tony3.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tony Jay: In Memorium, 1933–2006\". Springbokradio.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 29 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090304125106/http://www.springbokradio.com/TONYJAY.html","url_text":"\"Tony Jay: In Memorium, 1933–2006\""},{"url":"http://www.springbokradio.com/TONYJAY.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hayes, Alan. \"The Radio Series – On the Air\". Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191220181015/http://www.declassified.hiddentigerbooks.co.uk/radio_on_the_air.htm","url_text":"\"The Radio Series – On the Air\""},{"url":"http://www.declassified.hiddentigerbooks.co.uk/radio_on_the_air.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hayes, Alan. \"The Radio Series – Introduction\". The Avengers Declassified. hiddentigerbooks.co.uk. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191229165901/http://www.declassified.hiddentigerbooks.co.uk/radio_main.htm","url_text":"\"The Radio Series – Introduction\""},{"url":"http://www.declassified.hiddentigerbooks.co.uk/radio_main.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hayes, Alan. \"The Radio Series – Destination Sonovision\". hiddentigerbooks.co.uk. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191220181014/http://www.declassified.hiddentigerbooks.co.uk/radio_destination_sonovision.htm","url_text":"\"The Radio Series – Destination Sonovision\""},{"url":"http://www.declassified.hiddentigerbooks.co.uk/radio_destination_sonovision.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Three Sisters, Billingham Forum c1976\". Picture Stockton Archive. 26 March 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://picturestocktonarchive.wordpress.com/2015/03/26/three-sisters-billingham-forum-c1976/","url_text":"\"Three Sisters, Billingham Forum c1976\""}]},{"reference":"\"Classic Plays: 1976\". Rob Wilton Theatricalia. Retrieved 29 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phyllis.demon.co.uk/theatricalia/07class/class7079.htm","url_text":"\"Classic Plays: 1976\""}]},{"reference":"Amory, Mark (3 October 1981). \"Small Changes\". The Spectator. United Kingdom. Retrieved 29 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/3rd-october-1981/28/theatre","url_text":"\"Small Changes\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Deep Blue Sea Programme – Greenwich Cue Theater, 1981\". Daily Craze. Archived from the original on 29 October 2017. 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ISBN 9781317168256.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6mCrCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA219","url_text":"Charles Dickens's Great Expectations: A Cultural Life, 1860–2012"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317168256","url_text":"9781317168256"}]},{"reference":"\"RSC Performances: The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby\". The Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Retrieved 26 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://collections.shakespeare.org.uk/search/rsc-performances/nic198601-the-life-and-adventures-of-nicholas-nickleby/search/rsc_person:jay-tony/page/1/view_as/grid","url_text":"\"RSC Performances: The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby\""}]},{"reference":"Drake, Sylvie (13 March 1986). \"The Marathon 'Nicholas Nickleby' Is Bound for the Ahmanson\". Los Angeles Times. 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Retrieved 28 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.houstonpress.com/music/tony-jay-playlist-for-the-ultimate-voice-over-villain-6530560","url_text":"\"Tony Jay: Playlist for the Ultimate Voice-Over Villain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Poets on Broadway – Earphones Award Winner\". Audio File. AudioFile Magazine. Retrieved 29 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.audiofilemagazine.com/reviews/read/5200/","url_text":"\"Poets on Broadway – Earphones Award Winner\""}]},{"reference":"\"Daytime Emmy nominated Tony Jay Loses Fight to Recover\". Archived from the original on 7 September 2006. Retrieved 14 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060907003056/http://poetsonbroadway.com/1Intro.htm","url_text":"\"Daytime Emmy nominated Tony Jay Loses Fight to Recover\""},{"url":"http://poetsonbroadway.com/1Intro.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tony Jay (visual voices guide)\". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved 7 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Tony-Jay/","url_text":"\"Tony Jay (visual voices guide)\""}]},{"reference":"InXile Entertainment. The Bard's Tale. InXile Entertainment. Scene: Ending credits, 2:10:10 in, Voice Talent.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InXile_Entertainment","url_text":"InXile Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"\"LBC – Ten years on\". British Universities Film & Video Council. Retrieved 29 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://bufvc.ac.uk/tvandradio/lbc/index.php/segment/2022c00250001","url_text":"\"LBC – Ten years on\""}]},{"reference":"\"33rd Annie Awards (2006)\". AnnieAwards.org. Retrieved 2 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.annieawards.org/legacy/33rd-annie-awards","url_text":"\"33rd Annie Awards (2006)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The National Television Academy Announces 33rd Annual Daytime Emmy Award Nominations\". emmyonline.com. Retrieved 2 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://emmyonline.com/day_33rd_nominations","url_text":"\"The National Television Academy Announces 33rd Annual Daytime Emmy Award Nominations\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_Cubaroo
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Blackburn Cubaroo
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["1 Design and development","2 Operational history","3 Variants","4 Operators","5 Specifications (Cubaroo)","6 See also","7 References","7.1 Bibliography","7.2 Citations","8 External links"]
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T.4 Cubaroo
Role
Torpedo BomberType of aircraft
Manufacturer
Blackburn Aircraft
Designer
F A Bumpus
First flight
1924
Status
Prototype
Primary user
Royal Air Force
Number built
2
The Blackburn T.4 Cubaroo was a British prototype biplane torpedo bomber of the 1920s. Built by Blackburn Aircraft and intended to carry a large 21 in (533 mm) torpedo, the Cubaroo was claimed to be the largest single-engined aircraft in the world at the time of its first flight.
Design and development
In 1921, the British Air Ministry issued Specification 8/21 (previously Directorate of Research type IX) to Blackburn for a Coastal Defence Torpedo Aeroplane, for a long-range torpedo bomber with a range of over 800 mi (1,300 km) and the ability to carry a full size 21 in (533 mm) naval torpedo, which was at the time was thought capable of sinking the most heavily armoured warships. Previous torpedo bombers had used smaller, less capable torpedoes.
Blackburn Aircraft's chief designer, Major F. A Bumpus, submitted the Blackburn T.4 Cubaroo, which was a massive biplane powered by a 1,000 hp (750 kW) 3,681 cu in (60.32 L) Napier Cub X-16 engine. Avro submitted and then withdrew their similarly powered Type 556, and replaced it with the Avro 557 Ava to a revised 16/22 specification which differed mainly in calling for two engines. The Ava was also a large biplane, but powered by two 600 hp (450 kW) 2,137.5 cu in (35.027 L) Rolls-Royce Condor V-12 engines.
To carry the heavy torpedo weighing over 2,000 lb (910 kg) for the required range, the Cubaroo was massive. With a wingspan of 88 ft 0 in (26.82 m), it was claimed at the time to be the largest single-engine military aircraft built, and it had the most powerful aircraft engine then available, the Napier Cub, which weighed over a ton, excluding the radiator. The first example, N166, had a curved radiator ahead of the engine in the nose, while the second, N167, had a flat one.
The Cubaroo, with a mainly steel tube metal structure, had an 11 ft (3.4 m) deep fuselage to accommodate the pilot who sat, with a navigator beside him, sitting over the engine. The rear of the fuselage had a triangle cross section to improve the gunner's fields of fire from hatches located near each lower wing root which permitted them to cover the underside of the tail. Bomb aiming was accomplished through a hatch in the floor of the cabin that also contained radio equipment and a navigational chart table. A passage ran aft to a ladder, which led up to another gunner's position, with a gun ring mounted on top of the fuselage just aft of the wing trailing edge.
The 88 ft 0 in (26.82 m) span, 11 ft 6 in (3.51 m) constant chord folding, two-bay wings had dihedral, and semi-circular wing tips, with inset unbalanced ailerons on all four wings running for about half the span. The empennage consisted of three balanced rudders, with the outer two having small fins, and an adjustable biplane horizontal stabilizer with a balanced elevator.
