url
stringlengths 31
184
| title
stringlengths 1
146
⌀ | table_of_contents
stringlengths 2
24.4k
| raw_text
stringlengths 16
424k
⌀ | cataloged_text
stringlengths 2
1.2M
| images
stringlengths 2
86.9k
| see_also
stringlengths 2
149k
⌀ | references
stringlengths 2
542k
| external_links
stringlengths 2
292k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Please
|
Information Please
|
["1 Regulars","2 Accolades","3 Television","4 International","5 References","5.1 General references","5.2 Inline citations","6 Listen to","7 External links"]
|
American radio quiz show
For the almanac, see Time Almanac with Information Please.
Information PleaseGenreradioCreated byDan GolenpaulPresented byClifton FadimanCountry of originUnited StatesNo. of seasons13ProductionRunning time30 minutesOriginal releaseNetworkNBC RadioReleaseMay 17, 1938 (1938-05-17) –April 22, 1951 (1951-04-22)
Information Please is an American radio quiz show, created by Dan Golenpaul, which aired on NBC from May 17, 1938, to April 22, 1951. The title was the contemporary phrase used to request from telephone operators what was then called "information" and later called "directory assistance".
The series was moderated by Clifton Fadiman. A panel of experts would attempt to answer questions submitted by listeners. For the first few shows, a listener was paid $2 for a question that was used, and $5 more if the experts could not answer it correctly. When the show got its first sponsor (Canada Dry), the total amounts were increased to $5 and $10 respectively. A complete Encyclopædia Britannica was later added to the prize for questions that stumped the panel. The amounts rose to $10 and $25 when Lucky Strike took over sponsorship of the program.
By 1948, the prizes changed to the following: submitting a question awarded the viewer an Encyclopædia Britannica world atlas, and stumping the panel added a $50 savings bond plus the complete encyclopedia. They also replaced the regular sponsorship with a different sponsor for certain broadcasts.
Regulars
Panel regulars included writer-actor-pianist Oscar Levant and newspaper columnists and renowned wits and intellectuals Franklin P. Adams and John Kieran. All the panelists were well versed in a wide range of topics, though each had a specialty. Music and film questions were often addressed to Levant. Adams was well known for his mastery of poetry, popular culture and Gilbert and Sullivan. Kieran was an expert in natural history, sports and literature. A typical question would have three or four parts and would require the panelists to get a majority of the questions right, lest they lose the prize money.
The show would always have a fourth guest panelist, usually either a celebrity, a politician or writer. Guest panelists included Fred Allen, Leonard Bernstein, Boris Karloff, Clare Boothe Luce, Groucho Marx, Dorothy Parker, S. J. Perelman, Sigmund Spaeth, Rex Stout, Jan Struther, Deems Taylor, Jackie Robinson, Alexander Woollcott, George S. Kaufman, Ruth Gordon, Orson Welles, Basil Rathbone, Moe Berg, and a very young Myron "Mike" Wallace.
The show was as much a comedy as a quiz show. The panelists displayed a quick wit in answering the questions, reveling in puns and malapropisms. (For instance, once the panel was asked to supply a common household expression. Adams: "Please pass the salt." Kieran: "The front doorbell's ringing." Levant: "Are you going to stay in that bathroom all day?") Due to the spontaneous nature of the program, it became the first show for which NBC allowed a prerecorded repeat for the West Coast.
Accolades
During World War II, the show frequently went on tours from its New York City base to promote the buying of war bonds. Instead of the usual cash prize, a question writer would win a bond. The show received several awards as an outstanding radio quiz show. It is also believed to be the earliest example of the panel game genre.
The program was so popular that, from 1939 to 1943, excerpts of 18 radio broadcasts were filmed and released by RKO Pictures as a series of theatrical shorts. Two card games based on the series were also released, as was a 1939 tie-in quiz book from Simon & Schuster.
The show was satirized by the zany panel of radio's It Pays to Be Ignorant, which likewise enjoyed a successful radio run from 1942 to 1951.
In 1947, Golenpaul edited the Information Please Almanac, a reference book which continued through the years in different formats (including the website Infoplease).
The program was mentioned by name in the 1949 film A Letter to Three Wives.
At the start of the 1942 movie Woman of the Year, Spencer Tracy's character enters a bar and hears on the radio Katharine Hepburn's character appearing on Information Please.
Television
Information PleaseGenreTVCreated byDan GolenpaulPresented byClifton Fadiman (June–August)John McCaffery (August–September)Country of originUnited StatesProductionRunning time30 minutesOriginal releaseNetworkCBSReleaseJune 29 (1952-06-29) –September 21, 1952 (1952-09-21)
Information Please went to television from June 29 to September 21, 1952, on CBS Television on Sundays at 9:00 pm as a summer replacement for The Fred Waring Show, a musical variety series. Adams and Kieran returned to the show, with Fadiman again as host and two guest celebrities. On August 17, Fadiman was replaced by John McCaffery for the rest of the show's run.
A variation of Information Please, this time a program devoted exclusively to music with the same four-member panel format, became popular when it was televised in Los Angeles in 1953. After two years of local success, Musical Chairs became a summer replacement series on NBC Television. The Bill Leyden-hosted game show lasted eleven weeks on the national airwaves.
International
An Australian version of the program was first broadcast from Melbourne radio station 3DB in about 1939, and was relayed to Sydney station 2CH from July 1941. It was soon relayed nationwide through the Major Broadcasting Network. The program continued into the early 1960s. John Stuart was the host. (Stuart was a prominent 3DB broadcaster who presented the breakfast program under the pseudonym Daybreak Dan, and the children's session as Bob Breezy.) Panelists included Barry Jones, Edward Alexander Mann, who broadcast as "The Watchman", Crosbie Morrison, Alan Nichols, John Lynch, Professor W.A. Osborne, Ian Mair, Dr Charles Souter, Eric Welch.
References
General references
Martin Grams Jr. Information Please. Albany, Georgia: BearManor Media, 2003
Inline citations
^ Zolotow, Maurice (c. 1952). No People Like Show People. New York: Random House. p. 152.
^ Dunning, John (1998). On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio. Oxford University Press, Inc. ISBN 978-0-19-507678-3. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
^ https://www.scripts.com/script/woman_of_the_year_23618
^ Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle (2007). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946–Present (9 ed.). p. 665. ISBN 978-0-345-49773-4. Retrieved 2023-02-19.
^ MacArthur, Harry (April 27, 1952). "Groucho Wins More Friends; Other Notes on the TV Scene". The Sunday Star. District of Columbia, Washington. p. C 8. Retrieved March 21, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Radio Times (Melbourne weekly journal), 25 July 1941.
^ "Before the Parrot: The 'News Commentator' on Australian Commercial Radio" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-01-28. Retrieved 2015-01-24.
^ From Wireless to Radio. The 3DB Story McLaughlin, Bill, Melbourne, 1985.
^ Changing Stations. The Story of Australian Commercial Radio Griffen-Foley, Bridget, Sydney, 2009.
Listen to
Archive.org Information Please radio shows
OTR Network Library: Information Please (68 episodes from 1938-1943)
Zoot Radio, free old time radio show downloads of 'Information Please.'
"Information Please". RadioEchoes. 1938–1948. 236 episodes.
External links
Jerry Haendiges Vintage Radio Logs: Information Please
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Time Almanac with Information Please","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Almanac_with_Information_Please"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Radio"},{"link_name":"quiz show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiz_show"},{"link_name":"Dan Golenpaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Golenpaul"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Radio_Network"},{"link_name":"telephone operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchboard_operator"},{"link_name":"directory assistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_assistance"},{"link_name":"Clifton Fadiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Fadiman"},{"link_name":"Canada Dry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Dry"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica"},{"link_name":"Lucky Strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Strike"}],"text":"For the almanac, see Time Almanac with Information Please.Information Please is an American radio quiz show, created by Dan Golenpaul, which aired on NBC from May 17, 1938, to April 22, 1951. The title was the contemporary phrase used to request from telephone operators what was then called \"information\" and later called \"directory assistance\".The series was moderated by Clifton Fadiman. A panel of experts would attempt to answer questions submitted by listeners. For the first few shows, a listener was paid $2 for a question that was used, and $5 more if the experts could not answer it correctly. When the show got its first sponsor (Canada Dry), the total amounts were increased to $5 and $10 respectively. A complete Encyclopædia Britannica was later added to the prize for questions that stumped the panel. The amounts rose to $10 and $25 when Lucky Strike took over sponsorship of the program.By 1948, the prizes changed to the following: submitting a question awarded the viewer an Encyclopædia Britannica world atlas, and stumping the panel added a $50 savings bond plus the complete encyclopedia. They also replaced the regular sponsorship with a different sponsor for certain broadcasts.","title":"Information Please"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oscar Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Levant"},{"link_name":"Franklin P. Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce_Adams"},{"link_name":"John Kieran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kieran"},{"link_name":"Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"},{"link_name":"poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry"},{"link_name":"popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture"},{"link_name":"Gilbert and Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"natural history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_history"},{"link_name":"sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports"},{"link_name":"literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature"},{"link_name":"Fred Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Allen"},{"link_name":"Leonard Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein"},{"link_name":"Boris Karloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Karloff"},{"link_name":"Clare Boothe Luce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce"},{"link_name":"Groucho Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groucho_Marx"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Parker"},{"link_name":"S. J. Perelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._J._Perelman"},{"link_name":"Sigmund Spaeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Spaeth"},{"link_name":"Rex Stout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Stout"},{"link_name":"Jan Struther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Struther"},{"link_name":"Deems Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deems_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Jackie Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Alexander Woollcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Woollcott"},{"link_name":"George S. Kaufman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_S._Kaufman"},{"link_name":"Ruth Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Orson Welles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles"},{"link_name":"Basil Rathbone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Rathbone"},{"link_name":"Moe Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moe_Berg"},{"link_name":"Myron \"Mike\" Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Wallace"},{"link_name":"malapropisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malapropism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"West Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dunning-2"}],"text":"Panel regulars included writer-actor-pianist Oscar Levant and newspaper columnists and renowned wits and intellectuals Franklin P. Adams and John Kieran. All the panelists were well versed in a wide range of topics, though each had a specialty. Music and film questions were often addressed to Levant. Adams was well known for his mastery of poetry, popular culture and Gilbert and Sullivan. Kieran was an expert in natural history, sports and literature. A typical question would have three or four parts and would require the panelists to get a majority of the questions right, lest they lose the prize money.The show would always have a fourth guest panelist, usually either a celebrity, a politician or writer. Guest panelists included Fred Allen, Leonard Bernstein, Boris Karloff, Clare Boothe Luce, Groucho Marx, Dorothy Parker, S. J. Perelman, Sigmund Spaeth, Rex Stout, Jan Struther, Deems Taylor, Jackie Robinson, Alexander Woollcott, George S. Kaufman, Ruth Gordon, Orson Welles, Basil Rathbone, Moe Berg, and a very young Myron \"Mike\" Wallace.The show was as much a comedy as a quiz show. The panelists displayed a quick wit in answering the questions, reveling in puns and malapropisms. (For instance, once the panel was asked to supply a common household expression. Adams: \"Please pass the salt.\" Kieran: \"The front doorbell's ringing.\" Levant: \"Are you going to stay in that bathroom all day?\"[1]) Due to the spontaneous nature of the program, it became the first show for which NBC allowed a prerecorded repeat for the West Coast.[2]","title":"Regulars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"war bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_bond"},{"link_name":"panel game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_game"},{"link_name":"RKO Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RKO_Pictures"},{"link_name":"theatrical shorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_short"},{"link_name":"Simon & Schuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster"},{"link_name":"It Pays to Be Ignorant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Pays_to_Be_Ignorant"},{"link_name":"Information Please Almanac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Please_Almanac"},{"link_name":"A Letter to Three Wives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Letter_to_Three_Wives"},{"link_name":"Woman of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Spencer Tracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Tracy"},{"link_name":"Katharine Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"During World War II, the show frequently went on tours from its New York City base to promote the buying of war bonds. Instead of the usual cash prize, a question writer would win a bond. The show received several awards as an outstanding radio quiz show. It is also believed to be the earliest example of the panel game genre.The program was so popular that, from 1939 to 1943, excerpts of 18 radio broadcasts were filmed and released by RKO Pictures as a series of theatrical shorts. Two card games based on the series were also released, as was a 1939 tie-in quiz book from Simon & Schuster.The show was satirized by the zany panel of radio's It Pays to Be Ignorant, which likewise enjoyed a successful radio run from 1942 to 1951.In 1947, Golenpaul edited the Information Please Almanac, a reference book which continued through the years in different formats (including the website Infoplease).The program was mentioned by name in the 1949 film A Letter to Three Wives.At the start of the 1942 movie Woman of the Year, Spencer Tracy's character enters a bar and hears on the radio Katharine Hepburn's character appearing on Information Please.[3]","title":"Accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CBS Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Television"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Fred Waring Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fred_Waring_Show"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"John McCaffery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCaffery"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Musical Chairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_Chairs_(1955_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"NBC Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_television"},{"link_name":"Bill Leyden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Leyden"}],"text":"Information Please went to television from June 29 to September 21, 1952, on CBS Television on Sundays at 9:00 pm[4] as a summer replacement for The Fred Waring Show,[5] a musical variety series. Adams and Kieran returned to the show, with Fadiman again as host and two guest celebrities. On August 17, Fadiman was replaced by John McCaffery for the rest of the show's run.A variation of Information Please, this time a program devoted exclusively to music with the same four-member panel format, became popular when it was televised in Los Angeles in 1953. After two years of local success, Musical Chairs became a summer replacement series on NBC Television. The Bill Leyden-hosted game show lasted eleven weeks on the national airwaves.","title":"Television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3DB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3DB_(Melbourne)"},{"link_name":"2CH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2CH"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Major Broadcasting Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Broadcasting_Network"},{"link_name":"John Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_(broadcaster)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Barry Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Jones_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"Edward Alexander Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Mann_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Crosbie Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosbie_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Alan Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_Nichols_(broadcaster)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Professor W.A. Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professor_W.A._Osborne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dr Charles Souter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dr_Charles_Souter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eric Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Welch%27s_Sports_Album"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"An Australian version of the program was first broadcast from Melbourne radio station 3DB in about 1939, and was relayed to Sydney station 2CH from July 1941.[6] It was soon relayed nationwide through the Major Broadcasting Network. The program continued into the early 1960s. John Stuart was the host. (Stuart was a prominent 3DB broadcaster who presented the breakfast program under the pseudonym Daybreak Dan, and the children's session as Bob Breezy.) Panelists included Barry Jones, Edward Alexander Mann, who broadcast as \"The Watchman\",[7] Crosbie Morrison, Alan Nichols, John Lynch, Professor W.A. Osborne, Ian Mair, Dr Charles Souter, Eric Welch.[8][9]","title":"International"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archive.org Information Please radio shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/Information_Please_page1"},{"link_name":"OTR Network Library: Information Please (68 episodes from 1938-1943)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.otr.net/?p=infp"},{"link_name":"Zoot Radio, free old time radio show downloads of 'Information Please.'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//zootradio.com/Information_Please.php"},{"link_name":"\"Information Please\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.radioechoes.com/?page=series&genre=OTR-Quiz&series=Information%20Please"}],"text":"Archive.org Information Please radio shows\nOTR Network Library: Information Please (68 episodes from 1938-1943)\nZoot Radio, free old time radio show downloads of 'Information Please.'\n\"Information Please\". RadioEchoes. 1938–1948. 236 episodes.","title":"Listen to"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Zolotow, Maurice (c. 1952). No People Like Show People. New York: Random House. p. 152.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dunning, John (1998). On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio. Oxford University Press, Inc. ISBN 978-0-19-507678-3. Retrieved 2019-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EwtRbXNca0oC&dq=%22Information+Please+345%22+%221939+the+show+became+the+first+to+break+NBC%27s+firm+rule+against+prerecorded+entertainment%22&pg=PA345","url_text":"On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507678-3","url_text":"978-0-19-507678-3"}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle (2007). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946–Present (9 ed.). p. 665. ISBN 978-0-345-49773-4. Retrieved 2023-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=w8KztFy6QYwC&dq=%22Information+Please%22+%22June+29,+1952%22+%22September+21,+1952%22+%22Jun+1952-Sep+1952,+CBS+Sun+9:00-9:30%22&pg=PA665","url_text":"The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946–Present"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-49773-4","url_text":"978-0-345-49773-4"}]},{"reference":"MacArthur, Harry (April 27, 1952). \"Groucho Wins More Friends; Other Notes on the TV Scene\". The Sunday Star. District of Columbia, Washington. p. C 8. Retrieved March 21, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/815177110/?terms=%22Hollywood%20Screen%20Test%22&match=1","url_text":"\"Groucho Wins More Friends; Other Notes on the TV Scene\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Before the Parrot: The 'News Commentator' on Australian Commercial Radio\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-01-28. Retrieved 2015-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150128132121/http://www.canberra.edu.au/faculties/comm-international/amt/PDFs/AMT2005GriffenFoley.pdf","url_text":"\"Before the Parrot: The 'News Commentator' on Australian Commercial Radio\""},{"url":"http://www.canberra.edu.au/faculties/comm-international/amt/PDFs/AMT2005GriffenFoley.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Information Please\". RadioEchoes. 1938–1948.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radioechoes.com/?page=series&genre=OTR-Quiz&series=Information%20Please","url_text":"\"Information Please\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061103013458/http://bearmanormedia.bizland.com/id31.html","external_links_name":"Martin Grams Jr. Information Please. Albany, Georgia: BearManor Media, 2003"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EwtRbXNca0oC&dq=%22Information+Please+345%22+%221939+the+show+became+the+first+to+break+NBC%27s+firm+rule+against+prerecorded+entertainment%22&pg=PA345","external_links_name":"On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio"},{"Link":"https://www.scripts.com/script/woman_of_the_year_23618","external_links_name":"https://www.scripts.com/script/woman_of_the_year_23618"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=w8KztFy6QYwC&dq=%22Information+Please%22+%22June+29,+1952%22+%22September+21,+1952%22+%22Jun+1952-Sep+1952,+CBS+Sun+9:00-9:30%22&pg=PA665","external_links_name":"The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946–Present"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/815177110/?terms=%22Hollywood%20Screen%20Test%22&match=1","external_links_name":"\"Groucho Wins More Friends; Other Notes on the TV Scene\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150128132121/http://www.canberra.edu.au/faculties/comm-international/amt/PDFs/AMT2005GriffenFoley.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Before the Parrot: The 'News Commentator' on Australian Commercial Radio\""},{"Link":"http://www.canberra.edu.au/faculties/comm-international/amt/PDFs/AMT2005GriffenFoley.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/Information_Please_page1","external_links_name":"Archive.org Information Please radio shows"},{"Link":"http://www.otr.net/?p=infp","external_links_name":"OTR Network Library: Information Please (68 episodes from 1938-1943)"},{"Link":"http://zootradio.com/Information_Please.php","external_links_name":"Zoot Radio, free old time radio show downloads of 'Information Please.'"},{"Link":"http://www.radioechoes.com/?page=series&genre=OTR-Quiz&series=Information%20Please","external_links_name":"\"Information Please\""},{"Link":"http://www.otrsite.com/logs/logi1010.htm","external_links_name":"Jerry Haendiges Vintage Radio Logs: Information Please"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon-132
|
Isotopes of xenon
|
["1 List of isotopes","2 Xenon-124","3 Xenon-133","4 Xenon-135","5 Xenon-136","6 See also","7 References"]
|
Nuclides with atomic number of 54 but with different mass numbers
Isotopes of xenon (54Xe)
Main isotopes
Decay
abundance
half-life (t1/2)
mode
product
124Xe
0.095%
1.8×1022 y
εε
124Te
125Xe
synth
16.9 h
β+
125I
126Xe
0.0890%
stable
127Xe
synth
36.345 d
ε
127I
128Xe
1.91%
stable
129Xe
26.4%
stable
130Xe
4.07%
stable
131Xe
21.2%
stable
132Xe
26.9%
stable
133Xe
synth
5.247 d
β−
133Cs
134Xe
10.4%
stable
135Xe
synth
9.14 h
β−
135Cs
136Xe
8.86%
2.165×1021 y
β−β−
136Ba
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Xe)131.293±0.006131.29±0.01 (abridged)viewtalkedit
Naturally occurring xenon (54Xe) consists of seven stable isotopes and two very long-lived isotopes. Double electron capture has been observed in 124Xe (half-life 1.8 ± 0.5(stat) ± 0.1(sys) ×1022 years) and double beta decay in 136Xe (half-life 2.165 ± 0.016(stat) ± 0.059(sys) ×1021 years), which are among the longest measured half-lives of all nuclides. The isotopes 126Xe and 134Xe are also predicted to undergo double beta decay, but this process has never been observed in these isotopes, so they are considered to be stable. Beyond these stable forms, 32 artificial unstable isotopes and various isomers have been studied, the longest-lived of which is 127Xe with a half-life of 36.345 days. All other isotopes have half-lives less than 12 days, most less than 20 hours. The shortest-lived isotope, 108Xe, has a half-life of 58 μs, and is the heaviest known nuclide with equal numbers of protons and neutrons. Of known isomers, the longest-lived is 131mXe with a half-life of 11.934 days. 129Xe is produced by beta decay of 129I (half-life: 16 million years); 131mXe, 133Xe, 133mXe, and 135Xe are some of the fission products of both 235U and 239Pu, so are used as indicators of nuclear explosions.
The artificial isotope 135Xe is of considerable significance in the operation of nuclear fission reactors. 135Xe has a huge cross section for thermal neutrons, 2.65×106 barns, so it acts as a neutron absorber or "poison" that can slow or stop the chain reaction after a period of operation. This was discovered in the earliest nuclear reactors built by the American Manhattan Project for plutonium production. Because of this effect, designers must make provisions to increase the reactor's reactivity (the number of neutrons per fission that go on to fission other atoms of nuclear fuel) over the initial value needed to start the chain reaction. For the same reason, the fission products produced in a nuclear explosion and a power plant differ significantly as a large share of 135Xe will absorb neutrons in a steady state reactor, while basically none of the 135I will have had time to decay to xenon before the explosion of the bomb removes it from the neutron radiation.
Relatively high concentrations of radioactive xenon isotopes are also found emanating from nuclear reactors due to the release of this fission gas from cracked fuel rods or fissioning of uranium in cooling water. The concentrations of these isotopes are still usually low compared to the naturally occurring radioactive noble gas 222Rn.
Because xenon is a tracer for two parent isotopes, Xe isotope ratios in meteorites are a powerful tool for studying the formation of the Solar System. The I-Xe method of dating gives the time elapsed between nucleosynthesis and the condensation of a solid object from the solar nebula (xenon being a gas, only that part of it that formed after condensation will be present inside the object). Xenon isotopes are also a powerful tool for understanding terrestrial differentiation. Excess 129Xe found in carbon dioxide well gases from New Mexico was believed to be from the decay of mantle-derived gases soon after Earth's formation. It has been suggested that the isotopic composition of atmospheric xenon fluctuated prior to the GOE before stabilizing, perhaps as a result of the rise in atmospheric O2.
List of isotopes
Nuclide
Z
N
Isotopic mass (Da)
Half-life
Decaymode
Daughterisotope
Spin andparity
Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Excitation energy
Normal proportion
Range of variation
108Xe
54
54
58+106−23 μs
α
104Te
0+
109Xe
54
55
13(2) ms
α
105Te
110Xe
54
56
109.94428(14)
310(190) ms
β+
110I
0+
α
106Te
111Xe
54
57
110.94160(33)#
740(200) ms
β+ (90%)
111I
5/2+#
α (10%)
107Te
112Xe
54
58
111.93562(11)
2.7(8) s
β+ (99.1%)
112I
0+
α (.9%)
108Te
113Xe
54
59
112.93334(9)
2.74(8) s
β+ (92.98%)
113I
(5/2+)#
β+, p (7%)
112Te
α (.011%)
109Te
β+, α (.007%)
109Sb
114Xe
54
60
113.927980(12)
10.0(4) s
β+
114I
0+
115Xe
54
61
114.926294(13)
18(4) s
β+ (99.65%)
115I
(5/2+)
β+, p (.34%)
114Te
β+, α (3×10−4%)
111Sb
116Xe
54
62
115.921581(14)
59(2) s
β+
116I
0+
117Xe
54
63
116.920359(11)
61(2) s
β+ (99.99%)
117I
5/2(+)
β+, p (.0029%)
116Te
118Xe
54
64
117.916179(11)
3.8(9) min
β+
118I
0+
119Xe
54
65
118.915411(11)
5.8(3) min
β+
119I
5/2(+)
120Xe
54
66
119.911784(13)
40(1) min
β+
120I
0+
121Xe
54
67
120.911462(12)
40.1(20) min
β+
121I
(5/2+)
122Xe
54
68
121.908368(12)
20.1(1) h
EC
122I
0+
123Xe
54
69
122.908482(10)
2.08(2) h
β+
123I
1/2+
123mXe
185.18(22) keV
5.49(26) μs
7/2(−)
124Xe
54
70
123.905893(2)
1.8(5 (stat), 1 (sys))×1022 y
Double EC
124Te
0+
9.52(3)×10−4
125Xe
54
71
124.9063955(20)
16.9(2) h
β+
125I
1/2(+)
125m1Xe
252.60(14) keV
56.9(9) s
IT
125Xe
9/2(−)
125m2Xe
295.86(15) keV
0.14(3) μs
7/2(+)
126Xe
54
72
125.904274(7)
Observationally Stable
0+
8.90(2)×10−4
127Xe
54
73
126.905184(4)
36.345(3) d
EC
127I
1/2+
127mXe
297.10(8) keV
69.2(9) s
IT
127Xe
9/2−
128Xe
54
74
127.9035313(15)
Stable
0+
0.019102(8)
129Xe
54
75
128.9047794(8)
Stable
1/2+
0.264006(82)
129mXe
236.14(3) keV
8.88(2) d
IT
129Xe
11/2−
130Xe
54
76
129.9035080(8)
Stable
0+
0.040710(13)
131Xe
54
77
130.9050824(10)
Stable
3/2+
0.212324(30)
131mXe
163.930(8) keV
11.934(21) d
IT
131Xe
11/2−
132Xe
54
78
131.9041535(10)
Stable
0+
0.269086(33)
132mXe
2752.27(17) keV
8.39(11) ms
IT
132Xe
(10+)
133Xe
54
79
132.9059107(26)
5.2475(5) d
β−
133Cs
3/2+
133mXe
233.221(18) keV
2.19(1) d
IT
133Xe
11/2−
134Xe
54
80
133.9053945(9)
Observationally Stable
0+
0.104357(21)
134m1Xe
1965.5(5) keV
290(17) ms
IT
134Xe
7−
134m2Xe
3025.2(15) keV
5(1) μs
(10+)
135Xe
54
81
134.907227(5)
9.14(2) h
β−
135Cs
3/2+
135mXe
526.551(13) keV
15.29(5) min
IT (99.99%)
135Xe
11/2−
β− (.004%)
135Cs
136Xe
54
82
135.907219(8)
2.165(16 (stat), 59 (sys))×1021 y
β−β−
136Ba
0+
0.088573(44)
136mXe
1891.703(14) keV
2.95(9) μs
6+
137Xe
54
83
136.911562(8)
3.818(13) min
β−
137Cs
7/2−
138Xe
54
84
137.91395(5)
14.08(8) min
β−
138Cs
0+
139Xe
54
85
138.918793(22)
39.68(14) s
β−
139Cs
3/2−
140Xe
54
86
139.92164(7)
13.60(10) s
β−
140Cs
0+
141Xe
54
87
140.92665(10)
1.73(1) s
β− (99.45%)
141Cs
5/2(−#)
β−, n (.043%)
140Cs
142Xe
54
88
141.92971(11)
1.22(2) s
β− (99.59%)
142Cs
0+
β−, n (.41%)
141Cs
143Xe
54
89
142.93511(21)#
0.511(6) s
β−
143Cs
5/2−
144Xe
54
90
143.93851(32)#
0.388(7) s
β−
144Cs
0+
β−, n
143Cs
145Xe
54
91
144.94407(32)#
188(4) ms
β−
145Cs
(3/2−)#
146Xe
54
92
145.94775(43)#
146(6) ms
β−
146Cs
0+
147Xe
54
93
146.95356(43)#
130(80) ms
β−
147Cs
3/2−#
β−, n
146Cs
148Xe
54
94
85(15) ms
β−
148Cs
0+
149Xe
54
95
50 ms#
3/2−#
150Xe
54
96
40 ms#
0+
This table header & footer: view
^ mXe – Excited nuclear isomer.
^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
^ Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
^
Modes of decay:
EC:
Electron capture
IT:
Isomeric transition
n:
Neutron emission
^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
^ # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
^ Heaviest known isotope with equal numbers of protons and neutrons
^ a b Primordial radionuclide
^ Suspected of undergoing β+β+ decay to 126Te
^ Used in a method of radiodating groundwater and to infer certain events in the Solar System's history
^ a b c d Fission product
^ Has medical uses
^ Theoretically capable of undergoing β−β− decay to 134Ba with a half-life over 2.8×1022 years
^ Most powerful known neutron absorber, produced in nuclear power plants as a decay product of 135I, itself a decay product of 135Te, a fission product. Normally absorbs neutrons in the high neutron flux environments to become 136Xe; see iodine pit for more information
The isotopic composition refers to that in air.
Xenon-124
Xenon-124 is an isotope of xenon that undergoes double electron capture to tellurium-124 with a very long half-life of 1.8×1022 years, more than 12 orders of magnitude longer than the age of the universe ((13.799±0.021)×109 years). Such decays have been observed in the XENON1T detector in 2019, and are the rarest processes ever directly observed. (Even slower decays of other nuclei have been measured, but by detecting decay products that have accumulated over billions of years rather than observing them directly.)
Xenon-133
xenon-133, 133XeGeneralSymbol133XeNamesxenon-133, 133Xe, Xe-133Protons (Z)54Neutrons (N)79Nuclide dataNatural abundancesynHalf-life (t1/2)5.243(1) dIsotope mass132.9059107 DaSpin3/2+Decay products133CsDecay modesDecay modeDecay energy (MeV)Beta−0.427Isotopes of xenon Complete table of nuclides
Xenon-133 (sold as a drug under the brand name Xeneisol, ATC code V09EX03 (WHO)) is an isotope of xenon. It is a radionuclide that is inhaled to assess pulmonary function, and to image the lungs. It is also used to image blood flow, particularly in the brain. 133Xe is also an important fission product. It is discharged to the atmosphere in small quantities by some nuclear power plants.
Xenon-135
Main article: Xenon-135
Xenon-135 is a radioactive isotope of xenon, produced as a fission product of uranium. It has a half-life of about 9.2 hours and is the most powerful known neutron-absorbing nuclear poison (having a neutron absorption cross-section of 2 million barns). The overall yield of xenon-135 from fission is 6.3%, though most of this results from the radioactive decay of fission-produced tellurium-135 and iodine-135. Xe-135 exerts a significant effect on nuclear reactor operation (xenon pit). It is discharged to the atmosphere in small quantities by some nuclear power plants.
Xenon-136
Xenon-136 is an isotope of xenon that undergoes double beta decay to barium-136 with a very long half-life of 2.11×1021 years, more than 10 orders of magnitude longer than the age of the universe ((13.799±0.021)×109 years). It is being used in the Enriched Xenon Observatory experiment to search for neutrinoless double beta decay.
See also
Xenon isotope geochemistry
References
^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^ a b c "Observation of two-neutrino double electron capture in 124Xe with XENON1T". Nature. 568 (7753): 532–535. 2019. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1124-4.
^ Albert, J. B.; Auger, M.; Auty, D. J.; Barbeau, P. S.; Beauchamp, E.; Beck, D.; Belov, V.; Benitez-Medina, C.; Bonatt, J.; Breidenbach, M.; Brunner, T.; Burenkov, A.; Cao, G. F.; Chambers, C.; Chaves, J.; Cleveland, B.; Cook, S.; Craycraft, A.; Daniels, T.; Danilov, M.; Daugherty, S. J.; Davis, C. G.; Davis, J.; Devoe, R.; Delaquis, S.; Dobi, A.; Dolgolenko, A.; Dolinski, M. J.; Dunford, M.; et al. (2014). "Improved measurement of the 2νββ half-life of 136Xe with the EXO-200 detector". Physical Review C. 89. arXiv:1306.6106. Bibcode:2014PhRvC..89a5502A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.89.015502.
^ Redshaw, M.; Wingfield, E.; McDaniel, J.; Myers, E. (2007). "Mass and Double-Beta-Decay Q Value of 136Xe". Physical Review Letters. 98 (5): 53003. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..98e3003R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.053003.
^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Xenon". CIAAW. 1999.
^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ a b Albert, J. B.; Auger, M.; Auty, D. J.; Barbeau, P. S.; Beauchamp, E.; Beck, D.; Belov, V.; Benitez-Medina, C.; Bonatt, J.; Breidenbach, M.; Brunner, T.; Burenkov, A.; Cao, G. F.; Chambers, C.; Chaves, J.; Cleveland, B.; Cook, S.; Craycraft, A.; Daniels, T.; Danilov, M.; Daugherty, S. J.; Davis, C. G.; Davis, J.; Devoe, R.; Delaquis, S.; Dobi, A.; Dolgolenko, A.; Dolinski, M. J.; Dunford, M.; et al. (2014). "Improved measurement of the 2νββ half-life of 136Xe with the EXO-200 detector". Physical Review C. 89 (1): 015502. arXiv:1306.6106. Bibcode:2014PhRvC..89a5502A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.89.015502. Archived from the original on 2023-06-13. Retrieved 2023-01-24.
^ Wang, M.; Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Xu, X. (2017). "The AME2016 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs, and references" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 030003-1–030003-442. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030003.
^ Status of ββ-decay in Xenon, Roland Lüscher, accessed online September 17, 2007. Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^ Barros, N.; Thurn, J.; Zuber, K. (2014). "Double beta decay searches of 134Xe, 126Xe, and 124Xe with large scale Xe detectors". Journal of Physics G. 41 (11): 115105–1–115105–12. arXiv:1409.8308. Bibcode:2014JPhG...41k5105B. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/41/11/115105. S2CID 116264328.
^ a b Yan, X.; Cheng, Z.; Abdukerim, A.; et al. (2024). "Searching for two-neutrino and neutrinoless double beta decay of 134Xe with the PandaX-4T experiment". Physical Review Letters. 132 (152502). arXiv:2312.15632. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.152502.
^ a b Auranen, K.; et al. (2018). "Superallowed α decay to doubly magic 100Sn" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 121 (18): 182501. Bibcode:2018PhRvL.121r2501A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.182501. PMID 30444390.
^ Boulos, M. S.; Manuel, O. K. (1971). "The xenon record of extinct radioactivities in the Earth". Science. 174 (4016): 1334–1336. Bibcode:1971Sci...174.1334B. doi:10.1126/science.174.4016.1334. PMID 17801897. S2CID 28159702.
^ Ardoin, L.; Broadley, M.W.; Almayrac, M.; Avice, G.; Byrne, D.J.; Tarantola, A.; Lepland, A.; Saito, T.; Komiya, T.; Shibuya, T.; Marty, B. (2022). "The end of the isotopic evolution of atmospheric xenon". Geochemical Perspectives Letters. 20: 43–47. Bibcode:2022GChPL..20...43A. doi:10.7185/geochemlet.2207. S2CID 247399987.
^ David Nield (26 Apr 2019). "A Dark Matter Detector Just Recorded One of The Rarest Events Known to Science".
^ Hennecke, Edward W.; Manuel, O. K.; Sabu, Dwarka D. (1975). "Double beta decay of Te 128". Physical Review C. 11 (4): 1378–1384. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.11.1378.
^ Jones, R. L.; Sproule, B. J.; Overton, T. R. (1978). "Measurement of regional ventilation and lung perfusion with Xe-133". Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 19 (10): 1187–1188. PMID 722337.
^ Hoshi, H.; Jinnouchi, S.; Watanabe, K.; Onishi, T.; Uwada, O.; Nakano, S.; Kinoshita, K. (1987). "Cerebral blood flow imaging in patients with brain tumor and arterio-venous malformation using Tc-99m hexamethylpropylene-amine oxime--a comparison with Xe-133 and IMP". Kaku Igaku. 24 (11): 1617–1623. PMID 3502279.
^ a b Effluent Releases from Nuclear Power Plants and Fuel-Cycle Facilities. National Academies Press (US). 2012-03-29.
^ Chart of the Nuclides 13th Edition
Isotope masses from Ame2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation by Georges Audi, Aaldert Hendrik Wapstra, Catherine Thibault, Jean Blachot and Olivier Bersillon in Nuclear Physics A729 (2003).
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
vteIsotopes of the chemical elements
Group
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Period
Hydrogen andalkali metals
Alkalineearth metals
Pnictogens
Chalcogens
Halogens
Noble gases
①
Isotopes
§ ListH1
Isotopes
§ ListHe2
②
Isotopes
§ ListLi3
Isotopes
§ ListBe4
Isotopes
§ ListB5
Isotopes
§ ListC6
Isotopes
§ ListN7
Isotopes
§ ListO8
Isotopes
§ ListF9
Isotopes
§ ListNe10
③
Isotopes
§ ListNa11
Isotopes
§ ListMg12
Isotopes
§ ListAl13
Isotopes
§ ListSi14
Isotopes
§ ListP15
Isotopes
§ ListS16
Isotopes
§ ListCl17
Isotopes
§ ListAr18
④
Isotopes
§ ListK19
Isotopes
§ ListCa20
Isotopes
§ ListSc21
Isotopes
§ ListTi22
Isotopes
§ ListV23
Isotopes
§ ListCr24
Isotopes
§ ListMn25
Isotopes
§ ListFe26
Isotopes
§ ListCo27
Isotopes
§ ListNi28
Isotopes
§ ListCu29
Isotopes
§ ListZn30
Isotopes
§ ListGa31
Isotopes
§ ListGe32
Isotopes
§ ListAs33
Isotopes
§ ListSe34
Isotopes
§ ListBr35
Isotopes
§ ListKr36
⑤
Isotopes
§ ListRb37
Isotopes
§ ListSr38
Isotopes
§ ListY39
Isotopes
§ ListZr40
Isotopes
§ ListNb41
Isotopes
§ ListMo42
Isotopes
§ ListTc43
Isotopes
§ ListRu44
Isotopes
§ ListRh45
Isotopes
§ ListPd46
Isotopes
§ ListAg47
Isotopes
§ ListCd48
Isotopes
§ ListIn49
Isotopes
§ ListSn50
Isotopes
§ ListSb51
Isotopes
§ ListTe52
Isotopes
§ ListI53
Isotopes
§ ListXe54
⑥
Isotopes
§ ListCs55
Isotopes
§ ListBa56
Isotopes
§ ListLu71
Isotopes
§ ListHf72
Isotopes
§ ListTa73
Isotopes
§ ListW74
Isotopes
§ ListRe75
Isotopes
§ ListOs76
Isotopes
§ ListIr77
Isotopes
§ ListPt78
Isotopes
§ ListAu79
Isotopes
§ ListHg80
Isotopes
§ ListTl81
Isotopes
§ ListPb82
Isotopes
§ ListBi83
Isotopes
§ ListPo84
Isotopes
§ ListAt85
Isotopes
§ ListRn86
⑦
Isotopes
§ ListFr87
Isotopes
§ ListRa88
Isotopes
§ ListLr103
Isotopes
§ ListRf104
Isotopes
§ ListDb105
Isotopes
§ ListSg106
Isotopes
§ ListBh107
Isotopes
§ ListHs108
Isotopes
§ ListMt109
Isotopes
§ ListDs110
Isotopes
§ ListRg111
Isotopes
§ ListCn112
Isotopes
§ ListNh113
Isotopes
§ ListFl114
Isotopes
§ ListMc115
Isotopes
§ ListLv116
Isotopes
§ ListTs117
Isotopes
§ ListOg118
⑧
Isotopes
§ ListUue119
Isotopes
§ ListUbn120
Isotopes
§ ListLa57
Isotopes
§ ListCe58
Isotopes
§ ListPr59
Isotopes
§ ListNd60
Isotopes
§ ListPm61
Isotopes
§ ListSm62
Isotopes
§ ListEu63
Isotopes
§ ListGd64
Isotopes
§ ListTb65
Isotopes
§ ListDy66
Isotopes
§ ListHo67
Isotopes
§ ListEr68
Isotopes
§ ListTm69
Isotopes
§ ListYb70
Isotopes
§ ListAc89
Isotopes
§ ListTh90
Isotopes
§ ListPa91
Isotopes
§ ListU92
Isotopes
§ ListNp93
Isotopes
§ ListPu94
Isotopes
§ ListAm95
Isotopes
§ ListCm96
Isotopes
§ ListBk97
Isotopes
§ ListCf98
Isotopes
§ ListEs99
Isotopes
§ ListFm100
Isotopes
§ ListMd101
Isotopes
§ ListNo102
Table of nuclides
Categories: Isotopes
Tables of nuclides
Metastable isotopes
Isotopes by element
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"xenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon"},{"link_name":"stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable_isotope"},{"link_name":"isotopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope"},{"link_name":"Double electron capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_electron_capture"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XENON1T-2"},{"link_name":"double beta decay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_beta_decay"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albert2013b-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AME2016_II-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xenon2b-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134Xe2024-11"},{"link_name":"unstable isotopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unstable_isotope"},{"link_name":"half-life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-life"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Xe108-12"},{"link_name":"beta decay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_decay"},{"link_name":"129I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine-129"},{"link_name":"half-life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-life"},{"link_name":"fission products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fission_product"},{"link_name":"235U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235"},{"link_name":"239Pu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239"},{"link_name":"nuclear explosions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_explosion"},{"link_name":"135Xe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon-135"},{"link_name":"nuclear fission reactors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactor"},{"link_name":"cross section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_cross_section"},{"link_name":"thermal neutrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_neutron"},{"link_name":"barns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barn_(unit)"},{"link_name":"neutron absorber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_absorber"},{"link_name":"poison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_poison"},{"link_name":"slow or stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine_pit"},{"link_name":"earliest nuclear reactors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanford_B_Reactor"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project"},{"link_name":"plutonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium"},{"link_name":"reactivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactivity_(nuclear)"},{"link_name":"nuclear explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_explosion"},{"link_name":"neutron radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_radiation"},{"link_name":"fuel rods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_rod"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"noble gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gas"},{"link_name":"222Rn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radon-222"},{"link_name":"tracer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopic_tracer"},{"link_name":"parent isotopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parent_isotope"},{"link_name":"isotope ratios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopic_signature"},{"link_name":"meteorites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite"},{"link_name":"formation of the Solar System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_of_the_Solar_System"},{"link_name":"I-Xe method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon_isotope_geochemistry"},{"link_name":"dating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiometric_dating"},{"link_name":"nucleosynthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleosynthesis"},{"link_name":"solar nebula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_nebula"},{"link_name":"terrestrial differentiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_differentiation"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"mantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"GOE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Oxidation_Event"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ardoin2022-14"}],"text":"Naturally occurring xenon (54Xe) consists of seven stable isotopes and two very long-lived isotopes. Double electron capture has been observed in 124Xe (half-life 1.8 ± 0.5(stat) ± 0.1(sys) ×1022 years)[2] and double beta decay in 136Xe (half-life 2.165 ± 0.016(stat) ± 0.059(sys) ×1021 years),[7] which are among the longest measured half-lives of all nuclides. The isotopes 126Xe and 134Xe are also predicted to undergo double beta decay,[8] but this process has never been observed in these isotopes, so they are considered to be stable.[9][10][11] Beyond these stable forms, 32 artificial unstable isotopes and various isomers have been studied, the longest-lived of which is 127Xe with a half-life of 36.345 days. All other isotopes have half-lives less than 12 days, most less than 20 hours. The shortest-lived isotope, 108Xe,[12] has a half-life of 58 μs, and is the heaviest known nuclide with equal numbers of protons and neutrons. Of known isomers, the longest-lived is 131mXe with a half-life of 11.934 days. 129Xe is produced by beta decay of 129I (half-life: 16 million years); 131mXe, 133Xe, 133mXe, and 135Xe are some of the fission products of both 235U and 239Pu, so are used as indicators of nuclear explosions.The artificial isotope 135Xe is of considerable significance in the operation of nuclear fission reactors. 135Xe has a huge cross section for thermal neutrons, 2.65×106 barns, so it acts as a neutron absorber or \"poison\" that can slow or stop the chain reaction after a period of operation. This was discovered in the earliest nuclear reactors built by the American Manhattan Project for plutonium production. Because of this effect, designers must make provisions to increase the reactor's reactivity (the number of neutrons per fission that go on to fission other atoms of nuclear fuel) over the initial value needed to start the chain reaction. For the same reason, the fission products produced in a nuclear explosion and a power plant differ significantly as a large share of 135Xe will absorb neutrons in a steady state reactor, while basically none of the 135I will have had time to decay to xenon before the explosion of the bomb removes it from the neutron radiation.Relatively high concentrations of radioactive xenon isotopes are also found emanating from nuclear reactors due to the release of this fission gas from cracked fuel rods or fissioning of uranium in cooling water.[citation needed] The concentrations of these isotopes are still usually low compared to the naturally occurring radioactive noble gas 222Rn.Because xenon is a tracer for two parent isotopes, Xe isotope ratios in meteorites are a powerful tool for studying the formation of the Solar System. The I-Xe method of dating gives the time elapsed between nucleosynthesis and the condensation of a solid object from the solar nebula (xenon being a gas, only that part of it that formed after condensation will be present inside the object). Xenon isotopes are also a powerful tool for understanding terrestrial differentiation. Excess 129Xe found in carbon dioxide well gases from New Mexico was believed to be from the decay of mantle-derived gases soon after Earth's formation.[13] It has been suggested that the isotopic composition of atmospheric xenon fluctuated prior to the GOE before stabilizing, perhaps as a result of the rise in atmospheric O2.[14]","title":"Isotopes of xenon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"nuclear isomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_isomer"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TMS_17-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"age of universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_universe"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Electron capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_capture"},{"link_name":"Isomeric transition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomeric_transition"},{"link_name":"Neutron emission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_emission"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TNN_22-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PN_24-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PN_24-1"},{"link_name":"Primordial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial_nuclide"},{"link_name":"radionuclide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclide"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"radiodating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine-129#Applications"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FP_27-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FP_27-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FP_27-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FP_27-3"},{"link_name":"Fission product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fission_product"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"medical uses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_medicine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134Xe2024-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"neutron absorber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_absorber"},{"link_name":"decay product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decay_product"},{"link_name":"fission product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fission_product"},{"link_name":"neutron flux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_flux"},{"link_name":"iodine pit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine_pit"}],"text":"^ mXe – Excited nuclear isomer.\n\n^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.\n\n^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).\n\n^ Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.\n\n^ \nModes of decay:\n\n\n\nEC:\nElectron capture\n\n\nIT:\nIsomeric transition\n\n\nn:\nNeutron emission\n\n\n^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.\n\n^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.\n\n^ # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).\n\n^ Heaviest known isotope with equal numbers of protons and neutrons\n\n^ a b Primordial radionuclide\n\n^ Suspected of undergoing β+β+ decay to 126Te\n\n^ Used in a method of radiodating groundwater and to infer certain events in the Solar System's history\n\n^ a b c d Fission product\n\n^ Has medical uses\n\n^ Theoretically capable of undergoing β−β− decay to 134Ba with a half-life over 2.8×1022 years[11]\n\n^ Most powerful known neutron absorber, produced in nuclear power plants as a decay product of 135I, itself a decay product of 135Te, a fission product. Normally absorbs neutrons in the high neutron flux environments to become 136Xe; see iodine pit for more informationThe isotopic composition refers to that in air.","title":"List of isotopes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tellurium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellurium"},{"link_name":"XENON1T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XENON#XENON1T"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Xenon-124 is an isotope of xenon that undergoes double electron capture to tellurium-124 with a very long half-life of 1.8×1022 years, more than 12 orders of magnitude longer than the age of the universe ((13.799±0.021)×109 years). Such decays have been observed in the XENON1T detector in 2019, and are the rarest processes ever directly observed.[15] (Even slower decays of other nuclei have been measured, but by detecting decay products that have accumulated over billions of years rather than observing them directly.[16])","title":"Xenon-124"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ATC code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code"},{"link_name":"V09EX03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_V09"},{"link_name":"WHO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V09EX03"},{"link_name":"radionuclide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclide"},{"link_name":"inhaled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilation/perfusion_scan"},{"link_name":"lungs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"fission product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fission_product"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-35"}],"text":"Xenon-133 (sold as a drug under the brand name Xeneisol, ATC code V09EX03 (WHO)) is an isotope of xenon. It is a radionuclide that is inhaled to assess pulmonary function, and to image the lungs.[17] It is also used to image blood flow, particularly in the brain.[18] 133Xe is also an important fission product.[citation needed] It is discharged to the atmosphere in small quantities by some nuclear power plants.[19]","title":"Xenon-133"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radioactive isotope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_isotope"},{"link_name":"xenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon"},{"link_name":"fission product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fission_product"},{"link_name":"half-life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-life"},{"link_name":"neutron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron"},{"link_name":"nuclear poison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_poison"},{"link_name":"neutron absorption cross-section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_cross_section"},{"link_name":"barns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barn_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"tellurium-135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellurium-135"},{"link_name":"iodine-135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine-135"},{"link_name":"nuclear reactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactor"},{"link_name":"xenon pit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon_pit"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-35"}],"text":"Xenon-135 is a radioactive isotope of xenon, produced as a fission product of uranium. It has a half-life of about 9.2 hours and is the most powerful known neutron-absorbing nuclear poison (having a neutron absorption cross-section of 2 million barns[20]). The overall yield of xenon-135 from fission is 6.3%, though most of this results from the radioactive decay of fission-produced tellurium-135 and iodine-135. Xe-135 exerts a significant effect on nuclear reactor operation (xenon pit). It is discharged to the atmosphere in small quantities by some nuclear power plants.[19]","title":"Xenon-135"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"double beta decay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_beta_decay"},{"link_name":"barium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium"},{"link_name":"Enriched Xenon Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enriched_Xenon_Observatory"},{"link_name":"neutrinoless double beta decay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrinoless_double_beta_decay"}],"text":"Xenon-136 is an isotope of xenon that undergoes double beta decay to barium-136 with a very long half-life of 2.11×1021 years, more than 10 orders of magnitude longer than the age of the universe ((13.799±0.021)×109 years). It is being used in the Enriched Xenon Observatory experiment to search for neutrinoless double beta decay.","title":"Xenon-136"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Xenon isotope geochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon_isotope_geochemistry"}]
|
[{"reference":"Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). \"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties\" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.","urls":[{"url":"https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf","url_text":"\"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae","url_text":"10.1088/1674-1137/abddae"}]},{"reference":"\"Observation of two-neutrino double electron capture in 124Xe with XENON1T\". Nature. 568 (7753): 532–535. 2019. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1124-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1124-4","url_text":"10.1038/s41586-019-1124-4"}]},{"reference":"Albert, J. B.; Auger, M.; Auty, D. J.; Barbeau, P. S.; Beauchamp, E.; Beck, D.; Belov, V.; Benitez-Medina, C.; Bonatt, J.; Breidenbach, M.; Brunner, T.; Burenkov, A.; Cao, G. F.; Chambers, C.; Chaves, J.; Cleveland, B.; Cook, S.; Craycraft, A.; Daniels, T.; Danilov, M.; Daugherty, S. J.; Davis, C. G.; Davis, J.; Devoe, R.; Delaquis, S.; Dobi, A.; Dolgolenko, A.; Dolinski, M. J.; Dunford, M.; et al. (2014). \"Improved measurement of the 2νββ half-life of 136Xe with the EXO-200 detector\". Physical Review C. 89. arXiv:1306.6106. Bibcode:2014PhRvC..89a5502A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.89.015502.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1306.6106","url_text":"1306.6106"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhRvC..89a5502A","url_text":"2014PhRvC..89a5502A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevC.89.015502","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRevC.89.015502"}]},{"reference":"Redshaw, M.; Wingfield, E.; McDaniel, J.; Myers, E. (2007). \"Mass and Double-Beta-Decay Q Value of 136Xe\". Physical Review Letters. 98 (5): 53003. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..98e3003R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.053003.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhRvL..98e3003R","url_text":"2007PhRvL..98e3003R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.98.053003","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.053003"}]},{"reference":"\"Standard Atomic Weights: Xenon\". CIAAW. 1999.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ciaaw.org/xenon.htm","url_text":"\"Standard Atomic Weights: Xenon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights","url_text":"CIAAW"}]},{"reference":"Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). \"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)\". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html","url_text":"\"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603","url_text":"10.1515/pac-2019-0603"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075","url_text":"1365-3075"}]},{"reference":"Albert, J. B.; Auger, M.; Auty, D. J.; Barbeau, P. S.; Beauchamp, E.; Beck, D.; Belov, V.; Benitez-Medina, C.; Bonatt, J.; Breidenbach, M.; Brunner, T.; Burenkov, A.; Cao, G. F.; Chambers, C.; Chaves, J.; Cleveland, B.; Cook, S.; Craycraft, A.; Daniels, T.; Danilov, M.; Daugherty, S. J.; Davis, C. G.; Davis, J.; Devoe, R.; Delaquis, S.; Dobi, A.; Dolgolenko, A.; Dolinski, M. J.; Dunford, M.; et al. (2014). \"Improved measurement of the 2νββ half-life of 136Xe with the EXO-200 detector\". Physical Review C. 89 (1): 015502. arXiv:1306.6106. Bibcode:2014PhRvC..89a5502A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.89.015502. Archived from the original on 2023-06-13. Retrieved 2023-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230613193026/https://authors.library.caltech.edu/44641/","url_text":"\"Improved measurement of the 2νββ half-life of 136Xe with the EXO-200 detector\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1306.6106","url_text":"1306.6106"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhRvC..89a5502A","url_text":"2014PhRvC..89a5502A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevC.89.015502","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRevC.89.015502"},{"url":"https://authors.library.caltech.edu/44641/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wang, M.; Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Xu, X. (2017). \"The AME2016 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs, and references\" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 030003-1–030003-442. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030003.","urls":[{"url":"http://nuclearmasses.org/resources_folder/Wang_2017_Chinese_Phys_C_41_030003.pdf","url_text":"\"The AME2016 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs, and references\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2F41%2F3%2F030003","url_text":"10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030003"}]},{"reference":"Barros, N.; Thurn, J.; Zuber, K. (2014). \"Double beta decay searches of 134Xe, 126Xe, and 124Xe with large scale Xe detectors\". Journal of Physics G. 41 (11): 115105–1–115105–12. arXiv:1409.8308. Bibcode:2014JPhG...41k5105B. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/41/11/115105. S2CID 116264328.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Physics_G","url_text":"Journal of Physics G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1409.8308","url_text":"1409.8308"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPhG...41k5105B","url_text":"2014JPhG...41k5105B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0954-3899%2F41%2F11%2F115105","url_text":"10.1088/0954-3899/41/11/115105"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:116264328","url_text":"116264328"}]},{"reference":"Yan, X.; Cheng, Z.; Abdukerim, A.; et al. (2024). \"Searching for two-neutrino and neutrinoless double beta decay of 134Xe with the PandaX-4T experiment\". Physical Review Letters. 132 (152502). arXiv:2312.15632. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.152502.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.15632","url_text":"2312.15632"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.132.152502","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.152502"}]},{"reference":"Auranen, K.; et al. (2018). \"Superallowed α decay to doubly magic 100Sn\" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 121 (18): 182501. Bibcode:2018PhRvL.121r2501A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.182501. PMID 30444390.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/77942573/PhysRevLett.121.pdf","url_text":"\"Superallowed α decay to doubly magic 100Sn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvL.121r2501A","url_text":"2018PhRvL.121r2501A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.121.182501","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.182501"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30444390","url_text":"30444390"}]},{"reference":"Boulos, M. S.; Manuel, O. K. (1971). \"The xenon record of extinct radioactivities in the Earth\". Science. 174 (4016): 1334–1336. Bibcode:1971Sci...174.1334B. doi:10.1126/science.174.4016.1334. PMID 17801897. S2CID 28159702.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)","url_text":"Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971Sci...174.1334B","url_text":"1971Sci...174.1334B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.174.4016.1334","url_text":"10.1126/science.174.4016.1334"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17801897","url_text":"17801897"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28159702","url_text":"28159702"}]},{"reference":"Ardoin, L.; Broadley, M.W.; Almayrac, M.; Avice, G.; Byrne, D.J.; Tarantola, A.; Lepland, A.; Saito, T.; Komiya, T.; Shibuya, T.; Marty, B. (2022). \"The end of the isotopic evolution of atmospheric xenon\". Geochemical Perspectives Letters. 20: 43–47. Bibcode:2022GChPL..20...43A. doi:10.7185/geochemlet.2207. S2CID 247399987.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7185%2Fgeochemlet.2207","url_text":"\"The end of the isotopic evolution of atmospheric xenon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022GChPL..20...43A","url_text":"2022GChPL..20...43A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7185%2Fgeochemlet.2207","url_text":"10.7185/geochemlet.2207"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247399987","url_text":"247399987"}]},{"reference":"David Nield (26 Apr 2019). \"A Dark Matter Detector Just Recorded One of The Rarest Events Known to Science\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencealert.com/a-dark-matter-detector-just-detected-one-of-the-rarest-events-ever-in-science","url_text":"\"A Dark Matter Detector Just Recorded One of The Rarest Events Known to Science\""}]},{"reference":"Hennecke, Edward W.; Manuel, O. K.; Sabu, Dwarka D. (1975). \"Double beta decay of Te 128\". Physical Review C. 11 (4): 1378–1384. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.11.1378.","urls":[{"url":"http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2240&context=chem_facwork","url_text":"\"Double beta decay of Te 128\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevC.11.1378","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRevC.11.1378"}]},{"reference":"Jones, R. L.; Sproule, B. J.; Overton, T. R. (1978). \"Measurement of regional ventilation and lung perfusion with Xe-133\". Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 19 (10): 1187–1188. PMID 722337.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/722337","url_text":"722337"}]},{"reference":"Hoshi, H.; Jinnouchi, S.; Watanabe, K.; Onishi, T.; Uwada, O.; Nakano, S.; Kinoshita, K. (1987). \"Cerebral blood flow imaging in patients with brain tumor and arterio-venous malformation using Tc-99m hexamethylpropylene-amine oxime--a comparison with Xe-133 and IMP\". Kaku Igaku. 24 (11): 1617–1623. PMID 3502279.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3502279","url_text":"3502279"}]},{"reference":"Effluent Releases from Nuclear Power Plants and Fuel-Cycle Facilities. National Academies Press (US). 2012-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK201991/","url_text":"Effluent Releases from Nuclear Power Plants and Fuel-Cycle Facilities"}]},{"reference":"de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). \"Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)\". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robert_de_Laeter","url_text":"de Laeter, John Robert"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200375060683","url_text":"\"Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry","url_text":"Pure and Applied Chemistry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200375060683","url_text":"10.1351/pac200375060683"}]},{"reference":"Wieser, Michael E. (2006). \"Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)\". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200678112051","url_text":"\"Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry","url_text":"Pure and Applied Chemistry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200678112051","url_text":"10.1351/pac200678112051"}]},{"reference":"\"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised\". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://old.iupac.org/news/archives/2005/atomic-weights_revised05.html","url_text":"\"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised\""}]},{"reference":"Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), \"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties\", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaldert_Wapstra","url_text":"Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik"},{"url":"https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document","url_text":"\"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A","url_text":"2003NuPhA.729....3A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001"}]},{"reference":"National Nuclear Data Center. \"NuDat 2.x database\". Brookhaven National Laboratory.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Nuclear_Data_Center","url_text":"National Nuclear Data Center"},{"url":"http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/","url_text":"\"NuDat 2.x database\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory","url_text":"Brookhaven National Laboratory"}]},{"reference":"Holden, Norman E. (2004). \"11. Table of the Isotopes\". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics","url_text":"CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca_Raton,_Florida","url_text":"Boca Raton, Florida"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press","url_text":"CRC Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0485-9","url_text":"978-0-8493-0485-9"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V09EX03","external_links_name":"WHO"},{"Link":"https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae","external_links_name":"10.1088/1674-1137/abddae"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1124-4","external_links_name":"10.1038/s41586-019-1124-4"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1306.6106","external_links_name":"1306.6106"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhRvC..89a5502A","external_links_name":"2014PhRvC..89a5502A"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevC.89.015502","external_links_name":"10.1103/PhysRevC.89.015502"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhRvL..98e3003R","external_links_name":"2007PhRvL..98e3003R"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.98.053003","external_links_name":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.053003"},{"Link":"https://www.ciaaw.org/xenon.htm","external_links_name":"\"Standard Atomic Weights: Xenon\""},{"Link":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html","external_links_name":"\"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603","external_links_name":"10.1515/pac-2019-0603"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075","external_links_name":"1365-3075"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230613193026/https://authors.library.caltech.edu/44641/","external_links_name":"\"Improved measurement of the 2νββ half-life of 136Xe with the EXO-200 detector\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1306.6106","external_links_name":"1306.6106"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhRvC..89a5502A","external_links_name":"2014PhRvC..89a5502A"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevC.89.015502","external_links_name":"10.1103/PhysRevC.89.015502"},{"Link":"https://authors.library.caltech.edu/44641/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://nuclearmasses.org/resources_folder/Wang_2017_Chinese_Phys_C_41_030003.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The AME2016 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs, and references\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2F41%2F3%2F030003","external_links_name":"10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030003"},{"Link":"http://www.shef.ac.uk/physics/bus2006/talks/luscher_roland.pdf","external_links_name":"Status of ββ-decay in Xenon"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183750/http://www.shef.ac.uk/physics/bus2006/talks/luscher_roland.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1409.8308","external_links_name":"1409.8308"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPhG...41k5105B","external_links_name":"2014JPhG...41k5105B"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0954-3899%2F41%2F11%2F115105","external_links_name":"10.1088/0954-3899/41/11/115105"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:116264328","external_links_name":"116264328"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.15632","external_links_name":"2312.15632"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.132.152502","external_links_name":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.152502"},{"Link":"https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/77942573/PhysRevLett.121.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Superallowed α decay to doubly magic 100Sn\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvL.121r2501A","external_links_name":"2018PhRvL.121r2501A"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.121.182501","external_links_name":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.182501"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30444390","external_links_name":"30444390"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971Sci...174.1334B","external_links_name":"1971Sci...174.1334B"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.174.4016.1334","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.174.4016.1334"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17801897","external_links_name":"17801897"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28159702","external_links_name":"28159702"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.7185%2Fgeochemlet.2207","external_links_name":"\"The end of the isotopic evolution of atmospheric xenon\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022GChPL..20...43A","external_links_name":"2022GChPL..20...43A"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.7185%2Fgeochemlet.2207","external_links_name":"10.7185/geochemlet.2207"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247399987","external_links_name":"247399987"},{"Link":"https://www.sciencealert.com/a-dark-matter-detector-just-detected-one-of-the-rarest-events-ever-in-science","external_links_name":"\"A Dark Matter Detector Just Recorded One of The Rarest Events Known to Science\""},{"Link":"http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2240&context=chem_facwork","external_links_name":"\"Double beta decay of Te 128\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevC.11.1378","external_links_name":"10.1103/PhysRevC.11.1378"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/722337","external_links_name":"722337"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3502279","external_links_name":"3502279"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK201991/","external_links_name":"Effluent Releases from Nuclear Power Plants and Fuel-Cycle Facilities"},{"Link":"http://amdc.in2p3.fr/web/masseval.html","external_links_name":"Ame2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200375060683","external_links_name":"\"Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200375060683","external_links_name":"10.1351/pac200375060683"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200678112051","external_links_name":"\"Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200678112051","external_links_name":"10.1351/pac200678112051"},{"Link":"http://old.iupac.org/news/archives/2005/atomic-weights_revised05.html","external_links_name":"\"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised\""},{"Link":"https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document","external_links_name":"\"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A","external_links_name":"2003NuPhA.729....3A"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001"},{"Link":"http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/","external_links_name":"\"NuDat 2.x database\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruling_gradient
|
Ruling gradient
|
["1 Compensation for curvature","2 Compensation for gradients in tunnels","3 General situation in North America","4 Summits","5 Curve and Gradient Books","6 Other tunnels","7 See also","8 References"]
|
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ruling gradient" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
(Learn how and when to remove this message)
The term ruling grade is usually used as a synonym for "steepest climb" between two points on a railroad. More simply, the steepest grade to be climbed dictates how powerful the motive power (or how light the train) must be in order for the run to be made without assistance. Even if 99% of the line could be run with a low-powered (and inexpensive) locomotive, if at some point on the line there is a steeper gradient than such train would be able to climb, this gradient "rules" that a more powerful locomotive must be used, in spite of it being far too powerful for the rest of the line. This is why special "helper engines" (also dubbed "Bankers") are often stationed near steep grades on otherwise mild tracks. It is cheaper than running a too-powerful locomotive over the entire track mileage just in order to make the grade, especially when multiple trains run over the line each day (to help justify the fixed daily cost of the helper operation).
In the 1953 edition of Railway Engineering William H. Hay says "The ruling grade may be defined as the maximum gradient over which a tonnage train can be hauled with one locomotive....The ruling grade does not necessarily have the maximum gradient on the division. Momentum grades, pusher grades, or those that must regularly be doubled by tonnage trains may be heavier." This means the "ruling grade" may change if the management chooses to operate the railroad differently.
Compensation for curvature
Other things being equal, a train is harder to pull around a curve than it is on straight track because the wagons – especially bogie (2 axle) wagons – try to follow the chord of the curve and not the arc. To compensate for this, the gradient should be a little less steep the sharper the curve is; the necessary grade reduction is assumed to be given by a simple formula such as 0.04 per cent per "degree of curve", the latter being a measure of curve sharpness used in the United States. On a 10-degree curve (radius 573.7 feet) the grade would thus need to be 0.4% less than the grade on straight track.
Compensation for gradients in tunnels
See also: Table of turn tunnels
Tunnels on steep gradients can present problems for air-breathing locomotives, such as steam locomotives and diesel locomotives. Poor ventilation in long or narrow tunnels can starve the locomotive of power. The solution is analogous to compensation for curvature and requires the gradient in the tunnel and for some distance on either side to be greatly reduced compared to the ruling grade. Unfortunately, the necessary compensation for gradient is not a simple equation, but is rather a trial and error process. Since one cannot build several tunnels to find out which one is best, it is useful to study existing tunnels with steep gradients.
Moisture from exhausts and springs can also make the rails slippery, and allowance may need to be taken for that as well.
General situation in North America
In steam days Southern Pacific trains eastward across Nevada and Utah faced nothing steeper than 0.43% in the 531 miles from Sparks to Ogden—except for a few miles of 1.4% east of Wells. Trains would leave Sparks with enough engine to manage the 0.43% grade (e.g. a 2-10-2 with a 5500-ton train) and would get helper engines at Wells; the "ruling grade" from Sparks to Ogden could be considered 0.43%. But nowadays the railroad doesn't base helper engines at Wells so trains must leave Sparks with enough power to climb the 1.4%, making that the division's ruling grade.
As such, the term can be ambiguous; and is even more ambiguous if the ruling grade is impacted by the effect of a momentum grade. Overland Route trains from Sacramento, California to Oakland face nothing steeper than 0.5% on Track 1, the traditional westward track, but nowadays they might need to approach the Benicia bridge on Track 2, which includes 0.7 miles at about 1.9% on otherwise near-level track. Using this as an example, several issues arise on defining "ruling grade". One issue is whether a running start should be assumed and, if yes, the speed to assume. Another issue is the train length to assume, given that certain lengths exceed the length of the hill in question. And if a running start at some arbitrary speed is assumed, the calculated "ruling grade" will be different for locomotives having different power-vs-speed characteristics.
In the United States, Congress set the Standard Grade for railroads eligible for subsidies and grants in the 1850s. They took as that standard the one adopted by the Cumberland – Wheeling Railway, that grade being 116 feet per mile (2.2%). Later when charters were drawn up for the Canadian Pacific Railway in Canada and for the Union Pacific Railroad, the national governments imposed the Standard Ruling Grade on the two lines because each received federal assistance and regulation. (Vance, JE Jr.,1995)
Summits
A ruling grade is often found at a long climb up to a summit. Ideally, the cutting at the summit should be as deep as possible, such as at Shap, as this helps reduce the amount of climb and the steepness of the gradient. Alternately, a summit tunnel should be provided, such as at Ardglen.
Curve and Gradient Books
Australian Rail Track Corporation – excludes Transport Asset Holding Entity lines, and non-operational country lines.
Other tunnels
(in order of steepness)
Otira Tunnel 1 in 33 – 3%
Swan View Tunnel 1 in 49 – 2.04% - asphyxiation death in 1942
Devonshire Tunnel 1 in 50 – 2.00% - on other side of summit to Combe Down Tunnel
Dove Holes Tunnel 1 in 90 – 1.11% - 1865
Box Tunnel 1 in 100 – 1.00% - 1839 – double track
Combe Down Tunnel 1 in 100 – 1.00% ; (1 in 131 average) – 1874 – fume problems
Connaught Tunnel 1 in 105 – 0.95% - 1916 – double track when built – ventilation problems
Woodhead Tunnel 1 in 201 – 0.50% - 1845 – twin bores
See also
Grade (slope)
Hillclimbing (railway)
List of steepest gradients on adhesion railways
Mountain railway
Old Main Line (Baltimore and Ohio Railroad)
Rack railway
References
^ Archived December 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
vteRailway track layoutsRailway track
Single track
Passing loop
Double track
Quadruple track
Crossover
Rail sidings
Balloon loop
Headshunt
Pocket track
Refuge siding
Rail yard
Classification yard
Junctions
Flying junction
Level junction
Double junction
Facing and trailing
Grand union
Grand circle / roundabout
Wye
Switch / turnout / points
Swingnose crossing
Level crossing
Stations
Railway platform
Bay
Island
Side
Split
Terminal station
Balloon loop
Spanish solution
Cross-platform interchange
Interchange station
Infill station
Hillclimbing
Horseshoe curve
Zig Zag / Switchback
Spiral
Track geometry
Track gauge
Ruling gradient
Minimum curve radius
Cant
Cant deficiency
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(slope)"},{"link_name":"motive power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotive"},{"link_name":"helper engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helper_engine"}],"text":"The term ruling grade is usually used as a synonym for \"steepest climb\" between two points on a railroad. More simply, the steepest grade to be climbed dictates how powerful the motive power (or how light the train) must be in order for the run to be made without assistance. Even if 99% of the line could be run with a low-powered (and inexpensive) locomotive, if at some point on the line there is a steeper gradient than such train would be able to climb, this gradient \"rules\" that a more powerful locomotive must be used, in spite of it being far too powerful for the rest of the line. This is why special \"helper engines\" (also dubbed \"Bankers\") are often stationed near steep grades on otherwise mild tracks. It is cheaper than running a too-powerful locomotive over the entire track mileage just in order to make the grade, especially when multiple trains run over the line each day (to help justify the fixed daily cost of the helper operation).In the 1953 edition of Railway Engineering William H. Hay says \"The ruling grade may be defined as the maximum gradient over which a tonnage train can be hauled with one locomotive....The ruling grade does not necessarily have the maximum gradient on the division. Momentum grades, pusher grades, or those that must regularly be doubled by tonnage trains may be heavier.\" This means the \"ruling grade\" may change if the management chooses to operate the railroad differently.","title":"Ruling gradient"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"axle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelset_(rail_transport)"},{"link_name":"measure of curve sharpness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_curvature"}],"text":"Other things being equal, a train is harder to pull around a curve than it is on straight track because the wagons – especially bogie (2 axle) wagons – try to follow the chord of the curve and not the arc. To compensate for this, the gradient should be a little less steep the sharper the curve is; the necessary grade reduction is assumed to be given by a simple formula such as 0.04 per cent per \"degree of curve\", the latter being a measure of curve sharpness used in the United States. On a 10-degree curve (radius 573.7 feet) the grade would thus need to be 0.4% less than the grade on straight track.","title":"Compensation for curvature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Table of turn tunnels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Table_of_turn_tunnels&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"steam locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotive"},{"link_name":"diesel locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_locomotive"}],"text":"See also: Table of turn tunnelsTunnels on steep gradients can present problems for air-breathing locomotives, such as steam locomotives and diesel locomotives. Poor ventilation in long or narrow tunnels can starve the locomotive of power. The solution is analogous to compensation for curvature and requires the gradient in the tunnel and for some distance on either side to be greatly reduced compared to the ruling grade. Unfortunately, the necessary compensation for gradient is not a simple equation, but is rather a trial and error process. Since one cannot build several tunnels to find out which one is best, it is useful to study existing tunnels with steep gradients.Moisture from exhausts and springs can also make the rails slippery, and allowance may need to be taken for that as well.","title":"Compensation for gradients in tunnels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southern Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"Sparks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparks,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Ogden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogden,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wells,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"2-10-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-10-2"},{"link_name":"helper engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helper_engine"},{"link_name":"Sacramento, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California"},{"link_name":"Oakland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"In steam days Southern Pacific trains eastward across Nevada and Utah faced nothing steeper than 0.43% in the 531 miles from Sparks to Ogden—except for a few miles of 1.4% east of Wells. Trains would leave Sparks with enough engine to manage the 0.43% grade (e.g. a 2-10-2 with a 5500-ton train) and would get helper engines at Wells; the \"ruling grade\" from Sparks to Ogden could be considered 0.43%. But nowadays the railroad doesn't base helper engines at Wells so trains must leave Sparks with enough power to climb the 1.4%, making that the division's ruling grade.As such, the term can be ambiguous; and is even more ambiguous if the ruling grade is impacted by the effect of a momentum grade. Overland Route trains from Sacramento, California to Oakland face nothing steeper than 0.5% on Track 1, the traditional westward track, but nowadays they might need to approach the Benicia bridge on Track 2, which includes 0.7 miles at about 1.9% on otherwise near-level track. Using this as an example, several issues arise on defining \"ruling grade\". One issue is whether a running start should be assumed and, if yes, the speed to assume. Another issue is the train length to assume, given that certain lengths exceed the length of the hill in question. And if a running start at some arbitrary speed is assumed, the calculated \"ruling grade\" will be different for locomotives having different power-vs-speed characteristics.In the United States, Congress set the Standard Grade for railroads eligible for subsidies and grants in the 1850s. They took as that standard the one adopted by the Cumberland – Wheeling Railway, that grade being 116 feet per mile (2.2%). Later when charters were drawn up for the Canadian Pacific Railway in Canada and for the Union Pacific Railroad, the national governments imposed the Standard Ruling Grade on the two lines because each received federal assistance and regulation. (Vance, JE Jr.,1995)","title":"General situation in North America"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shap"},{"link_name":"Ardglen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardglen"}],"text":"A ruling grade is often found at a long climb up to a summit. Ideally, the cutting at the summit should be as deep as possible, such as at Shap, as this helps reduce the amount of climb and the steepness of the gradient. Alternately, a summit tunnel should be provided, such as at Ardglen.","title":"Summits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian Rail Track Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Rail_Track_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Transport Asset Holding Entity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Asset_Holding_Entity"}],"text":"Australian Rail Track Corporation[1] – excludes Transport Asset Holding Entity lines, and non-operational country lines.","title":"Curve and Gradient Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Otira Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otira_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Swan View Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_View_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Devonshire Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonshire_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Combe Down Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combe_Down_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Dove Holes Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dove_Holes_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Box Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Combe Down Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combe_Down_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Connaught Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connaught_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"double track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_track"},{"link_name":"Woodhead Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhead_Tunnel"}],"text":"(in order of steepness)\nOtira Tunnel 1 in 33 – 3%\nSwan View Tunnel 1 in 49 – 2.04% - asphyxiation death in 1942\nDevonshire Tunnel 1 in 50 – 2.00% - on other side of summit to Combe Down Tunnel\nDove Holes Tunnel 1 in 90 – 1.11% - 1865\nBox Tunnel 1 in 100 – 1.00% - 1839 – double track\nCombe Down Tunnel 1 in 100 – 1.00% ; (1 in 131 average) – 1874 – fume problems\nConnaught Tunnel 1 in 105 – 0.95% - 1916 – double track when built – ventilation problems\nWoodhead Tunnel 1 in 201 – 0.50% - 1845 – twin bores","title":"Other tunnels"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Grade (slope)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(slope)"},{"title":"Hillclimbing (railway)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillclimbing_(railway)"},{"title":"List of steepest gradients on adhesion railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_steepest_gradients_on_adhesion_railways"},{"title":"Mountain railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_railway"},{"title":"Old Main Line (Baltimore and Ohio Railroad)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Main_Line_(Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad)"},{"title":"Rack railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack_railway"}]
|
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ruling+gradient%22","external_links_name":"\"Ruling gradient\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ruling+gradient%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ruling+gradient%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ruling+gradient%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ruling+gradient%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ruling+gradient%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruling_gradient&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"http://extranet.artc.com.au/engineering_cd_diagrams.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081208130955/http://extranet.artc.com.au/engineering_cd_diagrams.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Route_195
|
Connecticut Route 195
|
["1 Route description","2 History","3 Junction list","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Route map: State highway in northeastern Connecticut, US
Route 195Map of northeastern Connecticut with Route 195 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by CTDOTLength15.91 mi (25.60 km)Existed1932–presentMajor junctionsSouth end Route 66 in WindhamMajor intersections
US 6 in Mansfield
US 44 in Mansfield Depot
Route 32 in Willington
I-84 in Tolland
North end Route 74 in Tolland
LocationCountryUnited StatesStateConnecticutCountiesWindham, Tolland
Highway system
Connecticut State Highway System
Interstate
US
State
SSR
SR
Scenic
← Route 194→ Route 196
Route 195 is a state highway in northeastern Connecticut, running from the Willimantic section of Windham to the town center of Tolland via the Storrs section of Mansfield. The road is the main thoroughfare to access the main campus of the University of Connecticut.
Route description
Route 195 begins as Ash Street and Jackson Street at an intersection with Route 66 in the Willimantic section of Windham. It heads north, crossing into Mansfield, where it becomes Storrs Road and continues past the Natchaug River. It soon has an interchange with US 6 before turning northwest at the Willimantic Reservoir. Route 195 then enters the Storrs section of Mansfield, passing the eastern end of Route 275 before entering the University of Connecticut campus. North of campus at the Mansfield Four Corners intersection, it intersects US 44, then meets the southern end of Route 320 and intersects Route 32 before continuing across the Willimantic River into the town of Coventry, where it is known as Tolland Turnpike. Route 195 cuts across the northeast corner of Coventry into Tolland, where it becomes Merrow Road and continues northwest, intersecting I-84 at Exit 68 before ending at an intersection with Route 74.
The section of Route 195 from the Windham-Mansfield town line to I-84 in Tolland is designated UConn Husky Way.
History
Route 195 follows the route of the Windham and Mansfield Turnpike, a stage road active from 1800 to after 1828. The turnpike route between Mansfield Center and Storrs was designated as part of State Highway 146 in 1922, running from Willimantic to Mansfield Center via modern Route 89, then to US 44 in Storrs via modern Route 195. Route 195 was established in the 1932 state highway renumbering from most of old Highway 146 between Mansfield Center and Storrs. In 1963, it was extended to the current northern terminus along a new road (the southern part of old Tolland and Mansfield Turnpike). In 1964, part of Route 89 was transferred to Route 195, resulting in Route 195's current route.
Junction list
CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes
WindhamWindham0.000.00 Route 66 – North Windham, Columbia
TollandMansfield1.221.96 US 6 – North Windham, Columbia
3.746.02 Route 89 north – Ashford
7.1111.44 Route 275 west – Coventry
9.3915.11 US 44 – Putnam, Bolton
9.4615.22 Route 320 north – Willington
11.6618.76 Route 32 – Stafford Springs, Willimantic
Tolland15.2024.46 I-84 – Boston, HartfordExit 68 (I-84)
15.9125.60 Route 74 – Willington, RockvilleNorthern terminus of CT 195
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
References
^ a b c d Connecticut State Highway Log Archived 2015-09-05 at the Wayback Machine
^ Connecticut Routes, Route 195
External links
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Connecticut Route 195KML is from Wikidata
Connecticut portal
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Willimantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willimantic,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Windham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windham,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Tolland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolland,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Storrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storrs_(village)"},{"link_name":"Mansfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"University of Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Connecticut"}],"text":"State highway in northeastern Connecticut, USRoute 195 is a state highway in northeastern Connecticut, running from the Willimantic section of Windham to the town center of Tolland via the Storrs section of Mansfield. The road is the main thoroughfare to access the main campus of the University of Connecticut.","title":"Connecticut Route 195"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Route 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Route_66"},{"link_name":"Willimantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willimantic,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Windham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windham,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Mansfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"US 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_6"},{"link_name":"Storrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storrs,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Route 275","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Route_275"},{"link_name":"University of Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"US 44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Route_44"},{"link_name":"Route 320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Route_320"},{"link_name":"Route 32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Route_32"},{"link_name":"Willimantic River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willimantic_River"},{"link_name":"Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Tolland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolland,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"I-84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_84_(east)"},{"link_name":"Route 74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Route_74"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ctlog-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ctlog-1"}],"text":"Route 195 begins as Ash Street and Jackson Street at an intersection with Route 66 in the Willimantic section of Windham. It heads north, crossing into Mansfield, where it becomes Storrs Road and continues past the Natchaug River. It soon has an interchange with US 6 before turning northwest at the Willimantic Reservoir. Route 195 then enters the Storrs section of Mansfield, passing the eastern end of Route 275 before entering the University of Connecticut campus. North of campus at the Mansfield Four Corners intersection, it intersects US 44, then meets the southern end of Route 320 and intersects Route 32 before continuing across the Willimantic River into the town of Coventry, where it is known as Tolland Turnpike. Route 195 cuts across the northeast corner of Coventry into Tolland, where it becomes Merrow Road and continues northwest, intersecting I-84 at Exit 68 before ending at an intersection with Route 74.[1]The section of Route 195 from the Windham-Mansfield town line to I-84 in Tolland is designated UConn Husky Way.[1]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US 44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_44"},{"link_name":"1932 state highway renumbering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_state_highway_renumbering_(Connecticut)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Route 195 follows the route of the Windham and Mansfield Turnpike, a stage road active from 1800 to after 1828. The turnpike route between Mansfield Center and Storrs was designated as part of State Highway 146 in 1922, running from Willimantic to Mansfield Center via modern Route 89, then to US 44 in Storrs via modern Route 195. Route 195 was established in the 1932 state highway renumbering from most of old Highway 146 between Mansfield Center and Storrs. In 1963, it was extended to the current northern terminus along a new road (the southern part of old Tolland and Mansfield Turnpike). In 1964, part of Route 89 was transferred to Route 195, resulting in Route 195's current route.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Junction list"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.ct.gov/dot/LIB/dot/Documents/dpolicy/hwylog/hwylog.pdf","external_links_name":"Connecticut State Highway Log"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905063334/http://www.ct.gov/dot/LIB/dot/Documents/dpolicy/hwylog/hwylog.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.kurumi.com/roads/ct/ct195.html","external_links_name":"Connecticut Routes, Route 195"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Connecticut_Route_195&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Connecticut_Route_195&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_Davis_Cup_team
|
Slovenia Davis Cup team
|
["1 2022 Davis Cup team","2 Previous teams","3 History","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Slovenian national tennis team
SloveniaCaptainMiha MlakarITF ranking48 2 (20 September 2021)Highest ITF ranking26 (18 September 2013)Colorsblue and whiteFirst year1993Years played28Ties played (W–L)63 (35–28)Best finishEurope/Africa Zone Group I quarterfinal (2011, 2012)Most total winsGrega Žemlja (39–18)Most singles winsMarko Tkalec (26–7)Most doubles winsGrega Žemlja (14–8)Best doubles teamLuka Gregorc &Grega Žemlja (12–3)Most ties playedMarko Tkalec (22)Most years playedMarko Tkalec (14)
The Slovenia men's national tennis team represents Slovenia in Davis Cup tennis competition and are governed by the Slovenian Tennis Association.
Slovenia currently compete in the World Group II.
2022 Davis Cup team
Aljaž Bedene
Bor Artnak
Maj Premzl
Blaž Kavčič
Matic Križnik (Junior player)
Previous teams
2016
Against Portugal, 16.-18. September 2016:
Grega Žemlja
Tomislav Ternar
Tom Kočevar Dešman
Sven Lah
Slovenian team lost 0:5
Against Romania, 04.-06. March 2016:
Blaž Rola
Grega Žemlja
Tomislav Ternar
Aljaž Radinski
Slovenian team lost 1:4
2015
Against Lithuania, 30.October-1.November 2015:
Blaž Rola
Blaž Kavčić
Grega Žemlja
Tom Kočevar Dešman
Slovenian team won 5:0
Against Israel, 17.-19. July 2015:
Grega Žemlja
Nik Razboršek
Aljaž Radinski
David Goršič
Slovenian team won 3:2
Against Slovakia, 07.-09. March 2015:
Blaž Kavčić
Tom Kočevar Dešman
Mike Urbanija
Grega Žemlja
Slovenian team lost 0:5
2014
Against Israel, 04.-06. April 2014:
Blaž Kavčič
Blaž Rola
Grega Žemlja
Janez Semrajc
Slovenian team lost 1:4
Against Portugal, 31. January- 02. February 2014:
Blaž Kavčić
Janez Semrajc
Mike Urbanija
Tom Kočevar Dešman
Slovenian team won 3:2
2013
Against South Africa, 13.-15- September 2013:
Blaž Kavčić
Grega Žemlja
Blaž Rola
Janez Semrajc
Slovenian team won 4:1
History
Slovenia joined Davis Cup competition 1993, year after being accepted to the ITF (International Tennis Federation).
First win, the Slovenian team made was in 1993 in Zambia against San Marino. In the team were Blaž Trupej and Marko Por. Captain was Aleš Filipčić.
First Game at home for the national team was in 1994 against Greece and took place in Maribor. Slovenia won with 3:2.
The same year, Slovenian team also won against Finland, playing away in Ghana.
In 1995, in Portorož, team lost against Zimbabve and later away against Izrael, which has put Slovenia down to second Euro-African Group.
From 2002 to 2010 Slovenia was playing in the Second Group until winning against Finland, Bulgaria and Lithuania in 2010.
In March 2011, the team won against Finland in the great Tivoli Hall in Ljubljana.
In 2012, Slovenia won against Denmark in Velenje, but then lost against South Africa, this time playing away.
In 2013, Slovenia won against South Africa with 4:1 and later won again, this time against Portugal with 3:2.
In March 2016 Slovenia lost 4:1 against Romania, which lead to fall down to the Second Group again.
2017 is a year of fight to get back to the first Euro-African Group, starting with a 3:2 win in Maribor against Monaco team.
See also
Davis Cup
Slovenia Fed Cup team
References
http://www.daviscup.com/en/home.aspx
http://www.slo-daviscup.si/
http://www.tenis-slovenija.si/
External links
Team page on DavisCup.com, the official website of the Davis Cup
vteDavis Cup
Current champions (2023): Italy
Editions
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020–21
2022
2023
2024
World Groups / Finals
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020–21
2022
2023
World Groups play-offs
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Qualifying rounds
2019
2020–21
2022
2023
2024
2023 Davis Cup Finals teams
Australia
Canada
Chile
Croatia
Czech Republic
Finland
France
Great Britain
Italy
Netherlands
Serbia
South Korea
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United States
Former World Group / Finals teams
Argentina
Austria
Belgium
Brazil
Belarus
Colombia
Cuba
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
Ecuador
Germany
Hungary
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Israel
Japan
Kazakhstan
Mexico
Morocco
New Zealand
Paraguay
Peru
Poland
Romania
Russia
Slovakia
South Africa
Yugoslavia
Zimbabwe
Players
American
Argentine
Australian
Austrian
Belarusian
Belgian
Brazilian
British
Canadian
Chilean
Croatian
Cuban
Czech
Czechoslovak
Danish
Dutch
Ecuadorian
Finnish
French
German
Hungarian
Indian
Indonesian
Irish
Israeli
Italian
Japanese
Kazakhstani
Korean
Kosovar
Mexican
Montenegrin
Moroccan
New Zealand
Peruvian
Polish
Portuguese
Romanian
Russian
Serbian
Slovakian
South African
Soviet
Spanish
Swedish
Swiss
Yugoslavian
Zimbabwean
List of champions
Winning players
vteDavis Cup teamsFinals
Argentina
Australia
Belgium
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Finland
France
Germany
Great Britain
Italy
Netherlands
Slovakia
Spain
United States
World Group I
Austria
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Chinese Taipei
Colombia
Croatia
Denmark
Egypt
Greece
Hungary
India
Israel
Japan
Kazakhstan
Lithuania
Norway
Peru
Poland
Portugal
Serbia
South Korea
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
World Group II
Barbados
Bolivia
Bulgaria
China
Ecuador
El Salvador
Georgia
Hong Kong
Ireland
Latvia
Lebanon
Luxembourg
Morocco
Mexico
Monaco
New Zealand
Pakistan
Romania
South Africa
Togo
Tunisia
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Group IIIAmericas zone
Bahamas
Bermuda
Costa Rica
Dominican Republic
Guatemala
Jamaica
Paraguay
Puerto Rico
Venezuela
Asia/Oceania zone
Indonesia
Iran
Jordan
Malaysia
Pacific Oceania
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Syria
Thailand
Vietnam
Europe zone
Azerbaijan
Cyprus
Estonia
Kosovo
Moldova
Montenegro
North Macedonia
Slovenia
Africa zone
Benin
Ghana
Ivory Coast
Namibia
Nigeria
Zimbabwe
Group IVAmericas zone
Antigua and Barbuda
Aruba
Cuba
Haiti
Honduras
Nicaragua
Panama
Trinidad and Tobago
U.S. Virgin Islands
Asia/Oceania zone
Cambodia
Iraq
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Myanmar
Qatar
Sri Lanka
United Arab Emirates
Europe zone
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Iceland
Liechtenstein
Malta
San Marino
Africa zone
Algeria
Angola
Burundi
Cameroon
DR Congo
Kenya
Rwanda
Senegal
Group VAsia/Oceania zone
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Brunei
Guam
Maldives
Mongolia
Philippines
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Yemen
Africa zone
Botswana
Congo
Djibouti
Ethiopia
Gabon
Lesotho
Madagascar
Mauritius
Mozambique
Tanzania
Uganda
Suspended
Belarus
Russia
Inactive
Burkina Faso
Eastern Caribbean
Libya
Mali
Oman
Saint Lucia
Sudan
Zambia
Former
Australasia
Caribbean/West Indies
Czechoslovakia
Fiji
Hawaii
Netherlands Antilles
Serbia and Montenegro
Soviet Union
Yugoslavia
vte National sports teams of SloveniaMen
Baseball
Basketball
U-20
U-19
U-17
3x3
Cricket
Field hockey
Floorball
U-19
Football
U-21
U-19
U-17
Futsal
Handball
M-U20
M-U18
Ice hockey
U-20
U-18
Rugby union
Speedway
U-21
Tennis
Volleyball
U-19
Water polo
Women
Basketball
U-20
U-18
U-16
Field hockey
Floorball
Football
Handball
Ice hockey
Softball
Tennis
Volleyball
U-20
U-18
Mixed
Badminton
Olympics
Paralympics
Deaflympics
Mediterranean Games
European Games
This article about sports in Slovenia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to Davis Cup tennis is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Davis Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Cup"},{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"Slovenian Tennis Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slovenian_Tennis_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"World Group II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Davis_Cup_World_Group_II"}],"text":"The Slovenia men's national tennis team represents Slovenia in Davis Cup tennis competition and are governed by the Slovenian Tennis Association.Slovenia currently compete in the World Group II.","title":"Slovenia Davis Cup team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aljaž Bedene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alja%C5%BE_Bedene"},{"link_name":"Bor Artnak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor_Artnak"},{"link_name":"Maj Premzl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maj_Premzl&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Blaž Kavčič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bla%C5%BE_Kav%C4%8Di%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Matic Križnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matic_Kri%C5%BEnik&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Aljaž Bedene\nBor Artnak\nMaj Premzl\nBlaž Kavčič\nMatic Križnik (Junior player)","title":"2022 Davis Cup team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blaž Kavčič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bla%C5%BE_Kav%C4%8Di%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Blaž Rola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bla%C5%BE_Rola"},{"link_name":"Grega Žemlja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grega_%C5%BDemlja"},{"link_name":"Janez Semrajc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janez_Semrajc"}],"text":"2016Against Portugal, 16.-18. September 2016:Grega Žemlja\nTomislav Ternar\nTom Kočevar Dešman\nSven LahSlovenian team lost 0:5Against Romania, 04.-06. March 2016:Blaž Rola\nGrega Žemlja\nTomislav Ternar\nAljaž RadinskiSlovenian team lost 1:42015Against Lithuania, 30.October-1.November 2015:Blaž Rola\nBlaž Kavčić\nGrega Žemlja\nTom Kočevar DešmanSlovenian team won 5:0Against Israel, 17.-19. July 2015:Grega Žemlja\nNik Razboršek\nAljaž Radinski\nDavid GoršičSlovenian team won 3:2Against Slovakia, 07.-09. March 2015:Blaž Kavčić\nTom Kočevar Dešman\nMike Urbanija\nGrega ŽemljaSlovenian team lost 0:52014Against Israel, 04.-06. April 2014:Blaž Kavčič\nBlaž Rola\nGrega Žemlja\nJanez SemrajcSlovenian team lost 1:4Against Portugal, 31. January- 02. February 2014:Blaž Kavčić\nJanez Semrajc\nMike Urbanija\nTom Kočevar DešmanSlovenian team won 3:22013Against South Africa, 13.-15- September 2013:Blaž Kavčić\nGrega Žemlja\nBlaž Rola\nJanez SemrajcSlovenian team won 4:1","title":"Previous teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Slovenia joined Davis Cup competition 1993, year after being accepted to the ITF (International Tennis Federation).First win, the Slovenian team made was in 1993 in Zambia against San Marino. In the team were Blaž Trupej and Marko Por. Captain was Aleš Filipčić.First Game at home for the national team was in 1994 against Greece and took place in Maribor. Slovenia won with 3:2.\nThe same year, Slovenian team also won against Finland, playing away in Ghana.\nIn 1995, in Portorož, team lost against Zimbabve and later away against Izrael, which has put Slovenia down to second Euro-African Group.\nFrom 2002 to 2010 Slovenia was playing in the Second Group until winning against Finland, Bulgaria and Lithuania in 2010.\nIn March 2011, the team won against Finland in the great Tivoli Hall in Ljubljana.\nIn 2012, Slovenia won against Denmark in Velenje, but then lost against South Africa, this time playing away.\nIn 2013, Slovenia won against South Africa with 4:1 and later won again, this time against Portugal with 3:2.\nIn March 2016 Slovenia lost 4:1 against Romania, which lead to fall down to the Second Group again.\n2017 is a year of fight to get back to the first Euro-African Group, starting with a 3:2 win in Maribor against Monaco team.","title":"History"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Davis Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Cup"},{"title":"Slovenia Fed Cup team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_Fed_Cup_team"}]
|
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.daviscup.com/en/home.aspx","external_links_name":"http://www.daviscup.com/en/home.aspx"},{"Link":"http://www.slo-daviscup.si/","external_links_name":"http://www.slo-daviscup.si/"},{"Link":"http://www.tenis-slovenija.si/","external_links_name":"http://www.tenis-slovenija.si/"},{"Link":"https://www.daviscup.com/en/teams/team.aspx?id=SLO","external_links_name":"Team page"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slovenia_Davis_Cup_team&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slovenia_Davis_Cup_team&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_bond
|
Coordinate covalent bond
|
["1 Examples","2 Comparison with other electron-sharing modes","3 References"]
|
Two-electron chemical bond where both electrons derive from the same atom
In coordination chemistry, a coordinate covalent bond, also known as a dative bond, dipolar bond, or coordinate bond is a kind of two-center, two-electron covalent bond in which the two electrons derive from the same atom. The bonding of metal ions to ligands involves this kind of interaction. This type of interaction is central to Lewis acid–base theory.
Coordinate bonds are commonly found in coordination compounds.
Examples
Formation of an adduct of ammonia and boron trifluoride, involving formation of a coordinate covalent bond.
Coordinate covalent bonding is ubiquitous. In all metal aquo-complexes m+, the bonding between water and the metal cation is described as a coordinate covalent bond. Metal-ligand interactions in most organometallic compounds and most coordination compounds are described similarly.
The term dipolar bond is used in organic chemistry for compounds such as amine oxides for which the electronic structure can be described in terms of the basic amine donating two electrons to an oxygen atom.
R3N → O
The arrow → indicates that both electrons in the bond originate from the amine moiety. In a standard covalent bond each atom contributes one electron. Therefore, an alternative description is that the amine gives away one electron to the oxygen atom, which is then used, with the remaining unpaired electron on the nitrogen atom, to form a standard covalent bond. The process of transferring the electron from nitrogen to oxygen creates formal charges, so the electronic structure may also be depicted as
R3N+O−
Hexamminecobalt(III) chloride
This electronic structure has an electric dipole, hence the name polar bond. In reality, the atoms carry partial charges; the more electronegative atom of the two involved in the bond will usually carry a partial negative charge. One exception to this is carbon monoxide. In this case, the carbon atom carries the partial negative charge although it is less electronegative than oxygen.
An example of a dative covalent bond is provided by the interaction between a molecule of ammonia, a Lewis base with a lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom, and boron trifluoride, a Lewis acid by virtue of the boron atom having an incomplete octet of electrons. In forming the adduct, the boron atom attains an octet configuration.
The electronic structure of a coordination complex can be described in terms of the set of ligands each donating a pair of electrons to a metal centre. For example, in hexamminecobalt(III) chloride, each ammonia ligand donates its lone pair of electrons to the cobalt(III) ion. In this case, the bonds formed are described as coordinate bonds. In the Covalent Bond Classification (CBC) method, ligands that form coordinate covalent bonds with a central atom are classed as L-type, while those that form normal covalent bonds are classed as X-type.
Comparison with other electron-sharing modes
In all cases, the bond, whether dative or "normal" electron-sharing, is a covalent bond. In common usage, the prefix dipolar, dative or coordinate merely serves to indicate the origin of the electrons used in creating the bond. For example, F3B ← O(C2H5)2 ("boron trifluoride (diethyl) etherate") is prepared from BF3 and :O(C2H5)2, as opposed to the radical species – and +. The dative bond is also a convenience in terms of notation, as formal charges are avoided: we can write D: + A ⇌ D → A rather than D+–A– (here : and represent the lone-pair and empty orbital on the electron-pair donor D and acceptor A, respectively). The notation is sometimes used even when the Lewis acid-base reaction involved is only notional (e.g., the sulfoxide R2S → O is rarely if ever made by reacting the sulfide R2S with atomic oxygen O). Thus, most chemists do not make any claim with respect to the properties of the bond when choosing one notation over the other (formal charges vs. arrow bond).
It is generally true, however, that bonds depicted this way are polar covalent, sometimes strongly so, and some authors claim that there are genuine differences in the properties of a dative bond and electron-sharing bond and suggest that showing a dative bond is more appropriate in particular situations. As far back as 1989, Haaland characterized dative bonds as bonds that are (i) weak and long; (ii) with only a small degree of charge-transfer taking place during bond formation; and (iii) whose preferred mode of dissociation in the gas phase (or low ε inert solvent) is heterolytic rather than homolytic. The ammonia-borane adduct (H3N → BH3) is given as a classic example: the bond is weak, with a dissociation energy of 31 kcal/mol (cf. 90 kcal/mol for ethane), and long, at 166 pm (cf. 153 pm for ethane), and the molecule possesses a dipole moment of 5.2 D that implies a transfer of only 0.2 e– from nitrogen to boron. The heterolytic dissociation of H3N → BH3 is estimated to require 27 kcal/mol, confirming that heterolysis into ammonia and borane is more favorable than homolysis into radical cation and radical anion. However, aside from clear-cut examples, there is considerable dispute as to when a particular compound qualifies and, thus, the overall prevalence of dative bonding (with respect to an author's preferred definition). Computational chemists have suggested quantitative criteria to distinguish between the two "types" of bonding.
Some non-obvious examples where dative bonding is claimed to be important include carbon suboxide (O≡C → C0 ← C≡O), tetraaminoallenes (described using dative bond language as "carbodicarbenes"; (R2N)2C → C0 ← C(NR2)2), the Ramirez carbodiphosphorane (Ph3P → C0 ← PPh3), and bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium cation (Ph3P → N+ ← PPh3), all of which exhibit considerably bent equilibrium geometries, though with a shallow barrier to bending. Simple application of the normal rules for drawing Lewis structures by maximizing bonding (using electron-sharing bonds) and minimizing formal charges would predict heterocumulene structures, and therefore linear geometries, for each of these compounds. Thus, these molecules are claimed to be better modeled as coordination complexes of :C: (carbon(0) or carbone) or :N:+ (mononitrogen cation) with CO, PPh3, or N-heterocycliccarbenes as ligands, the lone-pairs on the central atom accounting for the bent geometry. However, the usefulness of this view is disputed.
References
^ a b IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "dipolar bond". doi:10.1351/goldbook.D01752
^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "dative bond". doi:10.1351/goldbook.D01523
^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "coordinate bond". doi:10.1351/goldbook.C01329
^ Ariyarathna, Isuru (March 2021). First Principle Studies on Ground and Excited Electronic States: Chemical Bonding in Main-Group Molecules, Molecular Systems with Diffuse Electrons, and Water Activation using Transition Metal Monoxides.
^ Khare, E.; Holten-Andersen, N.; Buehler, M.J. (2021). "Transition-metal coordinate bonds for bioinspired macromolecules with tunable mechanical properties". Nat Rev Mater. 6: 421–436. doi:10.1038/s41578-020-00270-z.
^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
^ Haaland, Arne (1989). "Covalent versus Dative Bonds to Main Group Metals, a Useful Distinction". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 28 (8): 992–1007. doi:10.1002/anie.198909921. ISSN 0570-0833.
^ Himmel, Daniel; Krossing, Ingo; Schnepf, Andreas (2014-01-07). "Dative Bonds in Main-Group Compounds: A Case for Fewer Arrows!". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 53 (2): 370–374. doi:10.1002/anie.201300461. PMID 24243854.
^ a b Frenking, Gernot (2014-06-10). "Dative Bonds in Main-Group Compounds: A Case for More Arrows!". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 53 (24): 6040–6046. doi:10.1002/anie.201311022. PMID 24849466.
^ a b Schmidbaur, Hubert; Schier, Annette (2013-01-02). "Coordination Chemistry at Carbon: The Patchwork Family Comprising (Ph 3 P) 2 C, (Ph 3 P)C(C 2 H 4 ), and (C 2 H 4 ) 2 C". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 52 (1): 176–186. doi:10.1002/anie.201205294. PMID 23203500.
vteChemical bondsIntramolecular(strong)Covalent
Electron deficiency
3c–2e
4c–2e
8c–2e
Hypervalence
3c–4e
Agostic
Bent
Coordinate (dipolar)
Pi backbond
Metal–ligand multiple bond
Charge-shift
Hapticity
Conjugation
Hyperconjugation
Aromaticity
homo
bicyclo
Metallic
Metal aromaticity
Ionic
Intermolecular(weak)Van der Waalsforces
London dispersion
Hydrogen
Low-barrier
Resonance-assisted
Symmetric
Dihydrogen bonds
C–H···O interaction
Noncovalentother
Mechanical
Halogen
Chalcogen
Metallophilic (aurophilic)
Intercalation
Stacking
Cation–pi
Anion–pi
Salt bridge
Bond cleavage
Heterolysis
Homolysis
Electron counting rules
Aromaticity
Hückel's rule
Baird's rule
Möbius
spherical
Polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory
Jemmis mno rules
Authority control databases: National
Germany
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coordination chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_chemistry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gold-dipolar-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gold-dipolar-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"covalent bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond"},{"link_name":"electrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons"},{"link_name":"atom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom"},{"link_name":"metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal#Chemical"},{"link_name":"ions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ions"},{"link_name":"ligands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lewis acid–base theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_acids_and_bases"},{"link_name":"coordination compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_complex"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In coordination chemistry, a coordinate covalent bond,[1] also known as a dative bond,[2] dipolar bond,[1] or coordinate bond[3] is a kind of two-center, two-electron covalent bond in which the two electrons derive from the same atom. The bonding of metal ions to ligands involves this kind of interaction.[4] This type of interaction is central to Lewis acid–base theory.Coordinate bonds are commonly found in coordination compounds.[5]","title":"Coordinate covalent bond"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NH3-BF3-adduct-bond-lengthening-2D.png"},{"link_name":"adduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adduct"},{"link_name":"ammonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia"},{"link_name":"boron trifluoride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_trifluoride"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"metal aquo-complexes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_aquo_complex"},{"link_name":"cation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cation"},{"link_name":"organometallic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organometallic"},{"link_name":"compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound"},{"link_name":"coordination compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_compound"},{"link_name":"organic chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistry"},{"link_name":"amine oxides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amine_oxide"},{"link_name":"amine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amine"},{"link_name":"moiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moiety_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"formal charges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_charge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CoA6Cl3.svg"},{"link_name":"electric dipole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_dipole"},{"link_name":"partial charges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_charge"},{"link_name":"electronegative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronegative"},{"link_name":"carbon monoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide"},{"link_name":"ammonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia"},{"link_name":"Lewis base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_base"},{"link_name":"boron trifluoride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_trifluoride"},{"link_name":"Lewis acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_acid"},{"link_name":"octet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octet_rule"},{"link_name":"coordination complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_complex"},{"link_name":"ligands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand"},{"link_name":"hexamminecobalt(III) chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexamminecobalt(III)_chloride"},{"link_name":"ammonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia"},{"link_name":"Covalent Bond Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond_classification_method"}],"text":"Formation of an adduct of ammonia and boron trifluoride, involving formation of a coordinate covalent bond.Coordinate covalent bonding is ubiquitous.[6] In all metal aquo-complexes [M(H2O)n]m+, the bonding between water and the metal cation is described as a coordinate covalent bond. Metal-ligand interactions in most organometallic compounds and most coordination compounds are described similarly.The term dipolar bond is used in organic chemistry for compounds such as amine oxides for which the electronic structure can be described in terms of the basic amine donating two electrons to an oxygen atom.R3N → OThe arrow → indicates that both electrons in the bond originate from the amine moiety. In a standard covalent bond each atom contributes one electron. Therefore, an alternative description is that the amine gives away one electron to the oxygen atom, which is then used, with the remaining unpaired electron on the nitrogen atom, to form a standard covalent bond. The process of transferring the electron from nitrogen to oxygen creates formal charges, so the electronic structure may also be depicted asR3N+O−Hexamminecobalt(III) chlorideThis electronic structure has an electric dipole, hence the name polar bond. In reality, the atoms carry partial charges; the more electronegative atom of the two involved in the bond will usually carry a partial negative charge. One exception to this is carbon monoxide. In this case, the carbon atom carries the partial negative charge although it is less electronegative than oxygen.An example of a dative covalent bond is provided by the interaction between a molecule of ammonia, a Lewis base with a lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom, and boron trifluoride, a Lewis acid by virtue of the boron atom having an incomplete octet of electrons. In forming the adduct, the boron atom attains an octet configuration.The electronic structure of a coordination complex can be described in terms of the set of ligands each donating a pair of electrons to a metal centre. For example, in hexamminecobalt(III) chloride, each ammonia ligand donates its lone pair of electrons to the cobalt(III) ion. In this case, the bonds formed are described as coordinate bonds. In the Covalent Bond Classification (CBC) method, ligands that form coordinate covalent bonds with a central atom are classed as L-type, while those that form normal covalent bonds are classed as X-type.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"boron trifluoride (diethyl) etherate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_trifluoride_etherate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"carbon suboxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_suboxide"},{"link_name":"carbodiphosphorane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexaphenylcarbodiphosphorane"},{"link_name":"bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium_chloride"},{"link_name":"heterocumulene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterocumulene"},{"link_name":"carbone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbones"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"}],"text":"In all cases, the bond, whether dative or \"normal\" electron-sharing, is a covalent bond. In common usage, the prefix dipolar, dative or coordinate merely serves to indicate the origin of the electrons used in creating the bond. For example, F3B ← O(C2H5)2 (\"boron trifluoride (diethyl) etherate\") is prepared from BF3 and :O(C2H5)2, as opposed to the radical species [•BF3]– and [•O(C2H5)2]+. The dative bond is also a convenience in terms of notation, as formal charges are avoided: we can write D: + []A ⇌ D → A rather than D+–A– (here : and [] represent the lone-pair and empty orbital on the electron-pair donor D and acceptor A, respectively). The notation is sometimes used even when the Lewis acid-base reaction involved is only notional (e.g., the sulfoxide R2S → O is rarely if ever made by reacting the sulfide R2S with atomic oxygen O). Thus, most chemists do not make any claim with respect to the properties of the bond when choosing one notation over the other (formal charges vs. arrow bond).It is generally true, however, that bonds depicted this way are polar covalent, sometimes strongly so, and some authors claim that there are genuine differences in the properties of a dative bond and electron-sharing bond and suggest that showing a dative bond is more appropriate in particular situations. As far back as 1989, Haaland characterized dative bonds as bonds that are (i) weak and long; (ii) with only a small degree of charge-transfer taking place during bond formation; and (iii) whose preferred mode of dissociation in the gas phase (or low ε inert solvent) is heterolytic rather than homolytic.[7] The ammonia-borane adduct (H3N → BH3) is given as a classic example: the bond is weak, with a dissociation energy of 31 kcal/mol (cf. 90 kcal/mol for ethane), and long, at 166 pm (cf. 153 pm for ethane), and the molecule possesses a dipole moment of 5.2 D that implies a transfer of only 0.2 e– from nitrogen to boron. The heterolytic dissociation of H3N → BH3 is estimated to require 27 kcal/mol, confirming that heterolysis into ammonia and borane is more favorable than homolysis into radical cation and radical anion. However, aside from clear-cut examples, there is considerable dispute as to when a particular compound qualifies and, thus, the overall prevalence of dative bonding (with respect to an author's preferred definition). Computational chemists have suggested quantitative criteria to distinguish between the two \"types\" of bonding.[8][9][10]Some non-obvious examples where dative bonding is claimed to be important include carbon suboxide (O≡C → C0 ← C≡O), tetraaminoallenes (described using dative bond language as \"carbodicarbenes\"; (R2N)2C → C0 ← C(NR2)2), the Ramirez carbodiphosphorane (Ph3P → C0 ← PPh3), and bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium cation (Ph3P → N+ ← PPh3), all of which exhibit considerably bent equilibrium geometries, though with a shallow barrier to bending. Simple application of the normal rules for drawing Lewis structures by maximizing bonding (using electron-sharing bonds) and minimizing formal charges would predict heterocumulene structures, and therefore linear geometries, for each of these compounds. Thus, these molecules are claimed to be better modeled as coordination complexes of :C: (carbon(0) or carbone) or :N:+ (mononitrogen cation) with CO, PPh3, or N-heterocycliccarbenes as ligands, the lone-pairs on the central atom accounting for the bent geometry. However, the usefulness of this view is disputed.[9][10]","title":"Comparison with other electron-sharing modes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Formation of an adduct of ammonia and boron trifluoride, involving formation of a coordinate covalent bond.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/NH3-BF3-adduct-bond-lengthening-2D.png/280px-NH3-BF3-adduct-bond-lengthening-2D.png"},{"image_text":"Hexamminecobalt(III) chloride","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/CoA6Cl3.svg/220px-CoA6Cl3.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Ariyarathna, Isuru (March 2021). First Principle Studies on Ground and Excited Electronic States: Chemical Bonding in Main-Group Molecules, Molecular Systems with Diffuse Electrons, and Water Activation using Transition Metal Monoxides.","urls":[{"url":"https://etd.auburn.edu//handle/10415/7601","url_text":"First Principle Studies on Ground and Excited Electronic States: Chemical Bonding in Main-Group Molecules, Molecular Systems with Diffuse Electrons, and Water Activation using Transition Metal Monoxides"}]},{"reference":"Khare, E.; Holten-Andersen, N.; Buehler, M.J. (2021). \"Transition-metal coordinate bonds for bioinspired macromolecules with tunable mechanical properties\". Nat Rev Mater. 6: 421–436. doi:10.1038/s41578-020-00270-z.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41578-020-00270-z","url_text":"10.1038/s41578-020-00270-z"}]},{"reference":"Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Greenwood","url_text":"Greenwood, Norman N."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann","url_text":"Butterworth-Heinemann"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8","url_text":"978-0-08-037941-8"}]},{"reference":"Haaland, Arne (1989). \"Covalent versus Dative Bonds to Main Group Metals, a Useful Distinction\". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 28 (8): 992–1007. doi:10.1002/anie.198909921. ISSN 0570-0833.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.198909921","url_text":"10.1002/anie.198909921"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0570-0833","url_text":"0570-0833"}]},{"reference":"Himmel, Daniel; Krossing, Ingo; Schnepf, Andreas (2014-01-07). \"Dative Bonds in Main-Group Compounds: A Case for Fewer Arrows!\". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 53 (2): 370–374. doi:10.1002/anie.201300461. PMID 24243854.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201300461","url_text":"10.1002/anie.201300461"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24243854","url_text":"24243854"}]},{"reference":"Frenking, Gernot (2014-06-10). \"Dative Bonds in Main-Group Compounds: A Case for More Arrows!\". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 53 (24): 6040–6046. doi:10.1002/anie.201311022. PMID 24849466.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201311022","url_text":"10.1002/anie.201311022"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24849466","url_text":"24849466"}]},{"reference":"Schmidbaur, Hubert; Schier, Annette (2013-01-02). \"Coordination Chemistry at Carbon: The Patchwork Family Comprising (Ph 3 P) 2 C, (Ph 3 P)C(C 2 H 4 ), and (C 2 H 4 ) 2 C\". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 52 (1): 176–186. doi:10.1002/anie.201205294. PMID 23203500.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201205294","url_text":"10.1002/anie.201205294"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23203500","url_text":"23203500"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/D01752.html","external_links_name":"dipolar bond"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.D01752","external_links_name":"10.1351/goldbook.D01752"},{"Link":"https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/D01523.html","external_links_name":"dative bond"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.D01523","external_links_name":"10.1351/goldbook.D01523"},{"Link":"https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/C01329.html","external_links_name":"coordinate bond"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.C01329","external_links_name":"10.1351/goldbook.C01329"},{"Link":"https://etd.auburn.edu//handle/10415/7601","external_links_name":"First Principle Studies on Ground and Excited Electronic States: Chemical Bonding in Main-Group Molecules, Molecular Systems with Diffuse Electrons, and Water Activation using Transition Metal Monoxides"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41578-020-00270-z","external_links_name":"10.1038/s41578-020-00270-z"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.198909921","external_links_name":"10.1002/anie.198909921"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0570-0833","external_links_name":"0570-0833"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201300461","external_links_name":"10.1002/anie.201300461"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24243854","external_links_name":"24243854"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201311022","external_links_name":"10.1002/anie.201311022"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24849466","external_links_name":"24849466"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201205294","external_links_name":"10.1002/anie.201205294"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23203500","external_links_name":"23203500"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4165255-1","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Skene_(New_Jersey_official)
|
John Skene (New Jersey official)
|
["1 Biography","2 References"]
|
For the Scottish prosecutor, ambassador, and judge, see John Skene, Lord Curriehill.
John Skene3rd Deputy Governor of West New JerseyIn office1684–1692GovernorEdward Byllynge, Dr. Daniel CoxePreceded byThomas OliveSucceeded byVacant
Personal detailsBornc1649Newtyle, Aberdeenshire, ScotlandDiedc1695Burlington County, West New JerseySpouseHelen FullertonChildrenAlexander, Katherin, Lilias, Christian, MatthewParent(s)Lilias Skene, Alexander Skene
John Skene was the third deputy governor of West Jersey, part of the American Province of New Jersey, serving from October 1684 to April 1692.
Biography
Skene was born in Newtyle, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, the eldest surviving son of Lilias Skene née Gillespie and Alexander Skene, a merchant. In 1659 he was admitted as a burgess in Aberdeen. A Quaker, he left Scotland when his business failed and settled in West New Jersey where he purchased a 500-acre plantation he called Peachfield.
John Skene was a Freemason, having been a member of Aberdeen Lodge No. 1 in Scotland, and is cited as the first Freemason to settle in the New World.
John Skene was a member of the West Jersey General Free Assembly representing the Second Tenth in 1683, and was chosen by the Assembly to serve as a member of the West New Jersey Provincial Council, members at the time being able to serve in both houses.
In October 1684 he was appointed by Governor Edward Byllynge as deputy governor, ousting Thomas Olive, the Assembly Speaker, who had been chosen by the lower house to serve concurrently as both speaker and governor; Byllynge considered this an illegal usurpation of his power.
Skene remained deputy governor until Byllynge's death in January 1687; he was continued in office by Byllynge's successor Daniel Coxe, and succeeded by Gov. Andrew Hamilton in April 1692.
References
^ Memorials of the family of Skene of Skene; William Forbes Skene, D.C.L., LL.D.; Printed for the New Spalding Club, 1887, p. 78
^ "Skene, Alexander, of Newtyle". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/69912. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ NJFreemason.net, History of the Grand Lodge of New Jersey
^ The Grants, Concessions and Original Constitutions of the Province of New Jersey, Aaron Leaming and Jacob Spicer; W. Bradford, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1758. p. 457
vteDeputy Governors of West New Jersey
Jennings
Olive
Skene
Hunloke
This article about a New Jersey politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Skene, Lord Curriehill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Skene,_Lord_Curriehill"},{"link_name":"West Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Province of New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey"}],"text":"For the Scottish prosecutor, ambassador, and judge, see John Skene, Lord Curriehill.John Skene was the third deputy governor of West Jersey, part of the American Province of New Jersey, serving from October 1684 to April 1692.","title":"John Skene (New Jersey official)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newtyle, Aberdeenshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtyle,_Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Lilias Skene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilias_Skene"},{"link_name":"burgess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgess_(title)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Quaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Peachfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peachfield"},{"link_name":"Freemason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"West Jersey General Free Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Jersey_General_Free_Assembly&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Second Tenth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_(administrative_division)"},{"link_name":"West New Jersey Provincial Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_New_Jersey_Provincial_Council&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Edward Byllynge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Byllynge"},{"link_name":"Thomas Olive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Olive"},{"link_name":"Assembly Speaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_(politics)"},{"link_name":"lower house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_house"},{"link_name":"Daniel Coxe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Coxe"},{"link_name":"Gov. Andrew Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Hamilton_(New_Jersey_governor)"}],"text":"Skene was born in Newtyle, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, the eldest surviving son of Lilias Skene née Gillespie and Alexander Skene, a merchant. In 1659 he was admitted as a burgess in Aberdeen.[1] A Quaker, he left Scotland when his business failed[2] and settled in West New Jersey where he purchased a 500-acre plantation he called Peachfield.John Skene was a Freemason, having been a member of Aberdeen Lodge No. 1 in Scotland, and is cited as the first Freemason to settle in the New World.[3]John Skene was a member of the West Jersey General Free Assembly representing the Second Tenth in 1683, and was chosen by the Assembly to serve as a member of the West New Jersey Provincial Council, members at the time being able to serve in both houses.[4]In October 1684 he was appointed by Governor Edward Byllynge as deputy governor, ousting Thomas Olive, the Assembly Speaker, who had been chosen by the lower house to serve concurrently as both speaker and governor; Byllynge considered this an illegal usurpation of his power.Skene remained deputy governor until Byllynge's death in January 1687; he was continued in office by Byllynge's successor Daniel Coxe, and succeeded by Gov. Andrew Hamilton in April 1692.","title":"Biography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Skene, Alexander, of Newtyle\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/69912.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F69912","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/69912"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F69912","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/69912"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"http://njfreemason.net/dev/sites/default/files/History%20of%20the%20Grand%20Lodge%20of%20New%20Jersey.pdf","external_links_name":"NJFreemason.net, History of the Grand Lodge of New Jersey"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Skene_(New_Jersey_official)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomkin
|
Boomkin
|
["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
|
A boomkin projecting from the bow of HMS Surprise (in center of image)
A boomkin, bumkin, or bumpkin is a short spar that may project either fore or aft on a sailing vessel, depending on its function. Traditionally, it was a strong, usually wooden spar extending forward over the bow of a Western sailing ship holding a block through which the tack of the foresail was passed; on some modern sailing yachts with long main booms it is a short spar extending aft from the stern anchoring a central backstay.
Historically, boomkins were employed in pairs, one on either side of the vessel, often canted downwards over the main head-rail. Originally butted at their inboard ends against a knighthead, bolting prevailed since the end of the 18th century.
They are not to be confused with catheads, heavy wooden beams on either side of a traditional vessel's bow angled forward at roughly 45 degrees which support the ship's anchors when being raised or lowered.
History
Traditional boomkins found on English sailing vessels gradually evolved from 1710 until around 1850.
1710–1730 CE: The first boomkins were generally 6 feet (1.8 m) to 8 feet (2.4 m) long, usually square in cross section, untapered, at one inch in width per foot of length.
1730–1780 CE: The boomkin grew longer, with an octagonal inboard end and a circular outboard end tapering to 3/4 its initial diameter by its tip.
1780–1805 CE: The boomkin often became circular in cross section from base to tip.
1805 CE: The boomkin's inboard end was made half-round and generally bolted to rather than butted against the knighthead. An iron band with eyelets for (typically three) boomkin shrouds was also introduced.
1825 CE: The boomkin reverted to being square-edged, usually one inch wider than it was high. It also gained an additional eyelet for securing a slip.
1850 CE and beyond: The boomkin began to appear at a vessel's stern to provide either an attachment point for a backstay or the sheet of sail flown from a mizzen mast.
1967: Drascombe Lugger yawls designed with boomkins as an attachment point for sail flown from the mizzen.
Photo of the mizzen sail boomkin on 1980 Drascombe Lugger Onkahye sliding gunter rig yawl
References
^ a b Goodwin, Peter G. (1987). The construction and fitting of the English man of war, 1650-1850. London: Conway. pp. 223–225. ISBN 0-87021-016-5.
External links
Drascombe Lugger yawl
vteSails, spars and riggingincluding limited use*, outdated†Rigs (jury rigging)Textile
Bermuda
B&R
Cat
Fore-and-aft
Gaff
Gunter
Junk*
Ljungström
Mast-aft
Pinisi
Square
Other
Rotorsail*
Turbosail*
Wingsail
Sails (sailing rigs)Three-sided
Asymmetrical spinnaker
Crab claw*
Gennaker
Genoa
Jib
Lateen
Mainsail (Bermuda rig)
Raffee
Ringtail*
Screecher*
Spinnaker
Staysail
Trysail*
Four-sided
Course
Fisherman†
Foresail
Junk sail*
Lug sail
Mainsail (square rig)
Moonraker*
Ringtail*
Royal
Skysail*
Spanker
Spritsail (square-rigged)†
Spritsail* (Optimist)
Studding*
Tanja sail
Topgallant
Topsail
Watersail*
Components
Batten
Bolt rope
Cringle
Emblems
Draft
Jackline
Reefing points
Roach
Sailcloth
Spreader patch
Tell-tale
SparsOn bow
Bowsprit
sprit topmast
Dolphin striker
Jackstaff
Jibboom
Pelican striker
On mast
Boom
Boomkin
Gaff
Truck
Crosstrees
Spinnaker pole
Spreader
Sprit
Yard
RiggingStanding
Bobstay
Lazy jack
Running backstay
Shroud
ratlines
Stay mouse†
Stays
backstay
forestay
Running
Boomkicker*
Boom vang
Braces
Buntlines
Cunningham
Clewlines
Downhaul
Guy
Halyard
peak
throat
Outhaul
Preventer
Sheet
Tack
Topping lift
Components
Baggywrinkle
Belaying pin*
Block
Cleat
bitts
Clevis pin
Deadeye
Earing
Fairlead
Footrope
Gasket
Parrel beads
Ring bolt
Roller furling
Shackle
Swivel
gooseneck
Trapeze
Traveller
Turnbuckle
Winch
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spar_(sailing)"},{"link_name":"sailing ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_ship"},{"link_name":"block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_(sailing)"},{"link_name":"backstay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstay"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodwin-1"},{"link_name":"knighthead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(A-L)#K"},{"link_name":"catheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathead"}],"text":"A boomkin, bumkin, or bumpkin is a short spar that may project either fore or aft on a sailing vessel, depending on its function. Traditionally, it was a strong, usually wooden spar extending forward over the bow of a Western sailing ship holding a block through which the tack of the foresail was passed; on some modern sailing yachts with long main booms it is a short spar extending aft from the stern anchoring a central backstay.[1]Historically, boomkins were employed in pairs, one on either side of the vessel, often canted downwards over the main head-rail. Originally butted at their inboard ends against a knighthead, bolting prevailed since the end of the 18th century.They are not to be confused with catheads, heavy wooden beams on either side of a traditional vessel's bow angled forward at roughly 45 degrees which support the ship's anchors when being raised or lowered.","title":"Boomkin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodwin-1"},{"link_name":"shrouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrouds"},{"link_name":"stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern"},{"link_name":"backstay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstay"},{"link_name":"sheet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheet_(sailing)"},{"link_name":"mizzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_(sailing)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drascombe_Lugger_Onkahye_boomkin.jpg"}],"text":"Traditional boomkins found on English sailing vessels gradually evolved from 1710 until around 1850.[1]1710–1730 CE: The first boomkins were generally 6 feet (1.8 m) to 8 feet (2.4 m) long, usually square in cross section, untapered, at one inch in width per foot of length.\n1730–1780 CE: The boomkin grew longer, with an octagonal inboard end and a circular outboard end tapering to 3/4 its initial diameter by its tip.\n1780–1805 CE: The boomkin often became circular in cross section from base to tip.\n1805 CE: The boomkin's inboard end was made half-round and generally bolted to rather than butted against the knighthead. An iron band with eyelets for (typically three) boomkin shrouds was also introduced.\n1825 CE: The boomkin reverted to being square-edged, usually one inch wider than it was high. It also gained an additional eyelet for securing a slip.\n1850 CE and beyond: The boomkin began to appear at a vessel's stern to provide either an attachment point for a backstay or the sheet of sail flown from a mizzen mast.\n1967: Drascombe Lugger yawls designed with boomkins as an attachment point for sail flown from the mizzen.Photo of the mizzen sail boomkin on 1980 Drascombe Lugger Onkahye sliding gunter rig yawl","title":"History"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A boomkin projecting from the bow of HMS Surprise (in center of image)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/HMS_Surprise_%28replica_ship%29_port_side_8.JPG/250px-HMS_Surprise_%28replica_ship%29_port_side_8.JPG"},{"image_text":"Photo of the mizzen sail boomkin on 1980 Drascombe Lugger Onkahye sliding gunter rig yawl","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Drascombe_Lugger_Onkahye_boomkin.jpg/220px-Drascombe_Lugger_Onkahye_boomkin.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Goodwin, Peter G. (1987). The construction and fitting of the English man of war, 1650-1850. London: Conway. pp. 223–225. ISBN 0-87021-016-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ca1j_JcZdRUC&q=boomkin&pg=PA224","url_text":"The construction and fitting of the English man of war, 1650-1850"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-016-5","url_text":"0-87021-016-5"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ca1j_JcZdRUC&q=boomkin&pg=PA224","external_links_name":"The construction and fitting of the English man of war, 1650-1850"},{"Link":"http://smallboatrestoration.blogspot.com/p/drascombe-lugger.html","external_links_name":"Drascombe Lugger yawl"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_de_Cultura_Contempor%C3%A0nia_de_Barcelona
|
Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona
|
["1 Activities","2 The building","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 41°23′01″N 2°10′00″E / 41.38361°N 2.16667°E / 41.38361; 2.16667Cultural center in Barcelona
The CCCB in 2007
The Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona (also known by its acronym, CCCB) is an arts centre in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
Situated in the Raval district, the centre's core theme is the city and urban culture. The CCCB organizes exhibitions, debates, festivals and concerts, film cycles, courses, lectures, and other activities.
Activities
Situated in the Raval district, the centre's core theme is the city and urban culture. The CCCB organizes exhibitions, debates, festivals and concerts, film cycles, courses, lectures, and other activities; encourages creation using new technologies and languages, explores and promotes the ongoing fusion of languages and different genres, and takes in-house productions to other national and international arts centres, museums and institutions. The underlying aim of these activities is to generate debate, thinking and reflection on the theme of the city and public space, and other issues that define current affairs. It addresses issues with the aim of linking the academic world with creative processes and citizens in general. The CCCB is also an open space for creators, associations and freelance programmers with whom it has forged links over the years.
The CCCB offers the public access to part of its holdings, a multimedia archive comprising materials created by the centre during its years of activity. A wide variety of materials (documents, publications, digital files, audiovisuals, etc.) on key themes of contemporary culture and society are available for consultation in the CCCB Archive, which is constantly updated. Also open to the public is the centre's XcèntricArchive, a digital archive of experimental and documentary film, comprising over 700 titles related to its program “Xcèntric. The CCCB’s Cinema”.
The CCCB is a public consortium created by the Diputació de Barcelona (Barcelona Provincial Council) and Barcelona City Council. The management body governing the consortium is the General Council, whose president is the President of the Diputació de Barcelona and whose vice-president is the city's mayor. Judit Carrera is the director general.
The building
The centre has a floor area of 15,000 m2, of which 4,000 are exhibition spaces. It also has an auditorium, a bookstore and various multiuse seminar and lecture rooms. The CCCB occupies part of the old Casa de Caritat almshouse, built in 1802 and serving this role until 1957. The remodelled premises are the work of the architects Helio Piñón and Albert Viaplana, and, in 1993, the project was awarded the FAD and Ciutat de Barcelona Architecture Prizes. The new project replaced the north wing, completing the original U-shaped layout with a 30-metre-high prismatic volume, presenting a spectacular glazed façade that projects into the courtyard at the top. With its interplay of reflections, this new feature becomes a mirror of the surrounding rooftops and a prime lookout point over the city, as well as housing internal communications (halls, lifts and stairs).
In the spring of 2011, the CCCB expanded its premises with the incorporation of the former theatre of the Casa de Caritat, which has recently been remodelled. The project, designed by Martinez Lapeña-Torres Arquitectos, SL, forms a basement-level connection with the current premises, in the Pati de les Dones courtyard, and addresses the old theatre, built in 1912 by the architect Josep Goday i Casals, and part of one of the 19th-century cloisters of the former Hospital de la Caritat.
See also
List of museums in Barcelona
References
^ a b "25 years of the CCCB". Time Out Barcelona. Retrieved 2022-04-01.
^ "La politóloga Judit Carrera será la primera directora del CCCB". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 2018-07-24. Retrieved 2022-04-01.
^ "35 years after its break ground. Contemporary Culture Center of Barcelona, CCCB | The Strength of Architecture | From 1998". www.metalocus.es. Retrieved 2022-04-01.
^ a b "CCCB | Cultural Heritage. Government of Catalonia". patrimoni.gencat.cat. Retrieved 2022-04-01.