To carry the torpedo, the Cubaroo was fitted with a split undercarriage attached to the lower wings, each comprising two sets of two 4 ft (1.2 m) diameter Palmer wheels, with the torpedo or bombs being carried on a crutch under the fuselage, between them.
Due to the change of British Air Ministry policy favouring twin-engine designs for the role, a new specification, 16/22 was drawn up, and the type was not ordered into service. Although drawings were made for three different versions with two engines, none of these were built.
Operational history
The first prototype (with serial N166) flew in secrecy in the summer of 1924, proving to have good handling characteristics, with the engine not causing problems, as the Napier Cub had already been test flown in an Avro Aldershot. It was then fitted with a metal, three-blade adjustable-pitch propeller and was delivered for testing at RAF Martlesham Heath but was written off after its undercarriage collapsed on 2 February 1925. A second prototype flew in 1925, but the Air Ministry had by then lost interest in single-engine heavy bombers, so the second prototype was used as an engine testbed, flying with the experimental 1,100 hp (820 kW) Beardmore Simoon diesel engine.
Variants
T.4 Cubaroo Mk.I
Both prototypes as built, powered with one 1,000 hp (750 kW) X-16 Napier Cub.
T.4A Cubaroo Mk.II
Unbuilt 1927 project, powered with two 650 hp (480 kW) direct-drive V-12 Rolls Royce Condor IV
T.4B Cubaroo Mk.III
Unbuilt 1927 project, powered with two 650 hp (480 kW) geared V-12 Rolls-Royce Condor III
T.4C Cubaroo Mk.IV
Unbuilt 1927 project, powered with two 650 hp (480 kW) direct-drive V-12 Rolls-Royce Condor IV
Operators
United Kingdom
Royal Air Force - evaluation and engine testbed only.
Specifications (Cubaroo)
Data from The British Bomber since 1914 General characteristics
Crew: 4 (pilot, navigator, bomb-aimer/gunner and midships gunner)
Length: 54 ft 0 in (16.46 m)
Wingspan: 88 ft 0 in (26.82 m)
Height: 19 ft 4 in (5.89 m)
Empty weight: 9,632 lb (4,369 kg)
Max takeoff weight: 19,020 lb (8,627 kg)
Fuel capacity: Just under 2 long tons (2,000 kg)
Powerplant: 1 × Napier Cub X-16 water-cooled piston engine, 1,000 hp (750 kW)
Propellers: 2 or 3-bladed fixed-pitch propeller
Performance
Maximum speed: 115 mph (185 km/h, 100 kn)
Range: 1,800 mi (2,900 km, 1,600 nmi) under test conditions, without warload.
Endurance: 10 hours
Absolute ceiling: 11,800 ft (3,600 m)
Armament
3 × .303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis Guns, in mid-fuselage gunner's cockpit, and at hatches at lower wing roots
and
1 × 21 in (533 mm) naval torpedo or 4 × 550 lb (250 kg) bombs
See also
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
Avro 557 Ava
References
Bibliography
"Blackburn Aircraft: A Tribute to a great Yorkshire family". Flight International. Vol. 78, no. 2633. 1 May 1959. pp. 602–613.
"The Blackburn-Napier "Cubaroo" A Long-Distance Torpedo-'Plane with 1,000 H.P, Napier "Cub" Engine". Flight. Vol. XVI, no. 818. 28 August 1924. pp. 537–539.
Jackson, A.J. (1989). Blackburn Aircraft since 1909. Naval Institute Press. pp. 183–188. ISBN 978-0870210242.
Mason, Francis K (1994). The British Bomber since 1914. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books. pp. 155–156. ISBN 0851778615.
Citations
^ a b c Jackson, 1990, p.183
^ a b c d e Mason, 1994, pp.155-156
^ Mason, 1994, p.156
^ a b Jackson, 1990, p.185
^ a b c d e Jackson, 1990, p.184
^ Jackson, 1990, pp.186-187
^ a b c d Jackson, 1990, p.187
^ Flight International, 1 May 1959, p.602–613
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blackburn Cubaroo.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biplane"},{"link_name":"torpedo bomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_bomber"},{"link_name":"Blackburn Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"torpedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson183-1"}],"text":"The Blackburn T.4 Cubaroo was a British prototype biplane torpedo bomber of the 1920s. Built by Blackburn Aircraft and intended to carry a large 21 in (533 mm) torpedo, the Cubaroo was claimed to be the largest single-engined aircraft in the world at the time of its first flight.[1]","title":"Blackburn Cubaroo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Ministry"},{"link_name":"Specification 8/21 (previously Directorate of Research type IX)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Air_Ministry_Specifications"},{"link_name":"torpedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mason-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson183-1"},{"link_name":"biplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biplane"},{"link_name":"Napier Cub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napier_Cub"},{"link_name":"X-16 engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_engine"},{"link_name":"Avro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro"},{"link_name":"Avro 557 Ava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_557_Ava"},{"link_name":"Rolls-Royce Condor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Condor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mason156-3"},{"link_name":"radiator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiator"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mason-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson185-4"},{"link_name":"fuselage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuselage"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson184-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson184-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson185-4"},{"link_name":"folding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folding_wing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson183-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson184-5"},{"link_name":"empennage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empennage"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson184-5"},{"link_name":"undercarriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_gear"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson184-5"},{"link_name":"Air Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Ministry"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson186187-6"}],"text":"In 1921, the British Air Ministry issued Specification 8/21 (previously Directorate of Research type IX) to Blackburn for a Coastal Defence Torpedo Aeroplane, for a long-range torpedo bomber with a range of over 800 mi (1,300 km) and the ability to carry a full size 21 in (533 mm) naval torpedo, which was at the time was thought capable of sinking the most heavily armoured warships.[2][1] Previous torpedo bombers had used smaller, less capable torpedoes.Blackburn Aircraft's chief designer, Major F. A Bumpus, submitted the Blackburn T.4 Cubaroo, which was a massive biplane powered by a 1,000 hp (750 kW) 3,681 cu in (60.32 L) Napier Cub X-16 engine. Avro submitted and then withdrew their similarly powered Type 556, and replaced it with the Avro 557 Ava to a revised 16/22 specification which differed mainly in calling for two engines. The Ava was also a large biplane, but powered by two 600 hp (450 kW) 2,137.5 cu in (35.027 L) Rolls-Royce Condor V-12 engines.[3]To carry the heavy torpedo weighing over 2,000 lb (910 kg) for the required range, the Cubaroo was massive. With a wingspan of 88 ft 0 in (26.82 m), it was claimed at the time to be the largest single-engine military aircraft built, and it had the most powerful aircraft engine then available, the Napier Cub, which weighed over a ton, excluding the radiator.[2] The first example, N166, had a curved radiator ahead of the engine in the nose, while the second, N167, had a flat one.[4]The Cubaroo, with a mainly steel tube metal structure, had an 11 ft (3.4 m) deep fuselage to accommodate the pilot who sat, with a navigator beside him, sitting over the engine. The rear of the fuselage had a triangle cross section to improve the gunner's fields of fire from hatches located near each lower wing root which permitted them to cover the underside of the tail.[5] Bomb aiming was accomplished through a hatch in the floor of the cabin that also contained radio equipment and a navigational chart table.[5] A passage ran aft to a ladder, which led up to another gunner's position, with a gun ring mounted on top of the fuselage just aft of the wing trailing edge.[4]The 88 ft 0 in (26.82 m) span, 11 ft 6 in (3.51 m) constant chord folding, two-bay wings had dihedral, and semi-circular wing tips, with inset unbalanced ailerons on all four wings running for about half the span.[1][5] The empennage consisted of three balanced rudders, with the outer two having small fins, and an adjustable biplane horizontal stabilizer with a balanced elevator.[5]To carry the torpedo, the Cubaroo was fitted with a split undercarriage attached to the lower wings, each comprising two sets of two 4 ft (1.2 m) diameter Palmer wheels, with the torpedo or bombs being carried on a crutch under the fuselage, between them.[5]Due to the change of British Air Ministry policy favouring twin-engine designs for the role, a new specification, 16/22 was drawn up, and the type was not ordered into service. Although drawings were made for three different versions with two engines, none of these were built.[6]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Avro Aldershot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Aldershot"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mason-2"},{"link_name":"propeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"RAF Martlesham Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Martlesham_Heath"},{"link_name":"heavy bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_bomber"},{"link_name":"Beardmore Simoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beardmore_Simoon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"diesel engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mason-2"}],"text":"The first prototype (with serial N166) flew in secrecy in the summer of 1924, proving to have good handling characteristics, with the engine not causing problems, as the Napier Cub had already been test flown in an Avro Aldershot.[2] It was then fitted with a metal, three-blade adjustable-pitch propeller and was delivered for testing at RAF Martlesham Heath but was written off after its undercarriage collapsed on 2 February 1925. A second prototype flew in 1925, but the Air Ministry had by then lost interest in single-engine heavy bombers, so the second prototype was used as an engine testbed, flying with the experimental 1,100 hp (820 kW) Beardmore Simoon diesel engine.[2]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson187-7"},{"link_name":"Rolls Royce Condor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls_Royce_Condor"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson187-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson187-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson187-7"}],"text":"T.4 Cubaroo Mk.I\nBoth prototypes as built, powered with one 1,000 hp (750 kW) X-16 Napier Cub.[7]\nT.4A Cubaroo Mk.II\nUnbuilt 1927 project, powered with two 650 hp (480 kW) direct-drive V-12 Rolls Royce Condor IV[7]\nT.4B Cubaroo Mk.III\nUnbuilt 1927 project, powered with two 650 hp (480 kW) geared V-12 Rolls-Royce Condor III[7]\nT.4C Cubaroo Mk.IV\nUnbuilt 1927 project, powered with two 650 hp (480 kW) direct-drive V-12 Rolls-Royce Condor IV[7]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"}],"text":"United KingdomRoyal Air Force - evaluation and engine testbed only.","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mason-2"},{"link_name":"bomb-aimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_(air_force)"},{"link_name":"Napier Cub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napier_Cub"},{"link_name":"X-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_engine"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flight010559-8"},{"link_name":".303 in (7.7 mm)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.303_British"},{"link_name":"Lewis Guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Gun"}],"text":"Data from The British Bomber since 1914 [2]General characteristicsCrew: 4 (pilot, navigator, bomb-aimer/gunner and midships gunner)\nLength: 54 ft 0 in (16.46 m)\nWingspan: 88 ft 0 in (26.82 m)\nHeight: 19 ft 4 in (5.89 m)\nEmpty weight: 9,632 lb (4,369 kg)\nMax takeoff weight: 19,020 lb (8,627 kg)\nFuel capacity: Just under 2 long tons (2,000 kg)\nPowerplant: 1 × Napier Cub X-16 water-cooled piston engine, 1,000 hp (750 kW)\nPropellers: 2 or 3-bladed fixed-pitch propellerPerformanceMaximum speed: 115 mph (185 km/h, 100 kn)\nRange: 1,800 mi (2,900 km, 1,600 nmi) under test conditions, without warload.\nEndurance: 10 hours[8]\nAbsolute ceiling: 11,800 ft (3,600 m)Armament3 × .303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis Guns, in mid-fuselage gunner's cockpit, and at hatches at lower wing rootsand1 × 21 in (533 mm) naval torpedo or 4 × 550 lb (250 kg) bombs","title":"Specifications (Cubaroo)"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"Avro 557 Ava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_557_Ava"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Blackburn Aircraft: A Tribute to a great Yorkshire family\". Flight International. Vol. 78, no. 2633. 1 May 1959. pp. 602–613.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Blackburn-Napier \"Cubaroo\" A Long-Distance Torpedo-'Plane with 1,000 H.P, Napier \"Cub\" Engine\". Flight. Vol. XVI, no. 818. 28 August 1924. pp. 537–539.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jackson, A.J. (1989). Blackburn Aircraft since 1909. Naval Institute Press. pp. 183–188. ISBN 978-0870210242.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0870210242","url_text":"978-0870210242"}]},{"reference":"Mason, Francis K (1994). The British Bomber since 1914. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books. pp. 155–156. ISBN 0851778615.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0851778615","url_text":"0851778615"}]}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Tour_of_Britain
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1992 Tour of Britain
|
["1 Route","2 General classification","3 References"]
|
Cycling race
1992 Tour of BritainRace detailsDates10–14 August 1992Stages5Winning time22h 23' 03"Results
Winner
Max Sciandri (ITA)
(Motorola)
Second
Adri van der Poel (NED)
(Tulip Computers)
Third
Hendrik Redant (BEL)
(Lotto–Mavic–MBK)
Points
Max Sciandri (ITA)
(Motorola)
Mountains
Cezary Zamana (POL)
(Subaru–Montgomery)
Team
PDM–Ultima–Concorde
← 1991 1993 →
The 1992 Tour of Britain was the sixth edition of the Kellogg's Tour of Britain cycle race and was held from 10 August to 14 August 1992. The race started in Dundee and finished in Leeds. The race was won by Max Sciandri of the Motorola team.
Route
Stage characteristics and winners
Stage
Date
Course
Distance
Type
Winner
1
10 August
Dundee to Dundee
84 km (52.2 mi)
Hendrik Redant (BEL)
2
11 August
Edinburgh to Gateshead
214 km (133.0 mi)
Hilly stage
Max Sciandri (ITA)
3
12 August
Middlesbrough to Hull
165.5 km (102.8 mi)
Hilly stage
Djamolidine Abdoujaparov (UZB)
4
13 August
Lincoln to Coventry
183.6 km (114.1 mi)
Andrey Teteryuk (KAZ)
5
14 August
Nottingham to Leeds
190 km (118.1 mi)
Hilly stage
Hendrik Redant (BEL)
General classification
Final general classification
Rank
Rider
Team
Time
1
Max Sciandri (ITA)
Motorola
22h 23' 03"
2
Adri van der Poel (NED)
Tulip Computers
+ 6"
3
Hendrik Redant (BEL)
Lotto–Mavic–MBK
+ 8"
4
Jos van Aert (NED)
PDM–Ultima–Concorde
+ 16"
5
Olaf Ludwig (GER)
Panasonic–Sportlife
+ 19"
6
Johan Museeuw (BEL)
Lotto–Mavic–MBK
+ 20"
7
Martin Earley (IRL)
PDM–Ultima–Concorde
+ 22"
8
Cezary Zamana (POL)
Subaru–Montgomery
+ 29"
9
Robert Millar (GBR)
TVM–Sanyo
+ 29"
10
Phil Anderson (AUS)
Motorola
+ 30"
References
^ a b c "Tour de Grande-Bretagne 1992". Memoire du cyclisme. Archived from the original on 28 August 2004.
vteTour of BritainTour of Britain Open
1978
Kellogg's Tour of Britain
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
PruTour
1998
1999
Ovo Energy Tour of Britain
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
AJ Bell Tour of Britain
2021
2022
2023
General classification in the Tour of Britain
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Tour de Grande-Bretagne 1992\". Memoire du cyclisme. Archived from the original on 28 August 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040828180900/http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/anc_grbretagne/td_grbretagne1992.php","url_text":"\"Tour de Grande-Bretagne 1992\""},{"url":"http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/anc_grbretagne/td_grbretagne1992.php","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040828180900/http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/anc_grbretagne/td_grbretagne1992.php","external_links_name":"\"Tour de Grande-Bretagne 1992\""},{"Link":"http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/anc_grbretagne/td_grbretagne1992.php","external_links_name":"the original"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Airlines_Flight_869_(1963)
|
United Arab Airlines Flight 869 (1963)
|
["1 Accident","2 Probable cause","3 Boy Scouts of the Philippines scouting contingent","4 References","5 Bibliography"]
|
Flight that crashed in 1963
For another United Arab Airlines Flight 869 that crashed in the previous year, see United Arab Airlines Flight 869 (1962).