External links
Official website
Visitor Report (in German)
vteBarcelona landmarksBeaches
Barceloneta
Sant Sebastià
Somorrostro
Buildings and structures
Ancient synagogue
Arc de Triomf
Arenas de Barcelona
Avinguda Diagonal
Barcelona Cathedral
Barcelona Pavilion
Barcelona Royal Shipyard
Basilica of Our Lady of Mercy
Basilica of Saint Joseph Oriol
Basilica of Saints Justus and Pastor
Basilica of the Immaculate Conception
Bellesguard
Casa Amatller
Casa Batlló
Casa Bonaventura Ferrer
Casa Bonet
Casa Calvet
Casa de les Punxes
Casa Lleó Morera
Casa Martí
Casa Milà
Casa Vicens
Castle of the Three Dragons
City Hall
Columbus Monument
Diagonal Zero Zero
Dona i Ocell
Els Quatre Gats
Estació de França
Fabra Observatory
Font de Canaletes
Forum Building
Fossar de les Moreres
Hospital de Sant Pau
Hotel Arts
Hotel Melia Barcelona Sky
La Boqueria
La Monumental
Library of Catalonia
Magic Fountain of Montjuïc
Mercat del Born
Monastery of Pedralbes
Montjuïc Castle
Montjuïc Communications Tower
Old Hospital de la Santa Creu
Palau de la Generalitat de Catalunya
Palau del Parlament de Catalunya
Palau Güell
Palau Nacional
Royal Palace of Pedralbes
Palau Reial Major
Palau Robert
Poble Espanyol
Port Olímpic
Port Vell
Sagrada Família
Santa Maria del Mar
Santa Maria del Pi
Temple Expiatori del Sagrat Cor
Torre de Collserola
Torre Glòries
Venetian Towers
Virreina Palace
World Trade Center Barcelona
Museums
Archaeology Museum of Catalonia
Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art
CaixaForum Barcelona
Can Framis Museum
Centre d'Art Santa Mònica
Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona
CosmoCaixa Barcelona
FC Barcelona Museum
Fundació Antoni Tàpies
Fundació Joan Miró
Gabinet de les Arts Gràfiques
Gaudí House Museum
Jardí Botànic de Barcelona
Juan Antonio Samaranch Olympic and Sports Museum
Maritime Museum
Museu Barbier-Mueller d'Art Precolombí
Museu de la Música
Museu de la Xocolata
Museu de les Arts Decoratives
Museu Frederic Marès
Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya
Museu Picasso
Museu Tèxtil i d'Indumentària
Museum of the History of Barcelona
Museum of the History of Catalonia
Perfume Museum
Vil·la Joana
Performing arts
L'Auditori
Coliseum
Festival Grec de Barcelona
Gran Teatre del Liceu
Palau de la Música Catalana
Teatre Lliure
Teatre Nacional de Catalunya
Teatre Principal
Parks and gardens
Catalunya en Miniatura
Mossèn Costa i Llobera Gardens
Oreneta Park
Parc de la Ciutadella
Parc de la Creueta del Coll
Park Güell
Parc Joan Miró
Parc del Laberint d'Horta
Streets and squares
Avinguda Diagonal
Avinguda Meridiana
Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes
La Rambla
Passeig de Gràcia
Plaça d'Espanya
Plaça d'Ildefons Cerdà
Plaça de Catalunya
Plaça de Francesc Macià
Plaça del Rei
Plaça Reial
Plaça Sant Jaume
Rambla de Catalunya
Sports venues
Anella Olímpica
Camp de Les Corts
Camp Municipal Narcís Sala
Camp Nou
Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys
Mini Estadi
Palau Blaugrana
Palau dels Esports
Palau Sant Jordi
Sarrià Stadium
Zoos
Aquarium Barcelona
Barcelona Zoo
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
2
National
Norway
2
Spain
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Australia
Portugal
Poland
Academics
CiNii
Artists
ULAN
2
Other
IdRef
41°23′01″N 2°10′00″E / 41.38361°N 2.16667°E / 41.38361; 2.16667
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CCCB_20070408.jpg"},{"link_name":"arts centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_centre"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Raval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Raval"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City"},{"link_name":"urban culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_culture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"}],"text":"Cultural center in BarcelonaThe CCCB in 2007The Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona (also known by its acronym, CCCB) is an arts centre in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.Situated in the Raval district, the centre's core theme is the city and urban culture. The CCCB organizes exhibitions, debates, festivals and concerts, film cycles, courses, lectures, and other activities.[1]","title":"Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Raval"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City"},{"link_name":"urban culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_culture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"Diputació de Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diputaci%C3%B3_de_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Situated in the Raval district, the centre's core theme is the city and urban culture. The CCCB organizes exhibitions, debates, festivals and concerts, film cycles, courses, lectures, and other activities; encourages creation using new technologies and languages, explores and promotes the ongoing fusion of languages and different genres, and takes in-house productions to other national and international arts centres, museums and institutions. The underlying aim of these activities is to generate debate, thinking and reflection on the theme of the city and public space, and other issues that define current affairs. It addresses issues with the aim of linking the academic world with creative processes and citizens in general. The CCCB is also an open space for creators, associations and freelance programmers with whom it has forged links over the years.[1]The CCCB offers the public access to part of its holdings, a multimedia archive comprising materials created by the centre during its years of activity. A wide variety of materials (documents, publications, digital files, audiovisuals, etc.) on key themes of contemporary culture and society are available for consultation in the CCCB Archive, which is constantly updated. Also open to the public is the centre's XcèntricArchive, a digital archive of experimental and documentary film, comprising over 700 titles related to its program “Xcèntric. The CCCB’s Cinema”.The CCCB is a public consortium created by the Diputació de Barcelona (Barcelona Provincial Council) and Barcelona City Council. The management body governing the consortium is the General Council, whose president is the President of the Diputació de Barcelona and whose vice-president is the city's mayor. Judit Carrera is the director general.[2]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"The centre has a floor area of 15,000 m2, of which 4,000 are exhibition spaces. It also has an auditorium, a bookstore and various multiuse seminar and lecture rooms. The CCCB occupies part of the old Casa de Caritat almshouse, built in 1802 and serving this role until 1957. The remodelled premises are the work of the architects Helio Piñón and Albert Viaplana, and, in 1993, the project was awarded the FAD and Ciutat de Barcelona Architecture Prizes.[3] The new project replaced the north wing, completing the original U-shaped layout with a 30-metre-high prismatic volume, presenting a spectacular glazed façade that projects into the courtyard at the top. With its interplay of reflections, this new feature becomes a mirror of the surrounding rooftops and a prime lookout point over the city, as well as housing internal communications (halls, lifts and stairs).[4]In the spring of 2011, the CCCB expanded its premises with the incorporation of the former theatre of the Casa de Caritat, which has recently been remodelled. The project, designed by Martinez Lapeña-Torres Arquitectos, SL, forms a basement-level connection with the current premises, in the Pati de les Dones courtyard, and addresses the old theatre, built in 1912 by the architect Josep Goday i Casals, and part of one of the 19th-century cloisters of the former Hospital de la Caritat.[4]","title":"The building"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The CCCB in 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/CCCB_20070408.jpg/220px-CCCB_20070408.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Barcelona.svg/50px-Flag_of_Barcelona.svg.png"}]
|
[{"title":"List of museums in Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Barcelona"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"25 years of the CCCB\". Time Out Barcelona. Retrieved 2022-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeout.com/barcelona/things-to-do/25-years-of-the-cccb","url_text":"\"25 years of the CCCB\""}]},{"reference":"\"La politóloga Judit Carrera será la primera directora del CCCB\". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 2018-07-24. Retrieved 2022-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lavanguardia.com/cultura/20180724/451070290572/judit-carrera-directora-cccb.html","url_text":"\"La politóloga Judit Carrera será la primera directora del CCCB\""}]},{"reference":"\"35 years after its break ground. Contemporary Culture Center of Barcelona, CCCB | The Strength of Architecture | From 1998\". www.metalocus.es. Retrieved 2022-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metalocus.es/en/news/35-years-after-its-break-ground-contemporary-culture-center-barcelona-cccb","url_text":"\"35 years after its break ground. Contemporary Culture Center of Barcelona, CCCB | The Strength of Architecture | From 1998\""}]},{"reference":"\"CCCB | Cultural Heritage. Government of Catalonia\". patrimoni.gencat.cat. Retrieved 2022-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://patrimoni.gencat.cat/en/collection/cccb","url_text":"\"CCCB | Cultural Heritage. Government of Catalonia\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Centre_de_Cultura_Contempor%C3%A0nia_de_Barcelona¶ms=41_23_01_N_2_10_00_E_type:landmark_source:cawiki","external_links_name":"41°23′01″N 2°10′00″E / 41.38361°N 2.16667°E / 41.38361; 2.16667"},{"Link":"https://www.timeout.com/barcelona/things-to-do/25-years-of-the-cccb","external_links_name":"\"25 years of the CCCB\""},{"Link":"https://www.lavanguardia.com/cultura/20180724/451070290572/judit-carrera-directora-cccb.html","external_links_name":"\"La politóloga Judit Carrera será la primera directora del CCCB\""},{"Link":"https://www.metalocus.es/en/news/35-years-after-its-break-ground-contemporary-culture-center-barcelona-cccb","external_links_name":"\"35 years after its break ground. Contemporary Culture Center of Barcelona, CCCB | The Strength of Architecture | From 1998\""},{"Link":"https://patrimoni.gencat.cat/en/collection/cccb","external_links_name":"\"CCCB | Cultural Heritage. Government of Catalonia\""},{"Link":"http://www.cccb.org/en/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://welovebarcelona.de/cccb-barcelona/","external_links_name":"Visitor Report"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000418076812","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/192387895","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/199095870","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/23421","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/9054853","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX86546","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12488959v","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12488959v","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511677706706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/5113983-2","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259409305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr94015569","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20021022019&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35498859","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/256107","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/a0000003217307","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA10042594?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500251050","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500307043","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/034098313","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Centre_de_Cultura_Contempor%C3%A0nia_de_Barcelona¶ms=41_23_01_N_2_10_00_E_type:landmark_source:cawiki","external_links_name":"41°23′01″N 2°10′00″E / 41.38361°N 2.16667°E / 41.38361; 2.16667"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delayed_release_(film)
|
Art release
|
["1 Film","1.1 Delayed release","2 Music","3 See also"]
|
Premiere of an artistic production
An art release is the premiere of an artistic production and its presentation and marketing to the public.
Film
Film premieres can be elaborate media events, such as this 2012 exhibition of Celebration Day with promotional artwork on the Hammersmith Apollo.
A film release is the authorization by the owner of a completed film to a public exhibition of the film. The exhibition may be in theatres or for home viewing. A film's release date and the method of release is part of the marketing of the film. It may be a wide or limited release. A roadshow theatrical release is the practice of opening a film in a limited number of theaters in major cities for a specific period of time before the wide release of the film.
The process may involve finding a film distributor. A film's marketing may involve the film being shown at a film festival or trade show to attract distributor attention and, if successful, may then be released through a chosen distributor.
Delayed release
A delayed release or late release in the film industry refers to the relatively late release of a film to the public. A release can be postponed due to the sometimes difficult transition of the production or post-production to the sales and distribution phase of the film production cycle.
Due to several factors a film release can be delayed:
Problems during post-production of an artistic nature.
Political problems regarding the film.
Economic problems relating to limitations in the film budget.
These problems can be resolved by overcoming artistic problems, making politically correct or commercially successful changes to the film/or relieving budgetary problems.
Music
"Music release" redirects here. For other uses, see Release § Music.
In the music industry, a release usually is a creative output from an artist, available for sale or distribution; a broad term covering the many different formats music can be released in, and different forms of pieces (singles, albums, extended plays, etc.).
The word can also refer to the event at which an album or single is first offered for sale in record stores. Also an album launch, or single launch.
Musical performers often self-release (self-publish) their recordings without the involvement of an established record label. While some acts who enjoy local or small scale popularity have started their own labels in order to release their music through stores, others simply sell the music directly to customers, for example, making it available to those at their live concerts. With the growth of the Internet as a medium for publicizing and distributing music, many musical acts have sold their recordings over the Internet without a label. Unlike self-publishing a novel, which is usually done only when no other options exist, even well-established musicians will choose to self-release recordings.
Music managers are increasingly getting involved in such releases and with the advent of artist management labels which have stepped in to save the situation. In Kenya, for example, most record labels only handle production, thus leading to a situation where records are marketed less. This has prompted music companies like Grosspool Music to sign independent artists and manage their branding, releases, and marketing.
See also
Development hell
Roadshow theatrical release
Legal release: "music release" may also refer to a legal release of music (e.g. for film)
Music recording sales certification
Reissue, or rerelease
Surprise release
vteFilmmakingDevelopment
Film treatment
Producer
scriptment
Step outline
Screenplay
process
spec script
film adaptation
Hook
Option
Film budgeting
Film finance
pitch
Greenlight
Working title
Pre-production
Script breakdown
process
Shooting script
Storyboard
Casting
Scenography
Rehearsal
Production board
Day out of days
Production schedule
Shooting schedule
one-liner
Production
Film crew
Cinematic techniques
Principal photography
Cinematography
Videography
Videographer
Daily call sheet
Dailies (rushes)
Daily reports
Film inventory
Production
Daily production
Progress
Sound
Cost
Editor log
Costume designer
Make-up artist
Post-production
Film editing
Re-recording
Sync sound
Soundtrack
Timecode
Music
Special effects
sound
visual
Negative cost
Digital intermediate
Distribution
Film distributor
list
Film release
wide
limited
delayed
Roadshow
Digital distribution
Streaming media
Related
Box office
Guerrilla filmmaking
Development hell
Film
Filmography
Film industry
Film rights
Turnaround
First-dollar gross
Film portal
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"premiere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiere"}],"text":"An art release is the premiere of an artistic production and its presentation and marketing to the public.","title":"Art release"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Led_Zeppelin_-_Celebration_Day_premiere_marquee.jpg"},{"link_name":"Celebration Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebration_Day_(film)"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_Apollo"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"},{"link_name":"marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing"},{"link_name":"wide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_release"},{"link_name":"limited release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_release"},{"link_name":"roadshow theatrical release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadshow_theatrical_release"},{"link_name":"film distributor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_distributor"},{"link_name":"film festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_festival"},{"link_name":"trade show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_fair"}],"text":"Film premieres can be elaborate media events, such as this 2012 exhibition of Celebration Day with promotional artwork on the Hammersmith Apollo.A film release is the authorization by the owner of a completed film to a public exhibition of the film. The exhibition may be in theatres or for home viewing. A film's release date and the method of release is part of the marketing of the film. It may be a wide or limited release. A roadshow theatrical release is the practice of opening a film in a limited number of theaters in major cities for a specific period of time before the wide release of the film.The process may involve finding a film distributor. A film's marketing may involve the film being shown at a film festival or trade show to attract distributor attention and, if successful, may then be released through a chosen distributor.","title":"Film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"film industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_industry"},{"link_name":"release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_release"},{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_public"},{"link_name":"film budget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_budget"}],"sub_title":"Delayed release","text":"A delayed release or late release in the film industry refers to the relatively late release of a film to the public. A release can be postponed due to the sometimes difficult transition of the production or post-production to the sales and distribution phase of the film production cycle. \nDue to several factors a film release can be delayed:Problems during post-production of an artistic nature.\nPolitical problems regarding the film.\nEconomic problems relating to limitations in the film budget.These problems can be resolved by overcoming artistic problems, making politically correct or commercially successful changes to the film/or relieving budgetary problems.","title":"Film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Release § Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Release_(disambiguation)#Music"},{"link_name":"music industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_industry"},{"link_name":"album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album"},{"link_name":"single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"self-release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-release"},{"link_name":"record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Grosspool Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosspool_Music"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"\"Music release\" redirects here. For other uses, see Release § Music.In the music industry, a release usually is a creative output from an artist, available for sale or distribution; a broad term covering the many different formats music can be released in, and different forms of pieces (singles, albums, extended plays, etc.).The word can also refer to the event at which an album or single is first offered for sale in record stores. Also an album launch, or single launch. [citation needed]Musical performers often self-release (self-publish) their recordings without the involvement of an established record label. While some acts who enjoy local or small scale popularity have started their own labels in order to release their music through stores, others simply sell the music directly to customers, for example, making it available to those at their live concerts. With the growth of the Internet as a medium for publicizing and distributing music, many musical acts have sold their recordings over the Internet without a label. Unlike self-publishing a novel, which is usually done only when no other options exist, even well-established musicians will choose to self-release recordings.\nMusic managers are increasingly getting involved in such releases and with the advent of artist management labels which have stepped in to save the situation.[clarification needed] In Kenya, for example, most record labels only handle production, thus leading to a situation where records are marketed less. This has prompted music companies like Grosspool Music to sign independent artists and manage their branding, releases, and marketing. [citation needed]","title":"Music"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Film premieres can be elaborate media events, such as this 2012 exhibition of Celebration Day with promotional artwork on the Hammersmith Apollo.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Led_Zeppelin_-_Celebration_Day_premiere_marquee.jpg/220px-Led_Zeppelin_-_Celebration_Day_premiere_marquee.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Development hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_hell"},{"title":"Roadshow theatrical release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadshow_theatrical_release"},{"title":"Legal release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_release"},{"title":"Music recording sales certification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_recording_sales_certification"},{"title":"Reissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reissue"},{"title":"Surprise release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surprise_release"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Filmmaking"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Filmmaking"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Filmmaking"},{"title":"Filmmaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmmaking"},{"title":"Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmmaking#Development"},{"title":"Film treatment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_treatment"},{"title":"Producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_producer"},{"title":"scriptment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scriptment"},{"title":"Step outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_outline"},{"title":"Screenplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenplay"},{"title":"process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenwriting"},{"title":"spec script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spec_script"},{"title":"film adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_adaptation"},{"title":"Hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_(filmmaking)"},{"title":"Option","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Option_(filmmaking)"},{"title":"Film budgeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_budgeting"},{"title":"Film finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_finance"},{"title":"pitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_(filmmaking)"},{"title":"Greenlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenlight"},{"title":"Working title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_title"},{"title":"Pre-production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-production"},{"title":"Script breakdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Script_breakdown"},{"title":"process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_down_the_script"},{"title":"Shooting script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_script"},{"title":"Storyboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyboard"},{"title":"Casting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casting_(performing_arts)"},{"title":"Scenography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenography"},{"title":"Rehearsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehearsal"},{"title":"Production board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_board"},{"title":"Day out of days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_out_of_days_(filmmaking)"},{"title":"Production schedule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_schedule"},{"title":"Shooting schedule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_schedule"},{"title":"one-liner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_liner_schedule"},{"title":"Production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmmaking"},{"title":"Film crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_crew"},{"title":"Cinematic techniques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematic_techniques"},{"title":"Principal photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_photography"},{"title":"Cinematography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematography"},{"title":"Videography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videography"},{"title":"Videographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videographer"},{"title":"Daily call sheet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_call_sheet"},{"title":"Dailies (rushes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dailies"},{"title":"Film inventory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_inventory_report"},{"title":"Production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_report"},{"title":"Daily production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_production_report"},{"title":"Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_progress_report"},{"title":"Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_report"},{"title":"Editor log","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_editor_log"},{"title":"Costume designer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costume_designer"},{"title":"Make-up artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make-up_artist"},{"title":"Post-production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-production"},{"title":"Film editing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_editing"},{"title":"Re-recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re-recording_(filmmaking)"},{"title":"Sync sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sync_sound"},{"title":"Soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundtrack"},{"title":"Timecode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timecode"},{"title":"Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_score"},{"title":"Special effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_effect"},{"title":"sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_effect"},{"title":"visual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_effects"},{"title":"Negative cost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_cost"},{"title":"Digital intermediate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_intermediate"},{"title":"Distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_distribution"},{"title":"Film distributor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_distributor"},{"title":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_film_distributors_by_country"},{"title":"Film release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"wide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_release"},{"title":"limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_theatrical_release"},{"title":"delayed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delayed_release_(film)"},{"title":"Roadshow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadshow_theatrical_release"},{"title":"Digital distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_distribution"},{"title":"Streaming media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media"},{"title":"Box office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_office"},{"title":"Guerrilla filmmaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking"},{"title":"Development hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_hell"},{"title":"Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"},{"title":"Filmography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmography"},{"title":"Film industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_industry"},{"title":"Film rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_rights"},{"title":"Turnaround","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnaround_(filmmaking)"},{"title":"First-dollar gross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-dollar_gross"},{"title":"Film portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Film"}]
|
[]
|
[]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Conner_(naval_officer)
|
David Conner (naval officer)
|
["1 Early life","2 Military career","3 Legacy","4 References"]
|
United States Navy commodore
For other people with the same name, see David Conner.
Commodore David ConnerBorn1792 (1792)Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USDied20 March 1856 (1856-03-21) (aged 63–64)Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USBuriedLaurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USAllegianceUnited StatesService/branchUnited States NavyYears of service1809–1847RankCommodoreBattles/warsWar of 1812Mexican–American War• Siege of VeracruzSignature
David Conner (1792 – 20 March 1856) was an officer and commodore of the United States Navy. He served in the War of 1812 and led the Home Squadron during the Mexican–American War. He led the successful naval assault during the siege of Veracruz which included the landing of 10,000 U.S. troops, the largest U.S. military amphibious assault at the time. He served on the Board of Navy Commissioners; as the first Chief of the Bureau of Construction, Equipment, and Repair; as a Special Diplomatic Agent to Mexico and commanded the Philadelphia Naval Yard.
Early life
Conner was born in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. He was the son of David Conner, an Irishman. He worked in Philadelphia and then joined the U.S. Navy on 16 January 1809. He served his first few years as a midshipman on the frigate President.
Military career
During the War of 1812 Conner served in Hornet during her chase of HMS Belvidera and her actions with HMS Peacock in February 1813 and the March 1815 capture of HMS Penguin. During the capture of the Penguin he was severely wounded in the hip and his recovery took almost two years. He was held as a prisoner of war by the British. He received promotion to Lieutenant in July 1813.
In the decade following the war, Lieutenant Conner served in the Pacific, had shore duty at Philadelphia and commanded the schooner Dolphin. Attaining the rank of Commander in March 1825, he was Commanding Officer of the sloops of war Erie and John Adams before receiving promotion to Captain in 1835.
He served as a Navy Commissioner in 1841 and 1842, and upon the establishment of the bureau system in the Navy became the first Chief of the Bureau of Construction, Equipment, and Repair.
Conner was given the title Commodore, but his official naval rank remained unchanged. The title "commodore" added nothing to his pay or to his permanent rank of captain. Not until 1862, six years after Conner's death in 1856, did the title commodore come to signify a higher grade or an increased salary.
During the Mexican–American War, Commodore Conner commanded the Home Squadron which operated in the Gulf of Mexico in 1846 and 1847. He successfully disrupted Mexican trade in the Gulf of Mexico with the Blockade of Veracruz. He attempted an operation up the Alvarado River but had to withdraw due to the lack of shallow draft vessels. On November 14, 1846, he captured Tampico as a base for future operations. He also participated in the naval assault against the city of Veracruz. Conner directed the naval assault and landing of 10,000 U.S. troops which was the largest amphibious assault by the U.S. to date. Conner fell ill toward the end of the siege of Veracruz and was replaced by his vice commander Matthew C. Perry.
David Conner tombstone in Laurel Hill Cemetery
Leaving seagoing service soon afterwards, Conner was assigned as Special Diplomatic Agent to Mexico by President Polk and subsequently commanded the Philadelphia Navy Yard. Ill health, however, kept him from seeing much other active employment. Commodore Conner died at Philadelphia on 20 March 1856 at age 64 and was interred at Laurel Hill Cemetery.
Legacy
Two destroyers of the United States Navy have been named in his honor. The USS Conner (DD-72) was a Caldwell-class destroyer in service from 1918 to 1940 and the USS Conner (DD-582) was a Fletcher-class destroyer in service from 1943 to 1946.
References
^ a b c d "David E. Conner". www.library.uta.edu. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
^ Egle, William Henry (1895). Notes and Queries Historical and Genealogical, Chiefly Relating to Interior Pennsylvania, Volume 1. Harrisburg: Harrisburg Publishing Company. pp. 104–105. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
^ a b Tucker, Spencer C. (2013). The Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 164–165. ISBN 978-1-85109-853-8. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
^ Griffis, William Elliot. (1887). Matthew Calbraith Perry: A Typical American Naval Officer, pp. 154-155.
^ "The Political Graveyard: U.S. diplomatic chiefs of mission to Mexico". www.politicalgraveyard.com. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
^ "Conner, David". www.history.navy.mil. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Naval History and Heritage Command.
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.
Griffis, William Elliot. (1887). Matthew Calbraith Perry: A Typical American Naval Officer. Boston: Cupples and Hurd.
vte United States Ambassadors to Mexico Minister
Shaler
Robinson
Wilkinson
Poinsett
Butler
Slacum
Ellis
Greenhow
Ellis
Lawrence
W. Thompson
Beach
G. Thompson
Shannon
Slidell
Conner
Clifford
Letcher
Greenhow
Goss
Slacum
Smith
Conkling
Cooper
Ward
Gadsden
Spofford
Forsyth
Churchwell
Mordecai
Green
Porter
McLane
De la Reintrie
Weller
Corwin
Shufelt
Campbell
Otterbourg
Rosecrans
Nelson
Foster
Morgan
Jackson
Manning
Bragg
Ryan
Gray
Ransom
Clayton
Ambassador
Clayton
Conger
Thompson
Wilson
Fletcher
Warren
Sheffield
Morrow
Clark
Daniels
Messersmith
Thurston
O'Dwyer
White
Hill
Mann
Freeman
McBride
Jova
Lucey
Nava
Gavin
Pilliod
Negroponte
Jones
Davidow
Garza
Pascual
Wayne
Jacobson
Landau
Salazar
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Other
NARA
SNAC
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Conner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Conner_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_officer"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"Home Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Mexican–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"siege of Veracruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Veracruz"},{"link_name":"Board of Navy Commissioners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Navy_Commissioners"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Construction, Equipment, and Repair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Construction_and_Repair"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Naval Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Naval_Yard"}],"text":"For other people with the same name, see David Conner.David Conner (1792 – 20 March 1856) was an officer and commodore of the United States Navy. He served in the War of 1812 and led the Home Squadron during the Mexican–American War. He led the successful naval assault during the siege of Veracruz which included the landing of 10,000 U.S. troops, the largest U.S. military amphibious assault at the time. He served on the Board of Navy Commissioners; as the first Chief of the Bureau of Construction, Equipment, and Repair; as a Special Diplomatic Agent to Mexico and commanded the Philadelphia Naval Yard.","title":"David Conner (naval officer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigate"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_President_(1800)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uta-1"}],"text":"Conner was born in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. He was the son of David Conner, an Irishman. He worked in Philadelphia and then joined the U.S. Navy on 16 January 1809. He served his first few years as a midshipman on the frigate President.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Hornet_(1805)"},{"link_name":"HMS Belvidera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Belvidera_(1809)"},{"link_name":"HMS Peacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Peacock_(1806)"},{"link_name":"HMS Penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Penguin_(1813)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uta-1"},{"link_name":"Dolphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Dolphin_(1821)"},{"link_name":"sloops of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloops_of_war"},{"link_name":"Erie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Erie_(1813)"},{"link_name":"John Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_John_Adams_(1799)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tucker-3"},{"link_name":"Navy Commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Navy_Commissioners"},{"link_name":"bureau system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_bureau_system"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Construction, Equipment, and Repair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Construction_and_Repair"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uta-1"},{"link_name":"Commodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g154-155-4"},{"link_name":"Mexican–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"Home Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Blockade of Veracruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_of_Veracruz"},{"link_name":"Tampico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampico"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tucker-3"},{"link_name":"Matthew C. Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uta-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Conner_tombstone.jpg"},{"link_name":"Laurel Hill Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_Hill_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"President Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_Polk"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"Laurel Hill Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_Hill_Cemetery"}],"text":"During the War of 1812 Conner served in Hornet during her chase of HMS Belvidera and her actions with HMS Peacock in February 1813 and the March 1815 capture of HMS Penguin.[2] During the capture of the Penguin he was severely wounded in the hip and his recovery took almost two years. He was held as a prisoner of war by the British. He received promotion to Lieutenant in July 1813.[1]In the decade following the war, Lieutenant Conner served in the Pacific, had shore duty at Philadelphia and commanded the schooner Dolphin. Attaining the rank of Commander in March 1825, he was Commanding Officer of the sloops of war Erie and John Adams before receiving promotion to Captain in 1835.[3]He served as a Navy Commissioner in 1841 and 1842, and upon the establishment of the bureau system in the Navy became the first Chief of the Bureau of Construction, Equipment, and Repair.[1]Conner was given the title Commodore, but his official naval rank remained unchanged. The title \"commodore\" added nothing to his pay or to his permanent rank of captain. Not until 1862, six years after Conner's death in 1856, did the title commodore come to signify a higher grade or an increased salary.[4]During the Mexican–American War, Commodore Conner commanded the Home Squadron which operated in the Gulf of Mexico in 1846 and 1847. He successfully disrupted Mexican trade in the Gulf of Mexico with the Blockade of Veracruz. He attempted an operation up the Alvarado River but had to withdraw due to the lack of shallow draft vessels. On November 14, 1846, he captured Tampico as a base for future operations.[3] He also participated in the naval assault against the city of Veracruz. Conner directed the naval assault and landing of 10,000 U.S. troops which was the largest amphibious assault by the U.S. to date. Conner fell ill toward the end of the siege of Veracruz and was replaced by his vice commander Matthew C. Perry.[1]David Conner tombstone in Laurel Hill CemeteryLeaving seagoing service soon afterwards, Conner was assigned as Special Diplomatic Agent to Mexico by President Polk[5] and subsequently commanded the Philadelphia Navy Yard. Ill health, however, kept him from seeing much other active employment. Commodore Conner died at Philadelphia on 20 March 1856 at age 64 and was interred at Laurel Hill Cemetery.","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"USS Conner (DD-72)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Conner_(DD-72)"},{"link_name":"Caldwell-class destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldwell-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"USS Conner (DD-582)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Conner_(DD-582)"},{"link_name":"Fletcher-class destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Two destroyers of the United States Navy have been named in his honor. The USS Conner (DD-72) was a Caldwell-class destroyer in service from 1918 to 1940 and the USS Conner (DD-582) was a Fletcher-class destroyer in service from 1943 to 1946.[6]","title":"Legacy"}]
|
[{"image_text":"David Conner tombstone in Laurel Hill Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/David_Conner_tombstone.jpg/220px-David_Conner_tombstone.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"David E. Conner\". www.library.uta.edu. Retrieved 29 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://library.uta.edu/usmexicowar/item?bio_id=54&nation=US","url_text":"\"David E. Conner\""}]},{"reference":"Egle, William Henry (1895). Notes and Queries Historical and Genealogical, Chiefly Relating to Interior Pennsylvania, Volume 1. Harrisburg: Harrisburg Publishing Company. pp. 104–105. Retrieved 5 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3MsW-OqM6oAC&dq=david+conner+pennsylvania&pg=PA104","url_text":"Notes and Queries Historical and Genealogical, Chiefly Relating to Interior Pennsylvania, Volume 1"}]},{"reference":"Tucker, Spencer C. (2013). The Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 164–165. ISBN 978-1-85109-853-8. Retrieved 6 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FZVQcZpic-8C&dq=david+conner&pg=PA47","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-853-8","url_text":"978-1-85109-853-8"}]},{"reference":"\"The Political Graveyard: U.S. diplomatic chiefs of mission to Mexico\". www.politicalgraveyard.com. Retrieved 6 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/ZZ/MX-diplomats.html","url_text":"\"The Political Graveyard: U.S. diplomatic chiefs of mission to Mexico\""}]},{"reference":"\"Conner, David\". www.history.navy.mil. Retrieved 5 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/our-collections/photography/us-people/c/conner-david.html","url_text":"\"Conner, David\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://library.uta.edu/usmexicowar/item?bio_id=54&nation=US","external_links_name":"\"David E. Conner\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3MsW-OqM6oAC&dq=david+conner+pennsylvania&pg=PA104","external_links_name":"Notes and Queries Historical and Genealogical, Chiefly Relating to Interior Pennsylvania, Volume 1"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FZVQcZpic-8C&dq=david+conner&pg=PA47","external_links_name":"The Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qcdEAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA443&dq=matthew+c+perry&lr=#PPA154,M1","external_links_name":"Matthew Calbraith Perry: A Typical American Naval Officer, pp. 154"},{"Link":"http://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/ZZ/MX-diplomats.html","external_links_name":"\"The Political Graveyard: U.S. diplomatic chiefs of mission to Mexico\""},{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/our-collections/photography/us-people/c/conner-david.html","external_links_name":"\"Conner, David\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qcdEAAAAIAAJ&dq=matthew+c+perry&lr=&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0","external_links_name":"Matthew Calbraith Perry: A Typical American Naval Officer."},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/342515/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/68812030","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbGV6CQQ3PPBB8KbcT8md","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr94022733","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10575404","external_links_name":"NARA"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6z60qh0","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunellidae
|
Accentor
|
["1 Taxonomy and etymology","2 Description","3 Habitat","4 Species list","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Genus of birds
Accentor
Dunnock (Prunella modularis)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Passeriformes
Family:
PrunellidaeRichmond, 1908
Genus:
PrunellaVieillot, 1816
Type species
Motacilla modularisLinnaeus, 1758
Species
See text.
Synonyms
Laiscopus
The accentors are a genus of birds in the family Prunellidae, which is endemic to the Old World. This small group of closely related passerines are all in the genus Prunella. All but the dunnock and the Japanese accentor are inhabitants of the mountainous regions of Europe and Asia; these two also occur in lowland areas, as does the Siberian accentor in the far north of Siberia. These birds are not strongly migratory, but they will leave the coldest parts of their range in winter and make altitudinal movements.
Taxonomy and etymology
The genus Prunella was introduced by the French ornithologist Louis Vieillot in 1816 with the dunnock (Prunella modularis) as the type species. Although the genus is usually used for all the accentors, the alpine accentor and Altai accentor are sometimes separated into the genus Laiscopus.
Harrison used the group name dunnock for all of the species, not just Prunella modularis (thus e.g. Japanese dunnock for P. rubida); this usage is based on the oldest known name for any of the species (old English dun-, brown, + -ock, small: "little brown bird"). Accentor derives from the old scientific name for the Alpine accentor (Accentor collaris). It comes from Late Latin, meaning "sing with another" (ad + cantor). The genus name Prunella is from the German Braunelle, "dunnock", a diminutive of braun, "brown".
Description
These are small, fairly drab species superficially similar, but not closely related to, sparrows. They are 14 to 18 cm in length, and weigh between 25 and 35 g. However, accentors have thin sharp bills, reflecting their diet of ground-dwelling insects in summer, augmented with seeds and berries in winter. They may also swallow grit and sand to help their stomach break up these seeds.
Most of the species live together in flocks. The dunnock is an exception since it prefers to be solitary except when feeding. The dunnock also earned a nickname of "shuffle-wing" since it most strongly displays the characteristic wing flicks used during courtship and other displays.
Accentors may have two to three broods a year. Courtship consists of a great deal of song from the males, which may include short lark-like song flights to attract a mate. In most species, the male and female share in the nest making, with the dunnocks again being an exception – their males have no part in nest building or incubation. They build neat cup nests and lay about 4 unspotted green or blue eggs. The eggs are incubated for around 12 days. The young are fed by both parents and take an additional 12 days or so to fledge.
Habitat
Their typical habitat is mountainous regions in an area far above the tree-line, but below the snow-line. The Himalayan accentor can be found as high as 17,000 ft (5,200 m) above sea level when breeding; however, most accentors breed in scrub vegetation at lower levels. Most species migrate downwards to spend the winter, with only some being hardy enough to remain. Accentors spend the majority of their time in the undergrowth and even when flushed, stay low to the ground until reaching cover.
Species list
FAMILY: PRUNELLIDAE
Genus: Prunella
Alpine accentor, Prunella collaris
Altai accentor, Prunella himalayana
Black-throated accentor, Prunella atrogularis
Brown accentor, Prunella fulvescens
Dunnock, Prunella modularis
Japanese accentor, Prunella rubida
Maroon-backed accentor, Prunella immaculata
Mongolian accentor, Prunella koslowi
Radde's accentor, Prunella ocularis
Robin accentor, Prunella rubeculoides
Rufous-breasted accentor, Prunella strophiata
Siberian accentor, Prunella montanella
References
^ Liu, B. et al. (2017) Explosive radiation and spatial expansion across the cold environments of the Old World in an avian family. Ecology and Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3136
^ a b c McClure, H. Elliott (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. p. 184. ISBN 1-85391-186-0.
^ Vieillot, Louis Pierre (1816). Analyse d'une Nouvelle Ornithologie Élémentaire (in French). Paris: Deterville/self. p. 43.
^ Mayr, Ernst; Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, eds. (1964). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 10. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 3.
^ Hatchwell, B.J. (2005). "Family Prunellidae (Accentors)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Christie, D.A. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 10: Cuckoo-shrikes to Thrushes. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 496–513. ISBN 978-84-87334-72-6.
^ Harrison, An Atlas of the Birds of the Western Palaearctic, 1982
^ Chambers Dictionary
^ "Accentor". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. p. 318. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ a b c d Burton, Maurice; Burton, Robert (1974). The Funk & Wagnalls Wildlife Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York, N.Y.: Funk and Wagnalls. OCLC 20316938.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prunella (bird).
Accentor videos on the Internet Bird Collection
vteGenera of finches, sparrows and tanagers
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Suborder: Passeri
Infraorder: Passerida
Superfamily: Passeroidea
PasseroideaEstrildidaeAmandavinae
Amadina
Amandava
Ortygospiza
Erythrurinae
Chloebia
Erythrura
Estrildinae
Brunhilda
Coccopygia
Cryptospiza
Delacourella
Estrilda
Glaucestrilda
Mandingoa
Nesocharis
Nigrita
Parmoptila
Lagonostictinae
Clytospiza
Euschistospiza
Granatina
Hypargos
Lagonosticta
Pyrenestes
Pytilia
Spermophaga
Uraeginthus
Lonchurinae
Euodice
Lepidopygia
Lonchura
Mayrimunia
Padda
Spermestes
Poephilinae
Aidemosyne
Bathilda
Emblema
Heteromunia
Neochmia
Oreostruthus
Poephila
Stagonopleura
Stizoptera
Taeniopygia
Passeridae
Carpospiza
Gymnoris
Hypocryptadius
Montifringilla
Onychostruthus
Passer
Petronia
Pyrgilauda
Ploceidae
Amblyospiza
Anaplectes
Brachycope
Bubalornis
Dinemellia
Euplectes
Foudia
Histurgops
Malimbus
Philetairus
Plocepasser
Ploceus
Pseudonigrita
Quelea
Sporopipes
Prunellidae
Prunella
Urocynchramidae
Urocynchramus
Viduidae
Anomalospiza
Vidua
Nine-primaried oscines
See below ↓
Nine-primaried oscinesFringillidaeCarduelinae
Acanthis
Agraphospiza
†Aidemedia
†Akialoa
Bucanetes
Callacanthis
Carduelis
Carpodacus
†Chloridops
Chloris
Chlorodrepanis
Chrysocorythus
†Ciridops
Coccothraustes
Crithagra
Drepanis
†Dysmorodrepanis
Eophona
Haemorhous
Hemignathus
Hesperiphona
Himatione
Leucosticte
Linaria
Linurgus
Loxia
Loxioides
Loxops
Magumma
†Melamprosops
Mycerobas
Oreomystis
†Orthiospiza
Palmeria
Paroreomyza
Pinicola
Procarduelis
Pseudonestor
†Psittirostra
Pyrrhula
Pyrrhoplectes
†Rhodacanthis
Rhodopechys
Rhodospiza
Rhynchostruthus
Serinus
Spinus
Telespiza
†Vangulifer
†Viridonia
†Xestospiza
Euphoniinae
Chlorophonia
Euphonia
Fringillinae
Fringilla
Motacillidae
Anthus
Dendronanthus
Macronyx
Motacilla
Tmetothylacus
Peucedramidae
Peucedramus
Emberizoidea
See below ↓
EmberizoideaCalcariidae
Calcarius
Plectrophenax
Rhynchophanes
Calyptophilidae
Calyptophilus
Cardinalidae
Amaurospiza
Cardinalis
Caryothraustes
Chlorothraupis
Cyanocompsa
Cyanoloxia
Granatellus
Habia
Passerina
Periporphyrus
Pheucticus
Piranga
Spiza
Emberizidae
Emberiza
Icteridae
See below ↓
Icteriidae
Icteria
Mitrospingidae
Lamprospiza
Mitrospingus
Orthogonys
Nesospingidae
Nesospingus
Parulidae
Basileuterus
Cardellina
Catharopeza
Geothlypis
Helmitheros
Leucopeza
Leiothlypis
Limnothlypis
Mniotilta
Myioborus
Myiothlypis
Oporornis
Oreothlypis
Parkesia
Protonotaria
Seiurus
Setophaga
Vermivora
Passerellidae
Aimophila
Ammodramus
Ammospiza
Amphispiza
Amphispizopsis
Arremon
Arremonops
Artemisiospiza
Atlapetes
Calamospiza
Centronyx
Chlorospingus
Chondestes
Junco
Melospiza
Melozone
Oreothraupis
Oriturus
Passerculus
Passerella
†Pedinorhis
Peucaea
Pezopetes
Pipilo
Pooecetes
Rhynchospiza
Spizella
Spizelloides
Torreornis
Xenospiza
Zonotrichia
Phaenicophilidae
Microligea
Phaenicophilus
Xenoligea
Rhodinocichlidae
Rhodinocichla
Spindalidae
Spindalis
Teretistridae
Teretistris
Thraupidae
See below ↓
Icteridaeincertae sedis
†Cremaster
†Pandanaris
†Pyelorhamphus
Agelaiinae
Agelaioides
Agelaius
Agelasticus
Amblyramphus
Anumara
Chrysomus
Curaeus
Dives
Euphagus
Gnorimopsar
Gymnomystax
Hypopyrrhus
Lampropsar
Macroagelaius
Molothrus
Nesopsar
Oreopsar
Pseudoleistes
Ptiloxena
Quiscalus
Xanthopsar
Amblycercinae
Amblycercus
Cassicinae
Cacicus
Cassiculus
Psarocolius
Dolichonychinae
Dolichonyx
Icterinae
Icterus
Sturnellinae
Leistes
Sturnella
Xanthocephalinae
Xanthocephalus
ThraupidaeCatamblyrhynchinae
Catamblyrhynchus
Charitospizinae
Charitospiza
Parkerthraustes
Coerebinae
Asemospiza
Camarhynchus
Certhidea
Coereba
Euneornis
Geospiza
Loxigilla
Loxipasser
Melanospiza
Melopyrrha
Phonipara
Pinaroloxias
Platyspiza
Tiaris
Dacninae
Cyanerpes
Dacnis
Tersina
Diglossinae
Acanthidops
Catamenia
Conirostrum
Diglossa
Geospizopsis
Haplospiza
Idiopsar
Melanodera
Nesospiza
Phrygilus
Rowettia
Sicalis
Xenodacnis
Emberizoidinae
Coryphaspiza
Emberizoides
Embernagra
Hemithraupinae
Chrysothlypis
Chlorophanes
Hemithraupis
Heterospingus
Iridophanes
Nemosiinae
Compsothraupis
Cyanicterus
Nemosia
Sericossypha
Orchesticinae
Orchesticus
Poospizinae
Castanozoster
Cnemoscopus
Cypsnagra
Donacospiza
Kleinothraupis
Microspingus
Nephelornis
Piezorina
Poospiza
Poospizopsis
Pseudospingus
Sphenopsis
Thlypopsis
Urothraupis
Xenospingus
Porphyrospizinae
Incaspiza
Rhopospina
Saltatorinae
Saltator
Saltatricula
Sporophilinae
Sporophila
Tachyphoninae
Conothraupis
Coryphospingus
Creurgops
Eucometis
Heliothraupis
Lanio
Loriotus
Ramphocelus
Rhodospingus
Tachyphonus
Trichothraupis
Volatinia
Thraupinae
Anisognathus
Bangsia
Buthraupis
Calochaetes
Chalcothraupis
Chlorochrysa
Chlorornis
Cissopis
Cnemathraupis
Diuca
Dubusia
Iridosornis
Ixothraupis
Lophospingus
Neothraupis
Paroaria
Pipraeidea
Poecilostreptus
Pseudosaltator
Rauenia
Schistochlamys
Sporathraupis
Stephanophorus
Stilpnia
Tangara
Tephrophilus
Thraupis
Wetmorethraupis
Taxon identifiersPrunella
Wikidata: Q3924795
Wikispecies: Prunella (ICZN)
BioLib: 8858
BOLD: 70333
CoL: 6Y6B
EoL: 77930
EPPO: 1PRUNG
EURING: 10949
Fauna Europaea (new): 79f712c2-d57f-4ad1-8108-362c338ee71a
GBIF: 2495070
iNaturalist: 13982
IRMNG: 1289530
ITIS: 178658
NBN: NHMSYS0000066913
NCBI: 175132
NZOR: a486025b-8a86-4ee9-87ee-7ef7bf62dd86
Plazi: FEB9185C-08C8-7BC5-F82B-BCFF583CBDCD
ZooBank: 1E1012C9-579B-48E7-B917-A9A0235C97C4
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Old World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"passerines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerine"},{"link_name":"migratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_migration"},{"link_name":"altitudinal movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitudinal_migration"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoB-2"}],"text":"The accentors are a genus of birds in the family Prunellidae, which is endemic to the Old World.[1] This small group of closely related passerines are all in the genus Prunella. All but the dunnock and the Japanese accentor are inhabitants of the mountainous regions of Europe and Asia; these two also occur in lowland areas, as does the Siberian accentor in the far north of Siberia. These birds are not strongly migratory, but they will leave the coldest parts of their range in winter and make altitudinal movements.[2]","title":"Accentor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louis Vieillot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pierre_Vieillot"},{"link_name":"dunnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunnock"},{"link_name":"type species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_species"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"alpine accentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_accentor"},{"link_name":"Altai accentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_accentor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hbw-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Late Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Latin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OED-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-job-9"}],"text":"The genus Prunella was introduced by the French ornithologist Louis Vieillot in 1816 with the dunnock (Prunella modularis) as the type species.[3][4] Although the genus is usually used for all the accentors, the alpine accentor and Altai accentor are sometimes separated into the genus Laiscopus.[5]Harrison [6] used the group name dunnock for all of the species, not just Prunella modularis (thus e.g. Japanese dunnock for P. rubida); this usage is based on the oldest known name for any of the species (old English dun-, brown, + -ock, small: \"little brown bird\"[7]). Accentor derives from the old scientific name for the Alpine accentor (Accentor collaris). It comes from Late Latin, meaning \"sing with another\" (ad + cantor).[8] The genus name Prunella is from the German Braunelle, \"dunnock\", a diminutive of braun, \"brown\".[9]","title":"Taxonomy and etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sparrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_sparrow"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoB-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-f&w-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-f&w-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoB-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-f&w-10"}],"text":"These are small, fairly drab species superficially similar, but not closely related to, sparrows. They are 14 to 18 cm in length, and weigh between 25 and 35 g.[2] However, accentors have thin sharp bills, reflecting their diet of ground-dwelling insects in summer, augmented with seeds and berries in winter. They may also swallow grit and sand to help their stomach break up these seeds.[10]Most of the species live together in flocks. The dunnock is an exception since it prefers to be solitary except when feeding. The dunnock also earned a nickname of \"shuffle-wing\" since it most strongly displays the characteristic wing flicks used during courtship and other displays.[10]Accentors may have two to three broods a year. Courtship consists of a great deal of song from the males, which may include short lark-like song flights to attract a mate. In most species, the male and female share in the nest making, with the dunnocks again being an exception – their males have no part in nest building or incubation. They build neat cup nests and lay about 4 unspotted green or blue eggs.[2] The eggs are incubated for around 12 days. The young are fed by both parents and take an additional 12 days or so to fledge.[10]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-f&w-10"}],"text":"Their typical habitat is mountainous regions in an area far above the tree-line, but below the snow-line. The Himalayan accentor can be found as high as 17,000 ft (5,200 m) above sea level when breeding; however, most accentors breed in scrub vegetation at lower levels. Most species migrate downwards to spend the winter, with only some being hardy enough to remain. Accentors spend the majority of their time in the undergrowth and even when flushed, stay low to the ground until reaching cover.[10]","title":"Habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alpine accentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_accentor"},{"link_name":"Altai accentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_accentor"},{"link_name":"Black-throated accentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-throated_accentor"},{"link_name":"Brown accentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_accentor"},{"link_name":"Dunnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunnock"},{"link_name":"Japanese accentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_accentor"},{"link_name":"Maroon-backed accentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroon-backed_accentor"},{"link_name":"Mongolian accentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_accentor"},{"link_name":"Radde's accentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radde%27s_accentor"},{"link_name":"Robin accentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_accentor"},{"link_name":"Rufous-breasted accentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufous-breasted_accentor"},{"link_name":"Siberian accentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_accentor"}],"text":"FAMILY: PRUNELLIDAEGenus: Prunella\nAlpine accentor, Prunella collaris\nAltai accentor, Prunella himalayana\nBlack-throated accentor, Prunella atrogularis\nBrown accentor, Prunella fulvescens\nDunnock, Prunella modularis\nJapanese accentor, Prunella rubida\nMaroon-backed accentor, Prunella immaculata\nMongolian accentor, Prunella koslowi\nRadde's accentor, Prunella ocularis\nRobin accentor, Prunella rubeculoides\nRufous-breasted accentor, Prunella strophiata\nSiberian accentor, Prunella montanella","title":"Species list"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"McClure, H. Elliott (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. p. 184. ISBN 1-85391-186-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85391-186-0","url_text":"1-85391-186-0"}]},{"reference":"Vieillot, Louis Pierre (1816). Analyse d'une Nouvelle Ornithologie Élémentaire (in French). Paris: Deterville/self. p. 43.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pierre_Vieillot","url_text":"Vieillot, Louis Pierre"},{"url":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9745205x/f49.image","url_text":"Analyse d'une Nouvelle Ornithologie Élémentaire"}]},{"reference":"Mayr, Ernst; Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, eds. (1964). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 10. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Mayr","url_text":"Mayr, Ernst"},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14486192","url_text":"Check-list of Birds of the World"}]},{"reference":"Hatchwell, B.J. (2005). \"Family Prunellidae (Accentors)\". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Christie, D.A. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 10: Cuckoo-shrikes to Thrushes. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 496–513. ISBN 978-84-87334-72-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0010unse/page/496/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Family Prunellidae (Accentors)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-87334-72-6","url_text":"978-84-87334-72-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Accentor\". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Accentor","url_text":"\"Accentor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary","url_text":"Oxford English Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. p. 318. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling","url_text":"The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n318","url_text":"318"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2501-4","url_text":"978-1-4081-2501-4"}]},{"reference":"Burton, Maurice; Burton, Robert (1974). The Funk & Wagnalls Wildlife Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York, N.Y.: Funk and Wagnalls. OCLC 20316938.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20316938","url_text":"20316938"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ece3.3136","external_links_name":"Explosive radiation and spatial expansion across the cold environments of the Old World in an avian family"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3136","external_links_name":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3136"},{"Link":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9745205x/f49.image","external_links_name":"Analyse d'une Nouvelle Ornithologie Élémentaire"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14486192","external_links_name":"Check-list of Birds of the World"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0010unse/page/496/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Family Prunellidae (Accentors)\""},{"Link":"http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main","external_links_name":"Chambers Dictionary"},{"Link":"https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Accentor","external_links_name":"\"Accentor\""},{"Link":"https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary","external_links_name":"participating institution membership"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling","external_links_name":"The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n318","external_links_name":"318"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20316938","external_links_name":"20316938"},{"Link":"http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/accentors-prunellidae","external_links_name":"Accentor videos"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id8858","external_links_name":"8858"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=70333","external_links_name":"70333"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6Y6B","external_links_name":"6Y6B"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/77930","external_links_name":"77930"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1PRUNG","external_links_name":"1PRUNG"},{"Link":"https://euring.org/edb/species-maps/sp10949.htm","external_links_name":"10949"},{"Link":"https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/79f712c2-d57f-4ad1-8108-362c338ee71a","external_links_name":"79f712c2-d57f-4ad1-8108-362c338ee71a"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2495070","external_links_name":"2495070"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/13982","external_links_name":"13982"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1289530","external_links_name":"1289530"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=178658","external_links_name":"178658"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000066913","external_links_name":"NHMSYS0000066913"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=175132","external_links_name":"175132"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/a486025b-8a86-4ee9-87ee-7ef7bf62dd86","external_links_name":"a486025b-8a86-4ee9-87ee-7ef7bf62dd86"},{"Link":"https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FEB9185C-08C8-7BC5-F82B-BCFF583CBDCD","external_links_name":"FEB9185C-08C8-7BC5-F82B-BCFF583CBDCD"},{"Link":"https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/1E1012C9-579B-48E7-B917-A9A0235C97C4","external_links_name":"1E1012C9-579B-48E7-B917-A9A0235C97C4"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony_Anhalt
|
Saxony-Anhalt
|
["1 Geography","2 Administrative subdivisions","2.1 Largest towns","3 History","4 Demographics","4.1 Religion","4.2 Foreigners","5 Politics","5.1 List of minister presidents","5.2 Ministry of Finance","5.3 Landtag","5.4 2021 state election","6 Economy","6.1 Development","6.2 Structure","6.3 Tourism","7 Education","8 Anthem","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 52°00′N 11°42′E / 52.000°N 11.700°E / 52.000; 11.700State in Germany
This article is about the modern state of Germany. For the state between 1945 and 1952, see Saxony-Anhalt (1945–1952).
"Anhalt" redirects here. For other uses, see Anhalt (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with the German states of Saxony and Lower Saxony.
State in GermanySaxony-Anhalt
Sachsen-Anhalt (German)Sassen-Anholt (Low German)State
FlagCoat of armsAnthem: Lied für Sachsen-Anhalt (German)"Song for Saxony-Anhalt"Coordinates: 52°00′N 11°42′E / 52.000°N 11.700°E / 52.000; 11.700CountryGermanyCapitalMagdeburgLargest cityHalleGovernment • BodyLandtag of Saxony-Anhalt • Minister-PresidentReiner Haseloff (CDU) • Governing partiesCDU / SPD / FDP • Bundesrat votes4 (of 69) • Bundestag seats18 (of 736)Area • Total20,451.7 km2 (7,896.4 sq mi)Population (2022-12-31) • Total2,186,643 • Density110/km2 (280/sq mi)GDP • Total€75.436 billion (2022) • Per capita€34,505 (2022)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)ISO 3166 codeDE-STNUTS RegionDEEHDI (2018)0.917very high · 16th of 16Websitesachsen-anhalt.de
Saxony-Anhalt (German: Sachsen-Anhalt ⓘ; Low German: Sassen-Anholt) is a state of Germany, bordering the states of Brandenburg, Saxony, Thuringia and Lower Saxony. It covers an area of 20,451.7 square kilometres (7,896.4 sq mi)
and has a population of 2.17 million inhabitants, making it the 8th-largest state in Germany by area and the 11th-largest by population. Its capital is Magdeburg and its largest city is Halle (Saale).
The state of Saxony-Anhalt was formed in July 1945 after World War II, when the Soviet army administration in Allied-occupied Germany formed it from the former Prussian Province of Saxony and the Free State of Anhalt. Saxony-Anhalt became part of the German Democratic Republic in 1949, but was dissolved in 1952 during administrative reforms and its territory was divided into the districts of Halle and Magdeburg. Following German reunification, the state of Saxony-Anhalt was re-established in 1990 and became one of the new states of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Saxony-Anhalt is renowned for its rich cultural heritage and possesses the highest concentration of UNESCO World Heritage sites in Germany.
Geography
Saxony-Anhalt is one of 16 constituent states of Germany. It is located in the western part of eastern Germany. By size, it is the 8th largest state in Germany and by population, it is the 11th largest.
It borders four other states: Brandenburg to the north-east, Saxony to the south-east, Thuringia to the south-west and Lower Saxony to the north-west.
In the north, the Saxony-Anhalt landscape is dominated by the flat expanse of the North German Plain. The old Hanseatic towns Salzwedel, Gardelegen, Stendal and Tangermünde are located in the sparsely populated Altmark. The Colbitz-Letzlingen Heath and the Drömling near Wolfsburg mark the transition between the Altmark region and the Elbe-Börde-Heath region with its fertile, sparsely wooded Magdeburg Börde. Notable towns in the Magdeburg Börde are Haldensleben, Oschersleben (Bode), Wanzleben, Schönebeck (Elbe), Aschersleben and the capital Magdeburg, from which the Börde derives its name.
The Harz mountains are located in the south-west, comprising the Harz National Park, the Harz Foreland and Mansfeld Land. The highest mountain of the Harz (and of Northern Germany) is Brocken, with an elevation of 1,141 meters (3,735 ft). In this area, one can find the towns of Halberstadt, Wernigerode, Thale, Eisleben and Quedlinburg.
The wine-growing area Saale-Unstrut and the towns of Zeitz, Naumburg (Saale), Weißenfels and Freyburg (Unstrut) are located on the rivers Saale and Unstrut in the south of the state.
The metropolitan area of Halle (Saale) forms an agglomeration with Leipzig in Saxony. This area is known for its highly developed chemical industry (the Chemiedreieck – chemical triangle), with major production plants at Leuna, Schkopau (Buna-Werke) and Bitterfeld. Finally, in the east, Dessau-Roßlau and Wittenberg are situated on the Elbe (as is the capital Magdeburg) in the Anhalt-Wittenberg region.
Administrative subdivisions
Aerial view to the city centre of Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt's capital city
Saxony-Anhalt's most populous city, Halle (Saale), is the seat of the state's largest university.
Wittenberg was once one of the most important cities in Germany, especially for its close connection with Martin Luther.
The capital of Saxony-Anhalt is Magdeburg. It is the second-largest city in the state, close to Halle (Saale). From 1994 to 2003, the state was divided into three regions (Regierungsbezirke), Dessau, Halle and Magdeburg and, below the regional level, 21 districts (Landkreise). Since 2004, however, this system has been replaced by 11 rural districts and three urban districts.
The districts are:
Altmarkkreis Salzwedel
Anhalt-Bitterfeld
Börde
Burgenlandkreis
Harz
Jerichower Land
Mansfeld-Südharz
Saalekreis
Salzlandkreis
Stendal
Wittenberg
The independent cities are:
Dessau-Roßlau
Halle (Saale)
Magdeburg
Largest towns
See also: List of cities in Saxony-Anhalt by population
The largest towns in Saxony-Anhalt as of 31 December 2021:
Rank
City
Population
1
Halle
238,061
2
Magdeburg
236,188
3
Dessau-Roßlau
78,731
4
Lutherstadt Wittenberg
44,984
5
Weißenfels
39,745
6
Halberstadt
38,682
7
Stendal
38,359
8
Bitterfeld-Wolfen
37,047
9
Merseburg
33,641
10
Wernigerode
32,027
Halle is the largest city in Saxony-Anhalt.
Magdeburg - Capital city of Saxony-Anhalt - The Magdeburg Cathedral is the city's landmark.
Dessau market square
Inside the old town of Wittenberg, a UNESCO World Heritage Site
Halberstadt with its churches
Merseburg with its castle and cathedral
Castle in Wernigerode
History
Main article: History of Saxony-Anhalt
Coat of arms of Saxony-Anhalt between 1946 and 1952
Saxony-Anhalt is a federal state with a relatively short history, compared to other German federal states. It was formed in 1945 out of former Prussian territories and mainly consists of three distinct historical regions: the area around Magdeburg, the formerly independent Anhalt and a southern part which once was part of Saxony but had been annexed by Prussia in the 19th century. This historical origin can still be seen in the coat of arms of the federal state.
In April 1945 the US Army took control of most of the western and northern area of the future Saxony-Anhalt. The U.S. Group Control Council, Germany (a precursor of the OMGUS) appointed the first non-Nazi officials in leading positions in the area. Erhard Hübener, put on leave by the Nazis, was reappointed Landeshauptmann (state governor). By early July the US Army withdrew from the former Prussian Province of Saxony to make way for the Red Army to take it as part of the Soviet occupation zone, as agreed by the London Protocol in 1944.
On 9 July the Soviet SVAG ordered the merger of the Free State of Anhalt, Halle-Merseburg, the governorate of Magdeburg (in its then borders), Allstedt (before Thuringia) and some Brunswickian eastern exclaves and salients (Calvörde and the eastern part of the former Blankenburg district) with the Province of Saxony. The previously Saxon Erfurt governorate had become a part of Thuringia.
Anhalt takes its name from Anhalt Castle near Harzgerode; the origin of the name of the castle remains unknown. Anhalt was once an independent German federal state dating back centuries.
The SVAG appointed Hübener as president of the provincial Saxon administration, a newly created function. The administration was seated in Halle an der Saale, which became the capital, also of later Saxony-Anhalt until 1952. On 3 September 1945 the new administration enacted by Soviet-inspired ordinance the mass expropriations, mostly hitting holders of large real estates, often of noble descent.
On the occasion of the first (and one and only) election in the Soviet zone, allowing parties truly to compete for seats in provincial and state parliaments, on 20 October 1946, the Province of Saxony was renamed as the Province of Saxony-Anhalt (German: Provinz Sachsen-Anhalt), taking the prior merger into account. On 3 December 1946 the members of the new provincial parliament elected Hübener the first minister-president of Saxony-Anhalt, with the votes of the CDU and Liberal Democratic Party of Germany (LDPD). Thus he became the only governor in the Soviet zone who was not a member of the communist Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), making him an inconvenience for the Soviet forces.
After the official Allied decision to dissolve the Free State of Prussia, which had remained in limbo since the Prussian coup of 1932, its former provinces, in as far as they still existed, achieved statehood; thus the province emerged into the State of Saxony-Anhalt on 6 October 1947. It became part of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) in 1949. From 1952 on the East German states were dissolved, and Saxony-Anhalt's territory was divided into the East German districts of Halle and Magdeburg, except that the territory around Torgau was assigned to Leipzig. In 1990, in the course of German reunification, the districts were reintegrated as a state. The territory around Torgau did not return to the state and joined Saxony. Torgau is now the centre of the Nordsachsen district (since 2008).
In 2015 the skeletal remains of an ancient inhabitant of Karsdorf dated from the Early Neolithic (7200 BP) were analysed; he turned out to belong to the paternal T1a-M70 lineage and maternal lineage H1.
Demographics
Since German reunification, there has been a continuous downward trend in the population of Saxony-Anhalt. This is partly due to outward migration and partly because the death rate exceeds the birth rate. Although the birth rate has been steady since 1994, the net reproduction rate is only approximately 70%. However, the total fertility rate reached 1.50 in 2014, the highest value since 1990.
Demographic history of Saxony-Anhalt since 1990
Year
Population
Change
1990
2,873,957
1995
2,738,928
−135,029
2000
2,615,375
−123,553
2005
2,469,716
−145,659
2010
2,335,006
−134,710
2015
2,245,470
−89,536
Religion
Religion in Saxony-Anhalt – 2018
religion
percent
EKD Protestants
11.9%
Roman Catholics
3.3%
Non religious
82.8%
Other religion
2%
The region has historically been associated with the Lutheran faith, but under Communist rule, church membership was strongly discouraged and much of the population disassociated itself from any religious body. Saxony-Anhalt contains many sites tied to Martin Luther's life, including Lutherstadt Eisleben and Lutherstadt Wittenberg.
In 2018, the majority of citizens in Saxony-Anhalt were irreligious and more were leaving the churches than entering them – in fact, Saxony-Anhalt is the most irreligious state in Germany. Of the Saxon-Anhaltish, 15.2% adhered to the major denominations of Christianity (11.9% were members of the Protestant Church in Germany and 3.3% were Catholics), 2% were members of other religions (mostly Islam, Judaism, the New Apostolic Church and Mandeism). Of the citizens of Saxony-Anhalt, 82.8% were religiously unaffiliated. As of July 2019 there were 1,892 Jehovah's Witnesses (publishers) in Sachsen-Anhalt. Originally their branch office for Germany was in Magdeburg. When World War II ended in 1945, the property in Magdeburg, then part of East Germany, was returned and the branch was reestablished. But on 30 August 1950 Communist police stormed the facilities and arrested the workers, and the Jehovah's Witnesses in the German Democratic Republic (DDR) were banned.
Foreigners
The percentage of foreigners in Saxony-Anhalt was 4.9 percent by 31 December 2018, the third lowest among the 16 states of Germany (together with Saxony and Thuringia).
The largest foreign resident groups by 31 December 2022 were:
Nationality
Population (31 December 2022)
Population (31 December 2023)
Ukraine
34,678
33,760
Syria
21,240
28,805
Poland
13,257
14,155
Romania
8,243
10,910
Afghanistan
7,045
8,875
India
4,720
5,925
Turkey
4,285
5,800
Bulgaria
5,085
5,000
Russia
4,650
4,960
Vietnam
8,754
4,680
Politics
List of minister presidents
Main article: List of Ministers-President of Saxony-Anhalt
Ministry of Finance
Main article: Ministry of Finance (Saxony-Anhalt)
Landtag
Main article: Landtag of Saxony-Anhalt
2021 state election
See also: 2021 Saxony-Anhalt state election
PartyConstituencyParty listTotalseats+/–Votes%+/–SeatsVotes%+/–SeatsChristian Democratic Union (CDU)362,33334.13+4.5840394,80837.12+7.37040+10Alternative for Germany (AfD)231,87521.84–1.281221,49820.82–3.452223–2The Left (LINKE)135,41912.76–5.910116,90210.99–5.331212–4Social Democratic Party (SPD)116,45310.97–3.32089,4758.41–2.2299–2Free Democratic Party (FDP)70,7256.66+1.19068,3056.42+1.5677+7Alliance 90/The Greens (GRÜNE)60,5215.70+0.42063,1485.94+0.7666+1Free Voters57,5365.42+3.35033,2883.13+0.9700±0dieBasis7,5640.71New015,6211.47New00±0Human Environment Animal Protection1,0560.10+0.10015,2741.44–0.0400±0Garden Party3,2160.30+0.0808,5770.81+0.3800±0Die PARTEI3,9090.37+0.2607,7700.73+0.2000±0Animal Protection Here!00.00New06,2390.59New00±0Animal Protection Alliance4,5170.43+0.1905,1080.48–0.5600±0Party for Health Research00.00New03,9470.37New00±0Pirate Party Germany00.00New03,8140.36New00±0National Democratic Party1600.02+0.0202,8970.27–1.6200±0WiR202000.00New01,6490.16New00±0Free Citizens of Central Germany2,9320.28–0.1601,6030.15–0.2200±0The Humanists00.00New01,4090.13New00±0Ecological Democratic Party1450.01New01,0620.10New00±0Climate List Saxony-Anhalt00.00New08270.08New00±0Liberal Conservative Reformers00.00±0.0004730.04–0.8300±0Independents3,1530.30–0.10000.00000±0Total1,061,514100.00–411,063,694100.00–5697–Valid votes1,061,51498.351,063,69498.56Invalid/blank votes17,7731.6515,5931.44Total votes1,079,287100.001,079,287100.00Registered voters/turnout1,788,95560.33–0.781,788,95560.33–0.78Source: State Returning Officer
Popular vote
CDU
37.12%
AfD
20.82%
LINKE
10.99%
SPD
8.41%
FDP
6.42%
GRÜNE
5.94%
FW
3.13%
Other
7.17%
Landtag seats
CDU
41.24%
AfD
23.71%
LINKE
12.37%
SPD
9.28%
FDP
7.22%
GRÜNE
6.19%
Minister-president Reiner Haseloff (CDU) retained his position in a coalition with former partner SPD and newly the FDP. Before the election the coalition had consisted of the CDU, SPD and Greens.
Economy
This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Outdated Data. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2023)
The gross domestic product (GDP) of the state was 62.7 billion euros in 2018, which accounts for 1.9% of Germany's total economic output and ranks 13th among the 16 German states. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 26,000 euros or 86% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 88% of the EU average. The GDP per capita was the second lowest of all German states.
By 2020, the GDP of the state dropped to 62.654 billion euros, shortly after reaching an all-time high of 64.115 billion euros in 2019.
Development
Saxony-Anhalt was part of the communist German Democratic Republic. After the breakdown of communism and the German reunification in 1990, the collapse of non-competitive former GDR industries temporarily caused severe economic problems. In 2000, Saxony-Anhalt had the highest unemployment rate of all German states, at 20.2%.
However, the process of economic transformation towards a modern market economy seems to be completed. Massive investments in modern infrastructure have taken place since 1990, and the remaining and newly created businesses are highly competitive. For example, the industry has doubled its share of international revenue from 13 percent in 1995 to 26 percent in 2008. Meanwhile, the unemployment rate has fallen considerably. By 2010 the GDP of Saxony-Anhalt was almost two and a half times higher than it was in 1991.
Even though part of this recovery was brought on by the positive performance of the German economy, Saxony-Anhalt not only followed the national trend, but clearly outperformed other German states. For example, it outperformed three German states in terms of unemployment (10.8%, as of September 2011): the German capital and city-state of Berlin (12.7%), the city-state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (11.3%) and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (11%).
The unemployment began to fall under 10% in 2016, and stood at 7.1% in October 2018.
Year
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Unemployment rate in %
20.2
19.7
19.6
20.5
20.3
20.2
18.3
15.9
13.9
13.6
12.5
11.6
11.5
11.2
10.7
10.2
9.6
8.4
Structure
The chemical industry is quite important, with almost 25,500 employees across 214 plants in 2010. One of the biggest chemical producing areas can be found around the city of Bitterfeld-Wolfen. Because of the chemical industry, Saxony-Anhalt attracts more foreign direct investments than any other state in eastern Germany.
The state is the location of numerous wind farms producing wind-turbine energy.
Saxony-Anhalt is also famous for its good soil. Hence, the food industry has an important role with almost 19,500 employees across 190 plants in 2010. Some of the best known products are Baumkuchen from Salzwedel and Halloren chocolate globes from Germany's oldest chocolate factory in Halle.
Tourism
See also: List of World Heritage Sites in Germany
Saxony-Anhalt has seven World Heritage Sites, the highest number of all states in Germany.
Collegiate church, castle, and the old town of Quedlinburg
Luther memorials in Wittenberg
Luther memorials in Eisleben
Bauhaus Dessau
Dessau-Wörlitz Garden Realm
Naumburg Cathedral
Education
Aerial view of the main campus in Magdeburg
Saxony-Anhalt has several universities, including:
Anhalt University of Applied Sciences
Harz University of Applied Studies
Magdeburg-Stendal University of Applied Sciences
Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg
Merseburg University of Applied Sciences
Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg
Anthem
"Lied für Sachsen-Anhalt" ("Song for Saxony-Anhalt")
Motto: "Land of the Early Risers"
See also
Germany portal
Duchy of Anhalt
Outline of Germany
References
^ a b "Tabellen Bodenfläche". Statistisches Landesamt Sachsen-Anhalt. Archived from the original on 20 November 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
^ a b "Bevölkerung der Gemeinden – Stand: 31. Dezember 2022" (PDF) (in German). Statistisches Landesamt Sachsen-Anhalt. June 2023.
^ "Bruttoinlandsprodukt, Bruttowertschöpfung | Statistikportal.de". Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder | Gemeinsames Statistikportal (in German). Retrieved 31 July 2023.
^ "Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
^ District reform law Archived 19 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine 11 November 2005 (in German)
^ "Bevölkerung der Gemeinden – Stand: 31. Dezember 2021" (PDF). Statistisches Landesamt Sachsen-Anhalt (in German). June 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2022.
^ The latter, however, a salient originally not assigned as part of the Soviet zone, was unilaterally handed over by the Britons only on 22 July.
^ a b c "1945–1949" Archived 12 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, on: Gedenkkultur Dessau-Roßlau Archived 26 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 16 August 2011.
^ Marres, E.C.W.L. (Boed). "Our Far Forebears". www.marres.education. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
^ Haak, Wolfgang; et al. (2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. doi:10.1038/nature14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
^ Statistisches Landesamt Sachsen-Anhalt. "Bevölkerungsentwicklung seit 1966" (in German). statistik.sachsen-anhalt.de. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
^ a b c Archived 17 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland – Kirchemitgliederzahlen Stand 31. Dezember 2018 Archived 19 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine EKD, January 2020
^ "Ausländische Bevölkerung". statistikportal.de (in German). 17 July 2019. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
^ "1/3 der Ausländerinnen und Ausländer im Rahmen der EU-Freizügigkeit in Sachsen-Anhalt". statistik.sachsen-anhalt.de (in German). 8 April 2020. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
^ "Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018". Eurostat. Archived from the original on 9 October 2022.
^ "Germany GDP: Sachsen Anhalt | Economic Indicators | CEIC". www.ceicdata.com. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
^ Statistisches Landesamt Sachsen-Anhalt (29 January 2014). "Statistical Office of the State of Saxony-Anhalt (2010)". Statistik.sachsen-anhalt.de. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
^ Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Halle-Dessau (2010), p. 14
^ "Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Berlin (2011), p. 2" (PDF) (in German). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
^ "(2010)". fDi Atlas. Archived from the original on 4 April 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
^ "Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Berlin". 2011. p. 2. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
^ "Arbeitslosenquote nach Bundesländern in Deutschland 2018 | Statista". Statista (in German). Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
^ (Destatis), Statistisches Bundesamt (13 November 2018). "Federal Statistical Office Germany – GENESIS-Online". www-genesis.destatis.de. Archived from the original on 13 November 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
^ a b fDi Atlas Archived 4 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine (2010)
^ "Denkmäler in der UNESCO Liste des Welterbes in Deutschland nach Bundesland 2019". Statista (in German). Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saxony-Anhalt.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Saxony-Anhalt.
Official governmental portal Archived 29 January 2024 at the Wayback Machine
Official website for tourists
Official Directory
Geographic data related to Saxony-Anhalt at OpenStreetMap
vteStates of the Federal Republic of GermanyStates
Baden-Württemberg (since 1952)
Bavaria (since 1949)
Brandenburg (since 1990)
Hesse (since 1949)
Lower Saxony (since 1949)
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (since 1990)
North Rhine-Westphalia (since 1949)
Rhineland-Palatinate (since 1949)
Saarland (since 1957)
Saxony (since 1990)
Saxony-Anhalt (since 1990)
Schleswig-Holstein (since 1949)
Thuringia (since 1990)
City-states
Berlin (since 1990)
Bremen (since 1949)
Hamburg (since 1949)
Former states
South Baden (1949–1952)
Württemberg-Baden (1949–1952)
Württemberg-Hohenzollern (1949–1952)
vte Urban and rural districts in the state of Saxony-Anhalt in Germany Urban districts
Dessau-Roßlau
Halle (Saale)
Magdeburg
Rural districts
Altmarkkreis Salzwedel
Anhalt-Bitterfeld
Börde
Burgenlandkreis
Harz
Jerichower Land
Mansfeld-Südharz
Saalekreis
Salzlandkreis
Stendal
Wittenberg
Former districts
Anhalt-Zerbst
Aschersleben-Staßfurt
Bernburg
Bitterfeld
Bördekreis
Burgenlandkreis
Halberstadt
Köthen
Mansfelder Land
Merseburg-Querfurt
Ohrekreis
Quedlinburg
Saalkreis
Sangerhausen
Schönebeck
Weißenfels
Wernigerode
Districts of German states (Full list)
Baden-Württemberg
Bavaria
Brandenburg
Bremen
Hesse
Lower Saxony
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
North Rhine-Westphalia
Rhineland-Palatinate
Saarland
Saxony
Saxony-Anhalt
Schleswig-Holstein
Thuringia
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Sweden
Czech Republic
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
Other
RISM
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saxony-Anhalt (1945–1952)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt_(1945%E2%80%931952)"},{"link_name":"Anhalt (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhalt_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony"},{"link_name":"Lower Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[ˌzaksn̩ ˈʔanhalt]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c4/De-Sachsen-Anhalt.ogg/De-Sachsen-Anhalt.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Sachsen-Anhalt.ogg"},{"link_name":"Low German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German_language"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony"},{"link_name":"Thuringia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia"},{"link_name":"Lower Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-area-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pop-2"},{"link_name":"8th-largest state in Germany by area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_area"},{"link_name":"11th-largest by population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_population"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg"},{"link_name":"Halle (Saale)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle_(Saale)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Soviet army administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Military_Administration_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"Allied-occupied Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany"},{"link_name":"Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Province of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Free State of Anhalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_of_Anhalt"},{"link_name":"German Democratic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"administrative reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_East_Germany"},{"link_name":"Halle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle_(Bezirk)"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg_(Bezirk)"},{"link_name":"German reunification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification"},{"link_name":"new states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_states_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"UNESCO World Heritage sites in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Germany"}],"text":"State in GermanyThis article is about the modern state of Germany. For the state between 1945 and 1952, see Saxony-Anhalt (1945–1952).\"Anhalt\" redirects here. For other uses, see Anhalt (disambiguation).Not to be confused with the German states of Saxony and Lower Saxony.State in GermanySaxony-Anhalt (German: Sachsen-Anhalt [ˌzaksn̩ ˈʔanhalt] ⓘ; Low German: Sassen-Anholt) is a state of Germany, bordering the states of Brandenburg, Saxony, Thuringia and Lower Saxony. It covers an area of 20,451.7 square kilometres (7,896.4 sq mi)[1]\nand has a population of 2.17 million inhabitants,[2] making it the 8th-largest state in Germany by area and the 11th-largest by population. Its capital is Magdeburg and its largest city is Halle (Saale).The state of Saxony-Anhalt was formed in July 1945 after World War II, when the Soviet army administration in Allied-occupied Germany formed it from the former Prussian Province of Saxony and the Free State of Anhalt. Saxony-Anhalt became part of the German Democratic Republic in 1949, but was dissolved in 1952 during administrative reforms and its territory was divided into the districts of Halle and Magdeburg. Following German reunification, the state of Saxony-Anhalt was re-established in 1990 and became one of the new states of the Federal Republic of Germany.Saxony-Anhalt is renowned for its rich cultural heritage and possesses the highest concentration of UNESCO World Heritage sites in Germany.","title":"Saxony-Anhalt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"constituent states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony"},{"link_name":"Thuringia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia"},{"link_name":"Lower Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony"},{"link_name":"flat expanse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain"},{"link_name":"North German Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_German_Plain"},{"link_name":"Hanseatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_League"},{"link_name":"Salzwedel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzwedel"},{"link_name":"Gardelegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardelegen"},{"link_name":"Stendal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendal"},{"link_name":"Tangermünde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerm%C3%BCnde"},{"link_name":"Altmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altmark"},{"link_name":"Drömling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%B6mling"},{"link_name":"Wolfsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfsburg"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg Börde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg_B%C3%B6rde"},{"link_name":"Haldensleben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldensleben"},{"link_name":"Oschersleben (Bode)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oschersleben_(Bode)"},{"link_name":"Wanzleben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanzleben"},{"link_name":"Schönebeck (Elbe)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nebeck_(Elbe)"},{"link_name":"Aschersleben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aschersleben"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg"},{"link_name":"Börde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6rde"},{"link_name":"Harz mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harz_mountains"},{"link_name":"Harz National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harz_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Mansfeld Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfeld_Land"},{"link_name":"Northern Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Germany"},{"link_name":"Brocken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocken"},{"link_name":"Halberstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halberstadt"},{"link_name":"Wernigerode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernigerode"},{"link_name":"Thale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thale"},{"link_name":"Eisleben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisleben"},{"link_name":"Quedlinburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quedlinburg"},{"link_name":"Zeitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitz"},{"link_name":"Naumburg (Saale)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naumburg_(Saale)"},{"link_name":"Weißenfels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fenfels"},{"link_name":"Freyburg (Unstrut)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freyburg_(Unstrut)"},{"link_name":"Saale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saale"},{"link_name":"Unstrut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unstrut"},{"link_name":"Halle (Saale)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle_(Saale)"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Leuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuna"},{"link_name":"Schkopau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schkopau"},{"link_name":"Bitterfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitterfeld"},{"link_name":"Dessau-Roßlau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessau-Ro%C3%9Flau"},{"link_name":"Wittenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenberg"}],"text":"Saxony-Anhalt is one of 16 constituent states of Germany. It is located in the western part of eastern Germany. By size, it is the 8th largest state in Germany and by population, it is the 11th largest.It borders four other states: Brandenburg to the north-east, Saxony to the south-east, Thuringia to the south-west and Lower Saxony to the north-west.In the north, the Saxony-Anhalt landscape is dominated by the flat expanse of the North German Plain. The old Hanseatic towns Salzwedel, Gardelegen, Stendal and Tangermünde are located in the sparsely populated Altmark. The Colbitz-Letzlingen Heath and the Drömling near Wolfsburg mark the transition between the Altmark region and the Elbe-Börde-Heath region with its fertile, sparsely wooded Magdeburg Börde. Notable towns in the Magdeburg Börde are Haldensleben, Oschersleben (Bode), Wanzleben, Schönebeck (Elbe), Aschersleben and the capital Magdeburg, from which the Börde derives its name.The Harz mountains are located in the south-west, comprising the Harz National Park, the Harz Foreland and Mansfeld Land. The highest mountain of the Harz (and of Northern Germany) is Brocken, with an elevation of 1,141 meters (3,735 ft). In this area, one can find the towns of Halberstadt, Wernigerode, Thale, Eisleben and Quedlinburg.The wine-growing area Saale-Unstrut and the towns of Zeitz, Naumburg (Saale), Weißenfels and Freyburg (Unstrut) are located on the rivers Saale and Unstrut in the south of the state.The metropolitan area of Halle (Saale) forms an agglomeration with Leipzig in Saxony. This area is known for its highly developed chemical industry (the Chemiedreieck – chemical triangle), with major production plants at Leuna, Schkopau (Buna-Werke) and Bitterfeld. Finally, in the east, Dessau-Roßlau and Wittenberg are situated on the Elbe (as is the capital Magdeburg) in the Anhalt-Wittenberg region.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Magdeburg.jpg"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg"},{"link_name":"capital city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_city"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Halleuniplatz.JPG"},{"link_name":"Halle (Saale)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle_(Saale)"},{"link_name":"state's largest university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_University_of_Halle-Wittenberg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wittenberg_-_Stadtbach_in_der_Schlossstrasse_(Town_Stream_in_the_Schlossstrasse)_-_geo.hlipp.de_-_28216.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wittenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenberg"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg"},{"link_name":"Halle (Saale)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle_(Saale)"},{"link_name":"Regierungsbezirke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regierungsbezirk"},{"link_name":"Dessau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessau_(region)"},{"link_name":"Halle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle_(region)"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg_(region)"},{"link_name":"districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LandkreiseSachsenAnhalt2007.png"},{"link_name":"Altmarkkreis Salzwedel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altmarkkreis_Salzwedel"},{"link_name":"Anhalt-Bitterfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhalt-Bitterfeld"},{"link_name":"Börde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6rde_(district)"},{"link_name":"Burgenlandkreis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgenlandkreis"},{"link_name":"Harz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harz_(district)"},{"link_name":"Jerichower Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerichower_Land"},{"link_name":"Mansfeld-Südharz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfeld-S%C3%BCdharz"},{"link_name":"Saalekreis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saalekreis"},{"link_name":"Salzlandkreis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzlandkreis"},{"link_name":"Stendal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendal_(district)"},{"link_name":"Wittenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenberg_(district)"},{"link_name":"Dessau-Roßlau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessau-Ro%C3%9Flau"}],"text":"Aerial view to the city centre of Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt's capital citySaxony-Anhalt's most populous city, Halle (Saale), is the seat of the state's largest university.Wittenberg was once one of the most important cities in Germany, especially for its close connection with Martin Luther.The capital of Saxony-Anhalt is Magdeburg. It is the second-largest city in the state, close to Halle (Saale). From 1994 to 2003, the state was divided into three regions (Regierungsbezirke), Dessau, Halle and Magdeburg and, below the regional level, 21 districts (Landkreise). Since 2004, however, this system has been replaced by 11 rural districts and three urban districts.[5]The districts are:Altmarkkreis Salzwedel\nAnhalt-Bitterfeld\nBörde\nBurgenlandkreis\nHarz\nJerichower Land\nMansfeld-Südharz\nSaalekreis\nSalzlandkreis\nStendal\nWittenbergThe independent cities are:Dessau-Roßlau\nHalle (Saale)\nMagdeburg","title":"Administrative subdivisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of cities in Saxony-Anhalt by population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Saxony-Anhalt_by_population"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saxony-AnhaltPopulations-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2012-03_Halle_02_Marktplatz.jpg"},{"link_name":"Halle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle_(Saale)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KST_Dom_Magdeburg_Jann.jpg"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg"},{"link_name":"Capital city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_city"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg_Cathedral"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dessau_marktplatz_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WittenbergMittelstr.JPG"},{"link_name":"UNESCO World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Halberstadt_Stadt_der_Kirchen_Foto_2005_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_Wiesbaden_Germany_PICT0042.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MerseburgDomschlo%C3%9Fsaale.JPG"},{"link_name":"Merseburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merseburg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agnesberg.JPG"}],"sub_title":"Largest towns","text":"See also: List of cities in Saxony-Anhalt by populationThe largest towns in Saxony-Anhalt as of 31 December 2021:[6]Halle is the largest city in Saxony-Anhalt.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMagdeburg - Capital city of Saxony-Anhalt - The Magdeburg Cathedral is the city's landmark.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDessau market square\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInside the old town of Wittenberg, a UNESCO World Heritage Site\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHalberstadt with its churches\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMerseburg with its castle and cathedral\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCastle in Wernigerode","title":"Administrative subdivisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony-Anhalt_1947-1952.svg"},{"link_name":"Prussian territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg"},{"link_name":"Anhalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_of_Anhalt"},{"link_name":"Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"US Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army"},{"link_name":"OMGUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Military_Government,_United_States"},{"link_name":"Erhard Hübener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhard_H%C3%BCbener"},{"link_name":"Landeshauptmann (state governor)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landeshauptmann#Prussia"},{"link_name":"Province of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Soviet occupation zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone"},{"link_name":"London Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Protocol_(1944)"},{"link_name":"SVAG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Military_Administration_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"Free State of Anhalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_of_Anhalt"},{"link_name":"Halle-Merseburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle-Merseburg"},{"link_name":"governorate of Magdeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg_(region)"},{"link_name":"Allstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allstedt"},{"link_name":"Brunswickian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_of_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"exclaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclave"},{"link_name":"salients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salient_(geography)"},{"link_name":"Calvörde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calv%C3%B6rde"},{"link_name":"Blankenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blankenburg_am_Harz"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dessau_gedenk-8"},{"link_name":"Erfurt governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erfurt_(region)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thuringia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia"},{"link_name":"Anhalt Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhalt_Castle"},{"link_name":"Harzgerode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harzgerode"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dessau_gedenk-8"},{"link_name":"minister-president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister-president"},{"link_name":"CDU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(East_Germany)"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democratic Party of Germany (LDPD)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor"},{"link_name":"Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Free State of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Prussian coup of 1932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preu%C3%9Fenschlag"},{"link_name":"its former provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dessau_gedenk-8"},{"link_name":"German Democratic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"Halle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle_(Bezirk)"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg_(Bezirk)"},{"link_name":"Torgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torgau"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig_(Bezirk)"},{"link_name":"German reunification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification"},{"link_name":"Nordsachsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordsachsen"},{"link_name":"ancient inhabitant of Karsdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsdorf_remains"},{"link_name":"paternal T1a-M70 lineage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_T-M184"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Coat of arms of Saxony-Anhalt between 1946 and 1952Saxony-Anhalt is a federal state with a relatively short history, compared to other German federal states. It was formed in 1945 out of former Prussian territories and mainly consists of three distinct historical regions: the area around Magdeburg, the formerly independent Anhalt and a southern part which once was part of Saxony but had been annexed by Prussia in the 19th century. This historical origin can still be seen in the coat of arms of the federal state.In April 1945 the US Army took control of most of the western and northern area of the future Saxony-Anhalt. The U.S. Group Control Council, Germany (a precursor of the OMGUS) appointed the first non-Nazi officials in leading positions in the area. Erhard Hübener, put on leave by the Nazis, was reappointed Landeshauptmann (state governor). By early July the US Army withdrew from the former Prussian Province of Saxony to make way for the Red Army to take it as part of the Soviet occupation zone, as agreed by the London Protocol in 1944.On 9 July the Soviet SVAG ordered the merger of the Free State of Anhalt, Halle-Merseburg, the governorate of Magdeburg (in its then borders), Allstedt (before Thuringia) and some Brunswickian eastern exclaves and salients (Calvörde and the eastern part of the former Blankenburg district[7]) with the Province of Saxony.[8] The previously Saxon Erfurt governorate had become a part of Thuringia.Anhalt takes its name from Anhalt Castle near Harzgerode; the origin of the name of the castle remains unknown. Anhalt was once an independent German federal state dating back centuries.The SVAG appointed Hübener as president of the provincial Saxon administration, a newly created function. The administration was seated in Halle an der Saale, which became the capital, also of later Saxony-Anhalt until 1952. On 3 September 1945 the new administration enacted by Soviet-inspired ordinance the mass expropriations, mostly hitting holders of large real estates, often of noble descent.On the occasion of the first (and one and only) election in the Soviet zone, allowing parties truly to compete for seats in provincial and state parliaments, on 20 October 1946, the Province of Saxony was renamed as the Province of Saxony-Anhalt (German: Provinz Sachsen-Anhalt), taking the prior merger into account.[8] On 3 December 1946 the members of the new provincial parliament elected Hübener the first minister-president of Saxony-Anhalt, with the votes of the CDU and Liberal Democratic Party of Germany (LDPD). Thus he became the only governor in the Soviet zone who was not a member of the communist Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), making him an inconvenience for the Soviet forces.After the official Allied decision to dissolve the Free State of Prussia, which had remained in limbo since the Prussian coup of 1932, its former provinces, in as far as they still existed, achieved statehood; thus the province emerged into the State of Saxony-Anhalt on 6 October 1947.[8] It became part of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) in 1949. From 1952 on the East German states were dissolved, and Saxony-Anhalt's territory was divided into the East German districts of Halle and Magdeburg, except that the territory around Torgau was assigned to Leipzig. In 1990, in the course of German reunification, the districts were reintegrated as a state. The territory around Torgau did not return to the state and joined Saxony. Torgau is now the centre of the Nordsachsen district (since 2008).In 2015 the skeletal remains of an ancient inhabitant of Karsdorf dated from the Early Neolithic (7200 BP) were analysed; he turned out to belong to the paternal T1a-M70 lineage and maternal lineage H1.[9][10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"net reproduction rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_reproduction_rate"},{"link_name":"total fertility rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_fertility_rate"}],"text":"Since German reunification, there has been a continuous downward trend in the population of Saxony-Anhalt. This is partly due to outward migration and partly because the death rate exceeds the birth rate. Although the birth rate has been steady since 1994, the net reproduction rate is only approximately 70%. However, the total fertility rate reached 1.50 in 2014, the highest value since 1990.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EKD Protestants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Non religious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion"},{"link_name":"Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"Lutherstadt Eisleben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutherstadt_Eisleben"},{"link_name":"Lutherstadt Wittenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutherstadt_Wittenberg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sachsen-anhalt-wahl.de-12"},{"link_name":"Protestant Church in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ekd-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sachsen-anhalt-wahl.de-12"},{"link_name":"New Apostolic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church"},{"link_name":"Mandeism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandeism"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sachsen-anhalt-wahl.de-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ekd-13"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"Religion in Saxony-Anhalt – 2018\n\nreligion\n\npercent\n\n\nEKD Protestants\n \n11.9%\n\n\nRoman Catholics\n \n3.3%\n\n\nNon religious\n \n82.8%\n\n\nOther religion\n \n2%The region has historically been associated with the Lutheran faith, but under Communist rule, church membership was strongly discouraged and much of the population disassociated itself from any religious body. Saxony-Anhalt contains many sites tied to Martin Luther's life, including Lutherstadt Eisleben and Lutherstadt Wittenberg.In 2018, the majority of citizens in Saxony-Anhalt were irreligious and more were leaving the churches than entering them[12] – in fact, Saxony-Anhalt is the most irreligious state in Germany. Of the Saxon-Anhaltish, 15.2% adhered to the major denominations of Christianity (11.9% were members of the Protestant Church in Germany and 3.3% were Catholics),[13] 2% were members of other religions[12] (mostly Islam, Judaism, the New Apostolic Church and Mandeism). Of the citizens of Saxony-Anhalt, 82.8% were religiously unaffiliated.[12][13] As of July 2019 there were 1,892 Jehovah's Witnesses (publishers) in Sachsen-Anhalt. Originally their branch office for Germany was in Magdeburg. When World War II ended in 1945, the property in Magdeburg, then part of East Germany, was returned and the branch was reestablished. But on 30 August 1950 Communist police stormed the facilities and arrested the workers, and the Jehovah's Witnesses in the German Democratic Republic (DDR) were banned.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Foreigners","text":"The percentage of foreigners in Saxony-Anhalt was 4.9 percent by 31 December 2018, the third lowest among the 16 states of Germany (together with Saxony and Thuringia).[14]The largest foreign resident groups by 31 December 2022 were:[15]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"List of minister presidents","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ministry of Finance","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Landtag","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 Saxony-Anhalt state election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Saxony-Anhalt_state_election"},{"link_name":"Reiner Haseloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiner_Haseloff"}],"sub_title":"2021 state election","text":"See also: 2021 Saxony-Anhalt state electionMinister-president Reiner Haseloff (CDU) retained his position in a coalition with former partner SPD and newly the FDP. Before the election the coalition had consisted of the CDU, SPD and Greens.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gross domestic product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product"},{"link_name":"ranks 13th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_GRP"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The gross domestic product (GDP) of the state was 62.7 billion euros in 2018, which accounts for 1.9% of Germany's total economic output and ranks 13th among the 16 German states. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 26,000 euros or 86% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 88% of the EU average. The GDP per capita was the second lowest of all German states.[16]By 2020, the GDP of the state dropped to 62.654 billion euros, shortly after reaching an all-time high of 64.115 billion euros in 2019.[17]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"market economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_economy"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"city-state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Free Hanseatic City of Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen_(state)"},{"link_name":"Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"Saxony-Anhalt was part of the communist German Democratic Republic. After the breakdown of communism and the German reunification in 1990, the collapse of non-competitive former GDR industries temporarily caused severe economic problems. In 2000, Saxony-Anhalt had the highest unemployment rate of all German states, at 20.2%.[18]However, the process of economic transformation towards a modern market economy seems to be completed. Massive investments in modern infrastructure have taken place since 1990, and the remaining and newly created businesses are highly competitive. For example, the industry has doubled its share of international revenue from 13 percent in 1995 to 26 percent in 2008.[19] Meanwhile, the unemployment rate has fallen considerably.[20] By 2010 the GDP of Saxony-Anhalt was almost two and a half times higher than it was in 1991.[21]Even though part of this recovery was brought on by the positive performance of the German economy, Saxony-Anhalt not only followed the national trend, but clearly outperformed other German states. For example, it outperformed three German states in terms of unemployment (10.8%, as of September 2011): the German capital and city-state of Berlin (12.7%), the city-state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (11.3%) and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (11%).[22]The unemployment began to fall under 10% in 2016, and stood at 7.1% in October 2018.[23]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chemical industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_industry"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fDi_Atlas-25"},{"link_name":"Bitterfeld-Wolfen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitterfeld-Wolfen"},{"link_name":"foreign direct investments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment"},{"link_name":"wind farms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farm"},{"link_name":"food industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_industry"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fDi_Atlas-25"},{"link_name":"Baumkuchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baumkuchen"},{"link_name":"Salzwedel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzwedel"},{"link_name":"Halloren chocolate globes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloren_Chocolate_Factory"}],"sub_title":"Structure","text":"The chemical industry is quite important, with almost 25,500 employees across 214 plants in 2010.[25] One of the biggest chemical producing areas can be found around the city of Bitterfeld-Wolfen. Because of the chemical industry, Saxony-Anhalt attracts more foreign direct investments than any other state in eastern Germany.\nThe state is the location of numerous wind farms producing wind-turbine energy.\nSaxony-Anhalt is also famous for its good soil. Hence, the food industry has an important role with almost 19,500 employees across 190 plants in 2010.[25] Some of the best known products are Baumkuchen from Salzwedel and Halloren chocolate globes from Germany's oldest chocolate factory in Halle.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quedlinburg_asv2018-10_img03_Castle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Quedlinburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quedlinburg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wittenberg,Luthers_Hochzeit.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wittenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenberg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lutherstadt_Eisleben_Markt.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eisleben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisleben"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bauhaus.JPG"},{"link_name":"Dessau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessau"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:W%C3%B6rlitzAmaliengrotte.JPG"},{"link_name":"Dessau-Wörlitz Garden Realm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessau-W%C3%B6rlitz_Garden_Realm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Naumburger_Dom_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Naumburg Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naumburg_Cathedral"}],"sub_title":"Tourism","text":"See also: List of World Heritage Sites in GermanySaxony-Anhalt has seven World Heritage Sites, the highest number of all states in Germany.[26]Collegiate church, castle, and the old town of Quedlinburg\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLuther memorials in Wittenberg\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLuther memorials in Eisleben\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBauhaus Dessau\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDessau-Wörlitz Garden Realm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNaumburg Cathedral","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blick_auf_die_Otto-von-Guericke_Universit%C3%A4t_Magdeburg.JPG"},{"link_name":"Anhalt University of Applied Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhalt_University_of_Applied_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Harz University of Applied Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harz_University_of_Applied_Studies"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg-Stendal University of Applied Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg-Stendal_University_of_Applied_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_University_of_Halle-Wittenberg"},{"link_name":"Merseburg University of Applied Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merseburg_University_of_Applied_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Guericke_University_Magdeburg"}],"text":"Aerial view of the main campus in MagdeburgSaxony-Anhalt has several universities, including:Anhalt University of Applied Sciences\nHarz University of Applied Studies\nMagdeburg-Stendal University of Applied Sciences\nMartin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg\nMerseburg University of Applied Sciences\nOtto von Guericke University Magdeburg","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lied für Sachsen-Anhalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lied_f%C3%BCr_Sachsen-Anhalt"}],"text":"\"Lied für Sachsen-Anhalt\" (\"Song for Saxony-Anhalt\")\nMotto: \"Land of the Early Risers\"","title":"Anthem"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Aerial view to the city centre of Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt's capital city","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Aerial_view_of_Magdeburg.jpg/220px-Aerial_view_of_Magdeburg.jpg"},{"image_text":"Saxony-Anhalt's most populous city, Halle (Saale), is the seat of the state's largest university.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Halleuniplatz.JPG/220px-Halleuniplatz.JPG"},{"image_text":"Wittenberg was once one of the most important cities in Germany, especially for its close connection with Martin Luther.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wittenberg_-_Stadtbach_in_der_Schlossstrasse_%28Town_Stream_in_the_Schlossstrasse%29_-_geo.hlipp.de_-_28216.jpg/220px-Wittenberg_-_Stadtbach_in_der_Schlossstrasse_%28Town_Stream_in_the_Schlossstrasse%29_-_geo.hlipp.de_-_28216.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coat of arms of Saxony-Anhalt between 1946 and 1952","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony-Anhalt_1947-1952.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony-Anhalt_1947-1952.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Aerial view of the main campus in Magdeburg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Blick_auf_die_Otto-von-Guericke_Universit%C3%A4t_Magdeburg.JPG/220px-Blick_auf_die_Otto-von-Guericke_Universit%C3%A4t_Magdeburg.JPG"}]
|
[{"title":"Germany portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Germany"},{"title":"Duchy of Anhalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt"},{"title":"Outline of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Germany"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Tabellen Bodenfläche\". Statistisches Landesamt Sachsen-Anhalt. Archived from the original on 20 November 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://statistik.sachsen-anhalt.de/themen/gebiet-und-wahlen/gebiet/tabellen-bodenflaeche","url_text":"\"Tabellen Bodenfläche\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistisches_Landesamt_Sachsen-Anhalt","url_text":"Statistisches Landesamt Sachsen-Anhalt"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221120102005/https://statistik.sachsen-anhalt.de/themen/gebiet-und-wahlen/gebiet/tabellen-bodenflaeche","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bevölkerung der Gemeinden – Stand: 31. Dezember 2022\" (PDF) (in German). Statistisches Landesamt Sachsen-Anhalt. June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://statistik.sachsen-anhalt.de/fileadmin/Bibliothek/Landesaemter/StaLa/startseite/Themen/Bevoelkerung/Berichte/Bevoelkerungsstand/6A102_02_22-A.pdf","url_text":"\"Bevölkerung der Gemeinden – Stand: 31. Dezember 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistisches_Landesamt_Sachsen-Anhalt","url_text":"Statistisches Landesamt Sachsen-Anhalt"}]},{"reference":"\"Bruttoinlandsprodukt, Bruttowertschöpfung | Statistikportal.de\". Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder | Gemeinsames Statistikportal (in German). Retrieved 31 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statistikportal.de/de/vgrdl/ergebnisse-laenderebene/bruttoinlandsprodukt-bruttowertschoepfung","url_text":"\"Bruttoinlandsprodukt, Bruttowertschöpfung | Statistikportal.de\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab\". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/","url_text":"\"Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bevölkerung der Gemeinden – Stand: 31. Dezember 2021\" (PDF). Statistisches Landesamt Sachsen-Anhalt (in German). June 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://statistik.sachsen-anhalt.de/fileadmin/Bibliothek/Landesaemter/StaLa/startseite/Themen/Bevoelkerung/Berichte/Bevoelkerungsstand/6A102_02_21-A.pdf","url_text":"\"Bevölkerung der Gemeinden – Stand: 31. Dezember 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistisches_Landesamt_Sachsen-Anhalt","url_text":"Statistisches Landesamt Sachsen-Anhalt"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220614092115/https://statistik.sachsen-anhalt.de/fileadmin/Bibliothek/Landesaemter/StaLa/startseite/Themen/Bevoelkerung/Berichte/Bevoelkerungsstand/6A102_02_21-A.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Marres, E.C.W.L. (Boed). \"Our Far Forebears\". www.marres.education. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marres.education/far-forbears.htm","url_text":"\"Our Far Forebears\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170912003826/http://www.marres.education/far-forbears.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Haak, Wolfgang; et al. (2015). \"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe\". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. doi:10.1038/nature14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5048219","url_text":"\"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.02783","url_text":"1502.02783"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.522..207H","url_text":"2015Natur.522..207H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14317","url_text":"10.1038/nature14317"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5048219","url_text":"5048219"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25731166","url_text":"25731166"}]},{"reference":"Statistisches Landesamt Sachsen-Anhalt. \"Bevölkerungsentwicklung seit 1966\" (in German). statistik.sachsen-anhalt.de. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200406150808/https://statistik.sachsen-anhalt.de/themen/bevoelkerung-erwerbstaetigenrechnung-mikrozensus-evs/bevoelkerung/tabellen-bevoelkerungsstand/#c234712","url_text":"\"Bevölkerungsentwicklung seit 1966\""},{"url":"https://statistik.sachsen-anhalt.de/themen/bevoelkerung-erwerbstaetigenrechnung-mikrozensus-evs/bevoelkerung/tabellen-bevoelkerungsstand/#c234712","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ausländische Bevölkerung\". statistikportal.de (in German). 17 July 2019. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statistikportal.de/de/bevoelkerung/auslaendische-bevoelkerung","url_text":"\"Ausländische Bevölkerung\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201022145250/https://www.statistikportal.de/de/bevoelkerung/auslaendische-bevoelkerung","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1/3 der Ausländerinnen und Ausländer im Rahmen der EU-Freizügigkeit in Sachsen-Anhalt\". statistik.sachsen-anhalt.de (in German). 8 April 2020. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200406142019/https://statistik.sachsen-anhalt.de/themen/bevoelkerung-erwerbstaetigenrechnung-mikrozensus-evs/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstand/","url_text":"\"1/3 der Ausländerinnen und Ausländer im Rahmen der EU-Freizügigkeit in Sachsen-Anhalt\""},{"url":"https://statistik.sachsen-anhalt.de/themen/bevoelkerung-erwerbstaetigenrechnung-mikrozensus-evs/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstand/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018\". Eurostat. Archived from the original on 9 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10474907/1-05032020-AP-EN.pdf/81807e19-e4c8-2e53-c98a-933f5bf30f58","url_text":"\"Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10474907/1-05032020-AP-EN.pdf/81807e19-e4c8-2e53-c98a-933f5bf30f58","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Germany GDP: Sachsen Anhalt | Economic Indicators | CEIC\". www.ceicdata.com. Retrieved 18 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ceicdata.com/en/germany/esa-2010-gdp-by-region/gdp-sachsen-anhalt","url_text":"\"Germany GDP: Sachsen Anhalt | Economic Indicators | CEIC\""}]},{"reference":"Statistisches Landesamt Sachsen-Anhalt (29 January 2014). \"Statistical Office of the State of Saxony-Anhalt (2010)\". Statistik.sachsen-anhalt.de. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statistik.sachsen-anhalt.de/Internet/Home/Daten_und_Fakten/1/13/132/13211/Arbeitsmarktdaten_im_Land_Sachsen_Anhalt.html","url_text":"\"Statistical Office of the State of Saxony-Anhalt (2010)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140819125542/http://www.statistik.sachsen-anhalt.de/Internet/Home/Daten_und_Fakten/1/13/132/13211/Arbeitsmarktdaten_im_Land_Sachsen_Anhalt.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Berlin (2011), p. 2\" (PDF) (in German). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ihk-berlin.de/linkableblob/818034/.23./data/Fakten_Arbeitsmarkt-data.pdf","url_text":"\"Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Berlin (2011), p. 2\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ihk-berlin.de/linkableblob/818034/.23./data/Fakten_Arbeitsmarkt-data.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"(2010)\". fDi Atlas. Archived from the original on 4 April 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fdiatlas.com/area/Europe/Germany/region/Saxony-Anhalt","url_text":"\"(2010)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120404155856/http://www.fdiatlas.com/area/Europe/Germany/region/Saxony-Anhalt","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Berlin\". 2011. p. 2. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201204441/http://m.ihk-berlin.de/linkableblob/818034/.28./data/Fakten_Arbeitsmarkt-data.pdf;jsessionid=DDE8292A29242A352F72A9D35E869F0F.repl1","url_text":"\"Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Berlin\""},{"url":"http://m.ihk-berlin.de/linkableblob/818034/.28./data/Fakten_Arbeitsmarkt-data.pdf;jsessionid=DDE8292A29242A352F72A9D35E869F0F.repl1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Arbeitslosenquote nach Bundesländern in Deutschland 2018 | Statista\". Statista (in German). Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/36651/umfrage/arbeitslosenquote-in-deutschland-nach-bundeslaendern/","url_text":"\"Arbeitslosenquote nach Bundesländern in Deutschland 2018 | Statista\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210627171657/https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/36651/umfrage/arbeitslosenquote-in-deutschland-nach-bundeslaendern/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"(Destatis), Statistisches Bundesamt (13 November 2018). \"Federal Statistical Office Germany – GENESIS-Online\". www-genesis.destatis.de. Archived from the original on 13 November 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis/online/data;sid=8605C2647C4C92D731CC1EC4BAC5AF53.GO_1_3?operation=ergebnistabelleUmfang&levelindex=3&levelid=1542098063701&downloadname=13211-0007","url_text":"\"Federal Statistical Office Germany – GENESIS-Online\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181113170119/https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis/online/data;sid=8605C2647C4C92D731CC1EC4BAC5AF53.GO_1_3?operation=ergebnistabelleUmfang&levelindex=3&levelid=1542098063701&downloadname=13211-0007","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Denkmäler in der UNESCO Liste des Welterbes in Deutschland nach Bundesland 2019\". Statista (in German). Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/1026842/umfrage/denkmaeler-in-der-unesco-liste-des-welterbes-in-deutschland-nach-bundesland/","url_text":"\"Denkmäler in der UNESCO Liste des Welterbes in Deutschland nach Bundesland 2019\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200323140232/https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/1026842/umfrage/denkmaeler-in-der-unesco-liste-des-welterbes-in-deutschland-nach-bundesland/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saxony-Anhalt¶ms=52_00_N_11_42_E_type:adm1st_region:DE","external_links_name":"52°00′N 11°42′E / 52.000°N 11.700°E / 52.000; 11.700"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saxony-Anhalt¶ms=52_00_N_11_42_E_type:adm1st_region:DE","external_links_name":"52°00′N 11°42′E / 52.000°N 11.700°E / 52.000; 11.700"},{"Link":"https://ea.sachsen-anhalt.de/english-version","external_links_name":"sachsen-anhalt.de"},{"Link":"https://wahlergebnisse.sachsen-anhalt.de/wahlen/lt21/erg/kreis/lt.15.ergtab.php","external_links_name":"State Returning Officer"},{"Link":"https://statistik.sachsen-anhalt.de/themen/gebiet-und-wahlen/gebiet/tabellen-bodenflaeche","external_links_name":"\"Tabellen Bodenfläche\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221120102005/https://statistik.sachsen-anhalt.de/themen/gebiet-und-wahlen/gebiet/tabellen-bodenflaeche","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://statistik.sachsen-anhalt.de/fileadmin/Bibliothek/Landesaemter/StaLa/startseite/Themen/Bevoelkerung/Berichte/Bevoelkerungsstand/6A102_02_22-A.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Bevölkerung der Gemeinden – Stand: 31. Dezember 2022\""},{"Link":"http://www.statistikportal.de/de/vgrdl/ergebnisse-laenderebene/bruttoinlandsprodukt-bruttowertschoepfung","external_links_name":"\"Bruttoinlandsprodukt, Bruttowertschöpfung | Statistikportal.de\""},{"Link":"https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/","external_links_name":"\"Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://st.juris.de/st/LKreisGebNRG_ST_rahmen.htm","external_links_name":"District reform law"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719051202/http://st.juris.de/st/LKreisGebNRG_ST_rahmen.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://statistik.sachsen-anhalt.de/fileadmin/Bibliothek/Landesaemter/StaLa/startseite/Themen/Bevoelkerung/Berichte/Bevoelkerungsstand/6A102_02_21-A.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Bevölkerung der Gemeinden – Stand: 31. Dezember 2021\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220614092115/https://statistik.sachsen-anhalt.de/fileadmin/Bibliothek/Landesaemter/StaLa/startseite/Themen/Bevoelkerung/Berichte/Bevoelkerungsstand/6A102_02_21-A.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.gedenkkultur-dessau-rosslau.de/1945-1949/chronik1","external_links_name":"\"1945–1949\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120312064959/http://www.gedenkkultur-dessau-rosslau.de/1945-1949/chronik1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.gedenkkultur-dessau-rosslau.de/","external_links_name":"Gedenkkultur Dessau-Roßlau"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110826105028/http://www.gedenkkultur-dessau-rosslau.de/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.marres.education/far-forbears.htm","external_links_name":"\"Our Far Forebears\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170912003826/http://www.marres.education/far-forbears.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5048219","external_links_name":"\"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.02783","external_links_name":"1502.02783"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.522..207H","external_links_name":"2015Natur.522..207H"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14317","external_links_name":"10.1038/nature14317"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5048219","external_links_name":"5048219"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25731166","external_links_name":"25731166"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200406150808/https://statistik.sachsen-anhalt.de/themen/bevoelkerung-erwerbstaetigenrechnung-mikrozensus-evs/bevoelkerung/tabellen-bevoelkerungsstand/#c234712","external_links_name":"\"Bevölkerungsentwicklung seit 1966\""},{"Link":"https://statistik.sachsen-anhalt.de/themen/bevoelkerung-erwerbstaetigenrechnung-mikrozensus-evs/bevoelkerung/tabellen-bevoelkerungsstand/#c234712","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.sachsen-anhalt-wahl.de/das-land-sachsen-anhalt/religion-in-sachsen-anhalt.htm#more-15","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120317152800/http://www.sachsen-anhalt-wahl.de/das-land-sachsen-anhalt/religion-in-sachsen-anhalt.htm#more-15","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ekd.de/ekd_de/ds_doc/Ber_Kirchenmitglieder_2018.pdf","external_links_name":"Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland – Kirchemitgliederzahlen Stand 31. Dezember 2018"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200219200647/https://www.ekd.de/ekd_de/ds_doc/Ber_Kirchenmitglieder_2018.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.statistikportal.de/de/bevoelkerung/auslaendische-bevoelkerung","external_links_name":"\"Ausländische Bevölkerung\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201022145250/https://www.statistikportal.de/de/bevoelkerung/auslaendische-bevoelkerung","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200406142019/https://statistik.sachsen-anhalt.de/themen/bevoelkerung-erwerbstaetigenrechnung-mikrozensus-evs/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstand/","external_links_name":"\"1/3 der Ausländerinnen und Ausländer im Rahmen der EU-Freizügigkeit in Sachsen-Anhalt\""},{"Link":"https://statistik.sachsen-anhalt.de/themen/bevoelkerung-erwerbstaetigenrechnung-mikrozensus-evs/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstand/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10474907/1-05032020-AP-EN.pdf/81807e19-e4c8-2e53-c98a-933f5bf30f58","external_links_name":"\"Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10474907/1-05032020-AP-EN.pdf/81807e19-e4c8-2e53-c98a-933f5bf30f58","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ceicdata.com/en/germany/esa-2010-gdp-by-region/gdp-sachsen-anhalt","external_links_name":"\"Germany GDP: Sachsen Anhalt | Economic Indicators | CEIC\""},{"Link":"http://www.statistik.sachsen-anhalt.de/Internet/Home/Daten_und_Fakten/1/13/132/13211/Arbeitsmarktdaten_im_Land_Sachsen_Anhalt.html","external_links_name":"\"Statistical Office of the State of Saxony-Anhalt (2010)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140819125542/http://www.statistik.sachsen-anhalt.de/Internet/Home/Daten_und_Fakten/1/13/132/13211/Arbeitsmarktdaten_im_Land_Sachsen_Anhalt.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.halle.ihk.de/webKreator/upload/temp_dokumente/1034285159/Regionalstatistik%202010.pdf","external_links_name":"Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Halle-Dessau (2010), p. 14"},{"Link":"http://www.ihk-berlin.de/linkableblob/818034/.23./data/Fakten_Arbeitsmarkt-data.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Berlin (2011), p. 2\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ihk-berlin.de/linkableblob/818034/.23./data/Fakten_Arbeitsmarkt-data.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.fdiatlas.com/area/Europe/Germany/region/Saxony-Anhalt","external_links_name":"\"(2010)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120404155856/http://www.fdiatlas.com/area/Europe/Germany/region/Saxony-Anhalt","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201204441/http://m.ihk-berlin.de/linkableblob/818034/.28./data/Fakten_Arbeitsmarkt-data.pdf;jsessionid=DDE8292A29242A352F72A9D35E869F0F.repl1","external_links_name":"\"Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Berlin\""},{"Link":"http://m.ihk-berlin.de/linkableblob/818034/.28./data/Fakten_Arbeitsmarkt-data.pdf;jsessionid=DDE8292A29242A352F72A9D35E869F0F.repl1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/36651/umfrage/arbeitslosenquote-in-deutschland-nach-bundeslaendern/","external_links_name":"\"Arbeitslosenquote nach Bundesländern in Deutschland 2018 | Statista\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210627171657/https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/36651/umfrage/arbeitslosenquote-in-deutschland-nach-bundeslaendern/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis/online/data;sid=8605C2647C4C92D731CC1EC4BAC5AF53.GO_1_3?operation=ergebnistabelleUmfang&levelindex=3&levelid=1542098063701&downloadname=13211-0007","external_links_name":"\"Federal Statistical Office Germany – GENESIS-Online\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181113170119/https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis/online/data;sid=8605C2647C4C92D731CC1EC4BAC5AF53.GO_1_3?operation=ergebnistabelleUmfang&levelindex=3&levelid=1542098063701&downloadname=13211-0007","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.fdiatlas.com/area/Europe/Germany/region/Saxony-Anhalt/sectorstrengths","external_links_name":"fDi Atlas"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120404155917/http://www.fdiatlas.com/area/Europe/Germany/region/Saxony-Anhalt/sectorstrengths","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/1026842/umfrage/denkmaeler-in-der-unesco-liste-des-welterbes-in-deutschland-nach-bundesland/","external_links_name":"\"Denkmäler in der UNESCO Liste des Welterbes in Deutschland nach Bundesland 2019\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200323140232/https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/1026842/umfrage/denkmaeler-in-der-unesco-liste-des-welterbes-in-deutschland-nach-bundesland/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ea.sachsen-anhalt.de/english-version","external_links_name":"Official governmental portal"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240129190357/https://ea.sachsen-anhalt.de/english-version","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://saxony-anhalt-tourism.com/","external_links_name":"Official website for tourists"},{"Link":"https://www.mein-takt.de/en/timetable/line-network","external_links_name":"Official Directory"},{"Link":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/62607","external_links_name":"Saxony-Anhalt"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1223037/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/122573067","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5447377","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121688914","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121688914","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4051181-9","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555263105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82166972","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/gdsw04x03l38k45","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130747&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/f58905b4-f974-4292-a259-befaf8a4e957","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://rism.online/institutions/58121","external_links_name":"RISM"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheryl_Underwood
|
Sheryl Underwood
|
["1 Early life","2 Professional career","3 Personal life","3.1 Zeta Phi Beta presidency","4 Filmography","5 References","6 External links"]
|
American comedian, actress and television host
Sheryl UnderwoodUnderwood in 2008BornSheryl Patrice Underwood (1963-10-28) October 28, 1963 (age 60)Little Rock, Arkansas, U.S.NationalityAmericanOccupationsComedianactresstelevision hostNotable workThe TalkBET Comic ViewPolitical partyRepublicanComedy careerMediumStand-uptelevisionfilmEducationUniversity of Illinois Chicago (BA)Years active1988–presentSubject(s)Human sexualityrace relationsAfrican-American culturepoliticsWebsitepackratproductionsinc.com
Military careerAllegianceUnited StatesService/branchUnited States Air ForceYears of service1981–1982UnitTravis Air Force BaseMaxwell Air Force BaseSheppard Air Force BaseCastle Air Force Base928th Airlift Wing
Sheryl Patrice Underwood (born October 28, 1963) is an American comedian, actress and television host. She first rose to prominence in the comedy world as the first female finalist in 1989's Miller Lite Comedy Search. Currently, Underwood is one of the hosts on the CBS Daytime talk show The Talk, becoming the show's longest running co-host, a role she first stepped into in September 2011. She has received one Daytime Emmy Award from seven nominations.
Early life
Underwood was born in Little Rock, Arkansas, and later moved to Atwater, California, where she attended high school. Her sister, Frankie, was diagnosed with polio. Sheryl is now Frankie's caregiver.
Professional career
After graduating college, Underwood joined the United States Air Force, where she served two years in the reserves. She later gained public notice as the first female finalist in the Miller Lite Comedy Search in 1989. She won the BET "Funniest Female Comedian on Comic View" award in 1994 and the BET Comedy Awards' Platinum Mic Viewers Choice Award in 2005.
Following her stand up success, Underwood took a number of minor acting roles, including Bad Mouth Bessie in the 1998 film I Got the Hook Up and Catfish Rita in the 2005 film Beauty Shop.
Underwood was the host of BET's Comic View and executive producer and host of the limited run comedy/variety series Holla (September 2002 – January 2003).
Sheryl Underwood with a soldier at Camp Arifjan, Kuwait, December 12, 2007, as a part of the Sgt. Maj. of the Army's Hope and Freedom tour to entertain deployed troops.
The Talk co-hosts Julie Chen, Aisha Tyler, Sharon Osbourne, Sara Gilbert and Sheryl Underwood in 2012.
Underwood was a contributor on the nationally syndicated Tom Joyner Morning Show until June 2010 when she joined The Steve Harvey Morning Show as a contributor. She briefly hosted her own radio program, Sheryl Underwood and Company, for Radio One-owned Syndication One News/Talk and XM Satellite Radio's Channel 169 (The Power). On Tuesday nights, Underwood hosts The Sheryl Underwood Show on Jamie Foxx's Sirius Satellite Radio channel, The Foxxhole (Sirius 106)
In 2011, Underwood became a co-host of the CBS Daytime talk show The Talk in its second season, replacing Leah Remini.
More recently, Underwood signed a multi-year development deal with CBS Studios.
Personal life
Underwood holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in liberal arts from the University of Illinois at Chicago and master's degrees in media management and mass communication from Governors State University. Underwood once served in the U.S. Armed Forces, and frequently makes jokes about "all the creative places you can get busy on a military base."
Underwood is a lifelong Republican. However, she campaigned for Barack Obama's re-election in 2012 United States presidential election. Underwood also campaigned for Hillary Clinton in the 2016 election "because we have to protect the legacy of President Obama. Low voter turnout benefits Donald Trump and the Republicans. He can't win."
Underwood is a lifetime member of Zeta Phi Beta sorority, first joining in 1990. She served as president of the organization's Omicron Rho Zeta chapter, as the National Chair of Honorary Members, National Executive Board Chair and International Grand Basileus.
In addition to the Zeta Phi Beta sorority, Underwood is also a member of the National Council of Negro Women and the NAACP. She also founded the African-American Female Comedian Association.
In the fall of 2011, Underwood revealed that after dating seven years, her husband—who might have suffered from clinical depression—died by suicide after they had been married three years.
Zeta Phi Beta presidency
Underwood was elected as the 23rd International Grand Basileus (President) during Zeta Phi Beta's biennial business meeting in Las Vegas, Nevada in 2008. Her election as Grand Basileus was disputed, but District of Columbia Superior Court Judge Gerald I. Fisher dismissed a lawsuit against the sorority and Underwood that asked the court to unseat her.
Filmography
Year
Work
Role
1992
Def Comedy Jam
Frequent Performer
1993
Soul Train Comedy Awards
Presenter
1997
Make Me Laugh
Herself
1998
Bulworth
Woman in Frankie's
I Got the Hook-Up
Bad Mouth Bessie
2000
Oh Drama! (TV series)
Host
2001
Nikki (episode: "Working Girl")
Janet
2002
Holla
Host
Executive Producer
Tough Crowd with Colin Quinn
Herself
2004
BET Comedy Awards
2005
Beauty Shop
Catfish Rita
The 2nd Annual BET Comedy Awards
Herself
Weekends at the D.L.
Made You Look: Top 25 Moments of BET History
Getting Played
2007
Baisden After Dark
2011
Comics Unleashed
2011−present
The Talk
Co-host
2012−13
The Young and the Restless
Justice of the Peace
2016
The Bold and the Beautiful (2016, 2018)
Emmy
Supergirl (episode: "Falling")
Herself
The Odd Couple
Diane
2017–19
Funny You Should Ask
Herself
2018
Jane the Virgin (episode: "Chapter Seventy-Four")
Herself
2019
I Got the Hook Up 2
Bad Mouth Bessie
References
^ "Sheryl Underwood". TVGuide.com. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ Lewis, Errol (2022-03-04). "Sheryl Underwood Staying at 'The Talk', Signs Multi-Year Deal with CBS and CBS Studios". Soap Opera Network. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
^ "Sheryl Underwood". IMDb. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
^ Sheryl Underwood by Diana Gibbs on Prezi Retrieved November 27, 2016.
^ "Actress, TV Host Sheryl Underwood Also Served in the Air Force". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved 2023-12-17.
^ "The Talk host Sheryl Underwood on life caring for her disabled sister". Monsters and Critics. September 15, 2016. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
^ Rodriquez Jr., Ismael. "Celebrating Iconic Black Veterans", VFW Magazine, Veterans of Foreign Wars, volume 108, number 5, February 2021, p. 20.
^ a b c d "Sheryl Underwood". Archived from the original on December 15, 2008. Retrieved August 19, 2008.
^ a b "Sheryl Underwood". TV.com. CNET Networks, Inc.
^ "Holla". TV.com. CNET Networks, Inc.
^ a b c d "Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Incorporated Elects Entertainer Sheryl Underwood 23rd International President". Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Inc. July 7, 2008. Archived from the original on August 21, 2008.
^ "Underwood Jumps From Joyner To Harvey". BV Newswire.
^ "Comedian Sheryl Underwood gets a daily talk show on XM". ReddingNewsReview.com. March 26, 2007. Archived from the original on December 12, 2008. Retrieved August 19, 2008.
^ "The Foxxhole".
^ Jackson, Angelique (March 4, 2022). "Sheryl Underwood Inks Multi-Year Renewal at 'The Talk,' Development Deal With CBS Studios (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety.
^ "Sheryl Underwood ( Special Event)". PalmBeachImprov.com. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
^ "NewsOne Now Exclusive: 'The Talk's' Sheryl Underwood Dishes GOP Politics ". February 10, 2015.
^ AOL. "Why 'Proud Republican' Sheryl Underwood Campaigned And Voted For Obama - AOL.com".
^ "Sheryl Underwood Reveals What Republicans Don't Want Democrats To Know". BlackAmericaWeb.com. 27 September 2016. Retrieved March 1, 2017.
^ "Sheryl Underwood Debuts on CBS The Talk, Reveals Her Husband's Suicide". The YBF. September 6, 2011.
^ Alexander, Keith L. (August 16, 2008). "Comedian Fights to Retain Presidency of Sorority". Washington Post. Retrieved August 19, 2008.