United Arab Airlines Flight 869A de Havilland DH.106 Comet of United Arab Airlines, similar to the crashed aircraftAccidentDate28 July 1963SummaryLoss of control in turbulent weatherSiteIn the sea 10 km (6.2 mi) from Bombay Airport, IndiaAircraftAircraft typede Havilland Comet 4COperatorUnited Arab Airlines (now known as Egyptair)RegistrationSU-ALDFlight originTokyo International Airport, Tokyo, Japan1st stopoverKai Tak Airport, Hong Kong2nd stopoverDon Mueang International Airport, Bangkok, Thailand3rd stopoverBombay – Santa Cruz Airport, Bombay, IndiaLast stopoverBahrain International Airport, Manama, BahrainDestinationCairo International Airport, Cairo, EgyptPassengers55Crew8Fatalities63Survivors0
United Arab Airlines Flight 869 was an international scheduled passenger de Havilland Comet 4C flight from Tokyo, Japan, to Cairo via Hong Kong, Bangkok, Bombay and Bahrain. On 28 July 1963 it was being operated by a de Havilland Comet registered as SU-ALD, when on approach to Bombay's Santa Cruz Airport it crashed into the Arabian Sea off Bombay on 28 July 1963 with the loss of all 63 passengers and crew on board. Among the 55 passengers was the Philippine delegation of 24 Boy Scouts and adults traveling to the 11th World Scout Jamboree in Greece.
Accident
At 1:46 a.m. in Mumbai on 28 July 1963 (20:16 GMT on 27 July), the Comet crew reported being overhead the Santa Cruz VOR beacon at 7,000 feet (2,100 m) and were cleared to descend to 4,000 feet (1,200 m). The crew requested an instrument landing system approach to runway 09 and that they would follow the back beam procedure. The Air Traffic Control informed them the procedure was not available and they should carry out an approach using the VOR beacon. The crew agreed to use the procedure and reported leaving 7,000 feet (2,100 m) in the descent on the 272-degree radial from the VOR. The controller advised them that they might encounter heavy turbulence if they went more than six or seven miles (5.2 or 6.1 nmi; 9.7 or 11.3 km) west of the airport. The crew requested a left-hand procedure rather than the more normal right-hand one because of the weather. Permission was granted and the aircraft, already in severe turbulence, entered a left-hand turn and then crashed into the sea at 1:50 a.m., nine nautical miles (10 mi; 17 km) from Madh Island.
Probable cause
Because no wreckage was salvaged and the crew did not report any problems, it was concluded that the aircraft was probably lost due to loss of control while turning in severe turbulence and heavy rain.
Boy Scouts of the Philippines scouting contingent
Colegio de San Juan de Letran monument of Ramon Albano, Henry Chuatoco and Wilfredo Santiago of the Manila Scout Council
24 scouts and scouting officials of the Boy Scouts of the Philippines were headed to the 11th World Scout Jamboree in Marathon, Greece. From Manila, the delegation took a KLM flight to Hong Kong to catch the United Arab Airlines 869 connecting flight to Athens. The Filipino delegation were among the 63 killed in the crash.
From Manila Boy Scout Council:
Ramon V. Albano
Henry Chuatoco
Jose Antonio Delgado
Pedro Gandia
Gabriel Borromeo
Wilfredo Santiago and
Ascario Tuason, Jr.
From Quezon City Council:
Roberto Castor
Romeo R. Rallos and
Rogelio Ybardolaza.
The remainder of the scouts:
Victor de Guia, Jr. (Baguio City)
Antonio Limbaga (Zamboanga City)
Roberto Lozano (Dagupan City)
Paulo Madriñan (Pasay City)
Patricio Dulay Bayoran Jr. (Negros Occidental Council)
Jose Fermin Magbanua (Negros Oriental)
Filamor Reyes (Cavite)
Antonio Torillo (Cavite)
Benecio Tobias (Tarlac) and
Felix Fuentebella, Jr. (both Manila and Goa, Camarines Sur Councils)
BSP scouters that died in the crash:
Scoutmaster and Physician, Bonifacio Vitan Lazcano, M.D.
Chaplain Fr. Jose Agcaoili Martinez, S.J.
Assistant Scoutmaster Librado L. S. Fernandez
Assistant Scoutmaster Florante Lirio Ojeda
These scouts are commemorated at both the 11th World Scout Jamboree Memorial Rotonda and the Colegio de San Juan de Letran monument shown above. In addition, the streets around the rotonda are named after the scouts and scouters who perished.
References
^ a b Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network
^ a b c d e f g h i j Civil Aviation Authority 1974, p. 14/63
^
"Airliner Crash in Sea Near Bombay – Scouts Among 62 on Board, Search For Bodies". News. The Times. No. 55765. London. 29 July 1963. col D, p. 10.
^ a b Tragic death of Boy Scouts remembered
^ Today in Philippine History, July 28, 1963, 24 delagates to the 11th Boy Scout World Jamboree in Greece perished in a tragic plane crash
^ Quezon City: The 11th World Scout Jamboree Memorial Rotonda and other Scouting Monuments in the Philippines
Wikimedia Commons has media related to United Arab Airlines Flight 869 (1963).
Bibliography
World Accident Summary. Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom). 1974. ISBN 0-903083-44-2.
vtede Havilland Comet familyvariants
Comet
Nimrod
R.1
AEW.3
MRA.4
topicsaccidentsandincidents
BOAC Flight 115 (1952)
BOAC Flight 783 (1953)
BOAC Flight 781 (1954)
South African Airways Flight 201 (1954)
Aerolíneas Argentinas Flight 322 (1961)
United Arab Airlines Flight 869 (1962)
United Arab Airlines Flight 869 (1963)
Cyprus Airways Flight 284 (1967)
Dan-Air Flight 1903 (1970)
RAF Nimrod R.1 XW666 (1995)
RAF Nimrod MR.2 XV239 (1995)
RAF Nimrod MR.2 XV230 (2006)
In fiction
Operators
Seymour Collectionnotable people
Ronald Eric Bishop
John Cunningham
Tony Fairbrother
related aircraftSud Aviation Caravelle
vteAviation accidents and incidents in India1950s
BOAC Flight 783 (May 1953)
Dan-Air Avro York crash (May 1958)
1960s
Alitalia Flight 771 (July 1962)
United Arab Airlines Flight 869 (July 1963)
Poonch IAF helicopter crash (July 1963)
Gujarat Beechcraft incident (September 1965)
Indian Air Force An-32 crash (February 1968)
Garuda Indonesian Airways Flight 892 (May 1968)
1970s
1971 Indian Airlines hijacking (January 1971)
Japan Air Lines Flight 471 (June 1972)
Japan Air Lines Flight 472 (September 1972)
Indian Airlines Flight 440 (May 1973)
Nepal plane hijack (June 1973)
Indian Airlines Flight 171 (January 1976)
Air India Flight 855 (January 1978)
Indian Airlines Flight 403 (December 1978)
Indian Airlines Flight 410 (December 1978)
1980s
Indian Airlines Flight 423 (September 1981)
Air India Flight 403 (June 1982)
Indian Airlines Flight 405 (July 1984)
Indian Airlines Flight 421 (August 1984)
1986 Indian Air Force An-32 disappearance
Pan Am Flight 73 (September 1986)
Indian Airlines Flight 113 (October 1988)
Indian Airlines Flight 605 (February 1990)
1990s
Indian Airlines Flight 257 (August 1991)
Indian Airlines Flight 427 (April 1993)
Indian Airlines Flight 491 (April 1993)
Indira Gandhi Airport collision (March 1994)
Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision (November 1996)
Indian Airlines Flight 503 (July 1998)
Pakistan Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown (August 1999)
Indian Airlines Flight 814 (December 1999)
Alliance Air Flight 7412 (July 2000)
2000s
Jalandhar MiG-21 crash (May 2002)
Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister helicopter crash (September 2009)
Air India Express Flight 812 (May 2010)
2010s
Pawan Hans Mi-17 crash (April 2011)
Indian Air Force An-32 crash (July 2016)
UY Aviation King Air C90 crash (June 2018)
Air India Express Flight 611 (October 2018)
Indian Air Force An-32 crash (June 2019)
2020s
Air India Express Flight 1344 (August 2020)
Indian Air Force Mil Mi-17 crash December 2021)
Chetak Helicopter Crash at INS Garuda (November 2023)
vteAviation accidents and incidents in 1963 (1963)
Jan 13 Elephant Mountain B-52 crashFeb 1 1963 Ankara mid-air collisionFeb 12 Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 705Mar 2 Philippine Air Lines Flight 984Mar 5 Aeroflot Flight 191Mar 5 Camden PA-24 crashApr 4 Aeroflot Flight 25Jun 3 Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 293Jul 2 Mohawk Airlines Flight 112Jul 3 NZ National Airways Flight 441Jul 13 Aeroflot Flight 012Jul 27 United Arab Airlines Flight 869Aug 21 Aeroflot Flight 366Aug 24 Aeroflot Flight 663Sep 4 Swissair Flight 306Oct 22 BAC One-Eleven test crashNov 8 Aero Flight 217Nov 22 Poonch IAF helicopter crashNov 29 Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 831Dec 8 Pan Am Flight 214
1962 ◄
► 1964
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Arab Airlines Flight 869 (1962)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Airlines_Flight_869_(1962)"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Comet 4C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Comet"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Tak_Airport"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Mueang_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASN-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAA-2"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Comet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Comet"},{"link_name":"registered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_registration"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASN-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAA-2"},{"link_name":"11th World Scout Jamboree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_World_Scout_Jamboree"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times55765-3"}],"text":"For another United Arab Airlines Flight 869 that crashed in the previous year, see United Arab Airlines Flight 869 (1962).United Arab Airlines Flight 869 was an international scheduled passenger de Havilland Comet 4C flight from Tokyo, Japan, to Cairo via Hong Kong, Bangkok, Bombay and Bahrain.[1][2] On 28 July 1963 it was being operated by a de Havilland Comet registered as SU-ALD, when on approach to Bombay's Santa Cruz Airport it crashed into the Arabian Sea off Bombay on 28 July 1963 with the loss of all 63 passengers and crew on board.[1][2] Among the 55 passengers was the Philippine delegation of 24 Boy Scouts and adults traveling to the 11th World Scout Jamboree in Greece.[3]","title":"United Arab Airlines Flight 869 (1963)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santa Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santacruz,_Mumbai"},{"link_name":"VOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHF_omnidirectional_range"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAA-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAA-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAA-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAA-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAA-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAA-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAA-2"}],"text":"At 1:46 a.m. in Mumbai on 28 July 1963 (20:16 GMT on 27 July), the Comet crew reported being overhead the Santa Cruz VOR beacon at 7,000 feet (2,100 m) and were cleared to descend to 4,000 feet (1,200 m).[2] The crew requested an instrument landing system approach to runway 09 and that they would follow the back beam procedure.[2] The Air Traffic Control informed them the procedure was not available and they should carry out an approach using the VOR beacon.[2] The crew agreed to use the procedure and reported leaving 7,000 feet (2,100 m) in the descent on the 272-degree radial from the VOR.[2] The controller advised them that they might encounter heavy turbulence if they went more than six or seven miles (5.2 or 6.1 nmi; 9.7 or 11.3 km) west of the airport.[2] The crew requested a left-hand procedure rather than the more normal right-hand one because of the weather.[2] Permission was granted and the aircraft, already in severe turbulence, entered a left-hand turn and then crashed into the sea at 1:50 a.m., nine nautical miles (10 mi; 17 km) from Madh Island.[2]","title":"Accident"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAA-2"}],"text":"Because no wreckage was salvaged and the crew did not report any problems, it was concluded that the aircraft was probably lost due to loss of control while turning in severe turbulence and heavy rain.[2]","title":"Probable cause"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colegio_de_San_Juan_de_Letran_monument_of_Ramon_Valdes_Albano,_Henry_Cabrera_Chuatoco_and_Wilfredo_Mendoza_Santiago.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boy Scouts of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"11th World Scout Jamboree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_World_Scout_Jamboree"},{"link_name":"Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon,_Greece"},{"link_name":"KLM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLM"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inquirer-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inquirer-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"11th World Scout Jamboree Memorial Rotonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_World_Scout_Jamboree_Memorial_Rotonda"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Colegio de San Juan de Letran monument of Ramon Albano, Henry Chuatoco and Wilfredo Santiago of the Manila Scout Council24 scouts and scouting officials of the Boy Scouts of the Philippines were headed to the 11th World Scout Jamboree in Marathon, Greece. From Manila, the delegation took a KLM flight to Hong Kong to catch the United Arab Airlines 869 connecting flight to Athens. The Filipino delegation were among the 63 killed in the crash.[4][5]From Manila Boy Scout Council:Ramon V. Albano\nHenry Chuatoco\nJose Antonio Delgado\nPedro Gandia\nGabriel Borromeo\nWilfredo Santiago and\nAscario Tuason, Jr.From Quezon City Council:Roberto Castor\nRomeo R. Rallos and\nRogelio Ybardolaza.The remainder of the scouts:Victor de Guia, Jr. (Baguio City)\nAntonio Limbaga (Zamboanga City)\nRoberto Lozano (Dagupan City)\nPaulo Madriñan (Pasay City)\nPatricio Dulay Bayoran Jr. (Negros Occidental Council)\nJose Fermin Magbanua (Negros Oriental)\nFilamor Reyes (Cavite)Antonio Torillo (Cavite)\nBenecio Tobias (Tarlac) and\nFelix Fuentebella, Jr. (both Manila and Goa, Camarines Sur Councils)BSP scouters that died in the crash:[4][6]Scoutmaster and Physician, Bonifacio Vitan Lazcano, M.D.\nChaplain Fr. Jose Agcaoili Martinez, S.J.\nAssistant Scoutmaster Librado L. S. Fernandez\nAssistant Scoutmaster Florante Lirio OjedaThese scouts are commemorated at both the 11th World Scout Jamboree Memorial Rotonda and the Colegio de San Juan de Letran monument shown above. In addition, the streets around the rotonda are named after the scouts and scouters who perished.