^ "Judge rules in favor of comedian in sorority". San Jose Mercury News. The Associated Press. November 25, 2008. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
External links
Sheryl Underwood at IMDb
Appearances on C-SPAN
Media offices
Preceded byLeah Remini
The Talk co-host 2011-present
Incumbent
Preceded byBarbara C. Moore
Zeta Phi Beta National President 2008 – 2012
Succeeded byMary Breaux Wright
vteDaytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host
Kelly Ripa and Michael Strahan (2015)
Kelly Ripa and Michael Strahan (2016)
Julie Chen, Sara Gilbert, Sharon Osbourne, Aisha Tyler and Sheryl Underwood (2017)
Adrienne Bailon, Loni Love, Jeannie Mai and Tamera Mowry (2018)
Kelly Ripa and Ryan Seacrest (2019)
Kelly Clarkson (2020)
Kelly Clarkson (2021)
Kelly Clarkson (2022)
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvg-1"},{"link_name":"CBS Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Daytime"},{"link_name":"The Talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Talk_(talk_show)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Sheryl Patrice Underwood (born October 28, 1963)[1] is an American comedian, actress and television host. She first rose to prominence in the comedy world as the first female finalist in 1989's Miller Lite Comedy Search. Currently, Underwood is one of the hosts on the CBS Daytime talk show The Talk, becoming the show's longest running co-host,[2] a role she first stepped into in September 2011. She has received one Daytime Emmy Award from seven nominations.[3]","title":"Sheryl Underwood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Little Rock, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Atwater, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atwater,_California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Underwood was born in Little Rock, Arkansas, and later moved to Atwater, California, where she attended high school.[4][5] Her sister, Frankie, was diagnosed with polio. Sheryl is now Frankie's caregiver.[6]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Miller Lite Comedy Search","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_Lite_Comedy_Search"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MiamiImprov-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com-9"},{"link_name":"I Got the Hook Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Got_the_Hook_Up"},{"link_name":"Beauty Shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_Shop"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com2-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sheryl_Underwood_Kuwait.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Ladies_of_TV_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Julie Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Chen"},{"link_name":"Aisha Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisha_Tyler"},{"link_name":"Sharon Osbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Osbourne"},{"link_name":"Sara Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Gilbert"},{"link_name":"Tom Joyner Morning Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Joyner_Morning_Show"},{"link_name":"The Steve Harvey Morning Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Steve_Harvey_Morning_Show"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZetaPress-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Radio One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_One_(company)"},{"link_name":"XM Satellite Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XM_Satellite_Radio"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Jamie Foxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Foxx"},{"link_name":"Sirius Satellite Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius_Satellite_Radio"},{"link_name":"The Foxxhole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Foxxhole"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"CBS Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Daytime"},{"link_name":"The Talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Talk_(talk_show)"},{"link_name":"Leah Remini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leah_Remini"},{"link_name":"CBS Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Studios"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"After graduating college, Underwood joined the United States Air Force, where she served two years in the reserves.[7] She later gained public notice as the first female finalist in the Miller Lite Comedy Search in 1989.[8] She won the BET \"Funniest Female Comedian on Comic View\" award in 1994 and the BET Comedy Awards' Platinum Mic Viewers Choice Award in 2005.[9]Following her stand up success, Underwood took a number of minor acting roles, including Bad Mouth Bessie in the 1998 film I Got the Hook Up and Catfish Rita in the 2005 film Beauty Shop.Underwood was the host of BET's Comic View and executive producer and host of the limited run comedy/variety series Holla (September 2002 – January 2003).[10]Sheryl Underwood with a soldier at Camp Arifjan, Kuwait, December 12, 2007, as a part of the Sgt. Maj. of the Army's Hope and Freedom tour to entertain deployed troops.The Talk co-hosts Julie Chen, Aisha Tyler, Sharon Osbourne, Sara Gilbert and Sheryl Underwood in 2012.Underwood was a contributor on the nationally syndicated Tom Joyner Morning Show until June 2010 when she joined The Steve Harvey Morning Show as a contributor.[11][12] She briefly hosted her own radio program, Sheryl Underwood and Company, for Radio One-owned Syndication One News/Talk and XM Satellite Radio's Channel 169 (The Power).[13] On Tuesday nights, Underwood hosts The Sheryl Underwood Show on Jamie Foxx's Sirius Satellite Radio channel, The Foxxhole (Sirius 106) [14]In 2011, Underwood became a co-host of the CBS Daytime talk show The Talk in its second season, replacing Leah Remini.More recently, Underwood signed a multi-year development deal with CBS Studios.[15]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Illinois at Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Governors State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governors_State_University"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"2012 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Hillary Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton"},{"link_name":"2016 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Zeta Phi Beta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_Phi_Beta"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MiamiImprov-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZetaPress-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZetaPress-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MiamiImprov-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MiamiImprov-8"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Underwood holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in liberal arts from the University of Illinois at Chicago and master's degrees in media management and mass communication from Governors State University.[16] Underwood once served in the U.S. Armed Forces, and frequently makes jokes about \"all the creative places you can get busy on a military base.\"Underwood is a lifelong Republican.[17] However, she campaigned for Barack Obama's re-election in 2012 United States presidential election.[18] Underwood also campaigned for Hillary Clinton in the 2016 election \"because we have to protect the legacy of President Obama. Low voter turnout benefits Donald Trump and the Republicans. He can't win.\"[19]Underwood is a lifetime member of Zeta Phi Beta sorority, first joining in 1990.[8][11] She served as president of the organization's Omicron Rho Zeta chapter, as the National Chair of Honorary Members, National Executive Board Chair and International Grand Basileus.[11]In addition to the Zeta Phi Beta sorority, Underwood is also a member of the National Council of Negro Women and the NAACP.[8] She also founded the African-American Female Comedian Association.[8]In the fall of 2011, Underwood revealed that after dating seven years, her husband—who might have suffered from clinical depression—died by suicide after they had been married three years.[20]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Las Vegas, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZetaPress-11"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Zeta Phi Beta presidency","text":"Underwood was elected as the 23rd International Grand Basileus (President) during Zeta Phi Beta's biennial business meeting in Las Vegas, Nevada in 2008. Her election as Grand Basileus was disputed, but District of Columbia Superior Court Judge Gerald I. Fisher dismissed a lawsuit against the sorority and Underwood that asked the court to unseat her.[11][21][22]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Sheryl Underwood with a soldier at Camp Arifjan, Kuwait, December 12, 2007, as a part of the Sgt. Maj. of the Army's Hope and Freedom tour to entertain deployed troops.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sheryl_Underwood_Kuwait.jpg/220px-Sheryl_Underwood_Kuwait.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Talk co-hosts Julie Chen, Aisha Tyler, Sharon Osbourne, Sara Gilbert and Sheryl Underwood in 2012.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/The_Ladies_of_TV_2012.jpg/220px-The_Ladies_of_TV_2012.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Sheryl Underwood\". TVGuide.com. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/sheryl-underwood/198766/","url_text":"\"Sheryl Underwood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide","url_text":"TVGuide.com"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Errol (2022-03-04). \"Sheryl Underwood Staying at 'The Talk', Signs Multi-Year Deal with CBS and CBS Studios\". Soap Opera Network. Retrieved 2022-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soapoperanetwork.com/2022/03/sheryl-underwood-the-talk-multi-year-deal-cbs-cbs-studios","url_text":"\"Sheryl Underwood Staying at 'The Talk', Signs Multi-Year Deal with CBS and CBS Studios\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sheryl Underwood\". IMDb. Retrieved 2022-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0881041/awards","url_text":"\"Sheryl Underwood\""}]},{"reference":"\"Actress, TV Host Sheryl Underwood Also Served in the Air Force\". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved 2023-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.defense.gov/News/Feature-Stories/story/Article/2937499/actress-tv-host-sheryl-underwood-also-served-in-the-air-force/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2FNews%2FFeature-Stories%2FStory%2FArticle%2F2937499%2Factress-tv-host-sheryl-underwood-also-served-in-the-air-force%2F","url_text":"\"Actress, TV Host Sheryl Underwood Also Served in the Air Force\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Talk host Sheryl Underwood on life caring for her disabled sister\". Monsters and Critics. September 15, 2016. Retrieved October 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.monstersandcritics.com/smallscreen/the-talk-host-sheryl-underwood-on-life-caring-for-her-disabled-sister/","url_text":"\"The Talk host Sheryl Underwood on life caring for her disabled sister\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sheryl Underwood\". Archived from the original on December 15, 2008. Retrieved August 19, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081215161644/http://www.symfonee.com/improv/miami/comedians/Bio.aspx?Uid=%7B5717c3da-1c60-40e9-a267-41ef19aa4652%7D","url_text":"\"Sheryl Underwood\""},{"url":"http://www.symfonee.com/improv/miami/comedians/Bio.aspx?Uid=%7B5717c3da-1c60-40e9-a267-41ef19aa4652%7D","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sheryl Underwood\". TV.com. CNET Networks, Inc.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tv.com/sheryl-underwood/person/153540/summary.html?q=Sheryl%20Underwood&tag=search_results;more;1","url_text":"\"Sheryl Underwood\""}]},{"reference":"\"Holla\". TV.com. CNET Networks, Inc.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tv.com/holla/show/14481/summary.html","url_text":"\"Holla\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Incorporated Elects Entertainer Sheryl Underwood 23rd International President\". Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Inc. July 7, 2008. Archived from the original on August 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080821085905/http://www.zphib1920.org/NewPres.html","url_text":"\"Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Incorporated Elects Entertainer Sheryl Underwood 23rd International President\""},{"url":"http://www.zphib1920.org/NewPres.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Underwood Jumps From Joyner To Harvey\". BV Newswire.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bvnewswire.com/2010/07/14/sheryl-underwood-lebron-tom-joyner-steve-harvey","url_text":"\"Underwood Jumps From Joyner To Harvey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Comedian Sheryl Underwood gets a daily talk show on XM\". ReddingNewsReview.com. March 26, 2007. Archived from the original on December 12, 2008. Retrieved August 19, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081212204650/http://www.tv.com/tracking/viewer.html?sls_id=15947&ref_type=104&ref_id=153540&tag=updates%3Btitle%3B0","url_text":"\"Comedian Sheryl Underwood gets a daily talk show on XM\""},{"url":"http://www.tv.com/tracking/viewer.html?sls_id=15947&ref_type=104&ref_id=153540&tag=updates;title;0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Foxxhole\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sirius.com/thefoxxhole","url_text":"\"The Foxxhole\""}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Angelique (March 4, 2022). \"Sheryl Underwood Inks Multi-Year Renewal at 'The Talk,' Development Deal With CBS Studios (EXCLUSIVE)\". Variety.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/sheryl-underwood-the-talk-renewal-cbs-development-deal-1235195445/","url_text":"\"Sheryl Underwood Inks Multi-Year Renewal at 'The Talk,' Development Deal With CBS Studios (EXCLUSIVE)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sheryl Underwood ( Special Event)\". PalmBeachImprov.com. Retrieved 30 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://palmbeachimprov.com/show_right.cfm?id=59589&cart","url_text":"\"Sheryl Underwood ( Special Event)\""}]},{"reference":"\"NewsOne Now Exclusive: 'The Talk's' Sheryl Underwood Dishes GOP Politics [VIDEO]\". February 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsone.com/3090539/newsone-now-exclusive-the-talks-sheryl-underwood-dishes-gop-politics-video/","url_text":"\"NewsOne Now Exclusive: 'The Talk's' Sheryl Underwood Dishes GOP Politics [VIDEO]\""}]},{"reference":"AOL. \"Why 'Proud Republican' Sheryl Underwood Campaigned And Voted For Obama - AOL.com\".","urls":[{"url":"http://on.aol.com/video/why-proud-republican-sheryl-underwood-campaigned-and-voted-for-obama-518371298","url_text":"\"Why 'Proud Republican' Sheryl Underwood Campaigned And Voted For Obama - AOL.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sheryl Underwood Reveals What Republicans Don't Want Democrats To Know\". BlackAmericaWeb.com. 27 September 2016. Retrieved March 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://blackamericaweb.com/2016/09/27/sheryl-underwood-reveals-what-republicans-dont-want-democrats-to-know/","url_text":"\"Sheryl Underwood Reveals What Republicans Don't Want Democrats To Know\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sheryl Underwood Debuts on CBS The Talk, Reveals Her Husband's Suicide\". The YBF. September 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://theybf.com/2011/09/06/tv-fab-sheryl-underwood-debuts-on-the-talk-reveals-her-husbands-suicide","url_text":"\"Sheryl Underwood Debuts on CBS The Talk, Reveals Her Husband's Suicide\""}]},{"reference":"Alexander, Keith L. (August 16, 2008). \"Comedian Fights to Retain Presidency of Sorority\". Washington Post. Retrieved August 19, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/15/AR2008081502589.html","url_text":"\"Comedian Fights to Retain Presidency of Sorority\""}]},{"reference":"\"Judge rules in favor of comedian in sorority\". San Jose Mercury News. The Associated Press. November 25, 2008. Retrieved February 3, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_11073048","url_text":"\"Judge rules in favor of comedian in sorority\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://packratproductionsinc.com/","external_links_name":"packratproductionsinc.com"},{"Link":"https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/sheryl-underwood/198766/","external_links_name":"\"Sheryl Underwood\""},{"Link":"https://www.soapoperanetwork.com/2022/03/sheryl-underwood-the-talk-multi-year-deal-cbs-cbs-studios","external_links_name":"\"Sheryl Underwood Staying at 'The Talk', Signs Multi-Year Deal with CBS and CBS Studios\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0881041/awards","external_links_name":"\"Sheryl Underwood\""},{"Link":"https://prezi.com/peybdjkmbdqz/sheryl-underwood/","external_links_name":"Sheryl Underwood by Diana Gibbs on Prezi"},{"Link":"https://www.defense.gov/News/Feature-Stories/story/Article/2937499/actress-tv-host-sheryl-underwood-also-served-in-the-air-force/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2FNews%2FFeature-Stories%2FStory%2FArticle%2F2937499%2Factress-tv-host-sheryl-underwood-also-served-in-the-air-force%2F","external_links_name":"\"Actress, TV Host Sheryl Underwood Also Served in the Air Force\""},{"Link":"http://www.monstersandcritics.com/smallscreen/the-talk-host-sheryl-underwood-on-life-caring-for-her-disabled-sister/","external_links_name":"\"The Talk host Sheryl Underwood on life caring for her disabled sister\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081215161644/http://www.symfonee.com/improv/miami/comedians/Bio.aspx?Uid=%7B5717c3da-1c60-40e9-a267-41ef19aa4652%7D","external_links_name":"\"Sheryl Underwood\""},{"Link":"http://www.symfonee.com/improv/miami/comedians/Bio.aspx?Uid=%7B5717c3da-1c60-40e9-a267-41ef19aa4652%7D","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.tv.com/sheryl-underwood/person/153540/summary.html?q=Sheryl%20Underwood&tag=search_results;more;1","external_links_name":"\"Sheryl Underwood\""},{"Link":"http://www.tv.com/holla/show/14481/summary.html","external_links_name":"\"Holla\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080821085905/http://www.zphib1920.org/NewPres.html","external_links_name":"\"Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Incorporated Elects Entertainer Sheryl Underwood 23rd International President\""},{"Link":"http://www.zphib1920.org/NewPres.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bvnewswire.com/2010/07/14/sheryl-underwood-lebron-tom-joyner-steve-harvey","external_links_name":"\"Underwood Jumps From Joyner To Harvey\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081212204650/http://www.tv.com/tracking/viewer.html?sls_id=15947&ref_type=104&ref_id=153540&tag=updates%3Btitle%3B0","external_links_name":"\"Comedian Sheryl Underwood gets a daily talk show on XM\""},{"Link":"http://www.tv.com/tracking/viewer.html?sls_id=15947&ref_type=104&ref_id=153540&tag=updates;title;0","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.sirius.com/thefoxxhole","external_links_name":"\"The Foxxhole\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/sheryl-underwood-the-talk-renewal-cbs-development-deal-1235195445/","external_links_name":"\"Sheryl Underwood Inks Multi-Year Renewal at 'The Talk,' Development Deal With CBS Studios (EXCLUSIVE)\""},{"Link":"http://palmbeachimprov.com/show_right.cfm?id=59589&cart","external_links_name":"\"Sheryl Underwood ( Special Event)\""},{"Link":"http://newsone.com/3090539/newsone-now-exclusive-the-talks-sheryl-underwood-dishes-gop-politics-video/","external_links_name":"\"NewsOne Now Exclusive: 'The Talk's' Sheryl Underwood Dishes GOP Politics [VIDEO]\""},{"Link":"http://on.aol.com/video/why-proud-republican-sheryl-underwood-campaigned-and-voted-for-obama-518371298","external_links_name":"\"Why 'Proud Republican' Sheryl Underwood Campaigned And Voted For Obama - AOL.com\""},{"Link":"https://blackamericaweb.com/2016/09/27/sheryl-underwood-reveals-what-republicans-dont-want-democrats-to-know/","external_links_name":"\"Sheryl Underwood Reveals What Republicans Don't Want Democrats To Know\""},{"Link":"http://theybf.com/2011/09/06/tv-fab-sheryl-underwood-debuts-on-the-talk-reveals-her-husbands-suicide","external_links_name":"\"Sheryl Underwood Debuts on CBS The Talk, Reveals Her Husband's Suicide\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/15/AR2008081502589.html","external_links_name":"\"Comedian Fights to Retain Presidency of Sorority\""},{"Link":"http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_11073048","external_links_name":"\"Judge rules in favor of comedian in sorority\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0881041/","external_links_name":"Sheryl Underwood"},{"Link":"https://www.c-span.org/person/?1013830","external_links_name":"Appearances"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1593777/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/41790717","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfCqwGmDQQh4CtCF4v8md","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2004016843","external_links_name":"United States"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A5kan_Karlsson_(cyclist)
|
Håkan Karlsson (cyclist)
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Swedish cyclist
Håkan KarlssonPersonal informationBorn (1958-07-30) 30 July 1958 (age 65)Mellerud, Sweden
Håkan Karlsson (born 30 July 1958) is a Swedish former cyclist. He competed in the team time trial event at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
References
^ "Håkan Karlsson Olympic Results". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
External links
Håkan Karlsson at Cycling Archives
Håkan Karlsson at Olympedia
Håkan Karlsson at the Swedish Olympic Committee (in Swedish)
This biographical article relating to Swedish cycling is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cyclist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_sport"},{"link_name":"team time trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_team_time_trial"},{"link_name":"1980 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SportsRef-1"}],"text":"Håkan Karlsson (born 30 July 1958) is a Swedish former cyclist. He competed in the team time trial event at the 1980 Summer Olympics.[1]","title":"Håkan Karlsson (cyclist)"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Håkan Karlsson Olympic Results\". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150911015303/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ka/hakan-karlsson-1.html","url_text":"\"Håkan Karlsson Olympic Results\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ka/hakan-karlsson-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150911015303/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ka/hakan-karlsson-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Håkan Karlsson Olympic Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ka/hakan-karlsson-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingarchives.com/coureurfiche.php?coureurid=43485","external_links_name":"Håkan Karlsson"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20982534#P1409"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/15008","external_links_name":"Håkan Karlsson"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20982534#P8286"},{"Link":"https://sok.se/idrottare/idrottare/h/hakan-karlsson.html","external_links_name":"Håkan Karlsson"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20982534#P2323"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A5kan_Karlsson_(cyclist)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Attack
|
Kansas City Attack
|
["1 History","2 Year-by-year","3 Honors","4 Head coaches","5 Arenas","6 External links"]
|
Football clubKansas City AttackFull nameKansas City AttackNickname(s)AttackFounded1989; 35 years ago (1989)Dissolved2005; 19 years ago (2005)GroundKemper Arena; Municipal AuditoriumLeagueMISL; NPSL
The Kansas City Attack, previously the Atlanta Attack and later known as the Kansas City Comets, were an indoor soccer team based for most of its existence in Kansas City, Missouri. In its various incarnations the franchise played in the National Professional Soccer League from 1989–2001 and the second Major Indoor Soccer League from 2001–2005. They played their home games at the Municipal Auditorium and later Kemper Arena.
History
The franchise originated as the Atlanta Attack, which joined the American Indoor Soccer Association as an expansion team based in Atlanta, Georgia in 1989. In 1990 the league changed its name to the National Professional Soccer League. In 1991 the team relocated to Kansas City, Missouri, which had just lost its prolific Major Indoor Soccer League team, becoming the Kansas City Attack. The Attack played their first season at the Municipal Auditorium and moved into Kemper Arena in 1992.
The 1992–93 season was also the first of two national NPSL championship years for the Attack with Rookie Eddie Carmean scoring the game winning goal in the semi-final overtime to send the Attack to finals for the first time.
Kansas City was one of the more successful of the NPSL's teams, though the league itself declined in the late 1990s. In 2001 the league disbanded, and Kansas City and the NPSL's five other remaining teams formed a new league, the second Major Indoor Soccer League. At this time the team renamed itself the Kansas City Comets, after the city's original indoor soccer team. In 2005 the franchise announced that it would not play in the 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 seasons, but hoped to reform thereafter. However, the team did not reorganize by the time the second MISL folded in 2008.
In 2010, the Missouri Comets, based in nearby Independence, joined the third Major Indoor Soccer League as an expansion team, carrying on the Comets name.
Year-by-year
Year
Division
League
Reg. season
Playoffs
Avg. attendance
1989–90
2
AISA
2nd, American (23–17)
Lost Semifinals
1990–91
2
NPSL
2nd, American (25–15)
Lost in the 1st round
3,715
1991–92
2
NPSL
2nd, National (26–14)
Lost Semifinals
3,009
1992–93
1
NPSL
2nd, National (26–14)
Champions
4,644
1993–94
1
NPSL
6th, National (14–26)
Did not qualify
4,240
1994–95
1
NPSL
2nd, National (29–11)
Lost 2nd Round
3,870
1995–96
1
NPSL
1st, National (32–8)
Lost Finals
4,865
1996–97
1
NPSL
2nd(t), National Midwest (26–14)
Champions
5,619
1997–98
1
NPSL
3rd, National Midwest (20–20)
Lost Conference Semifinals
5,214
1998–99
1
NPSL
2nd, National Midwest (19–21)
Lost Conference Semifinals
5,990
1999–00
1
NPSL
1st, National Midwest (24–20)
Lost Conference Semifinals
5,127
2000–01
1
NPSL
4th, National (14–26)
Lost Conference Semifinals
5,324
2001–02
1
MISL
3rd, MISL (24–20)
Lost Semifinals
4,661
2002–03
1
MISL
2nd, Western (17–19)
Lost Conference Finals
5,414
2003–04
1
MISL
2nd, Central (17–19)
Lost Semifinals
5,374
2004–05
1
MISL
5th, MISL (18–21)
Did not qualify
4,789
Honors
Championships
1992–1993 NPSL Champions
1996–1997 NPSL Champions
Division titles
1995–1996 National Division
1999–2000 Midwest Division
Head coaches
Keith Tozer 1991–1992
Zoran Savic 1992–1996
Jim Schwab 1996–2000
Zoran Savic 2000–2005
Arenas
The Omni 1989–1991
Municipal Auditorium 1991–1992
Kemper Arena 1992–2005
External links
Official Team Site
vteNational Professional Soccer League (1984–2001)
USSF
CSA
Seasons
AISA 1984–85
AISA 1985–86
AISA 1986–87
AISA 1987–88
AISA 1988–89
AISA 1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
Clubs
Atlanta Attack
Baltimore Blast
Baltimore Spirit
Buffalo Blizzard
Canton Invaders
Chicago Power
Chicago Shoccers
Chicago Vultures
Cincinnati Silverbacks
Cleveland Crunch
Columbus Capitals
Columbus Invaders
Dayton Dynamo
Denver Thunder
Detroit Rockers
Edmonton Drillers
Florida ThunderCats
Fort Wayne Flames
Harrisburg Heat
Hershey Impact
Illinois Thunder
Indiana Kick
Jacksonville Generals
Kalamazoo Kangaroos
Kansas City Attack
Louisville Thunder
Memphis Rogues
Memphis Storm
Milwaukee Wave
Montreal Impact
New York Kick
Philadelphia KiXX
St. Louis Ambush
Tampa Bay Rowdies
Tampa Bay Terror
Toledo Pride
Toronto Shooting Stars
Toronto ThunderHawks
Tulsa Ambush
Wichita Wings
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indoor soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_soccer"},{"link_name":"Kansas City, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"National Professional Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Professional_Soccer_League_(1984%E2%80%932001)"},{"link_name":"Major Indoor Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Indoor_Soccer_League_(2001%E2%80%932008)"},{"link_name":"Municipal Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Auditorium_(Kansas_City)"},{"link_name":"Kemper Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemper_Arena"}],"text":"The Kansas City Attack, previously the Atlanta Attack and later known as the Kansas City Comets, were an indoor soccer team based for most of its existence in Kansas City, Missouri. In its various incarnations the franchise played in the National Professional Soccer League from 1989–2001 and the second Major Indoor Soccer League from 2001–2005. They played their home games at the Municipal Auditorium and later Kemper Arena.","title":"Kansas City Attack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Indoor Soccer Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indoor_Soccer_Association"},{"link_name":"expansion team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_team"},{"link_name":"Atlanta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"National Professional Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Professional_Soccer_League_(1984%E2%80%932001)"},{"link_name":"Kansas City, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Major Indoor Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Indoor_Soccer_League_(1978%E2%80%931992)"},{"link_name":"Municipal Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Auditorium_(Kansas_City)"},{"link_name":"Kemper Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemper_Arena"},{"link_name":"second Major Indoor Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Indoor_Soccer_League_(2001%E2%80%932008)"},{"link_name":"Missouri Comets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Comets"},{"link_name":"Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"third Major Indoor Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Indoor_Soccer_League_(2008%E2%80%93)"}],"text":"The franchise originated as the Atlanta Attack, which joined the American Indoor Soccer Association as an expansion team based in Atlanta, Georgia in 1989. In 1990 the league changed its name to the National Professional Soccer League. In 1991 the team relocated to Kansas City, Missouri, which had just lost its prolific Major Indoor Soccer League team, becoming the Kansas City Attack. The Attack played their first season at the Municipal Auditorium and moved into Kemper Arena in 1992.The 1992–93 season was also the first of two national NPSL championship years for the Attack with Rookie Eddie Carmean scoring the game winning goal in the semi-final overtime to send the Attack to finals for the first time.Kansas City was one of the more successful of the NPSL's teams, though the league itself declined in the late 1990s. In 2001 the league disbanded, and Kansas City and the NPSL's five other remaining teams formed a new league, the second Major Indoor Soccer League. At this time the team renamed itself the Kansas City Comets, after the city's original indoor soccer team. In 2005 the franchise announced that it would not play in the 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 seasons, but hoped to reform thereafter. However, the team did not reorganize by the time the second MISL folded in 2008.In 2010, the Missouri Comets, based in nearby Independence, joined the third Major Indoor Soccer League as an expansion team, carrying on the Comets name.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Year-by-year"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Championships1992–1993 NPSL Champions\n1996–1997 NPSL ChampionsDivision titles1995–1996 National Division\n1999–2000 Midwest Division","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Keith Tozer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Tozer"},{"link_name":"Zoran Savic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoran_Savic_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Jim Schwab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Schwab"},{"link_name":"Zoran Savic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoran_Savic_(soccer)"}],"text":"Keith Tozer 1991–1992\nZoran Savic 1992–1996\nJim Schwab 1996–2000\nZoran Savic 2000–2005","title":"Head coaches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Omni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Omni"},{"link_name":"Municipal Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Auditorium_(Kansas_City)"},{"link_name":"Kemper Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemper_Arena"}],"text":"The Omni 1989–1991\nMunicipal Auditorium 1991–1992\nKemper Arena 1992–2005","title":"Arenas"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.kccomets.com/","external_links_name":"Official Team Site"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_hardwood_forest
|
Northern hardwood forest
|
["1 See also","2 References","3 Further reading"]
|
North American forest ecosystem
Austin T. Blakeslee Natural Area, Monroe County, Pennsylvania.
The northern hardwood forest is a general type of North American forest ecosystem found over much of southeastern and south-central Canada, Ontario, and Quebec, extending south into the United States in northern New England, New York, and Pennsylvania, and west along the Great Lakes to Minnesota and western Ontario. Some ecologists consider it a transitional forest because it contains species common to both the oak-hickory forest community to the south and the Boreal forest community to the north. The trees and shrub species of the Northern Hardwood Forest are known for their brilliant fall colors, making the regions that contain this forest type popular fall foliage tourist destinations.
Sugar maple, yellow birch, American beech, and white ash are the common key indicator tree and shrub species in the Northern Hardwood Forest. Other species include eastern hemlock and eastern white pine. Herb and heath species include wintergreen, wild sarsaparilla, and wood sorrel. Birds and animals common to the Northern Hardwood Forest include the black-capped chickadee, white-throated sparrow, cedar waxwing, porcupine, snowshoe hare, white-tailed deer, and American red squirrel.
Most of the Northern Hardwood Forest is not virgin forest, it is regrowth following centuries of commercial timber harvesting and the clearing of land for agricultural purposes. This is particularly true of New England, New York, and Eastern Canada, where the land was cleared to make room for farms in the 17th and 18th centuries and subsequently abandoned in the 19th century when farming interests migrated to the midwestern United States and central Canada.
The Northern Hardwood Forest is indigenous to several well-known parks and national forests, including the Boundary Waters region of Minnesota, New York's Adirondack Park, the White Mountain National Forest in New Hampshire, the Green Mountain National Forest in Vermont, Baxter State Park and Acadia National Park in Maine, and Fundy National Park in New Brunswick. The Berkshires region of western Massachusetts is very typical of a Northern Hardwood Forest ecosystem. Northern hardwood stands are also found in the higher elevations of the southern Blue Ridge Mountains, typically between 4,500 feet (1,400 m) and 5,500 feet (1,700 m), where climatic conditions resemble those in northern states and southern Canada.
See also
Hardwood forest plants
Appalachian hemlock–northern hardwood forest
Central U.S. hardwood forests
New England/Acadian forests
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
References
Further reading
Cronon, William. Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England. Hill and Wang, New York, 2003.
Kircher, John. A Field Guide to Eastern Forests. Houghton-Mifflin, Boston, 1998.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northern_Hardwood_Forest_(1)_(21178820598).jpg"},{"link_name":"Monroe County, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"North American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"transitional forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_forest%E2%80%93boreal_transition"},{"link_name":"oak-hickory forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak-hickory_forest"},{"link_name":"Boreal forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreal_forest"},{"link_name":"fall foliage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_foliage"},{"link_name":"Sugar maple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_maple"},{"link_name":"yellow birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_birch"},{"link_name":"American beech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_beech"},{"link_name":"white ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraxinus_americana"},{"link_name":"eastern hemlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuga_canadensis"},{"link_name":"eastern white pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_white_pine"},{"link_name":"wintergreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wintergreen"},{"link_name":"wild sarsaparilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_sarsaparilla"},{"link_name":"wood sorrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_sorrel"},{"link_name":"black-capped chickadee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-capped_chickadee"},{"link_name":"white-throated sparrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-throated_sparrow"},{"link_name":"cedar waxwing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_waxwing"},{"link_name":"porcupine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcupine"},{"link_name":"snowshoe hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowshoe_hare"},{"link_name":"white-tailed deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_deer"},{"link_name":"American red squirrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_red_squirrel"},{"link_name":"virgin forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_forest"},{"link_name":"Boundary Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_Waters"},{"link_name":"Adirondack Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Park"},{"link_name":"White Mountain National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Mountain_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Green Mountain National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Mountain_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Baxter State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baxter_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Acadia National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadia_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Fundy National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundy_National_Park"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Berkshires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshires"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Blue Ridge Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains"}],"text":"Austin T. Blakeslee Natural Area, Monroe County, Pennsylvania.The northern hardwood forest is a general type of North American forest ecosystem found over much of southeastern and south-central Canada, Ontario, and Quebec, extending south into the United States in northern New England, New York, and Pennsylvania, and west along the Great Lakes to Minnesota and western Ontario. Some ecologists consider it a transitional forest because it contains species common to both the oak-hickory forest community to the south and the Boreal forest community to the north. The trees and shrub species of the Northern Hardwood Forest are known for their brilliant fall colors, making the regions that contain this forest type popular fall foliage tourist destinations.Sugar maple, yellow birch, American beech, and white ash are the common key indicator tree and shrub species in the Northern Hardwood Forest. Other species include eastern hemlock and eastern white pine. Herb and heath species include wintergreen, wild sarsaparilla, and wood sorrel. Birds and animals common to the Northern Hardwood Forest include the black-capped chickadee, white-throated sparrow, cedar waxwing, porcupine, snowshoe hare, white-tailed deer, and American red squirrel.Most of the Northern Hardwood Forest is not virgin forest, it is regrowth following centuries of commercial timber harvesting and the clearing of land for agricultural purposes. This is particularly true of New England, New York, and Eastern Canada, where the land was cleared to make room for farms in the 17th and 18th centuries and subsequently abandoned in the 19th century when farming interests migrated to the midwestern United States and central Canada.The Northern Hardwood Forest is indigenous to several well-known parks and national forests, including the Boundary Waters region of Minnesota, New York's Adirondack Park, the White Mountain National Forest in New Hampshire, the Green Mountain National Forest in Vermont, Baxter State Park and Acadia National Park in Maine, and Fundy National Park in New Brunswick. The Berkshires region of western Massachusetts is very typical of a Northern Hardwood Forest ecosystem. Northern hardwood stands are also found in the higher elevations of the southern Blue Ridge Mountains, typically between 4,500 feet (1,400 m) and 5,500 feet (1,700 m), where climatic conditions resemble those in northern states and southern Canada.","title":"Northern hardwood forest"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Cronon, William. Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England. Hill and Wang, New York, 2003.\nKircher, John. A Field Guide to Eastern Forests. Houghton-Mifflin, Boston, 1998.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Austin T. Blakeslee Natural Area, Monroe County, Pennsylvania.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Northern_Hardwood_Forest_%281%29_%2821178820598%29.jpg/220px-Northern_Hardwood_Forest_%281%29_%2821178820598%29.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Hardwood forest plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hardwood_forest_plants"},{"title":"Appalachian hemlock–northern hardwood forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_hemlock%E2%80%93northern_hardwood_forest"},{"title":"Central U.S. hardwood forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_U.S._hardwood_forests"},{"title":"New England/Acadian forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England/Acadian_forests"},{"title":"Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests"}]
|
[]
|
[]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Royale_des_Beaux-Arts
|
Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Brussels
|
["1 History","1.1 Origins","1.2 Resurgence under François-Joseph Navez","1.3 Changes in organization and teaching after 1945","2 The faculty and alumni of ARBA","3 Notable directors and professors","4 Gallery of works by notable teachers and directors","5 Notable students","6 Gallery of works by notable students","7 References","8 Exhibitions","9 Biography","10 Sources","11 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 50°50′38″N 4°20′52″E / 50.8440°N 4.3477°E / 50.8440; 4.3477Art school established in Brussels, Belgium, in 1711
Royal Academy of Fine Arts of BrusselsAcadémie royale des Beaux-Arts de Bruxelles - École supérieure des Arts (French)Koninklijke Academie voor Schone Kunsten van Brussel (Dutch)Entrance of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Rue du Midi/Zuidstraat, BrusselsTypeArt schoolEstablished1711 (313 years ago) (1711)LocationBrussels, Belgium50°50′38″N 4°20′52″E / 50.8440°N 4.3477°E / 50.8440; 4.3477Websitearba-esa.be/en
The Royal Academy of Fine Arts of Brussels (French: Académie royale des Beaux-Arts de Bruxelles - École supérieure des Arts (ARBA-ESA); Dutch: Koninklijke Academie voor Schone Kunsten van Brussel) is an art school in Brussels, Belgium, founded in 1711. Starting from modest beginnings in a single room in Brussels' Town Hall, it has since 1876 been operating from a former convent and orphanage in the Rue du Midi/Zuidstraat, which was converted by the architect Victor Jamaer . The school has played an important role in training leading local artists.
History
Origins
Brussels' Town Hall, where the Academy draws its origins
Historically, artistic training in Brussels was organised in traditional workshops where masters would teach their skills to pupils. The masters needed to be registered with their local guild to be able to practice their craft. On 30 September 1711, the magistrate of the City of Brussels gave the guilds of painters, sculptors, weavers and other amateurs the use of a room in Brussels' Town Hall to teach drawing classes to their pupils. On 16 October of the same year, some sort of school was established at these premises to organise the classes. The school would concentrate mainly on teaching drawing.
In 1737, the Academy adopted its first rules. The city assumed some costs, including those for the models. A few decades later, disagreement broke out. The classes moved to the inn 't Gulden Hoofd and were even suspended for a while. The Bruges painter Bernard Verschoot took over the Academy's leadership and tried to put it back on the rails with a heavy hand. The Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands, Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine, put the school under his high protection in 1762. His attention went mainly to the Department of Architecture. The school was re-established in 1768 as the Académie de Peinture, Sculpture et Architecture ("Academy of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture"), with funds raised through a public subscription. Inspiration was found in the French model. A year later, the school returned to the Town Hall. In 1795, the Academy was closed after the conquest of Brussels by French revolutionary troops.
Resurgence under François-Joseph Navez
In 1829, the school moved into the Granvelle Palace (since demolished). One year later, François-Joseph Navez became director. He organized the school and expanded it. In 1832, it moved to the basement of the left wing of the Industrial Palace. From 1835 to 1836, Navez's plans were implemented. In 1836, the Academy was awarded the privilege to use the adjective "Royal" as part of its name. The panel painting was declared to another important department. It was based on the first golden age of Dutch painting. However, there was some time tensions at the Academy to the yet propagated neoclassical style. In addition to painting and sculpture, architectural education became more important, though it never achieved the status of a pioneering teaching and training facility.
Drawing of the Academy's plan (Jamaer, 1876)
In 1876, the Academy moved to the school buildings on the Rue du Midi/Zuidstraat, in what was the former Bogards' convent, which had meanwhile served as an orphanage. The architect Victor Jamaer was able to link the whole school in the limited space of the existing ensemble. The facade was redesigned in the neoclassical style. Until today the academy is there. From 5 January 1889 women were also allowed to participate in a class for advanced students. At the end of the 19th century, was the founding of the modern LUCA Campus Sint-Lukas Brussels, a strong competition. Meanwhile, ARBA is one of the 16 art schools of the French Community of Belgium. Under the director Charles van der Stappen, the doctrine came to this university to an even greater prestige. Even literature and photography were part of the training offer.
In the European art scene around the turn of the century, Brussels drew forth in addition to his training center in the shadow of Paris. Since 1889, Brussels was the uncrowned capital of Art Nouveau, especially in architecture, which had its triumphal procession through Prof. Victor Horta. The Academy managed the step to another center of the avant-garde in the panel painting. From the Academy and its students went influence on the development of Realism, Symbolism, Impressionism, Neo-Impressionism, Post Impressionism and the newly incipient Expressionism. These were all precursors of Modern Art.
The Academy's entrance on the Rue du Midi in 1935 (photo by Léon van Dievoet)
In 1912, Horta had made changes to the organisation of the school. A system of studios was created, as it was recommended by Paul Bonduelle and Émile Lambot. In 1936, the Royal Order was made to the formation of the separate Department of Architecture.
Changes in organization and teaching after 1945
In 1949, a small Department of Planning and Urban Development was established. Architectural studies got the rank of university education. In 1972, the Department of Artistic Humanities was established. In 1977, the Department of Architecture finally acquired its autonomy. In 1977, the Institute Supérieur d'Architecture Victor Horta, named after the Art Nouveau architect and former director, was founded. In 1980, the higher education of the second degree and new courses at the Academy of Fine Arts were presented. In 2009, the Faculty of Architecture of the Free University of Brussels was founded. This was done after the merger of the two schools of architecture: the School of Architecture Victor Horta (ISAVH) and the chamber of the French Community of the Higher Institute of Architecture (ISACF).
Nowadays, programs are offered for Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts in the fields of design, art and media and offered doctoral studies, too. The Academy has been an ESA (Ecole Supérieure des Arts - Art College) with a university orientation. In addition, it is part of Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium (RASAB) which was founded in 2001. It is responsible for the task of promoting activities of the affiliated members and organizations here and coordinate. Its tasks include projects at home and abroad. The school is sometimes confused with the Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium (RASAB) and the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium, both separate institutions, as well as the French Académie des Beaux-Arts in Paris, part of the Institut de France.
The faculty and alumni of ARBA
Includes some of the most famous names in Belgian painting, sculpture, and architecture:
James Ensor (1860–1949), painter and printmaker
Paul Delvaux (1897–1994), surrealist painter
René Magritte (1898–1967), surrealist painter
Kali (1918–1998), Polish-American painter
Peyo (1928–1992), cartoonist, creator of The Smurfs
Oriane Lassus (b. 1987), French author, cartoonist and illustrator
Notable directors and professors
Barnabé Guimard (1731–1805), French architect
Tilman-François Suys (1783–1861), architect
François-Joseph Navez (1787–1869), neoclassical painter
Louis Gallait (1810–1887), painter
Eugène Simonis (1810–1893), sculptor
Jean-François Portaels (1818–1895), painter
Charles van der Stappen (1843–1910), sculptor
Jef Lambeaux (1852–1908), sculptor
Jacques de Lalaing (1858–1917), Belgian-British sculptor and painter
Victor Horta (1861–1947), architect
Paul Saintenoy (1862–1952), architect, teacher, architectural historian, and writer
Henri van Dievoet (1869–1931), architect
Alfred Bastien (1873–1955), artist, academic, and soldier
Léon Devos (1897–1974), painter
Gallery of works by notable teachers and directors
Tilman-François Suys (date unknown): St. Antonius Church, Amsterdam.
François Joseph Navez (1828): Travelling Musicians, National Galleries of Scotland.
Eugène Simonis (1848): Equestian statue of Godfrey of Bouillon, Place Royale/Koningsplein, Brussels.
Louis Gallait (1848): The family of the fisherman, Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg.
Alexandre Robert (date unknown), Young page, Private collection.
Joseph Quinaux (date unknown): The rest, Private collection.
Jean-François Portaels (date unknown): Sweet flowers, Private collection.
Joseph Stallaert (date unknown): The prophet Jeremiah prophesies the fall of Jerusalem, Private collection.
Herman Richir (date unknown): The sleep of Jamilé, Private collection.
Victor Horta (1892/93): Hôtel Tassel, Brussels.
Constant Montald (1893): Ophelia, Private collection.
Charles Van der Stappen (1894/98): Time, Meise Botanic Garden.
Victor Horta (1898/1900): Hôtel van Eetvelde, Brussels.
Victor Horta (1898/1900): Hôtel Solvay, Avenue Louise/Louizalaan 81, Brussels.
Jef Lambeaux (date unknown): Brabo Fountain, Antwerp.
Victor Horta (1901): À L'Innovation department store, Rue Neuve/Nieuwstraat, Brussels.
Victor Horta (1903/05): Le Grand Bazar department store, Frankfurt.
Jacques de Lalaing (date unknown): Brabantine horse.
Alfred Theodore Joseph Bastien (date unknown): Canadian Cavalry Ready in a Wood, Canadian War Museum, Ottawa.
Alfred Theodore Joseph Bastien (1918): Grenade throwing, Canadian War Museum, Ottawa.
Henry Lacoste (date unknown): St. Theodardus Church, Beringen-Mijn.
Notable students
Joseph-Pierre Braemt (1796–1864), medalist
François Musin (1820–1888), painter
Franz Meerts (1836–1896), painter
Josse Impens (1840–1905), painter
Gustave Léonard de Jonghe (1844–1848), painter
Emile Wauters (1846–1933), painter
Isidore Verheyden (1846–1905), painter
Alfred Verhaeren (1849–1924), painter
Amédée Lynen (1852–1938), painter and illustrator
Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890), Dutch painter
Jan Hillebrand Wijsmuller (1855–1925), Dutch painter
Paul Du Bois (1859–1938), French sculptor
James Ensor (1860–1949), painter
Victor Rousseau (1865–1954), sculptor
Jef Leempoels (1867–1935), painter
Gabriel Van Dievoet (1875–1934), painter
Victor Servranckx (1897–1965), painter
Paul Delvaux (1897–1994), painter
René Magritte (1898–1967), painter
Éliane de Meuse (1899–1993), painter
Claudia Cobizev (1905-1995), Moldovan sculptor
Zhang Chongren, better known as Tschang Tschong-jen (1907–1998), Chinese sculptor and painter
Ben-Ami Shulman, (1907–1986), Israeli architect
Claude Strebelle (1917–2010), architect and builder
Gallery of works by notable students
Joseph Poelaert (date unknown): New building of St. Catherine's Church, Brussels.
Jean-Frédéric Van der Rit (1856): Tomb of Augustus dal Pozzo at the Church of Our Blessed Lady of the Sablon, Brussels.
Charles de Groux (1856/57): The farewell.
Franz Meerts (date unknown): At the café, Private collection
Guillaume Vogels (date unknown): Fishing boat on the shore, Private collection.
Emile Wauters (date unknown): Caravan near Cairo, Private collection.
Gustave Léonard de Jonghe (1865): The Japanese Fan, Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens.
Isidore Verheyden (date unknown): Return from the market, Museum M, Leuven.
August Félix Schoy (1865): Restoration of the Church of Our Blessed Lady of the Sablon, Brussels.
Hippolyte Boulenger (1870): View of Dinant, Royal Museum of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels.
Amadée Lynen (after 1872): Landscape with farm, Privatbesitz.
Adrien-Joseph Heymans (1875): Sky with the moonlight, Royal Museum of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels.
Constantin Meunier (1885/1890): The foundry of Ougrée, Musée de l'Art Wallon, Liège.
Jef Leempoels (1888): Friendship, The Morgan Library and Museum, New York.
Charles van der Stappen (date unknown): Detail of the facade of the Royal Museum of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels.
Vincent van Gogh (1896): Friendship, Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, Buenos Aires.
Gabriel Van Dievoet (1896): Lake, Private collection.
Fernand Khnopff (1896): Carelessness or the tenderness of Sphinx, Royal Museum of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels.
Paul Hankar (1897): Hôtel Albert Ciamberlani, Rue Defaqz/Defaqzstraat, Brussels.
James Ensor (1897): Death and the masks, Musée des beaux-arts de Liège.
François Musin (date unknown): Stormy weather, Private collection.
Josse Impens (date unknown): Painter in front of his easel, Private collection.
Alfred Verhaeren (date unknown): Lost in thoughts, Private collection.
Jacques de Lalaing (date unknown): British Waterloo Memorial, Brussels Cemetery.
Jan Toorop (date unknown): Flower trio, Private collection.
Paul Saintenoy (1898/99): Old England department store, Rue Montagne de la Cour/Hofberg, Brussels.
Jan Hillebrand Wijsmuller (1900): Laying of the fishing traps, Private collection.
Henri van Massenhove (date unknown): Palais Minerve, former Rialto cinema, Rue Haute/Hoogstraat 205–207, Brussels.
Georges Minne (date unknown): Mother protects her two children, Private collection.
Frantz Charlet (date unknown): The golden houses of Bruges, Museen voor Schone Kunsten, Ghent.
Théo van Rysselberghe (1900): Night with moon in Boulogne, Private collection.
Jan Toorop (1907): The Scheldt near Veere, Central Museum Utrecht.
Théo van Rysselberghe (1910): Magnolia, Private collection.
Victor Rousseau (date unknown): Anglo-Belgian Warrior Memorial, London.
Herman Richir (1913): Virtue of art, Private collection.
Rik Wouters (1914): Lady in blue before the mirror, Private collection.
Jules Schmalzigaud (1917): Portrait of Baron Francis Delbeke, Royal Museum of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels.
Jules Schmalzigaud (1915/17): Terrace, Private collection.
Rik Wouters (date unknown): Portrait bust of the painter James Ensor.
Georges Vantongerloo (1930): Cubist Shield of R-26, Private collection.
References
^ "300 years of history of the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts". City of Brussels. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
^ The principle of master and apprentice was left. This new school-system ultimately led to a loss of the specialised knowledge accumulated in the past by the respective guilds.
^ In 1842, the Palladio Society was founded. It emerged from the class of the then professor Tilman-François Suys. The aim was to promote students in their learning path. Later, it advised the architects in all professional matters. Since 1936, the aims and objectives of the Palladian society are represented by the SADBr. They should be considered the successor organization.
^ In Europe, moved away at this point from the social point of view, that the women were assigned to the amateurism. With this opening, they gained the right to be recognized as full-fledged artist. The term can be seen in the sense of Friedrich Schiller and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
^ The Salon at Paris had reached its zenith at the time and thus lost its leading role.
^ In the architecture the flow of eclecticism must not be ignored, which is a combination of Neo-classicism and Art Nouveau. In Brussels the facades of new buildings got this architectural design, too. Even abroad, this style has been taken by architects and builders as a model for their projects. The far eastern building is the surviving water tower of Breslau, Schlesien. In Belgium belonged such well-known names like Paul Picquet, Jean Baes, Fernand Conrad, Henri Beyaert and Paul Hankar to the most influential architects.
^ The architect Paul Bonduelle lived from 1877 to 1955.
^ Since 1954 the Paul Bonduelle Prix in architecture of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of Brussels is awarded.
^ Émile Lambot was one of the key architects of the architectural style of the Belgian Art Nouveau.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 18 August 2006. Retrieved 30 June 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) RDK Netherlands Institute for Art History
^ Académie royale des Beaux-Arts de Bruxelles
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 18 August 2006. Retrieved 30 June 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) RDK Netherlands Institute for Art History
^ Académie royale des Beaux-Arts de Bruxelles
Exhibitions
Academie Royale des Beaux-arts et Ecole des Arts decoratifs de Bruxelles. Exposition centennale 1800–1900.
1987: Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts de Bruxelles, 275 ans d'enseignement, from 07.05 - 28.06.1987.
2007: Art, anatomie trois siècles d'évolution des représentations du corps, Académie royale des Beaux-arts de Bruxelles, 20.04. - 16.05.2007.
Biography
Academie Royale des Beaux-Arts de Bruxelles. 275 ans d'enseignement = 275 jaar onderwijs aan de Koninklijke Academie voor Schone Kunsten van Brussel. par Crédit Communal Bruxelles, 1987, ISBN 2-87193-030-9.
Academie Royale des Beaux-arts et École des Arts décoratifs de Bruxelles. Exposition centennale 1800–1900. catalogue of the exhibition at Bruxelles.
A. W. Hammacher: Amsterdamsche Impressionisten en hun Kring. J.M. Meulenhoff, Amsterdam 1946.
Wiepke Loos, Carel van Tuyll van Serooskerken: Waarde Hoer Allebé – Leven en werk van August Allebé (1838–1927). Waanders, Zwolle 1988, ISBN 90-6630-124-4.
Sheila D. Muller: Dutch Art – An Encyclopedia. Routledge, 2013, ISBN 978-1-135-49574-9.
Jean Bouret: L’École de Barbizon et le paysage française au XIXe siècle. Neuchâtel 1972.
Georges Pillement: Les Pré-Impressionistes. Zug 1972, OCLC 473774777
Nathalia Brodskaya: Impressionismus. Parkstone Books, New York 2007, ISBN 978-1-85995-652-6.
Norma Broude: Impressionismus. an international movement, 1860–1920 („World impressionism“). Dumont, Köln 2007, ISBN 978-3-8321-7454-5.
Jean-Paul Crespelle: Les Fauves, Origines et Evolution, Office du Livre, Fribourg, und Edition Georg Popp, Würzburg 1981, ISBN 3-88155-088-7.
Jean Leymarie: Fauvismus, Editions d’Art, Albert Skira Verlag, Genève 1959.
Kristian Sotriffer: Expressionismus und Fauvismus. Verlag Anton Schroll & Co., Wien 1971.
Jean-Luc Rispail: Les surréalistes. Une génération entre le rêve et l'action (= Découvertes Gallimard. 109). Gallimard, Paris 2005, ISBN 2-05-053140-0.
David Britt: Modern Art - Impressionism to Post-Modernism. Thames & Hudson, London 2007, ISBN 978-0-500-23841-7.
Sandro Bocola: Die Kunst der Moderne. Zur Struktur und Dynamik ihrer Entwicklung. Von Goya bis Beuys. Prestel, München/ New York 1994, ISBN 3-7913-1889-6. (Neuauflage im Psychosozial-Verlag, Gießen, Lahn 2013, ISBN 978-3-8379-2215-8)
Sam Phillips: Moderne Kunst verstehen - Vom Impressionismus ins 21. Jahrhundert. A. Seemann Henschel, Leipzig 2013, ISBN 978-3-86502-316-2.
Pierre Daix, Joan Rosselet: Picasso - The Cubist Years 1907–1916., Thames & Hudson, London 1979, ISBN 0-500-09134-X.
Michael White: De Stijl and Dutch Modernism (= Critical Perspectives in Art History). Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-6162-8. (englisch)
Thomas, Karin: Blickpunkt der Moderne: Eine Geschichte von der Romantik bis heute. Verlag M. DuMont, Köln 2010, ISBN 978-3-8321-9333-1.
Sources
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Académie royale des beaux-arts de Bruxelles.
ARBA online history (in French)
Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie, The Hague, (RKD Netherlands Institute for Art History), Netherlands (in Dutch and English)
Royale Museums of fine Arts of Belgium - Brussels Museums
External links
Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts (in French)
vteSecondary schools in the Brussels Capital RegionCity of Brussels
Athénée royal de Bruxelles (FR)
Atheneum Brussel
Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts
Athénée royal Isabelle Gatti de Gamond
Athénée Robert Catteau
Athénée Léon Lepage
Athénée Adolphe Max
Centre d’Education et de Formation en Alternance (CEFA; FR)
Centre scolaire Eddy Merckx (FR)
St John Berchmans College
Institut des Arts et Métiers
Institut Bischoffsheim
Institut De Mot Couvreur
Institut Diderot
Institut Lucien Cooremans (FR)
Institut Saint-Louis (FR)
Lyceum Martha Somers
Institut Regina Pacis
Lycée Dachsbeck (FR)
Lycée Emile Jacqmain (FR)
Anderlecht
Athénée royal Léonardo da Vinci
Atheneum Anderlecht
Collège Matteo Ricci
Institut Redouté-Peiffer
Nightingale, school voor verzorging
Auderghem
Athénée Royal d'Auderghem
Centre scolaire du Souverain (FR)
Ecole Secondaire Freinet
The Japanese School of Brussels (lower secondary only)
Etterbeek
Atheneum Etterbeek
Brussels International Catholic School (BICS)
St Michael College, Brussels
Institut Saint-Stanislas (FR)
Evere
Technisch Atheneum Victor Hortaschool
Forest
École Rodenbach (FR)
Ganshoren
Collège du Sacré-Coeur de Ganshoren
Ixelles
Athénée Charles Janssens (FR)
Institut Saint-Boniface Parnasse (FR)
Institut Saint-André
European School, Brussels III
Jette
Centre Scolaire du Sacré-Coeur de Jette
Collège Saint-Pierre (FR)
Technisch Atheneum Jette
Koekelberg
Unesco Atheneum Koekelberg
Laken
Athénée des Pagodes
Athénée Emile Bockstael
European School, Brussels IV
Institut Paul-Henri Spaak
John of Ruysbroeck College, Laeken
Lycée Maria Assumpta (FR)
Ecole Robert Dubois - Hôpital universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola (FR)
Schaerbeek
Athénée communal Fernand Blum (FR)
Institut communal d'enseignement technique Frans Fischer
Lycée Emile Max
Koninklijk Atheneum Emanuel Hiel
École Josaphat (FR)
Institut Sainte-Marie (FR)
College Roi Baudouin
Institut de la Saint-Famille d'Helmet
College Roi Badoin Enseignement Technique et professionnel
Institut Techn. Cardinal Mercie-Notre-Dame du Sacre-Coeur
Institut Saint-Dominique
Institut de la Vierge Fidèle
Sint-Agatha-Berchem
Technisch Atheneum Zavelenberg
Sint-Jans-Molenbeek
Athénée Royal Serge Creuz
Atheneum Toverfluit
Uccle
Athénée royal d'Uccle 1 (FR)
Atheneum Ukkel
Bogaerts International School
Collège Saint-Pierre (FR)
École Decroly (FR)
European School, Brussels I
French Lycee in Brussels
Russian Embassy School in Brussels
Watermael-Boitsfort
International School of Brussels
Woluwe-Saint-Lambert
Athénée Royal Woluwe-Saint-Lambert
European School, Brussels II
École Vervloesem (FR)
Institut de l'Angélus
Woluwe-Saint-Pierre
Athénée royal Crommelynck (FR)
Institut Don Bosco (FR)
Institut Mater Dei
Meertalig Atheneum Woluwe
This list is incomplete.Some international schools serving expatriates in the region are in Flemish Brabant and Walloon Brabant: See International schools in Belgium
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
United States
Artists
ULAN
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"art school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_school"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Brussels' Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"Victor Jamaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Jamaer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Jamaer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Art school established in Brussels, Belgium, in 1711The Royal Academy of Fine Arts of Brussels (French: Académie royale des Beaux-Arts de Bruxelles - École supérieure des Arts (ARBA-ESA); Dutch: Koninklijke Academie voor Schone Kunsten van Brussel) is an art school in Brussels, Belgium, founded in 1711. Starting from modest beginnings in a single room in Brussels' Town Hall, it has since 1876 been operating from a former convent and orphanage in the Rue du Midi/Zuidstraat, which was converted by the architect Victor Jamaer [fr]. The school has played an important role in training leading local artists.[1]","title":"Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Brussels"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brussels,_townhall_oeg2043-00090_foto3_2015-06-07_08.38.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brussels' Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"City of Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Brussels"},{"link_name":"Brussels' Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Habsburg_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Charles_Alexander_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture"},{"link_name":"French revolutionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"Brussels' Town Hall, where the Academy draws its originsHistorically, artistic training in Brussels was organised in traditional workshops where masters would teach their skills to pupils. The masters needed to be registered with their local guild to be able to practice their craft. On 30 September 1711, the magistrate of the City of Brussels gave the guilds of painters, sculptors, weavers and other amateurs the use of a room in Brussels' Town Hall to teach drawing classes to their pupils. On 16 October of the same year, some sort of school was established at these premises to organise the classes. The school would concentrate mainly on teaching drawing.[2]In 1737, the Academy adopted its first rules. The city assumed some costs, including those for the models. A few decades later, disagreement broke out. The classes moved to the inn 't Gulden Hoofd and were even suspended for a while. The Bruges painter Bernard Verschoot took over the Academy's leadership and tried to put it back on the rails with a heavy hand. The Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands, Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine, put the school under his high protection in 1762. His attention went mainly to the Department of Architecture. The school was re-established in 1768 as the Académie de Peinture, Sculpture et Architecture (\"Academy of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture\"), with funds raised through a public subscription. Inspiration was found in the French model. A year later, the school returned to the Town Hall. In 1795, the Academy was closed after the conquest of Brussels by French revolutionary troops.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"François-Joseph Navez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Navez"},{"link_name":"first golden age of Dutch painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting"},{"link_name":"neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opstand_academie_Brussel.PNG"},{"link_name":"convent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convent"},{"link_name":"Victor Jamaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Jamaer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Jamaer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"French Community of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Charles van der Stappen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_van_der_Stappen"},{"link_name":"literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature"},{"link_name":"photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Art Nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau"},{"link_name":"Victor Horta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Horta"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"avant-garde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde"},{"link_name":"Realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)"},{"link_name":"Symbolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)"},{"link_name":"Impressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionism"},{"link_name":"Neo-Impressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Impressionism"},{"link_name":"Post Impressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Impressionism"},{"link_name":"Expressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionism"},{"link_name":"Modern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acad%C3%A9mie_Royale_des_Beaux-Arts,_Bruxelles,_13_juin_1935.jpg"},{"link_name":"Léon van Dievoet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Dievoet_family"},{"link_name":"Paul Bonduelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Bonduelle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Émile Lambot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Lambot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Resurgence under François-Joseph Navez","text":"In 1829, the school moved into the Granvelle Palace (since demolished). One year later, François-Joseph Navez became director. He organized the school and expanded it. In 1832, it moved to the basement of the left wing of the Industrial Palace. From 1835 to 1836, Navez's plans were implemented. In 1836, the Academy was awarded the privilege to use the adjective \"Royal\" as part of its name. The panel painting was declared to another important department. It was based on the first golden age of Dutch painting. However, there was some time tensions at the Academy to the yet propagated neoclassical style. In addition to painting and sculpture, architectural education became more important, though it never achieved the status of a pioneering teaching and training facility.[3]Drawing of the Academy's plan (Jamaer, 1876)In 1876, the Academy moved to the school buildings on the Rue du Midi/Zuidstraat, in what was the former Bogards' convent, which had meanwhile served as an orphanage. The architect Victor Jamaer [fr] was able to link the whole school in the limited space of the existing ensemble. The facade was redesigned in the neoclassical style. Until today the academy is there. From 5 January 1889 women were also allowed to participate in a class for advanced students.[4] At the end of the 19th century, was the founding of the modern LUCA Campus Sint-Lukas Brussels, a strong competition. Meanwhile, ARBA is one of the 16 art schools of the French Community of Belgium. Under the director Charles van der Stappen, the doctrine came to this university to an even greater prestige. Even literature and photography were part of the training offer.In the European art scene around the turn of the century, Brussels drew forth in addition to his training center in the shadow of Paris.[5] Since 1889, Brussels was the uncrowned capital of Art Nouveau, especially in architecture, which had its triumphal procession through Prof. Victor Horta.[6] The Academy managed the step to another center of the avant-garde in the panel painting. From the Academy and its students went influence on the development of Realism, Symbolism, Impressionism, Neo-Impressionism, Post Impressionism and the newly incipient Expressionism. These were all precursors of Modern Art.The Academy's entrance on the Rue du Midi in 1935 (photo by Léon van Dievoet)In 1912, Horta had made changes to the organisation of the school. A system of studios was created, as it was recommended by Paul Bonduelle and Émile Lambot.[7][8][9] In 1936, the Royal Order was made to the formation of the separate Department of Architecture.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"university education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_education"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Master of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"doctoral studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctoral_studies"},{"link_name":"Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium (RASAB)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academies_for_Science_and_the_Arts_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Science,_Letters_and_Fine_Arts_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Académie des Beaux-Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Beaux-Arts"},{"link_name":"Institut de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_de_France"}],"sub_title":"Changes in organization and teaching after 1945","text":"In 1949, a small Department of Planning and Urban Development was established. Architectural studies got the rank of university education. In 1972, the Department of Artistic Humanities was established. In 1977, the Department of Architecture finally acquired its autonomy. In 1977, the Institute Supérieur d'Architecture Victor Horta, named after the Art Nouveau architect and former director, was founded. In 1980, the higher education of the second degree and new courses at the Academy of Fine Arts were presented. In 2009, the Faculty of Architecture of the Free University of Brussels was founded. This was done after the merger of the two schools of architecture: the School of Architecture Victor Horta (ISAVH) and the chamber of the French Community of the Higher Institute of Architecture (ISACF).Nowadays, programs are offered for Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts in the fields of design, art and media and offered doctoral studies, too. The Academy has been an ESA (Ecole Supérieure des Arts - Art College) with a university orientation. In addition, it is part of Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium (RASAB) which was founded in 2001. It is responsible for the task of promoting activities of the affiliated members and organizations here and coordinate. Its tasks include projects at home and abroad. The school is sometimes confused with the Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium (RASAB) and the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium, both separate institutions, as well as the French Académie des Beaux-Arts in Paris, part of the Institut de France.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Ensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ensor"},{"link_name":"Paul Delvaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Delvaux"},{"link_name":"surrealist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism"},{"link_name":"René Magritte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte"},{"link_name":"Kali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Peyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyo"},{"link_name":"cartoonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoonist"},{"link_name":"The Smurfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Smurfs"},{"link_name":"Oriane Lassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriane_Lassus"}],"text":"Includes some of the most famous names in Belgian painting, sculpture, and architecture:James Ensor (1860–1949), painter and printmaker\nPaul Delvaux (1897–1994), surrealist painter\nRené Magritte (1898–1967), surrealist painter\nKali (1918–1998), Polish-American painter\nPeyo (1928–1992), cartoonist, creator of The Smurfs\nOriane Lassus (b. 1987), French author, cartoonist and illustrator","title":"The faculty and alumni of ARBA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barnabé Guimard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles-Barnab%C3%A9_Guimard"},{"link_name":"Tilman-François Suys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilman-Fran%C3%A7ois_Suys"},{"link_name":"François-Joseph Navez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Navez"},{"link_name":"neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicism"},{"link_name":"Louis Gallait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Gallait"},{"link_name":"Eugène Simonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Simonis"},{"link_name":"Jean-François Portaels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Portaels"},{"link_name":"Charles van der Stappen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_van_der_Stappen"},{"link_name":"Jef Lambeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jef_Lambeaux"},{"link_name":"Jacques de Lalaing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_Lalaing_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Victor Horta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Horta"},{"link_name":"Paul Saintenoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Saintenoy"},{"link_name":"Henri van Dievoet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Van_Dievoet"},{"link_name":"Alfred Bastien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Bastien"},{"link_name":"Léon Devos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Devos_(artist)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Barnabé Guimard (1731–1805), French architect\nTilman-François Suys (1783–1861), architect\nFrançois-Joseph Navez (1787–1869), neoclassical painter\nLouis Gallait (1810–1887), painter\nEugène Simonis (1810–1893), sculptor\nJean-François Portaels (1818–1895), painter\nCharles van der Stappen (1843–1910), sculptor\nJef Lambeaux (1852–1908), sculptor\nJacques de Lalaing (1858–1917), Belgian-British sculptor and painter\nVictor Horta (1861–1947), architect\nPaul Saintenoy (1862–1952), architect, teacher, architectural historian, and writer\nHenri van Dievoet (1869–1931), architect\nAlfred Bastien (1873–1955), artist, academic, and soldier\nLéon Devos (1897–1974), painter[10][11]","title":"Notable directors and professors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mozes_en_Aaronkerk_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Navez_(1787-1869)_-_Les_musiciens_ambulants_(A_Musician_Family)_-_NG_2773_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Galleries of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Galleries_of_Scotland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GdeBouillon.JPG"},{"link_name":"Godfrey of Bouillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon"},{"link_name":"Place Royale/Koningsplein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_Royale,_Brussels"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis_Gallait_-_Fisherman%27s_Family_-_WGA8438.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hermitage Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitage_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alexandre_Nestor_Nicolas_Robert_-_Young_page.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_Quinaux_-_The_rest.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joseph Quinaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Quinaux"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Portaels_-_Sweet_flowers.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_Stallaert_-_Der_Prophet_Jeremias_weissagt_dem_K%C3%B6nig_Zedekia_den_Untergang_Jerusalem.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stallaert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stallaert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_sommeil_de_Jamil%C3%A9--.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victor_Horta_Hotel_Tassel.JPG"},{"link_name":"Victor Horta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Horta"},{"link_name":"Hôtel Tassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Tassel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Constant_Montald-_Ophelia.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_Temps.JPG"},{"link_name":"Meise Botanic Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meise_Botanic_Garden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_H%C3%B4tel_Van_Eetvelde_-_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hôtel van Eetvelde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_van_Eetvelde"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BE_Bruxelles_Horta_Solvay.JPG"},{"link_name":"Hôtel Solvay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Solvay"},{"link_name":"Avenue Louise/Louizalaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_Louise"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antwerp_Brabofontein_017_8004.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brabo Fountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brabo_Fountain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batiment_Horta_-_rue_Neuve_-_1901.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rue Neuve/Nieuwstraat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_Neuve,_Brussels"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frankfurt_Am_Main-Zeil-Grand_Bazar-Palais_Rothschild-Schmoller-um_1910.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacques_de_Lalaing_-_Cheval_de_Brabant.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alfred_Theodore_Joseph_Bastien_-_Canadian_Cavalry_Ready_in_a_Wood.jpg"},{"link_name":"Canadian War Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_War_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alfred_Theodore_Joseph_Bastien_-_Throwing_Grenades.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beringen-Mijn_-_Sint-Theodarduskerk1.jpg"}],"text":"Tilman-François Suys (date unknown): St. Antonius Church, Amsterdam.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrançois Joseph Navez (1828): Travelling Musicians, National Galleries of Scotland.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEugène Simonis (1848): Equestian statue of Godfrey of Bouillon, Place Royale/Koningsplein, Brussels.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLouis Gallait (1848): The family of the fisherman, Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAlexandre Robert (date unknown), Young page, Private collection.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJoseph Quinaux (date unknown): The rest, Private collection.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJean-François Portaels (date unknown): Sweet flowers, Private collection.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJoseph Stallaert (date unknown): The prophet Jeremiah prophesies the fall of Jerusalem, Private collection.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHerman Richir (date unknown): The sleep of Jamilé, Private collection.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVictor Horta (1892/93): Hôtel Tassel, Brussels.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tConstant Montald (1893): Ophelia, Private collection.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCharles Van der Stappen (1894/98): Time, Meise Botanic Garden.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVictor Horta (1898/1900): Hôtel van Eetvelde, Brussels.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVictor Horta (1898/1900): Hôtel Solvay, Avenue Louise/Louizalaan 81, Brussels.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJef Lambeaux (date unknown): Brabo Fountain, Antwerp.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVictor Horta (1901): À L'Innovation department store, Rue Neuve/Nieuwstraat, Brussels.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVictor Horta (1903/05): Le Grand Bazar department store, Frankfurt.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJacques de Lalaing (date unknown): Brabantine horse.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAlfred Theodore Joseph Bastien (date unknown): Canadian Cavalry Ready in a Wood, Canadian War Museum, Ottawa.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAlfred Theodore Joseph Bastien (1918): Grenade throwing, Canadian War Museum, Ottawa.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHenry Lacoste (date unknown): St. Theodardus Church, Beringen-Mijn.","title":"Gallery of works by notable teachers and directors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph-Pierre Braemt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Pierre_Braemt"},{"link_name":"François Musin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Musin"},{"link_name":"Franz Meerts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Meerts"},{"link_name":"Josse Impens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josse_Impens"},{"link_name":"Gustave Léonard de Jonghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_L%C3%A9onard_de_Jonghe"},{"link_name":"Emile Wauters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Wauters"},{"link_name":"Isidore Verheyden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_Verheyden"},{"link_name":"Alfred Verhaeren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Verhaeren"},{"link_name":"Amédée Lynen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Lynen"},{"link_name":"Vincent van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh"},{"link_name":"Jan Hillebrand Wijsmuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hillebrand_Wijsmuller"},{"link_name":"Paul Du Bois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Du_Bois"},{"link_name":"James Ensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ensor"},{"link_name":"Victor Rousseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Rousseau"},{"link_name":"Jef Leempoels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jef_Leempoels"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Van Dievoet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Van_Dievoet"},{"link_name":"Victor Servranckx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Servranckx"},{"link_name":"Paul Delvaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Delvaux"},{"link_name":"René Magritte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte"},{"link_name":"Éliane de Meuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89liane_de_Meuse"},{"link_name":"Claudia Cobizev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Cobizev"},{"link_name":"Zhang Chongren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Chongren"},{"link_name":"Ben-Ami Shulman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben-Ami_Shulman"},{"link_name":"Claude Strebelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Strebelle"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Joseph-Pierre Braemt (1796–1864), medalist\nFrançois Musin (1820–1888), painter\nFranz Meerts (1836–1896), painter\nJosse Impens (1840–1905), painter\nGustave Léonard de Jonghe (1844–1848), painter\nEmile Wauters (1846–1933), painter\nIsidore Verheyden (1846–1905), painter\nAlfred Verhaeren (1849–1924), painter\nAmédée Lynen (1852–1938), painter and illustrator\nVincent van Gogh (1853–1890), Dutch painter\nJan Hillebrand Wijsmuller (1855–1925), Dutch painter\nPaul Du Bois (1859–1938), French sculptor\nJames Ensor (1860–1949), painter\nVictor Rousseau (1865–1954), sculptor\nJef Leempoels (1867–1935), painter\nGabriel Van Dievoet (1875–1934), painter\nVictor Servranckx (1897–1965), painter\nPaul Delvaux (1897–1994), painter\nRené Magritte (1898–1967), painter\nÉliane de Meuse (1899–1993), painter\nClaudia Cobizev (1905-1995), Moldovan sculptor\nZhang Chongren, better known as Tschang Tschong-jen (1907–1998), Chinese sculptor and painter\nBen-Ami Shulman, (1907–1986), Israeli architect\nClaude Strebelle (1917–2010), architect and builder[12][13]","title":"Notable students"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brussel_Sint-Katelijnekerk.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joseph Poelaert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Poelaert"},{"link_name":"St. Catherine's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Church,_Brussels"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ND_du_Sablon_1007.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jean-Frédéric Van der Rit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Van_der_Rit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Church of Our Blessed Lady of the Sablon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Our_Blessed_Lady_of_the_Sablon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_de_Groux_-_The_farewell.Jpeg"},{"link_name":"Charles de Groux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Groux"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Franz_Meerts_-_At_the_caf%C3%A9.jpg"},{"link_name":"Franz Meerts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Meerts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guillaume_Vogels_-_Vissersloep_aan_de_oever.jpg"},{"link_name":"Guillaume Vogels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Vogels"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emile_Wauters_-_Caravan_near_Cairo.Jpeg"},{"link_name":"Emile Wauters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Wauters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gustave_L%C3%A9onard_de_Jonghe_-_The_Japanese_Fan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gustave Léonard de Jonghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_L%C3%A9onard_de_Jonghe"},{"link_name":"Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummer_Museum_of_Art_and_Gardens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isidore_Verheyden_-_Terug_van_de_markt.JPG"},{"link_name":"Isidore Verheyden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_Verheyden"},{"link_name":"Museum M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Museum_M&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Br%C3%BCssel,_Kirche_Notre-Dame_du_Sablon.jpg"},{"link_name":"August Félix Schoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_F%C3%A9lix_Schoy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hippolyte_Boulenger005.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hippolyte Boulenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Boulenger"},{"link_name":"Royal Museum of Fine Arts of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_of_Belgium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amad%C3%A9e_Lynen_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Amadée Lynen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amad%C3%A9e_Lynen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A.J._Heymans001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Adrien-Joseph Heymans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrien-Joseph_Heymans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_coul%C3%A9e_%C3%A0_Ougr%C3%A9e.jpg"},{"link_name":"Constantin Meunier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Meunier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amistad_-_Jef_Leempoels.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jef Leempoels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jef_Leempoels"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9es_Royaux_des_Beaux-Arts_Belgique_1102.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles van der Stappen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_van_der_Stappen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vincent van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1896_%C3%A9tang_aquarelle_parGabriel_van_Dievoet_(1875-1934).JPG"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Van Dievoet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Van_Dievoet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fernand_Khnopff_-_Caresses_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fernand Khnopff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Khnopff"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H%C3%B4tel_Ciamberlani_(DSCF7523).jpg"},{"link_name":"Paul Hankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hankar"},{"link_name":"Hôtel Albert Ciamberlani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Albert_Ciamberlani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Ensor_-_Death_and_the_masks.jpg"},{"link_name":"James Ensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ensor"},{"link_name":"Musée des beaux-arts de Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_des_beaux-arts_de_Li%C3%A8ge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_Musin005.JPG"},{"link_name":"François Musin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Musin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Josse_Impens_-_Artiste_devant_son_chevalet.jpg"},{"link_name":"Josse Impens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josse_Impens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alfred_Verhaeren_-_Lost_in_thoughts.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Alfred Verhaeren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Verhaeren"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cimeti%C3%A8re_de_Bruxelles_02b.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jacques de Lalaing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_Lalaing"},{"link_name":"Brussels Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Cemetery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JanToorop-trio-fleuri-1886.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jan Toorop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Toorop"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_England_facade,_Brussels_(DSCF7544).jpg"},{"link_name":"Paul Saintenoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Saintenoy"},{"link_name":"Old England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_England_(department_store)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JH_Wijsmuller_-_Het_uitzetten_van_de_fuiken.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jan Hillebrand Wijsmuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hillebrand_Wijsmuller"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palais_Minerve_-_ex-cinema_Rialto_r_Haute_205-207_Hoogstr.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henri van Massenhove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henri_van_Massenhove&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WLANL_-_Artshooter_-_De_Smart.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georges Minne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georges_Minne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frantz_Charlet_-_Die_Goldenen_H%C3%A4user_von_Br%C3%BCgge.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Frantz Charlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantz_Charlet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mondnacht-in-Boulogne.jpg"},{"link_name":"Théo van Rysselberghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9o_van_Rysselberghe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_Toorop_-_The_Schelde_near_Veere_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jan Toorop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Toorop"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Van_Rysselberghe_012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Théo van Rysselberghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9o_van_Rysselberghe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:London,_UK_(August_2014)_-_109.JPG"},{"link_name":"Victor Rousseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Rousseau"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Belgian Warrior Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Belgian_Memorial,_London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_vertu_de_l%27Art_(1913).jpg"},{"link_name":"Herman Richir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herman_Richir&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lady_in_Blue_in_front_of_a_Mirror.JPG"},{"link_name":"Rik Wouters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rik_Wouters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bruxelles_Schmalzigaug_baron.JPG"},{"link_name":"Jules Schmalzigaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jules_Schmalzigaud&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Terras_Schmalzigaug.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jules Schmalzigaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jules_Schmalzigaud&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rik_Wouters_-_Portretbuste_van_James_Ensor_10-03-2009_16-00-33.JPG"},{"link_name":"Rik Wouters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rik_Wouters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shield_of_R-26_-_Georges_Vantongerloo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georges Vantongerloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Vantongerloo"}],"text":"Joseph Poelaert (date unknown): New building of St. Catherine's Church, Brussels.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJean-Frédéric Van der Rit (1856): Tomb of Augustus dal Pozzo at the Church of Our Blessed Lady of the Sablon, Brussels.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCharles de Groux (1856/57): The farewell.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFranz Meerts (date unknown): At the café, Private collection\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGuillaume Vogels (date unknown): Fishing boat on the shore, Private collection.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmile Wauters (date unknown): Caravan near Cairo, Private collection.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGustave Léonard de Jonghe (1865): The Japanese Fan, Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIsidore Verheyden (date unknown): Return from the market, Museum M, Leuven.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAugust Félix Schoy (1865): Restoration of the Church of Our Blessed Lady of the Sablon, Brussels.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHippolyte Boulenger (1870): View of Dinant, Royal Museum of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAmadée Lynen (after 1872): Landscape with farm, Privatbesitz.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAdrien-Joseph Heymans (1875): Sky with the moonlight, Royal Museum of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tConstantin Meunier (1885/1890): The foundry of Ougrée, Musée de l'Art Wallon, Liège.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJef Leempoels (1888): Friendship, The Morgan Library and Museum, New York.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCharles van der Stappen (date unknown): Detail of the facade of the Royal Museum of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVincent van Gogh (1896): Friendship, Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, Buenos Aires.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGabriel Van Dievoet (1896): Lake, Private collection.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFernand Khnopff (1896): Carelessness or the tenderness of Sphinx, Royal Museum of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPaul Hankar (1897): Hôtel Albert Ciamberlani, Rue Defaqz/Defaqzstraat, Brussels.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJames Ensor (1897): Death and the masks, Musée des beaux-arts de Liège.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrançois Musin (date unknown): Stormy weather, Private collection.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJosse Impens (date unknown): Painter in front of his easel, Private collection.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAlfred Verhaeren (date unknown): Lost in thoughts, Private collection.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJacques de Lalaing (date unknown): British Waterloo Memorial, Brussels Cemetery.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJan Toorop (date unknown): Flower trio, Private collection.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPaul Saintenoy (1898/99): Old England department store, Rue Montagne de la Cour/Hofberg, Brussels.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJan Hillebrand Wijsmuller (1900): Laying of the fishing traps, Private collection.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHenri van Massenhove (date unknown): Palais Minerve, former Rialto cinema, Rue Haute/Hoogstraat 205–207, Brussels.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGeorges Minne (date unknown): Mother protects her two children, Private collection.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrantz Charlet (date unknown): The golden houses of Bruges, Museen voor Schone Kunsten, Ghent.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThéo van Rysselberghe (1900): Night with moon in Boulogne, Private collection.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJan Toorop (1907): The Scheldt near Veere, Central Museum Utrecht.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThéo van Rysselberghe (1910): Magnolia, Private collection.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVictor Rousseau (date unknown): Anglo-Belgian Warrior Memorial, London.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHerman Richir (1913): Virtue of art, Private collection.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRik Wouters (1914): Lady in blue before the mirror, Private collection.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJules Schmalzigaud (1917): Portrait of Baron Francis Delbeke, Royal Museum of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJules Schmalzigaud (1915/17): Terrace, Private collection.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRik Wouters (date unknown): Portrait bust of the painter James Ensor.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGeorges Vantongerloo (1930): Cubist Shield of R-26, Private collection.","title":"Gallery of works by notable students"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Academie Royale des Beaux-arts et Ecole des Arts decoratifs de Bruxelles. Exposition centennale 1800–1900.\n1987: Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts de Bruxelles, 275 ans d'enseignement, from 07.05 - 28.06.1987.\n2007: Art, anatomie trois siècles d'évolution des représentations du corps, Académie royale des Beaux-arts de Bruxelles, 20.04. - 16.05.2007.","title":"Exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-87193-030-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87193-030-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-6630-124-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6630-124-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-135-49574-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-49574-9"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"473774777","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/473774777"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-85995-652-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85995-652-6"},{"link_name":"Norma Broude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Broude"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-8321-7454-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8321-7454-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-88155-088-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88155-088-7"},{"link_name":"Découvertes Gallimard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9couvertes_Gallimard"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-05-053140-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-05-053140-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-500-23841-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-23841-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-7913-1889-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7913-1889-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-8379-2215-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8379-2215-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-86502-316-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86502-316-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-500-09134-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-09134-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7190-6162-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-6162-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-8321-9333-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8321-9333-1"}],"text":"Academie Royale des Beaux-Arts de Bruxelles. 275 ans d'enseignement = 275 jaar onderwijs aan de Koninklijke Academie voor Schone Kunsten van Brussel. par Crédit Communal Bruxelles, 1987, ISBN 2-87193-030-9.\nAcademie Royale des Beaux-arts et École des Arts décoratifs de Bruxelles. Exposition centennale 1800–1900. catalogue of the exhibition at Bruxelles.\nA. W. Hammacher: Amsterdamsche Impressionisten en hun Kring. J.M. Meulenhoff, Amsterdam 1946.\nWiepke Loos, Carel van Tuyll van Serooskerken: Waarde Hoer Allebé – Leven en werk van August Allebé (1838–1927). Waanders, Zwolle 1988, ISBN 90-6630-124-4.\nSheila D. Muller: Dutch Art – An Encyclopedia. Routledge, 2013, ISBN 978-1-135-49574-9.\nJean Bouret: L’École de Barbizon et le paysage française au XIXe siècle. Neuchâtel 1972.\nGeorges Pillement: Les Pré-Impressionistes. Zug 1972, OCLC 473774777\nNathalia Brodskaya: Impressionismus. Parkstone Books, New York 2007, ISBN 978-1-85995-652-6.\nNorma Broude: Impressionismus. an international movement, 1860–1920 („World impressionism“). Dumont, Köln 2007, ISBN 978-3-8321-7454-5.\nJean-Paul Crespelle: Les Fauves, Origines et Evolution, Office du Livre, Fribourg, und Edition Georg Popp, Würzburg 1981, ISBN 3-88155-088-7.\nJean Leymarie: Fauvismus, Editions d’Art, Albert Skira Verlag, Genève 1959.\nKristian Sotriffer: Expressionismus und Fauvismus. Verlag Anton Schroll & Co., Wien 1971.\nJean-Luc Rispail: Les surréalistes. Une génération entre le rêve et l'action (= Découvertes Gallimard. 109). Gallimard, Paris 2005, ISBN 2-05-053140-0.\nDavid Britt: Modern Art - Impressionism to Post-Modernism. Thames & Hudson, London 2007, ISBN 978-0-500-23841-7.\nSandro Bocola: Die Kunst der Moderne. Zur Struktur und Dynamik ihrer Entwicklung. Von Goya bis Beuys. Prestel, München/ New York 1994, ISBN 3-7913-1889-6. (Neuauflage im Psychosozial-Verlag, Gießen, Lahn 2013, ISBN 978-3-8379-2215-8)\nSam Phillips: Moderne Kunst verstehen - Vom Impressionismus ins 21. Jahrhundert. A. Seemann Henschel, Leipzig 2013, ISBN 978-3-86502-316-2.\nPierre Daix, Joan Rosselet: Picasso - The Cubist Years 1907–1916., Thames & Hudson, London 1979, ISBN 0-500-09134-X.\nMichael White: De Stijl and Dutch Modernism (= Critical Perspectives in Art History). Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-6162-8. (englisch)\nThomas, Karin: Blickpunkt der Moderne: Eine Geschichte von der Romantik bis heute. Verlag M. DuMont, Köln 2010, ISBN 978-3-8321-9333-1.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Académie royale des beaux-arts de Bruxelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Acad%C3%A9mie_royale_des_beaux-arts_de_Bruxelles"},{"link_name":"ARBA online history (in French)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arba-esa.be/fr/lecole/lecole/histoire"},{"link_name":"Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie, The Hague, (RKD Netherlands Institute for Art History), Netherlands (in Dutch and English)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rkd.nl/"},{"link_name":"Royale Museums of fine Arts of Belgium - Brussels Museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fine-arts-museum.be/"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Académie royale des beaux-arts de Bruxelles.ARBA online history (in French)\nRijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie, The Hague, (RKD Netherlands Institute for Art History), Netherlands (in Dutch and English)\nRoyale Museums of fine Arts of Belgium - Brussels Museums","title":"Sources"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Brussels' Town Hall, where the Academy draws its origins","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Brussels%2C_townhall_oeg2043-00090_foto3_2015-06-07_08.38.jpg/220px-Brussels%2C_townhall_oeg2043-00090_foto3_2015-06-07_08.38.jpg"},{"image_text":"Drawing of the Academy's plan (Jamaer, 1876)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Opstand_academie_Brussel.PNG/290px-Opstand_academie_Brussel.PNG"},{"image_text":"The Academy's entrance on the Rue du Midi in 1935 (photo by Léon van Dievoet)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Acad%C3%A9mie_Royale_des_Beaux-Arts%2C_Bruxelles%2C_13_juin_1935.jpg/290px-Acad%C3%A9mie_Royale_des_Beaux-Arts%2C_Bruxelles%2C_13_juin_1935.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"300 years of history of the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts\". City of Brussels. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20150309205127/http://www.brussels.be/artdet.cfm/7043/300-years-of-history-of-the-Academie-Royale-des-Beaux-Arts","url_text":"\"300 years of history of the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts\""},{"url":"http://www.brussels.be/artdet.cfm/7043/300-years-of-history-of-the-Academie-Royale-des-Beaux-Arts","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 18 August 2006. Retrieved 30 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060818204110/http://www.rdk.nl/","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.rdk.nl/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 18 August 2006. Retrieved 30 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060818204110/http://www.rdk.nl/","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.rdk.nl/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Royal_Academy_of_Fine_Arts,_Brussels¶ms=50.844_N_4.3477_E_type:edu_region:BE","external_links_name":"50°50′38″N 4°20′52″E / 50.8440°N 4.3477°E / 50.8440; 4.3477"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Royal_Academy_of_Fine_Arts,_Brussels¶ms=50.844_N_4.3477_E_type:edu_region:BE","external_links_name":"50°50′38″N 4°20′52″E / 50.8440°N 4.3477°E / 50.8440; 4.3477"},{"Link":"http://arba-esa.be/en","external_links_name":"arba-esa.be/en"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20150309205127/http://www.brussels.be/artdet.cfm/7043/300-years-of-history-of-the-Academie-Royale-des-Beaux-Arts","external_links_name":"\"300 years of history of the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts\""},{"Link":"http://www.brussels.be/artdet.cfm/7043/300-years-of-history-of-the-Academie-Royale-des-Beaux-Arts","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060818204110/http://www.rdk.nl/","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.rdk.nl/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.arba-esa.be/","external_links_name":"Académie royale des Beaux-Arts de Bruxelles"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060818204110/http://www.rdk.nl/","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.rdk.nl/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.arba-esa.be/","external_links_name":"Académie royale des Beaux-Arts de Bruxelles"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/473774777","external_links_name":"473774777"},{"Link":"https://arba-esa.be/fr/lecole/lecole/histoire","external_links_name":"ARBA online history (in French)"},{"Link":"http://www.rkd.nl/","external_links_name":"Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie, The Hague, (RKD Netherlands Institute for Art History), Netherlands (in Dutch and English)"},{"Link":"http://www.fine-arts-museum.be/","external_links_name":"Royale Museums of fine Arts of Belgium - Brussels Museums"},{"Link":"http://www.arba-esa.be/","external_links_name":"Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000100019834","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/148628010","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12133942c","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12133942c","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058530078806706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/600674-7","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n89622664","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500220362","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/029789249","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploticus
|
Ploticus
|
["1 History","2 Graph types and features","3 Applications","3.1 As a plug-in","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
PloticusA plot of Wikipedia statistics in PloticusOriginal author(s)Steve GrubbInitial releaseAugust 25, 1999; 24 years ago (1999-08-25)Stable release2.42
/ May 2013; 11 years ago (2013-05)
Written inCOperating systemCross-platformTypeData analysis, statistical package, PlottingLicenseGPLWebsiteploticus.sourceforge.net
Ploticus is a free, open-source (GPL) computer program for producing plots and charts from data. It runs under Unix, Solaris, Mac OS X, Linux and Win32 systems. Community support is customarily done through Yahoo News Groups.
History
The first version was released August 25, 1999. Ploticus is a mature product with activity, where the last major release (2.42) occurred in May 2013. Bruce Byfield in Linux.com described Ploticus as, "...a throwback to the days when Unix programs did one thing, and did it well, using a minimum of system resources."
On December 17, 2016 or 2017, the author announced halting development and support of ploticus. A previous bug fix was released as a patch without a new version being released. Finally on March 16, 2023, the author announced their focus shifted to DataDraw, a new project implemented in Python exposing an API to generate SVG graphs.
Graph types and features
At the center of Ploticus lies a scripting language. Through the scripting language, "2-D graphs and... basic statistical functions" are supported. Sophisticated graphs can be developed quickly using scripts previously developed, called "prefabs". Simple graphs can be produced using few parameters in addition to the data. Users can create and modify "prefabs".
Ploticus supports the following types of plot: line plots, filled line plots, category line plots, ranges sweeps, pie graphs, vertical bar graphs, horizontal bar charts, timelines, floating bar segments, bar proportions, scatter plots, heat maps (density grids), single variable distribution, error bars, curve fitting, vector plots, Venn diagrams, Venn magnitude charts, tree diagrams. Features include: scaling and axes, legends, annotations, clickmap, and mouse-over support.
Applications
Ploticus has been used for:
Animal Phenome Graphing
Climate Trending
Health Data Analysis
As a plug-in
Ploticus can be used as a plug-in with various other software such as:
Semantic MediaWiki
Asterisk PBX GUI Client
See also
Free and open-source software portal
List of graphing software
References
^ Ploticus Downloads Accessed 9 September 2011.
^ Yahoo News Groups Community Accessed 9 September 2011.
^ Old News from Ploticus Accessed 8 February 2008.
^ Latest News from Ploticus Accessed 9 September 2011.
^ a b Linux.COM Ploticus Review Accessed 9 September 2011.
^ Ploticus Scripting Home Accessed 9 September 2011.
^ Ploticus Prefabs Accessed 9 September 2011.
^ Ploticus Gallery Accessed 9 September 2011.
^ Mouse Phenome Database Accessed 9 September 2011.
^ Climate Trending Accessed 9 September 2011.
^ Vitalnet Software Accessed 24 October 2011.
^ Semantic MediaWiki Accessed 9 September 2011.
^ astGUIclient Accessed 4 October 2011.
External links
Official website
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software"},{"link_name":"open-source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software"},{"link_name":"GPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License"},{"link_name":"computer program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program"},{"link_name":"Unix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix"},{"link_name":"Solaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"Mac OS X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"Win32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win32"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Download-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Support-2"}],"text":"Ploticus is a free, open-source (GPL) computer program for producing plots and charts from data. It runs under Unix, Solaris, Mac OS X, Linux and Win32 systems.[1] Community support is customarily done through Yahoo News Groups.[2]","title":"Ploticus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Latest_pl_news-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Latest-5"}],"text":"The first version was released August 25, 1999.[3] Ploticus is a mature product with activity, where the last major release (2.42) occurred in May 2013.[4] Bruce Byfield in Linux.com described Ploticus as, \"...a throwback to the days when Unix programs did one thing, and did it well, using a minimum of system resources.\"[5]On December 17, 2016 or 2017, the author announced halting development and support of ploticus. A previous bug fix was released as a patch without a new version being released. Finally on March 16, 2023, the author announced their focus shifted to DataDraw, a new project implemented in Python exposing an API to generate SVG graphs.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scripting-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Latest-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prefabs-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graph_Types-8"}],"text":"At the center of Ploticus lies a scripting language.[6] Through the scripting language, \"2-D graphs and... basic statistical functions\" are supported.[5] Sophisticated graphs can be developed quickly using scripts previously developed, called \"prefabs\". Simple graphs can be produced using few parameters in addition to the data.[7] Users can create and modify \"prefabs\".Ploticus supports the following types of plot: line plots, filled line plots, category line plots, ranges sweeps, pie graphs, vertical bar graphs, horizontal bar charts, timelines, floating bar segments, bar proportions, scatter plots, heat maps (density grids), single variable distribution, error bars, curve fitting, vector plots, Venn diagrams, Venn magnitude charts, tree diagrams. Features include: scaling and axes, legends, annotations, clickmap, and mouse-over support.[8]","title":"Graph types and features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phenome-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Climate-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HealthDataAnalysis-11"}],"text":"Ploticus has been used for:Animal Phenome Graphing [9]\nClimate Trending[10]\nHealth Data Analysis[11]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Semantic MediaWiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_MediaWiki"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Semantic-12"},{"link_name":"Asterisk PBX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterisk_(PBX)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-astGUIclient-13"}],"sub_title":"As a plug-in","text":"Ploticus can be used as a plug-in with various other software such as:Semantic MediaWiki[12]\nAsterisk PBX GUI Client[13]","title":"Applications"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Free and open-source software portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software"},{"title":"List of graphing software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_graphing_software"}]
|
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://ploticus.sourceforge.net/","external_links_name":"ploticus.sourceforge.net"},{"Link":"http://ploticus.sourceforge.net/doc/download.html","external_links_name":"Ploticus Downloads"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130105115934/http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/ploticus","external_links_name":"Yahoo News Groups Community"},{"Link":"http://ploticus.sourceforge.net/doc/news_old.html","external_links_name":"Old News from Ploticus"},{"Link":"http://ploticus.sourceforge.net/doc/news.html","external_links_name":"Latest News from Ploticus"},{"Link":"http://www.linux.com/archive/feature/130444","external_links_name":"Linux.COM Ploticus Review"},{"Link":"http://ploticus.sourceforge.net/doc/scripthome.html","external_links_name":"Ploticus Scripting Home"},{"Link":"http://ploticus.sourceforge.net/doc/prefabs.html","external_links_name":"Ploticus Prefabs"},{"Link":"http://ploticus.sourceforge.net/gallery/index.html","external_links_name":"Ploticus Gallery"},{"Link":"http://phenome.jax.org/db/qp?rtn=snps/distplot&plotstrain1=7&plotstrain2=8&rangechr=2&fromloc=124&toloc=125&plexamp=1","external_links_name":"Mouse Phenome Database"},{"Link":"http://www.mindspring.com/~gsurplus/weather/md/climate.html","external_links_name":"Climate Trending"},{"Link":"http://www.ehdp.com/vitalnet/index.htm","external_links_name":"Vitalnet Software"},{"Link":"http://smw.referata.com/w/extensions/SemanticResultFormats/Ploticus/README","external_links_name":"Semantic MediaWiki"},{"Link":"http://astguiclient.sourceforge.net/scratch_install.html","external_links_name":"astGUIclient"},{"Link":"http://ploticus.sourceforge.net/doc/welcome.html","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Stehl%C3%ADk
|
Eduard Stehlík
|
["1 Works","2 References"]
|
Czech historian and writer
Eduard Stehlík (2014)
Eduard Stehlík (born 30 March 1965) is a Czech historian and writer, and Vice Director at the Institute for Military History in Prague.
He graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy at Charles University, and has worked at the Institute for Military History since 1989, focusing on Czechoslovak military history. He has also cooperated with Czech Television. He was declared an honorary citizen of Lidice on 27 October 2006.
He is a founding signatory of the Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism.
On 2 June 2020 Stehlík announced candidacy for the Senate as a Nominee of the Civic Democratic Party.
Works
Lidice - Příběh české vsi
Lexikon tvrzí československého opevnění z let 1935-38
Pevnosti a opevnění v Čechách, na Moravě, a ve Slezsku
References
^ Pánek, Jaroslav; Vorel, Petr, et al. Lexikon současných českých historiků. Prague ; Pardubice : Historický ústav Akademie věd České republiky ; Sdružení historiků České republiky (Historický klub) ; Východočeské muzeum, 1999. 373 s. ISBN 80-85268-84-1.
^ "Prague Declaration - Declaration Text". Institute for Information on the Crimes of Communism. 3 June 2008. Archived from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
^ "Historik Eduard Stehlík bude kandidovat do Senátu - Seznam Zprávy". www.seznamzpravy.cz. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Belgium
United States
Czech Republic
Poland
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Senice_%E2%80%93_Silver_A_%E2%80%93_16.JPG"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Charles University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_University"},{"link_name":"Czech Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A1_televize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_Declaration_on_European_Conscience_and_Communism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Civic Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Democratic_Party_(Czech_Republic)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Historik_Eduard_Stehl%C3%ADk_bude_kandidovat_do_Sen%C3%A1tu-3"}],"text":"Eduard Stehlík (2014)Eduard Stehlík (born 30 March 1965) is a Czech historian and writer, and Vice Director at the Institute for Military History in Prague.He graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy at Charles University, and has worked at the Institute for Military History since 1989, focusing on Czechoslovak military history. He has also cooperated with Czech Television. He was declared an honorary citizen of Lidice on 27 October 2006.[1]He is a founding signatory of the Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism.[2]On 2 June 2020 Stehlík announced candidacy for the Senate as a Nominee of the Civic Democratic Party.[3]","title":"Eduard Stehlík"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Lidice - Příběh české vsi\nLexikon tvrzí československého opevnění z let 1935-38\nPevnosti a opevnění v Čechách, na Moravě, a ve Slezsku","title":"Works"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Eduard Stehlík (2014)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Senice_%E2%80%93_Silver_A_%E2%80%93_16.JPG/220px-Senice_%E2%80%93_Silver_A_%E2%80%93_16.JPG"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Prague Declaration - Declaration Text\". Institute for Information on the Crimes of Communism. 3 June 2008. Archived from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200420013547/https://praguedeclaration.org/","url_text":"\"Prague Declaration - Declaration Text\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Information_on_the_Crimes_of_Communism","url_text":"Institute for Information on the Crimes of Communism"},{"url":"http://www.praguedeclaration.org/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Historik Eduard Stehlík bude kandidovat do Senátu - Seznam Zprávy\". www.seznamzpravy.cz. Retrieved 4 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seznamzpravy.cz/clanek/historik-eduard-stehlik-bude-kandidovat-do-senatu-za-ods-a-kdu-csl-108202","url_text":"\"Historik Eduard Stehlík bude kandidovat do Senátu - Seznam Zprávy\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200420013547/https://praguedeclaration.org/","external_links_name":"\"Prague Declaration - Declaration Text\""},{"Link":"http://www.praguedeclaration.org/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.seznamzpravy.cz/clanek/historik-eduard-stehlik-bude-kandidovat-do-senatu-za-ods-a-kdu-csl-108202","external_links_name":"\"Historik Eduard Stehlík bude kandidovat do Senátu - Seznam Zprávy\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000116920010","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/100375845","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtgYVyvhmjfXjXxQTxxDq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15051081z","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15051081z","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/142301337","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13921879","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2002023243","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0002486&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810654592205606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/096310685","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_M._McBride_Jr.
|
Douglas M. McBride Jr.
|
["1 Early life","2 Education","3 Military career","4 Military courses","5 Awards and decorations","6 See also","7 References"]
|
Douglas M. McBride, Jr.Brigadier General Douglas M. McBride, Jr.Nickname(s)DougBorn (1966-03-07) 7 March 1966 (age 58)Allegiance United States of AmericaService/branch United States ArmyYears of service1989–2020Rank Brigadier generalAwardsLegion of Merit (3)Bronze Star Medal (2)
Brigadier General Douglas M. McBride, Jr. (born 7 March 1966) is a retired general officer in the United States Army who served as the 55th Quartermaster General and Commandant of the Quartermaster School at Fort Lee, Virginia. McBride was appointed as the interim commander of the US Army Combined Arms Command / Sustainment Center of Excellence on 23 August 2018.
Early life
McBride spent his youth in New York City, New York. After earning football and ROTC Scholarships, he received his Bachelor of Science Degree in Business Administration from Northeastern University in Boston, Massachusetts, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Ordnance Corps in 1989.
Education
He is a graduate of the Ordnance Officer Basic and Advanced Courses, the College of Naval Command and Staff where he earned a Master of Arts in National Security and Strategic Studies, and the Air War College where he earned a Master of Arts in Strategic Studies. McBride also earned a Master of Science in Human Resources Management from the University of Central Texas.
Military career
McBride's first assignment was as the Maintenance Platoon Leader of Company C, 27th Main Support Battalion, 1st Cavalry Division, Fort Hood, Texas. He led his platoon into combat during the Gulf War 1990–91. He then served as the Company Direct Support Maintenance Shop Officer, Class IX Technical Supply Officer, and Executive Officer.
Following graduation from the Ordnance Officer Advanced Course and promotion to the rank of captain, he served as Battalion S-1 for the 23rd Support Group at Camp Humphreys, Korea. McBride's next assignment was as the Chief of the 507th Material Management Team, 2nd Corps Support Center (CMMC), 1st Corps Support Command, Fort Bragg, North Carolina. He then took command of the 39th Ordnance Company (Airborne), 7th Transportation Battalion, 507th Corps Support Group. After company command he served as the Ordnance Branch Captain's Assignment Manager, Human Resource Command, Alexandria, Virginia.
Following promotion to the rank of major, and attendance at the Naval Command and Staff College in Newport, Rhode Island, McBride was assigned as the S-4, 2nd Brigade, 25th Infantry Division (Light), Schofield Barracks, Hawaii. He then served as the Support Operations Officer and Battalion Executive Officer in the 725th Main Support Battalion, 25th Infantry Division Support Command. McBride's next assignment was as the Deputy Inspector General, US First Army, Fort Gillem, Georgia.
After promotion to the rank of lieutenant colonel and selection for tactical battalion command, McBride assumed command of the Special Troops Battalion, 3rd Sustainment Brigade, Fort Stewart, Georgia. He deployed his battalion to Iraq, where it served as part of the Surge Campaign during the Iraq War from 2007 to 2009. After battalion command McBride was assigned as the executive officer to the G-4, Army Forces Command, Fort McPherson, Georgia.
Upon graduation from the Air War College, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama he returned to Fort Gillem, Georgia, where he served as Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff, G-4, Army Forces Command. McBride then commanded the 593d Sustainment Brigade, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington. He deployed elements of the 593rd to Afghanistan, where he led the CENTCOM Materiel Recovery Element (CMRE). Upon return from deployment he inactivated the Sustainment Brigade and converted it to the 593rd Expeditionary Sustainment Command.
McBride then served as the G-3/5/7 of the Combined Arms Support Command (CASCOM) at Fort Lee, Virginia. His last assignment was as the commanding general of the 13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) at Fort Hood, Texas.
McBride retired from the Army in 2020.
Military courses
Support Operations Course
Inspector General Course
Joint Logistics Course
Joint Personnel Recovery Course
Awards and decorations
Basic Parachutist Badge
British Parachutist Badge
1st Cavalry Division Combat Service Identification Badge
U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps Distinctive Unit Insignia
Legion of Merit with two bronze oak leaf clusters
Bronze Star Medal with one oak leaf cluster
Meritorious Service Medal with five oak leaf clusters
Army Commendation Medal with one oak leaf cluster
Army Achievement Medal with one oak leaf clusters
Army Superior Unit Award
National Defense Service Medal with one bronze service star
Southwest Asia Service Medal with service star
Iraq Campaign Medal with service star
Afghanistan Campaign Medal with service star
Global War on Terrorism Service Medal
Armed Forces Service Medal
Humanitarian Service Medal with service star
Army Service Ribbon
Army Overseas Service Ribbon with bronze award numeral 4
NATO Medal
Kuwait Liberation Medal (Saudi Arabia)
Kuwait Liberation Medal (Kuwait)
See also
Military supply
Quartermaster
Quartermaster Center and School
Quartermaster Corps (United States Army)
Quartermaster general
References
^ "Quartermaster Commandant - Biography". U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
^ "2017 Patriotic Program Speakers & Parade Grand Marshalls". PRCA Rodeo. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
^ "2017 Patriotic Program Speakers & Parade Grand Marshalls". PRCA Rodeo. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
^ McBride, Douglas M. Jr.; Snell, Reginald L. (January–February 2017). "Applying Mission Command to Overcome Challenges" (PDF). Army Sustainment. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
^ "Fort Hood Sustainment commander promoted to brigadier general". Killeen Daily Herald. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
^ "Brigadier general to command ESC". Northwest Military.com. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
^ "Quartermaster Commandant - Biography". US Army Quartermaster School. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
^ Bell, Terrance (2 June 2020). "Col. Michelle Donahue becomes 56th Quartermaster General". US Army. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
Military offices
Preceded byBrigadier General Rodney D. Fogg
Quartermaster General of the United States Army 2018–2020
Succeeded byColonel Michelle K. Donahue
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brigadier General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_General_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"55th Quartermaster General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartermaster_General_of_the_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Quartermaster School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartermaster_Center_and_School"},{"link_name":"Fort Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lee_(Virginia)"}],"text":"Brigadier General Douglas M. McBride, Jr. (born 7 March 1966)[1] is a retired general officer in the United States Army who served as the 55th Quartermaster General and Commandant of the Quartermaster School at Fort Lee, Virginia. McBride was appointed as the interim commander of the US Army Combined Arms Command / Sustainment Center of Excellence on 23 August 2018.","title":"Douglas M. McBride Jr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Northeastern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_University"},{"link_name":"Boston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Ordnance Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Ordnance_Corps"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"McBride spent his youth in New York City, New York. After earning football and ROTC Scholarships, he received his Bachelor of Science Degree in Business Administration from Northeastern University in Boston, Massachusetts, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Ordnance Corps in 1989.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"College of Naval Command and Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_War_College#College_of_Naval_Command_and_Staff"},{"link_name":"Air War College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_War_College"},{"link_name":"University of Central Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University%E2%80%93Central_Texas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"He is a graduate of the Ordnance Officer Basic and Advanced Courses, the College of Naval Command and Staff where he earned a Master of Arts in National Security and Strategic Studies, and the Air War College where he earned a Master of Arts in Strategic Studies. McBride also earned a Master of Science in Human Resources Management from the University of Central Texas.[3][4]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1st Cavalry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Fort Hood, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Hood,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Fort Bragg, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bragg,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"507th Corps Support Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_Support_Group"},{"link_name":"Alexandria, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Newport, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Schofield Barracks, Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schofield_Barracks,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"US First Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_First_Army"},{"link_name":"Fort Gillem, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Gillem,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Fort Stewart, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Stewart,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"Fort McPherson, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_McPherson,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Air_Force_Base,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Combined Arms Support Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Arms_Support_Command"},{"link_name":"Fort Lee, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lee,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Sustainment_Command_(Expeditionary)"},{"link_name":"Fort Hood, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Hood,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"McBride's first assignment was as the Maintenance Platoon Leader of Company C, 27th Main Support Battalion, 1st Cavalry Division, Fort Hood, Texas. He led his platoon into combat during the Gulf War 1990–91. He then served as the Company Direct Support Maintenance Shop Officer, Class IX Technical Supply Officer, and Executive Officer.[5]Following graduation from the Ordnance Officer Advanced Course and promotion to the rank of captain, he served as Battalion S-1 for the 23rd Support Group at Camp Humphreys, Korea. McBride's next assignment was as the Chief of the 507th Material Management Team, 2nd Corps Support Center (CMMC), 1st Corps Support Command, Fort Bragg, North Carolina. He then took command of the 39th Ordnance Company (Airborne), 7th Transportation Battalion, 507th Corps Support Group. After company command he served as the Ordnance Branch Captain's Assignment Manager, Human Resource Command, Alexandria, Virginia.Following promotion to the rank of major, and attendance at the Naval Command and Staff College in Newport, Rhode Island, McBride was assigned as the S-4, 2nd Brigade, 25th Infantry Division (Light), Schofield Barracks, Hawaii. He then served as the Support Operations Officer and Battalion Executive Officer in the 725th Main Support Battalion, 25th Infantry Division Support Command. McBride's next assignment was as the Deputy Inspector General, US First Army, Fort Gillem, Georgia.After promotion to the rank of lieutenant colonel and selection for tactical battalion command, McBride assumed command of the Special Troops Battalion, 3rd Sustainment Brigade, Fort Stewart, Georgia. He deployed his battalion to Iraq, where it served as part of the Surge Campaign during the Iraq War from 2007 to 2009. After battalion command McBride was assigned as the executive officer to the G-4, Army Forces Command, Fort McPherson, Georgia.Upon graduation from the Air War College, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama he returned to Fort Gillem, Georgia, where he served as Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff, G-4, Army Forces Command. McBride then commanded the 593d Sustainment Brigade, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington. He deployed elements of the 593rd to Afghanistan, where he led the CENTCOM Materiel Recovery Element (CMRE). Upon return from deployment he inactivated the Sustainment Brigade and converted it to the 593rd Expeditionary Sustainment Command.[6]McBride then served as the G-3/5/7 of the Combined Arms Support Command (CASCOM) at Fort Lee, Virginia. His last assignment was as the commanding general of the 13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) at Fort Hood, Texas.[7]McBride retired from the Army in 2020.[8]","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Support Operations Course\nInspector General Course\nJoint Logistics Course\nJoint Personnel Recovery Course","title":"Military courses"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and decorations"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Military supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_supply"},{"title":"Quartermaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartermaster"},{"title":"Quartermaster Center and School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartermaster_Center_and_School"},{"title":"Quartermaster Corps (United States Army)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartermaster_Corps_(United_States_Army)"},{"title":"Quartermaster general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartermaster_general"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Quartermaster Commandant - Biography\". U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps. Retrieved 15 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://quartermaster.army.mil/quartermaster_general_bio.html","url_text":"\"Quartermaster Commandant - Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"2017 Patriotic Program Speakers & Parade Grand Marshalls\". PRCA Rodeo. Retrieved 24 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rodeobelton.com/press_release.aspx?p=20","url_text":"\"2017 Patriotic Program Speakers & Parade Grand Marshalls\""}]},{"reference":"\"2017 Patriotic Program Speakers & Parade Grand Marshalls\". PRCA Rodeo. Retrieved 24 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rodeobelton.com/press_release.aspx?p=20","url_text":"\"2017 Patriotic Program Speakers & Parade Grand Marshalls\""}]},{"reference":"McBride, Douglas M. Jr.; Snell, Reginald L. (January–February 2017). \"Applying Mission Command to Overcome Challenges\" (PDF). Army Sustainment. Retrieved 22 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://alu.army.mil/alog/2017/JANFEB17/PDF/179942.pdf","url_text":"\"Applying Mission Command to Overcome Challenges\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fort Hood Sustainment commander promoted to brigadier general\". Killeen Daily Herald. Retrieved 24 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://kdhnews.com/fort_hood_herald/across_the_fort/fort-hood-sustainment-commander-promoted-to-brigadier-general/article_c32fb29e-1400-11e7-bc35-430a957977b3.html","url_text":"\"Fort Hood Sustainment commander promoted to brigadier general\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brigadier general to command ESC\". Northwest Military.com. Retrieved 24 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.northwestmilitary.com/news/news-front/2013/05/Brigadier-general-to-command-593rd-Sustainment-Command-Expeditionary-at-joint-base-lewis-mcchord/","url_text":"\"Brigadier general to command ESC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Quartermaster Commandant - Biography\". US Army Quartermaster School. Retrieved 23 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.quartermaster.army.mil/quartermaster_general_bio.html","url_text":"\"Quartermaster Commandant - Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Bell, Terrance (2 June 2020). \"Col. Michelle Donahue becomes 56th Quartermaster General\". US Army. Retrieved 22 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.army.mil/article/236177/col_michelle_donahue_becomes_56th_quartermaster_general","url_text":"\"Col. Michelle Donahue becomes 56th Quartermaster General\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://quartermaster.army.mil/quartermaster_general_bio.html","external_links_name":"\"Quartermaster Commandant - Biography\""},{"Link":"https://www.rodeobelton.com/press_release.aspx?p=20","external_links_name":"\"2017 Patriotic Program Speakers & Parade Grand Marshalls\""},{"Link":"https://www.rodeobelton.com/press_release.aspx?p=20","external_links_name":"\"2017 Patriotic Program Speakers & Parade Grand Marshalls\""},{"Link":"https://alu.army.mil/alog/2017/JANFEB17/PDF/179942.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Applying Mission Command to Overcome Challenges\""},{"Link":"http://kdhnews.com/fort_hood_herald/across_the_fort/fort-hood-sustainment-commander-promoted-to-brigadier-general/article_c32fb29e-1400-11e7-bc35-430a957977b3.html","external_links_name":"\"Fort Hood Sustainment commander promoted to brigadier general\""},{"Link":"http://www.northwestmilitary.com/news/news-front/2013/05/Brigadier-general-to-command-593rd-Sustainment-Command-Expeditionary-at-joint-base-lewis-mcchord/","external_links_name":"\"Brigadier general to command ESC\""},{"Link":"http://www.quartermaster.army.mil/quartermaster_general_bio.html","external_links_name":"\"Quartermaster Commandant - Biography\""},{"Link":"https://www.army.mil/article/236177/col_michelle_donahue_becomes_56th_quartermaster_general","external_links_name":"\"Col. Michelle Donahue becomes 56th Quartermaster General\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Jane_Croft
|
Mary Jane Croft
|
["1 Early career","2 Radio","3 Television","4 Later years and death","5 Personal life","6 Filmography","7 References","8 External links"]
|
American actress (1916–1999)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Mary Jane Croft" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Mary Jane CroftBorn(1916-02-15)February 15, 1916Muncie, Indiana, USDiedAugust 24, 1999(1999-08-24) (aged 83)Century City, California, USOther namesMary Jane Croft LewisOccupationActressYears active1935–1979Spouses
Jack Zoller(m. 19??; div. 19??)
Elliott Lewis
(m. 1959; died 1990)
Children1
Mary Jane Croft (February 15, 1916 – August 24, 1999) was an American actress best known for roles as Betty Ramsey on I Love Lucy, Miss Daisy Enright on the radio and television versions of Our Miss Brooks, Mary Jane Lewis on The Lucy Show and Here's Lucy, and Clara Randolph on The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet.
Early career
Described as "a stage-struck 17-year-old just out of high school", she started her career on the stage of the Muncie Civic Theatre. She quickly joined the Guild Theatre company, a new theatrical stock company in Cincinnati. From that, she went to radio station WLW. Croft said of her work at WLW, "from 1935 to 1939, I played parts with every kind of voice and accent: children, babies, old women, society belles, main street floozies – everything."
Radio
Croft's initial appearance on radio was in Sherlock Holmes. She worked extensively as an actress in radio, appearing on such programs as Life with Luigi, Blondie, The Adventures of Sam Spade, Suspense, The Beulah Show, The Bill Goodwin Show, Broadway Is My Beat, On Stage, Crime Classics, Four-Star Playhouse, The Harold Peary Show, Joan Davis Time, The Mel Blanc Show, One Man's Family, Our Miss Brooks, and Sears Radio Theater. She also appeared in frequent guest-star roles on Lucille Ball's My Favorite Husband, the beginning of their later professional and personal relationship.
Croft and Hal March co-starred in Too Many Cooks, a summer replacement program on CBS in 1950. The comedy centered on Douglas and Carrie Cook and their 10 children.
Television
In addition to her work with Lucille Ball, she was a frequent guest star on other television programs, including Howard Duff's adventure/drama series Dante in the 1960 episode "The Misfortune Cookie".
She was a regular on at least two other series, as Clara Randolph the ebullient neighbor with the shrill voice married to Joe Randolph played by Hollywood veteran Lyle Talbot on The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, and on Our Miss Brooks on CBS, in which she reprised her radio role as Miss Daisy Enright, the title character's rival. She provided the voice for Cleo the Basset Hound in Jackie Cooper's NBC series The People’s Choice (1955–58).
Late in the weekly run of the original I Love Lucy series, the major characters moved to Connecticut. There, Lucy Ricardo befriended a new neighbor, Betty Ramsey (portrayed by Croft), who was very socially conscious and tended to get Lucy involved in adventures different from those that involved Ethel Mertz (Vivian Vance). Croft had previously guest-starred as Lucy's wealthy schoolmate Cynthia Harcourt in "Lucy is Envious", then as Evelyn Bigsby, the airline passenger seated next to Lucy in "Return Home from Europe", the episode in which Lucy disguises a hunk of cheese as a baby.
When Vance left The Lucy Show after the 1964–1965 season, Croft became Lucy's new sidekick, Mary Jane Lewis. Croft had previously had a recurring role as Audrey Simmons during the show's early seasons set in Danfield, New York. Mary Jane Lewis was Croft's legal name at the time, as she was then married to actor-producer Elliott Lewis (who had originally produced The Lucy Show during its first two seasons), but continued to use her maiden name professionally. Her only son, by a prior marriage, was killed in the Vietnam War during the period that she was co-starring with Ball.
The Lewis character was maintained when The Lucy Show was transformed into Ball's third sitcom, Here's Lucy. The character remained until Ball decided to end Here's Lucy in 1974.
Croft made an unsold pilot, The Two of Us, that centered on a children's books illustrator. The pilot was produced by Desilu.
Later years and death
Croft continued to act in television for several years after the end of Here's Lucy, even reuniting with Ball in 1977 in the special Lucy Calls the President. She also returned to radio for several episodes of Sears Radio Theater in 1979.
She died of natural causes in Century City, California.
Personal life
Croft married actor Jack Zoller, but they divorced after a short time. She married Elliott Lewis in 1959 and remained wed until his death in 1990. Croft had a son, Eric, by her first marriage, who was killed in action in 1967 during the Vietnam War.
Filmography
Film
Year
Film
Role
Notes
1943
In Old Oklahoma
Dance-hall girl
Uncredited
1958
Kathy O'
Harriet Burton/Aunt Harriet
Radio
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1945-1954
Beulah
Alice Henderson
1946-1947
The Mel Blanc Show
Betty Colby
1948-1957
Our Miss Brooks
Daisy Enright
1953
On Stage
Mrs. Bill Bailey
"String Bow Tie"
1953-1954
Crime Classics
Bathsheba Spooner, Elizabeth, Josie Mansfield, Marie, Marquise de Brinvilliers
"The Crime of Bathsheba Spooner", "The Axe and the Droot Family - How They Fared", "The Checkered Life and Sudden Death of Colonel James Fisk Jr.", "The Lethal Habit of the Marquise de Brinvilliers"
1954
Escape
Narrator
"The Price of the Head"
1979
Sears Radio Theater
Elizabeth
"The Choosing"
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1952
I Married Joan
Helen
Unknown episodes
1953–1955
Our Miss Brooks
Miss Daisy Enright
4 episodes
1954-1957
I Love Lucy
Cynthia Harcourt, Betty Ramsey
7 episodes
1955–1958
The People's Choice
Cleo the Basset Hound (voice)
all episodes
1956
Dragnet
2 episodes
1956–1966
The Adventures of Ozzie & Harriet
Clara Randolph
75 episodes
1957
The Eve Arden Show
Secretary
1 episode, "Housework"
1958
The Court of Last Resort
Mrs. Craig
1 episode
1960
Dante
Alma Jenks
1 episode
1962–1968
The Lucy Show
Audrey Simmons (1962–64)Mary Jane Lewis (1965–68)
8 episodes (1962–64)31 episodes (1965–68)
1966
Vacation Playhouse
Helen
1 episode
The Two of Us
Helen
Television pilot
1969
The Mothers-in-Law
Carol Yates
1 episode
1969–1974
Here's Lucy
Mary Jane Lewis
30 episodes
1977
Lucy Calls the President
Midge Bowser
Television special
1981
An Ozzie and Harriet Christmas
Self
TV special on KTLA in Los Angeles
References
^ a b "Meet Voice Of Cleo, the Talking Dog". Corpus Christi Caller-Times. December 29, 1957. p. 5E. Retrieved March 24, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Good Old Days". Winona Daily News. July 29, 1973. p. 9A. Retrieved March 24, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "On the Air". Circleville Herald. October 30, 1947. p. 15. Retrieved March 24, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Crosby, John (August 14, 1950). "Radio in Review". The Evening Review. East Liverpool, Ohio. p. 10. Retrieved March 24, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Special: The Two of Us". Independent Press-Telegram. Long Beach, Calif. August 6, 1967. p. 8 Tele-Views. Retrieved March 24, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Pesselnick, Jill (August 31, 1999). "Mary Jane Croft Lewis". Variety. Retrieved April 6, 2019.
^ "Mary Jane Croft: A 'Working Actress'". Independent. Long Beach. Independent Press-Telegram. October 15, 1967. p. 11. Retrieved October 24, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Howlett, Debbie (November 11, 2001). "When reports of your death are exaggerated". USA Today. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
External links
Biography portalIndiana portalLos Angeles portalCalifornia portalRadio portalFilm portalTelevision portal
Mary Jane Croft at IMDb
Mary Jane Croft Honored Archived November 5, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Other
SNAC
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I Love Lucy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_Lucy"},{"link_name":"Our Miss Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Miss_Brooks"},{"link_name":"The Lucy Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lucy_Show"},{"link_name":"Here's Lucy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here%27s_Lucy"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Ozzie_and_Harriet"}],"text":"Mary Jane Croft (February 15, 1916 – August 24, 1999) was an American actress best known for roles as Betty Ramsey on I Love Lucy, Miss Daisy Enright on the radio and television versions of Our Miss Brooks, Mary Jane Lewis on The Lucy Show and Here's Lucy, and Clara Randolph on The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet.","title":"Mary Jane Croft"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"WLW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLW"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cc-1"}],"text":"Described as \"a stage-struck 17-year-old just out of high school\", she started her career on the stage of the Muncie Civic Theatre. She quickly joined the Guild Theatre company, a new theatrical stock company in Cincinnati. From that, she went to radio station WLW. Croft said of her work at WLW, \"from 1935 to 1939, I played parts with every kind of voice and accent: children, babies, old women, society belles, main street floozies – everything.\"[1]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cc-1"},{"link_name":"Life with Luigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_with_Luigi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Blondie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blondie_(radio)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Sam Spade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Sam_Spade"},{"link_name":"Suspense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspense_(radio_program)"},{"link_name":"The Beulah Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beulah_(series)"},{"link_name":"The Bill Goodwin Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bill_Goodwin_Show_(radio_program)"},{"link_name":"Broadway Is My Beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_Is_My_Beat"},{"link_name":"On Stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Stage_(radio_show)"},{"link_name":"Crime Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_Classics"},{"link_name":"Four-Star Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Star_Playhouse_(radio_program)"},{"link_name":"The Harold Peary Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harold_Peary_Show"},{"link_name":"Joan Davis Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Davis"},{"link_name":"The Mel Blanc Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Blanc"},{"link_name":"One Man's Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Man%27s_Family"},{"link_name":"Our Miss Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Miss_Brooks"},{"link_name":"Sears Radio Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears_Radio_Theater"},{"link_name":"Lucille Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucille_Ball"},{"link_name":"My Favorite Husband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Favorite_Husband"},{"link_name":"Hal March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_March"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Croft's initial appearance on radio was in Sherlock Holmes.[1] She worked extensively as an actress in radio, appearing on such programs as Life with Luigi,[2] Blondie,[3] The Adventures of Sam Spade, Suspense, The Beulah Show, The Bill Goodwin Show, Broadway Is My Beat, On Stage, Crime Classics, Four-Star Playhouse, The Harold Peary Show, Joan Davis Time, The Mel Blanc Show, One Man's Family, Our Miss Brooks, and Sears Radio Theater. She also appeared in frequent guest-star roles on Lucille Ball's My Favorite Husband, the beginning of their later professional and personal relationship.Croft and Hal March co-starred in Too Many Cooks, a summer replacement program on CBS in 1950. The comedy centered on Douglas and Carrie Cook and their 10 children.[4]","title":"Radio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Howard Duff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Duff"},{"link_name":"Dante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"Jackie Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Cooper"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"The People’s Choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_People%27s_Choice_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Ethel Mertz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Mertz"},{"link_name":"Vivian Vance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivian_Vance"},{"link_name":"Elliott Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Lewis_(radio)"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Here's Lucy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here%27s_Lucy"},{"link_name":"Desilu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desilu_Productions"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In addition to her work with Lucille Ball, she was a frequent guest star on other television programs, including Howard Duff's adventure/drama series Dante in the 1960 episode \"The Misfortune Cookie\".She was a regular on at least two other series, as Clara Randolph the ebullient neighbor with the shrill voice married to Joe Randolph played by Hollywood veteran Lyle Talbot on The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, and on Our Miss Brooks on CBS, in which she reprised her radio role as Miss Daisy Enright, the title character's rival. She provided the voice for Cleo the Basset Hound in Jackie Cooper's NBC series The People’s Choice (1955–58).Late in the weekly run of the original I Love Lucy series, the major characters moved to Connecticut. There, Lucy Ricardo befriended a new neighbor, Betty Ramsey (portrayed by Croft), who was very socially conscious and tended to get Lucy involved in adventures different from those that involved Ethel Mertz (Vivian Vance). Croft had previously guest-starred as Lucy's wealthy schoolmate Cynthia Harcourt in \"Lucy is Envious\", then as Evelyn Bigsby, the airline passenger seated next to Lucy in \"Return Home from Europe\", the episode in which Lucy disguises a hunk of cheese as a baby.When Vance left The Lucy Show after the 1964–1965 season, Croft became Lucy's new sidekick, Mary Jane Lewis. Croft had previously had a recurring role as Audrey Simmons during the show's early seasons set in Danfield, New York. Mary Jane Lewis was Croft's legal name at the time, as she was then married to actor-producer Elliott Lewis (who had originally produced The Lucy Show during its first two seasons), but continued to use her maiden name professionally. Her only son, by a prior marriage, was killed in the Vietnam War during the period that she was co-starring with Ball.The Lewis character was maintained when The Lucy Show was transformed into Ball's third sitcom, Here's Lucy. The character remained until Ball decided to end Here's Lucy in 1974.Croft made an unsold pilot, The Two of Us, that centered on a children's books illustrator. The pilot was produced by Desilu.[5]","title":"Television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sears Radio Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears_Radio_Theater"},{"link_name":"Century City, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_City,_California"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Croft continued to act in television for several years after the end of Here's Lucy, even reuniting with Ball in 1977 in the special Lucy Calls the President. She also returned to radio for several episodes of Sears Radio Theater in 1979.She died of natural causes in Century City, California.[6]","title":"Later years and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elliott Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Lewis_(radio)"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Croft married actor Jack Zoller, but they divorced after a short time. She married Elliott Lewis in 1959 and remained wed until his death in 1990. Croft had a son, Eric, by her first marriage, who was killed in action in 1967 during the Vietnam War.[7][8]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Meet Voice Of Cleo, the Talking Dog\". Corpus Christi Caller-Times. December 29, 1957. p. 5E. Retrieved March 24, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2057720/mj_croftvoice_of_cleo/","url_text":"\"Meet Voice Of Cleo, the Talking Dog\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi_Caller-Times","url_text":"Corpus Christi Caller-Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Good Old Days\". Winona Daily News. July 29, 1973. p. 9A. Retrieved March 24, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2058199/mj_croftluigi/","url_text":"\"Good Old Days\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winona_Daily_News","url_text":"Winona Daily News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"On the Air\". Circleville Herald. October 30, 1947. p. 15. Retrieved March 24, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2058341/mj_croftblondie_role/","url_text":"\"On the Air\""}]},{"reference":"Crosby, John (August 14, 1950). \"Radio in Review\". The Evening Review. East Liverpool, Ohio. p. 10. Retrieved March 24, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2060440/mj_croft_too_many_cooks/","url_text":"\"Radio in Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Special: The Two of Us\". Independent Press-Telegram. Long Beach, Calif. August 6, 1967. p. 8 Tele-Views. Retrieved March 24, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2060371/mj_croftunsold_pilot/","url_text":"\"Special: The Two of Us\""}]},{"reference":"Pesselnick, Jill (August 31, 1999). \"Mary Jane Croft Lewis\". Variety. Retrieved April 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/1999/scene/people-news/mary-jane-croft-lewis-1117755220/","url_text":"\"Mary Jane Croft Lewis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"Mary Jane Croft: A 'Working Actress'\". Independent. Long Beach. Independent Press-Telegram. October 15, 1967. p. 11. Retrieved October 24, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2058046/independent_presstelegram","url_text":"\"Mary Jane Croft: A 'Working Actress'\""}]},{"reference":"Howlett, Debbie (November 11, 2001). \"When reports of your death are exaggerated\". USA Today. Retrieved October 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2001/11/12/thewall-usat.htm","url_text":"\"When reports of your death are exaggerated\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mary+Jane+Croft%22","external_links_name":"\"Mary Jane Croft\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mary+Jane+Croft%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mary+Jane+Croft%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mary+Jane+Croft%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mary+Jane+Croft%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mary+Jane+Croft%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2057720/mj_croftvoice_of_cleo/","external_links_name":"\"Meet Voice Of Cleo, the Talking Dog\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2058199/mj_croftluigi/","external_links_name":"\"Good Old Days\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2058341/mj_croftblondie_role/","external_links_name":"\"On the Air\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2060440/mj_croft_too_many_cooks/","external_links_name":"\"Radio in Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2060371/mj_croftunsold_pilot/","external_links_name":"\"Special: The Two of Us\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/1999/scene/people-news/mary-jane-croft-lewis-1117755220/","external_links_name":"\"Mary Jane Croft Lewis\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2058046/independent_presstelegram","external_links_name":"\"Mary Jane Croft: A 'Working Actress'\""},{"Link":"http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2001/11/12/thewall-usat.htm","external_links_name":"\"When reports of your death are exaggerated\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0188483/","external_links_name":"Mary Jane Croft"},{"Link":"http://www.lucyfan.com/maryjanetribute.html","external_links_name":"Mary Jane Croft Honored"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151105220005/http://www.lucyfan.com/maryjanetribute.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/19475732","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgX8hRgYCjH4FQPPFTWDq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2007158973","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6zp4f60","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untere_Burg
|
Untere Burg
|
["1 History","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 47°14′00″N 9°32′33″E / 47.2332°N 9.5424°E / 47.2332; 9.5424Castle ruin located in the municipality of Schellenberg, Liechtenstein
Untere BurgView of castle ruins and inner ward from current access gate (Tor 2)Alternative namesBurg Alt-SchellenbergGeneral informationTypeRuined castleLocationSchellenberg, LiechtensteinCoordinates47°14′00″N 9°32′33″E / 47.2332°N 9.5424°E / 47.2332; 9.5424Construction startedbuilt around 1250, first written record from 1317OwnerHistorischer Verein für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein (Historical Association of the Principality of Liechtenstein)
Untere Burg ("Lower Castle"), also known colloquially as Burg Alt-Schellenberg ("Castle of Alt-Schellenberg"), is a castle ruin located in the municipality of Schellenberg, Liechtenstein. It lies at the edge of a local forest, a few hundred metres north of the main road between Vorderer Schellenberg and Mittleler Schellenberg (two of the burroughs in the village of Alt-Schellenberg). It is freely open to tourists and accessible by foot or mountain bike via a local footpath. Untere Burg is one of the five existing castles in Liechtenstein and one of the three ruined ones in the country.
History
Untere Burg is the smaller and newer one of the two ruined castles in the Municipality of Schellenberg. Its construction was finished around 1250. Its first appearance in written records is from 1317. The castle reached the pinnacle of its structural expansion around the year 1350. According to current estimates, it was inhabited until roughly the 16th century, when it was abandoned and ceased to function as a residence. In the following centuries, the castle lost its military purpose and became a ruin.
In 1956, Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein handed over ownership of the heavily overgrown ruin to the Historisches Verein für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein (Historical Association of the Principality of Liechtenstein). This institution is the current owner and caretaker of the ruin and oversees its research, upkeep and preservation.
Gallery
Map of the castle
Outer bailey (dating ca. 1400) with outer gate (far right)
Inner ward with medieval baking oven (far left) and current access gate (Tor 2) on the right
Tower (Turm), added ca. 1350
Medieval stairs (Treppe)
See also
Obere Burg - The other castle ruin in the municipality of Schellenberg.
List of castles in Liechtenstein
References
^ "Historischer Verein für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein (Historical Association of the Principality of Liechtenstein)". 31 March 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
^ "Principality of Liechtenstein: Travel, holidays, vacations - Activities - Popular sights & the countryside: Castle ruins in Schellenberg". 31 March 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
^ "Photo gallery of Liechtenstein and Luxembourg castles, including photos of Untere Burg" (in German). 2013-01-05. Retrieved 2013-01-05.
^ "Historischer Verein für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein - Die Burgen auf dem Schellenberg (Historical Association of the Principality of Liechtenstein - The castles on Schellenberg)" (in German). 5 March 2016. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
^ Cornelia Herrmann (2007). Die Kunstdenkmäler des Fürstentums Liechtenstein. Das Oberland. In: Gesellschaft für Schweizerische Kunstgeschichte GSK: Die Kunstdenkmäler der Schweiz.. Bern. ISBN 978-3-906131-85-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "Untere Burg on Burgenwelt.de" (in German). 2016-01-22. Retrieved 2016-01-22.
^ "Ground plan of Untere Burg on Burgenwelt.de" (in German). 2016-01-22. Retrieved 2016-01-22.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Untere Burg Castle, Schellenberg, Liechtenstein.
History of Schellenberg municipality (in German)
History of Schellenberg municipality (in English)
vte Castles in Liechtenstein
Gutenberg Castle
Obere Burg
Schalun Castle
Untere Burg
Vaduz Castle
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"colloquially","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloquialism"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"Schellenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schellenberg"},{"link_name":"Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Castle ruin located in the municipality of Schellenberg, LiechtensteinUntere Burg (\"Lower Castle\"), also known colloquially as Burg Alt-Schellenberg (\"Castle of Alt-Schellenberg\"), is a castle ruin located in the municipality of Schellenberg, Liechtenstein. It lies at the edge of a local forest, a few hundred metres north of the main road between Vorderer Schellenberg and Mittleler Schellenberg (two of the burroughs in the village of Alt-Schellenberg). It is freely open to tourists and accessible by foot or mountain bike via a local footpath.[2][3] Untere Burg is one of the five existing castles in Liechtenstein and one of the three ruined ones in the country.","title":"Untere Burg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"Schellenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schellenberg"},{"link_name":"Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_II,_Prince_of_Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Untere Burg is the smaller and newer one of the two ruined castles in the Municipality of Schellenberg. Its construction was finished around 1250. Its first appearance in written records is from 1317. The castle reached the pinnacle of its structural expansion around the year 1350. According to current estimates, it was inhabited until roughly the 16th century, when it was abandoned and ceased to function as a residence. In the following centuries, the castle lost its military purpose and became a ruin.In 1956, Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein handed over ownership of the heavily overgrown ruin to the Historisches Verein für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein (Historical Association of the Principality of Liechtenstein). This institution is the current owner and caretaker of the ruin and oversees its research, upkeep and preservation.[4][5][6][7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Untere_Burg_Schellenberg4.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Untere_Burg_Schellenberg1.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Untere_Burg_Schellenberg3.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Untere_Burg_Schellenberg5.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Untere_Burg_Schellenberg6.JPG"}],"text":"Map of the castle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOuter bailey (dating ca. 1400) with outer gate (far right)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInner ward with medieval baking oven (far left) and current access gate (Tor 2) on the right\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTower (Turm), added ca. 1350\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMedieval stairs (Treppe)","title":"Gallery"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Obere Burg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obere_Burg"},{"title":"Schellenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schellenberg"},{"title":"List of castles in Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Liechtenstein"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Historischer Verein für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein (Historical Association of the Principality of Liechtenstein)\". 31 March 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://historischerverein.li/","url_text":"\"Historischer Verein für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein (Historical Association of the Principality of Liechtenstein)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Principality of Liechtenstein: Travel, holidays, vacations - Activities - Popular sights & the countryside: Castle ruins in Schellenberg\". 31 March 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://tourismus.li/en/lie/place/Castle%20ruins%20in%20Schellenberg/","url_text":"\"Principality of Liechtenstein: Travel, holidays, vacations - Activities - Popular sights & the countryside: Castle ruins in Schellenberg\""}]},{"reference":"\"Photo gallery of Liechtenstein and Luxembourg castles, including photos of Untere Burg\" (in German). 2013-01-05. Retrieved 2013-01-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ruinenland.de/burgen-luxemburg.htm","url_text":"\"Photo gallery of Liechtenstein and Luxembourg castles, including photos of Untere Burg\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historischer Verein für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein - Die Burgen auf dem Schellenberg (Historical Association of the Principality of Liechtenstein - The castles on Schellenberg)\" (in German). 5 March 2016. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160505090448/http://historischerverein.li/vereinsgeschichte/burgen","url_text":"\"Historischer Verein für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein - Die Burgen auf dem Schellenberg (Historical Association of the Principality of Liechtenstein - The castles on Schellenberg)\""},{"url":"http://www.historischerverein.li/vereinsgeschichte/burgen","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cornelia Herrmann (2007). Die Kunstdenkmäler des Fürstentums Liechtenstein. Das Oberland. In: Gesellschaft für Schweizerische Kunstgeschichte GSK: Die Kunstdenkmäler der Schweiz.. Bern. ISBN 978-3-906131-85-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-906131-85-6","url_text":"978-3-906131-85-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Untere Burg on Burgenwelt.de\" (in German). 2016-01-22. Retrieved 2016-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.burgenwelt.org/liechtenstein/alt_schellenberg/object.php","url_text":"\"Untere Burg on Burgenwelt.de\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ground plan of Untere Burg on Burgenwelt.de\" (in German). 2016-01-22. Retrieved 2016-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.burgenwelt.org/liechtenstein/alt_schellenberg/object.php#grundriss","url_text":"\"Ground plan of Untere Burg on Burgenwelt.de\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Untere_Burg¶ms=47.2332_N_9.5424_E_type:landmark_region:LI","external_links_name":"47°14′00″N 9°32′33″E / 47.2332°N 9.5424°E / 47.2332; 9.5424"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Untere_Burg¶ms=47.2332_N_9.5424_E_type:landmark_region:LI","external_links_name":"47°14′00″N 9°32′33″E / 47.2332°N 9.5424°E / 47.2332; 9.5424"},{"Link":"https://historischerverein.li/","external_links_name":"\"Historischer Verein für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein (Historical Association of the Principality of Liechtenstein)\""},{"Link":"https://tourismus.li/en/lie/place/Castle%20ruins%20in%20Schellenberg/","external_links_name":"\"Principality of Liechtenstein: Travel, holidays, vacations - Activities - Popular sights & the countryside: Castle ruins in Schellenberg\""},{"Link":"http://www.ruinenland.de/burgen-luxemburg.htm","external_links_name":"\"Photo gallery of Liechtenstein and Luxembourg castles, including photos of Untere Burg\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160505090448/http://historischerverein.li/vereinsgeschichte/burgen","external_links_name":"\"Historischer Verein für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein - Die Burgen auf dem Schellenberg (Historical Association of the Principality of Liechtenstein - The castles on Schellenberg)\""},{"Link":"http://www.historischerverein.li/vereinsgeschichte/burgen","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.burgenwelt.org/liechtenstein/alt_schellenberg/object.php","external_links_name":"\"Untere Burg on Burgenwelt.de\""},{"Link":"http://www.burgenwelt.org/liechtenstein/alt_schellenberg/object.php#grundriss","external_links_name":"\"Ground plan of Untere Burg on Burgenwelt.de\""},{"Link":"http://www.schellenberg.li/geschichte","external_links_name":"History of Schellenberg municipality"},{"Link":"http://www.schellenberg.li/files/medienarchiv/Schellenberg-history.pdf","external_links_name":"History of Schellenberg municipality"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glimpses_of_the_Moon_(Wharton_novel)
|
The Glimpses of the Moon (Wharton novel)
|
["1 References"]
|
Novel by Edith Wharton
For the novel by Edmund Crispin, see The Glimpses of the Moon (Crispin novel).
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Glimpses of the Moon
The Glimpses of the Moon is a 1922 novel by Edith Wharton.
It was made into a silent film of the same name in 1923, but this is now lost.
The title comes from Hamlet (I.iv). The novel is in the public domain and available on Wikisource.
References
^ Edith Wharton (1922), The glimpses of the moon, New York D. Appleton, retrieved 3 November 2017
^ Edith Wharton (1996), The glimpses of the moon (1st Scribner Paperback Fiction ed.), New York Scribner Paperback Fiction, ISBN 978-0-684-82619-6
^ Edith Wharton (1994), The glimpses of the moon (1st Collier Books ed.), New York Collier Books/Macmillan Pub. Co, retrieved 3 November 2017
vteEdith WhartonNovels
The House of Mirth (1905)
The Reef (1912)
The Custom of the Country (1913)
Summer (1917)
The Age of Innocence (1920)
The Glimpses of the Moon (1922)
Twilight Sleep (1927)
The Buccaneers (1938)
Novellasand novelette
The Touchstone (1900)
Ethan Frome (1911)
Bunner Sisters (1916)
Old New York (1924)
Short storycollections
The Greater Inclination (1899)
Crucial Instances (1901)
Non-fiction
The Decoration of Houses (1897)
Fighting France: From Dunkerque to Belfort (1915)
As editor
The Book of the Homeless (1916)
AdaptationsFilm
The House of Mirth (1918)
The Glimpses of the Moon (1923)
The Age of Innocence (1924)
The Marriage Playground (1929)
The Age of Innocence (1934)
Strange Wives (1934)
The Old Maid (1939)
The Children (1990)
Ethan Frome (1993)
The Age of Innocence (1993)
The Reef (1999)
The House of Mirth (2000)
Television
The House of Mirth (1981)
The Buccaneers (1995)
The Buccaneers (2023)
Related
The Mount (Lenox, Massachusetts)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
United States
This article about a 1920s novel is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte
This article about an American novel is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Glimpses of the Moon (Crispin novel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glimpses_of_the_Moon_(Crispin_novel)"},{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"The Glimpses of the Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Glimpses_of_the_Moon"},{"link_name":"Edith Wharton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"silent film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glimpses_of_the_Moon_(film)"},{"link_name":"Hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet"},{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For the novel by Edmund Crispin, see The Glimpses of the Moon (Crispin novel).Wikisource has original text related to this article:\nThe Glimpses of the MoonThe Glimpses of the Moon is a 1922 novel by Edith Wharton.[1]It was made into a silent film of the same name in 1923, but this is now lost.The title comes from Hamlet (I.iv). The novel is in the public domain and available on Wikisource.[2][3]","title":"The Glimpses of the Moon (Wharton novel)"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Edith Wharton (1922), The glimpses of the moon, New York D. Appleton, retrieved 3 November 2017","urls":[{"url":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/1423423","url_text":"The glimpses of the moon"}]},{"reference":"Edith Wharton (1996), The glimpses of the moon (1st Scribner Paperback Fiction ed.), New York Scribner Paperback Fiction, ISBN 978-0-684-82619-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82619-6","url_text":"978-0-684-82619-6"}]},{"reference":"Edith Wharton (1994), The glimpses of the moon (1st Collier Books ed.), New York Collier Books/Macmillan Pub. Co, retrieved 3 November 2017","urls":[{"url":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/1423423","url_text":"The glimpses of the moon"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/1423423","external_links_name":"The glimpses of the moon"},{"Link":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/1423423","external_links_name":"The glimpses of the moon"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/202332028","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4299268-0","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2014039162","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Glimpses_of_the_Moon_(Wharton_novel)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Glimpses_of_the_Moon_(Wharton_novel)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonal_argument
|
Diagonal argument
|
["1 See also"]
|
A diagonal argument, in mathematics, is a technique employed in the proofs of the following theorems:
Cantor's diagonal argument (the earliest)
Cantor's theorem
Russell's paradox
Diagonal lemma
Gödel's first incompleteness theorem
Tarski's undefinability theorem
Halting problem
Kleene's recursion theorem
Its category-theoretical general formulation is given by Lawvere's fixed-point theorem.
See also
Diagonalization (disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists mathematics articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cantor's diagonal argument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantor%27s_diagonal_argument"},{"link_name":"Cantor's theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantor%27s_theorem"},{"link_name":"Russell's paradox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%27s_paradox"},{"link_name":"Diagonal lemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonal_lemma"},{"link_name":"Gödel's first incompleteness theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6del%27s_incompleteness_theorems"},{"link_name":"Tarski's undefinability theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarski%27s_undefinability_theorem"},{"link_name":"Halting problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halting_problem"},{"link_name":"Kleene's recursion theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleene%27s_recursion_theorem"},{"link_name":"Lawvere's fixed-point theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawvere%27s_fixed-point_theorem"}],"text":"Cantor's diagonal argument (the earliest)\nCantor's theorem\nRussell's paradox\nDiagonal lemma\nGödel's first incompleteness theorem\nTarski's undefinability theorem\nHalting problem\nKleene's recursion theoremIts category-theoretical general formulation is given by Lawvere's fixed-point theorem.","title":"Diagonal argument"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Diagonalization (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonalization_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Diagonal_argument&namespace=0"}]
|
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Diagonal_argument&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goshen,_Kentucky
|
Goshen, Kentucky
|
["1 Geography","2 History","3 Demographics","4 Economy","5 Education","6 Notable people","7 References","8 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 38°24′10″N 85°34′57″W / 38.40278°N 85.58250°W / 38.40278; -85.58250For other places of the same name, see Goshen (disambiguation).
City in Kentucky, United StatesGoshen, KentuckyCityLocation of Goshen in Oldham County, Kentucky.Coordinates: 38°24′10″N 85°34′57″W / 38.40278°N 85.58250°W / 38.40278; -85.58250CountryUnited StatesStateKentuckyCountyOldhamNamed forthe biblical Land of GoshenArea • Total0.20 sq mi (0.52 km2) • Land0.20 sq mi (0.51 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.01 km2)Elevation696 ft (212 m)Population (2020) • Total892 • Density4,527.92/sq mi (1,747.07/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code40026Area code502FIPS code21-31960GNIS feature ID2403716Websitecityofgoshen.com
Goshen is a home rule-class city in Oldham County, Kentucky, in the United States. The population was 892 at the 2020 census.
Geography
Nestled along the banks of the Ohio River northeast of Louisville.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2), all land.
History
Founded in 1849, the community was first known as Saltillo for the Mexican city near the 1847 Battle of Buena Vista during the Mexican–American War. When a new post office opened in 1851, it was named Goshen for the biblical Land of Goshen, which was described by American commentators as having had good soil. It was formally incorporated by the state assembly in 1990.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
188040—2000907—20109090.2%2020892−1.9%U.S. Decennial Census
As of the census of 2010, there were 909 people, 304 households, and 261 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,655.8 inhabitants per square mile (1,797.6/km2). There were 293 housing units at an average density of 1,504.0 per square mile (580.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 95.00% White, 2.40% African American, 0.80% Asian, 1.00% from other races, and 0.60% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.40% of the population.
There were 304 households, out of which 52.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.7% were married couples living together, 11.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 14.1% were non-families. 11.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.99 and the average family size was 3.24.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.6% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 36.6% from 25 to 44, 34.3% from 45 to 64, and 9.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.4 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $84,250, and the median income for a family was $88,958. Males had a median income of $65,583 versus $51,667 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,076. None of the families and 0.3% of the population were living below the poverty line, including none under 18 and 8.1% of those over 64.
Economy
It is known for its thoroughbred breeding farms, such as Upson Downs Farm and Sunny Acres Horse Farm (now occupied by Forever Green Farm Riding Academy). Goshen also is home to other farming operations, such as a tree farm called The Riverfarm. Goshen was formerly the location of Land O' Goshen farms, a horse and sheep breeding farm owned and operated by William Burke Belknap.
Goshen is home to various operations that are Kentucky Proud producers, these include: River Farm Nursery, Round Hill Farm LLC, Golden Drop Honey, Babs Bees, Field 51 Produce, and Blue Skies Horse Farm LLC.
Education
Goshen has a lending library, a branch of the Oldham County Public Library.
Notable people
Justin Thomas, professional golfer
William Burke Belknap, professor of economics at the University of Louisville
References
^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Goshen, Kentucky
^ Rennick, Robert M. (1987). Kentucky Place Names. University Press of Kentucky. p. 120. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
^ Commonwealth of Kentucky. Office of the Secretary of State. Land Office. "Goshen, Kentucky". Accessed 28 July 2013.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "Kentucky Public Library Directory". Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives. Archived from the original on January 11, 2019. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
External links
City website
vteMunicipalities and communities of Oldham County, Kentucky, United StatesCounty seat: La GrangeCities
Crestwood
Goshen
La Grange
Orchard Grass Hills
Pewee Valley
Prospect‡
River Bluff
Location of Oldham County, KentuckyCDPs
Buckner
Westport
Unincorporatedcommunities
Ballardsville
Brownsboro
Centerfield
Floydsburg
Skylight
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Kentucky portal
United States portal
Authority control databases: Geographic
MusicBrainz area
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goshen (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goshen_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"home rule-class city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Oldham County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldham_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"}],"text":"For other places of the same name, see Goshen (disambiguation).City in Kentucky, United StatesGoshen is a home rule-class city in Oldham County, Kentucky, in the United States. The population was 892 at the 2020 census.","title":"Goshen, Kentucky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"Nestled along the banks of the Ohio River northeast of Louisville.According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2), all land.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mexican city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltillo"},{"link_name":"Battle of Buena Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Buena_Vista"},{"link_name":"Mexican–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"biblical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Land of Goshen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Goshen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"state assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Founded in 1849, the community was first known as Saltillo for the Mexican city near the 1847 Battle of Buena Vista during the Mexican–American War. When a new post office opened in 1851, it was named Goshen for the biblical Land of Goshen, which was described by American commentators as having had good soil.[3] It was formally incorporated by the state assembly in 1990.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-6"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[6] of 2010, there were 909 people, 304 households, and 261 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,655.8 inhabitants per square mile (1,797.6/km2). There were 293 housing units at an average density of 1,504.0 per square mile (580.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 95.00% White, 2.40% African American, 0.80% Asian, 1.00% from other races, and 0.60% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.40% of the population.There were 304 households, out of which 52.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.7% were married couples living together, 11.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 14.1% were non-families. 11.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.99 and the average family size was 3.24.In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.6% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 36.6% from 25 to 44, 34.3% from 45 to 64, and 9.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.4 males.The median income for a household in the city was $84,250, and the median income for a family was $88,958. Males had a median income of $65,583 versus $51,667 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,076. None of the families and 0.3% of the population were living below the poverty line, including none under 18 and 8.1% of those over 64.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Burke Belknap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Burke_Belknap"}],"text":"It is known for its thoroughbred breeding farms, such as Upson Downs Farm and Sunny Acres Horse Farm (now occupied by Forever Green Farm Riding Academy). Goshen also is home to other farming operations, such as a tree farm called The Riverfarm. Goshen was formerly the location of Land O' Goshen farms, a horse and sheep breeding farm owned and operated by William Burke Belknap.Goshen is home to various operations that are Kentucky Proud producers, these include: River Farm Nursery, Round Hill Farm LLC, Golden Drop Honey, Babs Bees, Field 51 Produce, and Blue Skies Horse Farm LLC.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lending library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_library"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Goshen has a lending library, a branch of the Oldham County Public Library.[7]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justin Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Thomas"},{"link_name":"William Burke Belknap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Burke_Belknap"}],"text":"Justin Thomas, professional golfer\nWilliam Burke Belknap, professor of economics at the University of Louisville","title":"Notable people"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Location of Oldham County, Kentucky","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Map_of_Kentucky_highlighting_Oldham_County.svg/200px-Map_of_Kentucky_highlighting_Oldham_County.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_21.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"Rennick, Robert M. (1987). Kentucky Place Names. University Press of Kentucky. p. 120. Retrieved April 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3Lac2FUSj_oC&pg=PA120","url_text":"Kentucky Place Names"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Kentucky Public Library Directory\". Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives. Archived from the original on January 11, 2019. Retrieved June 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190111202017/https://kdla.ky.gov/librarians/pages/librarydirectory.aspx","url_text":"\"Kentucky Public Library Directory\""},{"url":"https://kdla.ky.gov/librarians/pages/librarydirectory.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Goshen,_Kentucky¶ms=38_24_10_N_85_34_57_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"38°24′10″N 85°34′57″W / 38.40278°N 85.58250°W / 38.40278; -85.58250"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Goshen,_Kentucky¶ms=38_24_10_N_85_34_57_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"38°24′10″N 85°34′57″W / 38.40278°N 85.58250°W / 38.40278; -85.58250"},{"Link":"http://cityofgoshen.com/","external_links_name":"cityofgoshen.com"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_21.txt","external_links_name":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2403716","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Goshen, Kentucky"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3Lac2FUSj_oC&pg=PA120","external_links_name":"Kentucky Place Names"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190111202017/https://kdla.ky.gov/librarians/pages/librarydirectory.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Kentucky Public Library Directory\""},{"Link":"https://kdla.ky.gov/librarians/pages/librarydirectory.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cityofgoshen.com/","external_links_name":"City website"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/e98210d8-c1d9-4a01-a461-5bee9c8d68e1","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osse,_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship
|
Osse, Łódź Voivodeship
|
["1 References"]
|
Coordinates: 51°56′N 19°33′E / 51.933°N 19.550°E / 51.933; 19.550For other places with the same name, see Osse.
Village in Łódź Voivodeship, PolandOsseVillageOsseCoordinates: 51°56′N 19°33′E / 51.933°N 19.550°E / 51.933; 19.550Country PolandVoivodeshipŁódźCountyZgierzGminaStryków
Osse is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stryków, within Zgierz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central part of Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Stryków, 14 km (9 mi) north-east of Zgierz, and 18 km (11 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź.
References
^ "Central Statistical Office (GUS) – TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)" (in Polish). 2008-06-01.
vteGmina StrykówTown and seat
Stryków
Villages
Anielin
Anielin Swędowski
Bartolin
Bratoszewice
Bronin
Cesarka
Ciołek
Dobieszków
Dobra
Dobra-Nowiny
Gozdów
Kalinów
Kiełmina
Klęk
Koźle
Krucice
Lipa
Lipka
Ługi
Michałówek
Niesułków
Niesułków-Kolonia
Nowostawy Górne
Orzechówek
Osse
Pludwiny
Rokitnica
Sadówka
Sierżnia
Smolice
Sosnowiec
Sosnowiec-Pieńki
Stary Imielnik
Swędów
Tymianka
Warszewice
Wola Błędowa
Wrzask
Wyskoki
Zagłoba
Zelgoszcz
This Zgierz County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Osse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osse_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[ˈɔssɛ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"Gmina Stryków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Stryk%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Zgierz County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zgierz_County"},{"link_name":"Łódź Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Stryków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryk%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Zgierz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zgierz"},{"link_name":"Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TERYT-1"}],"text":"For other places with the same name, see Osse.Village in Łódź Voivodeship, PolandOsse [ˈɔssɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stryków, within Zgierz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central part of Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Stryków, 14 km (9 mi) north-east of Zgierz, and 18 km (11 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź.[1]","title":"Osse, Łódź Voivodeship"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) – TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\" (in Polish). 2008-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","url_text":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) – TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Osse,_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship¶ms=51_56_N_19_33_E_region:PL_type:city","external_links_name":"51°56′N 19°33′E / 51.933°N 19.550°E / 51.933; 19.550"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Osse,_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship¶ms=51_56_N_19_33_E_region:PL_type:city","external_links_name":"51°56′N 19°33′E / 51.933°N 19.550°E / 51.933; 19.550"},{"Link":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","external_links_name":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) – TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osse,_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Agatha%27s_chapel,_Mdina
|
St Agatha's chapel, Mdina
|
["1 History","2 References"]
|
Coordinates: 35°53′06.8″N 14°24′12.3″E / 35.885222°N 14.403417°E / 35.885222; 14.403417Church in Mdina, MaltaChapel of St AgathaThe Church of Saint AgathaKappella ta' Sant' AgataChapel of St Agatha35°53′06.8″N 14°24′12.3″E / 35.885222°N 14.403417°E / 35.885222; 14.403417LocationMdinaCountryMaltaDenominationRoman CatholicHistoryFounded1417DedicationSaint AgathaDedicated28 June 1695ArchitectureArchitect(s)Lorenzo GafàStyleBaroqueAdministrationArchdioceseMaltaClergyArchbishopCharles Scicluna
The Chapel of St Agatha is a small Roman Catholic church located in the medieval city of Mdina, Malta.
History
Interior of the chapel
The present structure dates from the 17th century however a much older church existed on its site. The original medieval chapel was built in 1417 by a nobleman Francesco Gattoand his wife Paola de' Castelli. On 22 January 1575 the chapel was visited by inquisitor Pietro Dusina on his apostolic visit to Malta. Prior to 1661 the chapel was owned by the Gatto Murina family. In 1661 the chapel was given to the church in Malta. The medieval chapel was damaged in the 1693 Sicily earthquake which destroyed much of Mdina including the medieval cathedral.
The new chapel was built on designs by renowned architect Lorenzo Gafà. The chapel was blessed by the Archdeacon Antonio Cauchi in the presence of Bishop Davide Cocco Palmieri and the Grand Master Adrien de Wignacourt, on 26 June 1696.
The titular painting depicts St Agatha, patroness of Malta, together with St Adrian, the work of Giuseppe D'Arena.
References
^ Spiteri, Mikiel (2000). A Hundred Wayside Chapels of Malta & Gozo. Valletta: Heritage Books. pp. 87–88. ISBN 999099305X.
^ Ciantar, Noel "Il-Kappella ta’ Sant’Agata - Imdina", Kappelli Maltin. Retrieved on 15 October 2016.
^ "St Agatha's Chapel", Culture Malta. Retrieved on 15 October 2016.
vte MdinaHistory
Ancient Melite
Siege of Melite (870)
Siege of Medina (1053–1054)
Norman invasion (1091)
Siege of Malta (1429)
Great Siege of Malta (1565)
Maltese uprising (1798)
Malta Railway
Coat of arms of MdinaArchitectureAncient
Domvs Romana
†Temple of Apollo
Fortifications
Mdina Gate
Greeks Gate
Torre dello Standardo
Churches
St Paul's Cathedral
Annunciation Church
St Agatha's Chapel
St Nicholas' Church
St Peter's Church and Monastery
St Peter in Chains Church
St Roque's Church
Visitation Chapel
Houses and palaces
Archbishop's Palace
Casa del Magistrato
Casa Mdina
Palazzo Costanzo
Palazzo Falson
Palazzo Ferriol
Palazzo Santa Sofia
Palazzo Testaferrata
Palazzo Vilhena (National Museum of Natural History)
Palazzo Xara
Gardens
Howard Gardens
Other
Banca Giuratale
Casino Notabile
Corte Capitanale
Herald's Loggia
Mdina Cathedral Museum
List of monuments
Sport
Mdina Knights F.C.
Mdina Knights Futsal
† Destroyed or demolished
Main category
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Mdina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mdina"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"}],"text":"Church in Mdina, MaltaThe Chapel of St Agatha is a small Roman Catholic church located in the medieval city of Mdina, Malta.","title":"St Agatha's chapel, Mdina"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Agatha%27s_chapel_Mdina.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pietro Dusina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Dusina"},{"link_name":"1693 Sicily earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1693_Sicily_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Gafà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Gaf%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Davide Cocco Palmieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davide_Cocco_Palmieri"},{"link_name":"Adrien de Wignacourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrien_de_Wignacourt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"St Agatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"St Adrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_and_Natalia_of_Nicomedia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Interior of the chapelThe present structure dates from the 17th century however a much older church existed on its site. The original medieval chapel was built in 1417 by a nobleman Francesco Gattoand his wife Paola de' Castelli. On 22 January 1575 the chapel was visited by inquisitor Pietro Dusina on his apostolic visit to Malta. Prior to 1661 the chapel was owned by the Gatto Murina family. In 1661 the chapel was given to the church in Malta. The medieval chapel was damaged in the 1693 Sicily earthquake which destroyed much of Mdina including the medieval cathedral.[1]The new chapel was built on designs by renowned architect Lorenzo Gafà. The chapel was blessed by the Archdeacon Antonio Cauchi in the presence of Bishop Davide Cocco Palmieri and the Grand Master Adrien de Wignacourt, on 26 June 1696.[2]The titular painting depicts St Agatha, patroness of Malta, together with St Adrian, the work of Giuseppe D'Arena.[3]","title":"History"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Interior of the chapel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/St_Agatha%27s_chapel_Mdina.jpg/230px-St_Agatha%27s_chapel_Mdina.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coat of arms of Mdina","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mdina_coa.svg/60px-Mdina_coa.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Spiteri, Mikiel (2000). A Hundred Wayside Chapels of Malta & Gozo. Valletta: Heritage Books. pp. 87–88. ISBN 999099305X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/999099305X","url_text":"999099305X"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Agatha%27s_chapel,_Mdina¶ms=35_53_06.8_N_14_24_12.3_E_type:landmark_region:MT","external_links_name":"35°53′06.8″N 14°24′12.3″E / 35.885222°N 14.403417°E / 35.885222; 14.403417"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Agatha%27s_chapel,_Mdina¶ms=35_53_06.8_N_14_24_12.3_E_type:landmark_region:MT","external_links_name":"35°53′06.8″N 14°24′12.3″E / 35.885222°N 14.403417°E / 35.885222; 14.403417"},{"Link":"http://www.kappellimaltin.com/html/s_agata_mdina.html","external_links_name":"\"Il-Kappella ta’ Sant’Agata - Imdina\""},{"Link":"https://culturemalta.org/st-agathas-chapel/","external_links_name":"\"St Agatha's Chapel\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_New_Brunswick
|
Riverside-Albert
|
["1 History","2 Demographics","3 Notable people","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 45°45′5.1″N 64°43′3.6″W / 45.751417°N 64.717667°W / 45.751417; -64.717667
Place in New Brunswick, CanadaRiverside-AlbertFormer train station in Riverside-AlbertRiverside-AlbertLocation of Riverside-Albert, New BrunswickCoordinates: 45°45′5.1″N 64°43′3.6″W / 45.751417°N 64.717667°W / 45.751417; -64.717667CountryCanadaProvinceNew BrunswickCountyAlbert CountyParishHopewell ParishMunicipalityFundy AlbertIncorporated1966Amalgamated2023Government • TypeVillage councilArea • Land3.39 km2 (1.31 sq mi)Population (2021) • Total348 • Density102.8/km2 (266/sq mi) • Change (2016–21) 0.6%Electoral districts • FederalFundy Royal • ProvincialAlbertTime zoneUTC-4 (Atlantic (AST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-3 (Atlantic (ADT))Canadian Postal codeE4HArea code(s)506, 428Telephone Exchange882Highway Route 114 Route 915Websitehttp://www.riverside-albert.ca
Riverside-Albert is a former village in Hopewell Parish of Albert County, New Brunswick, Canada. It was an incorporated village until the end of 2022 and is now part of the village of Fundy Albert.
Riverside-Albert is located on the Shepody River at the edge of the Shepody Marsh. The community of Harvey Parish is located across the river. It is approximately halfway between two major tourist destinations: Fundy National Park and the Hopewell Rocks.
Post office called Albert from 1875; Riverside from 1875 to 1932; Riverside from 1932.
The Trans Canada Trail passes through Riverside-Albert.
History
See also: History of New Brunswick and List of historic places in Albert County, New Brunswick
Riverside and Albert both appear as communities on the cadastral land grant map of the area.
Albert was originally called Hopewell Corner but the inhabitants resolved to rename it Albert in 1881 due to there being four communities named Hopewell within 12 miles of each other. In 1898 Albert was the terminus of the Salisbury and Harvey Railway, with a population of 500.
Riverside, originally River Side, was a station on the Salisbury and Hillsborough Railway, with a population of 300 in 1871. The post office was renamed Riverside in 1932.
The local improvement district of Riverside-Albert was incorporated on 29 December 1947. The local improvement district became a village in 1966 under the new Municipalities Act.
On 1 January 2023, the village of Riverside-Albert amalgamated with the villages of Alma and Hillsborough and parts of five local service districts to form the new village of Fundy Albert. The community's name remains in official use.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Riverside-Albert had a population of 348 living in 142 of its 154 total private dwellings, a change of -0.6% from its 2016 population of 350. With a land area of 3.39 km2 (1.31 sq mi), it had a population density of 102.7/km2 (265.9/sq mi) in 2021.
Notable people
Main article: List of people from Albert County, New Brunswick
Notable residents have included Abner Reid McClelan and Roscoe Fillmore.
See also
List of communities in New Brunswick
Royal eponyms in Canada
References
^ a b c "Census Profile of Riverside-Albert, Village (VL)". Statistics Canada. 6 December 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
^ Sentier NB Trails
^ "No. 143". Provincial Archives of New Brunswick. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
^ "Albert". Provincial Archives of New Brunswick. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
^ "Riverside-Albert". Provincial Archives of New Brunswick. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
^ "Local Improvement Districts". The Royal Gazette. 106: 48–49. 4 February 1948.
^ Municipalities Act of 1966, Second Schedule, p. 151.
^ Hamilton, William (1978). The Macmillan Book of Canadian Place Names. Toronto: Macmillan. p. 84. ISBN 0-7715-9754-1.
^ "Local Governments Establishment Regulation – Local Governance Act". Government of New Brunswick. 12 October 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
^ "RSC 7 Southeast Regional Service Commission". Government of New Brunswick. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
^ "Proposed entity names reflect strong ties to nature and history" (Press release). Irishtown, New Brunswick: Government of New Brunswick. 25 May 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
External links
Riverside-Albert website
Places adjacent to Riverside-Albert
Crooked Creek, Lumsden
Caledonia Mountain
Chester
New Ireland
Riverside-Albert
Hopewell Hill, Shepody
Beaverbrook, Germantown
Harvey, Midway, Derry Corner
Harvey Bank, Mary's Point, Grindstone Island
vteSubdivisions of New BrunswickCities
Bathurst
Campbellton
Dieppe
Edmundston
Fredericton
Miramichi
Moncton
Saint John
Towns
Beaurivage
Belle-Baie
Cap-Acadie
Caraquet
Carleton North
Champdoré
Grand Bay–Westfield
Grand Falls
Grand-Bouctouche
Hampton
Hartland
Hautes-Terres
Heron Bay
Île-de-Lamèque
Oromocto
Quispamsis
Riverview
Rivière-du-Nord
Rothesay
Saint-Quentin
Salisbury
Shediac
Shippagan
St. Andrews
St. Stephen
Sussex
Tantramar
Vallée-des-Rivières
Woodstock
Villages
Arcadia
Belledune
Bois-Joli
Doaktown
Five Rivers
Fredericton Junction
Fundy Albert
Fundy-St. Martins
Grand Lake
Grand Manan
Lakeland Ridges
McAdam
Memramcook
Neguac
New Maryland
Nouvelle-Arcadie
Southern Victoria
Three Rivers
Tobique Valley
Tracy
Valley Waters
Regional municipality
Tracadie
Rural communities
Alnwick
Butternut Valley
Campobello Island
Central York
Eastern Charlotte
Hanwell
Harvey
Haut-Madawaska
Kedgwick
Maple Hills
Miramichi River Valley
Nackawic-Millville
Nashwaak
Strait Shores
Sunbury-York South
Upper Miramichi
Rural districts
Acadian Peninsula
Capital Region
Chaleur
Fundy
Greater Miramichi
Kent
Kings
Northwest
Restigouche
Southeast
Southwest
Western Valley
Other administrative divisions
Indian reserves
Regional service commissions
School districts
Counties
Civil parishes
Local service districts
Category:New Brunswick
Portal:Canada
WikiProject:New Brunswick
This New Brunswick location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hopewell Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopewell_Parish,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Albert County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_County,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Fundy Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundy_Albert"},{"link_name":"Shepody River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shepody_River_(New_Brunswick)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shepody Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepody_Bay"},{"link_name":"Harvey Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Parish,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Fundy National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundy_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Hopewell Rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopewell_Rocks"},{"link_name":"Trans Canada Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_Canada_Trail"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Place in New Brunswick, CanadaRiverside-Albert is a former village in Hopewell Parish of Albert County, New Brunswick, Canada. It was an incorporated village until the end of 2022 and is now part of the village of Fundy Albert.Riverside-Albert is located on the Shepody River at the edge of the Shepody Marsh. The community of Harvey Parish is located across the river. It is approximately halfway between two major tourist destinations: Fundy National Park and the Hopewell Rocks.Post office called Albert from 1875; Riverside from 1875 to 1932; Riverside from 1932.The Trans Canada Trail passes through Riverside-Albert.[2]","title":"Riverside-Albert"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"List of historic places in Albert County, New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historic_places_in_Albert_County,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Alma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Hillsborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsborough,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"local service districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_service_district_(New_Brunswick)"},{"link_name":"Fundy Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundy_Albert,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GovRefMapRSC7-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"See also: History of New Brunswick and List of historic places in Albert County, New BrunswickRiverside and Albert both appear as communities on the cadastral land grant map of the area.[3]Albert was originally called Hopewell Corner but the inhabitants resolved to rename it Albert in 1881 due to there being four communities named Hopewell within 12 miles of each other. In 1898 Albert was the terminus of the Salisbury and Harvey Railway, with a population of 500.[4]Riverside, originally River Side, was a station on the Salisbury and Hillsborough Railway, with a population of 300 in 1871. The post office was renamed Riverside in 1932.[5]The local improvement district of Riverside-Albert was incorporated on 29 December 1947.[6] The local improvement district became a village in 1966 under the new Municipalities Act.[7][8]On 1 January 2023, the village of Riverside-Albert amalgamated with the villages of Alma and Hillsborough and parts of five local service districts to form the new village of Fundy Albert.[9][10] The community's name remains in official use.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 Census of Population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"Statistics Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2021-1"}],"text":"In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Riverside-Albert had a population of 348 living in 142 of its 154 total private dwellings, a change of -0.6% from its 2016 population of 350. With a land area of 3.39 km2 (1.31 sq mi), it had a population density of 102.7/km2 (265.9/sq mi) in 2021.[1]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abner Reid McClelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abner_Reid_McClelan"},{"link_name":"Roscoe Fillmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe_Fillmore"}],"text":"Notable residents have included Abner Reid McClelan and Roscoe Fillmore.","title":"Notable people"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of communities in New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_communities_in_New_Brunswick"},{"title":"Royal eponyms in Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_eponyms_in_Canada"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Census Profile of Riverside-Albert, Village (VL)\". Statistics Canada. 6 December 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Riverside%2DAlbert&DGUIDlist=2021A00051306003&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0","url_text":"\"Census Profile of Riverside-Albert, Village (VL)\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 143\". Provincial Archives of New Brunswick. Retrieved 1 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archives.gnb.ca/App_Handlers/FileDownloadHandler.ashx?filename=/DigitizedDocuments/Communities/Maps/Cadastral/_Oversize/GRPA143.jpg","url_text":"\"No. 143\""}]},{"reference":"\"Albert\". Provincial Archives of New Brunswick. Retrieved 1 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=26","url_text":"\"Albert\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riverside-Albert\". Provincial Archives of New Brunswick. Retrieved 1 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=3337","url_text":"\"Riverside-Albert\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local Improvement Districts\". The Royal Gazette. 106: 48–49. 4 February 1948.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hamilton, William (1978). The Macmillan Book of Canadian Place Names. Toronto: Macmillan. p. 84. ISBN 0-7715-9754-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7715-9754-1","url_text":"0-7715-9754-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Local Governments Establishment Regulation – Local Governance Act\". Government of New Brunswick. 12 October 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://laws.gnb.ca/en/showfulldoc/cr/2022-50","url_text":"\"Local Governments Establishment Regulation – Local Governance Act\""}]},{"reference":"\"RSC 7 Southeast Regional Service Commission\". Government of New Brunswick. Retrieved 21 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/corporate/promo/local-governance/maps/RSC7.html","url_text":"\"RSC 7 Southeast Regional Service Commission\""}]},{"reference":"\"Proposed entity names reflect strong ties to nature and history\" (Press release). Irishtown, New Brunswick: Government of New Brunswick. 25 May 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/news/news_release.2022.05.0267.html","url_text":"\"Proposed entity names reflect strong ties to nature and history\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Riverside-Albert¶ms=45_45_5.1_N_64_43_3.6_W_region:CA-NB_type:isle","external_links_name":"45°45′5.1″N 64°43′3.6″W / 45.751417°N 64.717667°W / 45.751417; -64.717667"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Riverside-Albert¶ms=45_45_5.1_N_64_43_3.6_W_region:CA-NB_type:isle","external_links_name":"45°45′5.1″N 64°43′3.6″W / 45.751417°N 64.717667°W / 45.751417; -64.717667"},{"Link":"http://www.riverside-albert.ca/","external_links_name":"http://www.riverside-albert.ca"},{"Link":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Riverside%2DAlbert&DGUIDlist=2021A00051306003&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0","external_links_name":"\"Census Profile of Riverside-Albert, Village (VL)\""},{"Link":"http://www.sentiernbtrail.com/index.php?option=com_sobi2&sobi2Task=sobi2Details&sobi2Id=14&Itemid=&lang=en","external_links_name":"Sentier NB Trails"},{"Link":"https://archives.gnb.ca/App_Handlers/FileDownloadHandler.ashx?filename=/DigitizedDocuments/Communities/Maps/Cadastral/_Oversize/GRPA143.jpg","external_links_name":"\"No. 143\""},{"Link":"https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=26","external_links_name":"\"Albert\""},{"Link":"https://archives.gnb.ca/exhibits/communities/Details.aspx?culture=en-CA&community=3337","external_links_name":"\"Riverside-Albert\""},{"Link":"https://laws.gnb.ca/en/showfulldoc/cr/2022-50","external_links_name":"\"Local Governments Establishment Regulation – Local Governance Act\""},{"Link":"https://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/corporate/promo/local-governance/maps/RSC7.html","external_links_name":"\"RSC 7 Southeast Regional Service Commission\""},{"Link":"https://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/news/news_release.2022.05.0267.html","external_links_name":"\"Proposed entity names reflect strong ties to nature and history\""},{"Link":"http://www.riverside-albert.ca/","external_links_name":"Riverside-Albert website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riverside-Albert&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Elizabeth%27s_Church,_Wiesbaden
|
St. Elizabeth's Church, Wiesbaden
|
["1 History","2 Architecture","2.1 Exterior","3 Other information","4 Notable burials","5 References","6 Bibliography","7 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 50°05′51″N 8°14′05″E / 50.0975°N 8.234722°E / 50.0975; 8.234722ChurchSt. Elizabeth's Church, Wiesbaden
Russian Orthodox church
The Russian Orthodox church on Neroberg with its five golden domes (2010).
Aerial view of the church seen from the south (2006).
The gilt onion domes of the towers.
Photograph from the west, c. 1900...
... and from the west, at night.
The Russian Orthodox Church of Saint Elizabeth in Wiesbaden (German: Russisch-Orthodoxe Kirche der heiligen Elisabeth in Wiesbaden; common local name Griechische Kapelle, "Greek chapel"; Russian: Русский православный храм Св. Праведной Елиcаветы в Висбадене) is the only Russian Orthodox church in Wiesbaden, Germany, and is located on Neroberg. Besides the Russian church there is a parsonage and a Russian cemetery, which is the largest in Europe (outside Russia itself). St. Elizabeth's Church and its parishioners belong to the Diocese of Germany in the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia.
History
The Russian Orthodox Church in Wiesbaden was built from 1847 to 1855 by Duke Adolf of Nassau on the occasion of the death of his wife, the 19-year-old Grand Duchess Elizabeth Mikhailovna of Russia, niece of Emperor Nicholas I. Adolf and Elizabeth married in 1844, but the following year, she died in childbirth, as did their newborn daughter. He grieved so profoundly that he decided to build a church around her grave. He obtained the money for this church, with the blessing of Tsar Alexander lll, from her dowry.
Construction of the church was assigned to senior building officer (Oberbaurat) Philipp Hoffmann, who studied Russian church architecture, particularly at first in Russia. As a template for this church, he took the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow. On 25 May 1855 the church was finally dedicated in honour of St. Elizabeth, the mother of John the Baptist and patron saint of the deceased princess. Shortly afterwards, the coffin containing the Grand Duchess and her baby was taken in a procession from the St. Boniface's Church its previous temporary shelter, into the crypt of the Russian church and buried there.
Simultaneously with the construction of the church were built a small rectory and a Russian cemetery, located about 100 meters northeast of the church.
The church was used by the already-existing Russian Orthodox community, mainly Russian guests, for whom Wiesbaden was a popular resort in the 19th century. Even Emperor Nicholas II worshipped in the church during his stay in Germany, together with his newly wedded-wife, Empress Alexandra Fyodorovna. This event is noted on a gold panel attached to the church.
A lasting community formed around the church only in the 1920s, when many White Emigres fled in the wake of the Russian Revolution, the Russian Civil War and the Bolshevik takeover of their country and came to Germany.
During the 1990s, the interior of the church, particularly its marble and frescoes, was renovated and restored. The crypt was renovated in 2002–2005.
Architecture
Exterior
The church is a beige building of hard sandstone, still visible everywhere on the outside. The outer layout of the church is a square with an extended arc in the north. The building is "crowned" with five fiery-gilt domes, with the four smaller ones surrounding the large central dome to the northeast, northwest, southeast and southwest. The domes, typically for Russian churches, are onion-shaped and have grooves running lengthwise from top to bottom. Each dome is topped by a similarly gilt Orthodox cross. All crosses point to the south; the cross in the center is above and slightly larger than the other four, which are of the same size.
The domes rest on smaller cylindrical towers, with the main one in the centre higher and wider than the others. This is also at the top under the dome completely covered with window panes cover, so that here, light can fall directly into the interior of the church. The smaller towers have rather narrow, oblong windows, through which the light falls only inside the tower, since these are not connected with the interior. The northeast tower is an exception: this contains a spiral staircase, the entrance of which is directly under the dome; from here it is possible to reach the roof of the church by a small gate in the tower.
The church has two entrances: the south and the west entrance. The south entrance was originally only for Fürsten and other members of the nobility. It offered visitors leaving the building a panorama of Wiesbaden, which stood at the feet of the church. After the fall of the last Tsar, Nicholas II, in 1917, this entrance was sealed forever. The entrance for the "ordinary people" and the current main entrance was the west entrance. Visitors entering the church through this door see, as in most Russian Orthodox churches, the iconostasis opposite. Medallions of particular saints, crafted from sandstone, are located above the outside entrances. A medallion of Saint Helena rests above the west entrance; at the southern entrance, one of Saint Elizabeth (in whose honour the church was also consecrated); and on the east side, above the window of the sanctuary, one of the Holy Archangel Michael. These were the patron saints of the father (Mikhail) and mother (Elena) of the Grand Duchess, as well as her own (Elizabeth). Approximately ten steps of red sandstone lead up to the entrance, which is spanned by an arch that in turn sits on each side upon two columns.
Other information
The church building was featured twice on stamps of the Deutsche Bundespost in the Sights definitive series (4 June 1991, face value 170 pfennig, intended to pay the double weight domestic letter rate; and 12 August 1993, with a revised face value of 41 pfennig for mass mailings of printed matters).
In addition, there is an illustration of the church on tourist signs on the Autobahnen around Wiesbaden.
Notable burials
Tomb of Grand DuchessElizabeth Mikhailovna
Grand Duchess Elizabeth Mikhailovna of Russia (died 1845, reburied here 1855)
Prince George Alexandrovich Yuryevsky, son of Tsar Alexander II (died 1913)
Princess Olga Yurievskaya, Countess Merenberg, daughter of Tsar Alexander II (died 1925)
Alexej von Jawlensky, Russian painter (died 1941)
References
^ a b 100 Examples of Historicism: Churches & Houses of Prayer, City of Wiesbaden. Accessed January 22, 2008. "Wiesbaden's only Russian-Orthodox church is located on Neroberg and is called the Greek Chapel by local residents. Duke Adolph von Nassau had the church built between 1849 and 1855 to house the funerary monument of his wife who died while giving birth, the Russian Princess Elisabeth Michailowna, Grand Duchess of Russia and Duchess of Nassau."
Bibliography
Russische Kirche auf dem Neroberge in Wiesbaden – Geschichtlicher Ueberblick und Beschreibung der Kirche (Eigenverlag des Kirchenvorstandes, 1925)
Erik Thomson, Karl Timoleon von Neff und die russische Kirche auf dem Neroberg in Wiesbaden. In: Hessische Heimat. Vol. 14/3, 1964)
Alexander Hildebrand, Romantisches Symbol der Unsterblichkeit, Ebenmaß in allen Teilen. Die russisch-orthodoxe Kathedrale in Wiesbaden in Wiesbadener Leben 8/1994
Wiesbaden – Russische Kirche, Kloster des Hl. Hiob von Počaev in München (Berlin and Munich, 3rd edition, 2000, ISBN 3-926165-95-2
Karl Baedeker, Baedeker Wiesbaden Rheingau (Ostfildern-Kemnat 2001, ISBN 3-87954-076-4
Gottfried Kiesow, Das verkannte Jahrhundert: Der Historismus am Beispiel Wiesbaden (Deutsche Stiftung Denkmalschutz, 2005, ISBN 3-936942-53-6
Dirk Becker: Vivat Wiesbaden. Spaziergänge zwischen Tradition und Moderne. Ein Stadtführer für Wiesbaden und Umgebung (Universum, Wiesbaden, 2006, ISBN 3-89869-141-1
Marc Peschke, Wiesbaden in Marc Peschke et al. Rheingau & Wiesbaden. Reise- und Weinführer (Bernd Ditter, Wiesbaden, 2006, ISBN 3-934962-06-8
Maja Speranskij, Marina Werschewskaja, Gräber erzählen Geschichte. Die russisch-orthodoxe Kirche der hl. Elisabeth und ihr Friedhof in Wiesbaden (Kur- und Verkehrsverein, Wiesbaden, 2006, ISBN 3-9808639-7-2
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Russisch-Orthodoxe Kirche (Wiesbaden).
(in Russian) Official site
(in German) Russian Orthodox Church Foundation
(in German) Panoramic view of the church's interior
50°05′51″N 8°14′05″E / 50.0975°N 8.234722°E / 50.0975; 8.234722
vteHistoricist churches of Wiesbaden
Old Catholic Church (1898-1900)
Bergkirche (1876-1879)
Bonifatiuskirche (1844-1849)
Dreifaltigkeitskirche (1908-1912)
English Church (1863-1865)
Maria-Hilf-Kirche (1893-1895)
Marktkirche (1853-1862)
Oranier-Gedächtniskirche (1902-1905)
Ringkirche (1892-1894)
Russian Church (1847-1855)
Years indicate period of construction
Authority control databases International
VIAF
2
National
Germany
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russ_Orth_Kirche_Wiesbaden_865-h.jpg"},{"link_name":"Neroberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neroberg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russian-orthodox-church-wiesbaden.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russisch_Orthodoxe_Kirche.jpg"},{"link_name":"onion domes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion_dome"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiesbaden_griechische_Kapelle_1900.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russ_Orth_Kirche_Wiesbaden_Neroberg_Nacht.jpg"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Wiesbaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden"},{"link_name":"Neroberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neroberg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wiesbaden-1"},{"link_name":"Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_Russia"}],"text":"ChurchRussian Orthodox churchThe Russian Orthodox church on Neroberg with its five golden domes (2010).Aerial view of the church seen from the south (2006).The gilt onion domes of the towers.Photograph from the west, c. 1900...... and from the west, at night.The Russian Orthodox Church of Saint Elizabeth in Wiesbaden (German: Russisch-Orthodoxe Kirche der heiligen Elisabeth in Wiesbaden; common local name Griechische Kapelle, \"Greek chapel\"; Russian: Русский православный храм Св. Праведной Елиcаветы в Висбадене) is the only Russian Orthodox church in Wiesbaden, Germany, and is located on Neroberg.[1] Besides the Russian church there is a parsonage and a Russian cemetery, which is the largest in Europe (outside Russia itself). St. Elizabeth's Church and its parishioners belong to the Diocese of Germany in the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia.","title":"St. Elizabeth's Church, Wiesbaden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Nassau"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Elizabeth Mikhailovna of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Elizabeth_Mikhailovna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Emperor Nicholas I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wiesbaden-1"},{"link_name":"Philipp Hoffmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Hoffmann_(architect)"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Christ the Saviour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour_(Moscow)"},{"link_name":"St. Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_(Biblical_person)"},{"link_name":"John the Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist"},{"link_name":"St. Boniface's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Bonifatius,_Wiesbaden"},{"link_name":"Emperor Nicholas II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Empress Alexandra Fyodorovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Fyodorovna_(Alix_of_Hesse)"},{"link_name":"White Emigres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Emigre"},{"link_name":"Russian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Russian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Bolshevik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik"}],"text":"The Russian Orthodox Church in Wiesbaden was built from 1847 to 1855 by Duke Adolf of Nassau on the occasion of the death of his wife, the 19-year-old Grand Duchess Elizabeth Mikhailovna of Russia, niece of Emperor Nicholas I.[1] Adolf and Elizabeth married in 1844, but the following year, she died in childbirth, as did their newborn daughter. He grieved so profoundly that he decided to build a church around her grave. He obtained the money for this church, with the blessing of Tsar Alexander lll, from her dowry.Construction of the church was assigned to senior building officer (Oberbaurat) Philipp Hoffmann, who studied Russian church architecture, particularly at first in Russia. As a template for this church, he took the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow. On 25 May 1855 the church was finally dedicated in honour of St. Elizabeth, the mother of John the Baptist and patron saint of the deceased princess. Shortly afterwards, the coffin containing the Grand Duchess and her baby was taken in a procession from the St. Boniface's Church its previous temporary shelter, into the crypt of the Russian church and buried there.Simultaneously with the construction of the church were built a small rectory and a Russian cemetery, located about 100 meters northeast of the church.The church was used by the already-existing Russian Orthodox community, mainly Russian guests, for whom Wiesbaden was a popular resort in the 19th century. Even Emperor Nicholas II worshipped in the church during his stay in Germany, together with his newly wedded-wife, Empress Alexandra Fyodorovna. This event is noted on a gold panel attached to the church.A lasting community formed around the church only in the 1920s, when many White Emigres fled in the wake of the Russian Revolution, the Russian Civil War and the Bolshevik takeover of their country and came to Germany.During the 1990s, the interior of the church, particularly its marble and frescoes, was renovated and restored. The crypt was renovated in 2002–2005.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orthodox cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchal_cross"},{"link_name":"Fürsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCrst"},{"link_name":"iconostasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconostasis"},{"link_name":"Saint Helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Holy Archangel Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_(archangel)"}],"sub_title":"Exterior","text":"The church is a beige building of hard sandstone, still visible everywhere on the outside. The outer layout of the church is a square with an extended arc in the north. The building is \"crowned\" with five fiery-gilt domes, with the four smaller ones surrounding the large central dome to the northeast, northwest, southeast and southwest. The domes, typically for Russian churches, are onion-shaped and have grooves running lengthwise from top to bottom. Each dome is topped by a similarly gilt Orthodox cross. All crosses point to the south; the cross in the center is above and slightly larger than the other four, which are of the same size.The domes rest on smaller cylindrical towers, with the main one in the centre higher and wider than the others. This is also at the top under the dome completely covered with window panes cover, so that here, light can fall directly into the interior of the church. The smaller towers have rather narrow, oblong windows, through which the light falls only inside the tower, since these are not connected with the interior. The northeast tower is an exception: this contains a spiral staircase, the entrance of which is directly under the dome; from here it is possible to reach the roof of the church by a small gate in the tower.The church has two entrances: the south and the west entrance. The south entrance was originally only for Fürsten and other members of the nobility. It offered visitors leaving the building a panorama of Wiesbaden, which stood at the feet of the church. After the fall of the last Tsar, Nicholas II, in 1917, this entrance was sealed forever. The entrance for the \"ordinary people\" and the current main entrance was the west entrance. Visitors entering the church through this door see, as in most Russian Orthodox churches, the iconostasis opposite. Medallions of particular saints, crafted from sandstone, are located above the outside entrances. A medallion of Saint Helena rests above the west entrance; at the southern entrance, one of Saint Elizabeth (in whose honour the church was also consecrated); and on the east side, above the window of the sanctuary, one of the Holy Archangel Michael. These were the patron saints of the father (Mikhail) and mother (Elena) of the Grand Duchess, as well as her own (Elizabeth). Approximately ten steps of red sandstone lead up to the entrance, which is spanned by an arch that in turn sits on each side upon two columns.","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deutsche Bundespost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bundespost"},{"link_name":"definitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitive_stamp"},{"link_name":"pfennig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfennig"},{"link_name":"Autobahnen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobahn"}],"text":"The church building was featured twice on stamps of the Deutsche Bundespost in the Sights definitive series (4 June 1991, face value 170 pfennig, intended to pay the double weight domestic letter rate; and 12 August 1993, with a revised face value of 41 pfennig for mass mailings of printed matters).In addition, there is an illustration of the church on tourist signs on the Autobahnen around Wiesbaden.","title":"Other information"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russische_Kirche_Wiesbaden_Grab_Prinzessin_Elisabeth_Michailowna_Romanowa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Elizabeth Mikhailovna of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Elizabeth_Mikhailovna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Prince George Alexandrovich Yuryevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George_Alexandrovich_Yuryevsky"},{"link_name":"Princess Olga Yurievskaya, Countess Merenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Yurievskaya"},{"link_name":"Alexej von Jawlensky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexej_von_Jawlensky"}],"text":"Tomb of Grand DuchessElizabeth MikhailovnaGrand Duchess Elizabeth Mikhailovna of Russia (died 1845, reburied here 1855)\nPrince George Alexandrovich Yuryevsky, son of Tsar Alexander II (died 1913)\nPrincess Olga Yurievskaya, Countess Merenberg, daughter of Tsar Alexander II (died 1925)\nAlexej von Jawlensky, Russian painter (died 1941)","title":"Notable burials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-926165-95-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-926165-95-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-87954-076-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87954-076-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-936942-53-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-936942-53-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-89869-141-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89869-141-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-934962-06-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-934962-06-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-9808639-7-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-9808639-7-2"}],"text":"Russische Kirche auf dem Neroberge in Wiesbaden – Geschichtlicher Ueberblick und Beschreibung der Kirche (Eigenverlag des Kirchenvorstandes, 1925)\nErik Thomson, Karl Timoleon von Neff und die russische Kirche auf dem Neroberg in Wiesbaden. In: Hessische Heimat. Vol. 14/3, 1964)\nAlexander Hildebrand, Romantisches Symbol der Unsterblichkeit, Ebenmaß in allen Teilen. Die russisch-orthodoxe Kathedrale in Wiesbaden in Wiesbadener Leben 8/1994\nWiesbaden – Russische Kirche, Kloster des Hl. Hiob von Počaev in München (Berlin and Munich, 3rd edition, 2000, ISBN 3-926165-95-2\nKarl Baedeker, Baedeker Wiesbaden Rheingau (Ostfildern-Kemnat 2001, ISBN 3-87954-076-4\nGottfried Kiesow, Das verkannte Jahrhundert: Der Historismus am Beispiel Wiesbaden (Deutsche Stiftung Denkmalschutz, 2005, ISBN 3-936942-53-6\nDirk Becker: Vivat Wiesbaden. Spaziergänge zwischen Tradition und Moderne. Ein Stadtführer für Wiesbaden und Umgebung (Universum, Wiesbaden, 2006, ISBN 3-89869-141-1\nMarc Peschke, Wiesbaden in Marc Peschke et al. Rheingau & Wiesbaden. Reise- und Weinführer (Bernd Ditter, Wiesbaden, 2006, ISBN 3-934962-06-8\nMaja Speranskij, Marina Werschewskaja, Gräber erzählen Geschichte. Die russisch-orthodoxe Kirche der hl. Elisabeth und ihr Friedhof in Wiesbaden (Kur- und Verkehrsverein, Wiesbaden, 2006, ISBN 3-9808639-7-2","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The Russian Orthodox church on Neroberg with its five golden domes (2010).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Russ_Orth_Kirche_Wiesbaden_865-h.jpg/220px-Russ_Orth_Kirche_Wiesbaden_865-h.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aerial view of the church seen from the south (2006).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Russian-orthodox-church-wiesbaden.jpg/220px-Russian-orthodox-church-wiesbaden.jpg"},{"image_text":"The gilt onion domes of the towers.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Russisch_Orthodoxe_Kirche.jpg/220px-Russisch_Orthodoxe_Kirche.jpg"},{"image_text":"Photograph from the west, c. 1900...","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Wiesbaden_griechische_Kapelle_1900.jpg/170px-Wiesbaden_griechische_Kapelle_1900.jpg"},{"image_text":"... and from the west, at night.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Russ_Orth_Kirche_Wiesbaden_Neroberg_Nacht.jpg/170px-Russ_Orth_Kirche_Wiesbaden_Neroberg_Nacht.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tomb of Grand DuchessElizabeth Mikhailovna","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Russische_Kirche_Wiesbaden_Grab_Prinzessin_Elisabeth_Michailowna_Romanowa.jpg/180px-Russische_Kirche_Wiesbaden_Grab_Prinzessin_Elisabeth_Michailowna_Romanowa.jpg"}]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St._Elizabeth%27s_Church,_Wiesbaden¶ms=50.0975_N_8.234722_E_","external_links_name":"50°05′51″N 8°14′05″E / 50.0975°N 8.234722°E / 50.0975; 8.234722"},{"Link":"http://english.wiesbaden.de/loader.php?menue=/die_stadt/stadtinformation/menue.php&content=/die_stadt/stadtinformation/historismus/orte/russischekirche.php","external_links_name":"100 Examples of Historicism: Churches & Houses of Prayer"},{"Link":"http://rok-wiesbaden.de/","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010808192256/http://www.rocor.de/Roka/rokawiesbaden.html","external_links_name":"Russian Orthodox Church Foundation"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071010214938/http://www.meinestadt.de/wiesbaden/tourismus/ipix/1_237_13","external_links_name":"Panoramic view of the church's interior"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St._Elizabeth%27s_Church,_Wiesbaden¶ms=50.0975_N_8.234722_E_","external_links_name":"50°05′51″N 8°14′05″E / 50.0975°N 8.234722°E / 50.0975; 8.234722"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/8819147270577435700008","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/234214136","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4220545-1","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2010080667","external_links_name":"United States"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Rivers_Township,_Morrison_County,_Minnesota
|
Two Rivers Township, Morrison County, Minnesota
|
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 References"]
|
Coordinates: 45°49′N 94°23′W / 45.817°N 94.383°W / 45.817; -94.383
Township in Minnesota, United StatesTwo Rivers Township, MinnesotaTownshipBowlus a city in Two Rivers TownshipTwo Rivers Township, MinnesotaLocation within the state of MinnesotaShow map of MinnesotaTwo Rivers Township, MinnesotaTwo Rivers Township, Minnesota (the United States)Show map of the United StatesCoordinates: 45°49′N 94°23′W / 45.817°N 94.383°W / 45.817; -94.383CountryUnited StatesStateMinnesotaCountyMorrisonArea • Total27.6 sq mi (71.4 km2) • Land27.1 sq mi (70.2 km2) • Water0.5 sq mi (1.3 km2)Elevation1,115 ft (340 m)Population (2000) • Total582 • Density21.5/sq mi (8.3/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)FIPS code27-66028GNIS feature ID0665829
Two Rivers Township is a township in Morrison County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 780 at the 2020 census.
History
Two Rivers Township was organized September 5, 1865. It was first named Grant Township but when the name was sent to the State Auditor it was found that a Washington County town already had that name. The name was then changed to Two Rivers, named for the Two River a Mississippi River tributary in Morrison County.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 27.6 square miles (71.4 km2), of which 27.1 square miles (70.2 km2) is land and 0.5 square mile (1.2 km2) (1.74%) is water.
State Highway 238; and Morrison County Roads 21, 24, 25, and 26 are five of the main routes in the township.
The unincorporated community of North Prairie is located within the township.
The city of Bowlus is located within Two Rivers Township geographically but is a separate entity.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 582 people, 192 households, and 150 families residing in the township. The population density was 21.5 people per square mile (8.3/km2). There were 201 housing units at an average density of 7.4/sq mi (2.9/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 99.14% White, 0.17% African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.17% Asian, and 0.34% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.52% of the population.
There were 192 households, out of which 40.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.3% were married couples living together, 2.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.4% were non-families. 18.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.03 and the average family size was 3.52.
In the township the population was spread out, with 29.2% under the age of 18, 11.5% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 9.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 129.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 127.6 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $47,656, and the median income for a family was $50,000. Males had a median income of $33,000 versus $19,464 for females. The per capita income for the township was $19,067. About 4.8% of families and 5.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.8% of those under age 18 and 17.4% of those age 65 or over.
References
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ https://www.census.gov/search-results.html?q=Two+Rivers+township&page=1&stateGeo=none&searchtype=web&cssp=SERP&_charset_=UTF-8
^ Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance. Minnesota Historical Society. p. 356.
^ Warner, Mary (2006). A Big Hearted Paleface Man: Nathan Richardson and The History of Morrison County, MN. Little Falls, Minnesota: Morrison County Historical Society. p. 191.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Morrison County, Minnesota, United StatesCounty seat: Little FallsCities
Bowlus
Buckman
Elmdale
Flensburg
Genola
Harding
Hillman
Lastrup
Little Falls
Motley‡
Pierz
Randall
Royalton‡
Sobieski
Swanville‡
Upsala
Map of Minnesota highlighting Morrison CountyTownships
Agram
Belle Prairie
Bellevue
Buckman
Buh
Culdrum
Cushing
Darling
Elmdale
Granite
Green Prairie
Hillman
Lakin
Leigh
Little Falls
Morrill
Motley
Mount Morris
Parker
Pierz
Pike Creek
Platte
Pulaski
Richardson
Ripley
Rosing
Scandia Valley
Swan River
Swanville
Two Rivers
Unincorporatedcommunities
Cushing
Freedhem
Gregory
Lincoln
Little Rock
Morrill
North Prairie
Platte
Ramey
Vawter
Indianreservation
Mille Lacs‡
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Minnesota portal
United States portal
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morrison County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrison_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Township in Minnesota, United StatesTwo Rivers Township is a township in Morrison County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 780 at the 2020 census.[3]","title":"Two Rivers Township, Morrison County, Minnesota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Two River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_River_(Mississippi_River)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Two Rivers Township was organized September 5, 1865. It was first named Grant Township but when the name was sent to the State Auditor it was found that a Washington County town already had that name. The name was then changed to Two Rivers, named for the Two River a Mississippi River tributary in Morrison County.[4][5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"238","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_238"},{"link_name":"North Prairie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Prairie,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Bowlus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowlus,_Minnesota"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 27.6 square miles (71.4 km2), of which 27.1 square miles (70.2 km2) is land and 0.5 square mile (1.2 km2) (1.74%) is water.State Highway 238; and Morrison County Roads 21, 24, 25, and 26 are five of the main routes in the township.The unincorporated community of North Prairie is located within the township.The city of Bowlus is located within Two Rivers Township geographically but is a separate entity.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-1"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[1] of 2000, there were 582 people, 192 households, and 150 families residing in the township. The population density was 21.5 people per square mile (8.3/km2). There were 201 housing units at an average density of 7.4/sq mi (2.9/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 99.14% White, 0.17% African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.17% Asian, and 0.34% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.52% of the population.There were 192 households, out of which 40.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.3% were married couples living together, 2.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.4% were non-families. 18.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.03 and the average family size was 3.52.In the township the population was spread out, with 29.2% under the age of 18, 11.5% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 9.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 129.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 127.6 males.The median income for a household in the township was $47,656, and the median income for a family was $50,000. Males had a median income of $33,000 versus $19,464 for females. The per capita income for the township was $19,067. About 4.8% of families and 5.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.8% of those under age 18 and 17.4% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Map of Minnesota highlighting Morrison County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Morrison_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Morrison_County.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance. Minnesota Historical Society. p. 356.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/minnesotageogra00uphagoog","url_text":"Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/minnesotageogra00uphagoog/page/n375","url_text":"356"}]},{"reference":"Warner, Mary (2006). A Big Hearted Paleface Man: Nathan Richardson and The History of Morrison County, MN. Little Falls, Minnesota: Morrison County Historical Society. p. 191.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Two_Rivers_Township,_Morrison_County,_Minnesota¶ms=45_49_N_94_23_W_region:US-MN_type:city(582)","external_links_name":"45°49′N 94°23′W / 45.817°N 94.383°W / 45.817; -94.383"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Two_Rivers_Township,_Morrison_County,_Minnesota¶ms=45_49_N_94_23_W_region:US-MN_type:city(582)","external_links_name":"45°49′N 94°23′W / 45.817°N 94.383°W / 45.817; -94.383"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","external_links_name":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/search-results.html?q=Two+Rivers+township&page=1&stateGeo=none&searchtype=web&cssp=SERP&_charset_=UTF-8","external_links_name":"https://www.census.gov/search-results.html?q=Two+Rivers+township&page=1&stateGeo=none&searchtype=web&cssp=SERP&_charset_=UTF-8"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/minnesotageogra00uphagoog","external_links_name":"Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/minnesotageogra00uphagoog/page/n375","external_links_name":"356"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture_Mine,_Arizona
|
Vulture Mine
|
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Vulture Mine and Vulture City (Ghost town)","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 33°52′44″N 112°47′42″W / 33.87889°N 112.79500°W / 33.87889; -112.79500Defunct gold mine in Maricopa County, Arizona
Vulture MineVulture Mine MarkerLocationVulture MineArizonaCountryUnited StatesCoordinates33°52′44″N 112°47′42″W / 33.87889°N 112.79500°W / 33.87889; -112.79500ProductionProductsGold, SilverHistoryOpened1863 (1863)Closed1942 (1942)
The Vulture Mine was a gold mine and settlement in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. The mine began in 1863 and became the most productive gold mine in Arizona history. From 1863 to 1942 A.D., the mine produced 340,000 ounces (9,638.8 kgs) of gold and 260,000 ounces (7,370.9 kgs) of silver. Historically, the mine attracted more than 5,000 people to the area, and is credited with founding the town of Wickenburg, Arizona. The town that served the mine was known as Vulture City.
History
The Vulture mine began when a prospector from California's gold rush, Henry Wickenburg, discovered a quartz deposit containing gold and began mining the outcrop himself. In 1863, after Henry Wickenburg discovered the Vulture mine, Vulture City, a small mining town, was established in the area. The town once had a population of 5,000 citizens. After the mine closed, the city was abandoned and became a "ghost town". The deposit was later sold to Benjamin Phelps, who represented a group of investors that eventually organized under the name of Vulture Mining Company.
The desert surrounding the Vulture Mine did not give much in the way of produce, so an enterprising individual by the name of Jack Swilling went into the Phoenix Valley and reopened the irrigation canals left by the native peoples. Agriculture was brought back to the valley, and a grain route was established. This grain route still exists today under the name of Grand Avenue. Phoenix, Arizona, grew up around the agricultural center spawned by the needs of the Vulture Mine.
In 1942, the Vulture Mine was shut down by a regulatory agency for processing gold. This was a violation at the time because all resources were to be focused on the war effort. The mine appealed the shut-down order and reopened, but with less vigor. A few years later, the mine closed permanently.
Today the mine and ghost town are privately owned, but tours are offered. Two-hour, dirt path guided walking tours at the historic Vulture mine offers a glimpse of the olden days through a tour of some of the remaining buildings of Vulture City, a booming mining town.
The mine was a Lock-down site on Ghost Adventures on the Travel Channel on October 29, 2010.
Geography
The Vulture Mine is located in Maricopa County at 36610 N. 355th Avenue, Wickenburg, Arizona, United States, Zip code: 85390.
Vulture Mine and Vulture City (Ghost town)
The following are images with a brief description of the Vulture Mine and some of the structures still present in what once was known as Vulture City.
Historic Vulture Mine and Vulture City (Ghost town)
Entrance to Vulture Mine and Vulture City ghost town.
Vulture Mine , Vulture Mountain and caves.
Nickel Shaft.
Entrance to the Vulture Mine gold mine shaft.
Inside of the entrance of the gold mine shaft.
Some of the mining equipment once used.
Vulture City Gate House.
Vulture City Ghost town houses.
Vulture City Dynamite House where dynamite and ammo was stored.
Vulture City Gas Station.
The Vulture City Workshop.
The Vulture Mine-Assay office, built in 1884, in Vulture City.
Side view of the Vulture Mine-Assay office
Full view of the Vulture_Mine-Assay office.
Vulture City Chow House where the miners ate.
The kitchen of the Vulture City Chow House.
Vulture City Hanging Tree.
One of the Miners Living Quarters in Vulture City.
Rita's Brothel in Vulture City.
The ruins of the Vulture City Saloon.
The ruins of the Vulture City Post Office which opened in 1880 and whose postmaster was Henry Wickenburg.
The ruins of Henry Wickenburg's Settlers Home in Vulture City.
See also
Vulture Mountains
Henry Wickenburg
Vulture City
List of historic properties in Wickenburg, Arizona
References
^ Jon E. Spencer and others, 1989, "Geology of the Vulture gold mine," Arizona Geology, v.19 n.4.
^ "National Park Service - Prospector, Cowhand, and Sodbuster (Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings)". Nps.gov. May 22, 2005. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
External links
Gallery of photos, Vulture Mine
Vulture Mine Photos and Videos
Vulture – Ghost Town of the Month at azghosttowns.com
vteMunicipalities and communities of Maricopa County, Arizona, United StatesCounty seat: PhoenixCities
Apache Junction‡
Avondale
Buckeye
Chandler
El Mirage
Glendale
Goodyear
Litchfield Park
Mesa
Peoria‡
Phoenix
Scottsdale
Surprise
Tempe
Tolleson
Towns
Carefree
Cave Creek
Fountain Hills
Gila Bend
Gilbert
Guadalupe
Paradise Valley
Queen Creek‡
Wickenburg‡
Youngtown
CDPs
Aguila
Anthem
Arlington
Circle City
Citrus Park
Gila Crossing
Kaka
Komatke
Maricopa Colony
Morristown
New River
Rio Verde
St. Johns
Sun City
Sun City West
Sun Lakes
Theba
Tonopah
Wintersburg
Wittmann
Populatedplaces
Apache Wells
Arrowhead Ranch
Beardsley
Camp Creek
Chandler Heights‡
Chiulikam
Co-op Village
Cotton Center
Crag
Desert Hills
Dreamland Villa
Forepaugh
Fort McDowell
Higley
Laveen
Leisure World
Liberty
Maricopa Village
Moivayi
Palo Verde
Papago
Rainbow Valley
Salt River
San Lucy Village
Sentinel
Sunflower
Sunnyslope
Tortilla Flat
Totopitk
Waddell
Weedville
Indian reservations
Gila River Indian Community‡
Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Community
Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation
Tohono Oʼodham Indian Reservation‡
Ghost towns/former populated places
Agua Caliente
Allenville
Cashion
Harqua
Lizard Acres
Marinette
Sundad
Vulture City
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Arizona portal
United States portal
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maricopa County, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maricopa_County,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"A.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Wickenburg, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wickenburg,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nps-2"},{"link_name":"Vulture City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture_City,_Arizona"}],"text":"Defunct gold mine in Maricopa County, ArizonaThe Vulture Mine was a gold mine and settlement in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. The mine began in 1863 and became the most productive gold mine in Arizona history. From 1863 to 1942 A.D., the mine produced 340,000 ounces (9,638.8 kgs) of gold and 260,000 ounces (7,370.9 kgs) of silver.[1] Historically, the mine attracted more than 5,000 people to the area, and is credited with founding the town of Wickenburg, Arizona.[2] The town that served the mine was known as Vulture City.","title":"Vulture Mine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Wickenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wickenburg"},{"link_name":"ghost town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_town"},{"link_name":"Jack Swilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Swilling"},{"link_name":"Phoenix, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Ghost Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ghost_Adventures_episodes#Season_4_.282010.29"}],"text":"The Vulture mine began when a prospector from California's gold rush, Henry Wickenburg, discovered a quartz deposit containing gold and began mining the outcrop himself. In 1863, after Henry Wickenburg discovered the Vulture mine, Vulture City, a small mining town, was established in the area. The town once had a population of 5,000 citizens. After the mine closed, the city was abandoned and became a \"ghost town\". The deposit was later sold to Benjamin Phelps, who represented a group of investors that eventually organized under the name of Vulture Mining Company.The desert surrounding the Vulture Mine did not give much in the way of produce, so an enterprising individual by the name of Jack Swilling went into the Phoenix Valley and reopened the irrigation canals left by the native peoples. Agriculture was brought back to the valley, and a grain route was established. This grain route still exists today under the name of Grand Avenue. Phoenix, Arizona, grew up around the agricultural center spawned by the needs of the Vulture Mine.In 1942, the Vulture Mine was shut down by a regulatory agency for processing gold. This was a violation at the time because all resources were to be focused on the war effort. The mine appealed the shut-down order and reopened, but with less vigor. A few years later, the mine closed permanently.Today the mine and ghost town are privately owned, but tours are offered. Two-hour, dirt path guided walking tours at the historic Vulture mine offers a glimpse of the olden days through a tour of some of the remaining buildings of Vulture City, a booming mining town.The mine was a Lock-down site on Ghost Adventures on the Travel Channel on October 29, 2010.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maricopa County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maricopa_County,_Arizona"}],"text":"The Vulture Mine is located in Maricopa County at 36610 N. 355th Avenue, Wickenburg, Arizona, United States, Zip code: 85390.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wickenbug_Vulture_Mine_-Entrance_to_Vulture_Miine.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wickenbug_Vulture_Mine-Vulture_Mounatin_and_caves.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wickenbug_Vulture_Mine-Nickel_Shaft.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wickenbug_Vulture_Mine-Entrance_to_Vulture_Mine_Shaft.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wickenburg_Vulture_Mine-Vulture_Mine_Shaft.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wickenburg_Vulture_Mine-Mine_equipment.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wickenburg_Vulture_Mine-Gate_House.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wickenburg_Vulture_Mine-Ghost_town_houses.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wickenburg_Vulture_Mine_-Ammo_House.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wickenburg_Vulture_Mine-Gas_Station.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wickenburg_Vulture_Mine-Workshop.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wickenburg_Vulture_Mine-Assay_office-1884-1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wickenburg_Vulture_Mine-Assay_office-1884-3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wickenburg_Vulture_Mine-Assay_House-2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wickenburg_Vulture_Mine-Chow_House.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wickenburg_Vulture_Mine-Inside_Chow_House.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wickenburg_Vulture_Mine-Hanging_Tree.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wickenburg_Vulture_Mine-Miners_living_quarters.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wickenburg_Vulture_Mine-Rita%27s_Brothel.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wickenburg_Vulture_Mine-Saloon_ruins.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wickenburg_Vulture_Mine-Post_Office-1880_ruins.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wickenburg_Vulture_Mine-Wickenburg%27s_Settler_home-2.jpg"}],"text":"The following are images with a brief description of the Vulture Mine and some of the structures still present in what once was known as Vulture City.Historic Vulture Mine and Vulture City (Ghost town)\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEntrance to Vulture Mine and Vulture City ghost town.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVulture Mine , Vulture Mountain and caves.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNickel Shaft.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEntrance to the Vulture Mine gold mine shaft.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInside of the entrance of the gold mine shaft.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSome of the mining equipment once used.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVulture City Gate House.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVulture City Ghost town houses.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVulture City Dynamite House where dynamite and ammo was stored.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVulture City Gas Station.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Vulture City Workshop.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Vulture Mine-Assay office, built in 1884, in Vulture City.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSide view of the Vulture Mine-Assay office\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFull view of the Vulture_Mine-Assay office.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVulture City Chow House where the miners ate.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe kitchen of the Vulture City Chow House.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVulture City Hanging Tree.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOne of the Miners Living Quarters in Vulture City.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRita's Brothel in Vulture City.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe ruins of the Vulture City Saloon.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe ruins of the Vulture City Post Office which opened in 1880 and whose postmaster was Henry Wickenburg.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe ruins of Henry Wickenburg's Settlers Home in Vulture City.","title":"Vulture Mine and Vulture City (Ghost town)"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Map_of_Arizona_highlighting_Maricopa_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Arizona_highlighting_Maricopa_County.svg.png"}]
|
[{"title":"Vulture Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture_Mountains"},{"title":"Henry Wickenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wickenburg"},{"title":"Vulture City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture_City"},{"title":"List of historic properties in Wickenburg, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historic_properties_in_Wickenburg,_Arizona"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"National Park Service - Prospector, Cowhand, and Sodbuster (Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings)\". Nps.gov. May 22, 2005. Retrieved July 31, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/prospector/sited1.htm","url_text":"\"National Park Service - Prospector, Cowhand, and Sodbuster (Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings)\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vulture_Mine¶ms=33_52_44_N_112_47_42_W_region:US-AZ_type:landmark","external_links_name":"33°52′44″N 112°47′42″W / 33.87889°N 112.79500°W / 33.87889; -112.79500"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vulture_Mine¶ms=33_52_44_N_112_47_42_W_region:US-AZ_type:landmark","external_links_name":"33°52′44″N 112°47′42″W / 33.87889°N 112.79500°W / 33.87889; -112.79500"},{"Link":"http://www.azgs.az.gov/Mineral%20Scans/Geology%20of%20Vulture%20Gold%20Mine.pdf","external_links_name":"Jon E. Spencer and others, 1989, \"Geology of the Vulture gold mine,\" Arizona Geology, v.19 n.4."},{"Link":"http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/prospector/sited1.htm","external_links_name":"\"National Park Service - Prospector, Cowhand, and Sodbuster (Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings)\""},{"Link":"http://ghost-town-photography.com/arizona_ghost_towns.htm","external_links_name":"Gallery of photos, Vulture Mine"},{"Link":"http://novusluna.com/index.php/investigations/44-vulturemine","external_links_name":"Vulture Mine Photos and Videos"},{"Link":"http://www.azghosttowns.com/towns/vulture.html","external_links_name":"Vulture"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/315527721","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007551434505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh93001922","external_links_name":"United States"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mount,_Tennessee
|
Rocky Mount State Historic Site
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 36°24′21″N 82°20′12″W / 36.40583°N 82.33667°W / 36.40583; -82.33667United States historic placeRocky MountU.S. National Register of Historic Places
The Cobb-Massengill HouseShow map of TennesseeShow map of the United StatesNearest cityPiney Flats, TennesseeCoordinates36°24′21″N 82°20′12″W / 36.40583°N 82.33667°W / 36.40583; -82.33667Area10 acres (4.0 ha)Built1828Architectural styleLog houseNRHP reference No.70000617Added to NRHPFebruary 26, 1970Informational sign
Rocky Mount, in Piney Flats, Tennessee, also known as the Cobb-Massengill House, was the first territorial capital of the Southwest Territory.
The property of William Cobb, the original residence at Rocky Mount served as the territorial capital from 1790 to 1792. Dendroarchaeological investigations at the site by the University of Tennessee revealed that the present dwelling dates to the late 1820s.
The property is owned by the State of Tennessee and has been operated by the Rocky Mount Historical Association, a non-profit organization in partnership with the Tennessee Historical Commission, since 1962. The property is a living museum that recreates the year 1791, when American Founding Father William Blount was in residence as governor. It is next to the DeVault-Massengill House.
References
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
^ "Rocky Mount". The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2006-03-12.
^ History of Rocky Mount, The Cobb-Massengill House
^ RockyMountMuseum.com
External links
Media related to The Cobb House at Wikimedia Commons
Rocky Mount Museum
Rocky Mount State Historic Site
vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics
Architectural style categories
Contributing property
Historic district
History of the National Register of Historic Places
Keeper of the Register
National Park Service
Property types
Lists by state
List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state:
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Lists by insular areas
American Samoa
Guam
Minor Outlying Islands
Northern Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
Lists by associated state
Federated States of Micronesia
Marshall Islands
Palau
Other areas
District of Columbia
American Legation, Morocco
Related
National Historic Preservation Act
Historic Preservation Fund
List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places
University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places
National Register of Historic Places portal
Category
This article about a property in Sullivan County, Tennessee on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Tennessee museum-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSC_0944_(2)_The_Cobb_House_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"Piney Flats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piney_Flats,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Southwest Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Territory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Historical Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Historical_Commission"},{"link_name":"living museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_museum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Founding Father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"William Blount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blount"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"DeVault-Massengill House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeVault-Massengill_House"}],"text":"United States historic placeInformational signRocky Mount, in Piney Flats, Tennessee, also known as the Cobb-Massengill House, was the first territorial capital of the Southwest Territory.The property of William Cobb, the original residence at Rocky Mount served as the territorial capital from 1790 to 1792.[2] Dendroarchaeological investigations at the site by the University of Tennessee revealed that the present dwelling dates to the late 1820s.The property is owned by the State of Tennessee and has been operated by the Rocky Mount Historical Association, a non-profit organization in partnership with the Tennessee Historical Commission, since 1962. The property is a living museum[3] that recreates the year 1791, when American Founding Father William Blount was in residence as governor.[4] It is next to the DeVault-Massengill House.","title":"Rocky Mount State Historic Site"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Informational sign","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/DSC_0944_%282%29_The_Cobb_House_03.jpg/220px-DSC_0944_%282%29_The_Cobb_House_03.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Rocky Mount\". The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2006-03-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930170936/http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=R048","url_text":"\"Rocky Mount\""},{"url":"http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=R048","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rocky_Mount_State_Historic_Site¶ms=36_24_21_N_82_20_12_W_type:landmark_region:US-TN","external_links_name":"36°24′21″N 82°20′12″W / 36.40583°N 82.33667°W / 36.40583; -82.33667"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rocky_Mount_State_Historic_Site¶ms=36_24_21_N_82_20_12_W_type:landmark_region:US-TN","external_links_name":"36°24′21″N 82°20′12″W / 36.40583°N 82.33667°W / 36.40583; -82.33667"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/70000617","external_links_name":"70000617"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930170936/http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=R048","external_links_name":"\"Rocky Mount\""},{"Link":"http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=R048","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.rockymountmuseum.com/history.shtml","external_links_name":"History of Rocky Mount, The Cobb-Massengill House"},{"Link":"http://www.rockymountmuseum.com/","external_links_name":"RockyMountMuseum.com"},{"Link":"http://www.rockymountmuseum.com/","external_links_name":"Rocky Mount Museum"},{"Link":"http://www.state.tn.us/environment/history/history_historic-site-rocky-mount.shtml","external_links_name":"Rocky Mount State Historic Site"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Mount_State_Historic_Site&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Mount_State_Historic_Site&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheykh_Mostafa,_Razavi_Khorasan
|
Sheykh Mostafa, Razavi Khorasan
|
["1 References"]
|
Coordinates: 36°47′20″N 58°27′09″E / 36.78889°N 58.45250°E / 36.78889; 58.45250Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranSheykh Mostafa
شيخ مصطفيvillageSheykh MostafaCoordinates: 36°47′20″N 58°27′09″E / 36.78889°N 58.45250°E / 36.78889; 58.45250Country IranProvinceRazavi KhorasanCountyNishapurBakhshSarvelayatRural DistrictSarvelayatPopulation (2006) • Total38Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Sheykh Mostafa (Persian: شيخ مصطفي, also Romanized as Sheykh Moşţafá) is a village in Sarvelayat Rural District, Sarvelayat District, Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 38, in 12 families.
References
^ Sheykh Mostafa can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3843586" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
vte Nishapur CountyCapital
Nishapur
DistrictsCentralCities
Nishapur
Rural Districts and villagesBinalud
Aliabad
Andar Ab
Baqi
Barag Shahi
Bojnu-ye Olya
Bormahan
Chahar Gushli
Dahaneh-ye Heydari
Farsiyeh
Fazelabad
Gardan
Heydarabad
Kalateh-ye Abuzar
Kalateh-ye Ali Morad
Kalateh-ye Mohammad Jan
Karan
Karji
Khar Barreh
Khorramabad
Marusk
Nasirabad
Qaruneh
Sar Chah
Sar Gerik
Seyyedabad-e Asadollah Khan
Seyyedabad-e Bar Madan
Tangeh-ye Olya
Telli
Tijan
Zarandeh
Darbqazi
Abirabad
Ahmadabad
Aliabad-e Shahid
Amirabad
Bagh-e Jafarabad
Bahman
Bahrudi
Boshruy
Daghi
Deh Now-e Lakzi
Ebrahimabad-e Muri
Emamiyeh
Eqbali
Eshqabad-e Kohneh
Eslamabad-e Arab
Fazl
Ferdows
Haqqiyeh
Hoseynabad-e Chaghuki
Hoseyni
Jalandeh
Jijabad
Jilu
Juri
Karimabad
Karimabad-e Suis
Karizak-e Kenar Kal
Karizak-e Kohneh
Kariz-e Sabah
Kazemabad
Khanshah
Khujan
Lak Lak Ashian
Mahmudabad-e Fazl
Mansuriyeh
Naqdbesh
Nowbahar
Nowruzabad
Nurabad
Qaleh Now
Qaleh Now-ye Mehdiabad
Rahimabad
Ruhabad
Sadrabad
Seh Gonbad
Shad Mianeh
Shahr-e Kohneh
Shib
Soltanabad
Zirjan
Fazl
Abbasabad
Abu Sadi
Adg
Barf Riz
Boshrabad
Buzhabad
Buzhan
Chah Boland
Damdari Dasht Livestock Center
Dar os Salam
Darbehesht
Dasht
Deh Now
Deh Sheykh
Eshratabad
Eslamabad-e Lakazi
Eynabad
Fakhriyeh
Farkhak
Feyzabad-e Lalaha
Filkhaneh
Firuzi
Fushenjan
Ghar
Hajj Kazemi
Hamidabad
Hesar
Hoseynabad-e Jadid
Hoseynabad-e Nazer
Kheyrabad
Khorramabad
Khvosh-e Bala
Mamuri
Muri
Naimabad
Qaleh Now-ye Alireza Bek
Qoreyshabad
Rud
Sadabad
Sheykhlan
Sowqand
Taht-e Manzar
Tarababad
Turani
Yahyaabad
Mazul
Abquy
Asgarabad
Baghshan-e Gach
Bashnij
Chah-e Sadiq Salar Ali Akbar
Darbehesht
Deh Now-ye Khaleseh
Deh Sang
Deh-e Hallaj
Dowlatabad
Eshqabad
Eyshabad
Feyzabad
Feyzabad
Feyzabad
Garab
Hajjian
Hasanabad-e Emam Jomeh
Hasanabad-e Sar Tappeh
Hesar Juq
Hesar-e Khuni
Honarstan-e Kashavarzi
Jomhuri
Kaboli
Kheyrabad
Khorram Bak
Khvajeh Bachcheh
Mamuri
Manzar
Mirabad
Mirabad
Mohammadabad-e Do Khaneh
Neqab
Pir Komaj
Qaleh Now-e Jamshid
Qatnabad
Ranajabad
Red Crescent Building Number 1
Ringan
Rostamabad
Sahlabad
Salahi
Samghan
Sanguni
Sar Ab-e Kushk
Seh Chub
Seyfabad
Seyyedabad
Shadab
Shahrak
Shamsabad
Sowmeeh
Yek Lengeh
Zarandeh
Rivand
Abgineh
Abjeqan
Ahangaran
Aliabad-e Takeh
Allahjegerd
Anjidan
Ardesman
Arezumandeh
Baghat-e Dastgerdan
Bakavol
Bolqosheh
Chanbaran
Dalashan
Deh Now
Deh Now-e Kherabeh
Deh-e Darugheh
Deh-e Habbeh
Eslamiyeh
Farhad
Farrokhabad
Golshan
Hakimabad
Hantabad
Hashemabad-e Soltani
Helali
Hoseynabad-e Makhtari
Karjij
Khomar
Lotfabad
Malek Kandeh
Mirabad
Mobarakeh
Mohammadabad
Mohitabad
Mozaffarabad
Now Kariz
Qabed
Qasemabad
Rahimabad
Rahimabad
Rahmatabad
Ruhabad
Salehabad
Shad Mehrak
Shafiabad
Shahabad
Shamsabad
Shamsiyeh
Sowmeeh
Taherabad
SarvelayatCities
Chekneh
Rural Districts and villagesBarzanun
Barzanun
Emamzadeh-ye Hoseyn Asghar
Gavkosh
Kalateh-ye Hajji
Kheyrabad
Qareh Gol
Shotor Sang
Tiran
Zohan
Sarvelayat
Abdollah Givi
Aq Qayah
Beshkan
Bid Khan
Chakaneh-ye Olya
Dezq
Eshqabad
Fahneh
Ghezel Aghul
Golbin
Hajjiabad
Hasanabad
Inchegan
Kalateh-ye Feshay
Kalateh-ye Meydan
Kelidar
Khayesk
Khvajehabad
Kuh Sakht
Mazraeh-ye Reza
Mowtowr Ab-e Soltani
Nowmiri
Nowsara
Pirshahbaz
Qezel Qaleh
Saqi Beyg
Sheykh Mostafa
Soltan Meydan
Suleh
Talebi
Yengejeh
Ziarat
Zig
Iran portal
This Nishapur County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sarvelayat Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvelayat_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Sarvelayat District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvelayat_District"},{"link_name":"Nishapur County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishapur_County"},{"link_name":"Razavi Khorasan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razavi_Khorasan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranSheykh Mostafa (Persian: شيخ مصطفي, also Romanized as Sheykh Moşţafá)[1] is a village in Sarvelayat Rural District, Sarvelayat District, Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 38, in 12 families.[2]","title":"Sheykh Mostafa, Razavi Khorasan"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/09.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/09.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sheykh_Mostafa,_Razavi_Khorasan¶ms=36_47_20_N_58_27_09_E_region:IR_type:city(38)","external_links_name":"36°47′20″N 58°27′09″E / 36.78889°N 58.45250°E / 36.78889; 58.45250"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sheykh_Mostafa,_Razavi_Khorasan¶ms=36_47_20_N_58_27_09_E_region:IR_type:city(38)","external_links_name":"36°47′20″N 58°27′09″E / 36.78889°N 58.45250°E / 36.78889; 58.45250"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/09.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/09.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheykh_Mostafa,_Razavi_Khorasan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%E2%80%937_Argyle_Place,_Millers_Point
|
1–7 Argyle Place, Millers Point
|
["1 History","2 Description","3 Heritage listing","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Citations","5.2 Sources","6 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 33°51′31″S 151°12′11″E / 33.8586°S 151.2030°E / -33.8586; 151.2030
Historic site in New South Wales, Australia1–7 Argyle Place1–7 Argyle Place, pictured in 2019.Location1, 3, 5, 7 Argyle Place, Millers Point, City of Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaCoordinates33°51′31″S 151°12′11″E / 33.8586°S 151.2030°E / -33.8586; 151.2030Built1910Built forSydney Harbour Trust
New South Wales Heritage RegisterOfficial nameShopsTypeState heritage (built)Designated2 April 1999Reference no.863TypeShopCategoryRetail and Wholesale
Location of 1–7 Argyle Place in Sydney
1–7 Argyle Place is a heritage-listed row of shops with overhead residences at 1, 3, 5 and 7 Argyle Place, Millers Point, City of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.
History
The row of shops and residences at 1–7 Argyle Place was built by the Sydney Harbour Trust in 1910 following the state resumption and reconstruction of the surrounding area following a turn-of-the-century outbreak of bubonic plague. It now forms an important element of the historic streetscape.
Ownership passed from the Trust to the Department of Housing in 1986. The shops were threatened with sale to private developers in 1988, but were saved in 1990 after a two-year community campaign. The campaign also resulted in an agreement whereby the City of Sydney leased the shops from the Department, with the council pledging to ensure they were kept as service stores for the local community. However, they were eventually put up for sale by the state government in 2006 and sold soon after.
Description
1–7 Argyle Place, pictured in 2019 (left) and 2012 (right).
1–7 Argyle Place is a two-storey row of shops with residences overhead, built in the Federation style. It features face brick walls and chimneys, a slate roof to the main body of the building with corrugated galvanised iron verandah roofs, and painted pebble dash parapets.
The verandahs on the second storey have been filled in, and some sash windows were renewed in the 1990s.
Heritage listing
An interesting example of early twentieth century commercial and residential development being part of the-post plague redevelopment, very important to the streetscape of Millers Point.
It is part of the Millers Point Conservation Area, an intact residential and maritime precinct. It contains residential buildings and civic spaces dating from the 1830s and is an important example of nineteenth-century adaptation of the landscape.
1–7 Argyle Place was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.
See also
Australian residential architectural styles
9 Argyle Place
References
Citations
^ a b c d e f g "Shops". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H00863. Retrieved 13 October 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
^ "Deal saves historic shops". The Sydney Morning Herald. 13 September 1990. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
^ "Retelling of the Millers tale". Sun Herald. 28 May 2006.
Sources
Brooks & Associates (1998). Department of Housing s170 Register.
Attribution
This Wikipedia article was originally based on Shops, entry number 863 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) 2018 under CC-BY 4.0 licence, accessed on 13 October 2018.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1-7 Argyle Place, Millers Point.
Paul Davies Pty Ltd (March 2007). "Millers Point and Walsh Bay Heritage Review" (PDF). City of Sydney.
vteMillers Point historical attractionsResidential buildings
Alfred's Terrace
Argyle Place
Nos. 1-7
Nos. 6-8
No. 9
Nos. 10-12a
Nos. 22-32
No. 34
Nos. 36-38
Nos. 40-44
Nos. 46-48
No. 50
Nos. 52-60
Nos. 62-64
Argyle House
Bettington Street
Nos. 56-60
Nos. 66-68
Blyth Terrace
Clydebank
Dalgety Road Terraces
Nos. 7-13
Nos. 15-25
Nos. 27a-35a
Darling House
Eagleton Terrace
Hexam Terrace
High Street
Nos. 2-36
Nos. 3-9
Nos. 38-72
Nos. 74-80
House of Bodleigh
Katoomba House
Kent Street
Nos. 18-22
Nos. 24-26
Nos. 21-29
No. 28
No. 30
Nos. 32-40
Nos. 37-47
No. 42
No. 44
No. 46
Nos. 48-50
Nos. 49-51
Nos. 52-54
Nos. 53-55
Nos. 56-58
Nos. 59-63
Nos. 60-62
Nos. 71-73
Nos. 75-79
No. 81
Nos. 82-88
Nos. 83-85
Nos. 90-92
Nos. 115-121
Nos. 123-125
Linsley Terrace
Lower Fort Street
Nos. 1-19
No. 20
Nos. 21-23
No. 22
Nos. 24-26
Nos. 25-35
No. 28
Nos. 30-42
Nos. 39-41
No. 43
Nos. 47-53
No. 55
Nos. 57-61
Nos. 63-65
Nos. 67-73
Nos. 75-77
No. 79
Merriman Street
Nos. 14-16
No. 18
Nos. 20-48
Milton Terrace
18-20a Munn Street
Osborne House
Regency Townhouses
Stevens Terrace
Toxteth
Trinity Avenue
Nos. 2-4
Nos. 14-22
Undercliffe Cottage
Undercliffe Terrace
Vermont Terrace
Windmill Street
Nos. 1-63
No. 65
No. 69
No. 71
No. 73
Nos. 82-84
Nos. 86-88
Nos. 90-92
Winsbury Terrace
Commercial buildings
Argyle Street Railway Substation
Dalgety's Bond Stores
Grafton Bond Store
MSB Stores Complex
Oswald Bond Store
Post Office
Sydney Observatory
Windmill Street
No. 67
Churches
Garrison Anglican Church Precinct
St Brigid's Roman Catholic Church
Pubs and hotels
Captain Cook
Harbour View
Hero of Waterloo
Lord Nelson
Palisade
Shipwrights Arms
Other significant historical features
Millers Point & Dawes Point Village Precinct
Walsh Bay Wharves Precinct
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Millers Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millers_Point,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"City of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"New South Wales State Heritage Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-863-1"}],"text":"Historic site in New South Wales, Australia1–7 Argyle Place is a heritage-listed row of shops with overhead residences at 1, 3, 5 and 7 Argyle Place, Millers Point, City of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.[1]","title":"1–7 Argyle Place, Millers Point"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sydney Harbour Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Harbour_Trust"},{"link_name":"bubonic plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plague"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-863-1"},{"link_name":"City of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The row of shops and residences at 1–7 Argyle Place was built by the Sydney Harbour Trust in 1910 following the state resumption and reconstruction of the surrounding area following a turn-of-the-century outbreak of bubonic plague. It now forms an important element of the historic streetscape.[1]Ownership passed from the Trust to the Department of Housing in 1986. The shops were threatened with sale to private developers in 1988, but were saved in 1990 after a two-year community campaign. The campaign also resulted in an agreement whereby the City of Sydney leased the shops from the Department, with the council pledging to ensure they were kept as service stores for the local community.[2] However, they were eventually put up for sale by the state government in 2006 and sold soon after.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Argyle_Place,_Millers_Point_14.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Millers_Point_NSW_2000,_Australia_-_panoramio_(36).jpg"},{"link_name":"chimneys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimneys"},{"link_name":"corrugated galvanised iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrugated_galvanised_iron"},{"link_name":"verandah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veranda"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-863-1"},{"link_name":"sash windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sash_window"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-863-1"}],"text":"1–7 Argyle Place, pictured in 2019 (left) and 2012 (right).1–7 Argyle Place is a two-storey row of shops with residences overhead, built in the Federation style. It features face brick walls and chimneys, a slate roof to the main body of the building with corrugated galvanised iron verandah roofs, and painted pebble dash parapets.[1]The verandahs on the second storey have been filled in, and some sash windows were renewed in the 1990s.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-863-1"},{"link_name":"Millers Point Conservation Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millers_Point_Conservation_Area"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-863-1"},{"link_name":"New South Wales State Heritage Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-863-1"}],"text":"An interesting example of early twentieth century commercial and residential development being part of the-post plague redevelopment, very important to the streetscape of Millers Point.[1]It is part of the Millers Point Conservation Area, an intact residential and maritime precinct. It contains residential buildings and civic spaces dating from the 1830s and is an important example of nineteenth-century adaptation of the landscape.[1]1–7 Argyle Place was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.[1]","title":"Heritage listing"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Australian residential architectural styles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_residential_architectural_styles"},{"title":"9 Argyle Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_Argyle_Place,_Millers_Point"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Shops\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H00863. Retrieved 13 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5045557","url_text":"\"Shops\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"\"Deal saves historic shops\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 13 September 1990. Retrieved 1 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/121570565/?terms=%22argyle%2Bplace%22%2B%22millers%2Bpoint%22","url_text":"\"Deal saves historic shops\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Retelling of the Millers tale\". Sun Herald. 28 May 2006.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Brooks & Associates (1998). Department of Housing s170 Register.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Paul Davies Pty Ltd (March 2007). \"Millers Point and Walsh Bay Heritage Review\" (PDF). City of Sydney.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/119228/MillersPt_FinalMarch2007_Sec1-3.pdf","url_text":"\"Millers Point and Walsh Bay Heritage Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Sydney","url_text":"City of Sydney"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1%E2%80%937_Argyle_Place,_Millers_Point¶ms=33.8586_S_151.203_E_region:AU-NSW_type:landmark","external_links_name":"33°51′31″S 151°12′11″E / 33.8586°S 151.2030°E / -33.8586; 151.2030"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1%E2%80%937_Argyle_Place,_Millers_Point¶ms=33.8586_S_151.203_E_region:AU-NSW_type:landmark","external_links_name":"33°51′31″S 151°12′11″E / 33.8586°S 151.2030°E / -33.8586; 151.2030"},{"Link":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5045557","external_links_name":"\"Shops\""},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","external_links_name":"CC-BY 4.0"},{"Link":"http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/help/copyright-disclaimer.htm","external_links_name":"licence"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/121570565/?terms=%22argyle%2Bplace%22%2B%22millers%2Bpoint%22","external_links_name":"\"Deal saves historic shops\""},{"Link":"https://apps.environment.nsw.gov.au/dpcheritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5045557","external_links_name":"Shops"},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","external_links_name":"CC-BY 4.0"},{"Link":"http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/help/copyright-disclaimer.htm","external_links_name":"licence"},{"Link":"https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/119228/MillersPt_FinalMarch2007_Sec1-3.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Millers Point and Walsh Bay Heritage Review\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories,_associated_states,_and_foreign_states
|
List of United States National Historic Landmarks in United States commonwealths and territories, associated states, and foreign states
|
["1 NHLs in U.S. commonwealths and territories","2 NHLs in associated states","3 U.S. NHLs in foreign states","4 National Park Service Areas in U.S. Commonwealths and Territories","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
|
This is a list of National Historic Landmarks in U.S. commonwealths and territories, associated states, and foreign states.
Included are lists of National Historic Landmarks (NHLs) and of National Park Service administered areas in U.S. Commonwealths and territories, U.S.-associated states, and in the foreign state of Morocco. There are 23 NHLs in these areas.
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap
Download coordinates as:
KML
GPX (all coordinates)
GPX (primary coordinates)
GPX (secondary coordinates)
NHLs in U.S. commonwealths and territories
Landmark name
Image
Date designated
Location
Commonwealth/Territory
Description
1
Blunts Point Battery
Blunts Point Battery
May 28, 1987(#73002128)
Pago Pago 14°17′27″S 170°40′30″W / 14.29087°S 170.67493°W / -14.29087; -170.67493 (Blunts Point Battery)
American Samoa
A rare intact Pacific coastal battery, built as part of the fortification of the Samoan Islands after Pearl Harbor
2
Government House
Government House
December 14, 1990(#72001443)
Pago Pago 14°16′57″S 170°40′54″W / 14.28238°S 170.68171°W / -14.28238; -170.68171 (Government House)
American Samoa
A symbol of United States military and diplomatic relations throughout the South Pacific through World War I and World War II. Now the residence of the governor of American Samoa
3
World War II Facilities at Midway
World War II Facilities at Midway
May 28, 1987(#87001302)
Midway Atoll 28°12′N 177°21′W / 28.2°N 177.35°W / 28.2; -177.35 (World War II Facilities at Midway)
Midway Islands
Site of pivotal Battle of Midway which changed the balance of sea power during World War II
4
Landing Beaches; Aslito/Isley Field; & Marpi Point, Saipan Island
Landing Beaches; Aslito/Isley Field; & Marpi Point, Saipan Island
February 4, 1985(#85001789)
Saipan 15°06′59″N 145°43′41″E / 15.116389°N 145.728056°E / 15.116389; 145.728056 (Landing Beaches; Aslito/Isley Field; & Marpi Point, Saipan Island)
Northern Mariana Islands
5
Tinian Landing Beaches, Ushi Point & North Fields, Tinian Island
Tinian Landing Beaches, Ushi Point & North Fields, Tinian Island
December 30, 1985(#85003268)
Tinian 15°04′54″N 145°37′57″E / 15.081654°N 145.632398°E / 15.081654; 145.632398 (Tinian Landing Beaches, Ushi Point & North Fields, Tinian Island)
Northern Mariana Islands
6
Antonio Lopez
Antonio Lopez More images
December 9, 1997(#93001593)
Dorado 18°28′48″N 66°13′50″W / 18.48°N 66.230556°W / 18.48; -66.230556 (Antonio Lopez)
Puerto Rico
Shipwreck of the first Spanish-built steel vessel with a complete electrical lighting system, and one of the most important Spanish blockade-runners during the Spanish–American War. The shipwreck is the only known Spanish wreck in American waters from the conflict.
7
Caguana Site
Caguana Site More images
November 4, 1993(#92001671)
Utuado 18°17′49″N 66°46′55″W / 18.2969°N 66.7819°W / 18.2969; -66.7819 (Caguana Site)
Puerto Rico
Taíno archaeological site considered to be one of the most important Pre-Columbian sites in the West Indies.
8
Caparra Archaeological Site
Caparra Archaeological Site
April 19, 1994(#84003155)
Guaynabo 18°24′18″N 66°06′51″W / 18.405°N 66.114167°W / 18.405; -66.114167 (Caparra Archaeological Site)
Puerto Rico
Contains the remains of the first Spanish capital of Puerto Rico, settled in 1508 and abandoned in 1521. It represents the oldest known European settlement on United States territory.
9
Casa Dra. Concha Melendez Ramirez
Casa Dra. Concha Melendez Ramirez More images
February 27, 2013(#11000414)
San Juan 18°27′10″N 66°04′03″W / 18.4528°N 66.0675°W / 18.4528; -66.0675 (Casa Dra. Concha Melendez Ramirez)
Puerto Rico
The home of Dra. Concha Meléndez Ramírez, a writer and critic of the Generación del Treinta (Generation of 1930), a literary movement that shaped Puerto Rico's 20th-century national cultural identity.
10
La Fortaleza
La Fortaleza More images
October 9, 1960(#66000951)
San Juan 18°27′50″N 66°07′09″W / 18.463889°N 66.119167°W / 18.463889; -66.119167 (La Fortaleza)
Puerto Rico
Built between 1533 and 1540 to defend the harbor of San Juan. Today it serves as the residence of the governor of Puerto Rico, and it is the oldest executive mansion in continuous use in the Americas.
11
Old San Juan Historic District
Old San Juan Historic District More images
February 27, 2013(#13000284)
San Juan 18°26′44″N 66°04′33″W / 18.4456°N 66.0758°W / 18.4456; -66.0758 (Old San Juan Historic District)
Puerto Rico
A well-preserved Spanish colonial city. Nearly 400 years old, it is the oldest colonial settlement under the United States jurisdiction.
12
Columbus Landing Site
Columbus Landing Site More images
October 9, 1960(#66000743)
Saint Croix 17°46′44″N 64°45′32″W / 17.778889°N 64.758889°W / 17.778889; -64.758889 (Columbus Landing Site)
Virgin Islands
13
Fort Christian
Fort Christian More images
May 5, 1977(#77001329)
Saint Thomas 18°20′27″N 64°55′47″W / 18.340833°N 64.929722°W / 18.340833; -64.929722 (Fort Christian)
Virgin Islands
14
Fort Frederik
Fort Frederik More images
September 25, 1997(#97001269)
Saint Croix 17°42′55″N 64°53′00″W / 17.715256°N 64.883453°W / 17.715256; -64.883453 (Fort Frederik)
Virgin Islands
15
St. Thomas Synagogue
St. Thomas Synagogue More images
September 25, 1997(#97001270)
Saint Thomas 18°20′41″N 64°55′59″W / 18.344722°N 64.933056°W / 18.344722; -64.933056 (St. Thomas Synagogue)
Virgin Islands
16
Blackbeard's Castle (Skytsborg)
Blackbeard's Castle (Skytsborg) More images
October 12, 1994(#91001844)
Saint Thomas 18°20′38″N 64°55′47″W / 18.343842°N 64.929592°W / 18.343842; -64.929592 (Blackbeard's Castle (Skytsborg))
Virgin Islands
17
Wake Island
Wake Island More images
September 16, 1985(#85002726)
Wake Island 19°18′00″N 166°38′00″E / 19.3°N 166.633333°E / 19.3; 166.633333 (Wake Island)
Wake Island
NHLs in associated states
This is a complete list of the five National Historic Landmarks in sovereign states that are in free association with the United States.
Landmark name
Image
Date designated
Location
State
Description
1
Kwajalein Island Battlefield
Kwajalein Island Battlefield More images
February 4, 1985(#85001757)
Kwajalein 8°43′00″N 167°44′00″E / 8.716667°N 167.733333°E / 8.716667; 167.733333 (Kwajalein Island Battlefield)
Marshall Islands
This district encompasses the entire 1944 bounds of Kwajalein Island, commemorating its role in the 1944 Battle of Kwajalein.
2
Roi-Namur
Roi-Namur More images
February 4, 1985(#85001758)
Kwajalein 9°23′46″N 167°28′33″E / 9.396111°N 167.475833°E / 9.396111; 167.475833 (Roi-Namur)
Marshall Islands
This district encompasses all of Roi-Namur island, commemorating its role in the 1944 Battle of Kwajalein.
3
Nan Madol
Nan Madol More images
September 16, 1985(#74002226)
Pohnpei 6°50′31″N 158°19′56″E / 6.841944°N 158.332222°E / 6.841944; 158.332222 (Nan Madol)
Federated States of Micronesia
4
Truk Lagoon Underwater Fleet, Truk Atoll
Truk Lagoon Underwater Fleet, Truk Atoll More images
February 4, 1985(#76002267)
Chuuk 7°25′00″N 151°47′00″E / 7.416667°N 151.783333°E / 7.416667; 151.783333 (Truk Lagoon Underwater Fleet, Truk Atoll)
Federated States of Micronesia
5
Peleliu Battlefield
Peleliu Battlefield More images
February 4, 1985(#85001754)
Peleliu 7°00′01″N 134°13′23″E / 7.000378°N 134.223032°E / 7.000378; 134.223032 (Peleliu Battlefield)
Palau
U.S. NHLs in foreign states
Landmark name
Image
Date designated
Location
State
Description
1
American Legation
American Legation More images
December 17, 1982(#81000703)
Tangier 35°47′02″N 5°48′38″W / 35.78398°N 5.81068°W / 35.78398; -5.81068 (American Legation)
Morocco
The first property on foreign soil owned by the US government.
National Park Service Areas in U.S. Commonwealths and Territories
Also of historical interest are:
Christiansted National Historic Site, in U.S. Virgin Islands
Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve, in U.S. Virgin Islands (also an NHL, listed above as Columbus Landing Site)
San Juan National Historic Site, in Puerto Rico
War in the Pacific National Historical Park in Guam
Other National Park Service-administered areas in U.S. commonwealths and territories are:
National Park of American Samoa, in American Samoa
Buck Island Reef National Monument, in U.S. Virgin Islands
Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument, in U.S. Virgin Islands
Virgin Islands National Park, in U.S. Virgin Islands
American Memorial Park (affiliated area), in the Northern Mariana Islands
A former US National Historical Site is St. Thomas National Historic Site, transferred to Virgin Islands.
See also
List of National Historic Landmarks by state
National Register of Historic Places listings in American Samoa
National Register of Historic Places listings in Palau
National Register of Historic Places listings in Puerto Rico
National Register of Historic Places listings in the Federated States of Micronesia
National Register of Historic Places listings in the Marshall Islands
National Register of Historic Places listings in the Northern Mariana Islands
National Register of Historic Places listings in the United States Virgin Islands
References
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap
Download coordinates as:
KML
GPX (all coordinates)
GPX (primary coordinates)
GPX (secondary coordinates)
^ a b c Numbers represent an alphabetical ordering by significant words. Various colorings, defined here, differentiate National Historic Landmarks and historic districts from other NRHP buildings, structures, sites or objects.
^ a b c The eight-digit number below each date is the number assigned to each location in the National Register Information System database, which can be viewed by clicking the number.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Historic Landmarks in Puerto Rico, National Historic Landmarks in the United States Virgin Islands and United States National Historic Landmarks in Oceania.
List of National Historic Landmarks by State
National Historic Landmarks Program, at National Park Service
vteNational Historic Landmarks by stateState
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Boston
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
New York City
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Philadelphia
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Federal district
District of Columbia
OtherInsular area
American Samoa
Midway Islands
Northern Marianas Islands
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
Wake Island
Associated state
Marshall Islands
Federated States of Micronesia
Palau
Foreign country
Morocco
vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics
Architectural style categories
Contributing property
Historic district
History of the National Register of Historic Places
Keeper of the Register
National Park Service
Property types
Lists by state
List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state:
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Lists by insular areas
American Samoa
Guam
Minor Outlying Islands
Northern Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
Lists by associated state
Federated States of Micronesia
Marshall Islands
Palau
Other areas
District of Columbia
American Legation, Morocco
Related
National Historic Preservation Act
Historic Preservation Fund
List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places
University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places
National Register of Historic Places portal
Category
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Historic Landmarks (NHLs)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"}],"text":"This is a list of National Historic Landmarks in U.S. commonwealths and territories, associated states, and foreign states.Included are lists of National Historic Landmarks (NHLs) and of National Park Service administered areas in U.S. Commonwealths and territories, U.S.-associated states, and in the foreign state of Morocco. There are 23 NHLs in these areas.","title":"List of United States National Historic Landmarks in United States commonwealths and territories, associated states, and foreign states"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"NHLs in U.S. commonwealths and territories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Historic Landmarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"},{"link_name":"in free association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_state"}],"text":"This is a complete list of the five National Historic Landmarks in sovereign states that are in free association with the United States.","title":"NHLs in associated states"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"U.S. NHLs in foreign states"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christiansted National Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiansted_National_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_River_Bay_National_Historical_Park_and_Ecological_Preserve"},{"link_name":"San Juan National Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_National_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"War in the Pacific National Historical Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_the_Pacific_National_Historical_Park"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"National Park of American Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_of_American_Samoa"},{"link_name":"Buck Island Reef National Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_Island_Reef_National_Monument"},{"link_name":"Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Islands_Coral_Reef_National_Monument"},{"link_name":"Virgin Islands National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Islands_National_Park"},{"link_name":"American Memorial Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Memorial_Park"},{"link_name":"St. Thomas National Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Thomas_National_Historic_Site"}],"text":"Also of historical interest are:Christiansted National Historic Site, in U.S. Virgin Islands\nSalt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve, in U.S. Virgin Islands (also an NHL, listed above as Columbus Landing Site)\nSan Juan National Historic Site, in Puerto Rico\nWar in the Pacific National Historical Park in GuamOther National Park Service-administered areas in U.S. commonwealths and territories are:National Park of American Samoa, in American Samoa\nBuck Island Reef National Monument, in U.S. Virgin Islands\nVirgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument, in U.S. Virgin Islands\nVirgin Islands National Park, in U.S. Virgin Islands\nAmerican Memorial Park (affiliated area), in the Northern Mariana IslandsA former US National Historical Site is St. Thomas National Historic Site, transferred to Virgin Islands.","title":"National Park Service Areas in U.S. Commonwealths and Territories"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Blunts Point Battery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Blunts_Point_Battery_-_American_Samoa_-_1986.jpg/120px-Blunts_Point_Battery_-_American_Samoa_-_1986.jpg"},{"image_text":"Government House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/GOVERNMENT_HOUSE_OR_GOVERNOR%27S_MANSION.jpg/120px-GOVERNMENT_HOUSE_OR_GOVERNOR%27S_MANSION.jpg"},{"image_text":"World War II Facilities at Midway","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Midway_atoll_albat.jpg/120px-Midway_atoll_albat.jpg"},{"image_text":"Landing Beaches; Aslito/Isley Field; & Marpi Point, Saipan Island","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Landing_Beach.JPG/120px-Landing_Beach.JPG"},{"image_text":"Tinian Landing Beaches, Ushi Point & North Fields, Tinian Island","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Atom_Bomb_Pit_1_Little_Boy_a.JPG/120px-Atom_Bomb_Pit_1_Little_Boy_a.JPG"},{"image_text":"Antonio Lopez","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/PRAntonioLopez1.jpg/120px-PRAntonioLopez1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Caguana Site","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Caguana_Ceremonial_Ball_Courts_Site_-_Utuado_Puerto_Rico.jpg/120px-Caguana_Ceremonial_Ball_Courts_Site_-_Utuado_Puerto_Rico.jpg"},{"image_text":"Caparra Archaeological Site","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ponce_de_Leon_house.JPG/120px-Ponce_de_Leon_house.JPG"},{"image_text":"Casa Dra. Concha Melendez Ramirez","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Casa_Dra._Concha_Melendez_Ramirez_From_Front.JPG/120px-Casa_Dra._Concha_Melendez_Ramirez_From_Front.JPG"},{"image_text":"La Fortaleza","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/LA_FORTALEZA.jpg/120px-LA_FORTALEZA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Old San Juan Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Callejon_de_la_Capilla_in_Old_San_Juan_Wade_11.jpg/120px-Callejon_de_la_Capilla_in_Old_San_Juan_Wade_11.jpg"},{"image_text":"Columbus Landing Site","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Salt-River-Bay-1.jpg/120px-Salt-River-Bay-1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fort Christian","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/USVI_St._Thomas_Charlotte_Amalie_Fort_Christian.JPG/120px-USVI_St._Thomas_Charlotte_Amalie_Fort_Christian.JPG"},{"image_text":"Fort Frederik","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Frederiksfort%2C_King_Street_vicinity%2C_Frederiksted_%28St._Croix_County%2C_Virgin_Islands%29.jpg/120px-Frederiksfort%2C_King_Street_vicinity%2C_Frederiksted_%28St._Croix_County%2C_Virgin_Islands%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"St. Thomas Synagogue","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Synagogue_of_Beracha_Veshalom_Vegemiluth_Hasidim%2C_Krystalgade_16A_%26_B%2C_Charlotte_Amalie_%28St._Thomas_County%2C_Virgin_Islands%29.jpg/120px-Synagogue_of_Beracha_Veshalom_Vegemiluth_Hasidim%2C_Krystalgade_16A_%26_B%2C_Charlotte_Amalie_%28St._Thomas_County%2C_Virgin_Islands%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Blackbeard's Castle (Skytsborg)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/USVI_St._Thomas_-_Charlotte_Amalie_-_Blackbeard_Castle.JPG/120px-USVI_St._Thomas_-_Charlotte_Amalie_-_Blackbeard_Castle.JPG"},{"image_text":"Wake Island","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/98_rock%2C_Wake_Island.jpg/120px-98_rock%2C_Wake_Island.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kwajalein Island Battlefield","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Men_of_the_7th_Div_HD-SN-99-02846.jpg/120px-Men_of_the_7th_Div_HD-SN-99-02846.jpg"},{"image_text":"Roi-Namur","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Wyspy_Roi-Namur_-_mapa.PNG/120px-Wyspy_Roi-Namur_-_mapa.PNG"},{"image_text":"Nan Madol","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Nan_madol.jpg/120px-Nan_madol.jpg"},{"image_text":"Truk Lagoon Underwater Fleet, Truk Atoll","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Divers_next_to_the_mast_of_the_Unkai_Maru_wreck%2C_Truk_Lagoon%2C_Micronesia.jpg/120px-Divers_next_to_the_mast_of_the_Unkai_Maru_wreck%2C_Truk_Lagoon%2C_Micronesia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Peleliu Battlefield","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Resting_on_Peleliu_Island.jpg/120px-Resting_on_Peleliu_Island.jpg"},{"image_text":"American Legation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/American-legation-tangier-2.jpg/120px-American-legation-tangier-2.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of National Historic Landmarks by state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_by_state"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in American Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_American_Samoa"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Palau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Palau"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Puerto_Rico"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in the Federated States of Micronesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in the Marshall Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Marshall_Islands"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in the Northern Mariana Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in the United States Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands"}]
|
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories%2C_associated_states%2C_and_foreign_states","external_links_name":"OpenStreetMap"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories,_associated_states,_and_foreign_states","external_links_name":"KML"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories,_associated_states,_and_foreign_states","external_links_name":"GPX (all coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories,_associated_states,_and_foreign_states","external_links_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories,_associated_states,_and_foreign_states","external_links_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/73002128","external_links_name":"#73002128"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories,_associated_states,_and_foreign_states¶ms=14.29087_S_170.67493_W_&title=Blunts+Point+Battery","external_links_name":"14°17′27″S 170°40′30″W / 14.29087°S 170.67493°W / -14.29087; -170.67493 (Blunts Point Battery)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/72001443","external_links_name":"#72001443"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories,_associated_states,_and_foreign_states¶ms=14.28238_S_170.68171_W_&title=Government+House","external_links_name":"14°16′57″S 170°40′54″W / 14.28238°S 170.68171°W / -14.28238; -170.68171 (Government House)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/87001302","external_links_name":"#87001302"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories,_associated_states,_and_foreign_states¶ms=28.2_N_177.35_W_&title=World+War+II+Facilities+at+Midway","external_links_name":"28°12′N 177°21′W / 28.2°N 177.35°W / 28.2; -177.35 (World War II Facilities at Midway)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/85001789","external_links_name":"#85001789"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories,_associated_states,_and_foreign_states¶ms=15.116389_N_145.728056_E_&title=Landing+Beaches%3B+Aslito%2FIsley+Field%3B+%26+Marpi+Point%2C+Saipan+Island","external_links_name":"15°06′59″N 145°43′41″E / 15.116389°N 145.728056°E / 15.116389; 145.728056 (Landing Beaches; Aslito/Isley Field; & Marpi Point, Saipan Island)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/85003268","external_links_name":"#85003268"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories,_associated_states,_and_foreign_states¶ms=15.081654_N_145.632398_E_&title=Tinian+Landing+Beaches%2C+Ushi+Point+%26+North+Fields%2C+Tinian+Island","external_links_name":"15°04′54″N 145°37′57″E / 15.081654°N 145.632398°E / 15.081654; 145.632398 (Tinian Landing Beaches, Ushi Point & North Fields, Tinian Island)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/93001593","external_links_name":"#93001593"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories,_associated_states,_and_foreign_states¶ms=18.48_N_66.230556_W_&title=%27%27Antonio+Lopez%27%27","external_links_name":"18°28′48″N 66°13′50″W / 18.48°N 66.230556°W / 18.48; -66.230556 (Antonio Lopez)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/92001671","external_links_name":"#92001671"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories,_associated_states,_and_foreign_states¶ms=18.2969_N_66.7819_W_&title=Caguana+Site","external_links_name":"18°17′49″N 66°46′55″W / 18.2969°N 66.7819°W / 18.2969; -66.7819 (Caguana Site)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/84003155","external_links_name":"#84003155"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories,_associated_states,_and_foreign_states¶ms=18.405_N_66.114167_W_&title=Caparra+Archaeological+Site","external_links_name":"18°24′18″N 66°06′51″W / 18.405°N 66.114167°W / 18.405; -66.114167 (Caparra Archaeological Site)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/11000414","external_links_name":"#11000414"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories,_associated_states,_and_foreign_states¶ms=18.4528_N_66.0675_W_&title=Casa+Dra.+Concha+Melendez+Ramirez","external_links_name":"18°27′10″N 66°04′03″W / 18.4528°N 66.0675°W / 18.4528; -66.0675 (Casa Dra. Concha Melendez Ramirez)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/66000951","external_links_name":"#66000951"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories,_associated_states,_and_foreign_states¶ms=18.463889_N_66.119167_W_&title=La+Fortaleza","external_links_name":"18°27′50″N 66°07′09″W / 18.463889°N 66.119167°W / 18.463889; -66.119167 (La Fortaleza)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/13000284","external_links_name":"#13000284"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories,_associated_states,_and_foreign_states¶ms=18.4456_N_66.0758_W_&title=Old+San+Juan+Historic+District","external_links_name":"18°26′44″N 66°04′33″W / 18.4456°N 66.0758°W / 18.4456; -66.0758 (Old San Juan Historic District)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/66000743","external_links_name":"#66000743"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories,_associated_states,_and_foreign_states¶ms=17.778889_N_64.758889_W_&title=Columbus+Landing+Site","external_links_name":"17°46′44″N 64°45′32″W / 17.778889°N 64.758889°W / 17.778889; -64.758889 (Columbus Landing Site)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/77001329","external_links_name":"#77001329"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories,_associated_states,_and_foreign_states¶ms=18.340833_N_64.929722_W_&title=Fort+Christian","external_links_name":"18°20′27″N 64°55′47″W / 18.340833°N 64.929722°W / 18.340833; -64.929722 (Fort Christian)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/97001269","external_links_name":"#97001269"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories,_associated_states,_and_foreign_states¶ms=17.715256_N_64.883453_W_&title=Fort+Frederik","external_links_name":"17°42′55″N 64°53′00″W / 17.715256°N 64.883453°W / 17.715256; -64.883453 (Fort Frederik)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/97001270","external_links_name":"#97001270"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories,_associated_states,_and_foreign_states¶ms=18.344722_N_64.933056_W_&title=St.+Thomas+Synagogue","external_links_name":"18°20′41″N 64°55′59″W / 18.344722°N 64.933056°W / 18.344722; -64.933056 (St. Thomas Synagogue)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/91001844","external_links_name":"#91001844"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories,_associated_states,_and_foreign_states¶ms=18.343842_N_64.929592_W_&title=Blackbeard%27s+Castle+%28Skytsborg%29","external_links_name":"18°20′38″N 64°55′47″W / 18.343842°N 64.929592°W / 18.343842; -64.929592 (Blackbeard's Castle (Skytsborg))"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/85002726","external_links_name":"#85002726"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories,_associated_states,_and_foreign_states¶ms=19.3_N_166.633333_E_&title=Wake+Island","external_links_name":"19°18′00″N 166°38′00″E / 19.3°N 166.633333°E / 19.3; 166.633333 (Wake Island)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/85001757","external_links_name":"#85001757"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories,_associated_states,_and_foreign_states¶ms=8.716667_N_167.733333_E_&title=Kwajalein+Island+Battlefield","external_links_name":"8°43′00″N 167°44′00″E / 8.716667°N 167.733333°E / 8.716667; 167.733333 (Kwajalein Island Battlefield)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/85001758","external_links_name":"#85001758"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories,_associated_states,_and_foreign_states¶ms=9.396111_N_167.475833_E_&title=Roi-Namur","external_links_name":"9°23′46″N 167°28′33″E / 9.396111°N 167.475833°E / 9.396111; 167.475833 (Roi-Namur)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/74002226","external_links_name":"#74002226"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories,_associated_states,_and_foreign_states¶ms=6.841944_N_158.332222_E_&title=Nan+Madol","external_links_name":"6°50′31″N 158°19′56″E / 6.841944°N 158.332222°E / 6.841944; 158.332222 (Nan Madol)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/76002267","external_links_name":"#76002267"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories,_associated_states,_and_foreign_states¶ms=7.416667_N_151.783333_E_&title=Truk+Lagoon+Underwater+Fleet%2C+Truk+Atoll","external_links_name":"7°25′00″N 151°47′00″E / 7.416667°N 151.783333°E / 7.416667; 151.783333 (Truk Lagoon Underwater Fleet, Truk Atoll)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/85001754","external_links_name":"#85001754"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories,_associated_states,_and_foreign_states¶ms=7.000378_N_134.223032_E_&title=Peleliu+Battlefield","external_links_name":"7°00′01″N 134°13′23″E / 7.000378°N 134.223032°E / 7.000378; 134.223032 (Peleliu Battlefield)"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/81000703","external_links_name":"#81000703"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories,_associated_states,_and_foreign_states¶ms=35.78398_N_5.81068_W_&title=American+Legation","external_links_name":"35°47′02″N 5°48′38″W / 35.78398°N 5.81068°W / 35.78398; -5.81068 (American Legation)"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories%2C_associated_states%2C_and_foreign_states","external_links_name":"OpenStreetMap"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories,_associated_states,_and_foreign_states","external_links_name":"KML"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories,_associated_states,_and_foreign_states","external_links_name":"GPX (all coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories,_associated_states,_and_foreign_states","external_links_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories,_associated_states,_and_foreign_states","external_links_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://culturalheritagetourism.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/2015NationalHistoricLandmarks.pdf","external_links_name":"List of National Historic Landmarks by State"},{"Link":"http://www.nps.gov/history/nhl/","external_links_name":"National Historic Landmarks Program, at National Park Service"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamberlain,_Saskatchewan
|
Chamberlain, Saskatchewan
|
["1 History","2 Demographics","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 50°51′05″N 105°34′05″W / 50.851389°N 105.568056°W / 50.851389; -105.568056Village in Saskatchewan, CanadaChamberlainVillageVillage of ChamberlainChamberlain's Business District along Highway 11Location of Chamberlain in SaskatchewanCoordinates: 50°51′05″N 105°34′05″W / 50.851389°N 105.568056°W / 50.851389; -105.568056Country CanadaProvince SaskatchewanRegionSouth-centralRural MunicipalitySarnia No. 221Post office FoundedOct 1, 1904Incorporated (Village)Jan 31, 1910Government • TypeMunicipal • Governing bodyChamberlain Village Council • MayorShawn Ackerman • AdministratorSarah WellsArea • Total0.70 km2 (0.27 sq mi)Population (2016) • Total90 • Density129.1/km2 (334/sq mi)Time zoneUTC-6 (CST)Postal codeS0G 0R0Area code306Highways Hwy 11 Hwy 2 Hwy 733RailwaysLast Mountain Railway
Grain elevator in Chamberlain
Chamberlain (2016 population: 90) is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Sarnia No. 221 and Census Division No. 6.
Chamberlain is notable for being the last community between Regina and Saskatoon that Highway 11, the Louis Riel Trail, still passes through. The highway narrows to two lanes and its speed limit is reduced from 110 km/h to 50 km/h. A number of small restaurants and gas stations benefit from having traffic pass through at slow speed. The village is only about half an hour drive from Moose Jaw, an hour from Regina and one and a half hours from Saskatoon. Highway 11 has been realigned around all other communities along its route.
History
Chamberlain incorporated as a village on January 31, 1911.
Demographics
Population history(1981–2016)YearPop.±%1981136— 1986137+0.7%1991129−5.8%1996114−11.6%200189−21.9%2006108+21.3%201188−18.5%201690+2.3%Source: Statistics Canada via Saskatchewan Bureau of Statistics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Chamberlain had a population of 96 living in 44 of its 52 total private dwellings, a change of 6.7% from its 2016 population of 90. With a land area of 0.68 km2 (0.26 sq mi), it had a population density of 141.2/km2 (365.6/sq mi) in 2021.
In the 2016 Census of Population, the Village of Chamberlain recorded a population of 90 living in 46 of its 56 total private dwellings, a 2.2% change from its 2011 population of 88. With a land area of 0.7 km2 (0.27 sq mi), it had a population density of 128.6/km2 (333.0/sq mi) in 2016.
See also
List of communities in Saskatchewan
List of villages in Saskatchewan
References
^ Adam, Betty Ann. Saskatoon Star Phoenix (ed.). Chamberlain: Highway a lifeline. Saskatoon Star Phoenix newspaper Saturday March 17, 2007. p. 3.
^ "Urban Municipality Incorporations". Saskatchewan Ministry of Government Relations. Archived from the original on October 15, 2014. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
^ "Saskatchewan Census Population" (PDF). Saskatchewan Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
^ "Saskatchewan Census Population". Saskatchewan Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
^ "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Saskatchewan". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2022.