[citation needed]","title":"Boy Scouts of the Philippines scouting contingent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-903083-44-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903083-44-2"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:De_Havilland_Comet-related"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:De_Havilland_Comet-related"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:De_Havilland_Comet-related"},{"link_name":"de Havilland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland"},{"link_name":"Comet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Comet"},{"link_name":"Comet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Comet"},{"link_name":"Nimrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Nimrod"},{"link_name":"R.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Nimrod_R1"},{"link_name":"AEW.3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Aerospace_Nimrod_AEW3"},{"link_name":"MRA.4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Systems_Nimrod_MRA4"},{"link_name":"BOAC Flight 115","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOAC_Flight_115"},{"link_name":"BOAC Flight 783","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOAC_Flight_783"},{"link_name":"BOAC Flight 781","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOAC_Flight_781"},{"link_name":"South African Airways Flight 201","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Airways_Flight_201"},{"link_name":"Aerolíneas Argentinas Flight 322","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerol%C3%ADneas_Argentinas_Flight_322"},{"link_name":"United Arab Airlines Flight 869 (1962)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Airlines_Flight_869_(1962)"},{"link_name":"United Arab Airlines Flight 869 (1963)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Cyprus Airways Flight 284","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_Airways_Flight_284"},{"link_name":"Dan-Air Flight 1903","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan-Air_Flight_1903"},{"link_name":"RAF Nimrod R.1 XW666","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Royal_Air_Force_Nimrod_R1_ditching"},{"link_name":"RAF Nimrod MR.2 XV239","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Royal_Air_Force_Nimrod_MR2_crash"},{"link_name":"RAF Nimrod MR.2 XV230","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Royal_Air_Force_Nimrod_crash"},{"link_name":"In fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_in_fiction#de_Havilland_Comet"},{"link_name":"Operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_de_Havilland_Comet_operators"},{"link_name":"Seymour Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Collection"},{"link_name":"Ronald Eric Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Eric_Bishop"},{"link_name":"John Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cunningham_(RAF_officer)"},{"link_name":"Tony Fairbrother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Fairbrother"},{"link_name":"Sud Aviation Caravelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud_Aviation_Caravelle"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_India"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_India"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_India"},{"link_name":"BOAC Flight 783","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOAC_Flight_783"},{"link_name":"Dan-Air Avro York crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Dan-Air_Avro_York_crash"},{"link_name":"Alitalia Flight 771","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alitalia_Flight_771"},{"link_name":"United Arab Airlines Flight 869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Poonch IAF helicopter crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_Poonch_Indian_Air_Force_helicopter_crash"},{"link_name":"Gujarat Beechcraft incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat_Beechcraft_incident"},{"link_name":"Indian Air Force An-32 crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Indian_Air_Force_An-12_crash"},{"link_name":"Garuda Indonesian Airways Flight 892","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garuda_Indonesian_Airways_Flight_892"},{"link_name":"1971 Indian Airlines hijacking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Indian_Airlines_hijacking"},{"link_name":"Japan Air Lines Flight 471","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Air_Lines_Flight_471"},{"link_name":"Japan Air Lines Flight 472","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Air_Lines_Flight_472_(1972)"},{"link_name":"Indian Airlines Flight 440","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Airlines_Flight_440"},{"link_name":"Nepal plane hijack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Nepal_plane_hijack"},{"link_name":"Indian Airlines Flight 171","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Airlines_Flight_171"},{"link_name":"Air India Flight 855","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_India_Flight_855"},{"link_name":"Indian Airlines Flight 403","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Airlines_Flight_403"},{"link_name":"Indian Airlines Flight 410","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Airlines_Flight_410"},{"link_name":"Indian Airlines Flight 423","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Airlines_Flight_423"},{"link_name":"Air India Flight 403","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_India_Flight_403"},{"link_name":"Indian Airlines Flight 405","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Airlines_Flight_405"},{"link_name":"Indian Airlines Flight 421","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Airlines_Flight_421"},{"link_name":"Pan Am Flight 73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_73"},{"link_name":"Indian Airlines Flight 113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Airlines_Flight_113"},{"link_name":"Indian Airlines Flight 605","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Airlines_Flight_605"},{"link_name":"Indian Airlines Flight 257","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Airlines_Flight_257"},{"link_name":"Indian Airlines Flight 427","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Airlines_Flight_427"},{"link_name":"Indian Airlines Flight 491","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Airlines_Flight_491"},{"link_name":"Indira Gandhi Airport collision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Indira_Gandhi_Airport_collision"},{"link_name":"Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Charkhi_Dadri_mid-air_collision"},{"link_name":"Indian Airlines Flight 503","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Airlines_Flight_503"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Pakistan_Breguet_1150_Atlantic_shootdown"},{"link_name":"Indian Airlines Flight 814","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Airlines_Flight_814"},{"link_name":"Alliance Air Flight 7412","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Air_Flight_7412"},{"link_name":"Jalandhar MiG-21 crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Jalandhar_MiG-21_crash"},{"link_name":"Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister helicopter crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Andhra_Pradesh_Chief_Minister_helicopter_crash"},{"link_name":"Air India Express Flight 812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_India_Express_Flight_812"},{"link_name":"Pawan Hans Mi-17 crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Pawan_Hans_Mi-17_crash"},{"link_name":"Indian Air Force An-32 crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Indian_Air_Force_An-32_crash"},{"link_name":"UY Aviation King Air C90 crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_UY_Aviation_King_Air_C90_crash"},{"link_name":"Air India Express Flight 611","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_India_Express_Flight_611"},{"link_name":"Indian Air Force An-32 crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Indian_Air_Force_An-32_crash"},{"link_name":"Air India Express Flight 1344","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_India_Express_Flight_1344"},{"link_name":"Indian Air Force Mil Mi-17 crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Indian_Air_Force_Mil_Mi-17_crash"},{"link_name":"Chetak Helicopter Crash at INS Garuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetak_Helicopter_Crash_at_INS_Garuda"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1963"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1963"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1963"},{"link_name":"Aviation accidents and incidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_accidents_and_incidents"},{"link_name":"Elephant Mountain B-52 crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_Elephant_Mountain_B-52_crash"},{"link_name":"1963 Ankara mid-air collision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_Ankara_mid-air_collision"},{"link_name":"Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 705","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Orient_Airlines_Flight_705"},{"link_name":"Philippine Air Lines Flight 984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Air_Lines_Flight_984"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 191","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_191"},{"link_name":"Camden