^ "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data (Saskatchewan)". Statistics Canada. February 8, 2017. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
External links
Chamberlain (Saskatchewan) travel guide from Wikivoyage
Places adjacent to Chamberlain, Saskatchewan
Watrous
Lake Diefenbaker
Chamberlain
Regina
Moose Jaw
vteSubdivisions of SaskatchewanSubdivisions
Regions
Census divisions
SARM divisions
Municipalities
Rural municipalities
Communities
Cities
Towns
Villages
Resort villages
Hamlets
Indian reserves
Ghost towns
Cities
Estevan
Flin Flon (part)
Humboldt
Lloydminster (part)
Martensville
Meadow Lake
Melfort
Melville
Moose Jaw
North Battleford
Prince Albert
Regina
Saskatoon
Swift Current
Warman
Weyburn
Yorkton
Villages
Abbey
Abernethy
Albertville
Alida
Alvena
Annaheim
Archerwill
Arran
Atwater
Avonlea
Aylesbury
Aylsham
Bangor
Beatty
Beechy
Belle Plaine
Bethune
Bjorkdale
Bladworth
Borden
Bracken
Bradwell
Briercrest
Brock
Broderick
Brownlee
Buchanan
Buena Vista
Bulyea
Cadillac
Calder
Canwood
Carievale
Caronport
Ceylon
Chamberlain
Chaplin
Christopher Lake
Clavet
Climax
Coderre
Codette
Coleville
Conquest
Consul
Craven
Creelman
Dafoe
Debden
Denholm
Denzil
Dilke
Dinsmore
Disley
Dodsland
Dorintosh
Drake
Drinkwater
Dubuc
Duff
Duval
Dysart
Earl Grey
Ebenezer
Edam
Edenwold
Elbow
Elfros
Endeavour
Englefeld
Ernfold
Eyebrow
Fairlight
Fenwood
Fillmore
Findlater
Flaxcombe
Forget
Fosston
Fox Valley
Frobisher
Frontier
Gainsborough
Gerald
Glaslyn
Glen Ewen
Glenavon
Glenside
Golden Prairie
Goodeve
Goodsoil
Goodwater
Grayson
Halbrite
Harris
Hawarden
Hazenmore
Hazlet
Heward
Hodgeville
Holdfast
Hubbard
Hyas
Invermay
Jansen
Kelliher
Kenaston
Kendal
Kennedy
Kenosee Lake
Killaly
Kincaid
Kinley
Kisbey
Krydor
Laird
Lake Lenore
Lancer
Landis
Lang
Leask
Lebret
Leoville
Leross
Liberty
Limerick
Lintlaw
Lipton
Loon Lake
Loreburn
Love
Lucky Lake
MacNutt
Macoun
Macrorie
Major
Makwa
Mankota
Manor
Marcelin
Marengo
Margo
Markinch
Marquis
Marsden
Maryfield
Maymont
McLean
McTaggart
Meacham
Meath Park
Medstead
Mendham
Meota
Mervin
Middle Lake
Milden
Minton
Mistatim
Montmartre
Mortlach
Muenster
Neilburg
Netherhill
Neudorf
Neville
North Portal
Odessa
Osage
Paddockwood
Pangman
Paradise Hill
Parkside
Paynton
Pelly
Pennant
Perdue
Pierceland
Pilger
Pleasantdale
Plenty
Plunkett
Prelate
Prud'homme
Punnichy
Quill Lake
Quinton
Rama
Rhein
Richard
Richmound
Ridgedale
Riverhurst
Roche Percee
Ruddell
Rush Lake
Sceptre
Sedley
Semans
Senlac
Shamrock
Sheho
Shell Lake
Silton
Simpson
Smeaton
Smiley
Spalding
Speers
Spy Hill
St. Benedict
St. Gregor
St. Louis
Stenen
Stewart Valley
Stockholm
Storthoaks
Strongfield
Success
Tantallon
Tessier
Theodore
Togo
Tompkins
Torquay
Tramping Lake
Tugaske
Tuxford
Val Marie
Valparaiso
Vanguard
Vanscoy
Vibank
Viscount
Waldeck
Waldron
Waseca
Webb
Weekes
Weirdale
Weldon
White Fox
Wilcox
Windthorst
Wiseton
Wood Mountain
Yarbo
Young
Zelma
Zenon Park
Topics
Culture
Economy
First Nations
Geography
Government
History
Regions
Tourist attractions
Category
Canada portal
WikiProject
vteDivision No. 6, SaskatchewanCities
Regina
Towns
Balcarres
Balgonie
Cupar
Fort Qu'Appelle
Francis
Grand Coulee
Indian Head
Lumsden
Pilot Butte
Qu'Appelle
Regina Beach
Rouleau
Sintaluta
Southey
Strasbourg
White City
Villages
Abernethy
Belle Plaine
Bethune
Briercrest
Buena Vista
Bulyea
Chamberlain
Craven
Dilke
Disley
Drinkwater
Dysart
Earl Grey
Edenwold
Findlater
Holdfast
Kendal
Lebret
Lipton
Markinch
McLean
Montmartre
Odessa
Pense
Sedley
Silton
Vibank
Wilcox
Resort villages
Alice Beach
B-Say-Tah
Fort San
Glen Harbour
Grandview Beach
Island View
Kannata Valley
Katepwa
Lumsden Beach
North Grove
Pasqua Lake
Pelican Pointe
Saskatchewan Beach
Sunset Cove
Wee Too Beach
Rural municipalities
Abernethy 186
Bratt's Lake 129
Cupar 218
Dufferin 190
Edenwold 158
Francis 127
Indian Head 156
Lajord 128
Lipton 217
Longlaketon 219
Lumsden 189
McKillop 220
Montmartre 126
North Qu'Appelle 187
Pense 160
Redburn 130
Sarnia 221
Sherwood 159
South Qu'Appelle 157
Tullymet 216
First Nations
Carry the Kettle Nakoda
Little Black Bear
Muscowpetung
Okanese
Pasqua
Peepeekisis Cree
Piapot Cree
Standing Buffalo Dakota
Star Blanket Cree
Indian reserves
Assiniboine 76
Carry the Kettle 76-1
Little Black Bear 84
Muscowpetung 80
Okanese 82
Pasqua 79
Peepeekisis 81
Piapot 75
Standing Buffalo 78
Star Blanket 83
Star Blanket 83C
Treaty Four Reserve Grounds 77
Wa-pii-moos-toosis 83A
UnincorporatedcommunitiesOrganized hamlets
Candiac
Collingwood Lakeshore Estates
Crawford Estates
Deer Valley
Edgeley
MacPheat Park
Sorensen Beach
Taylor Beach
Special service areas
Penzance
Avonhurst
Blackwood
Corinne
Cottonwood
Diana
Dreghorn
Eastview
Emerald Park
Estlin
Franksburg
Frankslake
Hearne
Jameson
Kalium
Katepwa Beach
Katepwa South
Kathrintal Colony
Kenlis
Keystown
Lajord
Lakeview Beach
Lorlie
Madrid
Milaty
Pattee
Pitman
Poplar Park
Richardson
Sandy Beach
Schulerville
Seitzville
Stelcam
Stony Beach
Zehner
See also: Municipalities in Saskatchewan
Census divisions of Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan Association of Rural Municipalities
This article about a location in the Census Division No. 6 of Saskatchewan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chamberlain_grain_elevator.jpg"},{"link_name":"2016 population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_2016_Census"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"Canadian province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Rural Municipality of Sarnia No. 221","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_Sarnia_No._221"},{"link_name":"Census Division No. 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_No._6,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Regina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Saskatoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatoon"},{"link_name":"Highway 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan_Highway_11"},{"link_name":"Louis Riel Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Riel_Trail"},{"link_name":"restaurants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurant"},{"link_name":"gas stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_station"},{"link_name":"Moose Jaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose_Jaw"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Village in Saskatchewan, CanadaGrain elevator in ChamberlainChamberlain (2016 population: 90) is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Sarnia No. 221 and Census Division No. 6.Chamberlain is notable for being the last community between Regina and Saskatoon that Highway 11, the Louis Riel Trail, still passes through. The highway narrows to two lanes and its speed limit is reduced from 110 km/h to 50 km/h. A number of small restaurants and gas stations benefit from having traffic pass through at slow speed. The village is only about half an hour drive from Moose Jaw, an hour from Regina and one and a half hours from Saskatoon. Highway 11 has been realigned around all other communities along its route.[1]","title":"Chamberlain, Saskatchewan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Incorporation-2"}],"text":"Chamberlain incorporated as a village on January 31, 1911.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Canadian_Census"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Canadian_Census"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Canadian_Census"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Canadian_Census"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Canadian_Census"},{"link_name":"Statistics Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Censuses81-06-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Censuses86-16-4"},{"link_name":"2021 Census of Population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"Statistics Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021census-5"},{"link_name":"2016 Census of Population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016censusSKmunis-6"}],"text":"Population history(1981–2016)YearPop.±%1981136— 1986137+0.7%1991129−5.8%1996114−11.6%200189−21.9%2006108+21.3%201188−18.5%201690+2.3%Source: Statistics Canada via Saskatchewan Bureau of Statistics[3][4]In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Chamberlain had a population of 96 living in 44 of its 52 total private dwellings, a change of 6.7% from its 2016 population of 90. With a land area of 0.68 km2 (0.26 sq mi), it had a population density of 141.2/km2 (365.6/sq mi) in 2021.[5]In the 2016 Census of Population, the Village of Chamberlain recorded a population of 90 living in 46 of its 56 total private dwellings, a 2.2% change from its 2011 population of 88. With a land area of 0.7 km2 (0.27 sq mi), it had a population density of 128.6/km2 (333.0/sq mi) in 2016.[6]","title":"Demographics"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Grain elevator in Chamberlain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Chamberlain_grain_elevator.jpg/220px-Chamberlain_grain_elevator.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of communities in Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Saskatchewan"},{"title":"List of villages in Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Saskatchewan"}]
|
[{"reference":"Adam, Betty Ann. Saskatoon Star Phoenix (ed.). Chamberlain: Highway a lifeline. Saskatoon Star Phoenix newspaper Saturday March 17, 2007. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Urban Municipality Incorporations\". Saskatchewan Ministry of Government Relations. Archived from the original on October 15, 2014. Retrieved June 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141015042810/http://municipal.gov.sk.ca/Municipal-History/Urban-Incorporated-Dates","url_text":"\"Urban Municipality Incorporations\""},{"url":"http://municipal.gov.sk.ca/Municipal-History/Urban-Incorporated-Dates","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Saskatchewan Census Population\" (PDF). Saskatchewan Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved May 31, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105944/http://www.stats.gov.sk.ca/stats/population/SaskCensusPopulation8106.pdf","url_text":"\"Saskatchewan Census Population\""},{"url":"http://www.stats.gov.sk.ca/stats/population/SaskCensusPopulation8106.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Saskatchewan Census Population\". Saskatchewan Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved May 31, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://publications.saskatchewan.ca/api/v1/products/86690/formats/100724/download","url_text":"\"Saskatchewan Census Population\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Saskatchewan\". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000203&geocode=A000247","url_text":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Saskatchewan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada","url_text":"Statistics Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data (Saskatchewan)\". Statistics Canada. February 8, 2017. Retrieved May 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=302&SR=1&S=86&O=A&RPP=9999&PR=47","url_text":"\"Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data (Saskatchewan)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada","url_text":"Statistics Canada"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chamberlain,_Saskatchewan¶ms=50.851389_N_105.568056_W_region:CA-SK_type:city(90)","external_links_name":"50°51′05″N 105°34′05″W / 50.851389°N 105.568056°W / 50.851389; -105.568056"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chamberlain,_Saskatchewan¶ms=50.851389_N_105.568056_W_region:CA-SK_type:city(90)","external_links_name":"50°51′05″N 105°34′05″W / 50.851389°N 105.568056°W / 50.851389; -105.568056"},{"Link":"http://www.mds.gov.sk.ca/apps/Pub/MDS/muniDetails.aspx?cat=3&mun=1896","external_links_name":"Chamberlain Village Council"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141015042810/http://municipal.gov.sk.ca/Municipal-History/Urban-Incorporated-Dates","external_links_name":"\"Urban Municipality Incorporations\""},{"Link":"http://municipal.gov.sk.ca/Municipal-History/Urban-Incorporated-Dates","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105944/http://www.stats.gov.sk.ca/stats/population/SaskCensusPopulation8106.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Saskatchewan Census Population\""},{"Link":"http://www.stats.gov.sk.ca/stats/population/SaskCensusPopulation8106.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://publications.saskatchewan.ca/api/v1/products/86690/formats/100724/download","external_links_name":"\"Saskatchewan Census Population\""},{"Link":"https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000203&geocode=A000247","external_links_name":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Saskatchewan\""},{"Link":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=302&SR=1&S=86&O=A&RPP=9999&PR=47","external_links_name":"\"Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data (Saskatchewan)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chamberlain,_Saskatchewan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_Neck,_New_York
|
Mill Neck, New York
|
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Government","5 Education","5.1 School district","5.2 Library district","6 References","7 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 40°53′20″N 73°33′22″W / 40.88889°N 73.55611°W / 40.88889; -73.55611
Village in New York, United StatesMill Neck, New YorkVillageIncorporated Village of Mill NeckThe historic Lillian S. Dodge Estate, commonly known as Mill Neck Manor, on August 1, 2018.
Official seal of Mill NeckLocation in Nassau County and the state of New York.Location within the state of New YorkShow map of Long IslandMill Neck, New York (New York)Show map of New YorkMill Neck, New York (the United States)Show map of the United StatesCoordinates: 40°53′20″N 73°33′22″W / 40.88889°N 73.55611°W / 40.88889; -73.55611Country United StatesState New YorkCounty Nassau County, New YorkTownOyster BayIncorporated1925Area • Total2.94 sq mi (7.61 km2) • Land2.62 sq mi (6.77 km2) • Water0.32 sq mi (0.84 km2)Elevation141 ft (43 m)Population (2020) • Total1,054 • Density403.06/sq mi (155.60/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code11765Area code516FIPS code36-47405GNIS feature ID0957256Websitemillneckvillage.com
Mill Neck is a village in the Town of Oyster Bay in Nassau County, on the North Shore of Long Island, in New York, United States. The population was 997 at the 2010 census.
History
Mill Neck incorporated as a village in 1925. Many Gold Coast-era estates were constructed in Mill Neck during the Gold Coast era.
Mill Neck Village Hall, which also houses the village's branch of the United States Post Office, is located in the former station house of the Mill Neck Long Island Rail Road station. This station, which was located on the Oyster Bay Branch, closed in 1998 due to low ridership. The Old Brookville Police Department also has a substation within the building.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 2.9 square miles (7.5 km2), of which 2.6 square miles (6.7 km2) is land and 0.3 square miles (0.78 km2) (11.95%) is water.
According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the United States Geological Survey, the highest point in Mill Neck is Mill Hill.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1930516—1940101−80.4%1950505400.0%196070138.8%197098240.1%1980959−2.3%19909771.9%2000825−15.6%201099720.8%20201,0545.7%U.S. Decennial Census
As of the census of 2000, there were 825 people, 295 households, and 241 families residing in the village. The population density was 319.8 inhabitants per square mile (123.5/km2). There were 326 housing units at an average density of 126.4 per square mile (48.8/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 92.00% White, 0.24% African American, 4.73% Asian, 2.42% from other races, and 0.61% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.58% of the population.
There were 295 households, out of which 34.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.9% were married couples living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.0% were non-families. 13.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.80 and the average family size was 3.07.
In the village, the population was spread out, with 23.3% under the age of 18, 4.4% from 18 to 24, 24.7% from 25 to 44, 31.0% from 45 to 64, and 16.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.2 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $125,477, and the median income for a family was $145,643. Males had a median income of $95,429 versus $51,528 for females. The per capita income for the village was $77,899. About 2.3% of families and 2.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 3.6% of those age 65 or over.
Government
As of August 2021, the Mayor of Mill Neck is Peter Quick, the Deputy Mayor is John K. Colgate, Jr., and the Village Trustees are John K. Colgate, Jr., Randolph Harrison, Joshua Kugler, Alice G. Smith and Peter Quick.
Education
School district
The Village of Mill Neck is split between the Locust Valley Central School District and the Oyster Bay–East Norwich Central School District. As such, children who reside within Mill Neck and attend public schools go to school in one of these two districts depending on where in Mill Neck they live.
Library district
Mill Neck is split between the Locust Valley Library District and the Oyster Bay–East Norwich Library District.
References
^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
^ a b "Village History". millneckvillage.com. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
^ a b Winsche, Richard (October 1, 1999). The History of Nassau County Community Place-Names. Interlaken, New York: Empire State Books. ISBN 978-1557871541.
^ a b c "LONG ISLAND STATION HISTORY". trainsarefun.com. Archived from the original on May 26, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
^ Sengupta, Somini (March 15, 1998). "End of the Line for L.I.R.R.'s 10 Loneliest Stops". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ "EPA – Waters GeoViewer". United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved July 28, 2021.
^ "The National Map - Advanced Viewer". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved July 30, 2021.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "Village Officials". millneckvillage.com. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
^ a b c "Long Island Index: Interactive Map". Long Island Index Maps. Long Island Index.
^ a b "Composite School District Boundaries Shapefiles". NCES. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mill Neck, New York.
Official website
Places adjacent to Mill Neck, New York
Lattingtown
Bayville
Locust Valley
Mill Neck
Oyster Bay Harbor
Matinecock
Upper Brookville
Oyster Bay
vteTown of Oyster Bay, New YorkCounty
Nassau
Villages
Bayville
Brookville
Centre Island
Cove Neck
East Hills
Farmingdale
Lattingtown
Laurel Hollow
Massapequa Park
Matinecock
Mill Neck
Muttontown
Old Brookville
Old Westbury
Oyster Bay Cove
Roslyn Harbor
Sea Cliff
Upper Brookville
CDPs
Bethpage
East Massapequa
East Norwich
Glen Head
Glenwood Landing
Greenvale
Hicksville
Jericho
Locust Valley
Massapequa
North Massapequa
Old Bethpage
Oyster Bay
Plainedge
Plainview
Seaford
South Farmingdale
Syosset
Woodbury
Former CDPs
Locust Grove
West Amityville
Other places
Jericho Gardens
Tobay Beach
Wheatley Hills
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#Village"},{"link_name":"Town of Oyster Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_Bay_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Nassau County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"North Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_(Long_Island)"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"}],"text":"Village in New York, United StatesMill Neck is a village in the Town of Oyster Bay in Nassau County, on the North Shore of Long Island, in New York, United States. The population was 997 at the 2010 census.","title":"Mill Neck, New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:81-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:81-3"},{"link_name":"Mill Neck Village Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_Neck_station"},{"link_name":"United States Post Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service"},{"link_name":"Mill Neck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_Neck_station"},{"link_name":"Long Island Rail Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Oyster Bay Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_Bay_Branch"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"}],"text":"Mill Neck incorporated as a village in 1925.[2][3] Many Gold Coast-era estates were constructed in Mill Neck during the Gold Coast era.[2][3]Mill Neck Village Hall, which also houses the village's branch of the United States Post Office, is located in the former station house of the Mill Neck Long Island Rail Road station.[4] This station, which was located on the Oyster Bay Branch, closed in 1998 due to low ridership.[4][5] The Old Brookville Police Department also has a substation within the building.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-6"},{"link_name":"United States Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 2.9 square miles (7.5 km2), of which 2.6 square miles (6.7 km2) is land and 0.3 square miles (0.78 km2) (11.95%) is water.[6]According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the United States Geological Survey, the highest point in Mill Neck is Mill Hill.[7][8]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-10"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[10] of 2000, there were 825 people, 295 households, and 241 families residing in the village. The population density was 319.8 inhabitants per square mile (123.5/km2). There were 326 housing units at an average density of 126.4 per square mile (48.8/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 92.00% White, 0.24% African American, 4.73% Asian, 2.42% from other races, and 0.61% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.58% of the population.There were 295 households, out of which 34.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.9% were married couples living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.0% were non-families. 13.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.80 and the average family size was 3.07.In the village, the population was spread out, with 23.3% under the age of 18, 4.4% from 18 to 24, 24.7% from 25 to 44, 31.0% from 45 to 64, and 16.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.2 males.The median income for a household in the village was $125,477, and the median income for a family was $145,643. Males had a median income of $95,429 versus $51,528 for females. The per capita income for the village was $77,899. About 2.3% of families and 2.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 3.6% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"As of August 2021, the Mayor of Mill Neck is Peter Quick, the Deputy Mayor is John K. Colgate, Jr., and the Village Trustees are John K. Colgate, Jr., Randolph Harrison, Joshua Kugler, Alice G. Smith and Peter Quick.[11]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oyster Bay–East Norwich Central School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_Bay-East_Norwich_Central_School_District"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:452-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:452-13"}],"sub_title":"School district","text":"The Village of Mill Neck is split between the Locust Valley Central School District and the Oyster Bay–East Norwich Central School District.[12][13] As such, children who reside within Mill Neck and attend public schools go to school in one of these two districts depending on where in Mill Neck they live.[12][13]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-12"}],"sub_title":"Library district","text":"Mill Neck is split between the Locust Valley Library District and the Oyster Bay–East Norwich Library District.[12]","title":"Education"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Village History\". millneckvillage.com. Retrieved August 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://millneckvillage.com/VillageHistory.aspx","url_text":"\"Village History\""}]},{"reference":"Winsche, Richard (October 1, 1999). The History of Nassau County Community Place-Names. Interlaken, New York: Empire State Books. ISBN 978-1557871541.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlaken,_New_York","url_text":"Interlaken, New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1557871541","url_text":"978-1557871541"}]},{"reference":"\"LONG ISLAND STATION HISTORY\". trainsarefun.com. Archived from the original on May 26, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170526225709/http://www.trainsarefun.com/lirrphotos/lirrstationshistory.htm","url_text":"\"LONG ISLAND STATION HISTORY\""},{"url":"http://www.trainsarefun.com/lirrphotos/lirrstationshistory.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sengupta, Somini (March 15, 1998). \"End of the Line for L.I.R.R.'s 10 Loneliest Stops\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/15/nyregion/end-of-the-line-for-lirr-s-10-loneliest-stops.html","url_text":"\"End of the Line for L.I.R.R.'s 10 Loneliest Stops\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"EPA – Waters GeoViewer\". United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved July 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://epa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=ada349b90c26496ea52aab66a092593b","url_text":"\"EPA – Waters GeoViewer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency","url_text":"United States Environmental Protection Agency"}]},{"reference":"\"The National Map - Advanced Viewer\". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved July 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.nationalmap.gov/viewer/","url_text":"\"The National Map - Advanced Viewer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Village Officials\". millneckvillage.com. Retrieved August 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://millneckvillage.com/Officials.aspx","url_text":"\"Village Officials\""}]},{"reference":"\"Long Island Index: Interactive Map\". Long Island Index Maps. Long Island Index.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.longislandindexmaps.org/","url_text":"\"Long Island Index: Interactive Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"Composite School District Boundaries Shapefiles\". NCES. Retrieved October 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nces.ed.gov/programs/edge/Geographic/DistrictBoundaries","url_text":"\"Composite School District Boundaries Shapefiles\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mill_Neck,_New_York¶ms=40_53_20_N_73_33_22_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"40°53′20″N 73°33′22″W / 40.88889°N 73.55611°W / 40.88889; -73.55611"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mill_Neck,_New_York¶ms=40_53_20_N_73_33_22_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"40°53′20″N 73°33′22″W / 40.88889°N 73.55611°W / 40.88889; -73.55611"},{"Link":"http://millneckvillage.com/","external_links_name":"millneckvillage.com"},{"Link":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","external_links_name":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""},{"Link":"https://millneckvillage.com/VillageHistory.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Village History\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170526225709/http://www.trainsarefun.com/lirrphotos/lirrstationshistory.htm","external_links_name":"\"LONG ISLAND STATION HISTORY\""},{"Link":"http://www.trainsarefun.com/lirrphotos/lirrstationshistory.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/15/nyregion/end-of-the-line-for-lirr-s-10-loneliest-stops.html","external_links_name":"\"End of the Line for L.I.R.R.'s 10 Loneliest Stops\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"https://epa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=ada349b90c26496ea52aab66a092593b","external_links_name":"\"EPA – Waters GeoViewer\""},{"Link":"https://apps.nationalmap.gov/viewer/","external_links_name":"\"The National Map - Advanced Viewer\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://millneckvillage.com/Officials.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Village Officials\""},{"Link":"http://www.longislandindexmaps.org/","external_links_name":"\"Long Island Index: Interactive Map\""},{"Link":"https://nces.ed.gov/programs/edge/Geographic/DistrictBoundaries","external_links_name":"\"Composite School District Boundaries Shapefiles\""},{"Link":"https://millneckvillage.com/Index.aspx","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Salle_University,_Colombia
|
La Salle University, Colombia
|
["1 History","2 Locations","2.1 Chapels","2.2 Chapel of La Santa Cruz (La Candelaria)","2.3 Chapel of the Star (Chapinero)","3 Faculties and programs","4 Departments","5 Anthem","5.1 Lyrics (Spanish)","6 Museums","7 La Salle worldwide","8 Images","9 References","10 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 4°38′38″N 74°03′37″W / 4.643957°N 74.060255°W / 4.643957; -74.060255For other uses, see La Salle University (disambiguation).
This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
La Salle UniversityUniversidad de La SalleMottoEducar para pensar, decidir y servir (Spanish)Motto in English Educate to think, decide and serveTypePrivate Roman CatholicEstablished1964; 60 years ago (1964)FounderInstitute of the Brothers of the Christian SchoolsReligious affiliationRoman Catholic (Christian Brothers)Academic affiliationsAIUL ASCUNACAC FIUCODUCAL IALUPrincipalBro. Carlos Gabriel Gomez Restrepo, FSCAcademic staff338 as of 2012 245 full-time93 part-timeStudents15,290 (2016)LocationBogotá, D.C., Cundinamarca, Colombia4°38′38″N 74°03′37″W / 4.643957°N 74.060255°W / 4.643957; -74.060255CampusUrban9 hectares (90,000 m2)Colors Blue and White NicknameUnisalleWebsitewww.lasalle.edu.coLocation in Bogotá
The Universidad de La Salle is a private, Catholic and Lasallian institution of higher education run by the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools in Bogotá, D.C., Cundinamarca, Colombia. It was founded by the Christian Brothers in 1964. It has 4 locations: 3 in Bogotá DC- one in the downtown area, in Chapinero, and in the northern section of city. There is also a campus in El Yopal, Casanare in the East of the Country.
This campus is the seat where the La Salle has developed the most innovative social and educational projects for young farmers, victims of violence in Colombia.
The University is accredited as a High Quality University by the NAC or National Accreditation Council (CNA or Consejo Nacional de Acreditacion in Spanish). It also has an ISO 9001/2008 certification.
The University has eight colleges offering 23 academic degree programs, 16 specialization programs and 5 master's degrees. Currently, the University has 13,950 students matriculated in degree programs and 700 students in postgraduate courses. As of 2012, the University has a team of 245 full-time teachers, 91 mid-time teachers and 2 three quarter-time teachers. Of those, 209 have undefined term contracts, 29 are doctors, 194 have master's degrees and 112 are specialists. As of 2012, the University has graduated more than 40,000 students since its foundation in 1964.
The University of La Salle is a private institution and its educational vision is based on the Christian vision of the human and his environment.
History
The University began its academic labors in the first semester of 1965 with programs in Economy, Philosophy, Civil Engineering, and degrees in Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics and Physics. At that time the institution had a team of 20 teachers and 98 students.
It is recognized by the Colombian government, governed by its own original statute under the national constitution and by Law 30 of 1992 and its statutory decrees.
It was founded by the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools (known as The Lasallian Brothers) on 15 November 1964. The University was recognized as such through decree No 1583 of 11 August 1975 issued by the National Government.
Today the University offers 21 academic degree programs in different areas of knowledge of which 5 are education programs- 16 specialization programs- of which three are education- and 5 master's degrees. Currently it has 13,521 matriculated students in degree programs and 462 students in postgraduate programs who are taught by 1,014 teachers, of which 87% have postgraduate degrees and 739 have management and service degrees.
Since its foundation, the University has taken special care in the quality and efficiency of its education that has given it prestige nationally and internationally. The University has an educational philosophy inspired by the Catholic educational model of the Lasallian brothers, whose organization is currently present in more than 80 countries around the globe (Africa 22; America 22; Asia 15; Europe 18 and Australia/Oceania 3) and a history of more than 320 years serving as educators to youth. The University is part of the AIUL (Asociacion Internacional de Universidades Lasallistas- Spanish for International Association of Lasallian Universities), created in 1998.
La Salle University Candelaria
The La Salle University is a member of the Asociacion Colombiana de Universidades (Colombian Association of Universities), ASCUN, the Ascociacion Colombiana para el avance de la ciencia (Colombian Association for the advancement of science) ACAC, the FIUC (International Federation of Catholic Universities), the ODUCAL (Interamerican Universities Organization), the International Association of Lasallian Universities IALU, the COLUMBUS program, among others.
Locations
The University of La Salle has three campuses located in the city of Bogotá and one more in Yopal (Casanare) with an approximate area of 90,000 square metres (970,000 sq ft).
La Salle University – Chapinero
One campus is located in the cultural center of the city La Candelaria. On this campus are the programs of Architecture and Urbanism, Management and Engineering. It has a theater that functions as an auditorium.
There is a second campus located in the Chapinero district, that also has a theater used by several institutions including the district and the La Salle schools. The third campus is located in the North of the city, where it has a more spacious area and accommodates the agricultural sciences.
Chapels
As a sign of the Catholic affiliation of the university, each campus has a chapel, with free public access. Every chapel is coordinated by the pastor of each campus.
Chapel of La Santa Cruz (La Candelaria)
The Chapel of La Santa Cruz is located in the La Candelaria campus. It was built in 1933, years before the foundation of the university as it is known today. The chapel was initially planned to serve as a private chapel for the Lasallian Brothers' Institute and its students, but due to the destruction caused to the Institute's original building on the night of 9 April 1948 in the Bogotazo revolt, the chapel was eventually repaired to become part of the new University established in the first semester of 1965. Currently, the chapel is a living example of the long history of the Lasallian brothers in Colombia.
One of the main characteristics of this chapel that shows its history, is an organ which is used on special occasions. The organ is one of three such organs existing in the city.
High altar of the La Santa Cruz Chapel
Organ of the La Santa Cruz chapel
Chapel of the Star (Chapinero)
The Chapel of the Star is one of the most significant buildings on the Chapinero campus, because of its distinctive arched shape. The chapel was built as part of the project of the campus. Its name comes from one of the universal symbols of the Lasallian brothers, The Mary's star.
Inside of the Star chapel, it can be seen a glass with the Christmas scene on it
Monseñor Herrera's bust inside the Star chapel
Faculties and programs
Faculty of Management and Accounting Sciences
Enterprise management
Public accountancy
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
Management of agricultural enterprises
Agronomic engineering
Veterinarian medicine
Zootenia
Faculty of Educational Sciences
Religious education degree
Spanish language, English and French degrees
Faculty of Habitat's sciences
Architecture
Urbanism
Faculty of health sciences
Optometry
Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences
Economy
Finance and International Sciences
Business and International Relations
Information Systems, Library and Archival Sciences
Social work
Faculty of Philosophy and Humanities
Philosophy
Faculty of engineering
Environmental engineering
Civil Engineering
Food Engineering
Automation engineering
Electric Engineering
Industrial Engineering
Departments
Department of Basic Sciences
Department of Lasallian formation
La Candelaria Auditorium
Anthem
In accordance with Act No 13 of October 25, 1979 of the directive council, the then Principal of the University, Dr. Jaime Gonzalez Santos announced a competition to compose the University's anthem.
In response, more than thirty compositions were presented from which ten were chosen in the semi-final stage of the competition and from them a winner was chosen. The winner is now the current anthem of the University, representing all the work of the Lasallian brothers since their arrival in the country.
The music was composed by Heriberto Morán Vivas, with direction by Francisco Javier Cuevas Romero.
Lyrics (Spanish)
Chorus
En la Atenas señera, La Salle
alza el vuelo cual águila azul
¡juventudes! A vuestra alma mater
ensalzad al compás del laúd
I
Con el sabio arzobispo Bernardo
se regó la simiente de luz,
que se filtra en el mar y en el nardo
y florece a los pies de la cruz
II
En la ciencia y la técnica el claustro
forma egregias legiones de honor
que conquistan sin miedos al austro
el cenit coruscante del sol.
III
¡Lasallistas! la América Hispana
ya no sueña en doctrina falaz;
del amor escuchad la campana;
nos congrega en abrazo de Paz.
IV
Si el Señor e La Salle volviera
esta tierra ardería en caridad
y en el "Signum Fidei" encendiera
el blasón de la Universidad.
Letra del Himno: Maestro Camilo Orbes Moreno
Música: Heriberto Morán Vivas
Arreglos: Francisco Javier Cuevas Romero
Museums
La Salle Museum
La Salle worldwide
Worldwide the Lasallian Brothers are present in every known educational modality. They work in more than 80 countries and direct primary and secondary schools and universities.
The University is currently linked with other 84 Lasallian institutions of higher education in the IALU (International Association of Lasallian Universities).
In Colombia, La Salle is divided into two districts: The District of Bogota DC and the district of Medellin.
Images
Mary's statue at the Santa Cruz Chapel.
One of the stained- glasses of the La Santa Cruz chapel.
Buildings of the Chapinero's see.
Optometry Clinic.
References
^ http://www.lasalle.edu.co/wps/portal/Home/Principal/LaUniversidad/Salleencifras/estudiantes-semilleros
External links
Sitio de la Universidad de La Salle
Instituto Técnico Central
Portal sobre educación superior en Colombia
Sitio de la Universidad de La Salle Mexico
vteUniversities in ColombiaPublic
Amazonía
Antioquia
Atlántico
Caldas
Cartagena
Cauca
Cesar
Córdoba
Cundinamarca
Chocó
Distrital
La Guajira
Llanos
Magdalena
Nacional
Nariño
Nueva Granada
Pacífico
Unipamplona
Pedagógica
Pereira
Quindío
Sucre
Surcolombiana
TdeA
Tolima
UCEVA
UFPS
UIS
UPTC
Valle
Private
Autónoma de Occidente
América
Andes
Bolivariana
El Bosque
Free University
Boyacá
Católica de Colombia
Católica de Oriente
Católica Luis Amigó
Santiago de Cali
Central
Unisimon
EAFIT
FESC
UDES
ICESI
ECI
Externado
Javeriana
Jorge Tadeo Lozano
Ibagué
La Gran Colombia
La Salle
Los Libertadores
Norte
Piloto
Rosario
La Sabana
San Martín
Santo Tomás
Sergio Arboleda
UAB
UCC
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Catalonia
Israel
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Salle University (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Salle_University_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_the_Brothers_of_the_Christian_Schools"},{"link_name":"Bogotá, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Cundinamarca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cundinamarca_Department"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Christian Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Salle_Brothers"},{"link_name":"ISO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization"}],"text":"For other uses, see La Salle University (disambiguation).The Universidad de La Salle is a private, Catholic and Lasallian institution of higher education run by the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools in Bogotá, D.C., Cundinamarca, Colombia. It was founded by the Christian Brothers in 1964. It has 4 locations: 3 in Bogotá DC- one in the downtown area, in Chapinero, and in the northern section of city. There is also a campus in El Yopal, Casanare in the East of the Country. \nThis campus is the seat where the La Salle has developed the most innovative social and educational projects for young farmers, victims of violence in Colombia.The University is accredited as a High Quality University by the NAC or National Accreditation Council (CNA or Consejo Nacional de Acreditacion in Spanish). It also has an ISO 9001/2008 certification.The University has eight colleges offering 23 academic degree programs, 16 specialization programs and 5 master's degrees. Currently, the University has 13,950 students matriculated in degree programs and 700 students in postgraduate courses. As of 2012, the University has a team of 245 full-time teachers, 91 mid-time teachers and 2 three quarter-time teachers. Of those, 209 have undefined term contracts, 29 are doctors, 194 have master's degrees and 112 are specialists. As of 2012, the University has graduated more than 40,000 students since its foundation in 1964.The University of La Salle is a private institution and its educational vision is based on the Christian vision of the human and his environment.","title":"La Salle University, Colombia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"Biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology"},{"link_name":"Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_the_Brothers_of_the_Christian_Schools"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Oceania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bog_La_Salle_Candelaria.JPG"}],"text":"The University began its academic labors in the first semester of 1965 with programs in Economy, Philosophy, Civil Engineering, and degrees in Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics and Physics. At that time the institution had a team of 20 teachers and 98 students.It is recognized by the Colombian government, governed by its own original statute under the national constitution and by Law 30 of 1992 and its statutory decrees.It was founded by the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools (known as The Lasallian Brothers) on 15 November 1964. The University was recognized as such through decree No 1583 of 11 August 1975 issued by the National Government.Today the University offers 21 academic degree programs in different areas of knowledge of which 5 are education programs- 16 specialization programs- of which three are education- and 5 master's degrees. Currently it has 13,521 matriculated students in degree programs and 462 students in postgraduate programs who are taught by 1,014 teachers, of which 87% have postgraduate degrees and 739 have management and service degrees.Since its foundation, the University has taken special care in the quality and efficiency of its education that has given it prestige nationally and internationally. The University has an educational philosophy inspired by the Catholic educational model of the Lasallian brothers, whose organization is currently present in more than 80 countries around the globe (Africa 22; America 22; Asia 15; Europe 18 and Australia/Oceania 3) and a history of more than 320 years serving as educators to youth. The University is part of the AIUL (Asociacion Internacional de Universidades Lasallistas- Spanish for International Association of Lasallian Universities), created in 1998.La Salle University CandelariaThe La Salle University is a member of the Asociacion Colombiana de Universidades (Colombian Association of Universities), ASCUN, the Ascociacion Colombiana para el avance de la ciencia (Colombian Association for the advancement of science) ACAC, the FIUC (International Federation of Catholic Universities), the ODUCAL (Interamerican Universities Organization), the International Association of Lasallian Universities IALU, the COLUMBUS program, among others.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Yopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yopal"},{"link_name":"Casanare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casanare_Department"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iglesia_de_la_Universidad_de_la_Salle.JPG"},{"link_name":"La Candelaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Candelaria,_Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Chapinero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapinero"}],"text":"The University of La Salle has three campuses located in the city of Bogotá and one more in Yopal (Casanare) with an approximate area of 90,000 square metres (970,000 sq ft).La Salle University – ChapineroOne campus is located in the cultural center of the city La Candelaria. On this campus are the programs of Architecture and Urbanism, Management and Engineering. It has a theater that functions as an auditorium.There is a second campus located in the Chapinero district, that also has a theater used by several institutions including the district and the La Salle schools. The third campus is located in the North of the city, where it has a more spacious area and accommodates the agricultural sciences.","title":"Locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel"}],"sub_title":"Chapels","text":"As a sign of the Catholic affiliation of the university, each campus has a chapel, with free public access. Every chapel is coordinated by the pastor of each campus.","title":"Locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bogotazo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogotazo"},{"link_name":"organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(music)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capilla_Cand.3.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capilla_Cand.4.png"}],"sub_title":"Chapel of La Santa Cruz (La Candelaria)","text":"The Chapel of La Santa Cruz is located in the La Candelaria campus. It was built in 1933, years before the foundation of the university as it is known today. The chapel was initially planned to serve as a private chapel for the Lasallian Brothers' Institute and its students, but due to the destruction caused to the Institute's original building on the night of 9 April 1948 in the Bogotazo revolt, the chapel was eventually repaired to become part of the new University established in the first semester of 1965. Currently, the chapel is a living example of the long history of the Lasallian brothers in Colombia.\nOne of the main characteristics of this chapel that shows its history, is an organ which is used on special occasions. The organ is one of three such organs existing in the city.High altar of the La Santa Cruz ChapelOrgan of the La Santa Cruz chapel","title":"Locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capilla_UniSalle_Chp..jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Busto_UniSalle_Chp..jpg"}],"sub_title":"Chapel of the Star (Chapinero)","text":"The Chapel of the Star is one of the most significant buildings on the Chapinero campus, because of its distinctive arched shape. The chapel was built as part of the project of the campus. Its name comes from one of the universal symbols of the Lasallian brothers, The Mary's star.Inside of the Star chapel, it can be seen a glass with the Christmas scene on itMonseñor Herrera's bust inside the Star chapel","title":"Locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Faculty of Management and Accounting Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cayc.lasalle.edu.co/"},{"link_name":"Enterprise management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_management"},{"link_name":"Public accountancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_accountancy"},{"link_name":"Faculty of Agricultural Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cienciasagropecuarias.lasalle.edu.co/"},{"link_name":"Faculty of Educational Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cienciasdelaeducacion.lasalle.edu.co/"},{"link_name":"Faculty of Habitat's sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130508133404/http://cienciasdelhabitat.lasalle.edu.co/"},{"link_name":"Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture"},{"link_name":"Urbanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanism"},{"link_name":"Faculty of health sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cienciasdelasalud.lasalle.edu.co/"},{"link_name":"Optometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optometry"},{"link_name":"Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ceys.lasalle.edu.co/"},{"link_name":"Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy"},{"link_name":"Faculty of Philosophy and Humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//filosofiayhumanidades.lasalle.edu.co/"},{"link_name":"Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Faculty of engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ingenieria.lasalle.edu.co/"},{"link_name":"Environmental engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering"},{"link_name":"Civil Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Food Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Automation engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation_engineering"},{"link_name":"Electric Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Industrial Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Engineering"}],"text":"Faculty of Management and Accounting Sciences\nEnterprise management\nPublic accountancy\nFaculty of Agricultural Sciences\nManagement of agricultural enterprises\nAgronomic engineering\nVeterinarian medicine\nZootenia\nFaculty of Educational Sciences\nReligious education degree\nSpanish language, English and French degrees\nFaculty of Habitat's sciences\nArchitecture\nUrbanism\nFaculty of health sciences\nOptometry\nFaculty of Economic and Social Sciences\nEconomy\nFinance and International Sciences\nBusiness and International Relations\nInformation Systems, Library and Archival Sciences\nSocial work\nFaculty of Philosophy and Humanities\nPhilosophy\nFaculty of engineering\nEnvironmental engineering\nCivil Engineering\nFood Engineering\nAutomation engineering\nElectric Engineering\nIndustrial Engineering","title":"Faculties and programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Department of Basic Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cienciasbasicas.lasalle.edu.co/"},{"link_name":"Department of Lasallian formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//formacionlasallista.lasalle.edu.co/"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auditorio_de_la_Universidad_de_La_Salle.jpg"}],"text":"Department of Basic Sciences\nDepartment of Lasallian formationLa Candelaria Auditorium","title":"Departments"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In accordance with Act No 13 of October 25, 1979 of the directive council, the then Principal of the University, Dr. Jaime Gonzalez Santos announced a competition to compose the University's anthem.In response, more than thirty compositions were presented from which ten were chosen in the semi-final stage of the competition and from them a winner was chosen. The winner is now the current anthem of the University, representing all the work of the Lasallian brothers since their arrival in the country.The music was composed by Heriberto Morán Vivas, with direction by Francisco Javier Cuevas Romero.","title":"Anthem"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Lyrics (Spanish)","text":"ChorusEn la Atenas señera, La Salle\nalza el vuelo cual águila azul\n¡juventudes! A vuestra alma mater\nensalzad al compás del laúdI\nCon el sabio arzobispo Bernardo\nse regó la simiente de luz,\nque se filtra en el mar y en el nardo\ny florece a los pies de la cruzII\nEn la ciencia y la técnica el claustro\nforma egregias legiones de honor\nque conquistan sin miedos al austro\nel cenit coruscante del sol.III\n¡Lasallistas! la América Hispana\nya no sueña en doctrina falaz;\ndel amor escuchad la campana;\nnos congrega en abrazo de Paz.IV\nSi el Señor e La Salle volviera\nesta tierra ardería en caridad\ny en el \"Signum Fidei\" encendiera\nel blasón de la Universidad.Letra del Himno: Maestro Camilo Orbes Moreno\nMúsica: Heriberto Morán Vivas\nArreglos: Francisco Javier Cuevas Romero","title":"Anthem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Salle Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//museo.lasalle.edu.co/"}],"text":"La Salle Museum","title":"Museums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bogota DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bogota_DC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Medellin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medellin"}],"text":"Worldwide the Lasallian Brothers are present in every known educational modality. They work in more than 80 countries and direct primary and secondary schools and universities.\nThe University is currently linked with other 84 Lasallian institutions of higher education in the IALU (International Association of Lasallian Universities).\nIn Colombia, La Salle is divided into two districts: The District of Bogota DC and the district of Medellin.","title":"La Salle worldwide"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capilla_Cand.5.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capilla_Cand.9.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edificio_UniSalle.2_Chp..jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clinica_de_Optometria_Chp..jpg"}],"text":"Mary's statue at the Santa Cruz Chapel.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOne of the stained- glasses of the La Santa Cruz chapel.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBuildings of the Chapinero's see.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOptometry Clinic.","title":"Images"}]
|
[{"image_text":"La Salle University Candelaria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bog_La_Salle_Candelaria.JPG/220px-Bog_La_Salle_Candelaria.JPG"},{"image_text":"La Salle University – Chapinero","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Iglesia_de_la_Universidad_de_la_Salle.JPG/220px-Iglesia_de_la_Universidad_de_la_Salle.JPG"},{"image_text":"High altar of the La Santa Cruz Chapel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Capilla_Cand.3.png/220px-Capilla_Cand.3.png"},{"image_text":"Organ of the La Santa Cruz chapel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Capilla_Cand.4.png/220px-Capilla_Cand.4.png"},{"image_text":"Inside of the Star chapel, it can be seen a glass with the Christmas scene on it","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Capilla_UniSalle_Chp..jpg/220px-Capilla_UniSalle_Chp..jpg"},{"image_text":"Monseñor Herrera's bust inside the Star chapel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Busto_UniSalle_Chp..jpg/220px-Busto_UniSalle_Chp..jpg"},{"image_text":"La Candelaria Auditorium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Auditorio_de_la_Universidad_de_La_Salle.jpg/220px-Auditorio_de_la_Universidad_de_La_Salle.jpg"}]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=La_Salle_University,_Colombia¶ms=4.643957_N_74.060255_W_","external_links_name":"4°38′38″N 74°03′37″W / 4.643957°N 74.060255°W / 4.643957; -74.060255"},{"Link":"https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/result.php?page=La_Salle_University,_Colombia&defaults=y","external_links_name":"reFill"},{"Link":"https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=La_Salle_University,_Colombia","external_links_name":"Citation bot"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=La_Salle_University,_Colombia¶ms=4.643957_N_74.060255_W_","external_links_name":"4°38′38″N 74°03′37″W / 4.643957°N 74.060255°W / 4.643957; -74.060255"},{"Link":"http://www.lasalle.edu.co/wps/portal/Home/Principal","external_links_name":"www.lasalle.edu.co"},{"Link":"http://cayc.lasalle.edu.co/","external_links_name":"Faculty of Management and Accounting Sciences"},{"Link":"http://cienciasagropecuarias.lasalle.edu.co/","external_links_name":"Faculty of Agricultural Sciences"},{"Link":"http://cienciasdelaeducacion.lasalle.edu.co/","external_links_name":"Faculty of Educational Sciences"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130508133404/http://cienciasdelhabitat.lasalle.edu.co/","external_links_name":"Faculty of Habitat's sciences"},{"Link":"http://cienciasdelasalud.lasalle.edu.co/","external_links_name":"Faculty of health sciences"},{"Link":"http://ceys.lasalle.edu.co/","external_links_name":"Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences"},{"Link":"http://filosofiayhumanidades.lasalle.edu.co/","external_links_name":"Faculty of Philosophy and Humanities"},{"Link":"http://ingenieria.lasalle.edu.co/","external_links_name":"Faculty of engineering"},{"Link":"http://cienciasbasicas.lasalle.edu.co/","external_links_name":"Department of Basic Sciences"},{"Link":"http://formacionlasallista.lasalle.edu.co/","external_links_name":"Department of Lasallian formation"},{"Link":"http://museo.lasalle.edu.co/","external_links_name":"La Salle Museum"},{"Link":"http://www.lasalle.edu.co/wps/portal/Home/Principal/LaUniversidad/Salleencifras/estudiantes-semilleros","external_links_name":"http://www.lasalle.edu.co/wps/portal/Home/Principal/LaUniversidad/Salleencifras/estudiantes-semilleros"},{"Link":"http://www.lasalle.edu.co/","external_links_name":"Sitio de la Universidad de La Salle"},{"Link":"http://www.itc.edu.co/","external_links_name":"Instituto Técnico Central"},{"Link":"http://www.universia.net.co/","external_links_name":"Portal sobre educación superior en Colombia"},{"Link":"http://www.ulsa.edu.mx/","external_links_name":"Sitio de la Universidad de La Salle Mexico"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000404866813","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/132424677","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511203806706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987011257503005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92059314","external_links_name":"United States"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_Lake,_Arkansas
|
Noble Lake, Arkansas
|
["1 Education","2 Notes"]
|
Coordinates: 34°10′23″N 91°51′15″W / 34.17306°N 91.85417°W / 34.17306; -91.85417
Unincorporated community in Arkansas, United StatesNoble Lake, ArkansasUnincorporated communityNoble LakeShow map of ArkansasNoble LakeShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 34°10′23″N 91°51′15″W / 34.17306°N 91.85417°W / 34.17306; -91.85417CountryUnited StatesStateArkansasCountyJeffersonElevation203 ft (62 m)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)Area code501GNIS feature ID77853
Noble Lake (also Nobles, Nobles Lake) is an unincorporated community in Jefferson County, Arkansas, United States.
Education
Noble Lake is in the Pine Bluff School District. It operates Pine Bluff High School.
Noble Lake was formerly in the Linwood School District. On July 1, 1984, the Linwood School District consolidated into the Pine Bluff school district.
As of 2021 for pre-kindergarten all PBSD areas are now assigned to Forrest Park/Greenville School.
Notes
^ a b "Noble Lake, Arkansas". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
^ "Arkansas Department of Transportation-Jefferson County" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 8, 2020. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
^ "General Highway Map Jefferson County, Arkansas" (PDF). Arkansas Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 8, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
^ "SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP (2010 CENSUS): Jefferson County, AR." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on July 31, 2017. Compare with the highway map.
^ "Arkansas Department of Education school district maps, 1952-1954 Jefferson County, 1952-1954". Arkansas Digital Archives. Arkansas State Archives. (Download)
^ "ConsolidationAnnex_from_1983.xls." Arkansas Department of Education. Retrieved on July 31, 2017.
^ Murrel, I. C. (June 28, 2021). "Dollarway alumni honor district". Arkansas Democrat Gazette. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Jefferson County, Arkansas, United StatesCounty seat: Pine BluffCities
Altheimer
Humphrey‡
Pine Bluff
Redfield
White Hall
Map of Arkansas highlighting Jefferson CountyTowns
Sherrill
Wabbaseka
CDPs
Sulphur Springs
Tucker
Othercommunities
Hardin
Jefferson
Lake Dick
Midway
Moscow
New Gascony
Noble Lake
Reydell
Sweden
Wright
Townships
Barraque
Bogy
Bolivar
Dudley Lake
Dunnington
Jefferson
Melton
Niven
Old River
Pastoria
Plum Bayou
Richland
Roberts
Spring
Talladega
Vaugine
Victoria
Villemont
Washington
Whiteville
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Arkansas portal
United States portal
This article about a location in Jefferson County, Arkansas is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_community"},{"link_name":"Jefferson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in Arkansas, United StatesNoble Lake (also Nobles, Nobles Lake) is an unincorporated community in Jefferson County, Arkansas, United States.[1][2]","title":"Noble Lake, Arkansas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pine Bluff School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Bluff_School_District"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Censusmap-4"},{"link_name":"Pine Bluff High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Bluff_High_School"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Consolfrom1983-6"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noble_Lake,_Arkansas&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Noble Lake is in the Pine Bluff School District.[3][4] It operates Pine Bluff High School.Noble Lake was formerly in the Linwood School District.[5] On July 1, 1984, the Linwood School District consolidated into the Pine Bluff school district.[6]As of 2021[update] for pre-kindergarten all PBSD areas are now assigned to Forrest Park/Greenville School.[7]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gnis_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gnis_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Noble Lake, Arkansas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/77853"},{"link_name":"Geographic Names Information System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"United States Department of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Arkansas Department of Transportation-Jefferson County\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200508202700/http://www.arkansashighways.com/maps/Counties/County%20PDFs/JeffersonCounty.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.arkansashighways.com/maps/Counties/County%20PDFs/JeffersonCounty.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"General Highway Map Jefferson County, Arkansas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200508202700/http://www.arkansashighways.com/maps/Counties/County%20PDFs/JeffersonCounty.pdf"},{"link_name":"Arkansas Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.arkansashighways.com/maps/Counties/County%20PDFs/JeffersonCounty.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Censusmap_4-0"},{"link_name":"SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP (2010 CENSUS): Jefferson County, AR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www2.census.gov/geo/maps/dc10map/sch_dist/st05_ar/c05069_jefferson/DC10SD_C05069_001.pdf"},{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Arkansas Department of Education school district maps, 1952-1954 Jefferson County, 1952-1954\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//digitalheritage.arkansas.gov/school-district-maps/34/"},{"link_name":"Arkansas State Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_State_Archives"},{"link_name":"Download","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//digitalheritage.arkansas.gov/context/school-district-maps/article/1033/type/native/viewcontent"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Consolfrom1983_6-0"},{"link_name":"ConsolidationAnnex_from_1983.xls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150912013154/http://www.arkansased.gov/public/userfiles/Legal/ConsolidationAnnex_from_1983.xls"},{"link_name":"Arkansas Department of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Department_of_Education"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Dollarway alumni honor district\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.arkansasonline.com/news/2021/jun/28/dollarway-alumni-honor-district/"},{"link_name":"Arkansas Democrat Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Democrat_Gazette"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Jefferson_County,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Jefferson_County,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jefferson_County,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Jefferson County, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"County seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Pine Bluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Bluff,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City"},{"link_name":"Altheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altheimer,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Humphrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Pine Bluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Bluff,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Redfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redfield,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"White Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Hall,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town"},{"link_name":"Sherrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherrill,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Wabbaseka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabbaseka,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"CDPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Sulphur Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphur_Springs,_Jefferson_County,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucker,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Othercommunities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Hardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardin,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson,_Jefferson_County,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Lake Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Dick,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Midway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway,_Jefferson_County,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"New Gascony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Gascony,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Noble Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Reydell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reydell,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Townships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_township"},{"link_name":"Barraque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barraque_Township"},{"link_name":"Bogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogy_Township"},{"link_name":"Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Township,_Jefferson_County,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Richland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richland_Township,_Jefferson_County,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Vaugine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaugine_Township"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Township,_Jefferson_County,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Arkansas portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Arkansas_(state)"},{"link_name":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Arkansas.svg"},{"link_name":"Jefferson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noble_Lake,_Arkansas&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:JeffersonCountyAR-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:JeffersonCountyAR-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:JeffersonCountyAR-geo-stub"}],"text":"^ a b \"Noble Lake, Arkansas\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.\n\n^ \"Arkansas Department of Transportation-Jefferson County\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 8, 2020. Retrieved March 31, 2018.\n\n^ \"General Highway Map Jefferson County, Arkansas\" (PDF). Arkansas Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 8, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2021.\n\n^ \"SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP (2010 CENSUS): Jefferson County, AR.\" U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on July 31, 2017. Compare with the highway map.\n\n^ \"Arkansas Department of Education school district maps, 1952-1954 Jefferson County, 1952-1954\". Arkansas Digital Archives. Arkansas State Archives. (Download)\n\n^ \"ConsolidationAnnex_from_1983.xls.\" Arkansas Department of Education. Retrieved on July 31, 2017.\n\n^ Murrel, I. C. (June 28, 2021). \"Dollarway alumni honor district\". Arkansas Democrat Gazette. Retrieved July 4, 2021.vteMunicipalities and communities of Jefferson County, Arkansas, United StatesCounty seat: Pine BluffCities\nAltheimer\nHumphrey‡\nPine Bluff\nRedfield\nWhite Hall\nMap of Arkansas highlighting Jefferson CountyTowns\nSherrill\nWabbaseka\nCDPs\nSulphur Springs\nTucker\nOthercommunities\nHardin\nJefferson\nLake Dick\nMidway\nMoscow\nNew Gascony\nNoble Lake\nReydell\nSweden\nWright\nTownships\nBarraque\nBogy\nBolivar\nDudley Lake\nDunnington\nJefferson\nMelton\nNiven\nOld River\nPastoria\nPlum Bayou\nRichland\nRoberts\nSpring\nTalladega\nVaugine\nVictoria\nVillemont\nWashington\nWhiteville\nFootnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties\nArkansas portal\nUnited States portalThis article about a location in Jefferson County, Arkansas is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Map of Arkansas highlighting Jefferson County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Map_of_Arkansas_highlighting_Jefferson_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Arkansas_highlighting_Jefferson_County.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Noble Lake, Arkansas\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/77853","url_text":"\"Noble Lake, Arkansas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Arkansas Department of Transportation-Jefferson County\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 8, 2020. Retrieved March 31, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200508202700/http://www.arkansashighways.com/maps/Counties/County%20PDFs/JeffersonCounty.pdf","url_text":"\"Arkansas Department of Transportation-Jefferson County\""},{"url":"http://www.arkansashighways.com/maps/Counties/County%20PDFs/JeffersonCounty.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"General Highway Map Jefferson County, Arkansas\" (PDF). Arkansas Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 8, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200508202700/http://www.arkansashighways.com/maps/Counties/County%20PDFs/JeffersonCounty.pdf","url_text":"\"General Highway Map Jefferson County, Arkansas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Arkansas Department of Transportation"},{"url":"http://www.arkansashighways.com/maps/Counties/County%20PDFs/JeffersonCounty.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Arkansas Department of Education school district maps, 1952-1954 Jefferson County, 1952-1954\". Arkansas Digital Archives. Arkansas State Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalheritage.arkansas.gov/school-district-maps/34/","url_text":"\"Arkansas Department of Education school district maps, 1952-1954 Jefferson County, 1952-1954\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_State_Archives","url_text":"Arkansas State Archives"}]},{"reference":"Murrel, I. C. (June 28, 2021). \"Dollarway alumni honor district\". Arkansas Democrat Gazette. Retrieved July 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2021/jun/28/dollarway-alumni-honor-district/","url_text":"\"Dollarway alumni honor district\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Democrat_Gazette","url_text":"Arkansas Democrat Gazette"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Noble_Lake,_Arkansas¶ms=34_10_23_N_91_51_15_W_region:US-AR_type:city","external_links_name":"34°10′23″N 91°51′15″W / 34.17306°N 91.85417°W / 34.17306; -91.85417"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Noble_Lake,_Arkansas¶ms=34_10_23_N_91_51_15_W_region:US-AR_type:city","external_links_name":"34°10′23″N 91°51′15″W / 34.17306°N 91.85417°W / 34.17306; -91.85417"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noble_Lake,_Arkansas&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/77853","external_links_name":"\"Noble Lake, Arkansas\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200508202700/http://www.arkansashighways.com/maps/Counties/County%20PDFs/JeffersonCounty.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Arkansas Department of Transportation-Jefferson County\""},{"Link":"http://www.arkansashighways.com/maps/Counties/County%20PDFs/JeffersonCounty.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200508202700/http://www.arkansashighways.com/maps/Counties/County%20PDFs/JeffersonCounty.pdf","external_links_name":"\"General Highway Map Jefferson County, Arkansas\""},{"Link":"http://www.arkansashighways.com/maps/Counties/County%20PDFs/JeffersonCounty.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/dc10map/sch_dist/st05_ar/c05069_jefferson/DC10SD_C05069_001.pdf","external_links_name":"SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP (2010 CENSUS): Jefferson County, AR"},{"Link":"https://digitalheritage.arkansas.gov/school-district-maps/34/","external_links_name":"\"Arkansas Department of Education school district maps, 1952-1954 Jefferson County, 1952-1954\""},{"Link":"https://digitalheritage.arkansas.gov/context/school-district-maps/article/1033/type/native/viewcontent","external_links_name":"Download"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150912013154/http://www.arkansased.gov/public/userfiles/Legal/ConsolidationAnnex_from_1983.xls","external_links_name":"ConsolidationAnnex_from_1983.xls"},{"Link":"https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2021/jun/28/dollarway-alumni-honor-district/","external_links_name":"\"Dollarway alumni honor district\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noble_Lake,_Arkansas&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Antonini,_Udine
|
Palazzo Antonini, Udine
|
["1 History","2 Architecture","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 46°03′59″N 13°14′01″E / 46.06639°N 13.23361°E / 46.06639; 13.23361Palazzo Antonini-Maseri in Udine.
Palazzo Antonini also known as Palazzo Palladio and Palazzo Antonini-Maseri (after 2018), is a palazzo in Udine, northern Italy. It was designed by Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio in the middle of the 16th century for the Antonini family, owner of various other palaces in Udine.
The present owner is the University of Udine.
History
The beginning of construction on the Palazzo Antonini is traditionally said to date to 1556, contemporaneous with the construction of the Bollani arch, another work by Palladio in Udine. The patron was Floriano Antonini, a young and ambitious member of one of the most high-profile families of Udine aristocracy. Antonini did not hesitate to resurrect erudite traditions by minting a foundation medal for the Palazzo, probably desiring to demonstrate that sophisticated taste was not the exclusive prerogative of aristocratic circles in the capital of the Serenissima, Venice. In 1559, the palace was already partially inhabitable, but in 1563 building works were still in progress.
In the following century, at least two campaigns of works heavily altered the building's appearance, going so far as to replace all the windows, except those to the right of the loggia on the back façade, as well as the internal staircases. In 1709, Martino Fischer executed the decorative ornaments, thereby contributing to the definitive transformation of the original Palladian interiors. In essence, all that remains of Palladio's project are the plan (less the stairs) and the building's basic volumes, the front and back loggias (whose pediments were never executed), and the components of the "Hall of the four columns".
The architect Valentino Presani supervised a reorganisation of the entire building during the 19th century. During this reorganisation, Odorico Politi painted the neoclassical-styled fresques in the rooms facing the garden (1818 ca.).
The garden was supervised by Pietro Quaglia da Polcenigo and Giuseppe Rho. One of the first California redwoods arrived in Italy was planted in the garden in 1867 and is still living today.
In the 1930s, the building became the location of the Treasury of the Bank of Italy.
The 1976 Friuli earthquake left the building partially damaged, so the paintings were removed from the walls and placed on wooden supports.
In 2009, the Bank of Italy left the building to the local Museum network Civici Musei di Udine. So the paintings were placed in the local art gallery (Biblioteca d'Arte dei Civici Musei).
For some years, it seemed impossible to find a proper placement for the building. In 2018, dr Attilio Maseri, famous cardiologist based in Udine, purchased it and donated it to the University of Udine. After the donation, the building was officially renamed "Palazzo Antonini-Maseri".
Architecture
This project opens the section in the I quattro libri dell'architettura (1570) dedicated to city palaces although, as was the opposite case in the Villa Pisani at Montagnana and the Villa Cornaro at Piombino, the Palazzo Antonini was actually a rather ambivalent building: it is truly an urban palace which assumes the typology of a suburban villa. In this respect, one must bear in mind that the palace rose on the borders of the urban centre, in an open area with gardens, just like the Palazzo Chiericati or the Palazzo Civena.
The design of its façades facing the street incorporates engaged Ionic half-columns, fashioned from blocks of stone, which forecast those at the Villa Sarego at Santa Sofia. A thick web of openings transforms the loggia onto the street into a sort of diaphragm transparent to the light. The entire edifice seems to be strapped by continuous bands of stone, from the plinth of engaged columns to the entablature, right up to the band corresponding to the upper frieze, where the small unframed windows of the granary open.
Floor plan (drawing by Ottavio Bertotti Scamozzi, 1781)
Cross section (drawing by Ottavio Bertotti Scamozzi, 1781)
References
^ Palazzo Antonini, Banca d'Italia website (in Italian)
^ Palazzo Antonini, Banca d'Italia website (in Italian)
^ Progettato da Andrea Palladio è l'edificio più prestigioso della famiglia Antonini, Udine Vicina, 2015 (in Italian)
^ Progettato da Andrea Palladio è l'edificio più prestigioso della famiglia Antonini, Udine Vicina, 2015 (in Italian)
^ Palazzo Antonini, Banca d'Italia website (in Italian)
^ Palazzo Palladio appartiene all'Università di Udine, University of Udine, 2019 (in Italian)
^ Palazzo Palladio appartiene all'Università di Udine, University of Udine, 2019 (in Italian)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Palazzo Antonini (Udine).
Palazzo Antonini in the CISA website (source for the first revision of this article, with kind permission)
Historical photo of the interior
vteAndrea PalladioChurches
Convento della Carità (cloisters)
Il Redentore
San Francesco della Vigna (façade)
San Giorgio Maggiore church and monastery
Santa Maria Nova (attributed)
San Pietro di Castello
Tempietto Barbaro
Valmarana Chapel
Le Zitelle (attributed)
Palazzi
Basilica Palladiana
Casa Cogollo
Loggia Valmarana
Palazzo Antonini
Palazzo Barbaran da Porto
Palazzo del Capitanio
Palazzo Chiericati
Palazzo Civena
Palazzo Dalla Torre
Palazzo della Loggia
Palazzo Pojana
Palazzo Porto
Palazzo Porto in Piazza Castello
Palazzo Pretorio (Cividale del Friuli)
Palazzo Schio
Palazzo Thiene
Palazzo Thiene Bonin Longare
Palazzo Valmarana
Villas
Villa Angarano
Villa Arnaldi
Villa Badoer
Villa Barbaro
Villa Caldogno
Villa Capra "La Rotonda"
Villa Chiericati
Villa Cornaro
Villa Emo
Villa Forni Cerato
Villa Foscari
Villa Gazzotti Grimani
Villa Godi
Villa Piovene
Villa Pisani, Bagnolo
Villa Pisani, Montagnana
Villa Pojana
Villa Porto, Molina di Malo
Villa Porto (Vivaro di Dueville)
Villa Repeta
Villa Saraceno
Villa Serego
Villa Thiene
Villa Thiene (Cicogna)
Villa Trissino (Cricoli)
Villa Trissino (Meledo di Sarego)
Villa Valmarana (Lisiera)
Villa Valmarana (Vigardolo)
Villa Zeno
Other structures
Ponte Vecchio, Bassano
Arco delle Scalette (attributed)
Teatro Olimpico
Jewelry
Jewel of Vicenza (attributed)
Books
I quattro libri dell'architettura (1570)
Related
Palladian architecture
City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto
Vicenza
Palladian villas of the Veneto
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
46°03′59″N 13°14′01″E / 46.06639°N 13.23361°E / 46.06639; 13.23361
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palazzo_Antonini_foto.jpg"},{"link_name":"palazzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo"},{"link_name":"Udine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udine"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Andrea Palladio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Palladio"},{"link_name":"University of Udine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Udine"}],"text":"Palazzo Antonini-Maseri in Udine.Palazzo Antonini also known as Palazzo Palladio and Palazzo Antonini-Maseri (after 2018), is a palazzo in Udine, northern Italy. It was designed by Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio in the middle of the 16th century for the Antonini family, owner of various other palaces in Udine.The present owner is the University of Udine.","title":"Palazzo Antonini, Udine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bollani arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arco_Bollani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"aristocracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocracy"},{"link_name":"Serenissima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"loggia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loggia"},{"link_name":"Martino Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martino_Fischer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pediments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediment"},{"link_name":"Valentino Presani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentino_Presani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Odorico Politi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odorico_Politi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Pietro Quaglia da Polcenigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pietro_Quaglia_da_Polcenigo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Rho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Rho&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"California redwoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bank of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"1976 Friuli earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Friuli_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Civici Musei di Udine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udine_Castle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Attilio Maseri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attilio_Maseri"},{"link_name":"University of Udine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Udine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The beginning of construction on the Palazzo Antonini is traditionally said to date to 1556, contemporaneous with the construction of the Bollani arch, another work by Palladio in Udine. The patron was Floriano Antonini, a young and ambitious member of one of the most high-profile families of Udine aristocracy. Antonini did not hesitate to resurrect erudite traditions by minting a foundation medal for the Palazzo, probably desiring to demonstrate that sophisticated taste was not the exclusive prerogative of aristocratic circles in the capital of the Serenissima, Venice.[1] In 1559, the palace was already partially inhabitable, but in 1563 building works were still in progress.In the following century, at least two campaigns of works heavily altered the building's appearance, going so far as to replace all the windows, except those to the right of the loggia on the back façade, as well as the internal staircases. In 1709, Martino Fischer executed the decorative ornaments, thereby contributing to the definitive transformation of the original Palladian interiors. In essence, all that remains of Palladio's project are the plan (less the stairs) and the building's basic volumes, the front and back loggias (whose pediments were never executed), and the components of the \"Hall of the four columns\".The architect Valentino Presani supervised a reorganisation of the entire building during the 19th century. During this reorganisation, Odorico Politi painted the neoclassical-styled fresques in the rooms facing the garden (1818 ca.).[2]The garden was supervised by Pietro Quaglia da Polcenigo and Giuseppe Rho.[3] One of the first California redwoods arrived in Italy was planted in the garden in 1867 and is still living today.[4]In the 1930s, the building became the location of the Treasury of the Bank of Italy.The 1976 Friuli earthquake left the building partially damaged, so the paintings were removed from the walls and placed on wooden supports.In 2009, the Bank of Italy left the building to the local Museum network Civici Musei di Udine.[5] So the paintings were placed in the local art gallery (Biblioteca d'Arte dei Civici Musei).For some years, it seemed impossible to find a proper placement for the building. In 2018, dr Attilio Maseri, famous cardiologist based in Udine, purchased it and donated it to the University of Udine.[6] After the donation, the building was officially renamed \"Palazzo Antonini-Maseri\".[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I quattro libri dell'architettura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_quattro_libri_dell%27architettura"},{"link_name":"Villa Pisani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Pisani_(Montagnana)"},{"link_name":"Montagnana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montagnana"},{"link_name":"Villa Cornaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Cornaro"},{"link_name":"Piombino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piombino_Dese"},{"link_name":"palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace"},{"link_name":"villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Chiericati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Chiericati"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Civena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Civena"},{"link_name":"Ionic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_order"},{"link_name":"Villa Sarego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Sarego"},{"link_name":"Santa Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedemonte"},{"link_name":"loggia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loggia"},{"link_name":"plinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plinth"},{"link_name":"entablature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entablature"},{"link_name":"frieze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieze"},{"link_name":"granary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palazzo_Antonini_pianta_Bertotti_Scamozzi_1781.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palazzo_Antonini_sezione_Bertotti_Scamozzi_1781.jpg"}],"text":"This project opens the section in the I quattro libri dell'architettura (1570) dedicated to city palaces although, as was the opposite case in the Villa Pisani at Montagnana and the Villa Cornaro at Piombino, the Palazzo Antonini was actually a rather ambivalent building: it is truly an urban palace which assumes the typology of a suburban villa. In this respect, one must bear in mind that the palace rose on the borders of the urban centre, in an open area with gardens, just like the Palazzo Chiericati or the Palazzo Civena.The design of its façades facing the street incorporates engaged Ionic half-columns, fashioned from blocks of stone, which forecast those at the Villa Sarego at Santa Sofia. A thick web of openings transforms the loggia onto the street into a sort of diaphragm transparent to the light. The entire edifice seems to be strapped by continuous bands of stone, from the plinth of engaged columns to the entablature, right up to the band corresponding to the upper frieze, where the small unframed windows of the granary open.Floor plan (drawing by Ottavio Bertotti Scamozzi, 1781)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCross section (drawing by Ottavio Bertotti Scamozzi, 1781)","title":"Architecture"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Palazzo Antonini-Maseri in Udine.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Palazzo_Antonini_foto.jpg/240px-Palazzo_Antonini_foto.jpg"}]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Palazzo_Antonini,_Udine¶ms=46_03_59_N_13_14_01_E_type:landmark_source:kolossus-frwiki","external_links_name":"46°03′59″N 13°14′01″E / 46.06639°N 13.23361°E / 46.06639; 13.23361"},{"Link":"https://www.bancaditalia.it/chi-siamo/beni-immobili/edifici-storici/palazzo-antonini/index.html","external_links_name":"Palazzo Antonini, Banca d'Italia website (in Italian)"},{"Link":"https://www.bancaditalia.it/chi-siamo/beni-immobili/edifici-storici/palazzo-antonini/index.html","external_links_name":"Palazzo Antonini, Banca d'Italia website (in Italian)"},{"Link":"https://udinevicina.it/it/percorsi/percorsi-geografici/borgo-pracchiuso/rogge-e-giardini/palazzo-antonini-ex-banca-ditalia/","external_links_name":"Progettato da Andrea Palladio è l'edificio più prestigioso della famiglia Antonini, Udine Vicina, 2015 (in Italian)"},{"Link":"https://udinevicina.it/it/percorsi/percorsi-geografici/borgo-pracchiuso/rogge-e-giardini/palazzo-antonini-ex-banca-ditalia/","external_links_name":"Progettato da Andrea Palladio è l'edificio più prestigioso della famiglia Antonini, Udine Vicina, 2015 (in Italian)"},{"Link":"https://www.bancaditalia.it/chi-siamo/beni-immobili/edifici-storici/palazzo-antonini/index.html","external_links_name":"Palazzo Antonini, Banca d'Italia website (in Italian)"},{"Link":"https://qui.uniud.it/notizieEventi/ateneo/palazzo-palladio-appartiene-alluniversita-di-udine-ieri-latto-ufficiale-di-donazione","external_links_name":"Palazzo Palladio appartiene all'Università di Udine, University of Udine, 2019 (in Italian)"},{"Link":"https://qui.uniud.it/notizieEventi/ateneo/palazzo-palladio-appartiene-alluniversita-di-udine-ieri-latto-ufficiale-di-donazione","external_links_name":"Palazzo Palladio appartiene all'Università di Udine, University of Udine, 2019 (in Italian)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040808090200/http://www.cisapalladio.org/veneto/scheda.php?sezione=4&architettura=11&lingua=e","external_links_name":"Palazzo Antonini in the CISA website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100707110816/http://www.bancaditalia.it/media/fotogallery/altro/arch_sto/foto29","external_links_name":"Historical photo of the interior"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/58145424547086830781","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4525175-7","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Palazzo_Antonini,_Udine¶ms=46_03_59_N_13_14_01_E_type:landmark_source:kolossus-frwiki","external_links_name":"46°03′59″N 13°14′01″E / 46.06639°N 13.23361°E / 46.06639; 13.23361"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run,_Simon,_Run
|
Run, Simon, Run
|
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"]
|
1970 film directed by George McCowan
Run, Simon, RunTitle cardWritten byLionel E. SiegelDirected byGeorge McCowanStarringBurt ReynoldsInger StevensRoyal DanoMusic byThe OrphanageCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishProductionProducerAaron SpellingCinematographyArch R. DalzellEditorArt SeidRunning time74 minutesProduction companyAaron Spelling ProductionsOriginal releaseNetworkABCReleaseDecember 1, 1970 (1970-12-01)
Run, Simon, Run (also known as The Tradition of Simon Zuniga) is a 1970 American made-for-television thriller film from Aaron Spelling starring Burt Reynolds.
It featured the last performance of Inger Stevens.
Plot
Simon Zuniga, a Papago man, is struck by Carroll Rennard's car while he is running down the road after being released from prison. She drives him to the reservation, where she also works. There as he sleeps on his brother's grave, he dreams about the night that his brother was shot by Henry Burroughs and how Henry framed him for the murder.
Simon is informed that he is to take over as head of the tribal council. When girls are brought out at a public event to perform a "Dance of the 20 Virgins", Simon leads a protest by standing and covering his eyes, causing the girls to leave in embarrassment.
Simon later overhears Santana mention Burroughs and learns that Henry is still alive. Now free and stronger than ever, Simon seeks revenge on Henry by breaking into his old home but only finds new renters. He is arrested and Carroll pays his bail. She drives him to Tucson and hires Cesar Rosetti, a private detective.
Simon and Carroll become romantically involved and she holds a party for him to meet her friends. They ask him to do a rain dance but he says that he doesn't need rain. Carroll confesses to a friend that she is pregnant with Simon's child.
Rosetti tells Simon that Burroughs moved around from Albuquerque to Phoenix but is now living under the name Henry Bagley and is currently fishing nearby. Simon finds the house then waits until dark and sneaks inside. He ties up Henry and carries him outside then waits for sunrise. He cuts Henry loose and says that he will kill Henry with the dagger he places in the ground. Henry grabs the knife first and after a battle Simon gets the knife and stabs Henry in the stomach but is then shot by the other men from the house. Carroll makes her way to a road and convinces a bus reserved for the tribe to take her back to the reservation with them.
Cast
Burt Reynolds as Simon Zuniga
Inger Stevens as Carroll Rennard
Royal Dano as Sheriff Tacksberry
James Best as Henry Burroughs
Rodolfo Acosta as Manuel
Don Dubbins as Freddie Tomb
Joyce Jameson as Esther
Barney Phillips as Cesar Rosetti
Herman Rudin as Asa
Eddie Little Sky as Santana
Ken Lynch as Warden Lomis
Rosemary Eliot as Marilyn
Marsha Moode as Helen Polino
Martin G. Soto as Ignacio
Production
Reynolds starring role in Run, Simon, Run followed another TV movie, Hunters Are for Killing (1970).
It was shot in Tucson in February and March 1970.
Reception
It was the fifth highest-rated program of the week.
References
^ "TV film a feather for burt's bonnet". Los Angeles Times. Mar 12, 1970. ProQuest 156392297.
^ "Holding hands with a TV ghost". Los Angeles Times. Aug 27, 1970. ProQuest 156563247.
^ "Speeded-up films favored by perkins". Los Angeles Times. Jun 25, 1970. ProQuest 156536847.
^ "5 specials on nielsen list". Los Angeles Times. Dec 18, 1970. ProQuest 156625092.
External links
Run, Simon, Run at IMDb
Run, Simon Run at BFI
vteWorks produced by Aaron SpellingFeature films
Guns of the Timberland (1960)
California Split (1974)
Baby Blue Marine (1976)
Mr. Mom (1983)
'night, Mother (1986)
Surrender (1987)
Three O'Clock High (1987)
Cross My Heart (1987)
Satisfaction (1988)
Loose Cannons (1990)
Soapdish (1991)
The Mod Squad (1999)
Charlie's Angels (2000)
TV series
Zane Grey Theatre (1956–61)
Johnny Ringo (1959–60)
The Dick Powell Show (1961–63)
The Lloyd Bridges Show (1962–63)
Burke's Law (1963–66)
Honey West (1965–66)
The Smothers Brothers Show (1965–66)
Rango (1967)
The Guns of Will Sonnett (1967–69)
The Mod Squad (1968–73)
The New People (1969–70)
The Young Rebels (1970–71)
The Most Deadly Game (1970–71)
The Rookies (1972–76)
Chopper One (1974)
Firehouse (1974)
S.W.A.T. (1975–76)
Starsky & Hutch (1975–79)
Family (1976–80)
Charlie's Angels (1976–81)
Fantasy Island (1977–84)
The San Pedro Beach Bums (1977)
The Love Boat (1977–87)
Vegas (1978–81)
Friends (1979)
Hart to Hart (1979–84)
B.A.D. Cats (1980)
Dynasty (1981–89)
Aloha Paradise (1981)
Strike Force (1981–82)
T. J. Hooker (1982–86)
Matt Houston (1982–85)
At Ease (1983)
Hotel (1983–88)
Glitter (1984–85)
Finder of Lost Loves (1984–85)
MacGruder and Loud (1985)
Hollywood Beat (1985)
The Colbys (1985–87)
Life with Lucy (1986)
CBS Summer Playhouse (1987)
HeartBeat (1988–89)
Nightingales (1989)
Beverly Hills, 90210 (1990–2000)
Melrose Place (1992–99)
2000 Malibu Road (1992)
The Heights (1992)
The Round Table (1992)
Burke's Law (1994–95)
Winnetka Road (1994)
Models Inc. (1994–95)
Robin's Hoods (1994–95)
Heaven Help Us (1994)
Madman of the People (1994–95)
University Hospital (1995)
Savannah (1996–97)
Malibu Shores (1996)
Kindred: The Embraced (1996)
7th Heaven (1996–2007)
Sunset Beach (1997–99)
Pacific Palisades (1997)
Love Boat: The Next Wave (1998–99)
Buddy Faro (1998)
Charmed (1998–2006)
Rescue 77 (1999)
Safe Harbor (1999)
Forbidden Island (1999)
Titans (2000–01)
All Souls (2001)
Queens Supreme (2003)
Kingpin (2003)
10-8: Officers on Duty (2003–04)
Summerland (2004–05)
Clubhouse (2004–05)
Wanted (2005)
TV films
Cricket on the Hearth (1967)
The Over-the-Hill Gang (1969)
Wake Me When the War Is Over (1969)
The Monk (1969)
The Pigeon (1969)
The Ballad of Andy Crocker (1969)
Carter's Army (1970)
The Love War (1970)
How Awful About Allan (1970)
But I Don't Want to Get Married! (1970)
The Old Man Who Cried Wolf (1970)
Wild Women (1970)
The House That Would Not Die (1970)
The Over-the-Hill Gang Rides Again (1970)
Crowhaven Farm (1970)
Run, Simon, Run (1970)
Love Hate Love (1971)
Yuma (1971)
River of Gold (1971)
Congratulations, It's a Boy! (1971)
Five Desperate Women (1971)
The Last Child (1971)
A Taste of Evil (1971)
In Broad Daylight (1971)
The Death of Me Yet (1971)
The Reluctant Heroes (1971)
If Tomorrow Comes (1971)
The Trackers (1971)
Two for the Money (1972)
The Daughters of Joshua Cabe (1972)
No Place to Run (1972)
Say Goodbye, Maggie Cole (1972)
Rolling Man (1972)
The Bounty Man (1972)
Home for the Holidays (1972)
Every Man Needs One (1972)
A Cold Night's Death (1973)
Snatched (1973)
The Great American Beauty Contest (1973)
The Letters (1973)
The Bait (1973)
Satan's School for Girls (1973)
Hijack! (1973)
Letters from Three Lovers (1973)
The Affair (1973)
Death Squad (1974)
The Fireman's Ball (1974)
Cry Panic (1974)
The Girl Who Came Gift-Wrapped (1974)
Savages (1974)
Death Sentence (1974)
Hit Lady (1974)
Death Cruise (1974)
Only with Married Men (1974)
The Daughters of Joshua Cabe Return (1975)
Murder on Flight 502 (1975)
The Legend of Valentino (1975)
One of My Wives Is Missing (1975)
33 Hours in the Life of God (1976)
The Sad and Lonely Sundays (1976)
Death at Love House (1976)
The New Daughters of Joshua Cabe (1976)
The Boy in the Plastic Bubble (1976)
Little Ladies of the Night (1977)
The Love Boat II (1977)
The San Pedro Beach Bums (1977)
The Users (1978)
Kate Bliss and the Ticker Tape Kid (1978)
Wild and Wooly (1978)
Cruise Into Terror (1978)
The Power Within (1979)
Beach Patrol (1979)
Love's Savage Fury (1979)
The Return of the Mod Squad (1979)
Murder Can Hurt You! (1980)
Waikiki (1980)
Casino (1980)
The Best Little Girl in the World (1981)
Sizzle (1981)
Don't Go to Sleep (1982)
The Wild Women of Chastity Gulch (1982)
Massarati and the Brain (1982)
Shooting Stars (1983)
Making of a Male Model (1983)
Venice Medical (1983)
Dark Mirror (1984)
Velvet (1984)
International Airport (1985)
Mr. and Mrs. Ryan (1986)
Dark Mansions (1986)
The Hope Division (1987)
Cracked Up (1987)
Harry's Hong Kong (1987)
The Loner (1987)
Day One (1989)
Just Temporary (1989)
Rich Men, Single Women (1990)
The Love Boat: A Valentine Voyage (1990)
Jailbirds (1991)
Back to the Streets of San Francisco (1992)
Grass Roots (1992)
And the Band Played On (1993)
A Stranger in the Mirror (1993)
Gulf City (1993)
Jane's House (1994)
Love on the Run (1994)
Green Dolphin Beat (1994)
Texas (1994)
Crosstown Traffic (1995)
Pier 66 (1996)
After Jimmy (1996)
Odd Jobs (1997)
Satan's School for Girls (2000)
Stop at Nothing (2001)
The Law and Mr. Lee (2003)
Hotel (2003)
Silver Lake (2004)
Hitched (2005)
Bounty Hunters (2005)
Split Decision (2006)
TV miniseries
The French Atlantic Affair (1979)
Hollywood Wives (1985)
Crossings (1986)
Dynasty: The Reunion (1991)
The Invaders (1995)
A Season in Purgatory (1996)
vteFilms directed by George McCowan
The Monk (1969)
The Ballad of Andy Crocker (1969)
Carter's Army (1970)
Run, Simon, Run (1970)
The Challenge (1970)
The Love War (1970)
The Over-the-Hill Gang Rides Again (1970)
Love Hate Love (1971)
If Tomorrow Comes (1971)
Face-Off (1971)
Welcome Home, Johnny Bristol (1972)
Frogs (1972)
The Magnificent Seven Ride! (1972)
Murder on Flight 502 (1975)
Shadow of the Hawk (1976)
H. G. Wells' The Shape of Things to Come (1979)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"made-for-television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_film"},{"link_name":"thriller film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_film"},{"link_name":"Aaron Spelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Spelling"},{"link_name":"Burt Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Inger Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inger_Stevens"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Run, Simon, Run (also known as The Tradition of Simon Zuniga)[1] is a 1970 American made-for-television thriller film from Aaron Spelling starring Burt Reynolds.[2]It featured the last performance of Inger Stevens.[3]","title":"Run, Simon, Run"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Papago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham"},{"link_name":"Tucson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Albuquerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"}],"text":"Simon Zuniga, a Papago man, is struck by Carroll Rennard's car while he is running down the road after being released from prison. She drives him to the reservation, where she also works. There as he sleeps on his brother's grave, he dreams about the night that his brother was shot by Henry Burroughs and how Henry framed him for the murder.\nSimon is informed that he is to take over as head of the tribal council. When girls are brought out at a public event to perform a \"Dance of the 20 Virgins\", Simon leads a protest by standing and covering his eyes, causing the girls to leave in embarrassment.\nSimon later overhears Santana mention Burroughs and learns that Henry is still alive. Now free and stronger than ever, Simon seeks revenge on Henry by breaking into his old home but only finds new renters. He is arrested and Carroll pays his bail. She drives him to Tucson and hires Cesar Rosetti, a private detective.\nSimon and Carroll become romantically involved and she holds a party for him to meet her friends. They ask him to do a rain dance but he says that he doesn't need rain. Carroll confesses to a friend that she is pregnant with Simon's child.\nRosetti tells Simon that Burroughs moved around from Albuquerque to Phoenix but is now living under the name Henry Bagley and is currently fishing nearby. Simon finds the house then waits until dark and sneaks inside. He ties up Henry and carries him outside then waits for sunrise. He cuts Henry loose and says that he will kill Henry with the dagger he places in the ground. Henry grabs the knife first and after a battle Simon gets the knife and stabs Henry in the stomach but is then shot by the other men from the house. Carroll makes her way to a road and convinces a bus reserved for the tribe to take her back to the reservation with them.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burt Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Inger Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inger_Stevens"},{"link_name":"Royal Dano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dano"},{"link_name":"James Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Best"},{"link_name":"Rodolfo Acosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolfo_Acosta"},{"link_name":"Don Dubbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Dubbins"},{"link_name":"Joyce Jameson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Jameson"},{"link_name":"Barney Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_Phillips"},{"link_name":"Herman Rudin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herman_Rudin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eddie Little Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Little_Sky"},{"link_name":"Ken Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Lynch"},{"link_name":"Rosemary Eliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosemary_Eliot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marsha Moode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsha_Moode&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Martin G. Soto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_G._Soto&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Burt Reynolds as Simon Zuniga\nInger Stevens as Carroll Rennard\nRoyal Dano as Sheriff Tacksberry\nJames Best as Henry Burroughs\nRodolfo Acosta as Manuel\nDon Dubbins as Freddie Tomb\nJoyce Jameson as Esther\nBarney Phillips as Cesar Rosetti\nHerman Rudin as Asa\nEddie Little Sky as Santana\nKen Lynch as Warden Lomis\nRosemary Eliot as Marilyn\nMarsha Moode as Helen Polino\nMartin G. Soto as Ignacio","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hunters Are for Killing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunters_Are_for_Killing"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Reynolds starring role in Run, Simon, Run followed another TV movie, Hunters Are for Killing (1970).It was shot in Tucson in February and March 1970.[citation needed]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"It was the fifth highest-rated program of the week.[4]","title":"Reception"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"TV film a feather for burt's bonnet\". Los Angeles Times. Mar 12, 1970. ProQuest 156392297.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/156392297","url_text":"156392297"}]},{"reference":"\"Holding hands with a TV ghost\". Los Angeles Times. Aug 27, 1970. ProQuest 156563247.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/156563247","url_text":"156563247"}]},{"reference":"\"Speeded-up films favored by perkins\". Los Angeles Times. Jun 25, 1970. ProQuest 156536847.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/156536847","url_text":"156536847"}]},{"reference":"\"5 specials on nielsen list\". Los Angeles Times. Dec 18, 1970. ProQuest 156625092.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/156625092","url_text":"156625092"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/156392297","external_links_name":"156392297"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/156563247","external_links_name":"156563247"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/156536847","external_links_name":"156536847"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/156625092","external_links_name":"156625092"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0066317/","external_links_name":"Run, Simon, Run"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180410203514/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b764c5977","external_links_name":"Run, Simon Run"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20,000_Leagues_under_the_Sea
|
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas
|
["1 Title","2 Principal characters","3 Plot","4 Themes and subtext","5 Recurring themes in later books","6 English translations","7 Reception","8 Adaptations and variations","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]
|
1870 novel by Jules Verne
"20,000 Leagues Under the Sea" redirects here. For other uses, see 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (disambiguation).
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas Frontispiece of 1871 editionAuthorJules VerneOriginal titleVingt Mille Lieues sous les mersIllustratorAlphonse de Neuville and Édouard RiouCountryFranceLanguageFrenchSeriesVoyages extraordinairesCaptain Nemo #1GenreAdventure, Science fictionPublisherPierre-Jules HetzelPublication dateMarch 1869 to June 1870 (as serial)1870 (book form)Published in English1872Preceded byIn Search of the Castaways Followed byAround the Moon
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas (French: Vingt Mille Lieues sous les mers) is a classic science fiction adventure novel by French writer Jules Verne.
The novel was originally serialized from March 1869 through June 1870 in Pierre-Jules Hetzel's fortnightly periodical, the Magasin d'éducation et de récréation. A deluxe octavo edition, published by Hetzel in November 1871, included 111 illustrations by Alphonse de Neuville and Édouard Riou. The book was widely acclaimed on its release and remains so; it is regarded as one of the premier adventure novels and one of Verne's greatest works, along with Around the World in Eighty Days and Journey to the Center of the Earth. Its depiction of Captain Nemo's underwater ship, the Nautilus, is regarded as ahead of its time, since it accurately describes many features of today's submarines, which in the 1860s were comparatively primitive vessels.
A model of the French submarine Plongeur (launched in 1863) figured at the 1867 Exposition Universelle, where Jules Verne examined it, inspiring him while writing the novel.
Title
The title refers to the distance, not depth, traveled under the various seas: 20,000 metric leagues (80,000 km, over 40,000 nautical miles), nearly twice the circumference of the Earth.
Principal characters
Professor Pierre Aronnax – the narrator of the story, a French natural scientist
Conseil – Aronnax's Flemish servant, very devoted to him and knowledgeable in biological classification
Ned Land – a Canadian harpooner, described as having "no equal in his dangerous trade"
Captain Nemo – the designer and captain of the Nautilus
Plot
Illustration by Alphonse de Neuville and Édouard Riou
During the year 1866, ships of various nationalities sight a mysterious sea monster, which, it is later suggested, might be a gigantic narwhal. The U.S. government assembles an expedition in New York City to find and destroy the monster. Professor Pierre Aronnax, a French marine biologist and the story's narrator, is in town at the time and receives a last-minute invitation to join the expedition; he accepts. Canadian whaler and master harpooner Ned Land and Aronnax's faithful manservant Conseil are also among the participants.
The expedition leaves Brooklyn aboard the United States Navy frigate Abraham Lincoln, then travels south around Cape Horn into the Pacific Ocean. After a five-month search ending off Japan, the frigate locates and attacks the monster, which damages the ship's rudder. Aronnax and Land are hurled into the sea, and Conseil jumps into the water after them. They survive by climbing onto the "monster", which, they are startled to find, is a futuristic submarine. They wait on the deck of the vessel until morning, when they are captured, hauled inside, and introduced to the submarine's mysterious constructor and commander, Captain Nemo.
The rest of the novel describes the protagonists' adventures aboard the Nautilus, which was built in secrecy and now roams the seas beyond the reach of land-based governments. In self-imposed exile, Captain Nemo seems to have a dual motivation — a quest for scientific knowledge and a desire to escape terrestrial civilization. Nemo explains that his submarine is electrically powered and can conduct advanced marine research; he also tells his new passengers that his secret existence means he cannot let them leave — they must remain on board permanently.
They visit many oceanic regions, some factual and others fictitious. The travelers view coral formations, sunken vessels from the Battle of Vigo Bay, the Antarctic ice barrier, the Transatlantic telegraph cable, and the legendary underwater realm of Atlantis. They even travel to the South Pole and are trapped in an upheaval of an iceberg on the way back, caught in a narrow gallery of ice from which they are forced to dig themselves out. The passengers also don diving suits, hunt sharks and other marine fauna with air guns in the underwater forests of Crespo Island, and also attend an undersea funeral for a crew member who died during a mysterious collision experienced by the Nautilus. When the submarine returns to the Atlantic Ocean, a school of giant squid ("devilfish") attacks the vessel and kills another crewman.
The novel's later pages suggest that Captain Nemo went into undersea exile after his homeland was conquered and his family slaughtered by a powerful imperialist nation. Following the episode of the devilfish, Nemo largely avoids Aronnax, who begins to side with Ned Land. Ultimately, the Nautilus is attacked by a warship from the mysterious nation that has caused Nemo such suffering. Carrying out his quest for revenge, Nemo — whom Aronnax dubs an "archangel of hatred" — rams the ship below her waterline and sends her to the bottom, much to the professor's horror. Afterward, Nemo kneels before a portrait of his deceased wife and children, then sinks into a deep depression.
Circumstances aboard the submarine change drastically: watches are no longer kept, and the vessel wanders about aimlessly. Ned becomes so reclusive that Conseil fears for the harpooner's life. One morning, however, Ned announces that they are in sight of land and have a chance to escape. Professor Aronnax is more than ready to leave Captain Nemo, who now horrifies him, yet he is still drawn to the man. Fearing that Nemo's very presence could weaken his resolve, he avoids contact with the captain. Before their departure, however, the professor eavesdrops on Nemo and overhears him calling out in anguish, "O almighty God! Enough! Enough!" Aronnax immediately joins his companions, and they carry out their escape plans, but as they board the submarine's skiff, they realize that the Nautilus has seemingly blundered into the ocean's deadliest whirlpool, the Moskenstraumen, more commonly known as the "Maelstrom". Nevertheless, they manage to escape and find refuge on an island off the coast of Norway. The submarine's ultimate fate, however, remained unknown until the events of The Mysterious Island.
Themes and subtext
Nautilus's route through the Pacific
Nautilus's route through the Atlantic
Captain Nemo's assumed name recalls Homer's Odyssey, when Odysseus encounters the monstrous Cyclops Polyphemus in the course of his wanderings. Polyphemus asks Odysseus his name, and Odysseus replies that it is Outis (Οὖτις) 'no one', translated into Latin as "Nemo". Like Captain Nemo, Odysseus wanders the seas in exile (though only for 10 years) and similarly grieves the tragic deaths of his crewmen.
The novel repeatedly mentions the U.S. Naval Commander Matthew Fontaine Maury, an oceanographer who investigated the winds, seas, and currents, collected samples from the depths, and charted the world's oceans. Maury was internationally famous, and Verne may have known of his French ancestry.
The novel alludes to other Frenchmen, including Lapérouse, the celebrated explorer whose two sloops of war vanished during a voyage of global circumnavigation; Dumont d'Urville, a later explorer who found the remains of one of Lapérouse's ships; and Ferdinand de Lesseps, builder of the Suez Canal and nephew of the sole survivor of Lapérouse's ill-fated expedition. The Nautilus follows in the footsteps of these men: she visits the waters where Lapérouse's vessels disappeared; she enters Torres Strait and becomes stranded there, as did d'Urville's ship, the Astrolabe; and she passes beneath the Suez Canal via a fictitious underwater tunnel joining the Red Sea to the Mediterranean.
In possibly the novel's most famous episode, the above-described battle with a school of giant squid, one of the monsters captures a crew member. Reflecting on the battle in the next chapter, Aronnax writes: "To convey such sights, it would take the pen of our most renowned poet, Victor Hugo, author of The Toilers of the Sea." A bestselling novel in Verne's day, The Toilers of the Sea also features a threatening cephalopod: a laborer battles with an octopus, believed by critics to be symbolic of the Industrial Revolution. Certainly, Verne was influenced by Hugo's novel, and, in penning this variation on its octopus encounter, he may have intended the symbol to also take in the Revolutions of 1848.
Other symbols and themes pique modern critics. Margaret Drabble, for instance, argues that Verne's masterwork also anticipated the ecology movement and influenced French avant-garde imagery. As for additional motifs in the novel, Captain Nemo repeatedly champions the world's persecuted and downtrodden. While in Mediterranean waters, the captain provides financial support to rebels resisting Ottoman rule during the Cretan Revolt of 1866–1869, proving to Professor Aronnax that he had not severed all relations with terrestrial mankind. In another episode, Nemo rescues an Indian pearl diver from a shark attack, then gives the fellow a pouch full of pearls, more than the man could have gathered after years of his hazardous work. When asked why he would help a "representative of that race from which he'd fled under the seas", Nemo responds that the diver, as an "East Indian", "lives in the land of the oppressed".
Indeed, the novel has an under-the-counter political vision, hinted at in the character and background of Captain Nemo himself. In the book's final form, Nemo says to professor Aronnax, "That Indian, sir, is an inhabitant of an oppressed country; and I am still, and shall be, to my last breath, one of them!" In the novel's initial drafts, the mysterious captain was a Polish nobleman, whose family and homeland were slaughtered by Russian forces during the Polish January Uprising of 1863. However, these specifics were suppressed during the editing stages at the insistence of Verne's publisher Pierre-Jules Hetzel, believed responsible by today's scholars for many modifications of Verne's original manuscripts. At the time France was a putative ally of the Russian Empire, hence Hetzel demanded that Verne suppress the identity of Nemo's enemy, not only to avoid political complications but also to avert lower sales should the novel appear in Russian translation. Hence Professor Aronnax never discovers Nemo's origins.
Even so, a trace remains of the novel's initial concept, a detail that may have eluded Hetzel: its allusion to an unsuccessful rebellion under a Polish hero, Tadeusz Kościuszko, leader of the uprising against Russian and Prussian control in 1794; Kościuszko mourned his country's prior defeat with the Latin exclamation "Finis Poloniae!" ("Poland is no more!").
Five years later, and again at Hetzel's insistence, Captain Nemo was revived and revamped for another Verne novel, The Mysterious Island. The novel changes the captain's nationality from Polish to Indian; in the book's final chapters, Nemo reveals that he is an Indian prince named Dakkar who was a descendant of Tipu Sultan, a prominent ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, and participated in the Indian Rebellion of 1857, an ultimately unsuccessful uprising against Company rule in India. After the rebellion, which led to the death of his family, Nemo fled beneath the seas, then made a final reappearance in the later novel's concluding pages.
Model of the 1863 French Navy submarine Plongeur at the Musée de la Marine, Paris
Illustration of the Nautilus by Alphonse de Neuville and Édouard Riou
Verne took the name "Nautilus" from one of the earliest successful submarines, built in 1800 by Robert Fulton, who also invented the first commercially successful steamboat. Fulton named his submarine after a marine mollusk, the chambered nautilus. As noted above, Verne also studied a model of the newly developed French Navy submarine Plongeur at the 1867 Exposition Universelle, which guided him in his development of the novel's Nautilus.
The diving gear used by passengers on the Nautilus is presented as a combination of two existing systems: 1) the surface-supplied hardhat suit, which was fed oxygen from the shore through tubes; 2) a later, self-contained apparatus designed by Benoit Rouquayrol and Auguste Denayrouze in 1865. Their invention featured tanks fastened to the back, which supplied air to a facial mask via the first-known demand regulator. The diver didn't swim but walked upright across the seafloor. This device was called an aérophore (Greek for "air-carrier"). Its air tanks could hold only thirty atmospheres, but Nemo claims that his futuristic adaptation could do far better: "The Nautilus's pumps allow me to store air under considerable pressure ... my diving equipment can supply breathable air for nine or ten hours."
Recurring themes in later books
As noted above, Hetzel and Verne generated a sequel of sorts to this novel: L'Île mystérieuse (The Mysterious Island, 1874), which attempts to round off narratives begun in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas and Captain Grant's Children, a.k.a. In Search of the Castaways. While The Mysterious Island attempts to provide additional background on Nemo (or Prince Dakkar), it is muddled by irreconcilable chronological discrepancies between the two books and even within The Mysterious Island itself.
Verne returned to the theme of an outlaw submarine captain in Facing the Flag (1896). This novel's chief villain, Ker Karraje, is an unscrupulous pirate acting for personal gain, he does not have Captain Nemo's nobility of character. Though published in several editions and translated, Facing the Flag did not achieve the lasting popularity of Twenty Thousand Leagues.
English translations
The novel was first translated into English in 1873 by Reverend Lewis Page Mercier. Mercier cut nearly a quarter of Verne's French text and committed hundreds of translating errors, sometimes drastically distorting Verne's original (including uniformly mistranslating the French scaphandre — properly "diving suit" — as "cork-jacket", following a long-obsolete usage as "a type of lifejacket"). Some of these distortions may have been perpetrated for political reasons, such as Mercier's omitting the portraits of freedom fighters on the wall of Nemo's stateroom, a collection originally including Daniel O'Connell among other international figures. Nevertheless, Mercier's text became the standard English translation, and some later "re-translations" continued to recycle its mistakes, including mistranslating the title as "... under the Sea", rather than "... under the Seas".
In 1962, Anthony Bonner published a translation of the novel with Bantam Classics. This edition included an introduction by Ray Bradbury, comparing Captain Nemo to Captain Ahab of Moby-Dick.
A significant modern revision of Mercier's translation appeared in 1966, prepared by Walter James Miller and published by Washington Square Press. Miller addressed many of Mercier's errors in the volume's preface and restored a number of his deletions in the text. In 1976, Miller published "The Annotated Jules Verne, Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea" at the suggestion of the Thomas Y. Crowel Company editorial staff. The cover declared it "The only completely restored and annotated edition". In 1993, Miller collaborated with his fellow Vernian Frederick Paul Walter to produce "The Completely Restored and Annotated Edition", published in 1993 by the Naval Institute Press. Its text took advantage of Walter's unpublished translation, which Project Gutenberg later made available online.
In 1998, William Butcher issued a new, annotated translation with the title Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Seas, published by Oxford University Press (ISBN 978-0-19-953927-7). Butcher includes detailed notes, a comprehensive bibliography, appendices and a wide-ranging introduction studying the novel from a literary perspective. In particular, his original research on the two manuscripts studies the radical changes to the plot and to the character of Nemo urged on Verne by Hetzel, his publisher.
In 2010, Frederick Paul Walter issued a fully revised, newly researched translation, 20,000 Leagues Under the Seas: A World Tour Underwater. Complete with an extensive introduction, textual notes, and bibliography, it appeared in an omnibus of five of Walter's Verne translations titled Amazing Journeys: Five Visionary Classics and published by State University of New York Press (ISBN 978-1-4384-3238-0).
In 2017, David Coward issued a new translation published by Penguin Classics (ISBN 9780141394930) with the title Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, including a new introduction, notes, and a note on the text, using the 1871 Christian Chelebourg edition of the text as the basis for his translation. Coward also includes 42 illustrations, which were published for the first time in the 'Collection Hetzel' in 1901.
Reception
The science fiction writer Theodore L. Thomas criticized the novel in 1961, claiming that "there is not a single bit of valid speculation" in the book and that "none of its predictions has come true". He described its depictions of Nemo's diving gear, underwater activities, and the Nautilus as "pretty bad, behind the times even for 1869 ... In none of these technical situations did Verne take advantage of knowledge readily available to him at the time." However, the notes to the 1993 translation point out that the errors noted by Thomas were in fact in Mercier's translation, not in the original.
Despite his criticisms, Thomas conceded: "Put them all together with the magic of Verne's story-telling ability, and something flames up. A story emerges that sweeps incredulity before it".
Recently Nemo has been presented as the first "Eco-terrorist", or the first figure of ecologic radicality.
Adaptations and variations
Main article: Adaptations of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea
Captain Nemo's nationality is presented in many feature film and video realizations as European. However, he's depicted as Indian by Omar Sharif in the 1973 European miniseries The Mysterious Island. Nemo also appears as an Indian in the 1916 silent film version of the novel (which adds elements from The Mysterious Island). Indian actor Naseeruddin Shah plays Captain Nemo in the film The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, as the character is portrayed as Indian in the graphic novel. In Walt Disney's 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954), a live-action Technicolor film of the novel, Captain Nemo seems European, albeit dark-complected. In the Disney adaptation, he's played by British actor James Mason, with — as in the novel itself — no mention of his being Indian. Disney's film script elaborates on background hints in Verne's original: in an effort to acquire Nemo's scientific secrets, his wife and son were tortured to death by an unnamed government overseeing the fictional prison camp of Rorapandi. This is the captain's motivation for sinking warships in the film. Also, Nemo's submarine confines her activities to a defined, circular section of the Pacific Ocean, unlike the movements of the original Nautilus.
Finally, Nemo is again depicted as Indian in the Soviet three-episode TV film Captain Nemo (1975), which also includes some plot details from The Mysterious Island.
See also
Novels portal
List of underwater science fiction works
French corvette Alecton
References
^ Canavan, Gerry (2018). The Cambridge History of Science Fiction. Cambridge University Press. (ISBN 978-1-31-669437-4)
^ Dehs, Volker; Jean-Michel Margot; Zvi Har'El, "The Complete Jules Verne Bibliography: I. Voyages Extraordinaires", Jules Verne Collection, Zvi Har’El, retrieved 2012-09-06
^ Payen, J. (1989). De l'anticipation à l'innovation. Jules Verne et le problème de la locomotion mécanique.
^ Compère, D. (2006). Jules Verne: bilan d'un anniversaire. Romantisme, (1), 87-97.
^ Seelhorst, Mary (2003) 'Jules Verne. (PM People)'. In Popular Mechanics. 180.7 (July 2003): p36. Hearst Communications.
^ a b Notice at the Musée de la Marine, Rochefort
^ F. P. Walter's Project Gutenberg translation of Part 2, Chapter 7, reads: "Accordingly, our speed was 25 miles (that is, twelve four–kilometer leagues) per hour. Needless to say, Ned Land had to give up his escape plans, much to his distress. Swept along at the rate of twelve to thirteen meters per second, he could hardly make use of the skiff."
^ Verne, Jules (2010) . 20,000 Leagues Under the Seas. Translated by Frederick Paul Walter. ISBN 978-1-4384-3238-0 – via Wikisource.
^ Margaret Drabble (8 May 2014). "Submarine dreams: Jules Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas". New Statesman. Retrieved 2014-05-09.
^ Amazing Journeys: Five Visionary Classics. State University of New York Press. February 2012. ISBN 9781438432403.
^ Verne, Jules. Twenty Thousand Leagues Under The Sea. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons. 1937, p. 221
^ He also travelled to the Thirteen Colonies and served as an officer in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War.
^ a b Davis, RH (1955). Deep Diving and Submarine Operations (6th ed.). Tolworth, Surbiton, Surrey: Siebe Gorman & Company Ltd. p. 693.
^ a b Thomas, Theodore L. (December 1961). "The Watery Wonders of Captain Nemo". Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 168–177.
^ Acott, C. (1999). "A brief history of diving and decompression illness". South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal. 29 (2). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. Archived from the original on June 27, 2008. Retrieved 2009-03-17.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "How Lewis Mercier and Eleanor King brought you Jules Verne". Ibiblio.org. Retrieved 2013-11-15.
^ Jules Verne (author), Walter James Miller (trans.). Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, Washington Square Press, 1966. Standard Book Number 671-46557-0; Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 65-25245.
^ Jules Verne; Walter James Miller (trans.) (1976). The Annotated Jules Verne, Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company. ISBN 0690011512.
^ Jules Verne; Walter James Miller (trans.) (1976). The Annotated Jules Verne, Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company. pp. Acknowledgements. ISBN 0690011512.
^ Jules Verne (author), Walter James Miller (trans.), Frederick Paul Walter (trans.). Jules Verne's 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: A Completely Restored and Annotated Edition, Naval Institute Press, 1993. ISBN 978-1-55750-877-5.
^ Guillaume, Malaurie (2023-09-07). "Le capitaine Nemo était-il le premier éco-terroriste ?". Challenges. Archived from the original on 2023-10-10. Le personnage de Jules Verne est sans doute la première figure de la radicalité écologique en prise avec les conséquences de la disparition du système terre. Car oui, le capitaine Nemo, c'est un leader écologiste radical qui dans les arcanes des abysses marins a inauguré une ZAD. Un protagoniste éclairant à l'heure où les efforts publics sont insuffisants face à la crise écologique, estime Guillaume Malaurie
External links
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea
French Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Vingt mille lieues sous les mers
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea.
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas, trans. by F. P. Walter in 1991, made available by Project Gutenberg.
Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea at Project Gutenberg, obsolete translation by Lewis Mercier, 1872
Vingt Mille Lieues Sous Les Mers 1871 French edition at the digital library of the National Library of France
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea public domain audiobook at LibriVox
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, audio version (in French)
Manuscripts of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea in gallica.bnf.fr Archived 2014-04-12 at the Wayback Machine
vteJules Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the SeasCharacters
David Farragut
Captain Nemo
Films
Under the Seas (1907)
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916)
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954)
Mysterious Island (1961)
Captain Nemo and the Underwater City (1969)
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1985)
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (Village Roadshow) (1997)
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (Hallmark) (1997)
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003)
30,000 Leagues Under the Sea (2007)
Television
Tales of Adventure (1952)
Captain Nemo (1975)
The Undersea Adventures of Captain Nemo (1975)
The Return of Captain Nemo (1978)
Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water (1990)
Willy Fog 2 (1993)
Space Strikers (1995)
The Secret Adventures of Jules Verne (2000)
Nautilus (2024)
Other
Nautilus
The Mysterious Island
Journey Through the Impossible (play)
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage (attraction)
Tokyo DisneySea attraction
The Secret of the Nautilus (video game)
Captain Nemo (manga)
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (graphic novel)
The Wreck of the Titan (audio)
Legend of the Cybermen (audio)
"Captain Nemo" (song)
"A Whale of a Tale" (song)
List of adaptations
vteJules Verne's The Mysterious IslandCharacters
Cyrus Smith
Tom Ayrton
Captain Nemo
Films
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916)
The Mysterious Island (1929)
Mysterious Island (1941)
Mysterious Island (1951 serial)
Mysterious Island (1961)
Mysterious Island (2005)
Journey 2: The Mysterious Island (2012)
Jules Verne's Mysterious Island (2012)
Television
La isla misteriosa y el capitán Nemo (1973)
Captain Nemo (1975)
Mysterious Island (1995)
Games
Myst
Return to Mysterious Island
Return to Mysterious Island 2
Series
In Search of the Castaways
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea
Related
Captain Nemo: The Fantastic History of a Dark Genius
Mysterious Island (Tokyo DisneySea)
The Stolen Airship
Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water
Nautilus
vteWorks by Jules VerneVoyagesextraordinaires
Five Weeks in a Balloon (1863)
Journey to the Center of the Earth (1864)
From the Earth to the Moon (1865)
The Adventures of Captain Hatteras (1866)
In Search of the Castaways (1867–68)
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas (1869–70)
Around the Moon (1870)
A Floating City (1871)
The Adventures of Three Englishmen and Three Russians in South Africa (1872)
The Fur Country (1873)
Around the World in Eighty Days (1873)
The Mysterious Island (1874–75)
The Survivors of the Chancellor (1875)
Michael Strogoff (1876)
Off on a Comet (1877)
The Child of the Cavern (1877)
Dick Sand, A Captain at Fifteen (1878)
The Begum's Fortune (1879)
Tribulations of a Chinaman in China (1879)
The Steam House (1880)
Eight Hundred Leagues on the Amazon (1881)
Godfrey Morgan (1882)
The Green Ray (1882)
Kéraban the Inflexible (1883)
The Vanished Diamond (1884)
The Archipelago on Fire (1884)
Mathias Sandorf (1885)
The Lottery Ticket (1886)
Robur the Conqueror (1886)
North Against South (1887)
The Flight to France (1887)
Two Years' Vacation (1888)
Family Without a Name (1889)
The Purchase of the North Pole (1889)
César Cascabel (1890)
Mistress Branican (1891)
The Carpathian Castle (1892)
Claudius Bombarnac (1892)
Foundling Mick (1893)
Captain Antifer (1894)
Propeller Island (1895)
Facing the Flag (1896)
Clovis Dardentor (1896)
An Antarctic Mystery (1897)
The Mighty Orinoco (1898)
The Will of an Eccentric (1899)
The Castaways of the Flag (1900)
The Village in the Treetops (1901)
The Sea Serpent (1901)
The Kip Brothers (1902)
Travel Scholarships (1903)
A Drama in Livonia (1904)
Master of the World (1904)
Invasion of the Sea (1905)
Other worksNovels
A Priest in 1839 (ca. 1845)
The Waif of the Cynthia (1885)
The Lighthouse at the End of the World (1905)
The Golden Volcano (1906)
The Chase of the Golden Meteor (1908)
The Danube Pilot (1908)
The Survivors of the "Jonathan" (1909)
The Secret of Wilhelm Storitz (1910)
The Barsac Mission (1919)
Backwards to Britain (1989, written 1859)
Paris in the Twentieth Century (1994, written 1863)
Collections
Doctor Ox (1874)
Yesterday and Tomorrow (1910)
Shortstories
"A Drama in Mexico" (1851)
"A Drama in the Air" (1851)
"Martin Paz" (1852)
"Master Zacharius" (1854)
"A Winter amid the Ice" (1855)
"The Count of Chanteleine" (1864)
"The Blockade Runners" (1865)
"Dr. Ox's Experiment" (1872)
"An Ideal City" (1875)
"The Mutineers of the Bounty" (1879)
"Ten Hours Hunting" (1881)
"Frritt-Flacc" (1884)
"Gil Braltar" (1887)
"In the Year 2889" (1889)
"Adventures of the Rat Family" (1891)
"Mr. Ray Sharp and Miss Me Flat" (1893)
"The Eternal Adam" (1910)
Plays
The Broken Straws (1850)
Mona Lisa (1852)
Blind Man's Buff (1853)
The Adoptive Son (1853
Knights of the Daffodil (1855)
Mr. Chimpanzee (1858)
The Inn in the Ardennes (1860)
Eleven Days' Siege (1861)
A Nephew from America (1873)
Around the World in 80 Days (1874)
The Children of Captain Grant (1878)
Michael Strogoff (1880)
Journey Through the Impossible (1882)
Kéraban the Pigheaded (1883)
Related
The Thompson Travel Agency by Michel Verne (1907)
UniverseCharacters
Aouda
Tom Ayrton
David Farragut
Phileas Fogg
Lord Glenarvan
Captain Nemo
Jacques Paganel
Jean Passepartout
Cyrus Smith
Universe
Nautilus
HMS Sword
Category
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Australia
Other
MusicBrainz work
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20,000_Leagues_Under_the_Sea_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_literature"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"adventure novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_novel"},{"link_name":"Jules Verne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Verne"},{"link_name":"serialized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_(literature)"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Jules Hetzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Jules_Hetzel"},{"link_name":"Alphonse de Neuville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_de_Neuville"},{"link_name":"Édouard Riou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Riou"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biblio-2"},{"link_name":"adventure novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_novel"},{"link_name":"Around the World in Eighty Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Around_the_World_in_Eighty_Days"},{"link_name":"Journey to the Center of the Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_to_the_Center_of_the_Earth"},{"link_name":"Nautilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautilus_(fictional_submarine)"},{"link_name":"submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarines"},{"link_name":"French submarine Plongeur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_submarine_Plongeur"},{"link_name":"Exposition Universelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1867)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"}],"text":"\"20,000 Leagues Under the Sea\" redirects here. For other uses, see 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (disambiguation).Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas (French: Vingt Mille Lieues sous les mers) is a classic science fiction adventure novel by French writer Jules Verne.The novel was originally serialized from March 1869 through June 1870 in Pierre-Jules Hetzel's fortnightly periodical, the Magasin d'éducation et de récréation. A deluxe octavo edition, published by Hetzel in November 1871, included 111 illustrations by Alphonse de Neuville and Édouard Riou.[2] The book was widely acclaimed on its release and remains so; it is regarded as one of the premier adventure novels and one of Verne's greatest works, along with Around the World in Eighty Days and Journey to the Center of the Earth. Its depiction of Captain Nemo's underwater ship, the Nautilus, is regarded as ahead of its time, since it accurately describes many features of today's submarines, which in the 1860s were comparatively primitive vessels.A model of the French submarine Plongeur (launched in 1863) figured at the 1867 Exposition Universelle, where Jules Verne examined it, inspiring him while writing the novel.[3][4][5][6]","title":"Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metric leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_(unit)#France"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The title refers to the distance, not depth, traveled under the various seas: 20,000 metric leagues (80,000 km, over 40,000 nautical miles), nearly twice the circumference of the Earth.[7]","title":"Title"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-"},{"link_name":"Captain Nemo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Nemo"},{"link_name":"Nautilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautilus_(Verne)"}],"text":"Professor Pierre Aronnax – the narrator of the story, a French natural scientist\nConseil – Aronnax's Flemish servant, very devoted to him and knowledgeable in biological classification\nNed Land – a Canadian harpooner, described as having \"no equal in his dangerous trade\"[8]\nCaptain Nemo – the designer and captain of the Nautilus","title":"Principal characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27Twenty_Thousand_Leagues_Under_the_Sea%27_by_Neuville_and_Riou_036.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alphonse de Neuville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_de_Neuville"},{"link_name":"Édouard Riou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Riou"},{"link_name":"sea monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_monster"},{"link_name":"narwhal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narwhal"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"marine biologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_biology"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"whaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaler"},{"link_name":"harpooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpoon"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Cape Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Horn"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Captain Nemo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Nemo"},{"link_name":"Nautilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautilus_(Verne)"},{"link_name":"civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization"},{"link_name":"electrically powered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power"},{"link_name":"coral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral"},{"link_name":"Battle of Vigo Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vigo_Bay"},{"link_name":"Antarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Transatlantic telegraph cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transatlantic_telegraph_cable"},{"link_name":"Atlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis"},{"link_name":"diving suits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_suit"},{"link_name":"sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"giant squid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_squid"},{"link_name":"warship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warship"},{"link_name":"Moskenstraumen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskenstraumen"},{"link_name":"The Mysterious Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mysterious_Island"}],"text":"Illustration by Alphonse de Neuville and Édouard RiouDuring the year 1866, ships of various nationalities sight a mysterious sea monster, which, it is later suggested, might be a gigantic narwhal. The U.S. government assembles an expedition in New York City to find and destroy the monster. Professor Pierre Aronnax, a French marine biologist and the story's narrator, is in town at the time and receives a last-minute invitation to join the expedition; he accepts. Canadian whaler and master harpooner Ned Land and Aronnax's faithful manservant Conseil are also among the participants.The expedition leaves Brooklyn aboard the United States Navy frigate Abraham Lincoln, then travels south around Cape Horn into the Pacific Ocean. After a five-month search ending off Japan, the frigate locates and attacks the monster, which damages the ship's rudder. Aronnax and Land are hurled into the sea, and Conseil jumps into the water after them. They survive by climbing onto the \"monster\", which, they are startled to find, is a futuristic submarine. They wait on the deck of the vessel until morning, when they are captured, hauled inside, and introduced to the submarine's mysterious constructor and commander, Captain Nemo.The rest of the novel describes the protagonists' adventures aboard the Nautilus, which was built in secrecy and now roams the seas beyond the reach of land-based governments. In self-imposed exile, Captain Nemo seems to have a dual motivation — a quest for scientific knowledge and a desire to escape terrestrial civilization. Nemo explains that his submarine is electrically powered and can conduct advanced marine research; he also tells his new passengers that his secret existence means he cannot let them leave — they must remain on board permanently.They visit many oceanic regions, some factual and others fictitious. The travelers view coral formations, sunken vessels from the Battle of Vigo Bay, the Antarctic ice barrier, the Transatlantic telegraph cable, and the legendary underwater realm of Atlantis. They even travel to the South Pole and are trapped in an upheaval of an iceberg on the way back, caught in a narrow gallery of ice from which they are forced to dig themselves out. The passengers also don diving suits, hunt sharks and other marine fauna with air guns in the underwater forests of Crespo Island, and also attend an undersea funeral for a crew member who died during a mysterious collision experienced by the Nautilus. When the submarine returns to the Atlantic Ocean, a school of giant squid (\"devilfish\") attacks the vessel and kills another crewman.The novel's later pages suggest that Captain Nemo went into undersea exile after his homeland was conquered and his family slaughtered by a powerful imperialist nation. Following the episode of the devilfish, Nemo largely avoids Aronnax, who begins to side with Ned Land. Ultimately, the Nautilus is attacked by a warship from the mysterious nation that has caused Nemo such suffering. Carrying out his quest for revenge, Nemo — whom Aronnax dubs an \"archangel of hatred\" — rams the ship below her waterline and sends her to the bottom, much to the professor's horror. Afterward, Nemo kneels before a portrait of his deceased wife and children, then sinks into a deep depression.Circumstances aboard the submarine change drastically: watches are no longer kept, and the vessel wanders about aimlessly. Ned becomes so reclusive that Conseil fears for the harpooner's life. One morning, however, Ned announces that they are in sight of land and have a chance to escape. Professor Aronnax is more than ready to leave Captain Nemo, who now horrifies him, yet he is still drawn to the man. Fearing that Nemo's very presence could weaken his resolve, he avoids contact with the captain. Before their departure, however, the professor eavesdrops on Nemo and overhears him calling out in anguish, \"O almighty God! Enough! Enough!\" Aronnax immediately joins his companions, and they carry out their escape plans, but as they board the submarine's skiff, they realize that the Nautilus has seemingly blundered into the ocean's deadliest whirlpool, the Moskenstraumen, more commonly known as the \"Maelstrom\". Nevertheless, they manage to escape and find refuge on an island off the coast of Norway. The submarine's ultimate fate, however, remained unknown until the events of The Mysterious Island.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20000_Lieues_Sous_les_Mers_Carte_Leagues_Under_the_Seas_Map_Jules_Verne.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20000_map_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey"},{"link_name":"Cyclops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopes"},{"link_name":"Polyphemus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphemus"},{"link_name":"Outis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outis"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Matthew Fontaine Maury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury"},{"link_name":"Lapérouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup,_comte_de_Lap%C3%A9rouse"},{"link_name":"Dumont d'Urville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumont_d%27Urville"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand de Lesseps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Lesseps"},{"link_name":"Suez Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal"},{"link_name":"giant squid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_squid"},{"link_name":"The Toilers of the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Toilers_of_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"cephalopod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalopod"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Revolutions of 1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848"},{"link_name":"Margaret Drabble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Drabble"},{"link_name":"ecology movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology_movement"},{"link_name":"avant-garde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Cretan Revolt of 1866–1869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_Revolt_(1866%E2%80%931869)"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_people"},{"link_name":"pearl diver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_diver"},{"link_name":"East Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Polish nobleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlachta"},{"link_name":"January Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Jules Hetzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Jules_Hetzel"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Tadeusz Kościuszko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko"},{"link_name":"uprising against Russian and Prussian control in 1794","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"The Mysterious Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mysterious_Island"},{"link_name":"Tipu Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore"},{"link_name":"Indian Rebellion of 1857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857"},{"link_name":"Company rule in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_rule_in_India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LePlongeurModel(Side).jpg"},{"link_name":"French Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Navy"},{"link_name":"Plongeur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_submarine_Plongeur"},{"link_name":"Musée de la Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_Marine"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nautilus_Neuville.JPG"},{"link_name":"Nautilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautilus_(fictional_submarine)"},{"link_name":"Alphonse de Neuville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_de_Neuville"},{"link_name":"Édouard Riou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Riou"},{"link_name":"earliest successful submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautilus_(1800_submarine)"},{"link_name":"Robert Fulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fulton"},{"link_name":"steamboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamboat"},{"link_name":"nautilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautilus"},{"link_name":"French Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Navy"},{"link_name":"Plongeur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_submarine_Plongeur"},{"link_name":"Exposition Universelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1867)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"},{"link_name":"surface-supplied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_supplied_diving"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davis1955-13"},{"link_name":"designed by Benoit Rouquayrol and Auguste Denayrouze in 1865","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_diving_technology#The_first_diving_regulators"},{"link_name":"regulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_regulator"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davis1955-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thomas196112-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dive_hx-15"}],"text":"Nautilus's route through the PacificNautilus's route through the AtlanticCaptain Nemo's assumed name recalls Homer's Odyssey, when Odysseus encounters the monstrous Cyclops Polyphemus in the course of his wanderings. Polyphemus asks Odysseus his name, and Odysseus replies that it is Outis (Οὖτις) 'no one', translated into Latin as \"Nemo\". Like Captain Nemo, Odysseus wanders the seas in exile (though only for 10 years) and similarly grieves the tragic deaths of his crewmen.The novel repeatedly mentions the U.S. Naval Commander Matthew Fontaine Maury, an oceanographer who investigated the winds, seas, and currents, collected samples from the depths, and charted the world's oceans. Maury was internationally famous, and Verne may have known of his French ancestry.The novel alludes to other Frenchmen, including Lapérouse, the celebrated explorer whose two sloops of war vanished during a voyage of global circumnavigation; Dumont d'Urville, a later explorer who found the remains of one of Lapérouse's ships; and Ferdinand de Lesseps, builder of the Suez Canal and nephew of the sole survivor of Lapérouse's ill-fated expedition. The Nautilus follows in the footsteps of these men: she visits the waters where Lapérouse's vessels disappeared; she enters Torres Strait and becomes stranded there, as did d'Urville's ship, the Astrolabe; and she passes beneath the Suez Canal via a fictitious underwater tunnel joining the Red Sea to the Mediterranean.In possibly the novel's most famous episode, the above-described battle with a school of giant squid, one of the monsters captures a crew member. Reflecting on the battle in the next chapter, Aronnax writes: \"To convey such sights, it would take the pen of our most renowned poet, Victor Hugo, author of The Toilers of the Sea.\" A bestselling novel in Verne's day, The Toilers of the Sea also features a threatening cephalopod: a laborer battles with an octopus, believed by critics to be symbolic of the Industrial Revolution. Certainly, Verne was influenced by Hugo's novel, and, in penning this variation on its octopus encounter, he may have intended the symbol to also take in the Revolutions of 1848.Other symbols and themes pique modern critics. Margaret Drabble, for instance, argues that Verne's masterwork also anticipated the ecology movement and influenced French avant-garde imagery.[9] As for additional motifs in the novel, Captain Nemo repeatedly champions the world's persecuted and downtrodden. While in Mediterranean waters, the captain provides financial support to rebels resisting Ottoman rule during the Cretan Revolt of 1866–1869, proving to Professor Aronnax that he had not severed all relations with terrestrial mankind. In another episode, Nemo rescues an Indian pearl diver from a shark attack, then gives the fellow a pouch full of pearls, more than the man could have gathered after years of his hazardous work. When asked why he would help a \"representative of that race from which he'd fled under the seas\", Nemo responds that the diver, as an \"East Indian\", \"lives in the land of the oppressed\".[10]Indeed, the novel has an under-the-counter political vision, hinted at in the character and background of Captain Nemo himself. In the book's final form, Nemo says to professor Aronnax, \"That Indian, sir, is an inhabitant of an oppressed country; and I am still, and shall be, to my last breath, one of them!\"[11] In the novel's initial drafts, the mysterious captain was a Polish nobleman, whose family and homeland were slaughtered by Russian forces during the Polish January Uprising of 1863. However, these specifics were suppressed during the editing stages at the insistence of Verne's publisher Pierre-Jules Hetzel, believed responsible by today's scholars for many modifications of Verne's original manuscripts. At the time France was a putative ally of the Russian Empire, hence Hetzel demanded that Verne suppress the identity of Nemo's enemy, not only to avoid political complications but also to avert lower sales should the novel appear in Russian translation. Hence Professor Aronnax never discovers Nemo's origins.Even so, a trace remains of the novel's initial concept, a detail that may have eluded Hetzel: its allusion to an unsuccessful rebellion under a Polish hero, Tadeusz Kościuszko, leader of the uprising against Russian and Prussian control in 1794;[12] Kościuszko mourned his country's prior defeat with the Latin exclamation \"Finis Poloniae!\" (\"Poland is no more!\").Five years later, and again at Hetzel's insistence, Captain Nemo was revived and revamped for another Verne novel, The Mysterious Island. The novel changes the captain's nationality from Polish to Indian; in the book's final chapters, Nemo reveals that he is an Indian prince named Dakkar who was a descendant of Tipu Sultan, a prominent ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, and participated in the Indian Rebellion of 1857, an ultimately unsuccessful uprising against Company rule in India. After the rebellion, which led to the death of his family, Nemo fled beneath the seas, then made a final reappearance in the later novel's concluding pages.Model of the 1863 French Navy submarine Plongeur at the Musée de la Marine, ParisIllustration of the Nautilus by Alphonse de Neuville and Édouard RiouVerne took the name \"Nautilus\" from one of the earliest successful submarines, built in 1800 by Robert Fulton, who also invented the first commercially successful steamboat. Fulton named his submarine after a marine mollusk, the chambered nautilus. As noted above, Verne also studied a model of the newly developed French Navy submarine Plongeur at the 1867 Exposition Universelle, which guided him in his development of the novel's Nautilus.[6]The diving gear used by passengers on the Nautilus is presented as a combination of two existing systems: 1) the surface-supplied[13] hardhat suit, which was fed oxygen from the shore through tubes; 2) a later, self-contained apparatus designed by Benoit Rouquayrol and Auguste Denayrouze in 1865. Their invention featured tanks fastened to the back, which supplied air to a facial mask via the first-known demand regulator.[13][14][15] The diver didn't swim but walked upright across the seafloor. This device was called an aérophore (Greek for \"air-carrier\"). Its air tanks could hold only thirty atmospheres, but Nemo claims that his futuristic adaptation could do far better: \"The Nautilus's pumps allow me to store air under considerable pressure ... my diving equipment can supply breathable air for nine or ten hours.\"","title":"Themes and subtext"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Mysterious Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mysterious_Island"},{"link_name":"In Search of the Castaways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Search_of_the_Castaways"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Facing the Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facing_the_Flag"},{"link_name":"Facing the Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facing_the_Flag"}],"text":"As noted above, Hetzel and Verne generated a sequel of sorts to this novel: L'Île mystérieuse (The Mysterious Island, 1874), which attempts to round off narratives begun in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas and Captain Grant's Children, a.k.a. In Search of the Castaways. While The Mysterious Island attempts to provide additional background on Nemo (or Prince Dakkar), it is muddled by irreconcilable chronological discrepancies between the two books and even within The Mysterious Island itself.[clarification needed][citation needed]Verne returned to the theme of an outlaw submarine captain in Facing the Flag (1896). This novel's chief villain, Ker Karraje, is an unscrupulous pirate acting for personal gain, he does not have Captain Nemo's nobility of character. Though published in several editions and translated, Facing the Flag did not achieve the lasting popularity of Twenty Thousand Leagues.","title":"Recurring themes in later books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lewis Page Mercier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Page_Mercier"},{"link_name":"lifejacket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_flotation_device"},{"link_name":"Daniel O'Connell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Bantam Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantam_Books"},{"link_name":"Ray Bradbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Bradbury"},{"link_name":"Captain Ahab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Ahab"},{"link_name":"Moby-Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moby-Dick"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Thomas Y. Crowel Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Y._Crowell_Co."},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Naval Institute Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute#Naval_Institute_Press"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Project Gutenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-953927-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953927-7"},{"link_name":"State University of New York Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York#SUNY_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4384-3238-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3238-0"},{"link_name":"Penguin Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Classics"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780141394930","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141394930"}],"text":"The novel was first translated into English in 1873 by Reverend Lewis Page Mercier. Mercier cut nearly a quarter of Verne's French text and committed hundreds of translating errors, sometimes drastically distorting Verne's original (including uniformly mistranslating the French scaphandre — properly \"diving suit\" — as \"cork-jacket\", following a long-obsolete usage as \"a type of lifejacket\"). Some of these distortions may have been perpetrated for political reasons, such as Mercier's omitting the portraits of freedom fighters on the wall of Nemo's stateroom, a collection originally including Daniel O'Connell[16] among other international figures. Nevertheless, Mercier's text became the standard English translation, and some later \"re-translations\" continued to recycle its mistakes, including mistranslating the title as \"... under the Sea\", rather than \"... under the Seas\".In 1962, Anthony Bonner published a translation of the novel with Bantam Classics. This edition included an introduction by Ray Bradbury, comparing Captain Nemo to Captain Ahab of Moby-Dick.[citation needed]A significant modern revision of Mercier's translation appeared in 1966, prepared by Walter James Miller and published by Washington Square Press.[17] Miller addressed many of Mercier's errors in the volume's preface and restored a number of his deletions in the text. In 1976, Miller published \"The Annotated Jules Verne, Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea\"[18] at the suggestion of the Thomas Y. Crowel Company editorial staff.[19] The cover declared it \"The only completely restored and annotated edition\". In 1993, Miller collaborated with his fellow Vernian Frederick Paul Walter to produce \"The Completely Restored and Annotated Edition\", published in 1993 by the Naval Institute Press.[20] Its text took advantage of Walter's unpublished translation, which Project Gutenberg later made available online.In 1998, William Butcher issued a new, annotated translation with the title Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Seas, published by Oxford University Press (ISBN 978-0-19-953927-7). Butcher includes detailed notes, a comprehensive bibliography, appendices and a wide-ranging introduction studying the novel from a literary perspective. In particular, his original research on the two manuscripts studies the radical changes to the plot and to the character of Nemo urged on Verne by Hetzel, his publisher.In 2010, Frederick Paul Walter issued a fully revised, newly researched translation, 20,000 Leagues Under the Seas: A World Tour Underwater. Complete with an extensive introduction, textual notes, and bibliography, it appeared in an omnibus of five of Walter's Verne translations titled Amazing Journeys: Five Visionary Classics and published by State University of New York Press (ISBN 978-1-4384-3238-0).In 2017, David Coward issued a new translation published by Penguin Classics (ISBN 9780141394930) with the title Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, including a new introduction, notes, and a note on the text, using the 1871 Christian Chelebourg edition of the text as the basis for his translation. Coward also includes 42 illustrations, which were published for the first time in the 'Collection Hetzel' in 1901.","title":"English translations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theodore L. Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_L._Thomas"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thomas196112-14"},{"link_name":"Eco-terrorist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-terrorism"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-challenges-21"}],"text":"The science fiction writer Theodore L. Thomas criticized the novel in 1961, claiming that \"there is not a single bit of valid speculation\" in the book and that \"none of its predictions has come true\". He described its depictions of Nemo's diving gear, underwater activities, and the Nautilus as \"pretty bad, behind the times even for 1869 ... In none of these technical situations did Verne take advantage of knowledge readily available to him at the time.\" However, the notes to the 1993 translation point out that the errors noted by Thomas were in fact in Mercier's translation, not in the original.Despite his criticisms, Thomas conceded: \"Put them all together with the magic of Verne's story-telling ability, and something flames up. A story emerges that sweeps incredulity before it\".[14]Recently Nemo has been presented as the first \"Eco-terrorist\", or the first figure of ecologic radicality.[21]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"feature film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_film"},{"link_name":"Omar Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Sharif"},{"link_name":"miniseries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniseries"},{"link_name":"The Mysterious Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_isla_misteriosa_y_el_capit%C3%A1n_Nemo"},{"link_name":"Naseeruddin Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naseeruddin_Shah"},{"link_name":"The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_League_of_Extraordinary_Gentlemen_(film)"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney"},{"link_name":"20,000 Leagues Under the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20,000_Leagues_Under_the_Sea_(1954_film)"},{"link_name":"James Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mason"},{"link_name":"Captain Nemo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Nemo_(film)"}],"text":"Captain Nemo's nationality is presented in many feature film and video realizations as European. However, he's depicted as Indian by Omar Sharif in the 1973 European miniseries The Mysterious Island. Nemo also appears as an Indian in the 1916 silent film version of the novel (which adds elements from The Mysterious Island). Indian actor Naseeruddin Shah plays Captain Nemo in the film The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, as the character is portrayed as Indian in the graphic novel. In Walt Disney's 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954), a live-action Technicolor film of the novel, Captain Nemo seems European, albeit dark-complected. In the Disney adaptation, he's played by British actor James Mason, with — as in the novel itself — no mention of his being Indian. Disney's film script elaborates on background hints in Verne's original: in an effort to acquire Nemo's scientific secrets, his wife and son were tortured to death by an unnamed government overseeing the fictional prison camp of Rorapandi. This is the captain's motivation for sinking warships in the film. Also, Nemo's submarine confines her activities to a defined, circular section of the Pacific Ocean, unlike the movements of the original Nautilus.Finally, Nemo is again depicted as Indian in the Soviet three-episode TV film Captain Nemo (1975), which also includes some plot details from The Mysterious Island.","title":"Adaptations and variations"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Illustration by Alphonse de Neuville and Édouard Riou","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%27Twenty_Thousand_Leagues_Under_the_Sea%27_by_Neuville_and_Riou_036.jpg/220px-%27Twenty_Thousand_Leagues_Under_the_Sea%27_by_Neuville_and_Riou_036.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nautilus's route through the Pacific","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/20000_Lieues_Sous_les_Mers_Carte_Leagues_Under_the_Seas_Map_Jules_Verne.png/220px-20000_Lieues_Sous_les_Mers_Carte_Leagues_Under_the_Seas_Map_Jules_Verne.png"},{"image_text":"Nautilus's route through the Atlantic","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/20000_map_2.jpg/220px-20000_map_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Model of the 1863 French Navy submarine Plongeur at the Musée de la Marine, Paris","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/LePlongeurModel%28Side%29.jpg/220px-LePlongeurModel%28Side%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Illustration of the Nautilus by Alphonse de Neuville and Édouard Riou","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nautilus_Neuville.JPG/220px-Nautilus_Neuville.JPG"}]
|
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Book_collection.jpg"},{"title":"Novels portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Novels"},{"title":"List of underwater science fiction works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works"},{"title":"French corvette Alecton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_corvette_Alecton"}]
|
[{"reference":"Dehs, Volker; Jean-Michel Margot; Zvi Har'El, \"The Complete Jules Verne Bibliography: I. Voyages Extraordinaires\", Jules Verne Collection, Zvi Har’El, retrieved 2012-09-06","urls":[{"url":"http://jv.gilead.org.il/biblio/voyages.html","url_text":"\"The Complete Jules Verne Bibliography: I. Voyages Extraordinaires\""}]},{"reference":"Verne, Jules (2010) [1870]. 20,000 Leagues Under the Seas. Translated by Frederick Paul Walter. ISBN 978-1-4384-3238-0 – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/20,000_Leagues_Under_the_Seas_(Walter)/Chapter_4","url_text":"20,000 Leagues Under the Seas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3238-0","url_text":"978-1-4384-3238-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]},{"reference":"Margaret Drabble (8 May 2014). \"Submarine dreams: Jules Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas\". New Statesman. Retrieved 2014-05-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Drabble","url_text":"Margaret Drabble"},{"url":"http://www.newstatesman.com/2014/04/submarine-dreams","url_text":"\"Submarine dreams: Jules Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas\""}]},{"reference":"Amazing Journeys: Five Visionary Classics. State University of New York Press. February 2012. ISBN 9781438432403.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fpx1utAfFLAC&dq=lives+in+the+land+of+the+oppressed+captain+nemo&pg=PA438","url_text":"Amazing Journeys: Five Visionary Classics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438432403","url_text":"9781438432403"}]},{"reference":"Davis, RH (1955). Deep Diving and Submarine Operations (6th ed.). Tolworth, Surbiton, Surrey: Siebe Gorman & Company Ltd. p. 693.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Davis_(inventor)","url_text":"Davis, RH"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siebe_Gorman","url_text":"Siebe Gorman & Company Ltd"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Theodore L. (December 1961). \"The Watery Wonders of Captain Nemo\". Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 168–177.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v20n02_1961-12_modified#page/n54/mode/1up","url_text":"\"The Watery Wonders of Captain Nemo\""}]},{"reference":"Acott, C. (1999). \"A brief history of diving and decompression illness\". South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal. 29 (2). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. Archived from the original on June 27, 2008. Retrieved 2009-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080627230124/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6004","url_text":"\"A brief history of diving and decompression illness\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0813-1988","url_text":"0813-1988"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16986801","url_text":"16986801"}]},{"reference":"\"How Lewis Mercier and Eleanor King brought you Jules Verne\". Ibiblio.org. Retrieved 2013-11-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/sherwood/How_Lewis_Mercier.htm","url_text":"\"How Lewis Mercier and Eleanor King brought you Jules Verne\""}]},{"reference":"Jules Verne; Walter James Miller (trans.) (1976). The Annotated Jules Verne, Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company. ISBN 0690011512.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0690011512","url_text":"0690011512"}]},{"reference":"Jules Verne; Walter James Miller (trans.) (1976). The Annotated Jules Verne, Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company. pp. Acknowledgements. ISBN 0690011512.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0690011512","url_text":"0690011512"}]},{"reference":"Guillaume, Malaurie (2023-09-07). \"Le capitaine Nemo était-il le premier éco-terroriste ?\". Challenges. Archived from the original on 2023-10-10. Le personnage de Jules Verne est sans doute la première figure de la radicalité écologique en prise avec les conséquences de la disparition du système terre. Car oui, le capitaine Nemo, c'est un leader écologiste radical qui dans les arcanes des abysses marins a inauguré une ZAD. Un protagoniste éclairant à l'heure où les efforts publics sont insuffisants face à la crise écologique, estime Guillaume Malaurie","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231010185901/https://www.challenges.fr/idees/le-capitaine-nemo-etait-il-le-premier-eco-terroriste_866656","url_text":"\"Le capitaine Nemo était-il le premier éco-terroriste ?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenges_(magazine)","url_text":"Challenges"},{"url":"https://www.challenges.fr/idees/le-capitaine-nemo-etait-il-le-premier-eco-terroriste_866656","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://jv.gilead.org.il/biblio/voyages.html","external_links_name":"\"The Complete Jules Verne Bibliography: I. Voyages Extraordinaires\""},{"Link":"http://www.newstatesman.com/2014/04/submarine-dreams","external_links_name":"\"Submarine dreams: Jules Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fpx1utAfFLAC&dq=lives+in+the+land+of+the+oppressed+captain+nemo&pg=PA438","external_links_name":"Amazing Journeys: Five Visionary Classics"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v20n02_1961-12_modified#page/n54/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"The Watery Wonders of Captain Nemo\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080627230124/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6004","external_links_name":"\"A brief history of diving and decompression illness\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0813-1988","external_links_name":"0813-1988"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16986801","external_links_name":"16986801"},{"Link":"http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/sherwood/How_Lewis_Mercier.htm","external_links_name":"\"How Lewis Mercier and Eleanor King brought you Jules Verne\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231010185901/https://www.challenges.fr/idees/le-capitaine-nemo-etait-il-le-premier-eco-terroriste_866656","external_links_name":"\"Le capitaine Nemo était-il le premier éco-terroriste ?\""},{"Link":"https://www.challenges.fr/idees/le-capitaine-nemo-etait-il-le-premier-eco-terroriste_866656","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2488/2488-h/2488-h.htm","external_links_name":"Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas"},{"Link":"https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/164","external_links_name":"Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea"},{"Link":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8600258f/f1.item?lang=EN","external_links_name":"Vingt Mille Lieues Sous Les Mers"},{"Link":"https://librivox.org/search?title=Twenty+Thousand+Leagues+Under+the+Sea&author=Verne&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced","external_links_name":"Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea"},{"Link":"http://www.litteratureaudio.com/livre-audio-gratuit-mp3/verne-jules-20000-lieues-sous-les-mers.html/","external_links_name":"Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, audio version"},{"Link":"http://blog.bnf.fr/gallica/?p=9395","external_links_name":"Manuscripts of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea in gallica.bnf.fr"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140412133024/http://blog.bnf.fr/gallica/?p=9395","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/180410275","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX2034617","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12100647x","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12100647x","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4557824-2","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007603614405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2013128368","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35580385","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/7dafa7b9-b97e-41d2-9c53-ec992227f163","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/120478706","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Pont-de-Beauvoisin,_Savoie
|
Le Pont-de-Beauvoisin, Savoie
|
["1 Population","2 See also","3 References"]
|
Coordinates: 45°32′13″N 5°40′24″E / 45.5369°N 5.6733°E / 45.5369; 5.6733Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, FranceLe Pont-de-BeauvoisinCommuneThe bridge in Le Pont-de-Beauvoisin
Coat of armsLocation of Le Pont-de-Beauvoisin
Le Pont-de-BeauvoisinShow map of FranceLe Pont-de-BeauvoisinShow map of Auvergne-Rhône-AlpesCoordinates: 45°32′13″N 5°40′24″E / 45.5369°N 5.6733°E / 45.5369; 5.6733CountryFranceRegionAuvergne-Rhône-AlpesDepartmentSavoieArrondissementChambéryCantonLe Pont-de-BeauvoisinIntercommunalityVal GuiersGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Christian BerthollierArea11.83 km2 (0.71 sq mi)Population (2021)2,087 • Density1,100/km2 (3,000/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code73204 /73330Elevation232–303 m (761–994 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Le Pont-de-Beauvoisin (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. It lies on the right bank of the Guiers, opposite Le Pont-de-Beauvoisin in Isère. Merchant, financier and politician Emmanuel Crétet was born here in 1747.