PA-24 crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_Camden_PA-24_crash"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_25"},{"link_name":"Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 293","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Orient_Airlines_Flight_293"},{"link_name":"Mohawk Airlines Flight 112","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_Airlines_Flight_112"},{"link_name":"NZ National Airways Flight 441","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Airways_Corporation_Flight_441"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_012"},{"link_name":"United Arab Airlines Flight 869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 366","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_366"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 663","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_663"},{"link_name":"Swissair Flight 306","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swissair_Flight_306"},{"link_name":"BAC One-Eleven test crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_BAC_One-Eleven_test_crash"},{"link_name":"Aero Flight 217","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aero_Flight_217"},{"link_name":"Poonch IAF helicopter crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_Poonch_Indian_Air_Force_helicopter_crash"},{"link_name":"Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 831","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Canada_Air_Lines_Flight_831"},{"link_name":"Pan Am Flight 214","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_214"},{"link_name":"1962 ◄","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1962"},{"link_name":"► 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1964"}],"text":"World Accident Summary. Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom). 1974. ISBN 0-903083-44-2.vtede Havilland Comet familyvariants\nComet\nNimrod\nR.1\nAEW.3\nMRA.4\ntopicsaccidentsandincidents\nBOAC Flight 115 (1952)\nBOAC Flight 783 (1953)\nBOAC Flight 781 (1954)\nSouth African Airways Flight 201 (1954)\nAerolíneas Argentinas Flight 322 (1961)\nUnited Arab Airlines Flight 869 (1962)\nUnited Arab Airlines Flight 869 (1963)\nCyprus Airways Flight 284 (1967)\nDan-Air Flight 1903 (1970)\nRAF Nimrod R.1 XW666 (1995)\nRAF Nimrod MR.2 XV239 (1995)\nRAF Nimrod MR.2 XV230 (2006)\n\nIn fiction\nOperators\nSeymour Collectionnotable people\nRonald Eric Bishop\nJohn Cunningham\nTony Fairbrother\nrelated aircraftSud Aviation CaravellevteAviation accidents and incidents in India1950s\nBOAC Flight 783 (May 1953)\nDan-Air Avro York crash (May 1958)\n1960s\nAlitalia Flight 771 (July 1962)\nUnited Arab Airlines Flight 869 (July 1963)\nPoonch IAF helicopter crash (July 1963)\nGujarat Beechcraft incident (September 1965)\nIndian Air Force An-32 crash (February 1968)\nGaruda Indonesian Airways Flight 892 (May 1968)\n1970s\n1971 Indian Airlines hijacking (January 1971)\nJapan Air Lines Flight 471 (June 1972)\nJapan Air Lines Flight 472 (September 1972)\nIndian Airlines Flight 440 (May 1973)\nNepal plane hijack (June 1973)\nIndian Airlines Flight 171 (January 1976)\nAir India Flight 855 (January 1978)\nIndian Airlines Flight 403 (December 1978)\nIndian Airlines Flight 410 (December 1978)\n1980s\nIndian Airlines Flight 423 (September 1981)\nAir India Flight 403 (June 1982)\nIndian Airlines Flight 405 (July 1984)\nIndian Airlines Flight 421 (August 1984)\n1986 Indian Air Force An-32 disappearance\nPan Am Flight 73 (September 1986)\nIndian Airlines Flight 113 (October 1988)\nIndian Airlines Flight 605 (February 1990)\n1990s\nIndian Airlines Flight 257 (August 1991)\nIndian Airlines Flight 427 (April 1993)\nIndian Airlines Flight 491 (April 1993)\nIndira Gandhi Airport collision (March 1994)\nCharkhi Dadri mid-air collision (November 1996)\nIndian Airlines Flight 503 (July 1998)\nPakistan Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown (August 1999)\nIndian Airlines Flight 814 (December 1999)\nAlliance Air Flight 7412 (July 2000)\n2000s\nJalandhar MiG-21 crash (May 2002)\nAndhra Pradesh Chief Minister helicopter crash (September 2009)\nAir India Express Flight 812 (May 2010)\n2010s\nPawan Hans Mi-17 crash (April 2011)\nIndian Air Force An-32 crash (July 2016)\nUY Aviation King Air C90 crash (June 2018)\nAir India Express Flight 611 (October 2018)\nIndian Air Force An-32 crash (June 2019)\n2020s\nAir India Express Flight 1344 (August 2020)\nIndian Air Force Mil Mi-17 crash December 2021)\nChetak Helicopter Crash at INS Garuda (November 2023)vteAviation accidents and incidents in 1963 (1963) \nJan 13 Elephant Mountain B-52 crashFeb 1 1963 Ankara mid-air collisionFeb 12 Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 705Mar 2 Philippine Air Lines Flight 984Mar 5 Aeroflot Flight 191Mar 5 Camden PA-24 crashApr 4 Aeroflot Flight 25Jun 3 Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 293Jul 2 Mohawk Airlines Flight 112Jul 3 NZ National Airways Flight 441Jul 13 Aeroflot Flight 012Jul 27 United Arab Airlines Flight 869Aug 21 Aeroflot Flight 366Aug 24 Aeroflot Flight 663Sep 4 Swissair Flight 306Oct 22 BAC One-Eleven test crashNov 8 Aero Flight 217Nov 22 Poonch IAF helicopter crashNov 29 Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 831Dec 8 Pan Am Flight 214\n \n \n 1962 ◄ \n ► 1964","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"image_text":"Colegio de San Juan de Letran monument of Ramon Albano, Henry Chuatoco and Wilfredo Santiago of the Manila Scout Council","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Colegio_de_San_Juan_de_Letran_monument_of_Ramon_Valdes_Albano%2C_Henry_Cabrera_Chuatoco_and_Wilfredo_Mendoza_Santiago.jpg/220px-Colegio_de_San_Juan_de_Letran_monument_of_Ramon_Valdes_Albano%2C_Henry_Cabrera_Chuatoco_and_Wilfredo_Mendoza_Santiago.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Airliner Crash in Sea Near Bombay – Scouts Among 62 on Board, Search For Bodies\". News. The Times. No. 55765. London. 29 July 1963. col D, p. 10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"World Accident Summary. Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom). 1974. ISBN 0-903083-44-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903083-44-2","url_text":"0-903083-44-2"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19630727-0","external_links_name":"Accident description"},{"Link":"https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/454111/tragic-death-of-boy-scouts-remembered","external_links_name":"Tragic death of Boy Scouts remembered"},{"Link":"https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1250/today-in-philippine-history-july-28-1963-24-delagates-to-the-11th-boy-scout-world-jamboree-in-greece-perished-in-a-tragic-plane-crash","external_links_name":"Today in Philippine History, July 28, 1963, 24 delagates[sic] to the 11th Boy Scout World Jamboree in Greece perished in a tragic plane crash"},{"Link":"https://lakansining.wordpress.com/2020/02/21/quezon-city-the-11th-world-scout-jamboree-memorial-rotonda-and-other-scouting-monuments-in-the-philippines/","external_links_name":"Quezon City: The 11th World Scout Jamboree Memorial Rotonda and other Scouting Monuments in the Philippines"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fei_Xin
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Fei Xin
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["1 Biography","2 See also","3 Notes","4 References","4.1 Citations","4.2 Sources","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
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In this Chinese name, the family name is Fei.
Fei Xin (simplified Chinese: 费信; traditional Chinese: 費信; c. 1385/1388 - after 1436) was a member of the military personnel of the fleet of the Ming dynasty admiral Zheng He, known as the author of a book about the countries visited by Chinese ships.
Biography
Little is known about Fei Xin's life. His family originated from Kunshan, in today's Jiangsu Province. Based on other dates mentioned by him, it is likely that he was born in the 17th year of the Hongwu era (1385), although some authors' calculation give 1388 as the date of his birth. He taught himself the Arabic language.
According to what Fei Xin says in the preface to his book, his family was poor. His older brother was called up to serve at the nearby Taicang garrison, but soon died, and young Fei Xin took his place, in or after 1398. J.J.L. Duyvendak speculated that the Fei brothers had been conscripted as a punishment for some political or other offense of their father or grandfather; there is no actual proof of that, but Fei Xin's later biographer, Roderich Ptak, thought that that wasn't impossible.
While a soldier, he managed to find time for study. Taicang being the lower-Yangtze base of the Zheng He fleet, Fei Xin ended up sailing with the fleet to the South-East Asia and the Indian Ocean four times.
Fei Xin is primarily known as the author of the book Xingcha Shenglan (Description of the Starry Raft; preface dated 1436), in which he recorded what he had seen on his 4 voyages to the southern seas. There are no known mentions of his activities at later dates than 1436, and there is no information about the actual date of his death either.
According to Ptak, there is no reliable information about Fei Xin's religion. Ptak believes that it is unlikely that Fei Xin was a Muslim, like Ma Huan or Zheng He himself. Fei Xin did conclude his book with the description of Mecca, but this may have been just an emulation of Ma Huan's book's layout.