Population
Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 1,412— 1975 1,403−0.09%1982 1,605+1.94%1990 1,426−1.47%1999 1,572+1.09%2007 1,879+2.25%2012 1,997+1.23%2017 2,074+0.76%Source: INSEE
See also
Communes of the Savoie department
References
^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.
^ "Populations légales 2021". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Le Pont-de-Beauvoisin (Savoie).
vte Communes of the Savoie department
Aiguebelette-le-Lac
Aillon-le-Jeune
Aillon-le-Vieux
Aime-la-Plagne
Aiton
Aix-les-Bains
Albertvillesubpr
Albiez-le-Jeune
Albiez-Montrond
Allondaz
Les Allues
Apremont
Arbin
Argentine
Arith
Arvillard
Attignat-Oncin
Aussois
Les Avanchers-Valmorel
Avressieux
Avrieux
Ayn
La Balme
Barberaz
Barby
Bassens
La Bâthie
La Bauche
Beaufort
Bellecombe-en-Bauges
Les Belleville
Belmont-Tramonet
Bessans
Betton-Bettonet
Billième
La Biolle
Bonneval-sur-Arc
Bonvillard
Bonvillaret
Bourdeau
Le Bourget-du-Lac
Bourget-en-Huile
Bourgneuf
Bourg-Saint-Maurice
Bozel
Brides-les-Bains
La Bridoire
Brison-Saint-Innocent
Césarches
Cevins
Challes-les-Eaux
Chambérypref
La Chambre
Chamousset
Chamoux-sur-Gelon
Champagneux
Champagny-en-Vanoise
Champ-Laurent
Chanaz
La Chapelle
La Chapelle-Blanche
La Chapelle-du-Mont-du-Chat
Les Chapelles
La Chapelle-Saint-Martin
Châteauneuf
Le Châtelard
La Chavanne
Les Chavannes-en-Maurienne
Chignin
Chindrieux
Cléry
Cognin
Cohennoz
Coise-Saint-Jean-Pied-Gauthier
La Compôte
Conjux
Corbel
Courchevel
Crest-Voland
La Croix-de-la-Rochette
Cruet
Curienne
Les Déserts
Détrier
Domessin
Doucy-en-Bauges
Drumettaz-Clarafond
Dullin
Les Échelles
École
Entrelacs
Entremont-le-Vieux
Épierre
Esserts-Blay
Feissons-sur-Salins
Flumet
Fontcouverte-la-Toussuire
Fourneaux
Freney
Fréterive
Frontenex
Gerbaix
La Giettaz
Gilly-sur-Isère
Grand-Aigueblanche
Grésy-sur-Aix
Grésy-sur-Isère
Grignon
Hautecour
Hauteluce
Hauteville
Jacob-Bellecombette
Jarrier
Jarsy
Jongieux
Laissaud
Landry
La Léchère
Lépin-le-Lac
Lescheraines
Loisieux
Lucey
Marcieux
Marthod
Mercury
Méry
Meyrieux-Trouet
Modane
Les Mollettes
Montagnole
Montagny
Montailleur
Montcel
Montendry
Montgilbert
Monthion
Montmélian
Montricher-Albanne
Montsapey
Montvalezan
Montvernier
La Motte-en-Bauges
La Motte-Servolex
Motz
Moûtiers
Mouxy
Myans
Nances
Notre-Dame-de-Bellecombe
Notre-Dame-des-Millières
Notre-Dame-du-Cruet
Notre-Dame-du-Pré
Novalaise
Le Noyer
Ontex
Orelle
Pallud
Peisey-Nancroix
La Plagne Tarentaise
Planaise
Planay
Plancherine
Le Pont-de-Beauvoisin
Le Pontet
Porte-de-Savoie
Pralognan-la-Vanoise
Presle
Pugny-Chatenod
Puygros
Queige
La Ravoire
Rochefort
Rognaix
Rotherens
Ruffieux
Saint-Alban-de-Montbel
Saint-Alban-d'Hurtières
Saint-Alban-des-Villards
Saint-Alban-Leysse
Saint-André
Saint-Avre
Saint-Baldoph
Saint-Béron
Saint-Cassin
Saint-Christophe
Saint-Colomban-des-Villards
Sainte-Foy-Tarentaise
Sainte-Hélène-du-Lac
Sainte-Hélène-sur-Isère
Sainte-Marie-d'Alvey
Sainte-Marie-de-Cuines
Sainte-Reine
Saint-Étienne-de-Cuines
Saint-Franc
Saint-François-de-Sales
Saint-François-Longchamp
Saint-Genix-les-Villages
Saint-Georges-d'Hurtières
Saint-Jean-d'Arves
Saint-Jean-d'Arvey
Saint-Jean-de-Chevelu
Saint-Jean-de-Couz
Saint-Jean-de-la-Porte
Saint-Jean-de-Mauriennesubpr
Saint-Jeoire-Prieuré
Saint-Julien-Mont-Denis
Saint-Léger
Saint-Marcel
Saint-Martin-d'Arc
Saint-Martin-de-la-Porte
Saint-Martin-sur-la-Chambre
Saint-Michel-de-Maurienne
Saint-Nicolas-la-Chapelle
Saint-Offenge
Saint-Ours
Saint-Pancrace
Saint-Paul-sur-Yenne
Saint-Paul-sur-Isère
Saint-Pierre-d'Albigny
Saint-Pierre-d'Alvey
Saint-Pierre-de-Belleville
Saint-Pierre-de-Curtille
Saint-Pierre-de-Genebroz
Saint-Pierre-d'Entremont
Saint-Pierre-de-Soucy
Saint-Rémy-de-Maurienne
Saint-Sorlin-d'Arves
Saint-Sulpice
Saint-Thibaud-de-Couz
Saint-Vital
Salins-Fontaine
Séez
Serrières-en-Chautagne
Sonnaz
La Table
Thénésol
Thoiry
La Thuile
Tignes
La Tour-en-Maurienne
Tournon
Tours-en-Savoie
Traize
Tresserve
Trévignin
La Trinité
Ugine
Val-Cenis
Val-d'Arc
Val-d'Isère
Valgelon-La Rochette
Valloire
Valmeinier
Venthon
Verel-de-Montbel
Verel-Pragondran
Le Verneil
Verrens-Arvey
Verthemex
Villard-d'Héry
Villard-Léger
Villard-Sallet
Villard-sur-Doron
Villarembert
Villargondran
Villarodin-Bourget
Villaroger
Villaroux
Vimines
Vions
Viviers-du-Lac
Voglans
Yenne
pref: prefecture
subpr: subprefecture
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
This Savoie geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[lə pɔ̃ də bovwazɛ̃]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Savoie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoie"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes"},{"link_name":"region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Guiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiers"},{"link_name":"Le Pont-de-Beauvoisin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Pont-de-Beauvoisin,_Is%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Isère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Crétet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Cr%C3%A9tet"}],"text":"Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, FranceLe Pont-de-Beauvoisin (French pronunciation: [lə pɔ̃ də bovwazɛ̃]) is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. It lies on the right bank of the Guiers, opposite Le Pont-de-Beauvoisin in Isère. Merchant, financier and politician Emmanuel Crétet was born here in 1747.","title":"Le Pont-de-Beauvoisin, Savoie"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Communes of the Savoie department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Savoie_department"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-73204","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Le_Pont-de-Beauvoisin,_Savoie¶ms=45.5369_N_5.6733_E_type:city(2087)_region:FR-ARA","external_links_name":"45°32′13″N 5°40′24″E / 45.5369°N 5.6733°E / 45.5369; 5.6733"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Le_Pont-de-Beauvoisin,_Savoie¶ms=45.5369_N_5.6733_E_type:city(2087)_region:FR-ARA","external_links_name":"45°32′13″N 5°40′24″E / 45.5369°N 5.6733°E / 45.5369; 5.6733"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-73204","external_links_name":"73204"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-73204","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-73204#ancre-POP_T1","external_links_name":"Population en historique depuis 1968"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15274135j","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15274135j","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Pont-de-Beauvoisin,_Savoie&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucakk%C4%B1%C5%9Fla,_Akseki
|
Bucakkışla, Akseki
|
["1 References"]
|
Coordinates: 37°02′37″N 31°44′27″E / 37.0435°N 31.7409°E / 37.0435; 31.7409You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Turkish. (July 2012) Click for important translation instructions.
Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Turkish Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution.
You should also add the template {{Translated|tr|Bucakkışla, Akseki}} to the talk page.
For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
Neighbourhood in Akseki, Antalya, TurkeyBucakkışlaNeighbourhoodBucakkışlaLocation in TurkeyCoordinates: 37°02′37″N 31°44′27″E / 37.0435°N 31.7409°E / 37.0435; 31.7409CountryTurkeyProvinceAntalyaDistrictAksekiPopulation (2022)41Time zoneTRT (UTC+3)
Bucakkışla is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Akseki, Antalya Province, Turkey. Its population is 41 (2022).
References
^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
^ "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
vteNeighbourhoods of Akseki District
Akşahap
Alaçeşme
Aşağıaşıklar
Bademli
Belenalan
Boğaz
Bucakalan
Bucakkışla
Büyükalan
Çaltılıçukur
Çanakpınar
Ceceler
Cemerler
Cendeve
Cevizli
Çimiköy
Çınardibi
Çukurköy
Değirmenlik
Demirciler
Dikmen
Dutluca
Emiraşıklar
Erenyaka
Fakılar
Geriş
Güçlüköy
Gümüşdamla
Güneykaya
Günyaka
Güzelsu
Hacıilyas
Hocaköy
Hüsamettinköy
Karakışla
Kepez
Kepezbeleni
Kuyucak
Mahmutlu
Menteşbey
Minareli
Pınarbaşı
Sadıklar
Salihler
Sarıhacılar
Sarıhaliller
Sinanhoca
Süleymaniye
Susuzşahap
Taşlıca
Yarpuz
This geographical article about a location in Antalya Province, Turkey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Akseki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akseki"},{"link_name":"Antalya Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya_Province"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Neighbourhood in Akseki, Antalya, TurkeyBucakkışla is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Akseki, Antalya Province, Turkey.[1] Its population is 41 (2022).[2]","title":"Bucakkışla, Akseki"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 22 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en","url_text":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%9C%C4%B0K","url_text":"TÜİK"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bucakk%C4%B1%C5%9Fla,_Akseki¶ms=37.0435_N_31.7409_E_region:TR_type:adm1st_dim:100000","external_links_name":"37°02′37″N 31°44′27″E / 37.0435°N 31.7409°E / 37.0435; 31.7409"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bucakk%C4%B1%C5%9Fla,_Akseki¶ms=37.0435_N_31.7409_E_region:TR_type:adm1st_dim:100000","external_links_name":"37°02′37″N 31°44′27″E / 37.0435°N 31.7409°E / 37.0435; 31.7409"},{"Link":"https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx","external_links_name":"Mahalle"},{"Link":"https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en","external_links_name":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bucakk%C4%B1%C5%9Fla,_Akseki&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezamabad,_Miandoab
|
Nezamabad, Miandoab
|
["1 References"]
|
Coordinates: 37°02′37″N 45°56′57″E / 37.04361°N 45.94917°E / 37.04361; 45.94917Village in West Azerbaijan, IranNezamabad
نظام ابادvillageNezamabadCoordinates: 37°02′37″N 45°56′57″E / 37.04361°N 45.94917°E / 37.04361; 45.94917Country IranProvinceWest AzerbaijanCountyMiandoabBakhshCentralRural DistrictMarhemetabad-e JonubiPopulation (2006) • Total726Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Nezamabad (Persian: نظام اباد, also Romanized as Nez̧āmābād) is a village in Marhemetabad-e Jonubi Rural District, in the Central District of Miandoab County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 726, in 176 families.
References
^ Nezamabad can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3874313" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
vte Miandoab CountyCapital
Miandoab
DistrictsCentralCities
Miandoab
Rural Districts and villagesMarhemetabad
Agricultural Station
Gug Tappeh-ye Khaleseh
Gug Tappeh-ye Laleh
Hasan Kandi
Hasel Qubi-ye Afshar
Hasel Qubi-ye Amirabad
Kaniyeh Sar
Shahrak-e Uch Tappeh-ye Kord
Tazeh Kand-e Hasel-e Qubi
Uch Tappeh-ye Kord
Uch Tappeh-ye Qaleh
Yaqin Ali Tappeh
Zanjirabad
Marhemetabad-e Jonubi(South Marhemetabad)
Chelik
Chughanlu
Dash Tappeh
Gerdeh Rash
Heyran
Ilanlu Tappeh
Jafarabad-e Chelik
Kurabad
Lalaklu
Malekabad
Marvan Kandi
Nabikandi
Nezamabad
Qaleh Bozorg
Qareh Papaq
Shakur Kandi
Tappeh Rash
Tappeh Saremi
Tazeh Kand-e Lalaklu
Mokriyan-e Shomali(North Mokriyan)
Armanak-e Olya
Armanak-e Sofla
Bafarvan
Dalek Dash
Deh Mansur
Deh-e Veys Aqa
Dowlatabad
Esmail Kandi
Ganjabad
Gerdeh Qol
Gezelan
Hajji Hasan
Howbeh-ye Kukhan
Jafarabad
Kheyrabad
Kukhan
Mahabad Agricultural Training Camp
Mansur Kandi
Marjanabad
Molla Kandi
Qeshlaq-e Hajji Hasan
Qeshlaq-e Talkhab
Qeshlaq-e Zeynal Kandi
Qez Qaleh
Qol Hasan
Rasulabad
Shirin Ab
Sistak-e Olya
Talkhab
Tazeh Kand
Zangiabad
Zeynal Kandi
Zarrineh Rud
Ali Beyglu
Bagtash
Davahchi
Eslam Tappeh
Hajji Hasan-e Khaleseh
Hajji Hasan-e Olya
Jarchelu
Javad Hesari
Kusehlar-e Olya
Kusehlar-e Sofla
Qermez Khalifeh-ye Olya
Qermez Khalifeh-ye Sofla
Qodrat Kandi
Satelmish-e Mohammadabad
Satelmish-e Mohammadlu
Satelmish-e Tupkhaneh
Tazeh Kand-e Hajj Hasan
Yarijan-e Khaleseh
Yarijan-e Olya
Yarijan-e Sofla
Zarrineh Rud-e Jonubi (South Zarrineh Rud)
Asgarabad
Ebrahimabad
Gavmish Goli
Gug Jalu
Hoseynabad-e Qaleh
Khan Kandi
Mahargan Brick Company
Moshirabad
Qabagh Kandi
Sabzi
Sarchenar
Shahrak-e Sadd-e Nowruzlu
Shinabad
Sowgoli Tappeh
Zarrineh Rud-e Shomali (North Zarrineh Rud)
Hajji Behzad
Hasanabad
Heydarabad
Jafarabad
Mamahdel
Miandoab Industrial Estate
Molla Shahab ol Din
Mozaffarabad
Nasir Kandi
Qareh Tappeh
Qaryaghdi
Shabiluy-e Olya
Shabiluy-e Sofla
Valiabad
BaruqCities
Baruq
Rural Districts and villagesAjorluy-ye Gharbi(West Ajorluy)
Agh Bolagh
Ahmadabad-e Qashqaguz
Bash Achiq
Bash Bolagh
Chakher Ahmad
Esmail Kandi
Eyshgeh
Gowzluy-e Olya
Gowzluy-e Sofla
Jabiglu
Jan Aqa
Malhamlu
Masjed
Qareh Bughaz
Qatar Dash
Qavaqlu
Qoroqchi
Sowghanchi
Tak Aghaj
Yalaklu
Yeli Bolagh
Yengejeh
Zaranji
Ajorluy-ye Sharqi(East Ajorluy)
Aman Kandi
Aqkand
Arbat-e Olya
Arbat-e Sofla
Atdarrahsi
Badamlu
Boyuk Bolagh
Gowzalli
Guy Kharabeh
Hajji Kandi
Hesarlu
Heydar Baghi
Mameh Kandi
Mohammadqoli Qeshlaq
Nokhtalu
Owlamchi
Petaklu
Qamishlu
Quri Daraq
Tazeh Kand
Urta Daraq
Yasti Kand
Yengi Kand
Zagheh
Baruq
Ali Bolaghi
Ali Yar Kandi
Amirabad
Aq Kand-e Baruq
Aydisheh
Chali Khamaz
Dash Alti
Gol Soleymanabad
Hamid
Mirza Nezam
Nader Goli
Nowruzlu
Qareh Saqqal
Qatar
Qermezi Bolagh
Qeshlaq-e Nowruzlu
Sayenjeq
Shurjeh Baruq
Shurjeh Kord
MarhemetabadCities
Chahar Borj
Rural Districts and villagesMarhemetabad-e Miyani(Central Marhemetabad)
Eslamabad
Fesenduz
Firuzabad
Kord Kandi
Moradkhanlu
Qareh Qowzlu
Marhemetabad-e Shomali(North Marhemetabad)
Aghdash
Ebrahim Hesari
Khazineh Anbar-e Jadid
Khazineh Anbar-e Qadim
Mansurabad
Qepchaq
Shabanlu
Uzun Owbeh
Iran portal
This Miandoab County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Marhemetabad-e Jonubi Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marhemetabad-e_Jonubi_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Miandoab_County)"},{"link_name":"Miandoab County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miandoab_County"},{"link_name":"West Azerbaijan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Azerbaijan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in West Azerbaijan, IranNezamabad (Persian: نظام اباد, also Romanized as Nez̧āmābād)[1] is a village in Marhemetabad-e Jonubi Rural District, in the Central District of Miandoab County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 726, in 176 families.[2]","title":"Nezamabad, Miandoab"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/04.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/04.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nezamabad,_Miandoab¶ms=37_02_37_N_45_56_57_E_region:IR_type:city(726)","external_links_name":"37°02′37″N 45°56′57″E / 37.04361°N 45.94917°E / 37.04361; 45.94917"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nezamabad,_Miandoab¶ms=37_02_37_N_45_56_57_E_region:IR_type:city(726)","external_links_name":"37°02′37″N 45°56′57″E / 37.04361°N 45.94917°E / 37.04361; 45.94917"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/04.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/04.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nezamabad,_Miandoab&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naidupeta,_Nellore,_Andhra_Pradesh
|
Naidupet
|
["1 Transport","2 References"]
|
Coordinates: 13°54′00″N 79°54′00″E / 13.9000°N 79.9000°E / 13.9000; 79.9000Town in Andhra Pradesh, India
Town in Andhra Pradesh, IndiaNaidupet
Naidupeta, NayudupetaTownNaidupetLocation in Andhra Pradesh, IndiaCoordinates: 13°54′00″N 79°54′00″E / 13.9000°N 79.9000°E / 13.9000; 79.9000Country IndiaStateAndhra PradeshDistrictTirupatiGovernment • TypeMunicipality • BodyNaidupeta MunicipaityArea • Total19.40 km2 (7.49 sq mi)Population (2011) • Total45,055 • Density2,300/km2 (6,000/sq mi)Languages • OfficialTeluguTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN524 126Telephone code+91–8623Vehicle registrationAP–39
Naidupet or Naidupeta or Nayudupeta is a town in Tirupati district of the Andhra Pradesh state of India. It also the mandal headquarters of Naidupeta mandal, and it is located in Sullurupeta revenue division.
Transport
Naidupeta Railway station
The Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation operates bus services from Naidupet bus station under Sullurpeta Depot.
Naidupet has a railway station on Chennai - Hyderabad route operated by Southern Railways.
References
^ a b "Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs" (PDF). Directorate of Town and Country Planning. Government of Andhra Pradesh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
^ G. Ravikiran (2 February 2015). "In Nellore, rains ease a bit, but streams still in fury". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
^ "New revenue divisions formed in Nellore district". The Hindu. Nellore. 25 June 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
^ "Naidupet mandal" (PDF). Official website of Nellore District. National Informatics Centre. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
^ "Bus Stations in Districts". Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
^ "Naidupet station on IndianRailInfo". indiarailinfo.com. IndianRailinfo. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Naidupeta.
vteTirupati districtDistrict headquarters
Tirupati
Cities
Tirupati
Towns and urban centers
Gudur
Srikalahasti
Sullurpeta
Sri City
Puttur
Naidupet
Venkatagiri
Pakala
Sriharikota
Revenue divisions
Tirupati
Gudur
Srikalahasti
Sullurupeta
Mandals
Balayapalli
Buchinaidu Khandriga
Chandragiri
Chillakur
Chinnagottigallu
Chittamur
Dakkili
Doravarisatram
Gudur
K. V. B. Puram
Kota
Nagalapuram
Naidupeta
Narayanavanam
Ojili
Pakala
Pellakur
Pichatur
Puttur
Ramachandrapuram
Renigunta
Satyavedu
Srikalahasti
Sullurpeta
Tada
Tirupati Rural
Tirupati Urban
Vadamalapeta
Vakadu
Varadaiahpalem
Venkatagiri
Yerpedu
Yerravaripalem
Electoral constituenciesLok Sabha constituencies
Tirupati
Chittoor
Assembly constituencies
Tirupati
Chandragiri
Gudur (SC)
Srikalahasti
Satyavedu
Sullurpeta (SC)
Venkatagiri
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tirupati district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirupati_district"},{"link_name":"Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"mandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandal"},{"link_name":"Naidupeta mandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naidupeta_mandal"},{"link_name":"Sullurupeta revenue division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullurupeta_revenue_division"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nellore_div-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Town in Andhra Pradesh, IndiaTown in Andhra Pradesh, IndiaNaidupet or Naidupeta or Nayudupeta[2] is a town in Tirupati district of the Andhra Pradesh state of India. It also the mandal headquarters of Naidupeta mandal, and it is located in Sullurupeta revenue division.[3][4]","title":"Naidupet"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Naidupeta_Railway_station.jpg"},{"link_name":"Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_State_Road_Transport_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Southern Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Railway_zone"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indiarailinfo-6"}],"text":"Naidupeta Railway stationThe Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation operates bus services from Naidupet bus station under Sullurpeta Depot.[5]Naidupet has a railway station on Chennai - Hyderabad route operated by Southern Railways.[6]","title":"Transport"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Naidupeta Railway station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Naidupeta_Railway_station.jpg/220px-Naidupeta_Railway_station.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs\" (PDF). Directorate of Town and Country Planning. Government of Andhra Pradesh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160128175528/http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf","url_text":"\"Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs\""},{"url":"http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"G. Ravikiran (2 February 2015). \"In Nellore, rains ease a bit, but streams still in fury\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 3 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/in-nellore-rains-ease-a-bit-but-streams-still-in-fury/article7942864.ece","url_text":"\"In Nellore, rains ease a bit, but streams still in fury\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]},{"reference":"\"New revenue divisions formed in Nellore district\". The Hindu. Nellore. 25 June 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/new-revenue-divisions-formed-in-nellore-district/article4848109.ece","url_text":"\"New revenue divisions formed in Nellore district\""}]},{"reference":"\"Naidupet mandal\" (PDF). Official website of Nellore District. National Informatics Centre. Retrieved 15 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://nellore.ap.nic.in/mandalcolormaps/naidupet.pdf","url_text":"\"Naidupet mandal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bus Stations in Districts\". Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation. Retrieved 9 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx","url_text":"\"Bus Stations in Districts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Naidupet station on IndianRailInfo\". indiarailinfo.com. IndianRailinfo. Retrieved 5 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/nayadupeta-nyp/425","url_text":"\"Naidupet station on IndianRailInfo\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Naidupet¶ms=13.9000_N_79.9000_E_type:city(45055)_region:IN-AP","external_links_name":"13°54′00″N 79°54′00″E / 13.9000°N 79.9000°E / 13.9000; 79.9000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Naidupet¶ms=13.9000_N_79.9000_E_type:city(45055)_region:IN-AP","external_links_name":"13°54′00″N 79°54′00″E / 13.9000°N 79.9000°E / 13.9000; 79.9000"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160128175528/http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs\""},{"Link":"http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/in-nellore-rains-ease-a-bit-but-streams-still-in-fury/article7942864.ece","external_links_name":"\"In Nellore, rains ease a bit, but streams still in fury\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","external_links_name":"0971-751X"},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/new-revenue-divisions-formed-in-nellore-district/article4848109.ece","external_links_name":"\"New revenue divisions formed in Nellore district\""},{"Link":"http://nellore.ap.nic.in/mandalcolormaps/naidupet.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Naidupet mandal\""},{"Link":"http://www.apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Bus Stations in Districts\""},{"Link":"https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/nayadupeta-nyp/425","external_links_name":"\"Naidupet station on IndianRailInfo\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Davies_(footballer,_born_1998)
|
Tom Davies (footballer, born 1998)
|
["1 Early and personal life","2 Club career","2.1 Everton","2.2 Sheffield United","3 International career","4 Career statistics","4.1 Club","5 Honours","6 References","7 External links"]
|
English association football player
For other people named Thomas Davies, see Thomas Davies (disambiguation).
Tom Davies
Davies with Everton in 2018Personal informationFull name
Thomas DaviesDate of birth
(1998-06-30) 30 June 1998 (age 25)Place of birth
Liverpool, EnglandHeight
5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)Position(s)
Defensive midfielderTeam informationCurrent team
Sheffield UnitedNumber
22Youth career2009–2015
EvertonSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2015–2023
Everton
155
(6)2023–
Sheffield United
5
(0)International career2013–2014
England U16
9
(1)2014–2015
England U17
18
(0)2016
England U18
4
(0)2016–2017
England U19
8
(1)2017–2021
England U21
23
(2)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 10 February 2023 (UTC)
Thomas Davies (born 30 June 1998) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Premier League club Sheffield United.
He was a former England national under-21 team player. Davies is an academy graduate of Everton and made his first-team debut in April 2016 at the age of 17. Two years later, he became the youngest player to captain the side, doing so at the age of 20 years and 60 days.
Early and personal life
Davies was born in Liverpool, Merseyside. He is the nephew of former Everton player Alan Whittle, who made 74 appearances for the club between 1967 and 1972, and his older brother, Liam, is a semi-professional footballer who plays for Bala Town. Davies is a volunteer with the Sunday Supper Project, a local charity organisation aimed at supporting Liverpool's homeless community.
Club career
Everton
Davies (right) playing for Everton in 2013.
Davies is an academy graduate of Everton, having joined the club at the age of eleven. He became a first-year scholar ahead of the 2014–15 season and was promoted to the under-21s at the end of that campaign. Davies continued to play regularly for the under-21s the following season and signed his first professional contract on 30 September 2015. His form was rewarded when he was handed his Premier League debut by Roberto Martínez on 16 April 2016, coming on as an 83rd-minute substitute for Darron Gibson in a 1–1 draw with Southampton at Goodison Park. On the final day of the Premier League season, following the dismissal of Martínez, Davies was handed his first start for Everton by interim manager David Unsworth in a 3–0 win over Norwich City. His performance over the course of the 90 minutes earned him the man of the match award.
Davies playing for Everton in 2017
Having previously featured on occasion from the substitutes' bench, Davies made his first start of the 2016–17 Premier League campaign on 2 January 2017 and registered his first assist for Everton in a 3–0 win over Southampton. He scored his first goal for the club 13 days later when he scored in a 4–0 league victory over Manchester City. His performance also saw him named man of the match. On 9 April, he scored the joint-fastest goal of the season when he netted after just 30 seconds in a 4–2 win over reigning champions Leicester City. The following month. at the club's end of season awards dinner, Davies was named Everton's Young Player of the Year and also won the Goal of the Season and Performance of the Season honours for his role in the victory over Manchester City.
The following season, during the early stages of the campaign under manager Ronald Koeman, Everton lost six of their opening twelve matches during which Davies was predominantly used as an option from the bench and struggled to find form. He returned to form following the appointment of Sam Allardyce and in February 2018 was named by the CIES Football Observatory as the world's seventh-most promising footballer under the age of 20. Later that month he made his 50th Premier League appearance for the club in a 1–0 defeat to Watford.
On 29 August 2018, under new club manager Marco Silva, Davies captained Everton for the first time in a 3–1 EFL Cup victory over Rotherham. In doing so, and at the age of 20 years and 60 days, he became the youngest player to ever captain the club, breaking the record previously set by Steve McMahon in 1983. Later that year, he was one of 20 players nominated for the Golden Boy award, but ultimately struggled during the campaign after failing to define his role in Silva's squad, making just 16 league appearances for the season.
Sheffield United
Davies' contract with Everton expired in June 2023 after rejecting a new deal, where he then joined the newly-promoted Premier League club Sheffield United on 16 August on a three-year deal.
International career
Davies has represented England up to under-21 level. On 7 October 2015, he was invited by England manager Roy Hodgson to train with the senior squad following his progression with the under-17 side. Just seven days later, he was named captain of the England under-17 team for the 2015 FIFA U-17 World Cup in Chile. The FA agreed Everton's request to rest Davies so that he would not feature at the European Under-19 Championship for the England U-19 in summer 2017.
He represented England at the Toulon Tournament the following year and featured throughout as the nation went on to claim its third consecutive title in the competition.
Career statistics
Club
As of match played 15 April 2023
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
Club
Season
League
FA Cup
EFL Cup
Europe
Total
Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Everton
2015–16
Premier League
2
0
0
0
0
0
—
2
0
2016–17
Premier League
24
2
1
0
0
0
—
25
2
2017–18
Premier League
33
2
1
0
2
0
7
0
43
2
2018–19
Premier League
16
0
1
0
2
0
—
19
0
2019–20
Premier League
30
1
0
0
2
1
—
32
2
2020–21
Premier League
25
0
2
0
3
0
—
30
0
2021–22
Premier League
6
1
0
0
2
0
—
8
1
2022–23
Premier League
19
0
0
0
1
0
—
20
0
Career total
155
6
5
0
12
1
7
0
179
7
^ Appearances in UEFA Europa League
Honours
England U21
Toulon Tournament: 2018
Individual
Everton Young Player of the Season: 2016–17
Everton Goal of the Season: 2016–17
Everton Performance of the Season: 2016–17
References
^ "Updated squads for 2017/18 Premier League confirmed". Premier League. 2 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
^ "Thomas Davies: Overview". ESPN. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
^ "Tom Davies: Overview". Premier League. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
^ Urbani, Rob (25 May 2016). "Next Generation: Tom Davies". Everton F.C. Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ Evans, Aaron (1 October 2020). "Liam Davies, brother of Everton star Tom, is Bala Town's seventh new signing as he completes his move from Curzon Ashton". the free press. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
^ "WATCH: Davies On Homeless Charity Work And Lifelong Everton Connection". www.evertonfc.com. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
^ Beesley, Chris (20 September 2015). "Everton FC hand pro deal to Tom Davies". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ a b "Tom Davies". Everton F.C. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
^ "Roberto Martinez's Everton let lead slip vs. Southampton". ESPN. PA Sport. 16 April 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ Nash, Mathew (15 May 2016). "David Unsworth heaps praise on Tom Davies after his first Everton start". HITC. Entrepreneur. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ Ridge, Patric (2 January 2017). "Koeman expects Everton transfer activity but backs youngster Davies to shine". Goal.com. Perform Group. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ Reddy, Luke (15 January 2017). "Everton 4–0 Man City". BBC. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
^ Creek, Stephen (9 April 2017). "Davies strike equals fastest goal record". Goal.com. Perform Group. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ Kirkbride, Phil (9 May 2017). "Hat-trick of awards for Everton's Tom Davies". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ Cavilla, Tom (20 November 2017). "How Tom Davies can recapture the magic of last season to cement starting role at Everton". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ a b "Tom Davies Backed for Everton Stardom as Wonderkid Racks Up Half Century of EPL Games". Sports Illustrated. 27 February 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
^ Margueritte, Henri (19 February 2018). "Alban Lafont, ce Français qui devance Mbappé au classement des footballeurs les plus prometteurs" . HuffPost (in French). Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ Lennox, Peter (30 August 2018). "Davies' Pride After Becoming Blues' Youngest Skipper". Everton FC. Archived from the original on 2 September 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
^ Prenderville, Liam (2 November 2018). "Trent Alexander-Arnold on final 20-man shortlist for Tuttosport Golden Boy 2018 award". Mirror. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
^ Rej, Arindam (10 September 2019). "Tom Davies hopes England Under-21 captaincy can revive Everton career". The Independent. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
^ "Davies To Leave Everton". www.evertonfc.com. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
^ Staniland |, Jake (16 August 2023). "Tom Davies signs three-year deal with the Blades". Sheff United Way. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
^ "Tom Davies". The Football Association. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
^ O'Keeffe, Greg (7 October 2015). "Everton youngster Tom Davies trains with senior England squad". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ Stonehouse, Gary (14 October 2015). "Tom Davies to captain U17s as squad numbers unveiled". The Football Association. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
^ Hunter, Andy (7 April 2017). "Everton's Tom Davies to miss England U19 tournament for time to rest". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
^ "Dowell Winner Secures Toulon Title For England". Everton FC. 9 June 2018. Archived from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
^ "Games played by Tom Davies in 2015/2016". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ "Games played by Tom Davies in 2016/2017". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ "Games played by Tom Davies in 2017/2018". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
^ "Games played by Tom Davies in 2018/2019". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
^ "Games played by Tom Davies in 2019/2020". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
^ "Games played by Tom Davies in 2020/2021". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
^ "Games played by Tom Davies in 2021/2022". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
^ "Games played by Tom Davies in 2022/2023". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
^ "Final fightback takes England U21S to Toulon hat-trick with win over Mexico". The Football Association. 9 June 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
^ a b c O'Keeffe, Greg (17 May 2016). "Everton starlet Tom Davies – five things you need to know about Blues midfield dynamo". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tom Davies.
Tom Davies at Soccerbase
vteSheffield United F.C. – current squad
1 A. Davies
2 Baldock
3 Lowe
5 Trusty
6 Basham
7 Brewster
8 Hamer
9 McBurnie
10 Archer
11 Brereton Díaz
12 Egan (c)
13 Grbić
15 Ahmedhodžić
16 Norwood
18 Foderingham
19 Robinson
20 Bogle
21 Souza
22 T. Davies
23 Osborn
25 Ben Slimane
27 Larouci
28 McAtee
30 Holgate
32 Osula
33 Norrington-Davies
35 Brooks
36 Jebbison
37 Amissah
– Curtis
Manager: Wilder
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Davies (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Davies_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"defensive midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_midfielder"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Sheffield United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"England national under-21 team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_under-21_football_team"}],"text":"For other people named Thomas Davies, see Thomas Davies (disambiguation).Thomas Davies (born 30 June 1998) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Premier League club Sheffield United.He was a former England national under-21 team player. Davies is an academy graduate of Everton and made his first-team debut in April 2016 at the age of 17. Two years later, he became the youngest player to captain the side, doing so at the age of 20 years and 60 days.","title":"Tom Davies (footballer, born 1998)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Everton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Alan Whittle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Whittle"},{"link_name":"Bala Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bala_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"homeless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homelessness"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Davies was born in Liverpool, Merseyside.[4] He is the nephew of former Everton player Alan Whittle, who made 74 appearances for the club between 1967 and 1972, and his older brother, Liam, is a semi-professional footballer who plays for Bala Town.[5] Davies is a volunteer with the Sunday Supper Project, a local charity organisation aimed at supporting Liverpool's homeless community.[6]","title":"Early and personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Next_Generation_Trophy_2013_45.JPG"},{"link_name":"Everton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton_F.C._Reserves_and_Academy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Everton_profile-8"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Roberto Martínez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Mart%C3%ADnez"},{"link_name":"substitute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitute_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Darron Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darron_Gibson"},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Goodison Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodison_Park"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"David Unsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Unsworth"},{"link_name":"Norwich City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"man of the match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_of_the_match"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Everton_profile-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manchester_United_v_Everton,_17_September_2017_(Tom_Davies).jpg"},{"link_name":"Everton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton_F.C."},{"link_name":"2016–17 Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"assist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(football)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Manchester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Leicester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Ronald Koeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Koeman"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Sam Allardyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Allardyce"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fifty-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Watford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford_F.C."},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fifty-16"},{"link_name":"Marco Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Silva"},{"link_name":"EFL Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Cup"},{"link_name":"Rotherham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherham_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Steve McMahon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_McMahon"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Golden Boy award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Boy_(award)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Everton","text":"Davies (right) playing for Everton in 2013.Davies is an academy graduate of Everton, having joined the club at the age of eleven.[7] He became a first-year scholar ahead of the 2014–15 season and was promoted to the under-21s at the end of that campaign.[8] Davies continued to play regularly for the under-21s the following season and signed his first professional contract on 30 September 2015. His form was rewarded when he was handed his Premier League debut by Roberto Martínez on 16 April 2016, coming on as an 83rd-minute substitute for Darron Gibson in a 1–1 draw with Southampton at Goodison Park.[9] On the final day of the Premier League season, following the dismissal of Martínez, Davies was handed his first start for Everton by interim manager David Unsworth in a 3–0 win over Norwich City.[10] His performance over the course of the 90 minutes earned him the man of the match award.[8]Davies playing for Everton in 2017Having previously featured on occasion from the substitutes' bench, Davies made his first start of the 2016–17 Premier League campaign on 2 January 2017 and registered his first assist for Everton in a 3–0 win over Southampton.[11] He scored his first goal for the club 13 days later when he scored in a 4–0 league victory over Manchester City. His performance also saw him named man of the match.[12] On 9 April, he scored the joint-fastest goal of the season when he netted after just 30 seconds in a 4–2 win over reigning champions Leicester City.[13] The following month. at the club's end of season awards dinner, Davies was named Everton's Young Player of the Year and also won the Goal of the Season and Performance of the Season honours for his role in the victory over Manchester City.[14]The following season, during the early stages of the campaign under manager Ronald Koeman, Everton lost six of their opening twelve matches during which Davies was predominantly used as an option from the bench and struggled to find form.[15] He returned to form following the appointment of Sam Allardyce and in February 2018 was named by the CIES Football Observatory as the world's seventh-most promising footballer under the age of 20.[16][17] Later that month he made his 50th Premier League appearance for the club in a 1–0 defeat to Watford.[16]On 29 August 2018, under new club manager Marco Silva, Davies captained Everton for the first time in a 3–1 EFL Cup victory over Rotherham. In doing so, and at the age of 20 years and 60 days, he became the youngest player to ever captain the club, breaking the record previously set by Steve McMahon in 1983.[18] Later that year, he was one of 20 players nominated for the Golden Boy award, but ultimately struggled during the campaign after failing to define his role in Silva's squad, making just 16 league appearances for the season.[19][20]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Sheffield United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Sheffield United","text":"Davies' contract with Everton expired in June 2023 after rejecting a new deal,[21] where he then joined the newly-promoted Premier League club Sheffield United on 16 August on a three-year deal.[22]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"under-21 level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_under-21_football_team"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Roy Hodgson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Hodgson"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"England under-17 team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_under-17_football_team"},{"link_name":"2015 FIFA U-17 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_FIFA_U-17_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Toulon Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Toulon_Tournament"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TT-27"}],"text":"Davies has represented England up to under-21 level.[23] On 7 October 2015, he was invited by England manager Roy Hodgson to train with the senior squad following his progression with the under-17 side.[24] Just seven days later, he was named captain of the England under-17 team for the 2015 FIFA U-17 World Cup in Chile.[25] The FA agreed Everton's request to rest Davies so that he would not feature at the European Under-19 Championship for the England U-19 in summer 2017.[26]He represented England at the Toulon Tournament the following year and featured throughout as the nation went on to claim its third consecutive title in the competition.[27]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"As of match played 15 April 2023^ Appearances in UEFA Europa League","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toulon Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulon_Tournament"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Toulon_Tournament"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Everton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton_F.C."},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Everton_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awards-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awards-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awards-38"}],"text":"England U21Toulon Tournament: 2018[36]IndividualEverton Young Player of the Season: 2016–17[37]\nEverton Goal of the Season: 2016–17[37]\nEverton Performance of the Season: 2016–17[37]","title":"Honours"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Davies (right) playing for Everton in 2013.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Next_Generation_Trophy_2013_45.JPG/200px-Next_Generation_Trophy_2013_45.JPG"},{"image_text":"Davies playing for Everton in 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Manchester_United_v_Everton%2C_17_September_2017_%28Tom_Davies%29.jpg/220px-Manchester_United_v_Everton%2C_17_September_2017_%28Tom_Davies%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Updated squads for 2017/18 Premier League confirmed\". Premier League. 2 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/news/612828","url_text":"\"Updated squads for 2017/18 Premier League confirmed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thomas Davies: Overview\". ESPN. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/_/id/253958/tom-davies","url_text":"\"Thomas Davies: Overview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Davies: Overview\". Premier League. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/players/13389/Tom-Davies/overview","url_text":"\"Tom Davies: Overview\""}]},{"reference":"Urbani, Rob (25 May 2016). \"Next Generation: Tom Davies\". Everton F.C. Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180826015021/http://www.evertonfc.com/news/2016/05/25/next-generation-tom-davies","url_text":"\"Next Generation: Tom Davies\""},{"url":"http://www.evertonfc.com/news/2016/05/25/next-generation-tom-davies","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Aaron (1 October 2020). \"Liam Davies, brother of Everton star Tom, is Bala Town's seventh new signing as he completes his move from Curzon Ashton\". the free press. Retrieved 25 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.denbighshirefreepress.co.uk/sport/18762188.liam-davies-brother-everton-star-tom-bala-towns-seventh-new-signing-completes-move-curzon-ashton/","url_text":"\"Liam Davies, brother of Everton star Tom, is Bala Town's seventh new signing as he completes his move from Curzon Ashton\""}]},{"reference":"\"WATCH: Davies On Homeless Charity Work And Lifelong Everton Connection\". www.evertonfc.com. Retrieved 10 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.evertonfc.com/news/2034430/watch-davies-on-homeless-charity-work-and-lifelong-everton-connection","url_text":"\"WATCH: Davies On Homeless Charity Work And Lifelong Everton Connection\""}]},{"reference":"Beesley, Chris (20 September 2015). \"Everton FC hand pro deal to Tom Davies\". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 20 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/everton-fc-hand-pro-deal-10094452","url_text":"\"Everton FC hand pro deal to Tom Davies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Davies\". Everton F.C. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160810210448/http://www.evertonfc.com/players/t/td/tom-davies","url_text":"\"Tom Davies\""},{"url":"http://www.evertonfc.com/players/t/td/tom-davies","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Roberto Martinez's Everton let lead slip vs. Southampton\". ESPN. PA Sport. 16 April 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espn.co.uk/football/report?gameId=422329","url_text":"\"Roberto Martinez's Everton let lead slip vs. Southampton\""}]},{"reference":"Nash, Mathew (15 May 2016). \"David Unsworth heaps praise on Tom Davies after his first Everton start\". HITC. Entrepreneur. Retrieved 20 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2016/05/15/david-unsworth-heaps-praise-on-tom-davies-after-his-first-everto/","url_text":"\"David Unsworth heaps praise on Tom Davies after his first Everton start\""}]},{"reference":"Ridge, Patric (2 January 2017). \"Koeman expects Everton transfer activity but backs youngster Davies to shine\". Goal.com. Perform Group. Retrieved 20 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goal.com/en/news/1862/premier-league/2017/01/02/31098572/koeman-expects-everton-transfer-activity-but-backs-youngster","url_text":"\"Koeman expects Everton transfer activity but backs youngster Davies to shine\""}]},{"reference":"Reddy, Luke (15 January 2017). \"Everton 4–0 Man City\". BBC. Retrieved 30 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/38545988","url_text":"\"Everton 4–0 Man City\""}]},{"reference":"Creek, Stephen (9 April 2017). \"Davies strike equals fastest goal record\". Goal.com. Perform Group. Retrieved 20 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goal.com/en/news/davies-strike-equals-fastest-goal-record/10f4879f06qoc1rk5vsytlbvbg","url_text":"\"Davies strike equals fastest goal record\""}]},{"reference":"Kirkbride, Phil (9 May 2017). \"Hat-trick of awards for Everton's Tom Davies\". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 20 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/tom-davies-named-everton-young-13011732","url_text":"\"Hat-trick of awards for Everton's Tom Davies\""}]},{"reference":"Cavilla, Tom (20 November 2017). \"How Tom Davies can recapture the magic of last season to cement starting role at Everton\". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 20 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/how-tom-davies-can-recapture-13926913","url_text":"\"How Tom Davies can recapture the magic of last season to cement starting role at Everton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Davies Backed for Everton Stardom as Wonderkid Racks Up Half Century of EPL Games\". Sports Illustrated. 27 February 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/soccer/2018/02/27/tom-davies-backed-everton-stardom-wonderkid-racks-half-century-epl-games","url_text":"\"Tom Davies Backed for Everton Stardom as Wonderkid Racks Up Half Century of EPL Games\""}]},{"reference":"Margueritte, Henri (19 February 2018). \"Alban Lafont, ce Français qui devance Mbappé au classement des footballeurs les plus prometteurs\" [Alban Lafont, the Frenchman ahead of Mbappé in the rankings of the most promising footballers]. HuffPost (in French). Retrieved 20 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/2018/02/19/alban-lafont-ce-francais-qui-devance-mbappe-au-classement-des-footballeurs-les-plus-prometteurs_a_23365206/","url_text":"\"Alban Lafont, ce Français qui devance Mbappé au classement des footballeurs les plus prometteurs\""}]},{"reference":"Lennox, Peter (30 August 2018). \"Davies' Pride After Becoming Blues' Youngest Skipper\". Everton FC. Archived from the original on 2 September 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180902082417/http://www.evertonfc.com/news/2018/08/30/davies-reveals-pride-after-becoming-blues-youngster-skipper","url_text":"\"Davies' Pride After Becoming Blues' Youngest Skipper\""},{"url":"http://www.evertonfc.com/news/2018/08/30/davies-reveals-pride-after-becoming-blues-youngster-skipper","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Prenderville, Liam (2 November 2018). \"Trent Alexander-Arnold on final 20-man shortlist for Tuttosport Golden Boy 2018 award\". Mirror. Retrieved 2 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/trent-alexander-arnold-final-20-13521385","url_text":"\"Trent Alexander-Arnold on final 20-man shortlist for Tuttosport Golden Boy 2018 award\""}]},{"reference":"Rej, Arindam (10 September 2019). \"Tom Davies hopes England Under-21 captaincy can revive Everton career\". The Independent. Retrieved 13 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2019/09/10/tom-davies-hopes-england-under-21-captaincy-can-revive-everton/","url_text":"\"Tom Davies hopes England Under-21 captaincy can revive Everton career\""}]},{"reference":"\"Davies To Leave Everton\". www.evertonfc.com. Retrieved 20 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.evertonfc.com/news/3549099/davies-to-leave-everton","url_text":"\"Davies To Leave Everton\""}]},{"reference":"Staniland |, Jake (16 August 2023). \"Tom Davies signs three-year deal with the Blades\". Sheff United Way. Retrieved 20 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://sheffunitedway.co.uk/2023/08/16/tom-davies-signs-three-year-deal-with-the-blades/","url_text":"\"Tom Davies signs three-year deal with the Blades\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Davies\". The Football Association. Retrieved 13 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefa.com/england/all-teams/players?p=355725","url_text":"\"Tom Davies\""}]},{"reference":"O'Keeffe, Greg (7 October 2015). \"Everton youngster Tom Davies trains with senior England squad\". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 20 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/everton-youngster-tom-davies-trains-10213378","url_text":"\"Everton youngster Tom Davies trains with senior England squad\""}]},{"reference":"Stonehouse, Gary (14 October 2015). \"Tom Davies to captain U17s as squad numbers unveiled\". The Football Association. Retrieved 17 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefa.com/news/england/development/2015/oct/tom-davies-captain-under-17s-world-cup","url_text":"\"Tom Davies to captain U17s as squad numbers unveiled\""}]},{"reference":"Hunter, Andy (7 April 2017). \"Everton's Tom Davies to miss England U19 tournament for time to rest\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 1 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/apr/07/everton-tom-davies-england-u19-tournament","url_text":"\"Everton's Tom Davies to miss England U19 tournament for time to rest\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dowell Winner Secures Toulon Title For England\". Everton FC. 9 June 2018. Archived from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190321123241/http://www.evertonfc.com/news/2018/06/09/dowell-winner-secures-toulon-tournament-title","url_text":"\"Dowell Winner Secures Toulon Title For England\""},{"url":"http://www.evertonfc.com/news/2018/06/09/dowell-winner-secures-toulon-tournament-title","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Tom Davies in 2015/2016\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 20 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=90902&season_id=145","url_text":"\"Games played by Tom Davies in 2015/2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Tom Davies in 2016/2017\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 20 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=90902&season_id=149","url_text":"\"Games played by Tom Davies in 2016/2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Tom Davies in 2017/2018\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 14 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=90902&season_id=150","url_text":"\"Games played by Tom Davies in 2017/2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Tom Davies in 2018/2019\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 27 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=90902&season_id=151","url_text":"\"Games played by Tom Davies in 2018/2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Tom Davies in 2019/2020\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 6 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=90902&season_id=152","url_text":"\"Games played by Tom Davies in 2019/2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Tom Davies in 2020/2021\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 6 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=90902&season_id=153","url_text":"\"Games played by Tom Davies in 2020/2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Tom Davies in 2021/2022\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 24 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=90902&season_id=154","url_text":"\"Games played by Tom Davies in 2021/2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Tom Davies in 2022/2023\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 20 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=90902&season_id=155","url_text":"\"Games played by Tom Davies in 2022/2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Final fightback takes England U21S to Toulon hat-trick with win over Mexico\". The Football Association. 9 June 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefa.com/news/2018/jun/09/engvmextoulon090618","url_text":"\"Final fightback takes England U21S to Toulon hat-trick with win over Mexico\""}]},{"reference":"O'Keeffe, Greg (17 May 2016). \"Everton starlet Tom Davies – five things you need to know about Blues midfield dynamo\". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 20 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/everton-starlet-tom-davies-five-11347329","url_text":"\"Everton starlet Tom Davies – five things you need to know about Blues midfield dynamo\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.premierleague.com/news/612828","external_links_name":"\"Updated squads for 2017/18 Premier League confirmed\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/_/id/253958/tom-davies","external_links_name":"\"Thomas Davies: Overview\""},{"Link":"https://www.premierleague.com/players/13389/Tom-Davies/overview","external_links_name":"\"Tom Davies: Overview\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180826015021/http://www.evertonfc.com/news/2016/05/25/next-generation-tom-davies","external_links_name":"\"Next Generation: Tom Davies\""},{"Link":"http://www.evertonfc.com/news/2016/05/25/next-generation-tom-davies","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.denbighshirefreepress.co.uk/sport/18762188.liam-davies-brother-everton-star-tom-bala-towns-seventh-new-signing-completes-move-curzon-ashton/","external_links_name":"\"Liam Davies, brother of Everton star Tom, is Bala Town's seventh new signing as he completes his move from Curzon Ashton\""},{"Link":"https://www.evertonfc.com/news/2034430/watch-davies-on-homeless-charity-work-and-lifelong-everton-connection","external_links_name":"\"WATCH: Davies On Homeless Charity Work And Lifelong Everton Connection\""},{"Link":"https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/everton-fc-hand-pro-deal-10094452","external_links_name":"\"Everton FC hand pro deal to Tom Davies\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160810210448/http://www.evertonfc.com/players/t/td/tom-davies","external_links_name":"\"Tom Davies\""},{"Link":"http://www.evertonfc.com/players/t/td/tom-davies","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.espn.co.uk/football/report?gameId=422329","external_links_name":"\"Roberto Martinez's Everton let lead slip vs. Southampton\""},{"Link":"http://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2016/05/15/david-unsworth-heaps-praise-on-tom-davies-after-his-first-everto/","external_links_name":"\"David Unsworth heaps praise on Tom Davies after his first Everton start\""},{"Link":"http://www.goal.com/en/news/1862/premier-league/2017/01/02/31098572/koeman-expects-everton-transfer-activity-but-backs-youngster","external_links_name":"\"Koeman expects Everton transfer activity but backs youngster Davies to shine\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/38545988","external_links_name":"\"Everton 4–0 Man City\""},{"Link":"http://www.goal.com/en/news/davies-strike-equals-fastest-goal-record/10f4879f06qoc1rk5vsytlbvbg","external_links_name":"\"Davies strike equals fastest goal record\""},{"Link":"https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/tom-davies-named-everton-young-13011732","external_links_name":"\"Hat-trick of awards for Everton's Tom Davies\""},{"Link":"https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/how-tom-davies-can-recapture-13926913","external_links_name":"\"How Tom Davies can recapture the magic of last season to cement starting role at Everton\""},{"Link":"https://www.si.com/soccer/2018/02/27/tom-davies-backed-everton-stardom-wonderkid-racks-half-century-epl-games","external_links_name":"\"Tom Davies Backed for Everton Stardom as Wonderkid Racks Up Half Century of EPL Games\""},{"Link":"https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/2018/02/19/alban-lafont-ce-francais-qui-devance-mbappe-au-classement-des-footballeurs-les-plus-prometteurs_a_23365206/","external_links_name":"\"Alban Lafont, ce Français qui devance Mbappé au classement des footballeurs les plus prometteurs\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180902082417/http://www.evertonfc.com/news/2018/08/30/davies-reveals-pride-after-becoming-blues-youngster-skipper","external_links_name":"\"Davies' Pride After Becoming Blues' Youngest Skipper\""},{"Link":"http://www.evertonfc.com/news/2018/08/30/davies-reveals-pride-after-becoming-blues-youngster-skipper","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/trent-alexander-arnold-final-20-13521385","external_links_name":"\"Trent Alexander-Arnold on final 20-man shortlist for Tuttosport Golden Boy 2018 award\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2019/09/10/tom-davies-hopes-england-under-21-captaincy-can-revive-everton/","external_links_name":"\"Tom Davies hopes England Under-21 captaincy can revive Everton career\""},{"Link":"https://www.evertonfc.com/news/3549099/davies-to-leave-everton","external_links_name":"\"Davies To Leave Everton\""},{"Link":"https://sheffunitedway.co.uk/2023/08/16/tom-davies-signs-three-year-deal-with-the-blades/","external_links_name":"\"Tom Davies signs three-year deal with the Blades\""},{"Link":"http://www.thefa.com/england/all-teams/players?p=355725","external_links_name":"\"Tom Davies\""},{"Link":"https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/everton-youngster-tom-davies-trains-10213378","external_links_name":"\"Everton youngster Tom Davies trains with senior England squad\""},{"Link":"http://www.thefa.com/news/england/development/2015/oct/tom-davies-captain-under-17s-world-cup","external_links_name":"\"Tom Davies to captain U17s as squad numbers unveiled\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/apr/07/everton-tom-davies-england-u19-tournament","external_links_name":"\"Everton's Tom Davies to miss England U19 tournament for time to rest\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190321123241/http://www.evertonfc.com/news/2018/06/09/dowell-winner-secures-toulon-tournament-title","external_links_name":"\"Dowell Winner Secures Toulon Title For England\""},{"Link":"http://www.evertonfc.com/news/2018/06/09/dowell-winner-secures-toulon-tournament-title","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=90902&season_id=145","external_links_name":"\"Games played by Tom Davies in 2015/2016\""},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=90902&season_id=149","external_links_name":"\"Games played by Tom Davies in 2016/2017\""},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=90902&season_id=150","external_links_name":"\"Games played by Tom Davies in 2017/2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=90902&season_id=151","external_links_name":"\"Games played by Tom Davies in 2018/2019\""},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=90902&season_id=152","external_links_name":"\"Games played by Tom Davies in 2019/2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=90902&season_id=153","external_links_name":"\"Games played by Tom Davies in 2020/2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=90902&season_id=154","external_links_name":"\"Games played by Tom Davies in 2021/2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=90902&season_id=155","external_links_name":"\"Games played by Tom Davies in 2022/2023\""},{"Link":"http://www.thefa.com/news/2018/jun/09/engvmextoulon090618","external_links_name":"\"Final fightback takes England U21S to Toulon hat-trick with win over Mexico\""},{"Link":"https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/everton-starlet-tom-davies-five-11347329","external_links_name":"\"Everton starlet Tom Davies – five things you need to know about Blues midfield dynamo\""},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=90902","external_links_name":"Tom Davies"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomaqestan,_Amlash
|
Chomaqestan, Amlash
|
["1 References"]
|
Coordinates: 37°08′41″N 50°11′34″E / 37.14472°N 50.19278°E / 37.14472; 50.19278Village in Gilan, IranChomaqestan
چماقستانvillageChomaqestanCoordinates: 37°08′41″N 50°11′34″E / 37.14472°N 50.19278°E / 37.14472; 50.19278Country IranProvinceGilanCountyAmlashBakhshCentralRural DistrictAmlash-e ShomaliPopulation (2006) • Total712Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Chomaqestan (Persian: چماقستان, also Romanized as Chomāqestān) is a village in Amlash-e Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Amlash County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 712, in 227 families.
References
^ Chomaqestan can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3792428" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
vte Amlash CountyCapital
Amlash
DistrictsCentralCities
Amlash
Rural Districts and villagesAmlash-e Jonubi(South Amlash)
Abbas Gavabar
Aftab Khvortab
Bagh Mahalleh-ye Narakeh
Bala Mahalleh-ye Narakeh
Bili Langeh
Dar Tamush
Darzi Gavabar
Davay-e Lat
Gudi Gavabar
Gudun Gavabar
Hajjiabad
Har Do Ab
Jowrka Sar
Kalan Sara
Kash Kalayeh
Lalim
Mian Sara
Narenj Bon
Pain Mahalleh-ye Narakeh
Pil Darreh
Pilam Pastanak
Piljeh
Shabkhus Pahlu
Shandar-e Balnageh
Shelisheh
Shir Darreh
Shisharestan
Siah Marz-e Gavabar
Tabestan Neshin
Tahmas Gavabar
Tazehabad-e Narakeh
Tusheh Mian
Ya Ali Gavabar
Yusefabad
Amlash-e Shomali(North Amlash)
Ashkar Meydan
Chahar Deh
Chalaras
Chomaqestan
Eshkiyet
Hoseynabad
Karaf Mahalleh
Karafestan
Karkhaneh-ye Raisiyan
Kharashtom
Khomeyr Mahalleh
Kia Kalayeh
Kohneh Gurab
Lakmuj
Mashkaleh
Najmabad
Ostad Kolayeh
Pileh Bagh
Pish Bijar
Sefiddarbon
Shekarkash Mahalleh
Shekarpas
Sheykhabad
Surkuh
Tazehabad-e Chomaqestan
RankuhCities
Rankuh
Rural Districts and villagesKojid
Alankangeh
Babajan Darreh
Dimajankesh
Estakhr Sar
Garmay Sar
Halu Chak
Kojid
Malja Dasht
Motla Kuh
Rudbar-e Deh Sar
Sar Tarbat
Shahr-e Somam
Shuleh
Taresh
Tomajan
Shabkhus Lat
Aliabad
Asiab-e Saran
Azarbon-e Olya
Azarbon-e Sofla
Bala Holu Sara
Bazguiyeh
Beheshtabad
Esmail Gavabar
Garkarud
Garmay Sara
Goshkur
Gusht-e Pazan
Jir Gavaber
Jowr Gavaber
Kohneh Guyeh-ye Bala
Kohneh Guyeh-ye Pain
Lar Dasar
Lat Sara
Latak
Lilij Gavaber
Pain Halu Sara
Parvin Langeh
Posht Darreh Lengeh
Ramshayeh
Rud Gavaber
Sar Kalleh
Shabkhus Sara
Sivir
Sopordan
Sukhteh Kish
Sur Shafilat
Tarom Sara
Varkureh
Yusefabad
Somam
Asak
Buyeh
Emam
Gavarj
Kaghazi
Kakrud
Kalam Rud
Keshmesh
Larud
Malekut
Marbu
Musa Kalayeh
Shiyeh
Siah Estakhr
Siah Khulak
Siah Kuh
Zahun Bareh
Iran portal
This Amlash County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Amlash-e Shomali Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amlash-e_Shomali_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Amlash_County)"},{"link_name":"Amlash County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amlash_County"},{"link_name":"Gilan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Gilan, IranChomaqestan (Persian: چماقستان, also Romanized as Chomāqestān)[1] is a village in Amlash-e Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Amlash County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 712, in 227 families.[2]","title":"Chomaqestan, Amlash"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/01.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/01.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chomaqestan,_Amlash¶ms=37_08_41_N_50_11_34_E_region:IR_type:city(712)","external_links_name":"37°08′41″N 50°11′34″E / 37.14472°N 50.19278°E / 37.14472; 50.19278"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chomaqestan,_Amlash¶ms=37_08_41_N_50_11_34_E_region:IR_type:city(712)","external_links_name":"37°08′41″N 50°11′34″E / 37.14472°N 50.19278°E / 37.14472; 50.19278"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/01.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/01.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chomaqestan,_Amlash&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Point,_Oregon
|
Eagle Point, Oregon
|
["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Notable people","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 42°28′4″N 122°48′6″W / 42.46778°N 122.80167°W / 42.46778; -122.80167
City in Oregon, United StatesEagle Point, OregonCityAn aerial image of Eagle PointNickname: Gateway to the LakesLocation in OregonCoordinates: 42°28′4″N 122°48′6″W / 42.46778°N 122.80167°W / 42.46778; -122.80167CountryUnited StatesStateOregonCountyJacksonIncorporated1911Government • MayorRuth JenksArea • Total2.97 sq mi (7.69 km2) • Land2.97 sq mi (7.69 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation1,310 ft (399.3 m)Population (2020) • Total9,686 • Density3,263.48/sq mi (1,259.94/km2)Time zoneUTC-8 (Pacific) • Summer (DST)UTC-7 (Pacific)ZIP code97524Area code541FIPS code41-21550GNIS feature ID1161353Websitewww.cityofeaglepoint.org
Eagle Point is a city in Jackson County, Oregon, United States. The population was 8,469 at the 2010 census, up from 4,798 at the 2000 census. As of 2018, the estimated population was 9,408.
History
In the mid-19th century, a rocky cliff near the location of what later became Eagle Point was a favored nesting place for eagles. An area resident, John Mathews, is said to have suggested "Eagle Point" as the name for a proposed post office in the community. The post office was established in 1872; Andrew McNeil was the first postmaster.
A water-powered gristmill, Butte Creek Mill, has operated in Eagle Point for more than 125 years. Built in 1872 along Little Butte Creek, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. The mill burned to the ground Christmas Day 2015. The Butte Creek Mill has been rebuilt, with the first batch of grain being sold in December 2020. On May 15, 2016, Actor Jim Belushi performed at an outdoor benefit concert for the Butte Creek Mill. In 2018, Actor Patrick Duffy, a longtime Eagle Point resident signed on as the Advisory Director for the Butte Creek Mill Foundation in an effort to rebuild the Butte Creek Mill. He joins actor Jim Belushi who has been a supporter since the mill burned.
In 2018 Eagle Point Police Department Officer Daniel Cardenas shot and killed Matthew Graves. According to attorneys Kelly L. Anderson and David Linthorst, the “arrest” of Graves on mere suspicion alone is not grounds to detain him. “After making an unlawful arrest,” attorneys said, “Cardenas compounded the problem by using excessive force. In doing so, Cardenas himself created the very crisis for which he later claimed to have needed to use deadly force.”. Cardenas also made multiple discrepancies during his Grand Jury testimony which went against his protest of innocence. The City had to pay 4.5 Million Dollars for wrongful death.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.96 square miles (7.67 km2), all of it land.
The city is north of Medford and White City and south of Shady Cove in the Rogue River Valley along Oregon Route 62. Little Butte Creek, a tributary of the Rogue River, passes through Eagle Point and enters the larger stream a few miles to the west near TouVelle State Recreation Site and Upper and Lower Table Rock.
Climate
This region experiences warm (but not hot) and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F (22.0 °C). According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Eagle Point has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csb" on climate maps.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1920128—193021164.8%194024315.2%1950607149.8%196075223.9%19701,24165.0%19802,764122.7%19903,0088.8%20004,79859.5%20108,46976.5%20209,67714.3%2021 (est.)9,8651.9%U.S. Decennial Census
2010 census
At the 2010 census, there were 8,469 people, 3,231 households, and 2,373 families living in the city. The population density was 2,861.1 inhabitants per square mile (1,104.7/km2). There were 3,611 housing units at an average density of 1,219.9 per square mile (471.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 92.1% White, 0.2% African American, 1.3% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.7% from other races, and 3.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.8% of the population.
Of the 3,231 households 37.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.9% were married couples living together, 12.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 26.6% were non-families. 20.9% of households were one person and 9.7% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.01.
The median age was 36.9 years. 27.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.2% were from 25 to 44; 25.5% were from 45 to 64; and 14.2% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.1% male and 51.9% female.
2000 census
At the 2000 census, there were 4,797 people, 1,703 households, and 1,313 families living in the city. The population density was 1,869.9 inhabitants per square mile (722.0/km2). There were 1,823 housing units at an average density of 710.6 per square mile (274.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.16% White, 0.38% African American, 1.73% Native American, 0.40% Asian, 0.19% Pacific Islander, 1.10% from other races, and 3.04% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.52% of the population.
Of the 1,703 households 45.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.9% were married couples living together, 14.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.9% were non-families. 18.1% of households were one person and 8.1% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.82 and the average family size was 3.17. In the city, the population was 32.6% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 29.2% from 25 to 44, 19.7% from 45 to 64, and 9.1% 65 or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.7 males. The median household income was $37,557 and the median family income was $40,598. Males had a median income of $30,795 versus $20,956 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,501. About 11.4% of families and 12.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.7% of those under age 18 and 15.1% of those age 65 or over.
Notable people
Jim Belushi, television actor, comedian and singer, starred on Saturday Night Live and According to Jim
Patrick Duffy, television actor, starred in Dallas
Tyrone Holmes, American football player.
Larry Lansburgh (1911–2001), American producer, director, and screenwriter
Kim Novak, actress, starred in Vertigo and Picnic
Nathan Pine, current director of athletics at the United States Air Force Academy
Matt Ross, screenwriter, actor, and director known for roles in Big Love and Silicon Valley
See also
Denman Wildlife Area, near Eagle Point
Eagle Point National Cemetery
References
^ "Eagle Point City Council Members and Mayor". Retrieved May 10, 2021.
^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
^ a b "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
^ a b c d e f "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Eagle Point city, Oregon". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 4, 2019.
^ a b McArthur, Lewis A.; Lewis L. McArthur (2003) . Oregon Geographic Names (7th ed.). Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society Press. p. 312. ISBN 0-87595-277-1.
^ "Jim Belushi concert will benefit Butte Creek Mill | Mail Tribune". mailtribune.com. Archived from the original on May 13, 2019.
^ "Stars align for Butte Creek Mill rebuild | Mail Tribune". mailtribune.com. Archived from the original on May 28, 2018.
^ "$4.5 million settlement reached in shooting death of Matthew Graves". January 21, 2020.
^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
^ Oregon Road & Recreation Atlas (5th ed.). Santa Barbara, California: Benchmark Maps. 2012. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-929591-62-9.
^ "Eagle Point, Oregon". Weatherbase. CantyMedia. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "Patrick Duffy Biography Channel bio". Archived from the original on March 18, 2012. Retrieved January 2, 2011.
^ "Tyrone Holmes Stats". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
^ "Kim Novak Mail Tribune". Archived from the original on October 9, 2008. Retrieved January 2, 2011.
External links
City of Eagle Point official website
Entry for Eagle Point in the Oregon Blue Book
vteMunicipalities and communities of Jackson County, Oregon, United StatesCounty seat: MedfordCities
Ashland
Butte Falls
Central Point
Eagle Point
Gold Hill
Jacksonville
Medford
Phoenix
Rogue River
Shady Cove
Talent
Jackson County mapCDPs
Foots Creek
Prospect
Ruch
Trail
White City
Wimer
Otherunincorporatedcommunities
Applegate
Beagle
Bitter Lick
Brownsboro
Buckhorn Springs
Cascade Gorge
Climax
Colestin
Dardanelles
Four Corners
Lake Creek
Lincoln
McKee Bridge
McLeod
Mountain View
Pinehurst
Provolt
Rock Point
Rogue Elk
Sams Valley
Seven Oaks
Starvation Heights
Steamboat
Table Rock
Tolo
Union Creek
Ghost towns
Buncom
Copper
Persist
Sterlingville
Oregon portal
United States portal
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jackson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USCensusEst2018CenPopScriptOnlyDirtyFixDoNotUse-7"}],"text":"City in Oregon, United StatesEagle Point is a city in Jackson County, Oregon, United States. The population was 8,469 at the 2010 census,[6] up from 4,798 at the 2000 census. As of 2018, the estimated population was 9,408.[7]","title":"Eagle Point, Oregon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OGN-8"},{"link_name":"gristmill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gristmill"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OGN-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Eagle Point Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eagle_Point_Police_Department&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In the mid-19th century, a rocky cliff near the location of what later became Eagle Point was a favored nesting place for eagles. An area resident, John Mathews, is said to have suggested \"Eagle Point\" as the name for a proposed post office in the community. The post office was established in 1872; Andrew McNeil was the first postmaster.[8]A water-powered gristmill, Butte Creek Mill, has operated in Eagle Point for more than 125 years. Built in 1872 along Little Butte Creek, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.[8] The mill burned to the ground Christmas Day 2015. The Butte Creek Mill has been rebuilt, with the first batch of grain being sold in December 2020. On May 15, 2016, Actor Jim Belushi performed at an outdoor benefit concert for the Butte Creek Mill.[9] In 2018, Actor Patrick Duffy, a longtime Eagle Point resident signed on as the Advisory Director for the Butte Creek Mill Foundation in an effort to rebuild the Butte Creek Mill. He joins actor Jim Belushi who has been a supporter since the mill burned.[10]In 2018 Eagle Point Police Department Officer Daniel Cardenas shot and killed Matthew Graves. According to attorneys Kelly L. Anderson and David Linthorst, the “arrest” of Graves on mere suspicion alone is not grounds to detain him. “After making an unlawful arrest,” attorneys said, “Cardenas compounded the problem by using excessive force. In doing so, Cardenas himself created the very crisis for which he later claimed to have needed to use deadly force.”. Cardenas also made multiple discrepancies during his Grand Jury testimony which went against his protest of innocence. The City had to pay 4.5 Million Dollars for wrongful death.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-12"},{"link_name":"Medford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medford,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"White City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_City,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Shady Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shady_Cove,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Rogue River Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue_River_(Oregon)"},{"link_name":"Oregon Route 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Route_62"},{"link_name":"Little Butte Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Butte_Creek"},{"link_name":"TouVelle State Recreation Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TouVelle_State_Recreation_Site"},{"link_name":"Upper and Lower Table Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_and_Lower_Table_Rock"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benchmark_Map-13"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.96 square miles (7.67 km2), all of it land.[12]The city is north of Medford and White City and south of Shady Cove in the Rogue River Valley along Oregon Route 62. Little Butte Creek, a tributary of the Rogue River, passes through Eagle Point and enters the larger stream a few miles to the west near TouVelle State Recreation Site and Upper and Lower Table Rock.[13]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen Climate Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification"},{"link_name":"warm-summer Mediterranean climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate#Warm-summer_Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"This region experiences warm (but not hot) and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F (22.0 °C). According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Eagle Point has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated \"Csb\" on climate maps.[14]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"racial makeup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census#2010_census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-4"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"At the 2010 census, there were 8,469 people, 3,231 households, and 2,373 families living in the city. The population density was 2,861.1 inhabitants per square mile (1,104.7/km2). There were 3,611 housing units at an average density of 1,219.9 per square mile (471.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 92.1% White, 0.2% African American, 1.3% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.7% from other races, and 3.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.8% of the population.[4]Of the 3,231 households 37.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.9% were married couples living together, 12.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 26.6% were non-families. 20.9% of households were one person and 9.7% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.01.[4]The median age was 36.9 years. 27.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.2% were from 25 to 44; 25.5% were from 45 to 64; and 14.2% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.1% male and 51.9% female.[4]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2000 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"racial makeup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census#2010_census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-4"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-4"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"At the 2000 census, there were 4,797 people, 1,703 households, and 1,313 families living in the city. The population density was 1,869.9 inhabitants per square mile (722.0/km2). There were 1,823 housing units at an average density of 710.6 per square mile (274.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.16% White, 0.38% African American, 1.73% Native American, 0.40% Asian, 0.19% Pacific Islander, 1.10% from other races, and 3.04% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.52% of the population.[4]Of the 1,703 households 45.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.9% were married couples living together, 14.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.9% were non-families. 18.1% of households were one person and 8.1% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.82 and the average family size was 3.17. In the city, the population was 32.6% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 29.2% from 25 to 44, 19.7% from 45 to 64, and 9.1% 65 or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.7 males. The median household income was $37,557 and the median family income was $40,598. Males had a median income of $30,795 versus $20,956 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,501. About 11.4% of families and 12.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.7% of those under age 18 and 15.1% of those age 65 or over.[4]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jim Belushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Belushi"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"According to Jim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/According_to_Jim"},{"link_name":"Patrick Duffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Duffy"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_(1978_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Tyrone Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrone_Holmes"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pro-Football-Reference.com/Players-18"},{"link_name":"Larry Lansburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Lansburgh"},{"link_name":"Kim Novak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Novak"},{"link_name":"Vertigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo_(film)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Picnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picnic_(1955_film)"},{"link_name":"Nathan Pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Pine"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy"},{"link_name":"Matt Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Ross_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Big Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Love"},{"link_name":"Silicon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley_(TV_series)"}],"text":"Jim Belushi, television actor, comedian and singer, starred on Saturday Night Live and According to Jim\nPatrick Duffy, television actor, starred in Dallas[17]\nTyrone Holmes, American football player.[18]\nLarry Lansburgh (1911–2001), American producer, director, and screenwriter\nKim Novak, actress, starred in Vertigo[19] and Picnic\nNathan Pine, current director of athletics at the United States Air Force Academy\nMatt Ross, screenwriter, actor, and director known for roles in Big Love and Silicon Valley","title":"Notable people"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Jackson County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Map_of_Oregon_highlighting_Jackson_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Oregon_highlighting_Jackson_County.svg.png"}]
|
[{"title":"Denman Wildlife Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denman_Wildlife_Area"},{"title":"Eagle Point National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Point_National_Cemetery"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Eagle Point City Council Members and Mayor\". Retrieved May 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cityofeaglepoint.org/253/Council-Bios","url_text":"\"Eagle Point City Council Members and Mayor\""}]},{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE=%2741%27&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census Population API\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:41&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108","url_text":"\"Census Population API\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Eagle Point city, Oregon\". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved October 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200213093910/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US4121550","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Eagle Point city, Oregon\""},{"url":"https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US4121550","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\". Retrieved June 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2018.html","url_text":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"McArthur, Lewis A.; Lewis L. McArthur (2003) [1928]. Oregon Geographic Names (7th ed.). Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society Press. p. 312. ISBN 0-87595-277-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_A._McArthur","url_text":"McArthur, Lewis A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_L._McArthur","url_text":"Lewis L. McArthur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Geographic_Names","url_text":"Oregon Geographic Names"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Historical_Society","url_text":"Oregon Historical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87595-277-1","url_text":"0-87595-277-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Jim Belushi concert will benefit Butte Creek Mill | Mail Tribune\". mailtribune.com. Archived from the original on May 13, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190513020016/https://mailtribune.com/news/top-stories/jim-belushi-concert-will-benefit-butte-creek-mill","url_text":"\"Jim Belushi concert will benefit Butte Creek Mill | Mail Tribune\""},{"url":"https://mailtribune.com/news/top-stories/jim-belushi-concert-will-benefit-butte-creek-mill","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Stars align for Butte Creek Mill rebuild | Mail Tribune\". mailtribune.com. Archived from the original on May 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180528221627/http://mailtribune.com/news/top-stories/stars-align-for-butte-creek-mill-rebuild","url_text":"\"Stars align for Butte Creek Mill rebuild | Mail Tribune\""},{"url":"https://mailtribune.com/news/top-stories/stars-align-for-butte-creek-mill-rebuild","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"$4.5 million settlement reached in shooting death of Matthew Graves\". January 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://kobi5.com/news/4-5-million-settlement-reached-in-shooting-death-of-matthew-graves-120247/","url_text":"\"$4.5 million settlement reached in shooting death of Matthew Graves\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved December 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120702145235/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Oregon Road & Recreation Atlas (5th ed.). Santa Barbara, California: Benchmark Maps. 2012. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-929591-62-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-929591-62-9","url_text":"978-0-929591-62-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Eagle Point, Oregon\". Weatherbase. CantyMedia. Retrieved October 13, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=436453&cityname=Eagle+Point%2C+Oregon%2C+United+States+of+America&units=","url_text":"\"Eagle Point, Oregon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html","url_text":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patrick Duffy Biography Channel bio\". Archived from the original on March 18, 2012. Retrieved January 2, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120318004652/http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/patrick-duffy.html","url_text":"\"Patrick Duffy Biography Channel bio\""},{"url":"http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/patrick-duffy.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tyrone Holmes Stats\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved October 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/H/HolmTy01.htm)","url_text":"\"Tyrone Holmes Stats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Football-Reference.com","url_text":"Pro-Football-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Kim Novak Mail Tribune\". Archived from the original on October 9, 2008. Retrieved January 2, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081009135628/http://archive.mailtribune.com/archive/2000/july/072500n2.htm","url_text":"\"Kim Novak Mail Tribune\""},{"url":"http://archive.mailtribune.com/archive/2000/july/072500n2.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eagle_Point,_Oregon¶ms=42_28_4_N_122_48_6_W_type:city_region:US-OR","external_links_name":"42°28′4″N 122°48′6″W / 42.46778°N 122.80167°W / 42.46778; -122.80167"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eagle_Point,_Oregon¶ms=42_28_4_N_122_48_6_W_type:city_region:US-OR","external_links_name":"42°28′4″N 122°48′6″W / 42.46778°N 122.80167°W / 42.46778; -122.80167"},{"Link":"http://www.cityofeaglepoint.org/","external_links_name":"www.cityofeaglepoint.org"},{"Link":"https://www.cityofeaglepoint.org/253/Council-Bios","external_links_name":"\"Eagle Point City Council Members and Mayor\""},{"Link":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE=%2741%27&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json","external_links_name":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""},{"Link":"https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:41&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108","external_links_name":"\"Census Population API\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","external_links_name":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20200213093910/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US4121550","external_links_name":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Eagle Point city, Oregon\""},{"Link":"https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US4121550","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2018.html","external_links_name":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190513020016/https://mailtribune.com/news/top-stories/jim-belushi-concert-will-benefit-butte-creek-mill","external_links_name":"\"Jim Belushi concert will benefit Butte Creek Mill | Mail Tribune\""},{"Link":"https://mailtribune.com/news/top-stories/jim-belushi-concert-will-benefit-butte-creek-mill","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180528221627/http://mailtribune.com/news/top-stories/stars-align-for-butte-creek-mill-rebuild","external_links_name":"\"Stars align for Butte Creek Mill rebuild | Mail Tribune\""},{"Link":"https://mailtribune.com/news/top-stories/stars-align-for-butte-creek-mill-rebuild","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://kobi5.com/news/4-5-million-settlement-reached-in-shooting-death-of-matthew-graves-120247/","external_links_name":"\"$4.5 million settlement reached in shooting death of Matthew Graves\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120702145235/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=436453&cityname=Eagle+Point%2C+Oregon%2C+United+States+of+America&units=","external_links_name":"\"Eagle Point, Oregon\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html","external_links_name":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120318004652/http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/patrick-duffy.html","external_links_name":"\"Patrick Duffy Biography Channel bio\""},{"Link":"http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/patrick-duffy.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/H/HolmTy01.htm)","external_links_name":"\"Tyrone Holmes Stats\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081009135628/http://archive.mailtribune.com/archive/2000/july/072500n2.htm","external_links_name":"\"Kim Novak Mail Tribune\""},{"Link":"http://archive.mailtribune.com/archive/2000/july/072500n2.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cityofeaglepoint.org/","external_links_name":"City of Eagle Point official website"},{"Link":"https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/Pages/local/cities/e-k/eagle-point.aspx","external_links_name":"Entry for Eagle Point"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/150146653","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567040405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84112567","external_links_name":"United States"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Consent_Act,_1891
|
Age of Consent Act, 1891
|
["1 Support","2 Opposition","3 Notes","4 References"]
|
Legislation enacted in British India
The Indian Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1891Imperial Legislative Council
Long title
An Act to amend the Indian Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure,1882.
Enacted byImperial Legislative CouncilEnacted19 March 1891Repealed26 January 1950Legislative historyBill titleIndian Penal Code and Code of Criminal Procedure, 1882 amendment billIntroduced bySir Andrew ScobleIntroduced9 January 1891Second readingMarch, 1891Repealed byAct 1 of 1938Status: Repealed
The Age of Consent Act, 1891, also known as Act X of 1891, was a legislation enacted in British India on 19 March 1891 which raised the age of consent for sexual intercourse for all girls, married or unmarried, from ten to twelve years in all jurisdictions, its violation subject to criminal prosecution as rape. The act was an amendment of the Indian Penal Code and Code of Criminal Procedure, Section 375, 1882, ("Of Rape"), and was introduced as a bill on 9 January 1891 by Sir Andrew Scoble in the Legislative Council of the Governor-General of India in Calcutta. It was debated the same day and opposed by council member Sir Romesh Chunder Mitter (from Bengal) on the grounds that it interfered with orthodox Hindu code, but supported by council member Rao Bahadur Krishnaji Lakshman Nulkar (from Bombay) and by the President of the council, the Governor-General and Viceroy Lord Lansdowne.
While an 1887 case in a Bombay high court of a child-bride Rukhmabai renewed discussion of such a law, it was the death of an eleven-year-old Bengali girl Phulmoni Dasi due to forceful intercourse by her 35-year-old husband in 1889 that drove intervention by the British. The act was passed in 1891. It received support from Indian reformers such as Behramji Malabari and women social organisations. The law was never seriously enforced and it is argued that the real effect of the law was reassertion of Hindu patriarchal control over domestic issues as a nationalistic cause.
In 1884, Rukhmabai, a 20-year-old woman was taken to Bombay high court by her husband Bhikaji after she refused to live with him. Having married him at the age of 11 years, never having consummated the marriage and having lived separately for nearly 8 years she refused to move back with him. She was ordered by the court to live with her husband or face a six month imprisonment. She refused to comply and the rising costs of the trial forced Bhikaji to withdraw the case in July 1888 upon a settlement of 2000 rupees. This trial was one of the precursors for the passage of this legislation.
In 1889, the death of an 11-year-old Bengali girl Phulmoni Dasi after being brutally raped by her 35-year-old husband Hari Mohan Maitee served as a catalyst for its legislation. Hari Mohan Maitee was acquitted on charges of rape, but found guilty on causing death inadvertently by a rash and negligent act.
A committee consisting of influential British and Anglo-Indian statesmen established in London had submitted recommendations to the colonial government including the change in age of consent. The law was signed on 19 March 1891 by the government of Lord Lansdowne raising the age of consent for consummation from ten to twelve years.
Support
Main articles: Rukhmabai and Phulmoni Dasi rape case
Behramji Malabari, a Parsi reformer and a journalist from Bombay advocated for this legislation. He published his messages in "Notes on Infant marriage and enforced widowhood" in 1884. Although a Parsi, he claimed to be as critical of Hindu customs and domestic practices as the British.
Though women were not consulted for determining the effect of child-marriage, women in Bombay presidency including Rukhmabai and Pandita Ramabai made a cogent case for the ban on child-marriage in their magazines and social reform organisations. Anandi Gopal Joshi, a Marathi woman who also happened to be the first female medical doctor in India advocated interference of the British Government in child marriage.
Opposition
The Bill was opposed by many orthodox leaders who believed it as an interference in the Hindu religion. Bal Gangadhar Tilak opposed the bill stating: We would not like that the government should have anything to do with regulating our social customs or ways of living, even supposing that the act of government will be a very beneficial and suitable measure.
The Bill was also opposed by revivalist nationalists who were against any colonial interference.
Notes
^ For text of the Act, see: Cranenburgh, D. E. (1894). Unrepealed Acts of the Governor-General in Council, Volume III, Containing acts from 1883 to 1893. Calcutta: Law Publishing Press. p. 864.
^ For the text of the amended section 375, see Agnew, William Fischer (1898). The Indian penal code: and other acts of the Governor-general relating to offences, with notes. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink, Co. p. 212.
^ For the abstract of the debate, see: Imperial Legislative Council, India (1892). Abstract of the proceedings of the Council of the Governor-General of India assembled for the purpose of making laws and regulations. Calcutta: Office of the Supt. of Govt. Print., India. pp. 8–27.
References
^ Sinha, Mrinalini (1995). Colonial masculinity: the 'manly Englishman' and the' effeminate Bengali' in the late nineteenth century. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-7190-4653-7.
^ a b Heimsath, Charles H. (1962), "The Origin and Enactment of the Indian Age of Consent Bill, 1891", Journal of Asian Studies, 21 (4): 491–504, doi:10.1017/s0021911800112653, JSTOR 2050879, pages 502–503.
^ Mrinalini Sinha (1995). Colonial masculinity: the 'manly Englishman' and the' effeminate Bengali' in the late nineteenth century. Manchester University Press ND. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-7190-4653-7.
^ a b Sarkar, Tanika. "A Prehistory of Rights: The Age of Consent Debate in Colonial Bengal, Feminist Studies." 2000.
^ a b Van der Veer, Peter. Imperial Encounters: Religion and Modernity in India and Britain. Princeton, 2001. 96. (Google book search)
^ a b Chandra, Sudhir (1996). "Rukhmabai: Debate over Woman's Right to Her Person". Economic and Political Weekly. 31 (44): 2937–2947. JSTOR 4404742.
^ a b Bandyopādhyāẏa, Śekhara. From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India. Orient Blackswan, 2004. 237-238. ISBN 81-250-2596-0 (Google book search)
^ Burton, Antoinette (1999). "Conjugality on Trial: the Rukhmabai Case and the Debate on Indian child-marriage in late-Victorian Britain". In Robb, George; Erber, Nancy (eds.). Disorder in the Court. Trials and Sexual Conflict at the Turn of the Century. Macmillan Press. pp. 33–56.
^ a b George Robb and Nancy Erber, eds. Disorder in the Court: Trials and Sexual Conflict at the Turn of the Century. New York University Press, 1999. 33-35. ISBN 0-8147-7526-8
^ Majumdar, Rochona. "Silent no longer." India Today 26 October 2007.
^ Karkarjkia, Rustomji Pestonji. India: Forty Years of Progress and Reform, Being a Sketch of the Life and Times of Behramji M. Malabari. H. Frowde, 1896. 128. (Google book search)
^ "Lokmaya Tilak (1856 - 1920): He proclaimed self-rule as birth right". The Hindu. 26 May 2003. Archived from the original on 10 July 2003. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
^ Mohammad Shabbir Khan (1992). Tilak and Gokhale: A Comparative Study of Their Socio-politico-economic Programmes of Reconstruction. APH Publishing. p. 36. ISBN 978-81-7024-478-3.
^ Meera Kosambi (1991). "Girl-Brides and Socio-Legal Change: Age of Consent Bill (1891) Controversy". Economic and Political Weekly. 26 (31/32): 1857–1868. JSTOR 41498538.
^ Werner Menski (2008). Hindu Law: Beyond Tradition and Modernity. OUP India. p. 471. ISBN 978-0-19-908803-4.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India"},{"link_name":"age of consent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_consent"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinha1995-1"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[nb 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Andrew Scoble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Scoble"},{"link_name":"Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"Governor-General of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_India"},{"link_name":"Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heimsath1962-4"},{"link_name":"Romesh Chunder Mitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romesh_Chunder_Mitter"},{"link_name":"Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Presidency"},{"link_name":"Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_Presidency"},{"link_name":"Lord Lansdowne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heimsath1962-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinha1995-p146-5"},{"link_name":"[nb 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay"},{"link_name":"Rukhmabai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukhmabai"},{"link_name":"Phulmoni Dasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phulmoni_Dasi_rape_case"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sarkar-7"},{"link_name":"Behramji Malabari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behramji_Malabari"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-veer-8"},{"link_name":"consummated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consummation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sudhirchandra1-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plassey-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-disorder-12"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_people"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-veer-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-silent-13"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sarkar-7"},{"link_name":"Lord Lansdowne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne"},{"link_name":"age of consent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_consent"},{"link_name":"consummation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consummate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plassey-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-malabari-14"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sudhirchandra1-9"}],"text":"The Age of Consent Act, 1891, also known as Act X of 1891, was a legislation enacted in British India on 19 March 1891 which raised the age of consent for sexual intercourse for all girls, married or unmarried, from ten to twelve years in all jurisdictions, its violation subject to criminal prosecution as rape.[1][nb 1] The act was an amendment of the Indian Penal Code and Code of Criminal Procedure, Section 375, 1882, (\"Of Rape\"),[nb 2] and was introduced as a bill on 9 January 1891 by Sir Andrew Scoble in the Legislative Council of the Governor-General of India in Calcutta.[2] It was debated the same day and opposed by council member Sir Romesh Chunder Mitter (from Bengal) on the grounds that it interfered with orthodox Hindu code, but supported by council member Rao Bahadur Krishnaji Lakshman Nulkar (from Bombay) and by the President of the council, the Governor-General and Viceroy Lord Lansdowne.[2][3][nb 3]While an 1887 case in a Bombay high court of a child-bride Rukhmabai renewed discussion of such a law, it was the death of an eleven-year-old Bengali girl Phulmoni Dasi due to forceful intercourse by her 35-year-old husband in 1889 that drove intervention by the British.[4] The act was passed in 1891. It received support from Indian reformers such as Behramji Malabari and women social organisations. The law was never seriously enforced and it is argued that the real effect of the law was reassertion of Hindu patriarchal control over domestic issues as a nationalistic cause.[5]In 1884, Rukhmabai, a 20-year-old woman was taken to Bombay high court by her husband Bhikaji after she refused to live with him. Having married him at the age of 11 years, never having consummated the marriage and having lived separately for nearly 8 years she refused to move back with him. She was ordered by the court to live with her husband or face a six month imprisonment. She refused to comply and the rising costs of the trial forced Bhikaji to withdraw the case in July 1888 upon a settlement of 2000 rupees.[6][7][8] This trial was one of the precursors for the passage of this legislation.[9]In 1889, the death of an 11-year-old Bengali girl Phulmoni Dasi after being brutally raped by her 35-year-old husband Hari Mohan Maitee served as a catalyst for its legislation.[5][10] Hari Mohan Maitee was acquitted on charges of rape, but found guilty on causing death inadvertently by a rash and negligent act.[4]A committee consisting of influential British and Anglo-Indian statesmen established in London had submitted recommendations to the colonial government including the change in age of consent. The law was signed on 19 March 1891 by the government of Lord Lansdowne raising the age of consent for consummation from ten to twelve years.[7][11][6]","title":"Age of Consent Act, 1891"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Behramji Malabari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behramji_Malabari"},{"link_name":"Parsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsi"},{"link_name":"Pandita Ramabai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai"},{"link_name":"Anandi Gopal Joshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandi_Gopal_Joshi"},{"link_name":"Marathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_people"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-disorder-12"}],"text":"Behramji Malabari, a Parsi reformer and a journalist from Bombay advocated for this legislation. He published his messages in \"Notes on Infant marriage and enforced widowhood\" in 1884. Although a Parsi, he claimed to be as critical of Hindu customs and domestic practices as the British.Though women were not consulted for determining the effect of child-marriage, women in Bombay presidency including Rukhmabai and Pandita Ramabai made a cogent case for the ban on child-marriage in their magazines and social reform organisations. Anandi Gopal Joshi, a Marathi woman who also happened to be the first female medical doctor in India advocated interference of the British Government in child marriage.[9]","title":"Support"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu"},{"link_name":"Bal Gangadhar Tilak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khan1992-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Menski2008-18"}],"text":"The Bill was opposed by many orthodox leaders who believed it as an interference in the Hindu religion. Bal Gangadhar Tilak opposed the bill stating:We would not like that the government should have anything to do with regulating our social customs or ways of living, even supposing that the act of government will be a very beneficial and suitable measure.[12][13][14]The Bill was also opposed by revivalist nationalists who were against any colonial interference.[15]","title":"Opposition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Unrepealed Acts of the Governor-General in Council, Volume III, Containing acts from 1883 to 1893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=1FESAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA864"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"The Indian penal code: and other acts of the Governor-general relating to offences, with notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=9u8SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA212"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Abstract of the proceedings of the Council of the Governor-General of India assembled for the purpose of making laws and regulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=1IAZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8"}],"text":"^ For text of the Act, see: Cranenburgh, D. E. (1894). Unrepealed Acts of the Governor-General in Council, Volume III, Containing acts from 1883 to 1893. Calcutta: Law Publishing Press. p. 864.\n\n^ For the text of the amended section 375, see Agnew, William Fischer (1898). The Indian penal code: and other acts of the Governor-general relating to offences, with notes. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink, Co. p. 212.\n\n^ For the abstract of the debate, see: Imperial Legislative Council, India (1892). Abstract of the proceedings of the Council of the Governor-General of India assembled for the purpose of making laws and regulations. Calcutta: Office of the Supt. of Govt. Print., India. pp. 8–27.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Cranenburgh, D. E. (1894). Unrepealed Acts of the Governor-General in Council, Volume III, Containing acts from 1883 to 1893. Calcutta: Law Publishing Press. p. 864.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1FESAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA864","url_text":"Unrepealed Acts of the Governor-General in Council, Volume III, Containing acts from 1883 to 1893"}]},{"reference":"Agnew, William Fischer (1898). The Indian penal code: and other acts of the Governor-general relating to offences, with notes. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink, Co. p. 212.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9u8SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA212","url_text":"The Indian penal code: and other acts of the Governor-general relating to offences, with notes"}]},{"reference":"Imperial Legislative Council, India (1892). Abstract of the proceedings of the Council of the Governor-General of India assembled for the purpose of making laws and regulations. Calcutta: Office of the Supt. of Govt. Print., India. pp. 8–27.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1IAZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8","url_text":"Abstract of the proceedings of the Council of the Governor-General of India assembled for the purpose of making laws and regulations"}]},{"reference":"Sinha, Mrinalini (1995). Colonial masculinity: the 'manly Englishman' and the' effeminate Bengali' in the late nineteenth century. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-7190-4653-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8RQNAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA138","url_text":"Colonial masculinity: the 'manly Englishman' and the' effeminate Bengali' in the late nineteenth century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4653-7","url_text":"978-0-7190-4653-7"}]},{"reference":"Heimsath, Charles H. (1962), \"The Origin and Enactment of the Indian Age of Consent Bill, 1891\", Journal of Asian Studies, 21 (4): 491–504, doi:10.1017/s0021911800112653, JSTOR 2050879","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021911800112653","url_text":"10.1017/s0021911800112653"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2050879","url_text":"2050879"}]},{"reference":"Mrinalini Sinha (1995). Colonial masculinity: the 'manly Englishman' and the' effeminate Bengali' in the late nineteenth century. Manchester University Press ND. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-7190-4653-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8RQNAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA146","url_text":"Colonial masculinity: the 'manly Englishman' and the' effeminate Bengali' in the late nineteenth century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4653-7","url_text":"978-0-7190-4653-7"}]},{"reference":"Chandra, Sudhir (1996). \"Rukhmabai: Debate over Woman's Right to Her Person\". Economic and Political Weekly. 31 (44): 2937–2947. JSTOR 4404742.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4404742","url_text":"4404742"}]},{"reference":"Burton, Antoinette (1999). \"Conjugality on Trial: the Rukhmabai Case and the Debate on Indian child-marriage in late-Victorian Britain\". In Robb, George; Erber, Nancy (eds.). Disorder in the Court. Trials and Sexual Conflict at the Turn of the Century. Macmillan Press. pp. 33–56.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Lokmaya Tilak (1856 - 1920): He proclaimed self-rule as birth right\". The Hindu. 26 May 2003. Archived from the original on 10 July 2003. Retrieved 20 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030710212458/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/05/26/stories/2003052601080200.htm","url_text":"\"Lokmaya Tilak (1856 - 1920): He proclaimed self-rule as birth right\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/05/26/stories/2003052601080200.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mohammad Shabbir Khan (1992). Tilak and Gokhale: A Comparative Study of Their Socio-politico-economic Programmes of Reconstruction. APH Publishing. p. 36. ISBN 978-81-7024-478-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=t3N7tT5kmOsC&pg=PA36","url_text":"Tilak and Gokhale: A Comparative Study of Their Socio-politico-economic Programmes of Reconstruction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7024-478-3","url_text":"978-81-7024-478-3"}]},{"reference":"Meera Kosambi (1991). \"Girl-Brides and Socio-Legal Change: Age of Consent Bill (1891) Controversy\". Economic and Political Weekly. 26 (31/32): 1857–1868. JSTOR 41498538.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meera_Kosambi","url_text":"Meera Kosambi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_and_Political_Weekly","url_text":"Economic and Political Weekly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41498538","url_text":"41498538"}]},{"reference":"Werner Menski (2008). Hindu Law: Beyond Tradition and Modernity. OUP India. p. 471. ISBN 978-0-19-908803-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-H8yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT471","url_text":"Hindu Law: Beyond Tradition and Modernity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-908803-4","url_text":"978-0-19-908803-4"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1FESAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA864","external_links_name":"Unrepealed Acts of the Governor-General in Council, Volume III, Containing acts from 1883 to 1893"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9u8SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA212","external_links_name":"The Indian penal code: and other acts of the Governor-general relating to offences, with notes"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1IAZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8","external_links_name":"Abstract of the proceedings of the Council of the Governor-General of India assembled for the purpose of making laws and regulations"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8RQNAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA138","external_links_name":"Colonial masculinity: the 'manly Englishman' and the' effeminate Bengali' in the late nineteenth century"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021911800112653","external_links_name":"10.1017/s0021911800112653"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2050879","external_links_name":"2050879"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8RQNAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA146","external_links_name":"Colonial masculinity: the 'manly Englishman' and the' effeminate Bengali' in the late nineteenth century"},{"Link":"http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-28757682_ITM","external_links_name":"A Prehistory of Rights: The Age of Consent Debate in Colonial Bengal, Feminist Studies"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vuOQkWMuWkYC&q=Imperial+Encounters+van+der+veer","external_links_name":"Google book search"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4404742","external_links_name":"4404742"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0oVra0ulQ3QC&q=From+Plassey+to+Partition","external_links_name":"Google book search"},{"Link":"http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?issueid=24&id=1659&option=com_content&task=view","external_links_name":"Silent no longer"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.213204","external_links_name":"Google book search"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030710212458/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/05/26/stories/2003052601080200.htm","external_links_name":"\"Lokmaya Tilak (1856 - 1920): He proclaimed self-rule as birth right\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/05/26/stories/2003052601080200.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=t3N7tT5kmOsC&pg=PA36","external_links_name":"Tilak and Gokhale: A Comparative Study of Their Socio-politico-economic Programmes of Reconstruction"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41498538","external_links_name":"41498538"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-H8yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT471","external_links_name":"Hindu Law: Beyond Tradition and Modernity"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Desert_State_Prison,_California
|
High Desert State Prison (California)
|
["1 Investigation","2 Notable inmates","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 40°24′30″N 120°30′50″W / 40.4084°N 120.5139°W / 40.4084; -120.5139For the Nevada prison, see High Desert State Prison (Nevada).
This article's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2009)
High Desert State Prison (HDSP) Aerial ViewLocationSusanville, CaliforniaCoordinates40°24′30″N 120°30′50″W / 40.4084°N 120.5139°W / 40.4084; -120.5139StatusOperationalSecurity classMaximum-SupermaxCapacity2,324Population2,083 (89.6% capacity) (as of January 31, 2023)OpenedAugust 1995Managed byCalifornia Department of Corrections and RehabilitationWardenFred Foulk
High Desert State Prison (HDSP) is a high-security state prison that houses level IV inmates located in Leavitt, Lassen County, California. Opened in 1995, it has a capacity of 2,324 persons.
As of July 31, 2022, High Desert was incarcerating people at 78.4% of its design capacity, with 1,823 occupants.
Also located in Lassen County is the state California Correctional Center, a minimum-security prison. A third prison facility, the Federal Correctional Institution, Herlong, is also located within Lassen County, California. Half the adult population of nearby Susanville works at these prisons. The prisons and their effects on the community, including as a source of much needed jobs, were explored in the documentary Prison Town, USA (2007), aired on PBS.
Investigation
Location of Susanville within Lassen County, and Lassen County within California
In late 2015 the state Office of the Inspector General completed a six-month investigation into conditions at the prison, after complaints of officer misconduct and prisoner abuse, and issued its report, calling for changes at the facility. Although there are buildings to house certain inmates in protective custody, such as sex offenders, officers put other prisoners near them. The prison has had a rapid turnover in top management for nearly a decade, with seven wardens in eight years. In their report investigators wrote there was a "perception of insularity and indifference to inmates" at High Desert, exacerbated by its remoteness and "a labor organization that opposes oversight to the point of actively discouraging members from coming forward with information that could … adversely affect another officer."
Notable inmates
Terry Peder Rasmussen, serial killer, died in the prison in 2010
Joe Son, actor in Austin Powers and convicted rapist
Joseph Fiorella, one of the rapists and murderers of Elyse Pahler
Kaalan Walker - Rapper and actor in the movie Superfly
References
^ "California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation: Monthly Report of Population As of Midnight January 31, 2023" (PDF). California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Division of Internal Oversight and Research. January 31, 2023. Retrieved September 21, 2023.
^ "Susanville city, California Archived 2012-10-20 at archive.today." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on September 25, 2011.
^ "High Desert State Prison." California Department of Corrections. Retrieved on September 25, 2011. "475-750 Rice Canyon Rd. Susanville, CA"
^ "California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation: Monthly Report of Population As of Midnight July 31, 2022" (PDF). California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Division of Internal Oversight and Research. July 31, 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 5, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
^ "Prison Town, USA". Making Contact. Season 11. Episode 31. 2008-07-30. {{cite episode}}: External link in |series= (help)
^ "State investigators cite culture of abuse, racism by High Desert State Prison guards", Paige St. John, LA Times, 16 December 2015; accessed 26 June 2016
^ Fountain, Matt (December 28, 2021). "22 years later, Arroyo Grande Teen's Family Still has Received No Money From Satanic Killers". Noozhawk.
^ "CDCR Public Inmate Locator Disclaimer".
External links
California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation Official website
Special Review: High Desert State Prison/ Susanville, CA, at Prison Legal News, December 2015, full text of Office of the Inspector General report online
vte California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation prisonsState prisons
Avenal State Prison (ASP)
California City Correctional Facility (CAC)
California Correctional Center (CCC)
California Correctional Institution (CCI)
California Health Care Facility (CHCF)
California Institution for Men (CIM)
California Institution for Women♀ (CIW)
California Medical Facility (CMF)
California Men's Colony (CMC)
California Rehabilitation Center (CRC)
California State Prison, Centinela (CEN)
California State Prison, Corcoran (COR)
California State Prison, Los Angeles County (LAC)
California State Prison, Sacramento (SAC)
California State Prison, Solano (SOL)
California Substance Abuse Treatment Facility and State Prison, Corcoran (SATF)
Calipatria State Prison (CAL)
Central California Women's Facility♀ (CCWF)
Chuckawalla Valley State Prison (CVSP)
Correctional Training Facility (CTF)
Deuel Vocational Institution (DVI)
Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility (RJD)
Folsom State Prison (FSP)♂♀
High Desert State Prison (HDSP)
Ironwood State Prison (ISP)
Kern Valley State Prison (KVSP)
Mule Creek State Prison (MCSP)
North Kern State Prison (NKSP)
Pelican Bay State Prison (PBSP)
Pleasant Valley State Prison (PVSP)
Salinas Valley State Prison (SVSP)
San Quentin State Prison (SQ)
Sierra Conservation Center (SCC)
Valley State Prison (VSP)
Wasco State Prison (WSP)
Private prisons
La Palma Correctional Facility (Corrections Corporation of America, Arizona)
Tallahatchie County Correctional Facility (CCA, Tennessee)
Golden State Medium Community Correctional Facility (GEO Group)
California City Correctional Center (CCA)
Closed (partial list)
Eagle Mountain Community Correctional Facility
Preston School of Industry
Above facilities are male-only unless noted by ♀(female) or ♂♀ (co-gender)
This article about a California building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a United States prison is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"High Desert State Prison (Nevada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Desert_State_Prison_(Nevada)"},{"link_name":"state prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_California_state_prisons"},{"link_name":"Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leavitt,_California"},{"link_name":"Lassen County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassen_County,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-july2022pop-4"},{"link_name":"California Correctional Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Correctional_Center"},{"link_name":"Federal Correctional Institution, Herlong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Correctional_Institution,_Herlong"},{"link_name":"Lassen County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassen_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Prison Town, USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_Town,_USA"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"For the Nevada prison, see High Desert State Prison (Nevada).High Desert State Prison (HDSP) is a high-security state prison that houses level IV inmates located in Leavitt, Lassen County, California.[2][3] Opened in 1995, it has a capacity of 2,324 persons.As of July 31, 2022, High Desert was incarcerating people at 78.4% of its design capacity, with 1,823 occupants.[4]Also located in Lassen County is the state California Correctional Center, a minimum-security prison. A third prison facility, the Federal Correctional Institution, Herlong, is also located within Lassen County, California. Half the adult population of nearby Susanville works at these prisons. The prisons and their effects on the community, including as a source of much needed jobs, were explored in the documentary Prison Town, USA (2007), aired on PBS.[5]","title":"High Desert State Prison (California)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lassen_County_California_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Susanville_Highlighted.svg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Location of Susanville within Lassen County, and Lassen County within CaliforniaIn late 2015 the state Office of the Inspector General completed a six-month investigation into conditions at the prison, after complaints of officer misconduct and prisoner abuse, and issued its report, calling for changes at the facility. Although there are buildings to house certain inmates in protective custody, such as sex offenders, officers put other prisoners near them. The prison has had a rapid turnover in top management for nearly a decade, with seven wardens in eight years. In their report investigators wrote there was a \"perception of insularity and indifference to inmates\" at High Desert, exacerbated by its remoteness and \"a labor organization that opposes oversight to the point of actively discouraging members from coming forward with information that could … adversely affect another officer.\"[6]","title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Terry Peder Rasmussen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Peder_Rasmussen"},{"link_name":"Joe Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Son"},{"link_name":"Austin Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Powers"},{"link_name":"Joseph Fiorella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Elyse_Pahler"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Superfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfly_(2018_film)"}],"text":"Terry Peder Rasmussen, serial killer, died in the prison in 2010\nJoe Son, actor in Austin Powers and convicted rapist\nJoseph Fiorella, one of the rapists and murderers of Elyse Pahler[7][8]\nKaalan Walker - Rapper and actor in the movie Superfly","title":"Notable inmates"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Location of Susanville within Lassen County, and Lassen County within California","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Lassen_County_California_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Susanville_Highlighted.svg/220px-Lassen_County_California_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Susanville_Highlighted.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation: Monthly Report of Population As of Midnight January 31, 2023\" (PDF). California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Division of Internal Oversight and Research. January 31, 2023. Retrieved September 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/research/wp-content/uploads/sites/174/2023/02/Tpop1d2301.pdf","url_text":"\"California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation: Monthly Report of Population As of Midnight January 31, 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation: Monthly Report of Population As of Midnight July 31, 2022\" (PDF). California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Division of Internal Oversight and Research. July 31, 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 5, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220905173616/https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/research/wp-content/uploads/sites/174/2022/08/Tpop4_d2207.pdf","url_text":"\"California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation: Monthly Report of Population As of Midnight July 31, 2022\""},{"url":"https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/research/wp-content/uploads/sites/174/2022/08/Tpop4_d2207.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Prison Town, USA\". Making Contact. Season 11. Episode 31. 2008-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radioproject.org/archive/2008/3108.html","url_text":"\"Prison Town, USA\""},{"url":"http://www.radioproject.org/","url_text":"Making Contact"}]},{"reference":"Fountain, Matt (December 28, 2021). \"22 years later, Arroyo Grande Teen's Family Still has Received No Money From Satanic Killers\". Noozhawk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.noozhawk.com/article/22_years_later_arroyo_grande_teens_family_received_no_money_satanic_killers?client=safari","url_text":"\"22 years later, Arroyo Grande Teen's Family Still has Received No Money From Satanic Killers\""}]},{"reference":"\"CDCR Public Inmate Locator Disclaimer\".","urls":[{"url":"https://inmatelocator.cdcr.ca.gov/Details.aspx?ID=K45229","url_text":"\"CDCR Public Inmate Locator Disclaimer\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=High_Desert_State_Prison_(California)¶ms=40.4084_N_120.5139_W_region:US-CA_type:landmark_source:wikimapia","external_links_name":"40°24′30″N 120°30′50″W / 40.4084°N 120.5139°W / 40.4084; -120.5139"},{"Link":"http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/visitors/images/aerialShots/HDSP_8x10.jpg","external_links_name":"Aerial View"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=High_Desert_State_Prison_(California)¶ms=40.4084_N_120.5139_W_region:US-CA_type:landmark_source:wikimapia","external_links_name":"40°24′30″N 120°30′50″W / 40.4084°N 120.5139°W / 40.4084; -120.5139"},{"Link":"https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/research/wp-content/uploads/sites/174/2023/02/Tpop1d2301.pdf","external_links_name":"\"California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation: Monthly Report of Population As of Midnight January 31, 2023\""},{"Link":"http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/MapItDrawServlet?geo_id=16000US0677364&_bucket_id=50&tree_id=420&context=saff&_lang=en&_sse=on","external_links_name":"Susanville city, California"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121020111724/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/MapItDrawServlet?geo_id=16000US0677364&_bucket_id=50&tree_id=420&context=saff&_lang=en&_sse=on","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Facilities_Locator/HDSP.html","external_links_name":"High Desert State Prison"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220905173616/https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/research/wp-content/uploads/sites/174/2022/08/Tpop4_d2207.pdf","external_links_name":"\"California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation: Monthly Report of Population As of Midnight July 31, 2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/research/wp-content/uploads/sites/174/2022/08/Tpop4_d2207.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.radioproject.org/archive/2008/3108.html","external_links_name":"\"Prison Town, USA\""},{"Link":"http://www.radioproject.org/","external_links_name":"Making Contact"},{"Link":"http://www.latimes.com/local/politics/la-pol-abuse-california-prison-20151216-story.html","external_links_name":"\"State investigators cite culture of abuse, racism by High Desert State Prison guards\""},{"Link":"https://www.noozhawk.com/article/22_years_later_arroyo_grande_teens_family_received_no_money_satanic_killers?client=safari","external_links_name":"\"22 years later, Arroyo Grande Teen's Family Still has Received No Money From Satanic Killers\""},{"Link":"https://inmatelocator.cdcr.ca.gov/Details.aspx?ID=K45229","external_links_name":"\"CDCR Public Inmate Locator Disclaimer\""},{"Link":"http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/","external_links_name":"California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/media/publications/Special%20Review%20-%20High%20Desert%20State%20Prison,%20Office%20of%20the%20Inspector%20General,%202015.pdf","external_links_name":"Special Review: High Desert State Prison/ Susanville, CA"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High_Desert_State_Prison_(California)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High_Desert_State_Prison_(California)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-3018
|
German submarine U-3018
|
["1 Design","2 Fate","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]
|
German World War II submarine
History
Nazi Germany
NameU-3018
Ordered6 November 1943
BuilderAG Weser, Bremen
Yard number1177
Laid down18 September 1944
Launched9 November 1944
Commissioned7 January 1945
FateScuttled on 2 May 1945
General characteristics
Class and typeType XXI submarine
Displacement
1,621 t (1,595 long tons) surfaced
1,819 t (1,790 long tons) submerged
Length
76.70 m (251 ft 8 in) (o/a)
60.50 m (198 ft 6 in) (p/h)
Beam
8 m (26 ft 3 in) (o/a)
5.3 m (17 ft 5 in) (p/h)
Height11.30 m (37 ft 1 in)
Draught6.32 m (20 ft 9 in)
Installed power
4,000 PS (2,900 kW; 3,900 shp) (diesel drive)
5,000 PS (3,700 kW; 4,900 shp) (standard electric drive)
226 PS (166 kW; 223 shp) (silent electric drive)
Propulsion
Diesel/Electric
2 × MAN M6V40/46KBB supercharged 6-cylinder diesel engines
2 × SSW GU365/30 double-acting electric motors
2 × SSW GV232/28 silent running electric motors
Speed
Surfaced:
15.6 knots (28.9 km/h; 18.0 mph) (diesel)
17.9 knots (33.2 km/h; 20.6 mph) (electric)
Submerged:
17.2 knots (31.9 km/h; 19.8 mph) (electric)
6.1 knots (11.3 km/h; 7.0 mph) (silent running motors)
Range
15,500 nmi (28,700 km; 17,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) surfaced
340 nmi (630 km; 390 mi) at 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph) submerged
Test depth280 m (920 ft)
Complement57–60 crewmen
Sensors and processing systems
Type F432 D2 Radar Transmitter
FuMB Ant 3 Bali Radar Detector
Armament
6 × bow torpedo tubes
23 × 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedoes or 17 × torpedoes and 12 × TMC mines
4 × 2 cm (0.8 in) AA guns or
4 × 3.7 cm (1.5 in) AA guns
Service record
Part of:
4th U-boat Flotilla
7 January – 2 May 1945
Identification codes:
M 49 924Commanders:
Oblt.z.S. Siegfried Breinlinger
7 January – 4 May 1945
Operations:
NoneVictories:
None
German submarine U-3018 was a Type XXI U-boat (one of the "Elektroboote") of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine, built for service in World War II. She was ordered on 6 November 1943, and was laid down on 18 September 1944 at AG Weser, Bremen as yard number 1177. She was launched on 9 November 1944, and commissioned under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Siegfried Breinlinger on 7 January 1945.
Design
Like all Type XXI U-boats, U-3018 had a displacement of 1,621 tonnes (1,595 long tons) when at the surface and 1,819 tonnes (1,790 long tons) while submerged. She had a total length of 76.70 m (251 ft 8 in) (o/a), a beam of 8 m (26 ft 3 in), and a draught of 6.32 m (20 ft 9 in). The submarine was powered by two MAN SE supercharged six-cylinder M6V40/46KBB diesel engines each providing 4,000 metric horsepower (2,900 kilowatts; 3,900 shaft horsepower), two Siemens-Schuckert GU365/30 double-acting electric motors each providing 5,000 PS (3,700 kW; 4,900 shp), and two Siemens-Schuckert silent running GV232/28 electric motors each providing 226 PS (166 kW; 223 shp).
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 15.6 knots (28.9 km/h; 18.0 mph) and a submerged speed of 17.2 knots (31.9 km/h; 19.8 mph). When running on silent motors the boat could operate at a speed of 6.1 knots (11.3 km/h; 7.0 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate at 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph) for 340 nautical miles (630 km; 390 mi); when surfaced, she could travel 15,500 nautical miles (28,700 km; 17,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). U-3018 was fitted with six 53.3 cm (21.0 in) torpedo tubes in the bow and four 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft guns. She could carry twenty-three torpedoes or seventeen torpedoes and twelve mines. The complement was five officers and fifty-two men.
Fate
U-3018 was scuttled on 2 May 1945, at Travemünde, as part of Operation Regenbogen. The wreck was later raised and broken up.
References
^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Siegfried Breinlinger". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
^ a b Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-3018". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
^ a b c d Gröner 1991, p. 85.
Bibliography
Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). German U-boat commanders of World War II : a biographical dictionary. Translated by Brooks, Geoffrey. London, Annapolis, Md: Greenhill Books, Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-186-6.
Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). Der U-Boot-Krieg, 1939-1945: Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945 (in German). Vol. IV. Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn: Mittler. ISBN 3-8132-0514-2.
Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels. German Warships 1815–1945. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-593-4.
External links
Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-3018". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
vteGerman Type XXI submarines
U-2501
U-2502
U-2503
U-2504
U-2505
U-2506
U-2507
U-2508
U-2509
U-2510
U-2511
U-2512
U-2513
U-2514
U-2515
U-2516
U-2517
U-2518
U-2519
U-2520
U-2521
U-2522
U-2523
U-2524
U-2525
U-2526
U-2527
U-2528
U-2529
U-2530
U-2531
U-2533
U-2534
U-2535
U-2536
U-2538
U-2539
U-2540
U-2541
U-2542
U-2543
U-2544
U-2545
U-2546
U-2548
U-2551
U-2552
U-3001
U-3002
U-3003
U-3004
U-3005
U-3006
U-3007
U-3008
U-3009
U-3010
U-3011
U-3012
U-3013
U-3014
U-3015
U-3016
U-3017
U-3018
U-3019
U-3020
U-3021
U-3022
U-3023
U-3024
U-3025
U-3026
U-3027
U-3028
U-3029
U-3030
U-3031
U-3032
U-3033
U-3034
U-3035
U-3037
U-3038
U-3039
U-3040
U-3041
U-3044
U-3501
U-3502
U-3503
U-3504
U-3505
U-3506
U-3507
U-3508
U-3509
U-3510
U-3511
U-3512
U-3513
U-3514
U-3515
U-3516
U-3517
U-3518
U-3519
U-3520
U-3521
U-3522
U-3523
U-3524
U-3525
U-3526
U-3527
U-3528
U-3529
U-3530
Preceded by: Type XVII
Followed by: Type XXIII
List of U-boats of Germany
vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in May 1945Shipwrecks
1 May: Argo, TA 43, U-3006, U-3009
2 May: Admiral Hipper, USS Thornton, U-8, U-14, U-60, U-61, U-62, U-71, U-72, U-120, U-121, U-137, U-139, U-140, U-141, U-142, U-146, U-148, U-151, U-152, U-316, U-552, U-554, U-612, U-717, U-929, U-1007, U-1308, U-2327, U-2359, U-2510, U-2526, U-2527, U-2528, U-2531, U-3002, U-3016, U-3018, U-3019, U-3020, U-3021, U-3504, U-3516, U-3517, U-3521, U-3522
3 May: Arcona, Cap Arcona, Deutschland, Emden, USS Lagarto, USS Little, USS LSM(R)-195, Medusa, Nordland, Schlesien, TA22, Thielbek, UA, UB, UD-1, UD-2, UD-3, UD-4, U-48, U-52, U-57, U-58, U-59, U-101, U-328, U-339, U-428, U-446, U-475, U-560, U-704, U-708, U-747, U-748, U-795, U-822, U-828, U-876, U-903, U-922, U-924, U-958, U-1166, U-1170, U-1192, U-1196, U-1201, U-1205, U-1210, U-1227, U-1275, U-2330, U-2332, U-2355, U-2371, U-2501, U-2503, U-2504, U-2508, U-2512, U-2519, U-2520, U-2521, U-2524, U-2533, U-2534, U-2535, U-2536, U-2539, U-2543, U-2545, U-2546, U-2548, U-2552, U-3001, U-3005, U-3010, U-3011, U-3012, U-3013, U-3014, U-3023, U-3024, U-3025, U-3026, U-3027, U-3028, U-3029, U-3031, U-3032, U-3037, U-3038, U-3039, U-3040, U-3507, U-3509, U-3511, U-3513, U-3518, U-3525, U-3530, U-4705, U-4712, Z43
4 May: USS LSM(R)-190, USS LSM(R)-194, USS Luce, USS Morrison, Orion, USS PGM-17, U-30, U-46, U-267, U-393, U-711, U-721, U-792, U-793, U-904, U-1132, U-1161, U-1168, U-1303, U-1304, U-2338, U-2540, U-3033, U-3034, U-4709, U-4711
5 May: T36, U-17, U-38, U-236, U-290, U-349, U-351, U-370, U-397, U-534, U-579, U-733, U-746, U-750, U-794, U-827, U-999, U-1008, U-1016, U-1025, U-1056, U-1162, U-1193, U-1204, U-1207, U-1223, U-1234, U-1306, U-1405, U-2333, U-2339, U-2343, U-2346, U-2347, U-2349, U-2352, U-2357, U-2358, U-2360, U-2362, U-2364, U-2366, U-2367, U-2368, U-2369, U-2507, U-2517, U-2522, U-2525, U-2541, U-2544, U-2551, U-3015, U-3022, U-3044, U-3501, U-3510, U-3524, U-3526, U-3527, U-3528, U-3529, U-4701, U-4702, U-4703, U-4704, U-4707, U-4710
6 May: U-853, U-881, U-3523
7 May: Avondale Park, Sneland I, U-1407
8 May: U-37, U-320, U-382, U-2365, U-2538, U-3030, U-3503
16 May: Haguro, Hatsutaka, U-287
18 May: USS Longshaw
20 May: U-963
24 May: HM Motor Gun Boat 2007, U-979
25 May: USS Bates, USS LSM-135
28 May: USS Drexler
29 May: Tenryo Maru
31 May: I-361, Uzbekistan
Other incidents
3 May: USS Aaron Ward
4 May: HMS Formidable, USS Sangamon
9 May: USS England, USS Oberrender
11 May: USS Bunker Hill, USS Evans, USS Hugh W. Hadley
19 May: Kashima, HMS Terrapin
20 May: USS Chase, USS Thatcher
25 May: USS Barry, USS Spectacle, William B. Allison
26 May: USS PC-1603
29 May: USS Shubrick
31 May: Hebrides
Unknown date: Nymphe, U-1197
1944 1945 1946 April 1945 June 1945
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Type XXI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_XXI_submarine"},{"link_name":"U-boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat"},{"link_name":"Elektroboote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroboot"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Kriegsmarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegsmarine"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"laid down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel_laying"},{"link_name":"AG Weser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AG_Weser"},{"link_name":"Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_ship_launching"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"},{"link_name":"Oberleutnant zur See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberleutnant_zur_See"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uboat-2"}],"text":"German submarine U-3018 was a Type XXI U-boat (one of the \"Elektroboote\") of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine, built for service in World War II. She was ordered on 6 November 1943, and was laid down on 18 September 1944 at AG Weser, Bremen as yard number 1177. She was launched on 9 November 1944, and commissioned under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Siegfried Breinlinger on 7 January 1945.[2]","title":"German submarine U-3018"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Type XXI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_XXI_submarine"},{"link_name":"U-boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat"},{"link_name":"o/a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O/a"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%B6ner199185-3"},{"link_name":"MAN SE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAN_SE"},{"link_name":"metric horsepower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_horsepower"},{"link_name":"kilowatts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt"},{"link_name":"shaft horsepower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower#Shaft_horsepower"},{"link_name":"Siemens-Schuckert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens-Schuckert"},{"link_name":"double-acting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor%E2%80%93generator"},{"link_name":"silent running","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_running_(submarine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%B6ner199185-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%B6ner199185-3"},{"link_name":"torpedo tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_tube"},{"link_name":"2 cm (0.79 in) C/30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_cm_FlaK_30"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare"},{"link_name":"torpedoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo"},{"link_name":"mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine"},{"link_name":"complement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship%27s_company"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%B6ner199185-3"}],"text":"Like all Type XXI U-boats, U-3018 had a displacement of 1,621 tonnes (1,595 long tons) when at the surface and 1,819 tonnes (1,790 long tons) while submerged. She had a total length of 76.70 m (251 ft 8 in) (o/a), a beam of 8 m (26 ft 3 in), and a draught of 6.32 m (20 ft 9 in).[3] The submarine was powered by two MAN SE supercharged six-cylinder M6V40/46KBB diesel engines each providing 4,000 metric horsepower (2,900 kilowatts; 3,900 shaft horsepower), two Siemens-Schuckert GU365/30 double-acting electric motors each providing 5,000 PS (3,700 kW; 4,900 shp), and two Siemens-Schuckert silent running GV232/28 electric motors each providing 226 PS (166 kW; 223 shp).[3]The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 15.6 knots (28.9 km/h; 18.0 mph) and a submerged speed of 17.2 knots (31.9 km/h; 19.8 mph). When running on silent motors the boat could operate at a speed of 6.1 knots (11.3 km/h; 7.0 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate at 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph) for 340 nautical miles (630 km; 390 mi); when surfaced, she could travel 15,500 nautical miles (28,700 km; 17,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph).[3] U-3018 was fitted with six 53.3 cm (21.0 in) torpedo tubes in the bow and four 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft guns. She could carry twenty-three torpedoes or seventeen torpedoes and twelve mines. The complement was five officers and fifty-two men.[3]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scuttled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuttling"},{"link_name":"Travemünde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travem%C3%BCnde"},{"link_name":"Operation Regenbogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Regenbogen_(U-boat)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uboat-2"}],"text":"U-3018 was scuttled on 2 May 1945, at Travemünde, as part of Operation Regenbogen. The wreck was later raised and broken up.[2]","title":"Fate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-55750-186-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-186-6"},{"link_name":"Der U-Boot-Krieg, 1939-1945: Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/Der_U_Boot_Krieg_1939_1945_Deutsche_U_Bo/vXKwAAAAIAAJ?hl=en"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-8132-0514-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8132-0514-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85177-593-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-593-4"}],"text":"Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). German U-boat commanders of World War II : a biographical dictionary. Translated by Brooks, Geoffrey. London, Annapolis, Md: Greenhill Books, Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-186-6.\nBusch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). Der U-Boot-Krieg, 1939-1945: Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945 [German U-boat losses from September 1939 to May 1945] (in German). Vol. IV. Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn: Mittler. ISBN 3-8132-0514-2.\nGröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels. German Warships 1815–1945. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-593-4.","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Helgason, Guðmundur. \"Siegfried Breinlinger\". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 15 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://uboat.net/men/commanders/128.html","url_text":"\"Siegfried Breinlinger\""}]},{"reference":"Helgason, Guðmundur. \"U-3018\". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 15 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://uboat.net/boats/u3018.htm","url_text":"\"U-3018\""}]},{"reference":"Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). German U-boat commanders of World War II : a biographical dictionary. Translated by Brooks, Geoffrey. London, Annapolis, Md: Greenhill Books, Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-186-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-186-6","url_text":"1-55750-186-6"}]},{"reference":"Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). Der U-Boot-Krieg, 1939-1945: Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945 [German U-boat losses from September 1939 to May 1945] (in German). Vol. IV. Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn: Mittler. ISBN 3-8132-0514-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Der_U_Boot_Krieg_1939_1945_Deutsche_U_Bo/vXKwAAAAIAAJ?hl=en","url_text":"Der U-Boot-Krieg, 1939-1945: Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8132-0514-2","url_text":"3-8132-0514-2"}]},{"reference":"Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels. German Warships 1815–1945. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-593-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-593-4","url_text":"0-85177-593-4"}]},{"reference":"Helgason, Guðmundur. \"U-3018\". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 15 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://uboat.net/boats/u3018.htm","url_text":"\"U-3018\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://uboat.net/men/commanders/128.html","external_links_name":"\"Siegfried Breinlinger\""},{"Link":"http://uboat.net/boats/u3018.htm","external_links_name":"\"U-3018\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Der_U_Boot_Krieg_1939_1945_Deutsche_U_Bo/vXKwAAAAIAAJ?hl=en","external_links_name":"Der U-Boot-Krieg, 1939-1945: Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945"},{"Link":"http://uboat.net/boats/u3018.htm","external_links_name":"\"U-3018\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_shot_(film)
|
One-shot film
|
["1 Use and theory","2 History","3 Notable examples","3.1 Actual \"one shot\"","3.2 Edited to appear as \"one shot\"","4 See also","5 References"]
|
Film genre
"One Take" redirects here. For the Lil Tjay song, see One Take (song). For the 2020 documentary film about BNK48, see One Take (film).
A one-shot film (also one-take film, single-take film, continuous shot feature film) is a full-length movie filmed in one long take by a single camera, or manufactured to give the impression it was.
Use and theory
In a 2019 article, discussing the award-winning film 1917 (2019), Eric Grode of The New York Times wrote that very long takes were becoming popular in more mainstream films "as a sobering reminder of temporality, a virtuosic calling card, a self-issued challenge or all of the above", also citing the Academy Award-winner from several years prior, Birdman (2014).
History
Grode notes that before such films as 1917 and Birdman, the idea of experimenting with long uninterrupted takes had a history of over 80 years, with Alfred Hitchcock being a pioneer. Aside from early experiments like Young and Innocent and Notorious, the most famous early example of a film that extensively uses long takes is the 1948 Rope, which was shot in mainly seven-to-ten–minute continuous takes (the physical limit of film stock at the time) that appear as four long takes of around 15 to 20 minutes each, close to the maximum length allowed by the cinema projectors of the time. Reportedly, James Stewart, star of Rope, did not like the long takes and apparently muttered on set that the cameras were more important than the actors. Hitchcock intended to shoot the film as if it were a play, and timed five of the ten segments to allow for hidden edits behind furniture; elaborate camera and actor choreography was used. He wrote Rope this way because he felt "if time passed between cuts, the suspense of whether the body was still in the trunk would be lost".
Grode also examines the 1958 film Touch of Evil as an example, though only its three-minute opening sequence is shot in real time. However, the use of a real time ticking bomb through the single shot is seen as a standard.
Although animated films are not included in a list of one-shot films, The Wolf House (2018) is a deconstructed example of (stop-motion) animated film that presented in a form of single, unbroken shot sequence.
Notable examples
Actual "one shot"
Year
Title
Length
Director
Nationality
Ref.
1982
Macbeth
57 min. (longest shot)
Béla Tarr
Hungary
1998
Big Monday
74 min.
Michael Rehfield
United States
2000
Timecode
97 min.
Mike Figgis
United States
2002
Russian Ark
96 min.
Alexander Sokurov
Russia
2003
Sábado
65 min.
Matías Bize
Chile
2007
Alternation
11 min
Mehdi Fard Ghaderi
Iran
2007
PVC-1
85 min.
Spiros Stathoulopoulos
Colombia
2008
Still Orangutans'
81 min.
Gustavo Spolidero
Brazil
2011
Reversing Circles
21 min.
Mehdi Fard Ghaderi
Iran
2013
Rati Chakravyuh
102 min.
Ashish Avikunthak
India
2013
Fish & Cat
134 min.
Shahram Mokri
Iran
2013
El triste olor de la carne
87 min.
Cristóbal Arteaga
Spain
2013
Ana Arabia
85 min.
Amos Gitai
Israel
2013
Somebody Marry Me
98 min.
John Asher
United States
2013
Daikuko
98 min.
Mitani Koki
Japan
2014
Agadam
123 min.
Mohamad Issack
India
2015
Victoria
140 min.
Sebastian Schipper
Germany
2015
Anino sa likod ng buwan
120 min.
Jun Lana
Philippines
2015
The Story Of A Rainy Night
24 min
Mehdi Fard Ghaderi
Iran
2015
Daksha
142 min.
S. Narayan
India
2016
Paint Drying
607 min.
Charlie Shackleton
United Kingdom
2016
Eight
81 min.
Peter Blackburn
Australia
2016
Immortality
145 min.
Mehdi Fard Ghaderi
Iran
2016
King Dave
99 min.
Podz
Canada
2017
Fourplay
77 min.
Dean Ronalds
United States
2017
The Wedding Party
119 min.
Thane Economou
United States
2017
One Shot-Fear Without Cut
140 min.
Haroon Rashid
India
2017
One Cut of the Dead
37 min. (longest shot)
Shin'ichirō Ueda
Japan
2017
Watch The Sunset
83 min.
Tristan Barr & Michael Gosden
Australia
2017
Lost in London
103 min.
Woody Harrelson
United Kingdom
2018
Heegondhu Dina
106.11 min
Vikram Yoganand
India
2018
The Silent Pasture of Sparrows
20 min.
Qmars Mootab
United States
2018
Utøya: July 22
90 min.
Erik Poppe
Norway
2018
Blind Spot
98 min.
Tuva Novotny
Norway
2018
Jaalo
101 min
Araaj Keshav Giri
Nepal
2018
Tatort: Die Musik stirbt zuletzt
88 min.
Dani Levy
Switzerland
2018
A Boy. A Girl. A Dream: Love on Election Night
89 min.
Qasim Basir
United States
2019
El Amor No Puede Esperar (Love Can't Wait)
76 min.
Juan Carlos Carrasco
Mexico
2019
Last Call
77 min.
Gavin Michael Booth
Canada
2019
Shonibar Bikel
83 min
Mostofa Sarwar Farooki
Bangladesh
2020
Limbo
89 min.
Tim Dünschede
Germany
2020
Let's Scare Julie
83 min.
Jud Cremata
United States
2021
Santhoshathinte Onnam Rahasyam
85 min.
Don Palathara
India
2021
Rendez-Vous
105 min.
Pablo Olmos Arrayales
Mexico
2021
Roaring 20's
85 min.
Elisabeth Vogler
France
2021
Boiling Point
94 min.
Philip Barantini
United Kingdom
2021
Causalidad
115 min.
Who (Marcelo Politano)
Argentina
2022
Iravin Nizhal
98 min
R. Parthiban
India
2022
Medusa Deluxe
100 min.
Thomas Hardiman
United Kingdom
2022
Yuddha Kaandam
90 min
Bose Venkat
India
2023
Tales from the Neighborhood Café
41 min.
Al Hallak
United States
2023
The Night Inside
23 min
Antonio Cuesta
Spain
^ One five-minute shot and the film's opening credits precede the film's 57 minute main shot.
Edited to appear as "one shot"
Year
Title
Length
Director
Nationality
Notes
Ref.
1964
Empire
485 min.
Andy Warhol
United States
2002
Irréversible
92 min.
Gaspar Noe
France
An experimental film combines with one-shot and reverse order.
2010
The Silent House
86 min.
Gustavo Hernández
Uruguay
2011
Silent House
87 min.
Chris Kentis, Laura Lau
United States
2014
Birdman
119 minutes
Alejandro González Iñárritu
United States
2019
1917
118 min.
Sam Mendes
United Kingdom
Actually edited to appear as two shots, with the camera cutting to black as the protagonist gets knocked out half-way.
2020
Beyond the Infinite Two Minutes
70 min.
Junta Yamaguchi
Japan
2021
One Shot
97 min.
James Nunn
United Kingdom
2023
Shttl
114 min.
Ady Walter
Ukraine
See also
Digital cinema
Digital cinematography
List of films shot on digital video prior to 2015
List of one-shot music videos
Still image film
References
^ "Best one shot (one-take) movies". FEENTA. 2016-09-25. Retrieved 2018-03-21.
^ a b c d Grode, Eric (December 25, 2019). "1917 Isn't the First (Supposedly) One-Shot Film. Here's a Timeline". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
^ Bordwell, David (2008). Poetics of Cinema. New York: Routledge. pp. 32–36. ISBN 9780415977791.
^ "'1917' and 12 Other 'One-Shot' Movies, From 'Timecode' to 'Birdman' (Photos)". TheWrap. 2019-12-23. Retrieved 2020-06-24.
^ "Ten Rules for Animating The Wolf House". walkerart.org. Retrieved 2023-04-30.
^ Jutton, Lee (2020-05-13). "THE WOLF HOUSE: A Delightfully Disturbing Fairy Tale". Film Inquiry. Retrieved 2023-04-30.
^ Kenny, Glenn (2020-05-14). "'The Wolf House' Review: A Different Kind of Quarantine". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-04-30.
^ "Bela Tarr: Macbeth (1982)". Can't Stop the Movies. 2010-08-03. Retrieved 2016-03-27.
^ Smith, Clay (1999-03-19). "Reflections". The Austin Chronicle. Austin. Retrieved 2019-10-13.
^ Williams, Richard (2000-08-11). "Once upon a Time Code". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2013-06-03.
^ Ward, Caleb (2014-04-22). "Behind the Scenes of the 96 Minute Shot, The Russian Ark". The Beat. PremiumBeat. Retrieved 2015-09-27.
^ "Sábado (2003)". cinechile.
^ Alternation ( تناوب ) by Mehdi Fard Ghaderi - Iran Drama Short Film | Viddsee. Retrieved 2024-05-07 – via www.viddsee.com.
^ Beale, Lewis (2008-07-15). "A movie shot in real time recalls Colombian nightmare". NY Daily News. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
^ Lowe, Justin (2008-11-12). "Still Orangutans". The Hollywood Reporter. AP. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
^ http://BestDeveloper.ir. "The Documentary And Experimental Film Center". defcapp.ir (in Persian). Retrieved 2024-06-19. {{cite web}}: External link in |last= (help)
^ Sorabjee, Deepika (2014-07-06). "Circling Time". ArtSlant. Retrieved 2015-10-07.
^ Simon, Alissa (2013-09-17). "Venice Film Review: 'Fish & Cat'". Variety. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
^ Dalton, Stephen (2013-07-10). "The Sad Smell of Flesh (El Triste Olor de la Carne): Karlovy Vary Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2016-01-12.
^ Lyttelton, Oliver (2013-09-09). "Venice Review: Amos Gitai's Shot-In-One-Take 'Ana Arabia'". IndieWire. Retrieved 2015-11-27.
^ "Malibu local completes film". The Malibu Times. 2013-06-13. Retrieved 2020-04-04.
^ "Mitani Koki to film another single-cut drama starring Takeuchi Yuko". Tokyo Hive. 2013-04-19. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
^ Jeshi, K. (2014-01-02). "A record start". The Hindu. Retrieved 2015-10-20.
^ Kohn, Eric (2015-02-16). "Adopt Films Picks Up One-Shot Heist Thriller 'Victoria'". IndieWire. Retrieved 2015-09-27.
^ "Shadow Behind the Moon". Five Flavours Film Festival. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
^ en.irna.ir https://en.irna.ir/news/81914357/Story-of-a-Rainy-Night-wins-San-Pedro-Filmfest. Retrieved 2024-05-07. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ "Duniya Vijay's 'Daksha' with S.Narayan". Sify Movies. 2014-04-07. Archived from the original on 2017-02-05. Retrieved 2017-02-21.
^ Loughrey, Clarisse (2016-01-26). "BBFC rates Paint Drying film 'U', after sitting through all 607 minutes". The Independent. Retrieved 2018-06-23.
^ Barry, Kristina (2014-03-28). "One shot wonders – how feature film Eight was made". The Creative Issue. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
^ "Rome Film Fest; Immortality, shot in a single take". Variety. 2016-10-03.
^ Kelly, Brendan (2016-07-11). "Podz's King Dave: One-shot film premières at Fantasia". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved 2017-06-10.
^ Scheck, Frank (2018-04-01). "'Fourplay': Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2020-04-01.
^ Chitwood, Adam (2017-05-16). "'The Wedding Party' Trailer Reveals Romantic Comedy Shot Entirely in One Take". Collider. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
^ Shukla, Richa (2017-01-02). "Haroon Rashid's film in Guinness World Records". The Times of India. Retrieved 2017-02-02.
^ Bradshaw, Peter (2019-01-04). "One Cut of the Dead review – zombie films get a shot in the arm". The Guardian. Retrieved 2021-08-30.
^ Cunningham, James (2017-03-01). "Australia's first single-take feature film, 'Watch the Sunset', with it's cinematographer Damien Lipp". Australian Cinematographer Magazine. Retrieved 2020-04-06.
^ McGovern, Joe (2016-12-06). "Woody Harrelson will make history with world's first-ever 'live cinema' movie". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2022-09-14.
^ "'Heegondhu Dina' review: This ambitious Kannada film deserves a watch for sheer audacity". 31 March 2018.
^ Buder, Emily (2018-01-24). "How a Sundance Film Pulled Off a 90-Minute Single Take". No Film School. Retrieved 2018-01-24.
^ Connolly, Kate (2018-02-19). "Utøya massacre re-enactment stuns Berlin audiences". The Guardian. Retrieved 2018-02-20.
^ Lodge, Guy (2018-10-03). "Film Review: 'Blind Spot'". Variety. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
^ "Nepali Movie – Jaalo (Guinness world record holder one-shot film) – Nepal & Nepali". 24 September 2018. Retrieved 2023-01-01.
^ Brachmann, Jan (2018-08-05). "Luzern hören und sterben". Faz.net. Retrieved 2020-02-26.
^ comparison between the Swiss and Standard German versions: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jRcsqnJeQZw
^ Buder, Emily (2018-01-24). "How a Sundance Film Pulled Off a 90-Minute Single Take". No Film School. Retrieved 2022-04-11.
^ Carrasco, Juan Carlos, Love Can't Wait (Comedy, Romance), retrieved 2021-03-21
^ Debruge, Peter (2020-09-18). "'Last Call' Review: A Split-Screen Stunt Obscures the Statement at the Center of This Suicidal Plea for Help". Variety. Retrieved 2023-08-03.
^ "Farooki's 'Shonibar Bikel' selected for Sydney Film Festival 2019". Dhaka Tribune. 10 May 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-05-21. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
^ Ortmann, Joana (2020-02-20). "Das ist das One-Shot-Experiment von fünf HFF-Absolventen". Bayerischer Rundfunk. Retrieved 2020-02-26.
^ "How Jud Cremata pulled off a one-shot thriller with 'Let's Scare Julie'". Screen International. 2020-05-07. Retrieved 2021-02-15.
^ "Let's Scare Julie". Film Seekers. 2020. Retrieved 2021-02-15.
^ "Don Palathara's next is Santhoshathinte Onnam Rahasyam". Cinema Express. 2020-10-19. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
^ "Thriller Shot in One Take 'Rendez-Vous' Due on VOD Feb. 12 From Level 33". MediaPlayNews. 2021-02-11. Retrieved 2021-02-15.
^ Keslassy, Elsa (April 21, 2021). "Tribeca-Bound, Paris-Set 'Roaring 20's'Acquired by Films Boutique (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
^ "Boiling Point". 55th Karlovy Vary IFF. Retrieved 2021-08-13.
^ "Amazon Prime Video premieres Causalidad, a film made entirely in sequence shot". Market Research Telecast. 2021-12-17. Retrieved 2022-01-29.
^ "A Single-Shot Film Of Phenomenal Power And Ambition". NDTV review. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
^ Lodge, Guy (7 August 2022). "'Medusa Deluxe' Review: One-Shot Hairdressing Murder Mystery Is an Elaborate, Backcombed Tease". Variety. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
^ "India's First Single Shot Action Movie 'YUDDHA KAANDAM ' Will Be An Internationally Recognised And Awards Winning Movie Which Will Create A Lot Of Sensations". industryhit review. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
^ Cranwell, Taylor (2023-06-20). "'Tales from the Neighborhood Cafe' Puts Alexandria's St. Elmo's Coffee Pub on the Movie Map". The Zebra. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
^ "La Noche Dentro - Film Distribution". LINE UP Film Agency. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
^ Ciampaglia, Dante A. (August 5, 2014). "Andy Warhol's Empire Turns 50". Architectural Record. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
^ Sterritt, David (2005). Guiltless Pleasures: A David Sterritt Film Reader. University Press of Mississippi. p. 184. ISBN 978-1-57806-780-0.
^ Renga, Dana (2013). Unfinished Business: Screening the Italian Mafia in the New Millennium. University of Toronto Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-4426-1558-8.
^ Gingold, Michael (May 11, 2019). "A Walk Through The Silent House with Director Gustavo Hernández". Fangoria. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
^ Thompson, Bob (March 8, 2012). "Elizabeth Olsen on Silent House and why she'll never co-star with Mary-Kate and Ashley". National Post. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012.
^ Siegel, Tatiana (December 26, 2019). "Making of '1917': How Sam Mendes Filmed a "Ticking Clock Thriller"". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
^ Balmont, James (3 December 2021). "Screen sensation: the single-shot thriller bringing time-travel into the Zoom era". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
^ Harvey, Dennis (November 5, 2021). "'One Shot' Review: Defending a High-Security U.S. Military Base in Gimmicky Single-Take Stunt". Variety. Retrieved November 6, 2021.
^ Tartaglione, Nancy (2021-09-01). "'SHTTL': Single-Shot Shoah Feature With Saul Rubinek Wraps In Ukraine; Sets To Be Maintained As Open-Air Museum". Deadline. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
vteCinematic techniquesLighting
Background
Cameo
Fill
Flood
High-key
Key
Lens flare
Low-key
Mood
Rembrandt
Stage
Soft
Sound
Diegetic
Non-diegetic
Narration
Film score
Sound effects
ShootingField size
Wide / Long / Full
American
Medium
Close-up
Italian
Two shot
Camera placement
Perspective
Over-the-shoulder
Point-of-view (POV)
Reverse
Trunk
Single / multiple-camera setup
Camera angle
Tilt
Aerial
High-angle
Bird's-eye
Crane shot
Jib shot
Low-angle
Worm's-eye view
Dutch angle
Camera movement
Unchained camera technique
Tilting
Panning
Whip pan
Hand-held
Shaky
Tracking
Dolly
Steadicam
SnorriCam
Walk and talk
Follow
Dolly zoom
Lens effects
Focus
Racking
Depth of field
Shallow
Deep
Zooming
Other techniques
Establishing shot
Master shot
B-roll
Freeze-frame shot
Long take
One-shot
Insert
vteSpecial effectsPractical
Aerial rigging (wire-flying)
Air bladder effect
Animatronics
Bullet hit squib
Costumed character
Creature suit
Dead-character costume
Kitbashing
Miniature effect (hanging)
Prosthetic makeup
Puppetry
Pyrotechnics
Matte painting
Sugar glass
Theatrical blood
In-camera
Bipacks
Bullet time
Dolly zoom
Forced perspective
Front projection
Infrared photography
Lens flares
Lighting effects
Multiple exposure
Filtration
Rear projection
Reverse motion
Schüfftan process
Shutter effects
Slit-scan
Tilted plane focus
Time-lapse
Fast motion
Slow motion
Speed ramping
Stop motion
Visual
Bullet time
Chroma key
Compositing (digital)
Computer-generated imagery
Go motion
Introvision
Match moving
Optical printing
Smallgantics
Split screen
Stop motion
vteFilm genresBy style
Action
Arthouse
Heroic bloodshed
Hong Kong action
Adventure
Survival
Art
Biographical
Christian
Comedy
Action
Black
Commedia all'italiana
Sexy
Bromantic
Dramedy
Gross out
Horror
Parody
Mo lei tau
Thriller
Remarriage
Romantic
Sex
Screwball
Silent
Slapstick
Cyberpunk
Japanese
Documentary
Animated
City symphony
Docudrama
Mockumentary
Mondo
Pseudo
Semi
Travel
Video essay
Drama
Calligrafismo
Dramedy
Historical
Legal
Melodrama
Korean
Erotic
Commedia sexy all'italiana
Pink
Sexploitation
Thriller
Educational
Social guidance
Epic
Sword-and-sandal
Experimental
Exploitation
see Exploitation film template
Fantasy
Comedy
Contemporary
Fantastique
High
Historical
Magic realism
Science
Film noir
Neo-noir
Pulp noir
Tech noir
Gothic
Romance
Southern
Space
Suburban
Urban
Horror
Arthouse
Body
Cannibal
Chinese horror
Christmas horror
Comedy
Eco
Fantastique
Found footage
German underground
Ghost
Giallo
Holiday
Japanese horror
Korean horror
Lovecraftian
Natural
New French Extremity
Psycho-biddy
Psychological
Religious
Science fiction
Slasher
Splatter
Satanic
Maximalist film
Minimalist film
Mumblecore
Musical
Arthouse
Backstage
Jukebox
Musicarello
Operetta
Sceneggiata
Mystery
Detective
Occult detective
Whodunit
Giallo
Pop culture fiction
Crossover
Pornographic
Hardcore pornography
Softcore pornography
(Malayalam)
Propaganda
Reality
Romantic
Comedy
Bromantic
Fantasy
Gothic
Paranormal
Thriller
Science fiction
Art
Comedy
Fantastique
Fantasy
Gothic
Horror
Military
New Wave
Planetary romance
Space opera
Steampunk
Tokusatsu
Western
Slice of life
Slow cinema
Thriller
Comedy
Erotic
Financial
Giallo
Legal
New French Extremity
Political
Psychological
Romantic
Techno
Transgressive
Cinema of Transgression
Extreme cinema
New French Extremity
Trick
By theme
Animals
Beach party
Body swap
Buddy
Buddy cop
Female
Cannibal
Chicano
Colonial
Coming-of-age
Concert
Crime
Detective
Gangster
Gentleman thief
Gokudō
Gong'an
Heist
Heroic bloodshed
Hood
Mafia
Mafia comedy
Mumbai underworld
Poliziotteschi
Yakuza
Dance
Disaster
Apocalyptic
Drug
Psychedelic
Stoner
Dystopian
Ecchi
Economic
Ethnographic
Exploitation
Blaxploitation
Mexploitation
Turksploitation
Extraterrestrial
Food and drink
Gendai-geki
Ghost
Goona-goona epic
Gothic
Romance
Space
Suburban
Girls with guns
Harem
Hentai
Lolicon
Shotacon
Tentacle erotica
Homeland
Isekai
Jidaigeki
Samurai
Kaitō
LGBT
Yaoi
Yuri
Luchador
Magical girl
Martial arts
Bruceploitation
Chopsocky
Gun fu
Kung fu
Ninja
Wuxia
Mecha
Anime
Monster
Giant monster
Kaiju
Mummy
Vampire
Zombie
Zombie comedy
Mountain
Mouth of Garbage
Muslim social
Nature
Environmental issues
Opera
Outlaw biker
Ozploitation
Partisan film
Prison
Women
Race
Rape and revenge
Road
Rubble
Rumberas
Sexploitation
Bavarian porn
Commedia sexy all'italiana
Mexican sex comedy
Nazi exploitation
Pornochanchada
Nunsploitation
Sex report
Shoshimin-eiga
Slavery
Slice of life
Snuff
South Seas
Sports
Spy
Eurospy
Superhero
Surfing
Swashbuckler
Sword-and-sandal
Sword and sorcery
Travel
Trial
Vigilante
War
Anti-war
Euro War
Submarine
Western
Acid
Contemporary Western
Dacoit Western
Fantasy
Florida
Horror
Meat pie
Northern
Ostern
Revisionist
Science fiction
Singing cowboy
Space
Spaghetti
Weird Western
Zapata Western
By movement or period
Absolute
American eccentric cinema
New Objectivity
Australian New Wave
Auteur films
Berlin School
Bourekas
Brighton School
British New Wave
Kitchen sink realism
Budapest school
Calligrafismo
Cannibal boom
Cinéma du look
Cinema Novo
Cinema of Transgression
Cinéma pur
Commedia all'italiana
Czechoslovak New Wave
Documentary Film Movement
Dogme 95
Erra Cinema
European art cinema
Film d'art
Film gris
Free Cinema
French New Wave
German Expressionist
German underground horror
Nigerian Golden Age
Grupo Cine Liberación
Heimatfilm
Hollywood on the Tiber
Hong Kong New Wave
Indiewood
Iranian New Wave
Italian futurist
Italian neorealist
Japanese New Wave
Kammerspielfilm
L.A. Rebellion
Lettrist
Modernist film
Mumblecore
Neorealist
New French Extremity
New German
New generation
New Hollywood
New Nollywood
New Queer
No wave
Nuevo Cine Mexicano
Pan-Indian film
Parallel cinema
Persian Film
Poetic realist
Polish Film School
Poliziotteschi
Praška filmska škola
Prussian film
Pure Film Movement
Remodernist
Romanian New Wave
Slow cinema
Spaghetti Western
Socialist realist
Social realist
Kitchen sink realism
Soviet parallel
Structural
Surrealist
Sword-and-sandal
Telefoni Bianchi
Third Cinema
Toronto New Wave
Vulgar auteurism
Yugoslav Black Wave
By demographic
Adult
Black
Children and family
Anime
Men
Seinen
Stag
Teen
Shōnen
Shōjo
Women
Chick flick
Josei
By format, technique, approach, or production
3D
Actuality
Animation
Anime
Art
Cartoon
Computer
Stop-motion
Traditional
Anthology
Art
B movie
Behind-the-scenes
Black-and-white
Blockbuster
Cinéma vérité
Classical Hollywood cinema
Collage
Color
Compilation
Composite
Computer screen
Cult
midnight movie
Database cinema
Docufiction
Ethnofiction
Experimental
Abstract
Feature
Featurette
Film à clef
Film-poem
Found footage
Grindhouse
Hyperlink cinema
Independent
Guerrilla filmmaking
List of American independent films
Interstitial art
Live action
animation
Low-budget
Major film studios
Masala
Maximalist film
Message picture
Meta-film
Minimalist film
Mockbuster
Modernist film
Musical short
Mythopoeia
Neorealist
No-budget
One-shot
Paracinema
Participatory
Poetry
Postmodernist
Reverse motion
Satire
Sceneggiata
Semidocumentary
Serial
Shinpa
Short
Silent
Slow cinema
Socialist realist
Sound
Underground
Video nasty
Vulgar auteurism
Z movie
Category
Portal
Portal: Film
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Take (song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Take_(song)"},{"link_name":"One Take (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Take_(film)"},{"link_name":"long take","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_take"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"}],"text":"\"One Take\" redirects here. For the Lil Tjay song, see One Take (song). For the 2020 documentary film about BNK48, see One Take (film).A one-shot film (also one-take film, single-take film, continuous shot feature film) is a full-length movie filmed in one long take by a single camera, or manufactured to give the impression it was.[1]","title":"One-shot film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Birdman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdman_(film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"In a 2019 article, discussing the award-winning film 1917 (2019), Eric Grode of The New York Times wrote that very long takes were becoming popular in more mainstream films \"as a sobering reminder of temporality, a virtuosic calling card, a self-issued challenge or all of the above\", also citing the Academy Award-winner from several years prior, Birdman (2014).[2]","title":"Use and theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"Young and Innocent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_and_Innocent"},{"link_name":"Notorious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notorious_(1946_film)"},{"link_name":"Rope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope_(film)"},{"link_name":"film stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_stock"},{"link_name":"long takes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_take"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"James Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stewart"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"choreography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blocking_(stage)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Touch of Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_of_Evil"},{"link_name":"real time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_time_(media)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"animated films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation"},{"link_name":"The Wolf House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wolf_House"},{"link_name":"stop-motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_motion"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Grode notes that before such films as 1917 and Birdman, the idea of experimenting with long uninterrupted takes had a history of over 80 years, with Alfred Hitchcock being a pioneer. Aside from early experiments like Young and Innocent and Notorious, the most famous early example of a film that extensively uses long takes is the 1948 Rope, which was shot in mainly seven-to-ten–minute continuous takes (the physical limit of film stock at the time) that appear as four long takes of around 15 to 20 minutes each, close to the maximum length allowed by the cinema projectors of the time.[3] Reportedly, James Stewart, star of Rope, did not like the long takes and apparently muttered on set that the cameras were more important than the actors.[2] Hitchcock intended to shoot the film as if it were a play, and timed five of the ten segments to allow for hidden edits behind furniture; elaborate camera and actor choreography was used. He wrote Rope this way because he felt \"if time passed between cuts, the suspense of whether the body was still in the trunk would be lost\".[4]Grode also examines the 1958 film Touch of Evil as an example, though only its three-minute opening sequence is shot in real time. However, the use of a real time ticking bomb through the single shot is seen as a standard.[2]Although animated films are not included in a list of one-shot films, The Wolf House (2018) is a deconstructed example of (stop-motion) animated film that presented in a form of single, unbroken shot sequence.[5][6][7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"}],"sub_title":"Actual \"one shot\"","text":"^ One five-minute shot and the film's opening credits precede the film's 57 minute main shot.","title":"Notable examples"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Edited to appear as \"one shot\"","title":"Notable examples"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Digital cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_cinema"},{"title":"Digital cinematography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_cinematography"},{"title":"List of films shot on digital video prior to 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_shot_on_digital_video_prior_to_2015"},{"title":"List of one-shot music videos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_one-shot_music_videos"},{"title":"Still image film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_image_film"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Best one shot (one-take) movies\". FEENTA. 2016-09-25. Retrieved 2018-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://feenta.com/best-one-shot-one-take-movies/","url_text":"\"Best one shot (one-take) movies\""}]},{"reference":"Grode, Eric (December 25, 2019). \"1917 Isn't the First (Supposedly) One-Shot Film. Here's a Timeline\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/25/movies/1917-single-take.html","url_text":"\"1917 Isn't the First (Supposedly) One-Shot Film. Here's a Timeline\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Bordwell, David (2008). Poetics of Cinema. New York: Routledge. pp. 32–36. ISBN 9780415977791.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415977791","url_text":"9780415977791"}]},{"reference":"\"'1917' and 12 Other 'One-Shot' Movies, From 'Timecode' to 'Birdman' (Photos)\". TheWrap. 2019-12-23. Retrieved 2020-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thewrap.com/1917-movies-accomplished-in-one-shot-from-timecode-to-birdman-photos/","url_text":"\"'1917' and 12 Other 'One-Shot' Movies, From 'Timecode' to 'Birdman' (Photos)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ten Rules for Animating The Wolf House\". walkerart.org. Retrieved 2023-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://walkerart.org/magazine/http:://walkerart.org/magazine/ten-rules-animating-the-wolf-house-cristobal-leon-and-joaquin-cocina","url_text":"\"Ten Rules for Animating The Wolf House\""}]},{"reference":"Jutton, Lee (2020-05-13). \"THE WOLF HOUSE: A Delightfully Disturbing Fairy Tale\". Film Inquiry. Retrieved 2023-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filminquiry.com/the-wolf-house-2018-review/","url_text":"\"THE WOLF HOUSE: A Delightfully Disturbing Fairy Tale\""}]},{"reference":"Kenny, Glenn (2020-05-14). \"'The Wolf House' Review: A Different Kind of Quarantine\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/14/movies/the-wolf-house-review.html","url_text":"\"'The Wolf House' Review: A Different Kind of Quarantine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Bela Tarr: Macbeth (1982)\". Can't Stop the Movies. 2010-08-03. Retrieved 2016-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cantstopthemovies.com/2010/08/bela-tarr-macbeth-1982/","url_text":"\"Bela Tarr: Macbeth (1982)\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Clay (1999-03-19). \"Reflections\". The Austin Chronicle. Austin. Retrieved 2019-10-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.austinchronicle.com/screens/1999-03-19/521609/","url_text":"\"Reflections\""}]},{"reference":"Williams, Richard (2000-08-11). \"Once upon a Time Code\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2013-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2000/aug/11/culture.features","url_text":"\"Once upon a Time Code\""}]},{"reference":"Ward, Caleb (2014-04-22). \"Behind the Scenes of the 96 Minute Shot, The Russian Ark\". The Beat. PremiumBeat. Retrieved 2015-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premiumbeat.com/blog/behind-the-scenes-of-the-96-minute-shot-the-russian-ark/","url_text":"\"Behind the Scenes of the 96 Minute Shot, The Russian Ark\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sábado (2003)\". cinechile.","urls":[{"url":"https://cinechile.cl/pelicula/sabado/","url_text":"\"Sábado (2003)\""}]},{"reference":"Alternation ( تناوب ) by Mehdi Fard Ghaderi - Iran Drama Short Film | Viddsee. Retrieved 2024-05-07 – via www.viddsee.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.viddsee.com/video/alternation/ko9w7","url_text":"Alternation ( تناوب ) by Mehdi Fard Ghaderi - Iran Drama Short Film | Viddsee"}]},{"reference":"Beale, Lewis (2008-07-15). \"A movie shot in real time recalls Colombian nightmare\". NY Daily News. Retrieved 2018-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/latino/movie-shot-real-time-recalls-colombian-nightmare-article-1.351752","url_text":"\"A movie shot in real time recalls Colombian nightmare\""}]},{"reference":"Lowe, Justin (2008-11-12). \"Still Orangutans\". The Hollywood Reporter. AP. Retrieved 2018-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/still-orangutans-125777","url_text":"\"Still Orangutans\""}]},{"reference":"http://BestDeveloper.ir. \"The Documentary And Experimental Film Center\". defcapp.ir (in Persian). Retrieved 2024-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://bestdeveloper.ir/","url_text":"http://BestDeveloper.ir"},{"url":"http://defcapp.ir/","url_text":"\"The Documentary And Experimental Film Center\""}]},{"reference":"Sorabjee, Deepika (2014-07-06). \"Circling Time\". ArtSlant. Retrieved 2015-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artslant.com/ind/articles/show/40024","url_text":"\"Circling Time\""}]},{"reference":"Simon, Alissa (2013-09-17). \"Venice Film Review: 'Fish & Cat'\". Variety. Retrieved 2018-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2013/film/global/venice-film-review-fish-cat-1200615586/","url_text":"\"Venice Film Review: 'Fish & Cat'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Dalton, Stephen (2013-07-10). \"The Sad Smell of Flesh (El Triste Olor de la Carne): Karlovy Vary Review\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2016-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/sad-smell-flesh-el-triste-583118","url_text":"\"The Sad Smell of Flesh (El Triste Olor de la Carne): Karlovy Vary Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"Lyttelton, Oliver (2013-09-09). \"Venice Review: Amos Gitai's Shot-In-One-Take 'Ana Arabia'\". IndieWire. Retrieved 2015-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indiewire.com/2013/09/venice-review-amos-gitais-shot-in-one-take-ana-arabia-93938/","url_text":"\"Venice Review: Amos Gitai's Shot-In-One-Take 'Ana Arabia'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndieWire","url_text":"IndieWire"}]},{"reference":"\"Malibu local completes film\". The Malibu Times. 2013-06-13. Retrieved 2020-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.malibutimes.com/malibu_life/article_70b2fada-d88b-11e2-bfb7-001a4bcf887a.html","url_text":"\"Malibu local completes film\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mitani Koki to film another single-cut drama starring Takeuchi Yuko\". Tokyo Hive. 2013-04-19. Retrieved 2020-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tokyohive.com/article/2013/04/mitani-koki-to-film-another-single-cut-drama-starring-takeuchi-yuko","url_text":"\"Mitani Koki to film another single-cut drama starring Takeuchi Yuko\""}]},{"reference":"Jeshi, K. (2014-01-02). \"A record start\". The Hindu. Retrieved 2015-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-record-start/article5530220.ece","url_text":"\"A record start\""}]},{"reference":"Kohn, Eric (2015-02-16). \"Adopt Films Picks Up One-Shot Heist Thriller 'Victoria'\". IndieWire. Retrieved 2015-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indiewire.com/2015/02/adopt-films-picks-up-one-shot-heist-thriller-victoria-65040/","url_text":"\"Adopt Films Picks Up One-Shot Heist Thriller 'Victoria'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shadow Behind the Moon\". Five Flavours Film Festival. Retrieved 2017-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.piecsmakow.pl/film.do?lang=en&id=158","url_text":"\"Shadow Behind the Moon\""}]},{"reference":"en.irna.ir https://en.irna.ir/news/81914357/Story-of-a-Rainy-Night-wins-San-Pedro-Filmfest. Retrieved 2024-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.irna.ir/news/81914357/Story-of-a-Rainy-Night-wins-San-Pedro-Filmfest","url_text":"https://en.irna.ir/news/81914357/Story-of-a-Rainy-Night-wins-San-Pedro-Filmfest"}]},{"reference":"\"Duniya Vijay's 'Daksha' with S.Narayan\". Sify Movies. 2014-04-07. Archived from the original on 2017-02-05. Retrieved 2017-02-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170205111344/http://www.sify.com/movies/duniya-vijay-s-daksha-with-s-narayan-news-kannada-oehjBmhigibsi.html","url_text":"\"Duniya Vijay's 'Daksha' with S.Narayan\""},{"url":"http://www.sify.com/movies/duniya-vijay-s-daksha-with-s-narayan-news-kannada-oehjBmhigibsi.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Loughrey, Clarisse (2016-01-26). \"BBFC rates Paint Drying film 'U', after sitting through all 607 minutes\". The Independent. Retrieved 2018-06-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/bbfc-declares-paint-drying-film-a-u-after-sitting-through-all-607-minutes-a6834671.html","url_text":"\"BBFC rates Paint Drying film 'U', after sitting through all 607 minutes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"Barry, Kristina (2014-03-28). \"One shot wonders – how feature film Eight was made\". The Creative Issue. Retrieved 2018-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecreativeissue.com.au/one-shot-wonders-how-feature-film-eight-was-made/","url_text":"\"One shot wonders – how feature film Eight was made\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rome Film Fest; Immortality, shot in a single take\". Variety. 2016-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2016/film/festivals/rome-film-festival-director-antonio-monda-screenings-drivein-prison-spanish-steps-1201876133/","url_text":"\"Rome Film Fest; Immortality, shot in a single take\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Brendan (2016-07-11). \"Podz's King Dave: One-shot film premières at Fantasia\". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved 2017-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://montrealgazette.com/entertainment/movies/podzs-king-dave-one-shot-film-premieres-at-fantasia","url_text":"\"Podz's King Dave: One-shot film premières at Fantasia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Gazette","url_text":"Montreal Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Scheck, Frank (2018-04-01). \"'Fourplay': Film Review\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2020-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/fourplay-1098835","url_text":"\"'Fourplay': Film Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"Chitwood, Adam (2017-05-16). \"'The Wedding Party' Trailer Reveals Romantic Comedy Shot Entirely in One Take\". Collider. Retrieved 2018-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://collider.com/the-wedding-party-trailer/","url_text":"\"'The Wedding Party' Trailer Reveals Romantic Comedy Shot Entirely in One Take\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collider_(website)","url_text":"Collider"}]},{"reference":"Shukla, Richa (2017-01-02). \"Haroon Rashid's film in Guinness World Records\". The Times of India. Retrieved 2017-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Haroon-Rashids-film-in-Guinness-World-Records/articleshow/13863663.cms","url_text":"\"Haroon Rashid's film in Guinness World Records\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"Bradshaw, Peter (2019-01-04). \"One Cut of the Dead review – zombie films get a shot in the arm\". The Guardian. Retrieved 2021-08-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/jan/04/one-cut-of-the-dead-review-zombie-movie","url_text":"\"One Cut of the Dead review – zombie films get a shot in the arm\""}]},{"reference":"Cunningham, James (2017-03-01). \"Australia's first single-take feature film, 'Watch the Sunset', with it's cinematographer Damien Lipp\". Australian Cinematographer Magazine. Retrieved 2020-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://acmag.com.au/2017/03/01/watch-the-sunset/","url_text":"\"Australia's first single-take feature film, 'Watch the Sunset', with it's cinematographer Damien Lipp\""}]},{"reference":"McGovern, Joe (2016-12-06). \"Woody Harrelson will make history with world's first-ever 'live cinema' movie\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2022-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/article/2016/12/15/woody-harrelson-lost-in-london-interview/","url_text":"\"Woody Harrelson will make history with world's first-ever 'live cinema' movie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"\"'Heegondhu Dina' review: This ambitious Kannada film deserves a watch for sheer audacity\". 31 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/heegondhu-dina-review-ambitious-kannada-film-deserves-watch-sheer-audacity-78774","url_text":"\"'Heegondhu Dina' review: This ambitious Kannada film deserves a watch for sheer audacity\""}]},{"reference":"Buder, Emily (2018-01-24). \"How a Sundance Film Pulled Off a 90-Minute Single Take\". No Film School. Retrieved 2018-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://nofilmschool.com/2018/12/boy-girl-dream-90-minute-single-take","url_text":"\"How a Sundance Film Pulled Off a 90-Minute Single Take\""}]},{"reference":"Connolly, Kate (2018-02-19). \"Utøya massacre re-enactment stuns Berlin audiences\". The Guardian. Retrieved 2018-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/feb/19/film-reenacting-norway-utoya-massacre-premieres-in-berlin","url_text":"\"Utøya massacre re-enactment stuns Berlin audiences\""}]},{"reference":"Lodge, Guy (2018-10-03). \"Film Review: 'Blind Spot'\". Variety. Retrieved 2019-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2018/film/reviews/blind-spot-review-1202962397/","url_text":"\"Film Review: 'Blind Spot'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nepali Movie – Jaalo (Guinness world record holder one-shot film) – Nepal & Nepali\". 24 September 2018. Retrieved 2023-01-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://xnepali.net/nepali-movie-jaalo-guinness-world-record-holder-one-shot-film/","url_text":"\"Nepali Movie – Jaalo (Guinness world record holder one-shot film) – Nepal & Nepali\""}]},{"reference":"Brachmann, Jan (2018-08-05). \"Luzern hören und sterben\". Faz.net. Retrieved 2020-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/medien/tatort/der-schweizer-tatort-von-dani-levy-15721657.html","url_text":"\"Luzern hören und sterben\""}]},{"reference":"Buder, Emily (2018-01-24). \"How a Sundance Film Pulled Off a 90-Minute Single Take\". No Film School. Retrieved 2022-04-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://nofilmschool.com/2018/12/boy-girl-dream-90-minute-single-take","url_text":"\"How a Sundance Film Pulled Off a 90-Minute Single Take\""}]},{"reference":"Carrasco, Juan Carlos, Love Can't Wait (Comedy, Romance), retrieved 2021-03-21","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5960008/","url_text":"Love Can't Wait"}]},{"reference":"Debruge, Peter (2020-09-18). \"'Last Call' Review: A Split-Screen Stunt Obscures the Statement at the Center of This Suicidal Plea for Help\". Variety. Retrieved 2023-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2020/film/reviews/last-call-review-1234774806/","url_text":"\"'Last Call' Review: A Split-Screen Stunt Obscures the Statement at the Center of This Suicidal Plea for Help\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"Farooki's 'Shonibar Bikel' selected for Sydney Film Festival 2019\". Dhaka Tribune. 10 May 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-05-21. Retrieved 9 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dhakatribune.com/showtime/2019/05/10/farooki-s-shonibar-bikel-selected-for-sydney-film-festival-2019","url_text":"\"Farooki's 'Shonibar Bikel' selected for Sydney Film Festival 2019\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka_Tribune","url_text":"Dhaka Tribune"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190521094557/http://www.dhakatribune.com/showtime/2019/05/10/farooki-s-shonibar-bikel-selected-for-sydney-film-festival-2019","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ortmann, Joana (2020-02-20). \"Das ist das One-Shot-Experiment von fünf HFF-Absolventen\". Bayerischer Rundfunk. Retrieved 2020-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.br.de/nachrichten/kultur/limbo-one-take-thriller-kinostart-tim-duenschede-florian-halbig,Rr2CeQU","url_text":"\"Das ist das One-Shot-Experiment von fünf HFF-Absolventen\""}]},{"reference":"\"How Jud Cremata pulled off a one-shot thriller with 'Let's Scare Julie'\". Screen International. 2020-05-07. Retrieved 2021-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.screendaily.com/features/how-jud-cremata-pulled-off-a-one-shot-thriller-with-lets-scare-julie/5149655.article","url_text":"\"How Jud Cremata pulled off a one-shot thriller with 'Let's Scare Julie'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Let's Scare Julie\". Film Seekers. 2020. Retrieved 2021-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.film-seekers.com/movie/lets-scare-julie/37","url_text":"\"Let's Scare Julie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Don Palathara's next is Santhoshathinte Onnam Rahasyam\". Cinema Express. 2020-10-19. Retrieved 2020-12-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/oct/19/don-palatharas-next-is-santhoshathinte-onnam-rahasyam-20875.html","url_text":"\"Don Palathara's next is Santhoshathinte Onnam Rahasyam\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thriller Shot in One Take 'Rendez-Vous' Due on VOD Feb. 12 From Level 33\". MediaPlayNews. 2021-02-11. Retrieved 2021-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mediaplaynews.com/thriller-shot-in-one-take-rendez-vous-due-on-vod-feb-12-from-level-33/","url_text":"\"Thriller Shot in One Take 'Rendez-Vous' Due on VOD Feb. 12 From Level 33\""}]},{"reference":"Keslassy, Elsa (April 21, 2021). \"Tribeca-Bound, Paris-Set 'Roaring 20's'Acquired by Films Boutique (EXCLUSIVE)\". Variety. Retrieved April 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2021/film/global/tribeca-competition-roaring-20-films-boutique-sales-1234956816/","url_text":"\"Tribeca-Bound, Paris-Set 'Roaring 20's'Acquired by Films Boutique (EXCLUSIVE)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boiling Point\". 55th Karlovy Vary IFF. Retrieved 2021-08-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kviff.com/en/programme/film/57/34875-boiling-point","url_text":"\"Boiling Point\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amazon Prime Video premieres Causalidad, a film made entirely in sequence shot\". Market Research Telecast. 2021-12-17. Retrieved 2022-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://marketresearchtelecast.com/amazon-prime-video-premieres-causalidad-a-film-made-entirely-in-sequence-shot/228232/","url_text":"\"Amazon Prime Video premieres Causalidad, a film made entirely in sequence shot\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Single-Shot Film Of Phenomenal Power And Ambition\". NDTV review. Retrieved July 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/iravin-nizhal-review-a-single-shot-film-of-phenomenal-power-and-ambition-3163243","url_text":"\"A Single-Shot Film Of Phenomenal Power And Ambition\""}]},{"reference":"Lodge, Guy (7 August 2022). \"'Medusa Deluxe' Review: One-Shot Hairdressing Murder Mystery Is an Elaborate, Backcombed Tease\". Variety. Retrieved 2 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2022/film/reviews/medusa-deluxe-review-1235335450/","url_text":"\"'Medusa Deluxe' Review: One-Shot Hairdressing Murder Mystery Is an Elaborate, Backcombed Tease\""}]},{"reference":"\"India's First Single Shot Action Movie 'YUDDHA KAANDAM ' Will Be An Internationally Recognised And Awards Winning Movie Which Will Create A Lot Of Sensations\". industryhit review. Retrieved August 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://industryhit.com/t/indias-first-single-shot-action-movie-yuddha-kaandam-will-be-an-internationally-recognised-and-awards-winning-movie-which-will-create-a-lot-of-sensations/","url_text":"\"India's First Single Shot Action Movie 'YUDDHA KAANDAM ' Will Be An Internationally Recognised And Awards Winning Movie Which Will Create A Lot Of Sensations\""}]},{"reference":"Cranwell, Taylor (2023-06-20). \"'Tales from the Neighborhood Cafe' Puts Alexandria's St. Elmo's Coffee Pub on the Movie Map\". The Zebra. Retrieved 2023-06-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://thezebra.org/2023/06/20/st-elmos-movie/","url_text":"\"'Tales from the Neighborhood Cafe' Puts Alexandria's St. Elmo's Coffee Pub on the Movie Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"La Noche Dentro - Film Distribution\". LINE UP Film Agency. Retrieved February 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lineupshorts.com/la-noche-dentro","url_text":"\"La Noche Dentro - Film Distribution\""}]},{"reference":"Ciampaglia, Dante A. (August 5, 2014). \"Andy Warhol's Empire Turns 50\". Architectural Record. Retrieved November 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/3206-andy-warhol-s-empire-turns-50","url_text":"\"Andy Warhol's Empire Turns 50\""}]},{"reference":"Sterritt, David (2005). Guiltless Pleasures: A David Sterritt Film Reader. University Press of Mississippi. p. 184. ISBN 978-1-57806-780-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2xruAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Guiltless Pleasures: A David Sterritt Film Reader"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-780-0","url_text":"978-1-57806-780-0"}]},{"reference":"Renga, Dana (2013). Unfinished Business: Screening the Italian Mafia in the New Millennium. University of Toronto Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-4426-1558-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXK1AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA46","url_text":"Unfinished Business: Screening the Italian Mafia in the New Millennium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1558-8","url_text":"978-1-4426-1558-8"}]},{"reference":"Gingold, Michael (May 11, 2019). \"A Walk Through The Silent House with Director Gustavo Hernández\". Fangoria. Retrieved November 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fangoria.com/original/the-silent-house-with-director-gustavo-hern%C3%A1ndez/","url_text":"\"A Walk Through The Silent House with Director Gustavo Hernández\""}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Bob (March 8, 2012). \"Elizabeth Olsen on Silent House and why she'll never co-star with Mary-Kate and Ashley\". National Post. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120309011928/http://arts.nationalpost.com/2012/03/08/elizabeth-olsen-on-silent-house-and-why-shell-never-co-star-with-mary-kate-and-ashley/","url_text":"\"Elizabeth Olsen on Silent House and why she'll never co-star with Mary-Kate and Ashley\""},{"url":"http://arts.nationalpost.com/2012/03/08/elizabeth-olsen-on-silent-house-and-why-shell-never-co-star-with-mary-kate-and-ashley/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Siegel, Tatiana (December 26, 2019). \"Making of '1917': How Sam Mendes Filmed a \"Ticking Clock Thriller\"\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/making-1917-how-sam-mendes-filmed-a-ticking-clock-thriller-1263469/","url_text":"\"Making of '1917': How Sam Mendes Filmed a \"Ticking Clock Thriller\"\""}]},{"reference":"Balmont, James (3 December 2021). \"Screen sensation: the single-shot thriller bringing time-travel into the Zoom era\". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/dec/03/time-travel-beyond-the-infinite-two-minutes-junta-yamaguchi","url_text":"\"Screen sensation: the single-shot thriller bringing time-travel into the Zoom era\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Harvey, Dennis (November 5, 2021). \"'One Shot' Review: Defending a High-Security U.S. Military Base in Gimmicky Single-Take Stunt\". Variety. Retrieved November 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2021/film/reviews/one-shot-review-1235105614/","url_text":"\"'One Shot' Review: Defending a High-Security U.S. Military Base in Gimmicky Single-Take Stunt\""}]},{"reference":"Tartaglione, Nancy (2021-09-01). \"'SHTTL': Single-Shot Shoah Feature With Saul Rubinek Wraps In Ukraine; Sets To Be Maintained As Open-Air Museum\". Deadline. Retrieved 2023-08-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2021/09/shttl-film-shoah-saul-rubinek-museum-ukraine-1234824978/","url_text":"\"'SHTTL': Single-Shot Shoah Feature With Saul Rubinek Wraps In Ukraine; Sets To Be Maintained As Open-Air Museum\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://feenta.com/best-one-shot-one-take-movies/","external_links_name":"\"Best one shot (one-take) movies\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/25/movies/1917-single-take.html","external_links_name":"\"1917 Isn't the First (Supposedly) One-Shot Film. Here's a Timeline\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.thewrap.com/1917-movies-accomplished-in-one-shot-from-timecode-to-birdman-photos/","external_links_name":"\"'1917' and 12 Other 'One-Shot' Movies, From 'Timecode' to 'Birdman' (Photos)\""},{"Link":"https://walkerart.org/magazine/http:://walkerart.org/magazine/ten-rules-animating-the-wolf-house-cristobal-leon-and-joaquin-cocina","external_links_name":"\"Ten Rules for Animating The Wolf House\""},{"Link":"https://www.filminquiry.com/the-wolf-house-2018-review/","external_links_name":"\"THE WOLF HOUSE: A Delightfully Disturbing Fairy Tale\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/14/movies/the-wolf-house-review.html","external_links_name":"\"'The Wolf House' Review: A Different Kind of Quarantine\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"http://www.cantstopthemovies.com/2010/08/bela-tarr-macbeth-1982/","external_links_name":"\"Bela Tarr: Macbeth (1982)\""},{"Link":"https://www.austinchronicle.com/screens/1999-03-19/521609/","external_links_name":"\"Reflections\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2000/aug/11/culture.features","external_links_name":"\"Once upon a Time Code\""},{"Link":"https://www.premiumbeat.com/blog/behind-the-scenes-of-the-96-minute-shot-the-russian-ark/","external_links_name":"\"Behind the Scenes of the 96 Minute Shot, The Russian Ark\""},{"Link":"https://cinechile.cl/pelicula/sabado/","external_links_name":"\"Sábado (2003)\""},{"Link":"https://www.viddsee.com/video/alternation/ko9w7","external_links_name":"Alternation ( تناوب ) by Mehdi Fard Ghaderi - Iran Drama Short Film | Viddsee"},{"Link":"http://www.nydailynews.com/latino/movie-shot-real-time-recalls-colombian-nightmare-article-1.351752","external_links_name":"\"A movie shot in real time recalls Colombian nightmare\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/still-orangutans-125777","external_links_name":"\"Still Orangutans\""},{"Link":"http://bestdeveloper.ir/","external_links_name":"http://BestDeveloper.ir"},{"Link":"http://defcapp.ir/","external_links_name":"\"The Documentary And Experimental Film Center\""},{"Link":"https://www.artslant.com/ind/articles/show/40024","external_links_name":"\"Circling Time\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2013/film/global/venice-film-review-fish-cat-1200615586/","external_links_name":"\"Venice Film Review: 'Fish & Cat'\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/sad-smell-flesh-el-triste-583118","external_links_name":"\"The Sad Smell of Flesh (El Triste Olor de la Carne): Karlovy Vary Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.indiewire.com/2013/09/venice-review-amos-gitais-shot-in-one-take-ana-arabia-93938/","external_links_name":"\"Venice Review: Amos Gitai's Shot-In-One-Take 'Ana Arabia'\""},{"Link":"http://www.malibutimes.com/malibu_life/article_70b2fada-d88b-11e2-bfb7-001a4bcf887a.html","external_links_name":"\"Malibu local completes film\""},{"Link":"https://www.tokyohive.com/article/2013/04/mitani-koki-to-film-another-single-cut-drama-starring-takeuchi-yuko","external_links_name":"\"Mitani Koki to film another single-cut drama starring Takeuchi Yuko\""},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-record-start/article5530220.ece","external_links_name":"\"A record start\""},{"Link":"http://www.indiewire.com/2015/02/adopt-films-picks-up-one-shot-heist-thriller-victoria-65040/","external_links_name":"\"Adopt Films Picks Up One-Shot Heist Thriller 'Victoria'\""},{"Link":"https://www.piecsmakow.pl/film.do?lang=en&id=158","external_links_name":"\"Shadow Behind the Moon\""},{"Link":"https://en.irna.ir/news/81914357/Story-of-a-Rainy-Night-wins-San-Pedro-Filmfest","external_links_name":"https://en.irna.ir/news/81914357/Story-of-a-Rainy-Night-wins-San-Pedro-Filmfest"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170205111344/http://www.sify.com/movies/duniya-vijay-s-daksha-with-s-narayan-news-kannada-oehjBmhigibsi.html","external_links_name":"\"Duniya Vijay's 'Daksha' with S.Narayan\""},{"Link":"http://www.sify.com/movies/duniya-vijay-s-daksha-with-s-narayan-news-kannada-oehjBmhigibsi.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/bbfc-declares-paint-drying-film-a-u-after-sitting-through-all-607-minutes-a6834671.html","external_links_name":"\"BBFC rates Paint Drying film 'U', after sitting through all 607 minutes\""},{"Link":"http://www.thecreativeissue.com.au/one-shot-wonders-how-feature-film-eight-was-made/","external_links_name":"\"One shot wonders – how feature film Eight was made\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2016/film/festivals/rome-film-festival-director-antonio-monda-screenings-drivein-prison-spanish-steps-1201876133/","external_links_name":"\"Rome Film Fest; Immortality, shot in a single take\""},{"Link":"https://montrealgazette.com/entertainment/movies/podzs-king-dave-one-shot-film-premieres-at-fantasia","external_links_name":"\"Podz's King Dave: One-shot film premières at Fantasia\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/fourplay-1098835","external_links_name":"\"'Fourplay': Film Review\""},{"Link":"http://collider.com/the-wedding-party-trailer/","external_links_name":"\"'The Wedding Party' Trailer Reveals Romantic Comedy Shot Entirely in One Take\""},{"Link":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Haroon-Rashids-film-in-Guinness-World-Records/articleshow/13863663.cms","external_links_name":"\"Haroon Rashid's film in Guinness World Records\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/jan/04/one-cut-of-the-dead-review-zombie-movie","external_links_name":"\"One Cut of the Dead review – zombie films get a shot in the arm\""},{"Link":"https://acmag.com.au/2017/03/01/watch-the-sunset/","external_links_name":"\"Australia's first single-take feature film, 'Watch the Sunset', with it's cinematographer Damien Lipp\""},{"Link":"https://ew.com/article/2016/12/15/woody-harrelson-lost-in-london-interview/","external_links_name":"\"Woody Harrelson will make history with world's first-ever 'live cinema' movie\""},{"Link":"https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/heegondhu-dina-review-ambitious-kannada-film-deserves-watch-sheer-audacity-78774","external_links_name":"\"'Heegondhu Dina' review: This ambitious Kannada film deserves a watch for sheer audacity\""},{"Link":"https://nofilmschool.com/2018/12/boy-girl-dream-90-minute-single-take","external_links_name":"\"How a Sundance Film Pulled Off a 90-Minute Single Take\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/feb/19/film-reenacting-norway-utoya-massacre-premieres-in-berlin","external_links_name":"\"Utøya massacre re-enactment stuns Berlin audiences\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2018/film/reviews/blind-spot-review-1202962397/","external_links_name":"\"Film Review: 'Blind Spot'\""},{"Link":"https://xnepali.net/nepali-movie-jaalo-guinness-world-record-holder-one-shot-film/","external_links_name":"\"Nepali Movie – Jaalo (Guinness world record holder one-shot film) – Nepal & Nepali\""},{"Link":"https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/medien/tatort/der-schweizer-tatort-von-dani-levy-15721657.html","external_links_name":"\"Luzern hören und sterben\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jRcsqnJeQZw","external_links_name":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jRcsqnJeQZw"},{"Link":"https://nofilmschool.com/2018/12/boy-girl-dream-90-minute-single-take","external_links_name":"\"How a Sundance Film Pulled Off a 90-Minute Single Take\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5960008/","external_links_name":"Love Can't Wait"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2020/film/reviews/last-call-review-1234774806/","external_links_name":"\"'Last Call' Review: A Split-Screen Stunt Obscures the Statement at the Center of This Suicidal Plea for Help\""},{"Link":"https://www.dhakatribune.com/showtime/2019/05/10/farooki-s-shonibar-bikel-selected-for-sydney-film-festival-2019","external_links_name":"\"Farooki's 'Shonibar Bikel' selected for Sydney Film Festival 2019\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190521094557/http://www.dhakatribune.com/showtime/2019/05/10/farooki-s-shonibar-bikel-selected-for-sydney-film-festival-2019","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.br.de/nachrichten/kultur/limbo-one-take-thriller-kinostart-tim-duenschede-florian-halbig,Rr2CeQU","external_links_name":"\"Das ist das One-Shot-Experiment von fünf HFF-Absolventen\""},{"Link":"https://www.screendaily.com/features/how-jud-cremata-pulled-off-a-one-shot-thriller-with-lets-scare-julie/5149655.article","external_links_name":"\"How Jud Cremata pulled off a one-shot thriller with 'Let's Scare Julie'\""},{"Link":"http://www.film-seekers.com/movie/lets-scare-julie/37","external_links_name":"\"Let's Scare Julie\""},{"Link":"https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/oct/19/don-palatharas-next-is-santhoshathinte-onnam-rahasyam-20875.html","external_links_name":"\"Don Palathara's next is Santhoshathinte Onnam Rahasyam\""},{"Link":"https://www.mediaplaynews.com/thriller-shot-in-one-take-rendez-vous-due-on-vod-feb-12-from-level-33/","external_links_name":"\"Thriller Shot in One Take 'Rendez-Vous' Due on VOD Feb. 12 From Level 33\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2021/film/global/tribeca-competition-roaring-20-films-boutique-sales-1234956816/","external_links_name":"\"Tribeca-Bound, Paris-Set 'Roaring 20's'Acquired by Films Boutique (EXCLUSIVE)\""},{"Link":"https://www.kviff.com/en/programme/film/57/34875-boiling-point","external_links_name":"\"Boiling Point\""},{"Link":"https://marketresearchtelecast.com/amazon-prime-video-premieres-causalidad-a-film-made-entirely-in-sequence-shot/228232/","external_links_name":"\"Amazon Prime Video premieres Causalidad, a film made entirely in sequence shot\""},{"Link":"https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/iravin-nizhal-review-a-single-shot-film-of-phenomenal-power-and-ambition-3163243","external_links_name":"\"A Single-Shot Film Of Phenomenal Power And Ambition\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2022/film/reviews/medusa-deluxe-review-1235335450/","external_links_name":"\"'Medusa Deluxe' Review: One-Shot Hairdressing Murder Mystery Is an Elaborate, Backcombed Tease\""},{"Link":"https://industryhit.com/t/indias-first-single-shot-action-movie-yuddha-kaandam-will-be-an-internationally-recognised-and-awards-winning-movie-which-will-create-a-lot-of-sensations/","external_links_name":"\"India's First Single Shot Action Movie 'YUDDHA KAANDAM ' Will Be An Internationally Recognised And Awards Winning Movie Which Will Create A Lot Of Sensations\""},{"Link":"https://thezebra.org/2023/06/20/st-elmos-movie/","external_links_name":"\"'Tales from the Neighborhood Cafe' Puts Alexandria's St. Elmo's Coffee Pub on the Movie Map\""},{"Link":"https://www.lineupshorts.com/la-noche-dentro","external_links_name":"\"La Noche Dentro - Film Distribution\""},{"Link":"https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/3206-andy-warhol-s-empire-turns-50","external_links_name":"\"Andy Warhol's Empire Turns 50\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2xruAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Guiltless Pleasures: A David Sterritt Film Reader"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXK1AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA46","external_links_name":"Unfinished Business: Screening the Italian Mafia in the New Millennium"},{"Link":"https://www.fangoria.com/original/the-silent-house-with-director-gustavo-hern%C3%A1ndez/","external_links_name":"\"A Walk Through The Silent House with Director Gustavo Hernández\""},{"Link":"https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120309011928/http://arts.nationalpost.com/2012/03/08/elizabeth-olsen-on-silent-house-and-why-shell-never-co-star-with-mary-kate-and-ashley/","external_links_name":"\"Elizabeth Olsen on Silent House and why she'll never co-star with Mary-Kate and Ashley\""},{"Link":"http://arts.nationalpost.com/2012/03/08/elizabeth-olsen-on-silent-house-and-why-shell-never-co-star-with-mary-kate-and-ashley/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/making-1917-how-sam-mendes-filmed-a-ticking-clock-thriller-1263469/","external_links_name":"\"Making of '1917': How Sam Mendes Filmed a \"Ticking Clock Thriller\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/dec/03/time-travel-beyond-the-infinite-two-minutes-junta-yamaguchi","external_links_name":"\"Screen sensation: the single-shot thriller bringing time-travel into the Zoom era\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2021/film/reviews/one-shot-review-1235105614/","external_links_name":"\"'One Shot' Review: Defending a High-Security U.S. Military Base in Gimmicky Single-Take Stunt\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2021/09/shttl-film-shoah-saul-rubinek-museum-ukraine-1234824978/","external_links_name":"\"'SHTTL': Single-Shot Shoah Feature With Saul Rubinek Wraps In Ukraine; Sets To Be Maintained As Open-Air Museum\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Jans
|
Laurent Jans
|
["1 Club career","2 International career","2.1 International goals","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Luxembourgish footballer (born 1992)
Laurent Jans
Jans in Metz training in 2019Personal informationDate of birth
(1992-08-05) 5 August 1992 (age 31)Place of birth
Luxembourg City, LuxembourgHeight
1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)Position(s)
Right backTeam informationCurrent team
Waldhof MannheimNumber
18Senior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2011–2015
Fola Esch
89
(1)2015–2018
Waasland-Beveren
101
(2)2018–2020
Metz
9
(0)2019–2020
→ SC Paderborn (loan)
22
(0)2020–2021
Standard Liège
13
(0)2021–2022
Sparta Rotterdam
19
(0)2022–
Waldhof Mannheim
63
(3)International career‡2010–2011
Luxembourg U19
4
(0)2010–2013
Luxembourg U21
6
(1)2012–
Luxembourg
104
(1)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 22 May 2024‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 9 June 2024
Laurent Jans (born 5 August 1992) is a Luxembourgish professional footballer who plays for German 3. Liga club Waldhof Mannheim as a right back.
Club career
Jans has played club football for Fola Esch and Waasland-Beveren. He went on trial with Scottish club Dundee in August 2014.
In July 2019, Jans joined SC Paderborn 07, newly promoted to the Bundesliga, from FC Metz on a season-long loan. Paderborn secured an option to sign him permanently. In May 2021 he left Belgian club Standard Liège for Dutch club Sparta Rotterdam.
On 19 August 2022, Jans moved to Waldhof Mannheim in the German 3. Liga.
International career
Jans represented Luxembourg at under-19 and under-21 youth level. He made his senior international debut for Luxembourg in 2012 in a match against Israel during the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification. On 19 November 2023, he played his 100th international match in a 1–0 away win over Liechtenstein during the UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying.
International goals
Scores and results list Luxembourg's goal tally first.
No.
Date
Venue
Opponent
Score
Result
Competition
1.
2 June 2019
Stade Josy Barthel, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
Madagascar
3–3
3–3
Friendly
See also
List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps
References
^ a b c d "Player profile". National-Football-Teams.com. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
^ Laurent Jans at Soccerway. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
^ "Luxembourg international Laurent Jans on trial at Dundee". The Courier. 6 August 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
^ "Erfahrung und Führungsqualität: SCP verpflichtet Jans". kicker Online (in German). 11 July 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
^ "Libre après une saison au Standard, Laurent Jans s'engage au Sparta Rotterdam". Le Soir. 28 May 2021.
^ "VERSTÄRKUNG AUS DER EREDIVISIE – LAURENT JANS SCHLIESST SICH DEM SV WALDHOF AN" (in German). Waldhof Mannheim. 19 August 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
^ Laurent Jans – UEFA competition record (archive)
^ Laurent Jans – FIFA competition record (archived)
^ "Laurent Jans". EU-Football.info.
External links
Laurent Jans at WorldFootball.net
Laurent Jans at EU-Football.info
vteSV Waldhof Mannheim – current squad
1 Bartels
3 Riedel
4 Sechelmann
5 Seegert (c)
7 Bahn
8 Wagner
9 Gouras
10 Sohm
11 Hawkins
12 Hanin
13 Boyd
14 Goden
15 Karbstein
17 Abifade
18 Jans
19 Herrmann
20 Lockl
21 Rieckmann
22 Mabella
24 Klünter
25 Bolay
26 Albenas
27 Zok
28 Carls
30 Hawryluk
32 Okpala
33 Kobylański
36 Arase
Manager: Antwerpen
vteLuxembourgish Footballer of the Year
1988: Scuto
1989: Rigaud
1990: Weis
1991: Birsens
1992: Ganser
1993: Holtz
1994: Scholten
1995: Cardoni
1996: Cardoni
1997: Zaritskiy
1998: Zaritskiy
1999: Cardoni
2000: Cardoni
2001: El Aouad
2002: Cicchirillo
2003: El Aouad
2004: Pellegrino
2005: Martine
2006: Di Gregorio
2007: Di Gregorio
2008: Coquelet
2009: Piskor
2010: Huss
2011: da Mota
2012: Joachim
2013: Bensi
2014: Ibrahimović
2015: Jans
2016: Turpel
2017: Er Rafik
2018: Turpel
2019: Sinani
This biographical article relating to Luxembourgish association football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"3. Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3._Liga"},{"link_name":"Waldhof Mannheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SV_Waldhof_Mannheim"},{"link_name":"right back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"}],"text":"Laurent Jans (born 5 August 1992) is a Luxembourgish professional footballer who plays for German 3. Liga club Waldhof Mannheim as a right back.","title":"Laurent Jans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fola Esch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS_Fola_Esch"},{"link_name":"Waasland-Beveren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waasland-Beveren"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFT-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_F.C."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"SC Paderborn 07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Paderborn_07"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"FC Metz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Metz"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Standard Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Sparta Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta_Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Waldhof Mannheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SV_Waldhof_Mannheim"},{"link_name":"3. Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3._Liga"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Jans has played club football for Fola Esch and Waasland-Beveren.[1][2] He went on trial with Scottish club Dundee in August 2014.[3]In July 2019, Jans joined SC Paderborn 07, newly promoted to the Bundesliga, from FC Metz on a season-long loan. Paderborn secured an option to sign him permanently.[4] In May 2021 he left Belgian club Standard Liège for Dutch club Sparta Rotterdam.[5]On 19 August 2022, Jans moved to Waldhof Mannheim in the German 3. Liga.[6]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"under-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_national_under-19_football_team"},{"link_name":"under-21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_national_under-21_football_team"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2014 FIFA World Cup qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFT-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2024_qualifying"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Jans represented Luxembourg at under-19 and under-21 youth level.[7] He made his senior international debut for Luxembourg in 2012 in a match against Israel during the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification.[1][8] On 19 November 2023, he played his 100th international match in a 1–0 away win over Liechtenstein during the UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying.[9]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFT-1"}],"sub_title":"International goals","text":"Scores and results list Luxembourg's goal tally first.[1]","title":"International career"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_men%27s_footballers_with_100_or_more_international_caps"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Player profile\". National-Football-Teams.com. Retrieved 11 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/49080.html","url_text":"\"Player profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luxembourg international Laurent Jans on trial at Dundee\". The Courier. 6 August 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecourier.co.uk/sport/football/dundee-fc/luxembourg-international-laurent-jans-on-trial-at-dundee-1.506774","url_text":"\"Luxembourg international Laurent Jans on trial at Dundee\""}]},{"reference":"\"Erfahrung und Führungsqualität: SCP verpflichtet Jans\". kicker Online (in German). 11 July 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kicker.de/753146/artikel/erfahrung_und_fuehrungsqualitaet_scp_verpflichtet_jans","url_text":"\"Erfahrung und Führungsqualität: SCP verpflichtet Jans\""}]},{"reference":"\"Libre après une saison au Standard, Laurent Jans s'engage au Sparta Rotterdam\". Le Soir. 28 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lesoir.be/374856/article/2021-05-28/libre-apres-une-saison-au-standard-laurent-jans-sengage-au-sparta-rotterdam","url_text":"\"Libre après une saison au Standard, Laurent Jans s'engage au Sparta Rotterdam\""}]},{"reference":"\"VERSTÄRKUNG AUS DER EREDIVISIE – LAURENT JANS SCHLIESST SICH DEM SV WALDHOF AN\" (in German). Waldhof Mannheim. 19 August 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://svw07.de/aktuelles/profis/2022/08/verstaerkung-aus-der-eredivisie-laurent-jans-schliesst-sich-dem-sv-waldhof-an/","url_text":"\"VERSTÄRKUNG AUS DER EREDIVISIE – LAURENT JANS SCHLIESST SICH DEM SV WALDHOF AN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Laurent Jans\". EU-Football.info.","urls":[{"url":"https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=27966","url_text":"\"Laurent Jans\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/49080.html","external_links_name":"\"Player profile\""},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/laurent-jans/158185/","external_links_name":"Laurent Jans"},{"Link":"http://www.thecourier.co.uk/sport/football/dundee-fc/luxembourg-international-laurent-jans-on-trial-at-dundee-1.506774","external_links_name":"\"Luxembourg international Laurent Jans on trial at Dundee\""},{"Link":"https://www.kicker.de/753146/artikel/erfahrung_und_fuehrungsqualitaet_scp_verpflichtet_jans","external_links_name":"\"Erfahrung und Führungsqualität: SCP verpflichtet Jans\""},{"Link":"https://www.lesoir.be/374856/article/2021-05-28/libre-apres-une-saison-au-standard-laurent-jans-sengage-au-sparta-rotterdam","external_links_name":"\"Libre après une saison au Standard, Laurent Jans s'engage au Sparta Rotterdam\""},{"Link":"https://svw07.de/aktuelles/profis/2022/08/verstaerkung-aus-der-eredivisie-laurent-jans-schliesst-sich-dem-sv-waldhof-an/","external_links_name":"\"VERSTÄRKUNG AUS DER EREDIVISIE – LAURENT JANS SCHLIESST SICH DEM SV WALDHOF AN\""},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/clubs/players/250023658/","external_links_name":"Laurent Jans"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=250023658/profile/index.html","external_links_name":"archive"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=358468/index.html","external_links_name":"Laurent Jans"},{"Link":"https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=27966","external_links_name":"\"Laurent Jans\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/laurent-jans/#wac_660x40_top","external_links_name":"Laurent Jans"},{"Link":"https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=27966","external_links_name":"Laurent Jans"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laurent_Jans&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Vasey_(cricketer)
|
George Vasey (cricketer)
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
English cricketer
George VaseyPersonal informationFull nameGeorge Herbert VaseyBorn3 October 1880Islington, Middlesex, EnglandDied13 June 1951(1951-06-13) (aged 70)Norwich, Norfolk, EnglandBattingUnknownBowlingUnknownRelationsPercy Vasey (brother)Domestic team information
YearsTeam1906–1924Hertfordshire1917/18–1918/19Europeans
Career statistics
Competition
First-class
Matches
4
Runs scored
238
Batting average
34.00
100s/50s
1/1
Top score
115
Balls bowled
420
Wickets
9
Bowling average
21.33
5 wickets in innings
1
10 wickets in match
–
Best bowling
5/50
Catches/stumpings
–/–Source: ESPNcricinfo, 7 July 2019
George Herbert Vasey (3 October 1880 – 13 June 1951) was an English first-class cricketer and educator.
Vasey was born at Islington in October 1880 and was educated at the Merchant Taylors' School. He was later employed as an assistant master by Aldenham School, where he served as a second lieutenant with the school contingent of the Officers' Training Corps. He made his debut in minor counties cricket for Hertfordshire against Buckinghamshire in the 1906 Minor Counties Championship.
He served in the First World War with the Dorset Regiment, during which he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant in December 1914. While serving during the war in British India, he made his debut in first-class cricket for the Europeans cricket team against the Parsees in the 1917–18 Bombay Quadrangular at Bombay. He made three further first-class appearances for the Europeans, the last of which came in 1918–19 Bombay Quadrangular. He also played in the first-class 'victory match' for England against India in November 1918, shortly after the signing of the Armistice. He scored 238 runs at an average of 34.00 in his four first-class matches. His top-score of 115 came against the Indians in January 1918. With the ball, he took 9 wickets (all for the Europeans) at a bowling average of 18.66, with best figures of 5 for 88 on debut against the Parsees.
Following the war, he resumed playing minor counties cricket for Hertfordshire until 1924. He also resumed his teaching career at Aldenham School, retiring in July 1944. Vasey died at Norwich in June 1951. His brother, Percy, also played first-class cricket.
References
^ Merchant Taylors' School Register, 1851-1920. Merchant's Taylors' Company. 1923. p. 279.
^ "No. 28266". The London Gazette. 2 July 1909. p. 5068.
^ a b "Minor Counties Championship Matches played by George Vasey". CricketArchive. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
^ "No. 29043". The London Gazette (Supplement). 15 January 1915. p. 597.
^ a b "First-Class Matches played by George Vasey". CricketArchive. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
^ "Player profile: George Vasey". CricketArchive. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
^ "Europeans v Indians, 1917/18". CricketArchive. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
^ "First-class Bowling For Each Team by George Vasey". CricketArchive. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
^ "Europeans v Parsees, 1917/18". CricketArchive. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
^ "No. 36711". The London Gazette (Supplement). 19 September 1944. p. 4379.
External links
George Vasey at ESPNcricinfo
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people"},{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Islington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islington"},{"link_name":"Merchant Taylors' School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_Taylors%27_School,_Northwood"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Aldenham School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldenham_School"},{"link_name":"second lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_lieutenant#United_Kingdom_&_other_Commonwealth_countries"},{"link_name":"Officers' Training Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officers%27_Training_Corps"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"minor counties cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Counties_of_English_and_Welsh_cricket"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Minor Counties Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Counties_Championship"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCM-3"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Dorset Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset_Regiment"},{"link_name":"lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India"},{"link_name":"first-class cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"Europeans cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europeans_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Parsees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsees_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Bombay Quadrangular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_Quadrangular"},{"link_name":"Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_Gymkhana"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCM-5"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-international_England_cricket_teams"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indians_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Armistice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCM-5"},{"link_name":"average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRO-6"},{"link_name":"Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indians_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"bowling average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_average"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCM-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Norwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich"},{"link_name":"Percy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Vasey"}],"text":"George Herbert Vasey (3 October 1880 – 13 June 1951) was an English first-class cricketer and educator.Vasey was born at Islington in October 1880 and was educated at the Merchant Taylors' School.[1] He was later employed as an assistant master by Aldenham School, where he served as a second lieutenant with the school contingent of the Officers' Training Corps.[2] He made his debut in minor counties cricket for Hertfordshire against Buckinghamshire in the 1906 Minor Counties Championship.[3]He served in the First World War with the Dorset Regiment, during which he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant in December 1914.[4] While serving during the war in British India, he made his debut in first-class cricket for the Europeans cricket team against the Parsees in the 1917–18 Bombay Quadrangular at Bombay. He made three further first-class appearances for the Europeans, the last of which came in 1918–19 Bombay Quadrangular.[5] He also played in the first-class 'victory match' for England against India in November 1918, shortly after the signing of the Armistice.[5] He scored 238 runs at an average of 34.00 in his four first-class matches.[6] His top-score of 115 came against the Indians in January 1918.[7] With the ball, he took 9 wickets (all for the Europeans) at a bowling average of 18.66, with best figures of 5 for 88 on debut against the Parsees.[8][9]Following the war, he resumed playing minor counties cricket for Hertfordshire until 1924.[3] He also resumed his teaching career at Aldenham School, retiring in July 1944.[10] Vasey died at Norwich in June 1951. His brother, Percy, also played first-class cricket.","title":"George Vasey (cricketer)"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Merchant Taylors' School Register, 1851-1920. Merchant's Taylors' Company. 1923. p. 279.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_4tBAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Merchant Taylors' School Register, 1851-1920"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 28266\". The London Gazette. 2 July 1909. p. 5068.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28266/page/5068","url_text":"\"No. 28266\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Minor Counties Championship Matches played by George Vasey\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 7 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/14/14793/Minor_Counties_Championship_Matches.html","url_text":"\"Minor Counties Championship Matches played by George Vasey\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 29043\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 15 January 1915. p. 597.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29043/supplement/597","url_text":"\"No. 29043\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"First-Class Matches played by George Vasey\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 7 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/14/14793/First-Class_Matches.html","url_text":"\"First-Class Matches played by George Vasey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Player profile: George Vasey\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 7 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/14/14793/14793.html","url_text":"\"Player profile: George Vasey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Europeans v Indians, 1917/18\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 7 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/9/9501.html","url_text":"\"Europeans v Indians, 1917/18\""}]},{"reference":"\"First-class Bowling For Each Team by George Vasey\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 7 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/14/14793/f_Bowling_by_Team.html","url_text":"\"First-class Bowling For Each Team by George Vasey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Europeans v Parsees, 1917/18\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 7 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/9/9496.html","url_text":"\"Europeans v Parsees, 1917/18\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 36711\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 19 September 1944. p. 4379.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36711/supplement/4379","url_text":"\"No. 36711\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/player/35688.html","external_links_name":"ESPNcricinfo"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_4tBAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Merchant Taylors' School Register, 1851-1920"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28266/page/5068","external_links_name":"\"No. 28266\""},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/14/14793/Minor_Counties_Championship_Matches.html","external_links_name":"\"Minor Counties Championship Matches played by George Vasey\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29043/supplement/597","external_links_name":"\"No. 29043\""},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/14/14793/First-Class_Matches.html","external_links_name":"\"First-Class Matches played by George Vasey\""},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/14/14793/14793.html","external_links_name":"\"Player profile: George Vasey\""},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/9/9501.html","external_links_name":"\"Europeans v Indians, 1917/18\""},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/14/14793/f_Bowling_by_Team.html","external_links_name":"\"First-class Bowling For Each Team by George Vasey\""},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/9/9496.html","external_links_name":"\"Europeans v Parsees, 1917/18\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36711/supplement/4379","external_links_name":"\"No. 36711\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/35688.html","external_links_name":"George Vasey"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_World_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Mixed_4_%C3%97_400_metres_relay
|
2022 World Athletics Championships – Mixed 4 × 400 metres relay
|
["1 Records","2 Qualification standard","3 Schedule","4 Results","4.1 Heats","4.2 Final","5 References"]
|
Mixed 4 × 400 metres relay at the 2022 World ChampionshipsVenueHayward FieldDates15 July (heats & final)Competitors85 from 16 nationsWinning time3:09.82Medalists
Lidio Andres FelizMarileidy PaulinoAlexander OgandoFiordaliza Cofil
Dominican Republic Liemarvin BonevaciaLieke KlaverTony van DiepenFemke Bol
Netherlands Elija GodwinAllyson FelixVernon NorwoodKennedy Simon
United States← 20192023 →
Events at the2022 World ChampionshipsTrack events100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomen400 mmenwomen800 mmenwomen1500 mmenwomen5000 mmenwomen10,000 mmenwomen100 m hurdleswomen110 m hurdlesmen400 m hurdlesmenwomen3000 m steeplechasemenwomen4 × 100 m relaymenwomen4 × 400 m relaymenwomenmixedRoad eventsMarathonmenwomen20 km walkmenwomen35 km walkmenwomenField eventsHigh jumpmenwomenPole vaultmenwomenLong jumpmenwomenTriple jumpmenwomenShot putmenwomenDiscus throwmenwomenHammer throwmenwomenJavelin throwmenwomenCombined eventsHeptathlonwomenDecathlonmenWorld Team eventWorld Teamvte
The mixed 4 × 400 metres relay at the 2022 World Athletics Championships was held at the Hayward Field in Eugene on 15 July 2022.
Records
Before the competition records were as follows:
Record
Athlete & Nat.
Perf.
Location
Date
World Record
United StatesWilbert London, Allyson Felix, Courtney Okolo, Michael Cherry
3:09.34
Doha, Qatar
29 September 2019
Championship Record
World Leading
Nigeria
3:15.58
Benin City, Nigeria
26 June 2022
African Record
NigeriaIfeanyi Ojeli, Imaobong Uko, Samson Nathaniel, Patience Okon George
3:13.60
Tokyo, Japan
30 July 2021
Asian Record
BahrainMusa Isah, Aminat Jamal, Salwa Eid Naser, Abbas Abubakar Abbas
3:11.82
Doha, Qatar
29 September 2019
North, Central American and Caribbean Record
United StatesWilbert London, Allyson Felix, Courtney Okolo, Michael Cherry
3:09.34
Doha, Qatar
29 September 2019
South American Record
BrazilPedro Burmann, Tiffani Marinho, Tábata de Carvalho, Anderson Henriques
3:15.89
Tokyo, Japan
30 July 2021
European Record
PolandKarol Zalewski, Natalia Kaczmarek, Justyna Święty-Ersetic, Kajetan Duszyński
3:09.87
Tokyo, Japan
31 July 2021
Oceanian Record
AustraliaBendere Oboya, Anneliese Rubie-Renshaw, Tyler Gunn, Alex Beck
3:17.00
Gold Coast, Australia
12 June 2021
The following records were matched or set at the competition:
Record
Perf.
Team
Date
World leading
3:09.82
Dominican Republic Lidio Andrés Feliz, Marileidy Paulino, Alexander Ogando, Fiordaliza Cofil
15 Jul 2022
Qualification standard
The standard to qualify automatically for entry was to finish in the first 12 at 2021 World Relays, completed by 4 top lists' teams.
Schedule
The event schedule, in local time (UTC−7), was as follows:
Date
Time
Round
15 July
11:45
Heats
19:50
Final
Results
Heats
The first three in each heat (Q) and the next two fastest (q) qualify for the final.
Rank
Heat
Nation
Athletes
Time
Notes
1
1
United States (USA)
Elija Godwin, Kennedy Simon, Vernon Norwood, Wadeline Jonathas
3:11.75
Q, WL
2
1
Netherlands (NED)
Liemarvin Bonevacia, Lieke Klaver, Tony van Diepen, Eveline Saalberg
3:12.63
Q, SB
3
2
Dominican Republic (DOM)
Lidio Andrés Feliz, Fiordaliza Cofil, Alexander Ogando, Marileidy Paulino
3:13.22
Q, SB
4
1
Poland (POL)
Kajetan Duszyński, Iga Baumgart-Witan, Karol Zalewski, Justyna Święty-Ersetic
3:13.70
Q, SB
5
2
Ireland (IRL)
Christopher O'Donnell, Sophie Becker, Jack Raftery, Rhasidat Adeleke
3:13.88
Q, SB
6
1
Italy (ITA)
Lorenzo Benati, Ayomide Folorunso, Brayan Lopez, Alice Mangione
3:13.89
q, SB
7
2
Jamaica (JAM)
Demish Gaye, Roneisha McGregor, Karayme Bartley, Tiffany James
3:13.95
Q, SB
8
1
Nigeria (NGR)
Samson Nathaniel, Patience Okon George, Dubem Amene, Imaobong Uko
3:14.59
q, SB
9
1
Great Britain & N.I. (GBR)
Joseph Brier, Zoey Clark, Alex Haydock-Wilson, Laviai Nielsen
3:14.75
SB
10
1
Belgium (BEL)
Alexander Doom, Camille Laus, Christian Iguacel, Helena Ponette
3:16.01
SB
11
2
Spain (ESP)
Iñaki Cañal, Sara Gallego, Óscar Husillos, Eva Santidrián
3:16.14
SB
12
2
Germany (GER)
Patrick Schneider, Corinna Schwab, Marvin Schlegel, Alica Schmidt
3:16.80
SB
13
1
Japan (JPN)
Yuki Joseph Nakajima, Nanako Matsumoto, Ryuki Iwasaki, Mayu Kobayashi
3:17.31
SB
14
2
Brazil (BRA)
Douglas Hernandes, Tiffani Marinho, Vitor Hugo de Miranda, Tábata de Carvalho
3:18.19
SB
15
2
Bahamas (BAH)
Bradley Dormeus, Megan Moss, Alonzo Russell, Doneisha Anderson
3:19.73
SB
2
South Africa (RSA)
DNS
Final
Rank
Nation
Athletes
Time
Notes
Dominican Republic (DOM)
Lidio Andrés Feliz, Marileidy Paulino, Alexander Ogando, Fiordaliza Cofil
3:09.82
WL, NR
Netherlands (NED)
Liemarvin Bonevacia, Lieke Klaver, Tony van Diepen, Femke Bol
3:09.90
NR
United States (USA)
Elija Godwin, Allyson Felix, Vernon Norwood, Kennedy Simon
3:10.16
SB
4
Poland (POL)
Karol Zalewski, Justyna Święty-Ersetic, Kajetan Duszyński, Natalia Kaczmarek
3:12.31
SB
5
Jamaica (JAM)
Demish Gaye, Tiffany James, Karayme Bartley, Stacey-Ann Williams
3:12.71
SB
6
Nigeria (NGR)
Samson Nathaniel, Imaobong Uko, Dubem Amene, Patience Okon George
3:16.21
7
Italy (ITA)
Lorenzo Benati, Ayomide Folorunso, Brayan Lopez, Alice Mangione
3:16.45
8
Ireland (IRL)
Christopher O'Donnell, Sophie Becker, Jack Raftery, Sharlene Mawdsley
3:16.86
References
^ Timetable
^ "4 × 400 Metres Relay Mixed − Records". IAAF. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
^ "Qualifying". World Athletics. 9 July 2022.
^ Qualification start list
vte4 × 400 metres relay at the World Athletics ChampionshipsComplete event overviewMen
1976
1980
1983
1987
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
2022
2023
Women
1976
1980
1983
1987
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
2022
2023
Mixed
1976
1980
1983
1987
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
2022
2023
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"4 × 400 metres relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_%C3%97_400_metres_relay"},{"link_name":"2022 World Athletics Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_World_Athletics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Hayward Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayward_Field"},{"link_name":"Eugene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The mixed 4 × 400 metres relay at the 2022 World Athletics Championships was held at the Hayward Field in Eugene on 15 July 2022.[1]","title":"2022 World Athletics Championships – Mixed 4 × 400 metres relay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Before the competition records were as follows:[2]The following records were matched or set at the competition:","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 World Relays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_World_Athletics_Relays_%E2%80%93_Mixed_4_%C3%97_400_metres_relay"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The standard to qualify automatically for entry was to finish in the first 12 at 2021 World Relays, completed by 4 top lists' teams.[3]","title":"Qualification standard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UTC−7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9207:00"}],"text":"The event schedule, in local time (UTC−7), was as follows:","title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Heats","text":"The first three in each heat (Q) and the next two fastest (q) qualify for the final.[4]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Final","title":"Results"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"4 × 400 Metres Relay Mixed − Records\". IAAF. Retrieved 9 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldathletics.org/records/by-discipline/relays/4x400-metres-relay/outdoor/mixed","url_text":"\"4 × 400 Metres Relay Mixed − Records\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Athletics_Federations","url_text":"IAAF"}]},{"reference":"\"Qualifying\". World Athletics. 9 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldathletics.org/stats-zone/road-to/7137279?eventId=204593","url_text":"\"Qualifying\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-championships/oregon22/timetable/bydiscipline/mixed/4x400-metres-relay","external_links_name":"Timetable"},{"Link":"https://worldathletics.org/records/by-discipline/relays/4x400-metres-relay/outdoor/mixed","external_links_name":"\"4 × 400 Metres Relay Mixed − Records\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldathletics.org/stats-zone/road-to/7137279?eventId=204593","external_links_name":"\"Qualifying\""},{"Link":"https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/7137279/AT-4X4-X-h----.SL2.pdf","external_links_name":"Qualification start list"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Altyn_Asyr
|
FC Altyn Asyr
|
["1 History","1.1 Domestic","1.2 Continental","2 Squad","3 Club officials","3.1 Management","3.2 Technical staff","4 Managerial history","5 Stadium","6 Kit suppliers and shirt sponsors","7 Honours","7.1 Continental","7.2 Domestic","8 References","9 External links"]
|
Football clubAltyn AsyrFull nameAltyn Asyr futbol klubyNickname(s)SignalmenFounded2008; 16 years ago (2008)GroundBüzmeýin Sport TopulmyCapacity10,000ChairmanGurbanmyrat HojageldiýewManagerÝazguly HojageldyýewLeagueÝokary Liga2023Ýokary Liga, 2nd of 9WebsiteClub website
Home colours
Away colours
Football Club Altyn Asyr (Turkmen: Altyn Asyr futbol kluby), also known as Altyn Asyr Ashgabat or simply Altyn Asyr, which translates to "Golden Century", is a Turkmen professional football club based in Ashgabat. Founded in 2008, the club competes in the Ýokary Liga, the top tier of Turkmen football. It has remained there ever since, winning the Turkmenistan Higher League championship eight times in a row (2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021). The club also won the Turkmenistan Cup for 5 times in 2009, 2015, 2016, 2019 and 2020 and has been regular in AFC Cup recently. The team plays in the Ashgabat Stadium.
History
From the first days of participation in official competitions team was headed by Umarguly Nurmamedov. From 2008 until mid-2012, team was led by Ali Gurbani, and from mid-2012 coach was Bayram Durdyýew. Since mid-2013 the head of the club became Gurbanmurat Hojageldiev. Since the beginning of 2014, the team was led by Ýazguly Hojageldyýew, helped him famous Turkmen footballers Goçguly Goçgulyýew and Gurbangeldi Durdyýew. At the end of the 2014 Ýokary Liga, for the first time they became the champions of Turkmenistan.
In the 2015 season, Altyn Asyr debuted in AFC Cup with loss to Al-Saqr (0:1) in Ashgabat Stadium. Team won the Turkmenistan Super Cup 2015, and defended the championship in 6 rounds before the end of 2015 Ýokary Liga. In December, the team won Şagadam FK and won the 2015 Turkmenistan Cup.
In 2018, Altyn Asyr reached the AFC Cup Final, where lost in the decisive match to Air Force Club from Iraq. Altyn Asyr were the first team from Turkmenistan to reach the AFC Cup final. If they were to win the final, they would become the second team from Central Asia to win the AFC Cup, after Nasaf from Uzbekistan in 2011.
In June 2019, Altyn Asyr, tied the final round of the group stage with FC Istiklol - 1:1, and for the second year in a row went to the Inter-zone play-off semi-finals of the 2019 AFC Cup as the winner of the Central Asian group D. In August 2019, Kenyan Peter Opiyo and Niger Uche Kalu signed a contract with FC Altyn Asyr. This is the first foreign footballer in the history of the club and the first legionnaire in the 2019 Ýokary Liga. However, they lost to Hanoi FC 4:5 on aggregate.
Domestic
Season
League
Turkmenistan Cup
Top goalscorer
Manager
Div.
Pos.
Pl.
W
D
L
GS
GA
P
Name
League
2008
1st
8
20
7
2
11
21
20
23
Ali Gurbani
2009
1st
5
16
6
2
8
20
23
20
Winners
Didargylyç Urazow
10
Ali Gurbani
2010
1st
2
18
10
5
3
34
20
35
Runners-up
Amir Gurbani Gahrymanberdi Çoňkaýew
10
Ali Gurbani
2011
1st
6
36
12
9
15
46
42
44
Quarter-final
Ali Gurbani
2012
1st
6
32
13
7
12
46
39
46
Quarter-final
Ali Gurbani Baýram Durdyýew
2013
1st
3
36
20
5
11
73
37
65
Runners-up
Baýram Durdyýew
2014
1st
1
36
29
5
2
91
25
92
Quarter-final
Didar Durdyýew
26
Ýazguly Hojageldyýew
2015
1st
1
36
29
5
2
81
21
92
Winners
Süleýman Muhadow
29
Ýazguly Hojageldyýew
2016
1st
1
36
30
5
1
108
19
95
Winners
Süleýman Muhadow
30
Ýazguly Hojageldyýew
2017
1st
1
32
25
4
3
83
24
79
Semi-Final
Ýazguly Hojageldyýew
2018
1st
1
28
21
3
4
65
16
66
Semi-Final
Ýazguly Hojageldyýew
2019
1st
1
28
19
6
3
67
25
63
Winners
Altymyrat Annadurdyýew
12
Ýazguly Hojageldyýew
2020
1st
1
28
23
4
1
79
17
73
Winners
Altymyrat Annadurdyýew
35
2021
1st
1
Continental
As of match played 30 June 2022
Competition
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
AFC Cup
35
14
14
7
56
39
+17
Total
35
14
14
7
56
39
+17
Season
Competition
Round
Club
Home
Away
Aggregate
2015
AFC Cup
Preliminary round
Shabab Al-Dhahiriya
0–1
–
0–1
2016
AFC Cup
Group A
Al-Wehdat
0–0
1–1
4th
Al Ahed
2–0
0–3
Hidd
1–2
1–1
2017
AFC Cup
Group D
Istiklol
1–1
0–1
2nd
Alay
4–1
2–1
Dordoi Bishkek
3–0
2–0
2018
AFC Cup
Group D
Istiklol
2–2
3–2
1st
Alay Osh
5–0
6–3
Ahal
1–0
0–0
Inter-zone play-off semi-final
Bengaluru
2–0
3–2
5–2
Inter-zone play-off final
April 25
1–1
2–2
3–3
Final
Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya
–
0–2
0–2
2019
AFC Cup
Group D
Istiklol
1–1
1–1
1st
Dordoi
3–1
1–1
Khujand
1–0
0–0
Inter-zone play-off semi-final
Hanoi FC
2–2
2–3
4-5
2020
AFC Cup
Group D
Dordoi Bishkek
—
—
-
Khujand
—
—
Istiklol
—
—
2022
AFC Cup
Group E
Neftchi Kochkor-Ata
1–0
2nd
CSKA Pamir Dushanbe
1–1
Sogdiana Jizzakh
1–3
Squad
As of 15 December 2023
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
1
GK
TKM
Batyr Babaýew
2
DF
TKM
Zafar Babajanow
3
DF
TKM
Hoshgeldy Hojovow
4
DF
TKM
Mekan Saparow
5
DF
TKM
Merdan Amangeldiyýew
6
DF
TKM
Oraz Orazow
7
MF
TKM
Myrat Annaýew
8
MF
TKM
Ahmet Ataýew
9
FW
TKM
Azat Annaýew
10
MF
TKM
Rahman Myratberdiyýew
12
DF
TKM
Serdar Annaorazow
13
GK
TKM
Ahmed Gurbanow
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
16
GK
TKM
Dovletmuhammed Dzhallalow
18
FW
TKM
Furkat Tursunow
19
MF
TKM
Nurmurat Rozyýew
20
MF
TKM
Begmyrat Baýow
21
MF
TKM
Abdyrahman Annamýradow
22
DF
TKM
Rovshen Khalmammedow
23
GK
TKM
Batyr Gaylyýew
24
DF
TKM
Ruslan Tajivew
25
DF
TKM
Resul Rovshenmyradow
26
FW
TKM
Wahyt Orazsähedow
27
MF
TKM
Meýlis Gaýlyýew
29
FW
TKM
Ismail Kambarow
77
FW
TKM
Selim Nurmuradow
Club officials
Ýazguly Hojageldyýew, manager of Altyn Asyr
Management
Gurbanmyrat Hojageldyýew: Club director
Annamuhammet Yarow: Manager
Technical staff
Ýazguly Hojageldyýew: Head Coach
Ýakup Ekezow and Begench Garaýew: Assistant coach
Gurbangeldi Durdyýew and Hojaahmet Arazow: Fitness coach
Dovlet Gylýjov: Doctor
Managerial history
Name
Nationality
Years
Ali Gurbani
2008–2012
Baýram Durdyýew
2012–2013
Ýazguly Hojageldyýew
2014–
Stadium
Until 2021, Altyn Asyr had never had its own stadium, with the team historically playing in various Ashgabat. The main home ground for AFC Cup games was Kopetdag Stadium, which has a capacity of 26,000. The stadium is situated in Ashgabat.
The team played Ýokary Liga home games at various Ashgabat stadiums: Kopetdag Stadium, Nusaý Stadium and Ashgabat Stadium.
Starting in autumn 2021, Altyn Asyr began to receive teams at the Büzmeýin Sport Topulmy (10,000 capacity).
Kit suppliers and shirt sponsors
The team is owned by the Türkmenaragatnaşyk Agency of the Ministry of Industry and Communication of Turkmenistan.
Period
Kit supplier
Shirt sponsor
2014–2016
Adidas
Turkmentelecom
2017–present
Puma
Honours
Continental
AFC Cup
Runners-up (1): 2018
Domestic
Ýokary Liga
Champions (8) (record): 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021
Turkmenistan Cup
Winners (5): 2009, 2015, 2016, 2019, 2020
Turkmenistan Super Cup
Winners (8) (record): 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022
Turkmenistan President's Cup
Winners (2): 2010, 2011
References
^ "The country's football championship has started". ashgabat2017.gov.tm. 18 April 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-05-03. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
^ ""Altyn asyr"— 7-nji çempion topar". Archived from the original on 2015-01-30. Retrieved 2015-01-30.
^ "Туркменистан: золотой век". Archived from the original on 2017-09-03. Retrieved 2015-01-30.
^ "Туркменистан: золотой век". Archived from the original on 2018-01-23. Retrieved 2015-01-30.
^ "AFC CUP PRELIMINARY ROUND (WEST): ALTYN ASYR 0–1 AL SAQR". the-afc.com. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
^ ""Altyn asyryň" bassyr 2-nji çempionlygy". Archived from the original on 2015-12-25. Retrieved 2015-12-25.
^ "Bir ýylda üçünji Kubok: "Altyn asyr" – Türkmenistanyň Kubogynyň eýesi". Archived from the original on 2017-08-18. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
^ "Соперник «Алтын асыра» по интерзональному полуфиналу Кубка АФК-2019 определится 2 июля | Спорт". Archived from the original on 2019-07-04. Retrieved 2019-07-04.
^ "Altyn Asyr FK - Soccer - Team Profile - Results, fixtures, squad, statistics - Global Sports Archive". Archived from the original on 2019-04-10. Retrieved 2019-08-14.
^ "AFC Executive Committee announces updates to 2020 competitions calendar". the-afc.com. Asian Football Confederation. 10 September 2020. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
^ "Altyn Asyr FC (TKM)". globalsportsarchive.com. Data Sports Group. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
^ "Язкули Ходжагельдыев: "Мы заслужили путёвку в следующий раунд Кубка АФК" | Спорт". Archived from the original on 2019-07-04. Retrieved 2019-07-04.
^ "Якуб Экезов: "Надеемся, что "Алтын асыр" выйдет из группы" | Спорт". Archived from the original on 2019-07-02. Retrieved 2019-07-04.
^ ""Алтын асыр" обыграл "Дордой" и вышел в единоличные лидеры группы в Кубке АФК | Спорт". Archived from the original on 2019-07-04. Retrieved 2019-07-04.
^ ""Алтын асыр" победил "Мерв" с теннисным счётом в чемпионате Туркменистана по футболу | Спорт". Archived from the original on 2019-07-03. Retrieved 2019-07-04.
^ ""Алтын асыр" обыграл "Мерв" и продолжает погоню за лидерами | Спорт". Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
^ ""Алтын асыр" обыграл "Копетдаг" в матче чемпионата Туркменистана по футболу | Спорт". Archived from the original on 2021-11-12. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
^ "Стартует 4-й тур чемпионата Туркменистана по футболу | Спорт". Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
^ ""Алтын асыр" наградили чемпионским кубком | Спорт". Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
^ "Ашхабадский "Алтын асыр" стал шестикратным чемпионом Туркменистана по футболу". Archived from the original on 2019-11-27. Retrieved 2019-11-24.
^ ""Алтын асыр" в пятый раз завоевал Суперкубок Туркменистана". Archived from the original on 2019-08-04. Retrieved 2019-08-04.
^ ""Алтын асыр" обыграл "Копетдаг" и в седьмой раз подряд завоевал Суперкубок Туркменистана". Archived from the original on 2021-11-24. Retrieved 2021-12-21.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to FC Altyn Asyr.
Official website
vte 2024 Ýokary Liga clubs
Arkadag
Ahal
Altyn Asyr
Aşgabat
Nebitçi
Energetik
Merw
Şagadam
Köpetdag
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Ashgabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashgabat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ýokary Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan_Higher_League"},{"link_name":"Turkmen football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan Higher League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan_Higher_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan_Cup"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Turkmenistan_Cup"},{"link_name":"AFC Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Cup"},{"link_name":"Ashgabat Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashgabat_Stadium"}],"text":"Football Club Altyn Asyr (Turkmen: Altyn Asyr futbol kluby), also known as Altyn Asyr Ashgabat or simply Altyn Asyr, which translates to \"Golden Century\", is a Turkmen professional football club based in Ashgabat.[1] Founded in 2008, the club competes in the Ýokary Liga, the top tier of Turkmen football. It has remained there ever since, winning the Turkmenistan Higher League championship eight times in a row (2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021).[2] The club also won the Turkmenistan Cup for 5 times in 2009, 2015, 2016, 2019 and 2020 and has been regular in AFC Cup recently. The team plays in the Ashgabat Stadium.","title":"FC Altyn Asyr"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ýazguly Hojageldyýew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Dazguly_Hojageldy%C3%BDew"},{"link_name":"Goçguly Goçgulyýew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C3%A7guly_Go%C3%A7guly%C3%BDew"},{"link_name":"Gurbangeldi Durdyýew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbangeldi_Durdy%C3%BDew"},{"link_name":"2014 Ýokary Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_%C3%9Dokary_Liga"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"AFC Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Cup"},{"link_name":"Al-Saqr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Saqr"},{"link_name":"Ashgabat Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashgabat_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"2015 Ýokary Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_%C3%9Dokary_Liga"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Şagadam FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eagadam_FK"},{"link_name":"2015 Turkmenistan Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Turkmenistan_Cup"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"AFC Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_AFC_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Air Force Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Club"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Nasaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasaf"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"FC Istiklol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Istiklol"},{"link_name":"2019 AFC Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_AFC_Cup"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Peter Opiyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Opiyo"},{"link_name":"Uche Kalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uche_Kalu"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2019 Ýokary Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_%C3%9Dokary_Liga"},{"link_name":"Hanoi FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi_FC"}],"text":"From the first days of participation in official competitions team was headed by Umarguly Nurmamedov. From 2008 until mid-2012, team was led by Ali Gurbani, and from mid-2012 coach was Bayram Durdyýew.[3] Since mid-2013 the head of the club became Gurbanmurat Hojageldiev. Since the beginning of 2014, the team was led by Ýazguly Hojageldyýew, helped him famous Turkmen footballers Goçguly Goçgulyýew and Gurbangeldi Durdyýew. At the end of the 2014 Ýokary Liga, for the first time they became the champions of Turkmenistan.[4]In the 2015 season, Altyn Asyr debuted in AFC Cup with loss to Al-Saqr (0:1) in Ashgabat Stadium.[5] Team won the Turkmenistan Super Cup 2015, and defended the championship in 6 rounds before the end of 2015 Ýokary Liga.[6] In December, the team won Şagadam FK and won the 2015 Turkmenistan Cup.[7]In 2018, Altyn Asyr reached the AFC Cup Final, where lost in the decisive match to Air Force Club from Iraq. Altyn Asyr were the first team from Turkmenistan to reach the AFC Cup final. If they were to win the final, they would become the second team from Central Asia to win the AFC Cup, after Nasaf from Uzbekistan in 2011.In June 2019, Altyn Asyr, tied the final round of the group stage with FC Istiklol - 1:1, and for the second year in a row went to the Inter-zone play-off semi-finals of the 2019 AFC Cup as the winner of the Central Asian group D.[8] In August 2019, Kenyan Peter Opiyo and Niger Uche Kalu signed a contract with FC Altyn Asyr.[9] This is the first foreign footballer in the history of the club and the first legionnaire in the 2019 Ýokary Liga. However, they lost to Hanoi FC 4:5 on aggregate.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Domestic","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Continental","text":"As of match played 30 June 2022","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"text":"As of 15 December 2023[11]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%9Dazguly_Hojageldy%C3%BDew.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ýazguly Hojageldyýew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Dazguly_Hojageldy%C3%BDew"}],"text":"Ýazguly Hojageldyýew, manager of Altyn Asyr","title":"Club officials"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Management","text":"Gurbanmyrat Hojageldyýew: Club director\nAnnamuhammet Yarow: Manager","title":"Club officials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ýazguly Hojageldyýew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Dazguly_Hojageldy%C3%BDew"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Gurbangeldi Durdyýew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbangeldi_Durdy%C3%BDew"}],"sub_title":"Technical staff","text":"Ýazguly Hojageldyýew:[12] Head Coach\nÝakup Ekezow[13] and Begench Garaýew: Assistant coach\nGurbangeldi Durdyýew and Hojaahmet Arazow: Fitness coach\nDovlet Gylýjov: Doctor","title":"Club officials"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Managerial history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AFC Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Cup"},{"link_name":"Kopetdag Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopetdag_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Ashgabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashgabat"},{"link_name":"Ýokary Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Dokary_Liga"},{"link_name":"Kopetdag Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopetdag_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Nusaý Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusa%C3%BD_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Ashgabat Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashgabat_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Büzmeýin Sport Topulmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_toplumy_(Abadan)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Until 2021, Altyn Asyr had never had its own stadium, with the team historically playing in various Ashgabat. The main home ground for AFC Cup games was Kopetdag Stadium,[14] which has a capacity of 26,000. The stadium is situated in Ashgabat.The team played Ýokary Liga home games at various Ashgabat stadiums: Kopetdag Stadium, Nusaý Stadium and Ashgabat Stadium.[15]Starting in autumn 2021, Altyn Asyr began to receive teams at the Büzmeýin Sport Topulmy (10,000 capacity).[16][17][18][19]","title":"Stadium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry of Industry and Communication of Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_(Turkmenistan)"}],"text":"The team is owned by the Türkmenaragatnaşyk Agency of the Ministry of Industry and Communication of Turkmenistan.","title":"Kit suppliers and shirt sponsors"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AFC Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Cup"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_AFC_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Continental","text":"AFC Cup\nRunners-up (1): 2018","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ýokary Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Dokary_Liga"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_%C3%9Dokary_Liga"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_%C3%9Dokary_Liga"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_%C3%9Dokary_Liga"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_%C3%9Dokary_Liga"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_%C3%9Dokary_Liga"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_%C3%9Dokary_Liga"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%C3%9Dokary_Liga"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_%C3%9Dokary_Liga"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan_Cup"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Turkmenistan_Cup"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Turkmenistan_Cup"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Turkmenistan_Cup"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Turkmenistan_Cup"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Turkmenistan_Cup"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2015_Turkmenistan_Super_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_Turkmenistan_Super_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Turkmenistan_Super_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Turkmenistan_Super_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Turkmenistan_Super_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2020_Turkmenistan_Super_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2021_Turkmenistan_Super_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan President's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan_President%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Turkmenistan_President%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Turkmenistan_President%27s_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Domestic","text":"Ýokary Liga\nChampions (8) (record):[20] 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021\nTurkmenistan Cup\nWinners (5): 2009, 2015, 2016, 2019, 2020\nTurkmenistan Super Cup\nWinners (8) (record):[21] 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021,[22] 2022\nTurkmenistan President's Cup\nWinners (2): 2010, 2011","title":"Honours"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Ýazguly Hojageldyýew, manager of Altyn Asyr","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/%C3%9Dazguly_Hojageldy%C3%BDew.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"The country's football championship has started\". ashgabat2017.gov.tm. 18 April 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-05-03. Retrieved 30 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160503041052/http://www.ashgabat2017.gov.tm/en/news/2016-01-07T2222-The-country%E2%80%99s-football-championship-has-started","url_text":"\"The country's football championship has started\""},{"url":"http://www.ashgabat2017.gov.tm/en/news/2016-01-07T2222-The-country%E2%80%99s-football-championship-has-started","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Altyn asyr\"— 7-nji çempion topar\". Archived from the original on 2015-01-30. Retrieved 2015-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zamantm.com/tm/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=58753&columnistId=0","url_text":"\"\"Altyn asyr\"— 7-nji çempion topar\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150130223318/http://www.zamantm.com/tm/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=58753&columnistId=0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Туркменистан: золотой век\". Archived from the original on 2017-09-03. Retrieved 2015-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://turkmenistan.gov.tm/?id=3788","url_text":"\"Туркменистан: золотой век\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164920/http://turkmenistan.gov.tm/?id=3788","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Туркменистан: золотой век\". Archived from the original on 2018-01-23. Retrieved 2015-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://turkmenistan.gov.tm/?id=7872","url_text":"\"Туркменистан: золотой век\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180123131634/http://turkmenistan.gov.tm/?id=7872","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"AFC CUP PRELIMINARY ROUND (WEST): ALTYN ASYR 0–1 AL SAQR\". the-afc.com. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.the-afc.com/afc-cup-preliminary-round-west-altyn-asyr-0-1-al-saqr","url_text":"\"AFC CUP PRELIMINARY ROUND (WEST): ALTYN ASYR 0–1 AL SAQR\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181209124243/http://www.the-afc.com/afc-cup-preliminary-round-west-altyn-asyr-0-1-al-saqr","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Altyn asyryň\" bassyr 2-nji çempionlygy\". Archived from the original on 2015-12-25. Retrieved 2015-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zamantm.com/tm/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=60698","url_text":"\"\"Altyn asyryň\" bassyr 2-nji çempionlygy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151225143459/http://www.zamantm.com/tm/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=60698","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bir ýylda üçünji Kubok: \"Altyn asyr\" – Türkmenistanyň Kubogynyň eýesi\". Archived from the original on 2017-08-18. Retrieved 2015-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://turkmenportal.com/tm/blog/7340","url_text":"\"Bir ýylda üçünji Kubok: \"Altyn asyr\" – Türkmenistanyň Kubogynyň eýesi\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170818174629/https://turkmenportal.com/tm/blog/7340","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Соперник «Алтын асыра» по интерзональному полуфиналу Кубка АФК-2019 определится 2 июля | Спорт\". Archived from the original on 2019-07-04. Retrieved 2019-07-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://turkmenportal.com/blog/20145/sopernik-altyn-asyra-po-interzonalnomu-polufinalu-kubka-afk2019-opredelitsya-2-iyulya","url_text":"\"Соперник «Алтын асыра» по интерзональному полуфиналу Кубка АФК-2019 определится 2 июля | Спорт\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190704175918/https://turkmenportal.com/blog/20145/sopernik-altyn-asyra-po-interzonalnomu-polufinalu-kubka-afk2019-opredelitsya-2-iyulya","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Altyn Asyr FK - Soccer - Team Profile - Results, fixtures, squad, statistics - Global Sports Archive\". Archived from the original on 2019-04-10. Retrieved 2019-08-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/altyn-asyr-fk/14499/","url_text":"\"Altyn Asyr FK - Soccer - Team Profile - Results, fixtures, squad, statistics - Global Sports Archive\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190410212908/https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/altyn-asyr-fk/14499/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"AFC Executive Committee announces updates to 2020 competitions calendar\". the-afc.com. Asian Football Confederation. 10 September 2020. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-champions-league/latest/news/afc-executive-committee-announces-updates-to-2020-competitions-calendar","url_text":"\"AFC Executive Committee announces updates to 2020 competitions calendar\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201005100450/https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-champions-league/latest/news/afc-executive-committee-announces-updates-to-2020-competitions-calendar","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Altyn Asyr FC (TKM)\". globalsportsarchive.com. Data Sports Group. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/altyn-asyr-fk/14499/","url_text":"\"Altyn Asyr FC (TKM)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190410212908/https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/altyn-asyr-fk/14499/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Язкули Ходжагельдыев: \"Мы заслужили путёвку в следующий раунд Кубка АФК\" | Спорт\". Archived from the original on 2019-07-04. Retrieved 2019-07-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://turkmenportal.com/blog/20070/yazkuli-hodzhageldyev-my-zasluzhili-putevku-v-sleduyushchii-raund-kubka-afk","url_text":"\"Язкули Ходжагельдыев: \"Мы заслужили путёвку в следующий раунд Кубка АФК\" | Спорт\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190704175349/https://turkmenportal.com/blog/20070/yazkuli-hodzhageldyev-my-zasluzhili-putevku-v-sleduyushchii-raund-kubka-afk","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Якуб Экезов: \"Надеемся, что \"Алтын асыр\" выйдет из группы\" | Спорт\". Archived from the original on 2019-07-02. Retrieved 2019-07-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://turkmenportal.com/blog/20009/yakub-ekezov-nadeemsya-chto-altyn-asyr-vyidet-iz-gruppy","url_text":"\"Якуб Экезов: \"Надеемся, что \"Алтын асыр\" выйдет из группы\" | Спорт\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190702192249/https://turkmenportal.com/blog/20009/yakub-ekezov-nadeemsya-chto-altyn-asyr-vyidet-iz-gruppy","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Алтын асыр\" обыграл \"Дордой\" и вышел в единоличные лидеры группы в Кубке АФК | Спорт\". Archived from the original on 2019-07-04. Retrieved 2019-07-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://turkmenportal.com/blog/19854/altyn-asyr-obygral-dordoi-i-vyshel-v-edinolichnye-lidery-gruppy-v-kubke-afk","url_text":"\"\"Алтын асыр\" обыграл \"Дордой\" и вышел в единоличные лидеры группы в Кубке АФК | Спорт\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190704175348/https://turkmenportal.com/blog/19854/altyn-asyr-obygral-dordoi-i-vyshel-v-edinolichnye-lidery-gruppy-v-kubke-afk","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Алтын асыр\" победил \"Мерв\" с теннисным счётом в чемпионате Туркменистана по футболу | Спорт\". Archived from the original on 2019-07-03. Retrieved 2019-07-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://turkmenportal.com/blog/20164/altyn-asyr-sokrushil-merv-v-perenesennom-matche-chempionata-turkmenistana-po-futbolu","url_text":"\"\"Алтын асыр\" победил \"Мерв\" с теннисным счётом в чемпионате Туркменистана по футболу | Спорт\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190703154959/https://turkmenportal.com/blog/20164/altyn-asyr-sokrushil-merv-v-perenesennom-matche-chempionata-turkmenistana-po-futbolu","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Алтын асыр\" обыграл \"Мерв\" и продолжает погоню за лидерами | Спорт\". Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 2022-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://turkmenportal.com/blog/41553/altyn-asyr-obygral-merv-i-prodolzhaet-pogonyu-za-liderami","url_text":"\"\"Алтын асыр\" обыграл \"Мерв\" и продолжает погоню за лидерами | Спорт\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220112204224/https://turkmenportal.com/blog/41553/altyn-asyr-obygral-merv-i-prodolzhaet-pogonyu-za-liderami","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Алтын асыр\" обыграл \"Копетдаг\" в матче чемпионата Туркменистана по футболу | Спорт\". Archived from the original on 2021-11-12. Retrieved 2022-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://turkmenportal.com/blog/41251/altyn-asyr-obygral-kopetdag-v-matche-chempionata-turkmenistana-po-futbolu","url_text":"\"\"Алтын асыр\" обыграл \"Копетдаг\" в матче чемпионата Туркменистана по футболу | Спорт\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211112182351/https://turkmenportal.com/blog/41251/altyn-asyr-obygral-kopetdag-v-matche-chempionata-turkmenistana-po-futbolu","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Стартует 4-й тур чемпионата Туркменистана по футболу | Спорт\". Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 2022-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://turkmenportal.com/blog/41217/startuet-4i-tur-chempionata-turkmenistana-po-futbolu","url_text":"\"Стартует 4-й тур чемпионата Туркменистана по футболу | Спорт\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220112204232/https://turkmenportal.com/blog/41217/startuet-4i-tur-chempionata-turkmenistana-po-futbolu","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Алтын асыр\" наградили чемпионским кубком | Спорт\". Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 2022-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://turkmenportal.com/blog/42642/altyn-asyr-nagradili-chempionskim-kubkom","url_text":"\"\"Алтын асыр\" наградили чемпионским кубком | Спорт\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220112204226/https://turkmenportal.com/blog/42642/altyn-asyr-nagradili-chempionskim-kubkom","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ашхабадский \"Алтын асыр\" стал шестикратным чемпионом Туркменистана по футболу\". Archived from the original on 2019-11-27. Retrieved 2019-11-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://turkmenportal.com/blog/23301/ashhabadskii-altyn-asyr-stal-shestikratnym-chempionom-turkmenistana-po-futbolu","url_text":"\"Ашхабадский \"Алтын асыр\" стал шестикратным чемпионом Туркменистана по футболу\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191127222851/https://turkmenportal.com/blog/23301/ashhabadskii-altyn-asyr-stal-shestikratnym-chempionom-turkmenistana-po-futbolu","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Алтын асыр\" в пятый раз завоевал Суперкубок Туркменистана\". Archived from the original on 2019-08-04. Retrieved 2019-08-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://turkmenportal.com/blog/20792/altyn-asyr-v-pyatyi-raz-zavoeval-superkubok-turkmenistana","url_text":"\"\"Алтын асыр\" в пятый раз завоевал Суперкубок Туркменистана\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190804071500/https://turkmenportal.com/blog/20792/altyn-asyr-v-pyatyi-raz-zavoeval-superkubok-turkmenistana","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Алтын асыр\" обыграл \"Копетдаг\" и в седьмой раз подряд завоевал Суперкубок Туркменистана\". Archived from the original on 2021-11-24. Retrieved 2021-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://turkmenportal.com/blog/41766/altyn-asyr-obygral-kopetdag-i-v-sedmoi-raz-podryad-zavoeval-superkubok-turkmenistana","url_text":"\"\"Алтын асыр\" обыграл \"Копетдаг\" и в седьмой раз подряд завоевал Суперкубок Туркменистана\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211124093121/https://turkmenportal.com/blog/41766/altyn-asyr-obygral-kopetdag-i-v-sedmoi-raz-podryad-zavoeval-superkubok-turkmenistana","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.altynasyrfk.com/","external_links_name":"Club website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160503041052/http://www.ashgabat2017.gov.tm/en/news/2016-01-07T2222-The-country%E2%80%99s-football-championship-has-started","external_links_name":"\"The country's football championship has started\""},{"Link":"http://www.ashgabat2017.gov.tm/en/news/2016-01-07T2222-The-country%E2%80%99s-football-championship-has-started","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.zamantm.com/tm/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=58753&columnistId=0","external_links_name":"\"\"Altyn asyr\"— 7-nji çempion topar\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150130223318/http://www.zamantm.com/tm/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=58753&columnistId=0","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://turkmenistan.gov.tm/?id=3788","external_links_name":"\"Туркменистан: золотой век\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164920/http://turkmenistan.gov.tm/?id=3788","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://turkmenistan.gov.tm/?id=7872","external_links_name":"\"Туркменистан: золотой век\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180123131634/http://turkmenistan.gov.tm/?id=7872","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.the-afc.com/afc-cup-preliminary-round-west-altyn-asyr-0-1-al-saqr","external_links_name":"\"AFC CUP PRELIMINARY ROUND (WEST): ALTYN ASYR 0–1 AL SAQR\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181209124243/http://www.the-afc.com/afc-cup-preliminary-round-west-altyn-asyr-0-1-al-saqr","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.zamantm.com/tm/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=60698","external_links_name":"\"\"Altyn asyryň\" bassyr 2-nji çempionlygy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151225143459/http://www.zamantm.com/tm/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=60698","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://turkmenportal.com/tm/blog/7340","external_links_name":"\"Bir ýylda üçünji Kubok: \"Altyn asyr\" – Türkmenistanyň Kubogynyň eýesi\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170818174629/https://turkmenportal.com/tm/blog/7340","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://turkmenportal.com/blog/20145/sopernik-altyn-asyra-po-interzonalnomu-polufinalu-kubka-afk2019-opredelitsya-2-iyulya","external_links_name":"\"Соперник «Алтын асыра» по интерзональному полуфиналу Кубка АФК-2019 определится 2 июля | Спорт\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190704175918/https://turkmenportal.com/blog/20145/sopernik-altyn-asyra-po-interzonalnomu-polufinalu-kubka-afk2019-opredelitsya-2-iyulya","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/altyn-asyr-fk/14499/","external_links_name":"\"Altyn Asyr FK - Soccer - Team Profile - Results, fixtures, squad, statistics - Global Sports Archive\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190410212908/https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/altyn-asyr-fk/14499/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-champions-league/latest/news/afc-executive-committee-announces-updates-to-2020-competitions-calendar","external_links_name":"\"AFC Executive Committee announces updates to 2020 competitions calendar\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201005100450/https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-champions-league/latest/news/afc-executive-committee-announces-updates-to-2020-competitions-calendar","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/altyn-asyr-fk/14499/","external_links_name":"\"Altyn Asyr FC (TKM)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190410212908/https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/altyn-asyr-fk/14499/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://turkmenportal.com/blog/20070/yazkuli-hodzhageldyev-my-zasluzhili-putevku-v-sleduyushchii-raund-kubka-afk","external_links_name":"\"Язкули Ходжагельдыев: \"Мы заслужили путёвку в следующий раунд Кубка АФК\" | Спорт\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190704175349/https://turkmenportal.com/blog/20070/yazkuli-hodzhageldyev-my-zasluzhili-putevku-v-sleduyushchii-raund-kubka-afk","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://turkmenportal.com/blog/20009/yakub-ekezov-nadeemsya-chto-altyn-asyr-vyidet-iz-gruppy","external_links_name":"\"Якуб Экезов: \"Надеемся, что \"Алтын асыр\" выйдет из группы\" | Спорт\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190702192249/https://turkmenportal.com/blog/20009/yakub-ekezov-nadeemsya-chto-altyn-asyr-vyidet-iz-gruppy","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://turkmenportal.com/blog/19854/altyn-asyr-obygral-dordoi-i-vyshel-v-edinolichnye-lidery-gruppy-v-kubke-afk","external_links_name":"\"\"Алтын асыр\" обыграл \"Дордой\" и вышел в единоличные лидеры группы в Кубке АФК | Спорт\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190704175348/https://turkmenportal.com/blog/19854/altyn-asyr-obygral-dordoi-i-vyshel-v-edinolichnye-lidery-gruppy-v-kubke-afk","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://turkmenportal.com/blog/20164/altyn-asyr-sokrushil-merv-v-perenesennom-matche-chempionata-turkmenistana-po-futbolu","external_links_name":"\"\"Алтын асыр\" победил \"Мерв\" с теннисным счётом в чемпионате Туркменистана по футболу | Спорт\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190703154959/https://turkmenportal.com/blog/20164/altyn-asyr-sokrushil-merv-v-perenesennom-matche-chempionata-turkmenistana-po-futbolu","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://turkmenportal.com/blog/41553/altyn-asyr-obygral-merv-i-prodolzhaet-pogonyu-za-liderami","external_links_name":"\"\"Алтын асыр\" обыграл \"Мерв\" и продолжает погоню за лидерами | Спорт\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220112204224/https://turkmenportal.com/blog/41553/altyn-asyr-obygral-merv-i-prodolzhaet-pogonyu-za-liderami","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://turkmenportal.com/blog/41251/altyn-asyr-obygral-kopetdag-v-matche-chempionata-turkmenistana-po-futbolu","external_links_name":"\"\"Алтын асыр\" обыграл \"Копетдаг\" в матче чемпионата Туркменистана по футболу | Спорт\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211112182351/https://turkmenportal.com/blog/41251/altyn-asyr-obygral-kopetdag-v-matche-chempionata-turkmenistana-po-futbolu","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://turkmenportal.com/blog/41217/startuet-4i-tur-chempionata-turkmenistana-po-futbolu","external_links_name":"\"Стартует 4-й тур чемпионата Туркменистана по футболу | Спорт\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220112204232/https://turkmenportal.com/blog/41217/startuet-4i-tur-chempionata-turkmenistana-po-futbolu","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://turkmenportal.com/blog/42642/altyn-asyr-nagradili-chempionskim-kubkom","external_links_name":"\"\"Алтын асыр\" наградили чемпионским кубком | Спорт\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220112204226/https://turkmenportal.com/blog/42642/altyn-asyr-nagradili-chempionskim-kubkom","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://turkmenportal.com/blog/23301/ashhabadskii-altyn-asyr-stal-shestikratnym-chempionom-turkmenistana-po-futbolu","external_links_name":"\"Ашхабадский \"Алтын асыр\" стал шестикратным чемпионом Туркменистана по футболу\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191127222851/https://turkmenportal.com/blog/23301/ashhabadskii-altyn-asyr-stal-shestikratnym-chempionom-turkmenistana-po-futbolu","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://turkmenportal.com/blog/20792/altyn-asyr-v-pyatyi-raz-zavoeval-superkubok-turkmenistana","external_links_name":"\"\"Алтын асыр\" в пятый раз завоевал Суперкубок Туркменистана\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190804071500/https://turkmenportal.com/blog/20792/altyn-asyr-v-pyatyi-raz-zavoeval-superkubok-turkmenistana","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://turkmenportal.com/blog/41766/altyn-asyr-obygral-kopetdag-i-v-sedmoi-raz-podryad-zavoeval-superkubok-turkmenistana","external_links_name":"\"\"Алтын асыр\" обыграл \"Копетдаг\" и в седьмой раз подряд завоевал Суперкубок Туркменистана\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211124093121/https://turkmenportal.com/blog/41766/altyn-asyr-obygral-kopetdag-i-v-sedmoi-raz-podryad-zavoeval-superkubok-turkmenistana","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.altynasyrfk.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Taylor_Still
|
Andrew Taylor Still
|
["1 Early life and interests","2 Kansas territorial and state legislator","3 Inventor and patents","4 Baker University","5 Osteopathy","6 Publications","7 See also","8 References","8.1 Additional references","9 External links"]
|
Founder of Osteopathic Medicine
Andrew Taylor StillAndrew Taylor Still in 1914Born(1828-08-06)August 6, 1828Lee County, Virginia, U.S.DiedDecember 12, 1917(1917-12-12) (aged 89)Kirksville, Missouri, U.S.NationalityAmericanCitizenshipUnited StatesAlma materCollege of Physicians and Surgeons, Kansas City, MO (MD)Scientific careerFieldsMedicineOsteopathyOsteopathic medicineInstitutionsBaker UniversityA.T. Still University
Signature
Andrew Taylor Still (August 6, 1828 – December 12, 1917) was the founder of osteopathic medicine. He was also a physician and surgeon, author, inventor and Kansas territorial and state legislator. He was one of the founders of Baker University, the oldest four-year college in the state of Kansas, and was the founder of the American School of Osteopathy (now A.T. Still University), the world's first osteopathic medical school, in Kirksville, Missouri.
Early life and interests
Still was the son of a Methodist minister and physician. At an early age, Still decided to follow in his father's footsteps as a physician. After studying medicine and serving an apprenticeship under his father, he entered the Civil War. He served as a hospital steward assigned to Company F of the Cass County Home Guard of the Missouri Cavalry (Union), but later stated in his autobiography that he served as a "de facto surgeon."
At the time, the hospital stewards of the Army had many responsibilities, including maintaining hospital stores, furniture, and supplies for the sick. Since pharmacists were not provided for the hospitals, the hospital stewards also filled prescriptions, and when the medical officers were not present, they took care of the patients. Hospital Stewards were sometimes rewarded with promotions to surgeon or assistant surgeon.
In his autobiography, Still says he served in the Civil War in Company F of the 9th Kansas Cavalry. His military service record for the Missouri regiment says that his company was transferred to the 9th Kansas Infantry, not cavalry, but that the transfer was made "without proper authority." The judge advocate general then orders that these men not be given credit for this unauthorized service.