Fei Xin's book exists in a number of different Ming-era editions. It has been studied by many Chinese and foreign historians. The first English translation of his book was made by William Woodville Rockhill, and published in the T'oung Pao in 1914-1915. The most recent translation, based on a draft by J.V.G. Mills, was edited and annotated by Roderich Ptak (1996).
See also
Ma Huan, another participants of Zheng He's expeditions who wrote a book
Chen Cheng (Ming Dynasty), the Chinese diplomat who left an account of his travels to Samarqand and Herat in the same time period
Notes
^ Rockhill's work, covering also numerous other sources, appeared in several installments. One of them is this: W. W. Rockhill, Notes on the Relations and Trade of China with the Eastern Archipelago and the Coast of the Indian Ocean during the Fourteenth Century. Part II. T'oung Pao, Second Series, Vol. 16, No. 1 (Mar., 1915), pp. 61-159.
References
Citations
^ Fei 1996, pp. 18.
^ a b c d e f Fei 1996, pp. 19.
^ a b c Pelliot 1933, pp. 264–268.
^ Fei 1996, pp. 16–17.
^ Fei 1996, pp. 9–11.
^ Fei 1996, pp. 20.
^ Fei 1996
Sources
Pelliot, Paul (1933), "Les grands voyages maritimes chinois au début du XVème siècle", T'oung Pao (in French), 30 (3/5): 237–452, JSTOR 4527050
Fei, Xin (1996), Ptak, Roderich (ed.), Hsing-chʻa-sheng-lan: the overall survey of the star raft, Volume 4 of South China and maritime Asia, translated by J. V. G. Mills; Roderich Ptak, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 3-447-03798-9 (Partial view on Google Books)
Further reading
Description of the Starry Raft (1436) Xin Cha Shen Lan 星槎勝覽
Wyatt, Don J. (2009), The Blacks of Premodern China, Encounters with Asia, University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 102–103, ISBN 0-8122-4193-2
External links
Works by Xin Fei at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Fei Xin at Internet Archive
vteChinese travellers and explorersQin
Xu Fu (255 BC–210 BC)
Han
Zhang Qian (164 BC–113 BC)
Ban Chao (1st century)
Gan Ying (1st century)
Jin
Faxian (337–422)
Tang
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Yijing (635–713)
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Wukong (730–790)
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Song
Jakuen (1207–1299)
Yuan
Rabban Bar Sauma (1220–1294)
Zhou Daguan (1270-?)
Wang Dayuan (fl. 1311–1350)
Ming
Chen Cheng (1365–1457)
Zheng He (1371–1435)
Ma Huan (1380–1460)
Fei Xin (1385–1436)
Fu An (fl. 1385–1429)
Lin Nu (fl. 14th c.)
Yishiha (1409–1451)
Hong Bao (1412–1433)
Xu Xiake (1587–1641)
vteGeography and cartography in the medieval Islamic worldGeographers9th century
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Abu Hanifa Dinawari
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10th century
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13th century
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14th century
Al-Dimashqi
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Hamdallah Mustawfi
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15th century
Abd-al-Razzāq Samarqandī
Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh
Ahmad ibn Mājid
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Works
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Tabula Rogeriana
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Fei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fei_(surname)"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Zheng He","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He"},{"link_name":"visited by Chinese ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_treasure_voyages"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Fei.Fei Xin (simplified Chinese: 费信; traditional Chinese: 費信; c. 1385/1388 - after 1436) was a member of the military personnel of the fleet of the Ming dynasty admiral Zheng He, known as the author of a book about the countries visited by Chinese ships.","title":"Fei Xin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFei199618-1"},{"link_name":"Kunshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunshan"},{"link_name":"Jiangsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangsu"},{"link_name":"Hongwu era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFei199619-2"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Taicang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taicang"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFei199619-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelliot1933264%E2%80%93268-3"},{"link_name":"J.J.L. Duyvendak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.J.L._Duyvendak"},{"link_name":"Roderich Ptak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roderich_Ptak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFei199619-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFei199619-2"},{"link_name":"Taicang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taicang"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelliot1933264%E2%80%93268-3"},{"link_name":"Xingcha Shenglan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xingcha_Shenglan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFei199619-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelliot1933264%E2%80%93268-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFei199619-2"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"Ma Huan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Huan"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFei199616%E2%80%9317-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFei19969%E2%80%9311-5"},{"link_name":"William Woodville Rockhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Woodville_Rockhill"},{"link_name":"T'oung Pao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%27oung_Pao"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFei199620-6"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"J.V.G. Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J.V.G._Mills&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Little is known about Fei Xin's life.[1] His family originated from Kunshan, in today's Jiangsu Province. Based on other dates mentioned by him, it is likely that he was born in the 17th year of the Hongwu era (1385), although some authors' calculation give 1388 as the date of his birth.[2] He taught himself the Arabic language.[citation needed]According to what Fei Xin says in the preface to his book, his family was poor. His older brother was called up to serve at the nearby Taicang garrison, but soon died, and young Fei Xin took his place, in or after 1398.[2][3] J.J.L. Duyvendak speculated that the Fei brothers had been conscripted as a punishment for some political or other offense of their father or grandfather; there is no actual proof of that, but Fei Xin's later biographer, Roderich Ptak, thought that that wasn't impossible.[2]While a soldier, he managed to find time for study.[2] Taicang being the lower-Yangtze base of the Zheng He fleet, Fei Xin ended up sailing with the fleet to the South-East Asia and the Indian Ocean four times.[3]Fei Xin is primarily known as the author of the book Xingcha Shenglan (Description of the Starry Raft; preface dated 1436), in which he recorded what he had seen on his 4 voyages to the southern seas.[2][3] There are no known mentions of his activities at later dates than 1436, and there is no information about the actual date of his death either.[2]According to Ptak, there is no reliable information about Fei Xin's religion. Ptak believes that it is unlikely that Fei Xin was a Muslim, like Ma Huan or Zheng He himself. Fei Xin did conclude his book with the description of Mecca, but this may have been just an emulation of Ma Huan's book's layout.[4]Fei Xin's book exists in a number of different Ming-era editions.[5] It has been studied by many Chinese and foreign historians. The first English translation of his book was made by William Woodville Rockhill, and published in the T'oung Pao in 1914-1915.[6][note 1] The most recent translation, based on a draft by J.V.G. Mills, was edited and annotated by Roderich Ptak (1996).[7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Rockhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Woodville_Rockhill"},{"link_name":"Notes on the Relations and Trade of China with the Eastern Archipelago and the Coast of the Indian Ocean during the Fourteenth Century. Part II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/4526442"}],"text":"^ Rockhill's work, covering also numerous other sources, appeared in several installments. One of them is this: W. W. Rockhill, Notes on the Relations and Trade of China with the Eastern Archipelago and the Coast of the Indian Ocean during the Fourteenth Century. Part II. T'oung Pao, Second Series, Vol. 16, No. 1 (Mar., 1915), pp. 61-159.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Description of the Starry Raft (1436) Xin Cha Shen Lan 星槎勝覽","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110719222002/http://www.open-lit.com/listbook.php?cid=1&gbid=331&start=&PHPSESSID=52477208c31d1ce45f160eb88ef78b63"},{"link_name":"The Blacks of Premodern China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=UMIKjFQB98MC&pg=PA102"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8122-4193-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-4193-2"}],"text":"Description of the Starry Raft (1436) Xin Cha Shen Lan 星槎勝覽\nWyatt, Don J. (2009), The Blacks of Premodern China, Encounters with Asia, University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 102–103, ISBN 0-8122-4193-2","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Ma Huan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Huan"},{"title":"Chen Cheng (Ming Dynasty)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Cheng_(Ming_Dynasty)"},{"title":"Samarqand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarqand"},{"title":"Herat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat"}]
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