After the Civil War and following the death of his wife, three of his children, and an adopted child from spinal meningitis in 1864, Still concluded that the orthodox medical practices of his day were frequently ineffective and sometimes harmful. The use of Calomel, also known as mercury chloride, was one such medical practice Still took particular issue with. At the time, there were no standardized dosages for the drug so practitioners of heroic medicine would often deliver dosages that were too large, resulting in mercury poisoning. Still devoted the next thirty years of his life to studying the human body and finding alternative ways to treat disease; his methods involved meticulous anatomical dissection to discover its structure and, therefore, function. This involved exhuming corpses which, while controversial, was a widespread practice among many medical schools in the United States and abroad during that time. During this period, he completed a short course in medicine at the new College of Physicians and Surgeons in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1870.
Still adopted the ideas of spiritualism sometime around 1867, and it "held a prominent and lasting place in his thinking."
Kansas territorial and state legislator
Still was active in the abolition movement and a friend and ally of the Free State leaders John Brown and James H. Lane. He became deeply embroiled in the fight over whether Kansas would be admitted to the Union as a slave state or a free state. The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 provided that the settlers in those two territories would decide the question for themselves. Civil war raged in Kansas as both sides tried to gain control of the territorial government. In October 1857, Still was elected to represent Douglas and Johnson counties in the Kansas territorial legislature. Still and his brothers took up arms in the cause and participated in the Bleeding Kansas battles (between the pro and anti-slavery citizens). By August 1858, a free-state constitution had been passed; Kansas was admitted to the Union as a free state on January 29, 1861.
Inventor and patents
Still was fascinated by machines, and whenever faced with a mechanical problem, his answer was always to devise a better approach. In the 1870s, he patented an improved butter churn. He made improvements to a mowing machine designed to harvest wheat and hay, but before a patent could be submitted, his idea was stolen by a visiting sales representative from the Wood Mowing Machine Co. In 1910, he patented a smokeless furnace burner but had "some difficulty producing a full-sized working model. Heartbroken after his wife, Mary Elvira's, death in May 1910, he did not have the will to pursue the matter further, and the invention was never successfully marketed."
Baker University
Main article: Baker University
Still and his family were among the founders of Baker University in Baldwin City in 1858, the first four-year university in the state of Kansas. Still was involved in selecting the location for the site of Baker University's first building. Along with his brother, Still donated 640 acres of land for the university campus. While maintaining his medical practice, where he treated patients afflicted with small-pox and cholera, Still spent five years building the facilities.
Osteopathy
See also: Osteopathy
Andrew Taylor Still with Mrs. Annie Morris, his amanuensis, who is at a typewriter
Still believed that osteopathy was a necessary discovery because the current medical practices of his day often caused significant harm and conventional medicine had failed to shed light on the etiology and effective treatment of disease. At the time Still practiced as a physician, medications, surgery and other traditional therapeutic regimens often caused more harm than good. Some of the medicines commonly given to patients during this time were arsenic, castor oil, whiskey and opium. Additionally, unsanitary surgical practices often resulted in more deaths than cures.
Still sought to reform existing 19th-century medical practices. Still investigated alternative treatments, such as hydropathy, diet, bonesetting, and magnetic healing. Still found appeal in the relatively tame side effects of those modalities and imagined that someday "rational medical therapy" would consist of manipulation of the musculoskeletal system, surgery and very sparing use of drugs, including anesthetics, antiseptics and antidotes. He invented the name osteopathy by blending two Greek roots osteon- for bone and -pathos for suffering in order to communicate his theory that disease and physiologic dysfunction were etiologically grounded in a disordered musculoskeletal system. Thus, by diagnosing and treating the musculoskeletal system, he believed that physicians could treat a variety of diseases and spare patients the negative side-effects of drugs.
Still founded the first school of osteopathy based on this new approach to medicine - the school was called the American School of Osteopathy (now A.T. Still University) in Kirksville, Missouri, in 1892.
Still was also one of the first physicians to promote the idea of preventive medicine and the philosophy that physicians should focus on treating the disease rather than just the symptoms.
Still defined osteopathy as:
that science which consists of such exact, exhaustive, and verifiable knowledge of the structure and function of the human mechanism, anatomical, physiological and psychological, including the chemistry and physics of its known elements, as has made discoverable certain organic laws and remedial resources, within the body itself, by which nature under the scientific treatment peculiar to osteopathic practice, apart from all ordinary methods of extraneous, artificial, or medicinal stimulation, and in harmonious accord with its own mechanical principles, molecular activities, and metabolic processes, may recover from displacements, disorganizations, derangements, and consequent disease, and regained its normal equilibrium of form and function in health and strength.
In a 1907 interview by the Topeka Daily Capital newspaper, A.T. Still's son, Charles Still, D.O., described his father's philosophy that the body would operate smoothly into old age, if properly maintained and that every living organism possessed the ability to produce all the necessary chemicals and materials to cure itself of ailments.
Publications
Still published four books during his life. His first book, published in 1897, was entitled Autobiography of Andrew Taylor Still with a History of the Discovery and Development of the Science of Osteopathy. A revised edition of the book was re-published in 1908 after a fire damaged the original printing plates. In 1899, Still published his second book, Philosophy of Osteopathy.
Still published his third book, The Philosophy and Mechanical Principles of Osteopathy, with publication date 1902, and copyright date 1892. He published Osteopathy Research and Practice, his fourth and final book in 1910.
See also
Biography portal
S. S. Still—nephew of Andrew Taylor Still, and an osteopath on the faculty of A. T. Still University
References
^ "Glossary of Osteopathic Terminology". AACOM. November 2011. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved November 1, 2012.
^ "Medical Registration for Macon County, MO as of March 27, 1874, Missouri Digital Heritage, Secretary of State of Missouri". Archived from the original on October 4, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
^ Medical registration for Adair County, MO dated July 28, 1883, Missouri Digital Heritage, Secretary of State of Missouri. Archived October 19, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Note: The state of Missouri did not have legislation requiring medical registration until March 27, 1874.
^ "WebVoyage Titles". cocatalog.loc.gov.
^ a b Still 1908
^ a b "Six Survivors of First Free State Legislature in Kansas, Topeka Daily Capital, Missouri's Digital Heritage, Secretary of State of Missouri". Archived from the original on October 4, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
^ a b Still 1908, pp. 97–98
^ "Certificate of Discharge from 9th Kansas Infantry,A.T. Still Collection, Missouri Digital Heritage, Secretary of State of Missouri". Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
^ a b "Civil War Service Records (CMSR) - Union - Missouri". Fold3. Retrieved October 17, 2020.
^ a b Smart 2002, pp. 98–99
^ Smart 2002, pp. 92
^ Still, Andrew (1897). Autobiography of Andrew T. Still. Kirksville, Mo.: By Author. p. 81.
^ Denbow, Carl Jón (May 1977). "Osteopathy: Packing More Proefesional Punch" (PDF). Medical Dimensions: 20.
^ Cooter, Roger (July 1992). "Carol Trowbridge, Andrew Taylor Still, 1828–1917, Kirksville, Missouri, The Thomas Jefferson University Press, 1991, pp. xiv, 233, illus., $50.00 (0-943549-06-X)". Medical History. 36 (3): 348. doi:10.1017/s0025727300055484. ISSN 0025-7273.
^ Cooter, Roger (July 1992). "Carol Trowbridge, Andrew Taylor Still, 1828–1917, Kirksville, Missouri, The Thomas Jefferson University Press, 1991, pp. xiv, 233, illus., $50.00 (0-943549-06-X)". Medical History. 36 (3): 348. doi:10.1017/s0025727300055484. ISSN 0025-7273.
^ Young, Warren R. (September 26, 1960). "U.S. Bone Setters". Life. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
^ Trowbridge, Carol. Andrew Taylor Still, 1828-1917. Truman State University Press, 1991, 232 pages
^ "Charles E. Still (son) – Letters to Edith Mellor, DO. Missouri's Digital Heritage, Secretary of State of Missouri". Archived from the original on October 4, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
^ "Kansas Free State Legislature Reunion: Invitation (1907), Kansas State Historical Society. Andrew Taylor Still Papers. Museum of Osteopathic Medicine. Kirksville, Missouri". Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
^ "Veterans of '56 Annual Meeting Program, Personal papers of A.T. Still. Missouri's Digital Heritage, Secretary of State of Missouri". Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
^ a b c Still 1908, pp. 91–93
^ Missouri Digital Heritage. "Andrew Taylor Still's Furnace Burner Invention: Set of 6 Letters relating to his design". Andrew Taylor Still Papers. Museum of Osteopathic Medicine. Archived from the original on March 8, 2012. Retrieved November 1, 2012.
^ "Andrew Taylor Still". A.T. Still University. Retrieved November 1, 2012.
^ "Missouri Digital Heritage Collections: Item Viewer". Cdm.sos.mo.gov. January 22, 2010. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
^ Hansen, G. P. (March 1, 2006). "Beyond OMT: time for a new chapter in osteopathic medicine?" (Free full text). The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. 106 (3): 114–116. ISSN 0098-6151. PMID 16585374.
^ a b c Gevitz, Norman (July 3, 2011). "History of Osteopathic Medicine (Interview with Norman Gevitz)". Sound Medicine. Archived from the original on October 3, 2013. Retrieved November 1, 2012.
^ Howell, Joel D. (1999). "The Paradox of Osteopathy". New England Journal of Medicine. 341 (19): 1465–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM199911043411910. PMID 10547412.
^ Trowbridge, Carol (2007). Andrew Taylor Still, 1828-1917. Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press. ISBN 978-1931112789.
^ The True Fountainhead of Osteopathy, Journal of Osteopathy, p. 230. "The Museum of Osteopathic Medicine | A.T. Still University | Historic Journals & Osteopathic Books" (PDF). Archived from the original on March 29, 2015. Retrieved December 14, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Still 1908, pp. 403
^ ""Osteopathy Founded by Dr. Andrew Still at Baldwin", Topeka Daily Capital, December 7, 1907". Archived from the original on October 4, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
^ a b Stark, JE (June 2012). "Quoting A.T. Still with rigor: an historical and academic review". The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. 112 (6): 366–73. PMID 22707646.
^ Still, Andrew Taylor (1902). The Philosophy and Mechanical Principles of Osteopathy. Kansas City, Mo.: Hudson Kimberley Pub. Co. Copyright date 1892. Web page linking to facsimile images of the original book in several formats, including imperfect OCR text and PDF.
Additional references
Smart, Charles (2002). The Medical Department. US Army Center for Military History. pp. 92, 98–99.
Still, Andrew Taylor (1908). Autobiography of A.T. Still. Kirksville, Missouri. ISBN 978-1150207792.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Andrew Taylor Still.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Andrew Taylor Still.
Works by Andrew Taylor Still at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Andrew Taylor Still at Internet Archive
Andrew Taylor Still at Find a Grave
Still National Osteopathic Museum, Kirksville
Autobiography of A. T. Still, 1897
Philosophy of Osteopathy 1899 (HTML)
Philosophy of Osteopathy, 1899, from Project Gutenberg
Autobiography of A. T. Still Revised Edition, 1908
vteOsteopathic medicineGeneral
Osteopathic medicine in the United States
Osteopathic medicine in Canada
Treatments
Articulatory technique
Balanced ligamentous tension
Chapman reflex points
Counterstrain
Cranial
Lymphatic pump
Muscle energy technique
Myofascial release
Paraspinal inhibition
Soft tissue technique
Education
List of osteopathic medical schools
Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
Accrediting Commission
Licensing
COMLEX
NBOME
Organizations
AOA
COA
AACOM
Student Council
Specialty Boards
Specialty colleges
Directors and Medical Educators
American Academy of Osteopathy
People
Andrew Taylor Still
S. S. Still
William Garner Sutherland
Media
The DO
Journal of Osteopathic Medicine
Journal of Osteopathy
History
History
California merger
Flexner Report
Osteopathic medicine
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Czech Republic
Other
SNAC
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"osteopathic medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopathic_medicine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Still_x-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdm.sos.mo.gov-6"},{"link_name":"Baker University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_University"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Still_97_98-7"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas"},{"link_name":"A.T. Still University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.T._Still_University"},{"link_name":"osteopathic medical school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Kirksville, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville,_Missouri"}],"text":"Andrew Taylor Still (August 6, 1828 – December 12, 1917) was the founder of osteopathic medicine.[1] He was also a physician and surgeon,[2][3] author,[4][5] inventor and Kansas territorial and state legislator.[6] He was one of the founders of Baker University,[7] the oldest four-year college in the state of Kansas, and was the founder of the American School of Osteopathy (now A.T. Still University), the world's first osteopathic medical school, in Kirksville, Missouri.","title":"Andrew Taylor Still"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist"},{"link_name":"minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"physician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smart_98_99-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smart_98_99-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smart_92-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"meningitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Calomel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calomel"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"heroic medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroic_medicine"},{"link_name":"mercury poisoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_poisoning"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"human body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_body"},{"link_name":"disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease"},{"link_name":"Kansas City, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"spiritualism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trowbridge-17"}],"text":"Still was the son of a Methodist minister and physician. At an early age, Still decided to follow in his father's footsteps as a physician. After studying medicine and serving an apprenticeship under his father, he entered the Civil War.[8] He served as a hospital steward assigned to Company F of the Cass County Home Guard of the Missouri Cavalry (Union),[9] but later stated in his autobiography that he served as a \"de facto surgeon.\"At the time, the hospital stewards of the Army had many responsibilities, including maintaining hospital stores, furniture, and supplies for the sick.[10] Since pharmacists were not provided for the hospitals, the hospital stewards also filled prescriptions, and when the medical officers were not present, they took care of the patients.[10] Hospital Stewards were sometimes rewarded with promotions to surgeon or assistant surgeon.[11]In his autobiography, Still says he served in the Civil War in Company F of the 9th Kansas Cavalry.[12] His military service record for the Missouri regiment says that his company was transferred to the 9th Kansas Infantry, not cavalry, but that the transfer was made \"without proper authority.\" The judge advocate general then orders that these men not be given credit for this unauthorized service.[9]After the Civil War and following the death of his wife, three of his children, and an adopted child from spinal meningitis in 1864, Still concluded that the orthodox medical practices of his day were frequently ineffective and sometimes harmful.[13] The use of Calomel, also known as mercury chloride, was one such medical practice Still took particular issue with.[14] At the time, there were no standardized dosages for the drug so practitioners of heroic medicine would often deliver dosages that were too large, resulting in mercury poisoning.[15] Still devoted the next thirty years of his life to studying the human body and finding alternative ways to treat disease; his methods involved meticulous anatomical dissection to discover its structure and, therefore, function. This involved exhuming corpses which, while controversial, was a widespread practice among many medical schools in the United States and abroad during that time. During this period, he completed a short course in medicine at the new College of Physicians and Surgeons in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1870.[16]Still adopted the ideas of spiritualism sometime around 1867, and it \"held a prominent and lasting place in his thinking.\"[17]","title":"Early life and interests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"abolition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"John Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)"},{"link_name":"James H. Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Henry_Lane_(Union_general)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Kansas–Nebraska Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdm.sos.mo.gov-6"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Bleeding Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Still was active in the abolition movement and a friend and ally of the Free State leaders John Brown and James H. Lane.[18] He became deeply embroiled in the fight over whether Kansas would be admitted to the Union as a slave state or a free state. The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 provided that the settlers in those two territories would decide the question for themselves. Civil war raged in Kansas as both sides tried to gain control of the territorial government. In October 1857, Still was elected to represent Douglas and Johnson counties[6] in the Kansas territorial legislature.[19] Still and his brothers took up arms in the cause and participated in the Bleeding Kansas battles (between the pro and anti-slavery citizens).[20] By August 1858, a free-state constitution had been passed; Kansas was admitted to the Union as a free state on January 29, 1861.","title":"Kansas territorial and state legislator"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"butter churn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butter_churn"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Still_91_93-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Still_91_93-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"}],"text":"Still was fascinated by machines, and whenever faced with a mechanical problem, his answer was always to devise a better approach. In the 1870s, he patented an improved butter churn.[21] He made improvements to a mowing machine designed to harvest wheat and hay, but before a patent could be submitted, his idea was stolen by a visiting sales representative from the Wood Mowing Machine Co.[21] In 1910, he patented a smokeless furnace burner[22] but had \"some difficulty producing a full-sized working model. Heartbroken after his wife, Mary Elvira's, death in May 1910, he did not have the will to pursue the matter further, and the invention was never successfully marketed.\"[23][citation needed][according to whom?]","title":"Inventor and patents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baker University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_University"},{"link_name":"Baldwin City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_City"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Still_91_93-21"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Still_x-5"},{"link_name":"small-pox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-pox"},{"link_name":"cholera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Still_97_98-7"}],"text":"Still and his family were among the founders of Baker University in Baldwin City in 1858, the first four-year university in the state of Kansas. Still was involved in selecting the location for the site of Baker University's first building.[21] Along with his brother, Still donated 640 acres of land for the university campus.[5] While maintaining his medical practice, where he treated patients afflicted with small-pox and cholera, Still spent five years building the facilities.[7]","title":"Baker University"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Osteopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopathy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dr_A.T._Still_and_Mrs._Annie_Morris,_his_amanuensis._Wellcome_L0040493.jpg"},{"link_name":"amanuensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanuensis"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"arsenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic"},{"link_name":"castor oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castor_oil"},{"link_name":"whiskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiskey"},{"link_name":"opium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hansen-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GevitzInterview-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GevitzInterview-26"},{"link_name":"manipulation of the musculoskeletal system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopathic_manipulative_medicine"},{"link_name":"surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery"},{"link_name":"anesthetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthetics"},{"link_name":"antiseptics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptics"},{"link_name":"antidotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidotes"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GevitzInterview-26"},{"link_name":"theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory"},{"link_name":"etiologically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiology"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paradox-27"},{"link_name":"A.T. Still University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.T._Still_University"},{"link_name":"Kirksville, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"preventive medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_medicine"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"osteopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopathy"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Still_403-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"See also: OsteopathyAndrew Taylor Still with Mrs. Annie Morris, his amanuensis, who is at a typewriterStill believed that osteopathy was a necessary discovery because the current medical practices of his day often caused significant harm and conventional medicine had failed to shed light on the etiology and effective treatment of disease.[24] At the time Still practiced as a physician, medications, surgery and other traditional therapeutic regimens often caused more harm than good. Some of the medicines commonly given to patients during this time were arsenic, castor oil, whiskey and opium. Additionally, unsanitary surgical practices often resulted in more deaths than cures.[25]Still sought to reform existing 19th-century medical practices. Still investigated alternative treatments, such as hydropathy, diet, bonesetting, and magnetic healing.[26] Still found appeal in the relatively tame side effects of those modalities[26] and imagined that someday \"rational medical therapy\" would consist of manipulation of the musculoskeletal system, surgery and very sparing use of drugs, including anesthetics, antiseptics and antidotes.[26] He invented the name osteopathy by blending two Greek roots osteon- for bone and -pathos for suffering in order to communicate his theory that disease and physiologic dysfunction were etiologically grounded in a disordered musculoskeletal system. Thus, by diagnosing and treating the musculoskeletal system, he believed that physicians could treat a variety of diseases and spare patients the negative side-effects of drugs.[27]Still founded the first school of osteopathy based on this new approach to medicine - the school was called the American School of Osteopathy (now A.T. Still University) in Kirksville, Missouri, in 1892.[28]Still was also one of the first physicians to promote the idea of preventive medicine and the philosophy that physicians should focus on treating the disease rather than just the symptoms.[29]Still defined osteopathy as:that science which consists of such exact, exhaustive, and verifiable knowledge of the structure and function of the human mechanism, anatomical, physiological and psychological, including the chemistry and physics of its known elements, as has made discoverable certain organic laws and remedial resources, within the body itself, by which nature under the scientific treatment peculiar to osteopathic practice, apart from all ordinary methods of extraneous, artificial, or medicinal stimulation, and in harmonious accord with its own mechanical principles, molecular activities, and metabolic processes, may recover from displacements, disorganizations, derangements, and consequent disease, and regained its normal equilibrium of form and function in health and strength.[30]In a 1907 interview by the Topeka Daily Capital newspaper, A.T. Still's son, Charles Still, D.O., described his father's philosophy that the body would operate smoothly into old age, if properly maintained and that every living organism possessed the ability to produce all the necessary chemicals and materials to cure itself of ailments.[31]","title":"Osteopathy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stark2012-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stark2012-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book1902-33"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Still published four books during his life. His first book, published in 1897, was entitled Autobiography of Andrew Taylor Still with a History of the Discovery and Development of the Science of Osteopathy.[32] A revised edition of the book was re-published in 1908 after a fire damaged the original printing plates.[32] In 1899, Still published his second book, Philosophy of Osteopathy.Still published his third book, The Philosophy and Mechanical Principles of Osteopathy, with publication date 1902, and copyright date 1892.[33] He published Osteopathy Research and Practice, his fourth and final book in 1910.[citation needed]","title":"Publications"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Andrew Taylor Still with Mrs. Annie Morris, his amanuensis, who is at a typewriter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Dr_A.T._Still_and_Mrs._Annie_Morris%2C_his_amanuensis._Wellcome_L0040493.jpg/220px-Dr_A.T._Still_and_Mrs._Annie_Morris%2C_his_amanuensis._Wellcome_L0040493.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"S. S. Still","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._S._Still"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Glossary of Osteopathic Terminology\". AACOM. November 2011. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved November 1, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120721233437/http://www.aacom.org/resources/bookstore/Pages/glossary.aspx","url_text":"\"Glossary of Osteopathic Terminology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Colleges_of_Osteopathic_Medicine","url_text":"AACOM"},{"url":"http://www.aacom.org/resources/bookstore/Pages/glossary.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Medical Registration for Macon County, MO as of March 27, 1874, Missouri Digital Heritage, Secretary of State of Missouri\". Archived from the original on October 4, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111004152853/http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=693&REC=1%2F","url_text":"\"Medical Registration for Macon County, MO as of March 27, 1874, Missouri Digital Heritage, Secretary of State of Missouri\""},{"url":"http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=693&REC=1%2F","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"WebVoyage Titles\". cocatalog.loc.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://cocatalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?Search_Arg=still+andrew+&Search_Code=NALL&PID=RfqZR0erP_1OJ2_zOCPBNCrWC5ZE&SEQ=20110310141052&CNT=25&HIST=1/","url_text":"\"WebVoyage Titles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Six Survivors of First Free State Legislature in Kansas, Topeka Daily Capital, Missouri's Digital Heritage, Secretary of State of Missouri\". Archived from the original on October 4, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111004152821/http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=685&REC=2%2F","url_text":"\"Six Survivors of First Free State Legislature in Kansas, Topeka Daily Capital, Missouri's Digital Heritage, Secretary of State of Missouri\""},{"url":"http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=685&REC=2%2F","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Certificate of Discharge from 9th Kansas Infantry,A.T. Still Collection, Missouri Digital Heritage, Secretary of State of Missouri\". Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721045900/http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=664&REC=2%2F","url_text":"\"Certificate of Discharge from 9th Kansas Infantry,A.T. Still Collection, Missouri Digital Heritage, Secretary of State of Missouri\""},{"url":"http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=664&REC=2%2F","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Civil War Service Records (CMSR) - Union - Missouri\". Fold3. Retrieved October 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fold3.com/title/51/civil-war-service-records-cmsr-union-missouri","url_text":"\"Civil War Service Records (CMSR) - Union - Missouri\""}]},{"reference":"Still, Andrew (1897). Autobiography of Andrew T. Still. Kirksville, Mo.: By Author. p. 81.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Denbow, Carl Jón (May 1977). \"Osteopathy: Packing More Proefesional Punch\" (PDF). Medical Dimensions: 20.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.ohio.edu/denbow/Documents/PackingMoreProefesionalPunch.pdf","url_text":"\"Osteopathy: Packing More Proefesional Punch\""}]},{"reference":"Cooter, Roger (July 1992). \"Carol Trowbridge, Andrew Taylor Still, 1828–1917, Kirksville, Missouri, The Thomas Jefferson University Press, 1991, pp. xiv, 233, illus., $50.00 (0-943549-06-X)\". Medical History. 36 (3): 348. doi:10.1017/s0025727300055484. ISSN 0025-7273.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0025727300055484","url_text":"\"Carol Trowbridge, Andrew Taylor Still, 1828–1917, Kirksville, Missouri, The Thomas Jefferson University Press, 1991, pp. xiv, 233, illus., $50.00 (0-943549-06-X)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0025727300055484","url_text":"10.1017/s0025727300055484"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0025-7273","url_text":"0025-7273"}]},{"reference":"Cooter, Roger (July 1992). \"Carol Trowbridge, Andrew Taylor Still, 1828–1917, Kirksville, Missouri, The Thomas Jefferson University Press, 1991, pp. xiv, 233, illus., $50.00 (0-943549-06-X)\". Medical History. 36 (3): 348. doi:10.1017/s0025727300055484. ISSN 0025-7273.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0025727300055484","url_text":"\"Carol Trowbridge, Andrew Taylor Still, 1828–1917, Kirksville, Missouri, The Thomas Jefferson University Press, 1991, pp. xiv, 233, illus., $50.00 (0-943549-06-X)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0025727300055484","url_text":"10.1017/s0025727300055484"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0025-7273","url_text":"0025-7273"}]},{"reference":"Young, Warren R. (September 26, 1960). \"U.S. Bone Setters\". Life. Retrieved January 6, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H08EAAAAMBAJ&q=andrew+taylor+still+lightning+bone+setter&pg=PA108","url_text":"\"U.S. Bone Setters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_(magazine)","url_text":"Life"}]},{"reference":"\"Charles E. Still (son) – Letters to Edith Mellor, DO. Missouri's Digital Heritage, Secretary of State of Missouri\". Archived from the original on October 4, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111004152557/http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=670&REC=1%2F","url_text":"\"Charles E. Still (son) – Letters to Edith Mellor, DO. Missouri's Digital Heritage, Secretary of State of Missouri\""},{"url":"http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=670&REC=1%2F","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kansas Free State Legislature Reunion: Invitation (1907), Kansas State Historical Society. Andrew Taylor Still Papers. Museum of Osteopathic Medicine. Kirksville, Missouri\". Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721045615/http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=758&CISOBOX=1&REC=3%2F","url_text":"\"Kansas Free State Legislature Reunion: Invitation (1907), Kansas State Historical Society. Andrew Taylor Still Papers. Museum of Osteopathic Medicine. Kirksville, Missouri\""},{"url":"http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=758&CISOBOX=1&REC=3%2F","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Veterans of '56 Annual Meeting Program, Personal papers of A.T. Still. Missouri's Digital Heritage, Secretary of State of Missouri\". Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721045647/http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=712&REC=2%2F","url_text":"\"Veterans of '56 Annual Meeting Program, Personal papers of A.T. Still. Missouri's Digital Heritage, Secretary of State of Missouri\""},{"url":"http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=712&REC=2%2F","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Missouri Digital Heritage. \"Andrew Taylor Still's Furnace Burner Invention: Set of 6 Letters relating to his design\". Andrew Taylor Still Papers. Museum of Osteopathic Medicine. Archived from the original on March 8, 2012. Retrieved November 1, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120308024433/http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=1571&REC=2%2F","url_text":"\"Andrew Taylor Still's Furnace Burner Invention: Set of 6 Letters relating to his design\""},{"url":"http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/atsu&CISOPTR=1571&REC=2/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Andrew Taylor Still\". A.T. Still University. Retrieved November 1, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atsu.edu/museum/ats/index.htm/","url_text":"\"Andrew Taylor Still\""}]},{"reference":"\"Missouri Digital Heritage Collections: Item Viewer\". Cdm.sos.mo.gov. January 22, 2010. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014. Retrieved January 6, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140106142952/http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=1087&CISOBOX=1&REC=13%2F","url_text":"\"Missouri Digital Heritage Collections: Item Viewer\""},{"url":"http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/atsu&CISOPTR=1087&CISOBOX=1&REC=13/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hansen, G. P. (March 1, 2006). \"Beyond OMT: time for a new chapter in osteopathic medicine?\" (Free full text). The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. 106 (3): 114–116. ISSN 0098-6151. PMID 16585374.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jaoa.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16585374","url_text":"\"Beyond OMT: time for a new chapter in osteopathic medicine?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0098-6151","url_text":"0098-6151"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16585374","url_text":"16585374"}]},{"reference":"Gevitz, Norman (July 3, 2011). \"History of Osteopathic Medicine (Interview with Norman Gevitz)\". Sound Medicine. Archived from the original on October 3, 2013. Retrieved November 1, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131003045708/http://soundmedicine.iu.edu/segment/2906/History-of-Osteopathic-Medicine","url_text":"\"History of Osteopathic Medicine (Interview with Norman Gevitz)\""},{"url":"http://soundmedicine.iu.edu/segment/2906/History-of-Osteopathic-Medicine","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Howell, Joel D. (1999). \"The Paradox of Osteopathy\". New England Journal of Medicine. 341 (19): 1465–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM199911043411910. PMID 10547412.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199911043411910","url_text":"10.1056/NEJM199911043411910"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10547412","url_text":"10547412"}]},{"reference":"Trowbridge, Carol (2007). Andrew Taylor Still, 1828-1917. Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press. ISBN 978-1931112789.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y7CcKRU_3QgC","url_text":"Andrew Taylor Still, 1828-1917"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1931112789","url_text":"978-1931112789"}]},{"reference":"\"The Museum of Osteopathic Medicine | A.T. Still University | Historic Journals & Osteopathic Books\" (PDF). Archived from the original on March 29, 2015. Retrieved December 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150329143732/http://www.atsu.edu/museum/subscription/pdfs/journalofosteopathyvol5no51898october.pdf","url_text":"\"The Museum of Osteopathic Medicine | A.T. Still University | Historic Journals & Osteopathic Books\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Osteopathy Founded by Dr. Andrew Still at Baldwin\", Topeka Daily Capital, December 7, 1907\". Archived from the original on October 4, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111004152821/http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=685&REC=2%2F","url_text":"\"\"Osteopathy Founded by Dr. Andrew Still at Baldwin\", Topeka Daily Capital, December 7, 1907\""},{"url":"http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=685&REC=2%2F","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stark, JE (June 2012). \"Quoting A.T. Still with rigor: an historical and academic review\". The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. 112 (6): 366–73. PMID 22707646.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22707646","url_text":"22707646"}]},{"reference":"Still, Andrew Taylor (1902). The Philosophy and Mechanical Principles of Osteopathy. Kansas City, Mo.: Hudson Kimberley Pub. Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/philosophymechan00stiliala","url_text":"The Philosophy and Mechanical Principles of Osteopathy"}]},{"reference":"Smart, Charles (2002). The Medical Department. US Army Center for Military History. pp. 92, 98–99.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history.army.mil/books/R&H/R&H-Med.htm","url_text":"The Medical Department"}]},{"reference":"Still, Andrew Taylor (1908). Autobiography of A.T. Still. Kirksville, Missouri. ISBN 978-1150207792.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1150207792","url_text":"978-1150207792"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120721233437/http://www.aacom.org/resources/bookstore/Pages/glossary.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Glossary of Osteopathic Terminology\""},{"Link":"http://www.aacom.org/resources/bookstore/Pages/glossary.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111004152853/http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=693&REC=1%2F","external_links_name":"\"Medical Registration for Macon County, MO as of March 27, 1874, Missouri Digital Heritage, Secretary of State of Missouri\""},{"Link":"http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=693&REC=1%2F","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/atsu&CISOPTR=759&CISOBOX=1&REC=2/","external_links_name":"Medical registration for Adair County, MO dated July 28, 1883, Missouri Digital Heritage, Secretary of State of Missouri."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131019173015/http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=759&CISOBOX=1&REC=2%2F","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://cocatalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?Search_Arg=still+andrew+&Search_Code=NALL&PID=RfqZR0erP_1OJ2_zOCPBNCrWC5ZE&SEQ=20110310141052&CNT=25&HIST=1/","external_links_name":"\"WebVoyage Titles\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111004152821/http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=685&REC=2%2F","external_links_name":"\"Six Survivors of First Free State Legislature in Kansas, Topeka Daily Capital, Missouri's Digital Heritage, Secretary of State of Missouri\""},{"Link":"http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=685&REC=2%2F","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721045900/http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=664&REC=2%2F","external_links_name":"\"Certificate of Discharge from 9th Kansas Infantry,A.T. Still Collection, Missouri Digital Heritage, Secretary of State of Missouri\""},{"Link":"http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=664&REC=2%2F","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.fold3.com/title/51/civil-war-service-records-cmsr-union-missouri","external_links_name":"\"Civil War Service Records (CMSR) - Union - Missouri\""},{"Link":"https://sites.ohio.edu/denbow/Documents/PackingMoreProefesionalPunch.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Osteopathy: Packing More Proefesional Punch\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0025727300055484","external_links_name":"\"Carol Trowbridge, Andrew Taylor Still, 1828–1917, Kirksville, Missouri, The Thomas Jefferson University Press, 1991, pp. xiv, 233, illus., $50.00 (0-943549-06-X)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0025727300055484","external_links_name":"10.1017/s0025727300055484"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0025-7273","external_links_name":"0025-7273"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0025727300055484","external_links_name":"\"Carol Trowbridge, Andrew Taylor Still, 1828–1917, Kirksville, Missouri, The Thomas Jefferson University Press, 1991, pp. xiv, 233, illus., $50.00 (0-943549-06-X)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0025727300055484","external_links_name":"10.1017/s0025727300055484"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0025-7273","external_links_name":"0025-7273"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H08EAAAAMBAJ&q=andrew+taylor+still+lightning+bone+setter&pg=PA108","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Bone Setters\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Qh7ZMDsaxHsC&q=spiritualist","external_links_name":"Andrew Taylor Still, 1828-1917"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111004152557/http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=670&REC=1%2F","external_links_name":"\"Charles E. Still (son) – Letters to Edith Mellor, DO. Missouri's Digital Heritage, Secretary of State of Missouri\""},{"Link":"http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=670&REC=1%2F","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721045615/http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=758&CISOBOX=1&REC=3%2F","external_links_name":"\"Kansas Free State Legislature Reunion: Invitation (1907), Kansas State Historical Society. Andrew Taylor Still Papers. Museum of Osteopathic Medicine. Kirksville, Missouri\""},{"Link":"http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=758&CISOBOX=1&REC=3%2F","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721045647/http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=712&REC=2%2F","external_links_name":"\"Veterans of '56 Annual Meeting Program, Personal papers of A.T. Still. Missouri's Digital Heritage, Secretary of State of Missouri\""},{"Link":"http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=712&REC=2%2F","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120308024433/http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=1571&REC=2%2F","external_links_name":"\"Andrew Taylor Still's Furnace Burner Invention: Set of 6 Letters relating to his design\""},{"Link":"http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/atsu&CISOPTR=1571&REC=2/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.atsu.edu/museum/ats/index.htm/","external_links_name":"\"Andrew Taylor Still\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140106142952/http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=1087&CISOBOX=1&REC=13%2F","external_links_name":"\"Missouri Digital Heritage Collections: Item Viewer\""},{"Link":"http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/atsu&CISOPTR=1087&CISOBOX=1&REC=13/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.jaoa.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16585374","external_links_name":"\"Beyond OMT: time for a new chapter in osteopathic medicine?\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0098-6151","external_links_name":"0098-6151"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16585374","external_links_name":"16585374"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131003045708/http://soundmedicine.iu.edu/segment/2906/History-of-Osteopathic-Medicine","external_links_name":"\"History of Osteopathic Medicine (Interview with Norman Gevitz)\""},{"Link":"http://soundmedicine.iu.edu/segment/2906/History-of-Osteopathic-Medicine","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199911043411910","external_links_name":"10.1056/NEJM199911043411910"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10547412","external_links_name":"10547412"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y7CcKRU_3QgC","external_links_name":"Andrew Taylor Still, 1828-1917"},{"Link":"https://www.atsu.edu/museum/subscription/pdfs/JournalofOsteopathyVol5No51898October.pdf/","external_links_name":"The True Fountainhead of Osteopathy"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150329143732/http://www.atsu.edu/museum/subscription/pdfs/journalofosteopathyvol5no51898october.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Museum of Osteopathic Medicine | A.T. Still University | Historic Journals & Osteopathic Books\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111004152821/http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=685&REC=2%2F","external_links_name":"\"\"Osteopathy Founded by Dr. Andrew Still at Baldwin\", Topeka Daily Capital, December 7, 1907\""},{"Link":"http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=685&REC=2%2F","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22707646","external_links_name":"22707646"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/philosophymechan00stiliala","external_links_name":"The Philosophy and Mechanical Principles of Osteopathy"},{"Link":"http://www.history.army.mil/books/R&H/R&H-Med.htm","external_links_name":"The Medical Department"},{"Link":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/31626","external_links_name":"Works by Andrew Taylor Still"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Still%2C%20Andrew%20Taylor%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Still%2C%20Andrew%20T%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Still%2C%20A%2E%20T%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Andrew%20Taylor%20Still%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Andrew%20T%2E%20Still%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22A%2E%20T%2E%20Still%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Still%2C%20Andrew%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Andrew%20Still%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Andrew%20Taylor%20Still%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Andrew%20T%2E%20Still%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22A%2E%20T%2E%20Still%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22A%2E%20Taylor%20Still%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Still%2C%20Andrew%20Taylor%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Still%2C%20Andrew%20T%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Still%2C%20A%2E%20T%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Still%2C%20A%2E%20Taylor%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Andrew%20Still%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Still%2C%20Andrew%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Andrew%20Taylor%20Still%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Andrew%20T%2E%20Still%22%20OR%20title%3A%22A%2E%20T%2E%20Still%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Andrew%20Still%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Andrew%20Taylor%20Still%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Andrew%20T%2E%20Still%22%20OR%20description%3A%22A%2E%20T%2E%20Still%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Still%2C%20Andrew%20Taylor%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Still%2C%20Andrew%20T%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Andrew%20Still%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Still%2C%20Andrew%22%29%20OR%20%28%221828-1917%22%20AND%20Still%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29","external_links_name":"Works by or about Andrew Taylor Still"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6627132","external_links_name":"Andrew Taylor Still"},{"Link":"http://www.atsu.edu/museum/index.htm","external_links_name":"Still National Osteopathic Museum"},{"Link":"http://www.mcmillinmedia.com/eamt/files/still3/st3cont.html","external_links_name":"Autobiography of A. T. Still"},{"Link":"http://www.mcmillinmedia.com/eamt/files/still2/st2cont.html","external_links_name":"Philosophy of Osteopathy"},{"Link":"http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25864","external_links_name":"Philosophy of Osteopathy"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140720084217/http://bso-web.bso.ac.uk/BSO-All/Library-public/IntranetTest/Autobiography_Revised_V2.pdf","external_links_name":"Autobiography of A. T. Still"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/136661/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000081462311","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/66587239","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmxWDqc69KCtrmr9tTWDq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4975040","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb126406406","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb126406406","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/122163036","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84805359","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20000088148&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65j1zzd","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/05012322X","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didrichsen_Art_Museum
|
Didrichsen Art Museum
|
["1 History","2 Location","3 Further reading","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 60°11′7″N 24°51′23″E / 60.18528°N 24.85639°E / 60.18528; 24.85639Art museum in Helsinki, Finland
Didrichsen Art MuseumGeneral informationArchitectural styleModernistLocationHelsinki, FinlandCompleted1965, 1967Design and constructionArchitect(s)Viljo Revell
Didrichsen Art Museum (Finnish: Didrichsenin taidemuseo, Swedish: Didrichsens konstmuseum) is an art museum in Helsinki, Finland.
History
The art museum was founded by Marie-Louise and Gunnar Didrichsen, who asked Finnish architect Viljo Revell to build the first of two phases in 1958 and again in 1965.
The modernist buildings are built to the contours of the land and surrounded by trees.
Location
The museum is located on the island of Kuusisaari. The founders have since died and are buried within the compound of the museum.
Further reading
Minna Törmä, Nordic Private Collections of Chinese Objects (Routledge, 2020). ISBN 9781138351806
References
^ "The Didrichsen Art Museum - Didrichsenin taidemuseo". www.didrichsenmuseum.fi. Archived from the original on 2016-04-17.
^ "The Didrichsen Art Museum - Didrichsenin taidemuseo". www.didrichsenmuseum.fi. Archived from the original on 2016-04-17.
External links
http://www.didrichsenmuseum.fi/?lang=en
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
Other
IdRef
60°11′7″N 24°51′23″E / 60.18528°N 24.85639°E / 60.18528; 24.85639
vteHelsinki CityscapeBuildings
Parliament
Helsinki Central railway station
Helsinki City Hall
Old Market Hall
Library Oodi
Majakka
Olympic Stadium
Pasilan linkkitorni
Presidential Palace
Mäntyniemi
Kesäranta
Places of worship
Temppeliaukio Church
Helsinki Cathedral
Uspenski Cathedral
St. Henry's Cathedral
St. John's Church
St. Mary's Church
St. Paul's Church
Mikael Agricola Church
Holy Trinity Church
Church of Christ
Finnish Methodist Church
Old Church
Kallio Church
Kulosaari Church
Suomenlinna Church
Töölö Church
Viikki Church
Kamppi Chapel
Monuments & memorials
Statue of Alexander II
Sibelius Monument
Aleksis Kivi Memorial
Statue of Johan Ludvig Runeberg
Freemason's Grave
Hietaniemi Cemetery
Three Smiths Statue
Equestrian statue of Marshal Mannerheim
East and West
Eino Leino Statue
The Stone of the Empress
Havis Amanda
The Lantern Bearers
Parks & gardens
Alppipuisto
Central Park
Esplanadi
Haaga Rhododendron Park
Kaivopuisto
Kaisaniemi Park
Karhupuisto
Kirsikkapuisto
Kolmikulma
Tähtitorninvuori
University of Helsinki Botanical Garden
Islands
Harakka
Korkeasaari
Kulosaari
Lammassaari
Lauttasaari
Liuskasaari
Lonna
Mustikkamaa
Pihlajasaari
Santahamina
Suomenlinna
Seurasaari
Tervasaari
Vallisaari
City squares
Eliel Square
Erottaja
Hakaniemi Market Square
Helsinki Railway Square
Senate Square
Hietalahdentori
Market Square
Tallinnanaukio
Viiskulma
Töölöntori
Tourist attractions
Allas Sea Pool
Korkeasaari Zoo
Linnanmäki
Löyly
SkyWheel Helsinki
Suomenlinna
Hotels
Clarion Hotel Helsinki
Hilton Helsinki Kalastajatorppa
Hotel Kämp
Hotel Marski
Hotel Torni
Palace Hotel
MuseumsArt museums
Finnish National Gallery
Ateneum
Kiasma
Sinebrychoff Art Museum
Amos Rex
Cygnaeus Gallery
Didrichsen Art Museum
Helsinki Art Museum
Kirpilä Art Collection
Kunsthalle Helsinki
Other museums
Design Museum
Finnish Museum of Natural History
Helsinki City Museum
Helsinki University Museum
Hotel and Restaurant Museum
Mannerheim Museum
Military Museum of Finland
Museum of Finnish Architecture
Museum of Technology
National Museum of Finland
Natural History Museum of Helsinki
Seurasaari
Tamminiemi
Performing artsTheatres
Alexander Theatre
Finnish National Opera
Finnish National Theatre
Helsinki City Theatre
Swedish Theatre
Music venues
Helsinki Music Centre
Finlandia Hall
Kaivohuone
Kulttuuritalo
Tavastia Club
Other venues
Cafe Regatta
Casino Helsinki
Helsinki City Library
Stockmann
Yrjönkatu Swimming Hall
Wrede Passage
Kaapelitehdas
Teurastamo
Messukeskus
Events
Christmas Market
City Marathon
Helsinki Festival
Helsinki Pride
Samba Carnaval
This article about a museum in Finland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to an art display, art museum or gallery in Europe is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"}],"text":"Art museum in Helsinki, FinlandDidrichsen Art Museum (Finnish: Didrichsenin taidemuseo, Swedish: Didrichsens konstmuseum) is an art museum in Helsinki, Finland.","title":"Didrichsen Art Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Viljo Revell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viljo_Revell"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The art museum was founded by Marie-Louise and Gunnar Didrichsen, who asked Finnish architect Viljo Revell to build the first of two phases in 1958 and again in 1965.[1]The modernist buildings are built to the contours of the land and surrounded by trees.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kuusisaari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuusisaari"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Didrichsenin_taidemuseo.jpg"}],"text":"The museum is located on the island of Kuusisaari. The founders have since died and are buried within the compound of the museum.[2]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nordic Private Collections of Chinese Objects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1140381711"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781138351806","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138351806"}],"text":"Minna Törmä, Nordic Private Collections of Chinese Objects (Routledge, 2020). ISBN 9781138351806","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"The Didrichsen Art Museum - Didrichsenin taidemuseo\". www.didrichsenmuseum.fi. Archived from the original on 2016-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160417204211/http://www.didrichsenmuseum.fi/architecture/the-didrichsen-art-museum/","url_text":"\"The Didrichsen Art Museum - Didrichsenin taidemuseo\""},{"url":"http://www.didrichsenmuseum.fi/architecture/the-didrichsen-art-museum/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Didrichsen Art Museum - Didrichsenin taidemuseo\". www.didrichsenmuseum.fi. Archived from the original on 2016-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160417204211/http://www.didrichsenmuseum.fi/architecture/the-didrichsen-art-museum/","url_text":"\"The Didrichsen Art Museum - Didrichsenin taidemuseo\""},{"url":"http://www.didrichsenmuseum.fi/architecture/the-didrichsen-art-museum/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Didrichsen_Art_Museum¶ms=60_11_7_N_24_51_23_E_","external_links_name":"60°11′7″N 24°51′23″E / 60.18528°N 24.85639°E / 60.18528; 24.85639"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1140381711","external_links_name":"Nordic Private Collections of Chinese Objects"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160417204211/http://www.didrichsenmuseum.fi/architecture/the-didrichsen-art-museum/","external_links_name":"\"The Didrichsen Art Museum - Didrichsenin taidemuseo\""},{"Link":"http://www.didrichsenmuseum.fi/architecture/the-didrichsen-art-museum/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160417204211/http://www.didrichsenmuseum.fi/architecture/the-didrichsen-art-museum/","external_links_name":"\"The Didrichsen Art Museum - Didrichsenin taidemuseo\""},{"Link":"http://www.didrichsenmuseum.fi/architecture/the-didrichsen-art-museum/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.didrichsenmuseum.fi/?lang=en","external_links_name":"http://www.didrichsenmuseum.fi/?lang=en"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000122218375","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/139304927","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86813692","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/164115854","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Didrichsen_Art_Museum¶ms=60_11_7_N_24_51_23_E_","external_links_name":"60°11′7″N 24°51′23″E / 60.18528°N 24.85639°E / 60.18528; 24.85639"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Didrichsen_Art_Museum&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Didrichsen_Art_Museum&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower_of_the_Dusk
|
Flower of the Dusk
|
["1 Cast","2 References","3 External links"]
|
1918 American filmFlower of the DuskDirected byJohn H. CollinsWritten byJohn H. CollinsProduced byMaxwell KargerStarringViola DanaCinematographyJohn ArnoldDistributed byMetro PicturesRelease date
August 12, 1918 (1918-08-12)
Running time5 reelsCountryUSALanguageSilent..English titles
Flower of the Dusk is a surviving 1918 silent film directed by John H. Collins and starring his wife Viola Dana. It was produced by Maxwell Karger and distributed by Metro Pictures. The film is based on the 1908 novel by Myrtle Reed.
A print is held by Bois d'Arcy in France.
Cast
Viola Dana - Barbara North
Howard Hall - Ambrose North
Jack McGowan - Roger Austin
Margaret McWade - Miriam
Bliss Milford - Mattie Austin
unbilled
Guy Coombs -
Lettie Ford -
Maggie Greyer -
Alice Martin -
Charles Sutton -
References
^ "AFI-Catalog". Catalog.afi.com. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
^ "Flower Of The Dusk". Memory.loc.gov. 18 November 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
External links
Flower of the Dusk at IMDb
Flower of the Dusk at AllMovie
vteFilms directed by John H. Collins
Cohen's Luck (1915)
Gladiola (1915)
Children of Eve (1915)
On Dangerous Paths (1915)
The Cossack Whip (1916)
The Flower of No Man's Land (1916)
The Light of Happiness (1916)
The Innocence of Ruth (1916)
The Gates of Eden (1916)
God's Law and Man's (1917)
A Wife by Proxy (1917)
Rosie O'Grady (1917)
Lady Barnacle (1917)
Aladdin's Other Lamp (1917)
The Girl Without a Soul (1917)
Blue Jeans (1917)
The Winding Trail (1918)
A Weaver of Dreams (1918)
Riders of the Night (1918)
Opportunity (1918)
Flower of the Dusk (1918)
The Gold Cure (1919)
Satan Junior (1919)
This article related to an American film of the 1910s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"John H. Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_H._Collins_(director)"},{"link_name":"Viola Dana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_Dana"},{"link_name":"Maxwell Karger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Karger"},{"link_name":"Metro Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Myrtle Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtle_Reed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Flower of the Dusk is a surviving 1918 silent film directed by John H. Collins and starring his wife Viola Dana. It was produced by Maxwell Karger and distributed by Metro Pictures. The film is based on the 1908 novel by Myrtle Reed.[1]A print is held by Bois d'Arcy in France.[2]","title":"Flower of the Dusk"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Viola Dana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_Dana"},{"link_name":"Howard Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hall_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Margaret McWade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_McWade"},{"link_name":"Bliss Milford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bliss_Milford"},{"link_name":"Guy Coombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Coombs"},{"link_name":"Charles Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sutton_(actor)"}],"text":"Viola Dana - Barbara North\nHoward Hall - Ambrose North\nJack McGowan - Roger Austin\nMargaret McWade - Miriam\nBliss Milford - Mattie AustinunbilledGuy Coombs -\nLettie Ford -\nMaggie Greyer -\nAlice Martin -\nCharles Sutton -","title":"Cast"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"AFI-Catalog\". Catalog.afi.com. Retrieved 18 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/17092","url_text":"\"AFI-Catalog\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flower Of The Dusk\". Memory.loc.gov. 18 November 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://memory.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.mbrs.sfdb.5327/default.html","url_text":"\"Flower Of The Dusk\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/17092","external_links_name":"\"AFI-Catalog\""},{"Link":"http://memory.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.mbrs.sfdb.5327/default.html","external_links_name":"\"Flower Of The Dusk\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0009080/","external_links_name":"Flower of the Dusk"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v91783","external_links_name":"Flower of the Dusk"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flower_of_the_Dusk&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlea
|
Overlea, Maryland
|
["1 Geography","2 History","3 Demographics","4 Education","5 References"]
|
Coordinates: 39°21′40″N 76°31′10″W / 39.36111°N 76.51944°W / 39.36111; -76.51944
Census-designated place in Maryland, United StatesOverlea, MarylandCensus-designated placeSt. Michael's Church, in October 2010.rightCoordinates: 39°21′40″N 76°31′10″W / 39.36111°N 76.51944°W / 39.36111; -76.51944Country United StatesState MarylandCounty BaltimoreArea • Total3.02 sq mi (7.81 km2) • Land3.02 sq mi (7.81 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation226 ft (69 m)Population (2020) • Total12,832 • Density4,254.64/sq mi (1,642.93/km2)Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)FIPS code24-59325GNIS feature ID0590957
Overlea /ˈoʊvərˌliː/ is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Baltimore County, Maryland, United States. The population was 12,275 at the 2010 census. Students attend Overlea High School. Area roads include Belair Road (U.S. Route 1) and Kenwood Avenue (Maryland Route 588).
Overlea includes the neighborhood of Fullerton.
Geography
Overlea is located at 39°21′40″N 76°31′10″W / 39.36111°N 76.51944°W / 39.36111; -76.51944 (39.361107, −76.519535).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.1 square miles (8.0 km2), all land.
History
Overlea first started out as a 43-acre tract, owned by Margaret Fuller (Fullerton, Maryland, is named for her most likely). This tract started in 1858, just three years before the start of the American Civil War. She was a widow and brought her six children with her. Margaret Fuller originally hailed from Ohio. The 43-acre tract was referred to as "Sophie’s Garden Regulated". This original tract is located around the intersection of Belair Road and Taylor Avenue, along with the original house still standing there today. In 1885, the first Post office and general store were established. Later in 1886, Fullerton School was established as a one roomed log house, and was rebuilt as a frame house. Overlea began to truly develop in 1895 when the Kennard Land Company bought Lange's Farm (either Fuller's original tract, or a different tract, or possibly both). Kennard Land company mapped out the streets as: Spruce, Ash, Cedar, Maple, Hickory, Chestnut, Walnut, Willow, Beech, Poplar, Elm and Linden. Streets were named after trees. In 1910, a "town hall" was built on the Corner of Overlea Avenue and Belair Road, and still stands there today as the Natural History Society of Maryland. The town hall served as a grocery store as well. On February 23, 1913, a group of suffragists called "The Army of the Hudson" stopped at the town hall on their way from New York City to the march organized in Washington, D.C., by the National American Woman Suffrage Association. They held a meeting in the town hall, and although many were not sympathetic, a few showed support. In the same year, St. Michael's Roman Catholic Church held its first mass in the town hall. In 1919, The City of Baltimore annexed a portion of Overlea to what is now Overlea, Baltimore.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
196010,795—197013,12421.6%198012,965−1.2%199012,137−6.4%200012,1480.1%201012,2751.0%202012,8324.5%U.S. Decennial Census
As of the census of 2000, there were 12,148 people, 4,951 households, and 3,317 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 3,950.6 inhabitants per square mile (1,525.3/km2). There were 5,152 housing units at an average density of 1,675.4 per square mile (646.9/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 87.74% White, 8.78% African American, 0.30% Native American, 1.79% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.23% from other races, and 1.14% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.39% of the population.
There were 4,951 households, out of which 28.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.1% were married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.0% were non-families. 26.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.99.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 22.9% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 16.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.1 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $48,242, and the median income for a family was $57,075. Males had a median income of $40,349 versus $30,167 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $23,402. About 3.6% of families and 5.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.1% of those under age 18 and 7.7% of those age 65 or over.
Education
Overlea is home to Overlea High School which has a student body of 1,073 students as of the 2010 school year.
References
^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Overlea CDP, Maryland". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ "Women's Suffrage". historical marker at 6908 Belair Rd: Maryland Historical Trust, Maryland State Highway Administration. Retrieved March 6, 2021. BEFORE THE 19TH AMENDMENT WAS PASSED IN 1920, AMERICAN WOMEN WERE NOT GUARANTEED THE RIGHT TO VOTE. THE NATIONAL AMERICAN WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION ORGANIZED A LARGE PARADE IN WASHINGTON, DC, FOR MARCH 3, 1913. ON FEBRUARY 12, A GROUP OF WOMEN CALLED "THE ARMY OF THE HUDSON" BEGAN MARCHING FROM NEW YORK CITY TO THE CAPITAL. THEY WERE MET BY SUPPORTERS AT OVERLEA TOWN HALL ON FEBRUARY 23. AFTER A JOURNEY OF 230 MILES, THEY JOINED THE PARADE OF 8,000, BRINGING NATIONAL ATTENTION TO VOTING RIGHTS FOR WOMEN.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ "History." Overlea, Maryland | History. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2013. <http://www.overleaonline.org/history/>.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ Maryland State Department of Education
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Overlea, Maryland.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Baltimore County, Maryland, United StatesCounty seat: TowsonCDPs
Arbutus
Baltimore Highlands
Bowleys Quarters
Carney
Catonsville
Cockeysville
Dundalk
Edgemere
Essex
Garrison
Hampton
Honeygo
Kingsville
Lansdowne
Lochearn
Lutherville
Mays Chapel
Middle River
Milford Mill
Overlea
Owings Mills
Parkville
Perry Hall
Pikesville
Randallstown
Reisterstown
Rosedale
Rossville
Timonium
Towson
White Marsh
Woodlawn
Othercommunities
Baldwin
Boring
Bradshaw
Brooklandville
Butler
Carroll Crest
Chase
Fork
Fort Howard
Franklinville
Freeland
Fullerton
Germantown
Glen Arm
Glencoe
Glyndon
Granite
Gwynn Oak
Halethorpe
Hebbville
Hereford
Hunt Valley
Hydes
Jacksonville
Jerusalem
Lake
Loch Raven
Long Green
Maryland Line
Monkton
North Point Village
Nottingham
Oella
Oregon
Parkton
Phoenix
Rodgers Forge
Ruxton-Riderwood
Shepperd
Sparks
Sparrows Point
St. Denis
Stevenson
Trump
Turners Station
Upper Falls
Upperco
White Hall
Maryland portal
United States portal
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈoʊvərˌliː/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Baltimore County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_County,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-2"},{"link_name":"Overlea High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlea_High_School"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_1_in_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Maryland Route 588","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Route_588"},{"link_name":"Fullerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerton,_Maryland"}],"text":"Census-designated place in Maryland, United StatesOverlea /ˈoʊvərˌliː/ is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Baltimore County, Maryland, United States. The population was 12,275 at the 2010 census.[2] Students attend Overlea High School. Area roads include Belair Road (U.S. Route 1) and Kenwood Avenue (Maryland Route 588).Overlea includes the neighborhood of Fullerton.","title":"Overlea, Maryland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"39°21′40″N 76°31′10″W / 39.36111°N 76.51944°W / 39.36111; -76.51944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Overlea,_Maryland¶ms=39_21_40_N_76_31_10_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-3"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"Overlea is located at 39°21′40″N 76°31′10″W / 39.36111°N 76.51944°W / 39.36111; -76.51944 (39.361107, −76.519535).[3]According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.1 square miles (8.0 km2), all land.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fullerton, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerton,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Natural History Society of Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//marylandnature.org"},{"link_name":"\"The Army of the Hudson\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffrage_Hikes"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Overlea, Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlea,_Baltimore"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Overlea first started out as a 43-acre tract, owned by Margaret Fuller (Fullerton, Maryland, is named for her most likely). This tract started in 1858, just three years before the start of the American Civil War. She was a widow and brought her six children with her. Margaret Fuller originally hailed from Ohio. The 43-acre tract was referred to as \"Sophie’s Garden Regulated\". This original tract is located around the intersection of Belair Road and Taylor Avenue, along with the original house still standing there today. In 1885, the first Post office and general store were established. Later in 1886, Fullerton School was established as a one roomed log house, and was rebuilt as a frame house. Overlea began to truly develop in 1895 when the Kennard Land Company bought Lange's Farm (either Fuller's original tract, or a different tract, or possibly both). Kennard Land company mapped out the streets as: Spruce, Ash, Cedar, Maple, Hickory, Chestnut, Walnut, Willow, Beech, Poplar, Elm and Linden. Streets were named after trees. In 1910, a \"town hall\" was built on the Corner of Overlea Avenue and Belair Road, and still stands there today as the Natural History Society of Maryland. The town hall served as a grocery store as well. On February 23, 1913, a group of suffragists called \"The Army of the Hudson\" stopped at the town hall on their way from New York City to the march organized in Washington, D.C., by the National American Woman Suffrage Association.[4] They held a meeting in the town hall, and although many were not sympathetic, a few showed support. In the same year, St. Michael's Roman Catholic Church held its first mass in the town hall. In 1919, The City of Baltimore annexed a portion of Overlea to what is now Overlea, Baltimore.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-7"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[7] of 2000, there were 12,148 people, 4,951 households, and 3,317 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 3,950.6 inhabitants per square mile (1,525.3/km2). There were 5,152 housing units at an average density of 1,675.4 per square mile (646.9/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 87.74% White, 8.78% African American, 0.30% Native American, 1.79% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.23% from other races, and 1.14% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.39% of the population.There were 4,951 households, out of which 28.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.1% were married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.0% were non-families. 26.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.99.In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 22.9% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 16.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.1 males.The median income for a household in the CDP was $48,242, and the median income for a family was $57,075. Males had a median income of $40,349 versus $30,167 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $23,402. About 3.6% of families and 5.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.1% of those under age 18 and 7.7% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Overlea is home to Overlea High School which has a student body of 1,073 students as of the 2010 school year.[8]","title":"Education"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Baltimore_County_Maryland_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Overlea_Highlighted.svg/250px-Baltimore_County_Maryland_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Overlea_Highlighted.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Map_of_Maryland_highlighting_Baltimore_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Maryland_highlighting_Baltimore_County.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_24.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Overlea CDP, Maryland\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Overlea CDP, Maryland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Women's Suffrage\". historical marker at 6908 Belair Rd: Maryland Historical Trust, Maryland State Highway Administration. Retrieved March 6, 2021. BEFORE THE 19TH AMENDMENT WAS PASSED IN 1920, AMERICAN WOMEN WERE NOT GUARANTEED THE RIGHT TO VOTE. THE NATIONAL AMERICAN WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION ORGANIZED A LARGE PARADE IN WASHINGTON, DC, FOR MARCH 3, 1913. ON FEBRUARY 12, A GROUP OF WOMEN CALLED \"THE ARMY OF THE HUDSON\" BEGAN MARCHING FROM NEW YORK CITY TO THE CAPITAL. THEY WERE MET BY SUPPORTERS AT OVERLEA TOWN HALL ON FEBRUARY 23. AFTER A JOURNEY OF 230 MILES, THEY JOINED THE PARADE OF 8,000, BRINGING NATIONAL ATTENTION TO VOTING RIGHTS FOR WOMEN.","urls":[{"url":"https://mht.maryland.gov/historicalmarkers/Images/photos/BC/RM-1156.jpg","url_text":"\"Women's Suffrage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Historical_Trust","url_text":"Maryland Historical Trust"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_State_Highway_Administration","url_text":"Maryland State Highway Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Overlea,_Maryland¶ms=39_21_40_N_76_31_10_W_region:US-MD_type:city","external_links_name":"39°21′40″N 76°31′10″W / 39.36111°N 76.51944°W / 39.36111; -76.51944"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Overlea,_Maryland¶ms=39_21_40_N_76_31_10_W_region:US-MD_type:city","external_links_name":"39°21′40″N 76°31′10″W / 39.36111°N 76.51944°W / 39.36111; -76.51944"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Overlea,_Maryland¶ms=39_21_40_N_76_31_10_W_type:city","external_links_name":"39°21′40″N 76°31′10″W / 39.36111°N 76.51944°W / 39.36111; -76.51944"},{"Link":"http://marylandnature.org/","external_links_name":"Natural History Society of Maryland"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_24.txt","external_links_name":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Overlea CDP, Maryland\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"https://mht.maryland.gov/historicalmarkers/Images/photos/BC/RM-1156.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Women's Suffrage\""},{"Link":"http://www.overleaonline.org/history/","external_links_name":"http://www.overleaonline.org/history/"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"http://www.mdreportcard.org/StatDisplay.aspx?PV=34%7C%7C03%7C1473%7C3%7CN%7C6%7C13%7C1%7C2%7C1%7C1%7C1%7C1%7C3","external_links_name":"Maryland State Department of Education"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsdorf_bei_Graz
|
Kalsdorf bei Graz
|
["1 Geography","1.1 Subdivisions","2 References"]
|
Coordinates: 46°57′58″N 15°28′54″E / 46.96611°N 15.48167°E / 46.96611; 15.48167Municipality in Austria
Place in Styria, AustriaKalsdorf bei GrazKalsdorf parish church
Coat of armsLocation within Graz-Umgebung districtKalsdorf bei GrazLocation within AustriaCoordinates: 46°57′58″N 15°28′54″E / 46.96611°N 15.48167°E / 46.96611; 15.48167CountryAustriaStateStyriaDistrictGraz-UmgebungGovernment • MayorHelmuth Adam (SPÖ)Area • Total15.09 km2 (5.83 sq mi)Elevation324 m (1,063 ft)Population (2018-01-01) • Total6,954 • Density460/km2 (1,200/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code8401Area code03135Vehicle registrationGUWebsitewww.kalsdorf-graz.at
Kalsdorf bei Graz (German: ) is a municipality in the district Graz-Umgebung in Styria, Austria.
Geography
Kalsdorf lies about 13 km south of Graz next to the river Mur.
Places adjacent to Kalsdorf bei Graz
Unterpremstätten
Feldkirchen bei Graz
Gössendorf
Zettling
Kalsdorf bei Graz
Fernitz
Wundschuh
Werndorf
Mellach
Subdivisions
Cadastral communities: Forst, Thalerhof, Großsulz, and Kleinsulz
References
^ "Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
^ "Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
vteMunicipalities in the district of Graz-Umgebung
Deutschfeistritz
Dobl-Zwaring
Eggersdorf bei Graz
Feldkirchen bei Graz
Fernitz-Mellach
Frohnleiten
Gössendorf
Gratkorn
Gratwein-Straßengel
Hart bei Graz
Haselsdorf-Tobelbad
Hausmannstätten
Hitzendorf
Kainbach bei Graz
Kalsdorf bei Graz
Kumberg
Laßnitzhöhe
Lieboch
Nestelbach bei Graz
Peggau
Premstätten
Raaba-Grambach
Sankt Bartholomä
Sankt Marein bei Graz
Sankt Oswald bei Plankenwarth
Sankt Radegund bei Graz
Seiersberg-Pirka
Semriach
Stattegg
Stiwoll
Thal
Übelbach
Vasoldsberg
Weinitzen
Werndorf
Wundschuh
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Other
IdRef
This Styria location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈkaːlsˌdoʁf baɪ̯ gʁat͡s]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"link_name":"Graz-Umgebung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graz-Umgebung"},{"link_name":"Styria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styria"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"}],"text":"Municipality in AustriaPlace in Styria, AustriaKalsdorf bei Graz (German: [ˈkaːlsˌdoʁf baɪ̯ gʁat͡s]) is a municipality in the district Graz-Umgebung in Styria, Austria.","title":"Kalsdorf bei Graz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Graz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graz"},{"link_name":"Mur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mur_(river)"},{"link_name":"Unterpremstätten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unterpremst%C3%A4tten"},{"link_name":"Feldkirchen bei Graz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldkirchen_bei_Graz"},{"link_name":"Gössendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ssendorf"},{"link_name":"Zettling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zettling"},{"link_name":"Fernitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernitz"},{"link_name":"Wundschuh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wundschuh"},{"link_name":"Werndorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werndorf"},{"link_name":"Mellach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellach"}],"text":"Kalsdorf lies about 13 km south of Graz next to the river Mur.Places adjacent to Kalsdorf bei Graz\nUnterpremstätten\nFeldkirchen bei Graz\nGössendorf\n\n\n\n\n\nZettling\n\nKalsdorf bei Graz\n\nFernitz\n\n\n\n\n\nWundschuh\nWerndorf\nMellach","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cadastral communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadastral_community"}],"sub_title":"Subdivisions","text":"Cadastral communities: Forst, Thalerhof, Großsulz, and Kleinsulz","title":"Geography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 10 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statistik.at/web_de/klassifikationen/regionale_gliederungen/dauersiedlungsraum/index.html","url_text":"\"Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 9 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statistik.at/web_de/klassifikationen/regionale_gliederungen/gemeinden/index.html","url_text":"\"Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kalsdorf_bei_Graz¶ms=46_57_58_N_15_28_54_E_type:city(6954)_region:AT-6","external_links_name":"46°57′58″N 15°28′54″E / 46.96611°N 15.48167°E / 46.96611; 15.48167"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kalsdorf_bei_Graz¶ms=46_57_58_N_15_28_54_E_type:city(6954)_region:AT-6","external_links_name":"46°57′58″N 15°28′54″E / 46.96611°N 15.48167°E / 46.96611; 15.48167"},{"Link":"http://www.kalsdorf-graz.at/","external_links_name":"www.kalsdorf-graz.at"},{"Link":"http://www.statistik.at/web_de/klassifikationen/regionale_gliederungen/dauersiedlungsraum/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.statistik.at/web_de/klassifikationen/regionale_gliederungen/gemeinden/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/138109627","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12264609r","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12264609r","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4236618-5","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538275205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr91027336","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/148119034","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalsdorf_bei_Graz&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics
|
Chile at the 1996 Summer Olympics
|
["1 Competitors","2 Athletics","3 Boxing","4 Cycling","5 Fencing","6 Sailing","7 Shooting","8 Swimming","9 Table tennis","10 Tennis","11 Weightlifting","12 See also","13 References","14 External links"]
|
Sporting event delegationChile at the1996 Summer OlympicsIOC codeCHINOCChilean Olympic CommitteeWebsitewww.coch.cl (in Spanish)in AtlantaCompetitors21 (16 men and 5 women) in 10 sportsFlag bearer Sebastián KeitelMedals
Gold
0
Silver
0
Bronze
0
Total
0
Summer Olympics appearances (overview)18961900–190819121920192419281932193619481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024
Chile competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States. 21 competitors, 16 men and 5 women, took part in 18 events in 10 sports.
Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.
Sport
Men
Women
Total
Athletics
3
1
4
Boxing
1
–
1
Cycling
5
0
5
Fencing
1
0
1
Sailing
1
0
1
Shooting
1
0
1
Swimming
1
0
1
Table tennis
2
2
4
Tennis
0
2
2
Weightlifting
1
–
1
Total
16
5
21
Athletics
Main article: Athletics at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Men's 200 metres
Sebastián Keitel
Men's Marathon
Marcelo Barrientos — 2:31.05 (→ 86th place)
Men's Shot Put
Gert Weil
Women's Marathon
Erika Olivera — 2:39.06 (→ 37th place)
Boxing
Main article: Boxing at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Men's Middleweight (– 75 kg)
Ricardo Araneda
First Round — Lost to Akaki Kakauridze (Georgia), 3-10
Cycling
Main article: Cycling at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Fencing
Main article: Fencing at the 1996 Summer Olympics
One male fencer represented Chile in 1996.
Men's épée
Paris Inostroza
Sailing
Main article: Sailing at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Shooting
Main article: Shooting at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Swimming
Main article: Swimming at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Men's 100m Backstroke
Nicolás Rajcevich
Heat — ??? (→ did not advance, 44th place)
Men's 200m Backstroke
Nicolás Rajcevich
Heat — 2:05.79 (→ did not advance, 27th place)
Table tennis
Main article: Table tennis at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Tennis
Main article: Tennis at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Women's doubles
Paula Cabezas and Bárbara Castro
Weightlifting
Main article: Weightlifting at the 1996 Summer Olympics
See also
Chile at the 1995 Pan American Games
References
^ "Chile at the 1996 Summer Games". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 2020-04-17. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
^ Chile at the 1996 Summer Olympics
External links
Official Olympic Reports
vte National Olympic Committees at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United StatesAfrica
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Ethiopia
Gabon
The Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé-Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zaire
Zambia
Zimbabwe
America
Antigua-Barbuda
Argentina
Aruba
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bermuda
Bolivia
Brazil
British Virgin Islands
Canada
Cayman Islands
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Puerto Rico
Saint Kitts-Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent-Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad-Tobago
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Virgin Islands
Asia
Afghanistan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Palestine
Philippines
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Tajikistan
Chinese Taipei
Thailand
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
Europe
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Great Britain
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
Yugoslavia
Oceania
American Samoa
Australia
Cook Islands
Fiji
Guam
Nauru
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Vanuatu
Western Samoa
This article about sports in Chile is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This 1996 Olympics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"1996 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sports-reference-1"}],"text":"Chile competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States. 21 competitors, 16 men and 5 women, took part in 18 events in 10 sports.[1]","title":"Chile at the 1996 Summer Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.[2]","title":"Competitors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sebastián Keitel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Keitel"},{"link_name":"Marcelo Barrientos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_Barrientos"},{"link_name":"Gert Weil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gert_Weil"},{"link_name":"Erika Olivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erika_Olivera"}],"text":"Men's 200 metresSebastián KeitelMen's MarathonMarcelo Barrientos — 2:31.05 (→ 86th place)Men's Shot PutGert WeilWomen's MarathonErika Olivera — 2:39.06 (→ 37th place)","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ricardo Araneda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Araneda"},{"link_name":"Akaki Kakauridze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akaki_Kakauridze"}],"text":"Men's Middleweight (– 75 kg)Ricardo Araneda\nFirst Round — Lost to Akaki Kakauridze (Georgia), 3-10","title":"Boxing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cycling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Men's épée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Paris Inostroza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Inostroza"}],"text":"One male fencer represented Chile in 1996.Men's épéeParis Inostroza","title":"Fencing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sailing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Shooting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicolás Rajcevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Rajcevich"},{"link_name":"Nicolás Rajcevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Rajcevich"}],"text":"Men's 100m BackstrokeNicolás Rajcevich\nHeat — ??? (→ did not advance, 44th place)Men's 200m BackstrokeNicolás Rajcevich\nHeat — 2:05.79 (→ did not advance, 27th place)","title":"Swimming"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Table tennis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paula Cabezas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Cabezas"},{"link_name":"Bárbara Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1rbara_Castro"}],"text":"Women's doublesPaula Cabezas and Bárbara Castro","title":"Tennis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Weightlifting"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Chile at the 1995 Pan American Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_at_the_1995_Pan_American_Games"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Chile at the 1996 Summer Games\". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 2020-04-17. Retrieved 2012-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417093457/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/CHI/summer/1996/","url_text":"\"Chile at the 1996 Summer Games\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/CHI/summer/1996/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.coch.cl/","external_links_name":"www.coch.cl"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417093457/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/CHI/summer/1996/","external_links_name":"\"Chile at the 1996 Summer Games\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/CHI/summer/1996/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/countries/CHI/editions/24","external_links_name":"Chile at the 1996 Summer Olympics"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080522105330/http://www.la84foundation.org/5va/reports_frmst.htm","external_links_name":"Official Olympic Reports"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chile_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chile_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plating_(geology)
|
Plating (geology)
|
["1 See also","2 References"]
|
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Plating" geology – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
In geology, plating is a hypothesized process whereby asthenospheric mantle hardens beneath crustal material, thereby becoming attached to it and thereafter moving together with the crustal material as part of the lithosphere.
A complementary process, although it does not necessarily always involve the upper mantle, is called delamination.
See also
Plate tectonics
Delamination (geology)
Ophiolite
References
^ Frank Press; Raymond Siever; John Grotzinger; Thomas Jordan; Volker Schweizer (2017). Allgemeine Geologie (in German). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Spektrum. p. 23 f. ISBN 978 3 662 48341 1.
This tectonics article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology"},{"link_name":"asthenospheric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthenosphere"},{"link_name":"mantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_(geology)"},{"link_name":"crustal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crust_(geology)"},{"link_name":"lithosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithosphere"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PLB1-1"},{"link_name":"upper mantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_mantle_(Earth)"},{"link_name":"delamination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delamination_(geology)"}],"text":"In geology, plating is a hypothesized process whereby asthenospheric mantle hardens beneath crustal material, thereby becoming attached to it and thereafter moving together with the crustal material as part of the lithosphere.[1]A complementary process, although it does not necessarily always involve the upper mantle, is called delamination.","title":"Plating (geology)"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Plate tectonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics"},{"title":"Delamination (geology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delamination_(geology)"},{"title":"Ophiolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophiolite"}]
|
[{"reference":"Frank Press; Raymond Siever; John Grotzinger; Thomas Jordan; Volker Schweizer (2017). Allgemeine Geologie (in German). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Spektrum. p. 23 f. ISBN 978 3 662 48341 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978_3_662_48341_1","url_text":"978 3 662 48341 1"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Plating%22+geology","external_links_name":"\"Plating\" geology"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Plating%22+geology+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Plating%22+geology&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Plating%22+geology+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Plating%22+geology","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Plating%22+geology&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plating_(geology)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scot_FM
|
Scot FM
|
["1 History","1.1 Origins","1.2 1994 - 1996","1.3 1996 - 2000","2 Advertising","3 Presenters","3.1 Original line up","3.2 Other presenters","4 References"]
|
Radio station in Leith, EdinburghScot FMLeith, EdinburghBroadcast areaCentral and Southern ScotlandFrequency100.3 MHz (Glasgow)101.1 MHz (Edinburgh)OwnershipOwnerGrampian Television (1994-96)Border Television (1994-95)Independent Radio Group (1996-99)The Wireless Group (1999–2001)HistoryFirst air date16 September 1994 -7 January 2002
Scot FM was a regional radio station serving Central and Southern Scotland. Broadcast from studios at Albert Quay in Leith, the station was billed as radio for Scotland's thinking classes but was unable to create a clear identity for itself, while changing its format to focus on more populist content, including less speech and more music. The station was relaunched as Real Radio Scotland in January 2002 following a buyout by GMG Radio. Real Radio has since been succeeded by Heart Scotland.
History
Origins
In early 1993, the Radio Authority invited applicants to bid for a new regional FM licence covering Central Scotland and serving a potential audience of 3.3 million listeners. Seven groups contested the franchise:
Central Scotland Radio, a speech-based station backed by Border and Grampian television companies
Radio Six, led by Tony Currie with a 24-hour news and speech station
Central Scotland Broadcasting Ltd with an easy listening and information service
A company with Celtic/rock
A company with contemporary rock
A company with country music
A company with Christian-based programming
Central Scotland Radio was named as the preferred bidder on 10 December 1993. The Radio Authority argued that the station would extend listeners choice and could demonstrate financial stability and professional qualifications appropriate to launching and maintaining the service during its eight-year licence period. The company's founding chairman, Sir David Steel (a non-executive director of Border Television), pledged the majority of its programming would be a unique Scottish view of Britain, the world, and Central Scotland's place in it. We will be primarily a talk station with news, travel information, and weather reports. Sport, politics, and the arts will be covered and listeners will be heavily involved through regular phone-ins. There was some disagreement and even questioning of the decision to let two television companies already running regional ITV franchises operate the new licence.
1994 - 1996
Scot FM began broadcasting on Friday 16 September 1994, after two weeks of test transmissions. Problems arose even before the station went on air - none of the thirteen presenters listed in its original application schedule had remained with the company and its target of 50% quality speech output at peak times could not be achieved. The station's news service was contracted out to Reuters Radio, leading to some confusion over how a station promising a unique Scottish view of Britain was carrying most of its news bulletins from an agency producing syndicated bulletins in London.
Complaints about the station began to appear in the press. Meanwhile, Scot FM management went back to the Radio Authority four times to seek permission to reduce its speech obligations within the licensed format. The station itself had limited music resources with around 1000 tracks on its playout systems, leading to some members of staff reportedly visiting local music shops to buy CDs of artists who were appearing as guests on the station. The first official RAJAR figures released in early 1995 revealed that the station had a weekly audience of 8%, far short of the target 13% share, making it one of the least successful UK radio stations in terms of audience share. Within seven months of the station going on air, five different presenters had hosted Scot FM's breakfast show and a programme controller had left owing to ill health.
A major revamp of the station took place shortly afterwards with the entire presenting team being replaced by new signings including Alison Craig, Robin Galloway and Scottie McClue. Despite the new presenting line-up and a reported improvement in weekly listening figures to 350,000, complaints regarding format and regulatory problems led to another shake-up at management level. The station replaced its syndicated Reuters Radio news bulletins with an in-house service, although this had limited resources and was reportedly under-staffed with inexperienced young journalists who were even forced to travel by bus to help cut costs. In May 1995, Border Television pulled out of the company and sold its stake to Grampian, which became the sole owner of Scot FM.
In another attempt to improve its fortunes, Scot FM brought exclusive rights to carry live Scottish Football League match commentaries for £155,000 a year. This caused even further problems when Northsound (official broadcast partner with Aberdeen F.C.) complained as Scot FM did not cover the Aberdeen area.
After two years in the role, Scot FM's managing director Tom Hunter resigned, another programme controller became ill with stress, and most of the presenting line-up departed. In 1996, Scot FM reported losses of around £1 million.
1996 - 2000
In July 1996, Grampian sold Scot FM to the Independent Radio Group for £5.25 million,
The new owners aimed to make Scot FM profitable by 1998 and boost listening figures further by using the regional franchise to its advantage. Two months after the sale, Norman Quirk became Scot FM's managing director with Jeff Graham as programme controller.
The station lost two of its presenters in 1997 - Scottie McClue left in January when contract negotiations broke down while Robin Galloway quit in March after a fallout with Jeff Graham. Both departures and those of several staff, who disagreed with Graham over a schedule revamp, led to a drop in listening figures, with half of its audience share disappearing - Scot FM had been reaching 16% of the population in the east and 14% in the west. IRG Chief Executive Michael Connolly claimed the station's new schedule was starting to regain lost listeners, while speaking of a three-year plan to turn its fortunes around.
By the end of 1997, Jeff Graham was replaced by John Collins, prompting another programming revamp and the arrival of more new presenters, including Gary Marshall (breakfast), Dougie Jackson (mid-mornings) and Donny Hughes (drivetime). A revamp of news operations saw Glenn Campbell become Scot FM's Head of News, presenting a daily 90-minute news magazine programme Lunchtime Live, which went on to win a silver Sony award in 1999 and a nomination at the New York Radio Awards.
Robin Galloway also returned to Scot FM in March 1999, presenting a Sunday lunchtime show from his home studio in Manchester.
Scot FM's owners IRG were brought by the Wireless Group in October 1999 for £21 million. By this time, the station was still loss making, prompting the company to sell off Scot FM. After rejecting bids from Chrysalis and Scottish Radio Holdings (SRH offered £29m but rejected due to competition commission issues), the Guardian Media Group brought the station for £25.5 million in June 2001 - a sale which, at 13 times the annual revenue of Scot FM, allowed the station to clear its debts quickly.
Analysts were surprised that TWG sold Scot FM, widely regarded as one of its best assets, rather than disposing of some of its 18 smaller stations.
John Myers, chief executive of GMG Radio said: The problem with Scot FM is that it has changed owners faster than I've changed coats. It was badly launched. They gave an impression that they were going to do Radio 4 type speech and then they went and hired Scottie McClue. For the first time, Scot FM will have an owner that might actually give Scottish Radio Holdings a run for their money.
Following the acquisition, GMG Radio relaunched and rebranded the station as Real Radio Scotland at 8am on Tuesday 8 January 2002. The station was latterly sold onto Global Radio in 2014, prompting a further relaunch as Heart Scotland in May 2014.
Advertising
Scot FM broadcast separate commercial breaks on both its Glasgow and Edinburgh frequencies (100.3 FM in the West and 101.1 FM in the East).
Presenters
Original line up
(from September 1994 - January 1995)
Iain Hossack (New and Alternative music) Fridays 7-10pm
Iain Agnew
Bruce Findlay
Brian Ford
Haig Gordon (Weekends 10pm - 1am)
Kenny Hutchinson
Simon Lumsden
Chris Mann
Gerry Burke
Ken Mitchell
Paul Martin Davis
Margo McDonald
Other presenters
Big Al
Glenn Campbell
Mhairi-Ann Corrigall
Jay Crawford
Jenny Farrish
Cameron McKenna
Robin Galloway
Neil Henderson
Alex Horsburgh
Donny Hughes
Steve Jack
Dougie Jackson
Dave Johanssen
Joe Kilday
Mike Riddoch
Gary Marshall
Mark McKenzie
Scottie McClue
Craig McMurdo
Thea Newcomb
Mark Page
Frank Pilkington
Kenny Stevens
Rod Johnston
Arlene Stuart
'Wee Fat Boab'
Bill Young
Terry McGeadie
References
^ "Radio station not quite at home on the range". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 20 July 1996. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
^ "insults fly over the airwaves". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 17 February 1995. Archived from the original on 19 September 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
^ "New radio station promises broad programme choice". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 11 December 1993. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
^ "On the air". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 17 September 1994. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
^ "Getting her teeth into a conference". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 3 September 1994. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
^ "Insults fly over the airwaves". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 17 February 1995. Archived from the original on 19 September 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
^ "Tears of mirth and despair". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 24 September 1994. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
^ "Radio station not quite at home on the range". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 20 July 1996. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
^ "New station makes mark in radio war". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 31 January 1995. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
^ "Insults fly over the airwaves". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 17 February 1995. Archived from the original on 19 September 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
^ "Scot-fm-admits-mistakes-as-new-line-up-is-unveiled". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 24 February 1995. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
^ "Granada meeting ousts scot fm executive radio station boss resigns". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 2 November 1995. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
^ "Third-time-unlucky-for-controversial-radio-broadcaster-1.448990". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 24 June 1996. Archived from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
^ "radio-station-not-quite-at-home-on-the-range". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 20 July 1996. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
^ "radio-station-not-quite-at-home-on-the-range". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 20 July 1996. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
^ "Scot Fm scores in Saturday fixtures". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 21 July 1995. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
^ "Northsound cries foul on Scot FM". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 7 October 1995. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
^ "Radio station not quite at home on the range". Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
^ "Grampian profits by Scot FM sale - TV company doubles its money with £5.25m deal for loss making radio station". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 20 July 1996. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
^ "Glasgow Chamber of Commerce - Small business advice for companies in Scotland UK". Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
^ DORSEY, KRISTY. "Quirk schedules review at Scot FM". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
^ "dj-mcclue-silenced-by-scot-fm-after-talks". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
^ "Crisis talks at Scot FM". Daily Record (Glasgow). 11 August 1997. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016.
^ "Mixed signals from Scot FM as IRG chief talks of three year plan". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 16 September 1997. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
^ "Scot FM appoints director". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 13 December 1997. Archived from the original on 19 September 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
^ "Scot FM: May '98 Update". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
^ "Award-winning kings of Castle FM". The Scotsman. 3 August 2000. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
^ HighBeam DJ Robin's home service, Daily Record (Glasgow, Scotland), 4 March 1999
^ "Independent Radio Group report". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
^ Bennett, Neil (10 June 2001). "Details of sale to GMG". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 26 July 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
^ Dandy, Emma (11 June 2001). "Details of bids for ScotFM". The Independent. London. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
^ Garside, Juliette (17 June 2001). "Quote from GMG chief exec". The Sunday Herald. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
vteRadio in ScotlandBBC regional/local stations
BBC Radio Scotland
BBC Radio nan Gàidheal
BBC Radio Shetland
BBC Radio Orkney
Regional commercial stations
Capital Scotland
Heart Scotland
Smooth Scotland
Nation Radio Scotland
GO Radio (Glasgow)
Local commercial stations
Central 103.1 FM
Clyde 1
Forth 1
GHR Ayrshire
GHR Dumfries & Galloway
GHR Edinburgh, Lothians & Fife
GHR Glasgow & The West
GHR North East Scotland
GHR Scottish Borders and North Northumberland
GHR Tayside & Fife
Isles FM
Kingdom FM
MFR
Northsound 1
Original 106
Pure Radio Scotland
Radio Skye
SIBC
Smooth Scotland
Tay FM
Two Lochs Radio
West FM
Community, charity & non-profit stations
Bridge FM
Bute FM
Celtic Music Radio
Heartland FM
RNIB Connect Radio
Isles FM
Mearns FM
Nevis Radio
Student stations
Air3
Fresh Air
Subcity Radio
Defunct stations
2BD
Eklipse Sports Radio
L107
NECR
Peninsula FM
Q96
Real Radio
Revival FM
River FM
96.3 Rock Radio
Scot FM
The Superstation
Talk 107
XFM Scotland
Waves Radio
Your Radio
Scottish DAB multiplexes
Central Scotland (regional)
Aberdeen
Ayr
Dundee
Edinburgh
Glasgow
Inverness
Glasgow small-scale DAB trial
UK national BBC services
BBC Radio 1
BBC Radio 2
BBC Radio 3
BBC Radio 4
BBC Radio 5 Live
UK national commercial services
Absolute Radio
Classic FM
Talksport
UK national DAB multiplexes
BBC National DAB
Digital One
Sound Digital
See also
List of radio stations in the United Kingdom
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Leith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leith"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"GMG Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMG_Radio"},{"link_name":"Heart Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_Scotland"}],"text":"Radio station in Leith, EdinburghScot FM was a regional radio station serving Central and Southern Scotland. Broadcast from studios at Albert Quay in Leith, the station was billed as radio for Scotland's thinking classes but was unable to create a clear identity for itself, while changing its format to focus on more populist content, including less speech and more music.[1] The station was relaunched as Real Radio Scotland in January 2002 following a buyout by GMG Radio. Real Radio has since been succeeded by Heart Scotland.","title":"Scot FM"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Television"},{"link_name":"Grampian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grampian_Television"},{"link_name":"Tony Currie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Currie_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sir David Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_David_Steel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"In early 1993, the Radio Authority invited applicants to bid for a new regional FM licence covering Central Scotland and serving a potential audience of 3.3 million listeners. Seven groups contested the franchise:Central Scotland Radio, a speech-based station backed by Border and Grampian television companies\nRadio Six, led by Tony Currie with a 24-hour news and speech station\nCentral Scotland Broadcasting Ltd with an easy listening and information service\nA company with Celtic/rock\nA company with contemporary rock\nA company with country music\nA company with Christian-based programming[2]Central Scotland Radio was named as the preferred bidder on 10 December 1993. The Radio Authority argued that the station would extend listeners choice and could demonstrate financial stability and professional qualifications appropriate to launching and maintaining the service during its eight-year licence period. The company's founding chairman, Sir David Steel (a non-executive director of Border Television), pledged the majority of its programming would be a unique Scottish view of Britain, the world, and Central Scotland's place in it. We will be primarily a talk station with news, travel information, and weather reports. Sport, politics, and the arts will be covered and listeners will be heavily involved through regular phone-ins.[3] There was some disagreement and even questioning of the decision to let two television companies already running regional ITV franchises operate the new licence.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Robin Galloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Galloway"},{"link_name":"Scottie McClue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottie_McClue"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Scottish Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Northsound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northsound_Radio"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C."},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"1994 - 1996","text":"Scot FM began broadcasting on Friday 16 September 1994, after two weeks of test transmissions.[4] Problems arose even before the station went on air - none of the thirteen presenters listed in its original application schedule had remained with the company and its target of 50% quality speech output at peak times could not be achieved. The station's news service was contracted out to Reuters Radio,[5] leading to some confusion over how a station promising a unique Scottish view of Britain was carrying most of its news bulletins from an agency producing syndicated bulletins in London.[6]Complaints about the station began to appear in the press.[7] Meanwhile, Scot FM management went back to the Radio Authority four times to seek permission to reduce its speech obligations within the licensed format. The station itself had limited music resources with around 1000 tracks on its playout systems, leading to some members of staff reportedly visiting local music shops to buy CDs of artists who were appearing as guests on the station.[8] The first official RAJAR figures released in early 1995 revealed that the station had a weekly audience of 8%, far short of the target 13% share,[9] making it one of the least successful UK radio stations in terms of audience share. Within seven months of the station going on air, five different presenters had hosted Scot FM's breakfast show and a programme controller had left owing to ill health.[10]A major revamp of the station took place shortly afterwards with the entire presenting team being replaced[11] by new signings including Alison Craig, Robin Galloway and Scottie McClue. Despite the new presenting line-up and a reported improvement in weekly listening figures to 350,000, complaints regarding format and regulatory problems led to another shake-up at management level.[12][13] The station replaced its syndicated Reuters Radio news bulletins with an in-house service, although this had limited resources and was reportedly under-staffed with inexperienced young journalists who were even forced to travel by bus to help cut costs.[14] In May 1995, Border Television pulled out of the company and sold its stake to Grampian, which became the sole owner of Scot FM.[15]In another attempt to improve its fortunes, Scot FM brought exclusive rights to carry live Scottish Football League match commentaries for £155,000 a year.[16] This caused even further problems when Northsound (official broadcast partner with Aberdeen F.C.) complained as Scot FM did not cover the Aberdeen area.[17]After two years in the role, Scot FM's managing director Tom Hunter resigned, another programme controller became ill with stress, and most of the presenting line-up departed. In 1996, Scot FM reported losses of around £1 million.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Scottie McClue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottie_McClue"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Robin Galloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Galloway"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Glenn Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Campbell_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Wireless Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Group"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Chrysalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysalis_Group"},{"link_name":"Scottish Radio Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Radio_Holdings"},{"link_name":"Guardian Media Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_Media_Group"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"John Myers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Myers_(radio_executive)"},{"link_name":"GMG Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMG_Radio"},{"link_name":"Scottie McClue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottie_McClue"},{"link_name":"Scottish Radio Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Radio_Holdings"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"GMG Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMG_Radio"},{"link_name":"Global Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Radio"},{"link_name":"Heart Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_Scotland"}],"sub_title":"1996 - 2000","text":"In July 1996, Grampian sold Scot FM to the Independent Radio Group for £5.25 million,[19]The new owners aimed to make Scot FM profitable by 1998 and boost listening figures further by using the regional franchise to its advantage. Two months after the sale, Norman Quirk became Scot FM's managing director[20] with Jeff Graham as programme controller.[21]The station lost two of its presenters in 1997 - Scottie McClue left in January when contract negotiations broke down[22] while Robin Galloway quit in March after a fallout with Jeff Graham. Both departures and those of several staff, who disagreed with Graham over a schedule revamp, led to a drop in listening figures,[23] with half of its audience share disappearing - Scot FM had been reaching 16% of the population in the east and 14% in the west. IRG Chief Executive Michael Connolly claimed the station's new schedule was starting to regain lost listeners, while speaking of a three-year plan to turn its fortunes around.[24]By the end of 1997, Jeff Graham was replaced by John Collins,[25] prompting another programming revamp and the arrival of more new presenters, including Gary Marshall (breakfast), Dougie Jackson (mid-mornings) and Donny Hughes (drivetime). A revamp of news operations[26] saw Glenn Campbell become Scot FM's Head of News, presenting a daily 90-minute news magazine programme Lunchtime Live, which went on to win a silver Sony award in 1999 and a nomination at the New York Radio Awards.[27] \nRobin Galloway also returned to Scot FM in March 1999, presenting a Sunday lunchtime show from his home studio in Manchester.[28]Scot FM's owners IRG were brought by the Wireless Group in October 1999 for £21 million.[29] By this time, the station was still loss making, prompting the company to sell off Scot FM. After rejecting bids from Chrysalis and Scottish Radio Holdings (SRH offered £29m but rejected due to competition commission issues), the Guardian Media Group brought the station for £25.5 million in June 2001 - a sale which, at 13 times the annual revenue of Scot FM, allowed the station to clear its debts quickly.Analysts were surprised that TWG sold Scot FM, widely regarded as one of its best assets, rather than disposing of some of its 18 smaller stations.[30][31]John Myers, chief executive of GMG Radio said: The problem with Scot FM is that it has changed owners faster than I've changed coats. It was badly launched. They gave an impression that they were going to do Radio 4 type speech and then they went and hired Scottie McClue. For the first time, Scot FM will have an owner that might actually give Scottish Radio Holdings a run for their money.[32]Following the acquisition, GMG Radio relaunched and rebranded the station as Real Radio Scotland at 8am on Tuesday 8 January 2002. The station was latterly sold onto Global Radio in 2014, prompting a further relaunch as Heart Scotland in May 2014.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Scot FM broadcast separate commercial breaks on both its Glasgow and Edinburgh frequencies (100.3 FM in the West and 101.1 FM in the East).","title":"Advertising"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Presenters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brian Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Ford_(British_radio_broadcaster)"}],"sub_title":"Original line up","text":"(from September 1994 - January 1995)Iain Hossack (New and Alternative music) Fridays 7-10pm\nIain Agnew\nBruce Findlay\nBrian Ford\nHaig Gordon (Weekends 10pm - 1am)\nKenny Hutchinson\nSimon Lumsden\n\n\nChris Mann\nGerry Burke\nKen Mitchell\nPaul Martin Davis\nMargo McDonald","title":"Presenters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glenn Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Campbell_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"Robin Galloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Galloway"},{"link_name":"Scottie McClue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottie_McClue"}],"sub_title":"Other presenters","text":"Big Al\nGlenn Campbell\nMhairi-Ann Corrigall\nJay Crawford\nJenny Farrish\nCameron McKenna\nRobin Galloway\nNeil Henderson\nAlex Horsburgh\nDonny Hughes\nSteve Jack\nDougie Jackson\nDave Johanssen\n\n\nJoe Kilday\nMike Riddoch\nGary Marshall\nMark McKenzie\nScottie McClue\nCraig McMurdo\nThea Newcomb\nMark Page\nFrank Pilkington\nKenny Stevens\nRod Johnston\nArlene Stuart\n'Wee Fat Boab'\nBill Young\nTerry McGeadie","title":"Presenters"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Radio station not quite at home on the range\". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 20 July 1996. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/radio-station-not-quite-at-home-on-the-range-1.444841","url_text":"\"Radio station not quite at home on the range\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004131125/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/radio-station-not-quite-at-home-on-the-range-1.444841","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"insults fly over the airwaves\". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 17 February 1995. Archived from the original on 19 September 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/insults-fly-over=the-airwaves-1.694119","url_text":"\"insults fly over the airwaves\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220919124732/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12662716.insults-fly-overthe-airwaves/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New radio station promises broad programme choice\". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 11 December 1993. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/new-radio-station-promises-broad-programme-choice-1.728880","url_text":"\"New radio station promises broad programme choice\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004132029/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/new-radio-station-promises-broad-programme-choice-1.728880","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"On the air\". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 17 September 1994. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/on-the-air-1.484690","url_text":"\"On the air\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004132057/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/on-the-air-1.484690","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Getting her teeth into a conference\". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 3 September 1994. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/getting-her-teeth-into-a-conference-1.486646","url_text":"\"Getting her teeth into a conference\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004131927/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/getting-her-teeth-into-a-conference-1.486646","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Insults fly over the airwaves\". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 17 February 1995. Archived from the original on 19 September 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/insults-fly-over=the-airwaves-1.694119","url_text":"\"Insults fly over the airwaves\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220919124732/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12662716.insults-fly-overthe-airwaves/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tears of mirth and despair\". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 24 September 1994. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/tears-of-mirth-and-despair-1.483710","url_text":"\"Tears of mirth and despair\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004132113/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/tears-of-mirth-and-despair-1.483710","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Radio station not quite at home on the range\". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 20 July 1996. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/radio-station-not-quite-at-home-on-the-range-1.444841","url_text":"\"Radio station not quite at home on the range\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004131125/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/radio-station-not-quite-at-home-on-the-range-1.444841","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New station makes mark in radio war\". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 31 January 1995. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/new-station-makes-mark-in-radio-war-1.697492","url_text":"\"New station makes mark in radio war\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004131958/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/new-station-makes-mark-in-radio-war-1.697492","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Insults fly over the airwaves\". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 17 February 1995. Archived from the original on 19 September 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/insults-fly-over-the-airwaves-1.694119","url_text":"\"Insults fly over the airwaves\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220919124732/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12662716.insults-fly-overthe-airwaves/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Scot-fm-admits-mistakes-as-new-line-up-is-unveiled\". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 24 February 1995. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/scot-fm-admits-mistakes-as-new-line-up-is-unveiled-1.693073","url_text":"\"Scot-fm-admits-mistakes-as-new-line-up-is-unveiled\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004131143/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/scot-fm-admits-mistakes-as-new-line-up-is-unveiled-1.693073","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Granada meeting ousts scot fm executive radio station boss resigns\". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 2 November 1995. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/granada-meeting-ousts-scot-fm-executive-radio-station-boss-resigns-1.653432","url_text":"\"Granada meeting ousts scot fm executive radio station boss resigns\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004131159/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/granada-meeting-ousts-scot-fm-executive-radio-station-boss-resigns-1.653432","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Third-time-unlucky-for-controversial-radio-broadcaster-1.448990\". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 24 June 1996. Archived from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/third-time-unlucky-for-controversial-radio-broadcaster-1.448990","url_text":"\"Third-time-unlucky-for-controversial-radio-broadcaster-1.448990\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210712233509/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12038168.third-time-unlucky-for-controversial-radio-broadcaster/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"radio-station-not-quite-at-home-on-the-range\". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 20 July 1996. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/radio-station-not-quite-at-home-on-the-range-1.444841","url_text":"\"radio-station-not-quite-at-home-on-the-range\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004131125/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/radio-station-not-quite-at-home-on-the-range-1.444841","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"radio-station-not-quite-at-home-on-the-range\". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 20 July 1996. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/radio-station-not-quite-at-home-on-the-range-1.444841","url_text":"\"radio-station-not-quite-at-home-on-the-range\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004131125/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/radio-station-not-quite-at-home-on-the-range-1.444841","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Scot Fm scores in Saturday fixtures\". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 21 July 1995. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/scot-fm-scores-in-saturday-fixtures-1.670336","url_text":"\"Scot Fm scores in Saturday fixtures\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004131211/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/scot-fm-scores-in-saturday-fixtures-1.670336","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Northsound cries foul on Scot FM\". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 7 October 1995. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/northsound-cries-foul-on-scot-fm-1.657758","url_text":"\"Northsound cries foul on Scot FM\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004131244/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/northsound-cries-foul-on-scot-fm-1.657758","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Radio station not quite at home on the range\". Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/radio-station-not-quite-at-home-on-the-range-1.444841","url_text":"\"Radio station not quite at home on the range\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004131125/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/radio-station-not-quite-at-home-on-the-range-1.444841","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Grampian profits by Scot FM sale - TV company doubles its money with £5.25m deal for loss making radio station\". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 20 July 1996. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/grampian-profits-by-scot-fm-sale-tv-company-doubles-its-money-with-5-25m-deal-for-loss-making-radio-station-1.444820","url_text":"\"Grampian profits by Scot FM sale - TV company doubles its money with £5.25m deal for loss making radio station\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004131303/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/grampian-profits-by-scot-fm-sale-tv-company-doubles-its-money-with-5-25m-deal-for-loss-making-radio-station-1.444820","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Glasgow Chamber of Commerce - Small business advice for companies in Scotland UK\". Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120804070653/http://www.glasgowchamberofcommerce.com/about-us/biographies/council/norman-quirk.aspx","url_text":"\"Glasgow Chamber of Commerce - Small business advice for companies in Scotland UK\""},{"url":"http://www.glasgowchamberofcommerce.com/about-us/biographies/council/norman-quirk.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"DORSEY, KRISTY. \"Quirk schedules review at Scot FM\". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/quirk-schedules-review-at-scot-fm-1.435491","url_text":"\"Quirk schedules review at Scot FM\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004131616/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/quirk-schedules-review-at-scot-fm-1.435491","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"dj-mcclue-silenced-by-scot-fm-after-talks\". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/dj-mcclue-silenced-by-scot-fm-after-talks-1.418607","url_text":"\"dj-mcclue-silenced-by-scot-fm-after-talks\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190324150954/https://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/dj-mcclue-silenced-by-scot-fm-after-talks-1.418607/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Crisis talks at Scot FM\". Daily Record (Glasgow). 11 August 1997. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160312094720/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-61002184.html","url_text":"\"Crisis talks at Scot FM\""},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-61002184.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mixed signals from Scot FM as IRG chief talks of three year plan\". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 16 September 1997. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/mixed-signals-from-scot-fm-as-irg-chief-talks-of-three-year-plan-1.379388","url_text":"\"Mixed signals from Scot FM as IRG chief talks of three year plan\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004131600/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/mixed-signals-from-scot-fm-as-irg-chief-talks-of-three-year-plan-1.379388","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Scot FM appoints director\". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). 13 December 1997. Archived from the original on 19 September 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/scot-fm-appoints-director-1.364847","url_text":"\"Scot FM appoints director\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220919124733/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12349462.scot-fm-appoints-director/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Scot FM: May '98 Update\". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://scotfm.tripod.com/SCFM-info2.htm","url_text":"\"Scot FM: May '98 Update\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305023418/http://scotfm.tripod.com/SCFM-info2.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Award-winning kings of Castle FM\". The Scotsman. 3 August 2000. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160319094238/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-18752726.html","url_text":"\"Award-winning kings of Castle FM\""},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-18752726.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Independent Radio Group report\". Herald Scotland (Glasgow). Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 9 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080513102345/http://www.ukbusinesspark.co.uk/inp31283.htm","url_text":"\"Independent Radio Group report\""},{"url":"http://www.ukbusinesspark.co.uk/inp31283.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bennett, Neil (10 June 2001). \"Details of sale to GMG\". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 26 July 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2721415/MacKenzie-sells-Scot-FM.html","url_text":"\"Details of sale to GMG\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210726123532/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2721415/MacKenzie-sells-Scot-FM.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dandy, Emma (11 June 2001). \"Details of bids for ScotFM\". The Independent. London. Retrieved 2 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/wireless-sells-scot-fm-to-guardian-673529.html","url_text":"\"Details of bids for ScotFM\""}]},{"reference":"Garside, Juliette (17 June 2001). \"Quote from GMG chief exec\". The Sunday Herald. Retrieved 2 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_20010617/ai_n13959882/","url_text":"\"Quote from GMG chief exec\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/radio-station-not-quite-at-home-on-the-range-1.444841","external_links_name":"\"Radio station not quite at home on the range\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004131125/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/radio-station-not-quite-at-home-on-the-range-1.444841","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/insults-fly-over=the-airwaves-1.694119","external_links_name":"\"insults fly over the airwaves\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220919124732/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12662716.insults-fly-overthe-airwaves/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/new-radio-station-promises-broad-programme-choice-1.728880","external_links_name":"\"New radio station promises broad programme choice\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004132029/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/new-radio-station-promises-broad-programme-choice-1.728880","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/on-the-air-1.484690","external_links_name":"\"On the air\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004132057/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/on-the-air-1.484690","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/getting-her-teeth-into-a-conference-1.486646","external_links_name":"\"Getting her teeth into a conference\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004131927/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/getting-her-teeth-into-a-conference-1.486646","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/insults-fly-over=the-airwaves-1.694119","external_links_name":"\"Insults fly over the airwaves\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220919124732/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12662716.insults-fly-overthe-airwaves/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/tears-of-mirth-and-despair-1.483710","external_links_name":"\"Tears of mirth and despair\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004132113/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/tears-of-mirth-and-despair-1.483710","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/radio-station-not-quite-at-home-on-the-range-1.444841","external_links_name":"\"Radio station not quite at home on the range\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004131125/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/radio-station-not-quite-at-home-on-the-range-1.444841","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/new-station-makes-mark-in-radio-war-1.697492","external_links_name":"\"New station makes mark in radio war\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004131958/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/new-station-makes-mark-in-radio-war-1.697492","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/insults-fly-over-the-airwaves-1.694119","external_links_name":"\"Insults fly over the airwaves\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220919124732/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12662716.insults-fly-overthe-airwaves/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/scot-fm-admits-mistakes-as-new-line-up-is-unveiled-1.693073","external_links_name":"\"Scot-fm-admits-mistakes-as-new-line-up-is-unveiled\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004131143/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/scot-fm-admits-mistakes-as-new-line-up-is-unveiled-1.693073","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/granada-meeting-ousts-scot-fm-executive-radio-station-boss-resigns-1.653432","external_links_name":"\"Granada meeting ousts scot fm executive radio station boss resigns\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004131159/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/granada-meeting-ousts-scot-fm-executive-radio-station-boss-resigns-1.653432","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/third-time-unlucky-for-controversial-radio-broadcaster-1.448990","external_links_name":"\"Third-time-unlucky-for-controversial-radio-broadcaster-1.448990\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210712233509/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12038168.third-time-unlucky-for-controversial-radio-broadcaster/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/radio-station-not-quite-at-home-on-the-range-1.444841","external_links_name":"\"radio-station-not-quite-at-home-on-the-range\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004131125/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/radio-station-not-quite-at-home-on-the-range-1.444841","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/radio-station-not-quite-at-home-on-the-range-1.444841","external_links_name":"\"radio-station-not-quite-at-home-on-the-range\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004131125/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/radio-station-not-quite-at-home-on-the-range-1.444841","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/scot-fm-scores-in-saturday-fixtures-1.670336","external_links_name":"\"Scot Fm scores in Saturday fixtures\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004131211/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/scot-fm-scores-in-saturday-fixtures-1.670336","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/northsound-cries-foul-on-scot-fm-1.657758","external_links_name":"\"Northsound cries foul on Scot FM\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004131244/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/northsound-cries-foul-on-scot-fm-1.657758","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/radio-station-not-quite-at-home-on-the-range-1.444841","external_links_name":"\"Radio station not quite at home on the range\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004131125/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/radio-station-not-quite-at-home-on-the-range-1.444841","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/grampian-profits-by-scot-fm-sale-tv-company-doubles-its-money-with-5-25m-deal-for-loss-making-radio-station-1.444820","external_links_name":"\"Grampian profits by Scot FM sale - TV company doubles its money with £5.25m deal for loss making radio station\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004131303/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/grampian-profits-by-scot-fm-sale-tv-company-doubles-its-money-with-5-25m-deal-for-loss-making-radio-station-1.444820","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120804070653/http://www.glasgowchamberofcommerce.com/about-us/biographies/council/norman-quirk.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Glasgow Chamber of Commerce - Small business advice for companies in Scotland UK\""},{"Link":"http://www.glasgowchamberofcommerce.com/about-us/biographies/council/norman-quirk.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/quirk-schedules-review-at-scot-fm-1.435491","external_links_name":"\"Quirk schedules review at Scot FM\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004131616/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/quirk-schedules-review-at-scot-fm-1.435491","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/dj-mcclue-silenced-by-scot-fm-after-talks-1.418607","external_links_name":"\"dj-mcclue-silenced-by-scot-fm-after-talks\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190324150954/https://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/dj-mcclue-silenced-by-scot-fm-after-talks-1.418607/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160312094720/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-61002184.html","external_links_name":"\"Crisis talks at Scot FM\""},{"Link":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-61002184.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/mixed-signals-from-scot-fm-as-irg-chief-talks-of-three-year-plan-1.379388","external_links_name":"\"Mixed signals from Scot FM as IRG chief talks of three year plan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004131600/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/mixed-signals-from-scot-fm-as-irg-chief-talks-of-three-year-plan-1.379388","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/scot-fm-appoints-director-1.364847","external_links_name":"\"Scot FM appoints director\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220919124733/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12349462.scot-fm-appoints-director/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://scotfm.tripod.com/SCFM-info2.htm","external_links_name":"\"Scot FM: May '98 Update\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305023418/http://scotfm.tripod.com/SCFM-info2.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160319094238/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-18752726.html","external_links_name":"\"Award-winning kings of Castle FM\""},{"Link":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-18752726.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140611135142/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-60426764.html","external_links_name":"HighBeam"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080513102345/http://www.ukbusinesspark.co.uk/inp31283.htm","external_links_name":"\"Independent Radio Group report\""},{"Link":"http://www.ukbusinesspark.co.uk/inp31283.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2721415/MacKenzie-sells-Scot-FM.html","external_links_name":"\"Details of sale to GMG\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210726123532/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2721415/MacKenzie-sells-Scot-FM.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/wireless-sells-scot-fm-to-guardian-673529.html","external_links_name":"\"Details of bids for ScotFM\""},{"Link":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_20010617/ai_n13959882/","external_links_name":"\"Quote from GMG chief exec\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Russell
|
Ralph Russell
|
["1 Biography","2 Books","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Ralph Russellرالف رسلBorn21 May 1918Hammerton, West Riding of Yorkshire, United KingdomDied14 September 2008EducationSt John's College, CambridgeSchool of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS)Known forBritish scholar of Urdu literatureCommunist activistPolitical partyCommunist Party of Great Britain (CPGB)AwardsSitara-i-Imtiaz
Ralph Russell SI (Urdu: رَالْف رَسَل) (21 May 1918 – 14 September 2008) was a British scholar of Urdu literature and a Communist.
Biography
Russell was born in Hammerton, West Riding of Yorkshire, England, and grew up in Loughton, Essex. He was educated at Chigwell School, and later at St John's College, Cambridge, where he read classics and geography, graduating in 1940 with an ordinary degree. He learnt Urdu while serving in India on attachment to the Indian Army during World War II, achieving "considerable fluency at the level of everyday communication with my sepoys." During the war he had "no opportunity of making the acquaintance of Urdu literature", but following demobilisation he was awarded a scholarship to study at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, where he took a degree in Urdu (with Sanskrit as a subsidiary subject) in 1949.
Upon graduation Russell spent a year on study leave at Aligarh Muslim University in India, before returning to teach Urdu and Urdu literature at SOAS. Although he remained at SOAS for the rest of his career, he continued to lecture and conduct research at universities in both India and Pakistan. He wrote articles and essays in Urdu and English, and attended literary seminars and workshops on the subject of his specialization.
For much of his life Russell was a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain. He later explained his commitment as "want to meet the needs of the people whom the communist movement is supposed to exist to serve." The historian Eric Hobsbawm, a fellow communist who attended Cambridge at the same time as Russell, remembered him as a "working-class classics student of steely bolshevik demeanour" who had been nicknamed 'Georgi' after the then Secretary of the Comintern, Georgi Dimitrov.
Russell was awarded the Sitara-e-Imtiaz in recognition of his services to Urdu language and literature by the Government of Pakistan. Loughton Town Council installed a blue plaque to Russell at his boyhood home on 6 Queen's Road in that town, which was inaugurated with a reception given by the present owners for family, friends and colleagues on 15 July 2013.
Books
Three Mughal Poets, 1968
Ghalib, life and letters, 1969
New course in Urdu and spoken Hindi for learners in Britain, 1997
The pursuit of Urdu literature 1992
Selections from the Persian Ghazals of Ghalib with Translations 1997
An Anthology of Urdu Literature 1999
How not to write the history of Urdu literature 1999
The Famous Ghalib 2000
The Oxford India Ghalib: Life, Letters and Ghazals 2003
The Seeing Eye: Selection from the Urdu and Persian Ghazals of Ghalib 2003
Urdu in Britain (Ed), 1982
Ghalib: The Poet and his Age (Ed) 1997
A Thousand Yearnings: a Book of Urdu Poetry and Prose (Trans) 2017
Autobiography
Findings, keeping: Life, Communism and everything 2001
Losses, Gains published by Three Essays, New Delhi, 2010
In Urdu
Urdu Adab ki Justuju (Urdu translation of The Pursuit of Urdu Literature/Curiosity about Urdu literature), by Muhammad Sarwar Rija (2003)
Juyinda Yabinda (Urdu translation of his autobiography, by Arjumand Ara), City Press, Karachi, 2005
See also
David Matthews
References
^ Sydenham, Barrie (2003). The Chigwell Register. p. 28.
^ "University News", The Times, 19 June 1939, p. 8.
^ "University News", The Times, 7 June 1940, p. 3.
^ a b c d "About Me and My Work for Urdu". ralphrussell.co.uk.
^ "Home". ralphrussell.co.uk.
^ Eric Hobsbawm, Interesting Times: a Twentieth-Century Life (New York: Pantheon Books, 2002), p. 292. ISBN 037542234X
^ "Urdu Books of Ralph Russell".
^ "Books by Ralph Russell (Author of a Thousand Yearnings)".
^ "Ralph Russell". Amazon.
External links
Ralph Russell's homepage
Baba-i-Urdu of England mourned – Daily Dawn
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Australia
Netherlands
Portugal
Academics
CiNii
Other
SNAC
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitara-e-Imtiaz"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"Communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist"}],"text":"Ralph Russell SI (Urdu: رَالْف رَسَل) (21 May 1918 – 14 September 2008) was a British scholar of Urdu literature and a Communist.","title":"Ralph Russell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hammerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Hammerton"},{"link_name":"West Riding of Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Loughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughton"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"Chigwell School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chigwell_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"St John's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"ordinary degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_undergraduate_degree_classification#Ordinary_degree"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"sepoys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepoys"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About-4"},{"link_name":"School of Oriental and African Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies"},{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About-4"},{"link_name":"Aligarh Muslim University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aligarh_Muslim_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About-4"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About-4"},{"link_name":"Eric Hobsbawm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm"},{"link_name":"bolshevik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik"},{"link_name":"Comintern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comintern"},{"link_name":"Georgi Dimitrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Sitara-e-Imtiaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitara-e-Imtiaz"},{"link_name":"Government of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Loughton Town Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Loughton"},{"link_name":"blue plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_plaque"}],"text":"Russell was born in Hammerton, West Riding of Yorkshire, England, and grew up in Loughton, Essex. He was educated at Chigwell School,[1] and later at St John's College, Cambridge, where he read classics and geography, graduating in 1940 with an ordinary degree.[2][3] He learnt Urdu while serving in India on attachment to the Indian Army during World War II, achieving \"considerable fluency at the level of everyday communication with my sepoys.\"[4] During the war he had \"no opportunity of making the acquaintance of Urdu literature\", but following demobilisation he was awarded a scholarship to study at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, where he took a degree in Urdu (with Sanskrit as a subsidiary subject) in 1949.[4]Upon graduation Russell spent a year on study leave at Aligarh Muslim University in India, before returning to teach Urdu and Urdu literature at SOAS.[4] Although he remained at SOAS for the rest of his career, he continued to lecture and conduct research at universities in both India and Pakistan. He wrote articles and essays in Urdu and English, and attended literary seminars and workshops on the subject of his specialization.[5]For much of his life Russell was a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain. He later explained his commitment as \"want[ing] to meet the needs of the people whom the communist movement is supposed to exist to serve.\"[4] The historian Eric Hobsbawm, a fellow communist who attended Cambridge at the same time as Russell, remembered him as a \"working-class classics student of steely bolshevik demeanour\" who had been nicknamed 'Georgi' after the then Secretary of the Comintern, Georgi Dimitrov.[6]Russell was awarded the Sitara-e-Imtiaz in recognition of his services to Urdu language and literature by the Government of Pakistan. Loughton Town Council installed a blue plaque to Russell at his boyhood home on 6 Queen's Road in that town, which was inaugurated with a reception given by the present owners for family, friends and colleagues on 15 July 2013.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Three Mughal Poets, 1968[7]\nGhalib, life and letters, 1969\nNew course in Urdu and spoken Hindi for learners in Britain, 1997\nThe pursuit of Urdu literature 1992\nSelections from the Persian Ghazals of Ghalib with Translations 1997\nAn Anthology of Urdu Literature 1999\nHow not to write the history of Urdu literature 1999\nThe Famous Ghalib 2000\nThe Oxford India Ghalib: Life, Letters and Ghazals 2003\nThe Seeing Eye: Selection from the Urdu and Persian Ghazals of Ghalib 2003\nUrdu in Britain (Ed), 1982\nGhalib: The Poet and his Age (Ed) 1997\nA Thousand Yearnings: a Book of Urdu Poetry and Prose (Trans) 2017[8]AutobiographyFindings, keeping: Life, Communism and everything 2001\nLosses, Gains published by Three Essays, New Delhi, 2010In UrduUrdu Adab ki Justuju (Urdu translation of The Pursuit of Urdu Literature/Curiosity about Urdu literature), by Muhammad Sarwar Rija (2003)\nJuyinda Yabinda (Urdu translation of his autobiography, by Arjumand Ara), City Press, Karachi, 2005[9]","title":"Books"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"David Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Matthews_(academic)"}]
|
[{"reference":"Sydenham, Barrie (2003). The Chigwell Register. p. 28.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"About Me and My Work for Urdu\". ralphrussell.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ralphrussell.co.uk/","url_text":"\"About Me and My Work for Urdu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". ralphrussell.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ralphrussell.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Urdu Books of Ralph Russell\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rekhta.org/authors/ralph-russell/ebooks","url_text":"\"Urdu Books of Ralph Russell\""}]},{"reference":"\"Books by Ralph Russell (Author of a Thousand Yearnings)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodreads.com/author/list/220790.Ralph_Russell","url_text":"\"Books by Ralph Russell (Author of a Thousand Yearnings)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ralph Russell\". Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Ralph-Russell/e/B001HP7Q9K%3Fref=dbs_a_mng_rwt_scns_share","url_text":"\"Ralph Russell\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.ralphrussell.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"About Me and My Work for Urdu\""},{"Link":"http://www.ralphrussell.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"https://www.rekhta.org/authors/ralph-russell/ebooks","external_links_name":"\"Urdu Books of Ralph Russell\""},{"Link":"https://www.goodreads.com/author/list/220790.Ralph_Russell","external_links_name":"\"Books by Ralph Russell (Author of a Thousand Yearnings)\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Ralph-Russell/e/B001HP7Q9K%3Fref=dbs_a_mng_rwt_scns_share","external_links_name":"\"Ralph Russell\""},{"Link":"http://www.ralphrussell.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Ralph Russell's homepage"},{"Link":"http://www.dawn.com/2008/09/16/nat9.htm","external_links_name":"Baba-i-Urdu of England mourned – Daily Dawn"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1759815/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000107881865","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/114942795","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrRk8K8vPTQFrHPhfcQMP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90523122","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121960854","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121960854","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118948202","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007299893605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50036741","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20080715007&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36544458","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068238703","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1201109","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01410675?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6sj4cmm","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/030572525","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_constitutions
|
Catalan constitutions
|
["1 History","1.1 Origin: The Catalan Courts of 1283","1.2 De jure abolition: the Nueva Planta decrees","1.3 Restoration promise: The Third Carlist War","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Constitutions
Constitutions of CataloniaConstitucions de CatalunyaCompilation of 1702Catalan CourtsTerritorial extentPrincipality of CataloniaEnacted byCatalan CourtsEnacted1283 (first), 1706 (last)Effective1283Introduced byCount of BarcelonaRepealed byNueva Planta decrees (1716)Related legislationUsages of Barcelona
Catalan / Valencian cultural domain
Language
History
Literature
Literature of Andorra
Grammar
Pronunciation
Phonetic history
IPA guide
Spelling-to-sound charts
Orthography
Alphabet
Braille
Morpho-syntax
Nouns
Personal pronouns
Verbs (Conjugation)
Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL)
Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC)
Institut and Fundació Ramon Llull (IRL & FRL)
People
Andorrans
Aragonese
Balearics
Ibizans
Majorcans
Minorcans
Catalans
Roussillonese
Sardinians
Alguerese
Valencians
History
History of Andorra
History of Aragon
History of the Balearic Islands
History of Catalonia
History of Roussillon
History of Sardinia
History of Valencia
Crown of Aragon
Principality of Catalonia
Kingdom of Majorca
Kingdom of Valencia
Catalan Constitutions
Valencian Law
Treaty of the Pyrenees
Nova Planta Decrees
Geo-political divisions
Andorra
Aragon (La Franja)
Balearic Islands
Ibiza
Majorca
Minorca
Catalonia
Murcia (El Carxe)
Occitania
Sardinia (L'Alguer)
Valencia See Catalan Countries
Government and politics
General Council of Andorra (Politics)
Courts of Aragon (Politics)
Government of the Balearic Islands (Politics)
Generalitat of Catalonia (Politics)
General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales (Politics)
Generalitat of Valencia (Politics) See Catalan and Valencian nationalism
Traditions and symbols
Cuisine
Myths and legends
Symbols
Traditions
Caganer
Castells
Correfoc
Falles
Fogueres de Sant Joan
Gegants i capgrossos
Moros i cristians
Muixeranga
Diada de Sant Jordi
Sardana
Tió de Nadal
Coca
Ensaïmada
Pa amb tomàquet
Paella
Arts
Antoni Gaudí
Antoni Tàpies
Joan Miró
Joaquim Sorolla
Salvador Dalí
Literature
Segle d'or
Decadència
Renaixença
Modernisme
Noucentisme
Music
Nova cançó
Rock català
Rumba catalana
vte
The Catalan constitutions (Catalan: Constitucions catalanes, IPA: ) were the laws of the Principality of Catalonia promulgated by the Count of Barcelona and approved by the Catalan Courts. The Corts in Catalan have the same origin as courts in English (the sovereign's councillors or retinue) but instead meaning the legislature. The first constitutions were promulgated by the Corts of 1283. The last ones were promulgated by the Corts of 1705. They had pre-eminence over the other legal rules and could only be revoked by the Catalan Courts themselves. The compilations of the constitutions and other rights of Catalonia followed the Roman tradition of the Codex.
History
Origin: The Catalan Courts of 1283
The first Catalan constitutions were promulgated by the Catalan Courts held in Barcelona in 1283. The last ones were promulgated in 1706 by the Courts of 1705–1706 during the disputed reign of Charles III, the Habsburg pretender to the Spanish throne during the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1713). The first compilation was prescribed by Ferdinand I of Aragon, and suggestion by the Courts held in Barcelona from 1413. It spread in edition of the 1495, together with the Usages of Barcelona:
Usatges de Barcelona, Constitutions, Capitols, y Actes de Cort, y altras leys de Cathalunya ("Usages of Barcelona, constitutions, chapters and acts of court and other laws of Catalonia")
The compilations agreed in the Catalan Courts of 1585 and of 1702 were published in three volumes:
Constitutions y altres drets de Cathalunya ("Constitutions and other rights of Catalonia")
Pragmaticas y altres drets de Cathalunya ("Pragmatics and other rights of Catalonia")
Constitutions y altres drets de Cathalunya superfluos, contraris y corregits ("Constitutions and other rights of Catalonia, superfluous, contrary, and corrected")
De jure abolition: the Nueva Planta decrees
Compilation of 1493
Shortly after the end of the War of the Spanish Succession, the king Philip V of Spain from the House of Bourbon issued the set of decrees known as the Nueva Planta decrees (Spanish: Decretos de Nueva Planta, Catalan: Decrets de Nova Planta). This series of decrees abolished the separate laws of the territories that supported his Habsburg rival to the throne, the Archduke Charles of Austria; this included all realms of the Crown of Aragon. The Decretos attempted to make Spain into a centralized and absolutist monarchy on the model of France, applying the laws of Castile to all of Spain. These acts were promulgated in Valencia and Aragon in 1707, and were extended in 1716 to the Principality of Catalonia and the Balearic Islands (with the exception of Menorca, a British possession at the time).
Thus, the Catalan Constitutions were effectively abolished by the King's authority after his military victory, rather than through any legislative process within Catalonia itself. The change ignored the Catalan Constitution's own provisions for how they were to be amended or reformed.
Restoration promise: The Third Carlist War
During the Third Carlist War (1872–1876), the Carlist forces managed to occupy some cities in the Catalan interior. Isabel II was in exile and King Amadeo I had reigned since 1871, although he was not generally popular. The pretender Charles VII of Spain, grandson of Charles V of Spain (hence Carlist from Carlos, "Charles"), promised the Catalans, Valencians and Aragonese the return of their Charters or fueros (Catalan: furs) and the constitutions that Philip V had previously abolished.
The promise was never fulfilled, as the Carlist revolt did not succeed. Carlos María de los Dolores finally departed for France, 27 February 1876, the same day that Alfonso XII of Spain entered Pamplona.
See also
Principality of Catalonia
Parliament of Catalonia
Nueva Planta Decrees
Civil Code of Catalonia
References
Constitucions de Catalunya del 1495 on Wikisource.
Furs, capítols, provisions e actes de cort fets y atorgats per la S.C.R.M. del rey don Phelip nostre senyor, ara gloriosamente regnant. Monçó, 1626 ("Fueros, chapters, provisions and acts of court made and awarded by the S.C.R.M. of King Philip our lord, who reigns gloriously") on Wikisource.
Constitutions y altres drets de Cathalunya, Barcelona, 1704 on Wikisource.
Chapters of the Corts of Montsó digitalized, at the Spanish Office of Culture record image (fragment referent to the Consulate of the Sea.)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Constitutions of Catalonia.
The demise of the catalan dynasty and the growing estrangement of the crown
Politics of CataloniaStatute of Autonomy of Catalonia and major legislation series
Principality of Catalonia
Usages of Barcelona
Catalan constitutions
Modern Catalonia
Draft Statute of 1919
Draft Constitution of 1928
Statute of 1932
Statute of 1979
Statute of 2006 (present)
Law of juridical transition
vteCatalonia articlesHistory
Timeline
Iberians
Roman Hispania
County of Barcelona
Constitutions
Crown of Aragon
Principality of Catalonia
Civil War
Catholic Monarchs
Habsburg
Reapers' War (Republic (1641), Northern Catalonia loss)
War of Succession (War of the Catalans)
Nueva Planta
Renaixença
Commonwealth
Republic (1931)
Republican Generalitat
Statute of Autonomy (1932)
Catalan State (1934)
Revolution
Francoism
Statute of Autonomy (1979)
Statute of Autonomy (2006)
Declaration of independence (2017 referendum)
Geography
Climate
Forests
Mountains
Rivers
Extreme points
Municipalities
Comarques
Vegueries
Provinces
Politics
Elections
Generalitat
Parliament
Government
President
Political parties
Police force
International relations
Independence movement
Economy
Catalan peseta
Financial crisis
Property bubble
Rail
Roads
Airports
Tourism
Trade unions
Transport
Wine
Society
Crime
Demographics
Education
Health care
Law
People
Prostitution
Religion
Traditions
Culture
Architecture
Art
Caganer
Castell
Correfoc
Cuisine
Gegants i capgrossos
Language
Literature
Music
Mythology
Public holidays
Sardana
Seny
Sport
Football
Tió de Nadal
Symbols
Flag
Coat of arms
Anthem
National Day
St George's Day
Pi de les Tres Branques
Catalan donkey
Outline
Category
vtePrincipality of CataloniaHistoryand timeline
Catalan counties
County of Barcelona
Peace and Truce
Crown of Aragon
Albigensian Crusade
Battle of Muret
Conquest of Majorca
Conquest of Valencia
Aragonese Crusade
War of the Sicilian Vespers
Conquest of Sardinia
Compromise of Caspe
Catalan Civil War
War of the Remences
Sentencia de Guadalupe
Catholic Monarchs
Habsburg Spain
Reapers' War
Catalan Republic
Battle of Montjuïc
Treaty of the Pyrenees
Revolt of the Barretines
War of the Spanish Succession
War of the Catalans
Siege of Barcelona
Nueva Planta
Royal Houses
Count of Barcelona
House of Barcelona
House of Trastámara
House of Aviz
House of Anjou
House of Habsburg
House of Bourbon
Politics and law
Catalan Courts
Generalitat
Junta de Braços
Consell de Cent
Royal Audience
Conference of the Three Commons
Tribunal de Contrafaccions
Legislation
Usages of Barcelona
Catalan constitutions
Book of the Consulate of the Sea
Royal Archives
Viceroy
Chancellor
Portantveus de General Governador
Batlle General
Mestre Racional
Military
Princeps namque
Sagramental
Sometent
Catalan Company
Army of Catalonia (1713–14)
Coronela
Catalan navy
Vice admiral
Catalan galley
Demographics and economy
Catalan language (old)
Occitan language
Catalan people
list
Consulate of the Sea
Taula de canvi
Culture
Art
Cuisine
Religion
Architecture
Romanesque
Catalan Gothic (Santa Maria del Mar)
Symbols
Senyera
Royal arms
St George Cross
St George
Saint George's Day
Flag of Barcelona
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language"},{"link_name":"[kunstitusiˈons kətəˈlanəs]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan"},{"link_name":"Principality of Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Count of Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Catalan Courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_Courts"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language"},{"link_name":"legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature"},{"link_name":"constitutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Codex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex"}],"text":"The Catalan constitutions (Catalan: Constitucions catalanes, IPA: [kunstitusiˈons kətəˈlanəs]) were the laws of the Principality of Catalonia promulgated by the Count of Barcelona and approved by the Catalan Courts. The Corts in Catalan have the same origin as courts in English (the sovereign's councillors or retinue) but instead meaning the legislature. The first constitutions were promulgated by the Corts of 1283. The last ones were promulgated by the Corts of 1705. They had pre-eminence over the other legal rules and could only be revoked by the Catalan Courts themselves. The compilations of the constitutions and other rights of Catalonia followed the Roman tradition of the Codex.","title":"Catalan constitutions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"War of the Spanish Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand I of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Usages of Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usages_of_Barcelona"}],"sub_title":"Origin: The Catalan Courts of 1283","text":"The first Catalan constitutions were promulgated by the Catalan Courts held in Barcelona in 1283. The last ones were promulgated in 1706 by the Courts of 1705–1706 during the disputed reign of Charles III, the Habsburg pretender to the Spanish throne during the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1713). The first compilation was prescribed by Ferdinand I of Aragon, and suggestion by the Courts held in Barcelona from 1413. It spread in edition of the 1495, together with the Usages of Barcelona:Usatges de Barcelona, Constitutions, Capitols, y Actes de Cort, y altras leys de Cathalunya (\"Usages of Barcelona, constitutions, chapters and acts of court and other laws of Catalonia\")The compilations agreed in the Catalan Courts of 1585 and of 1702 were published in three volumes:Constitutions y altres drets de Cathalunya (\"Constitutions and other rights of Catalonia\")\nPragmaticas y altres drets de Cathalunya (\"Pragmatics and other rights of Catalonia\")\nConstitutions y altres drets de Cathalunya superfluos, contraris y corregits (\"Constitutions and other rights of Catalonia, superfluous, contrary, and corrected\")","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Constitucions_de_Catalunya.jpg"},{"link_name":"Philip V of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"decrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decree"},{"link_name":"Nueva Planta decrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Planta_decrees"},{"link_name":"Crown of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia"},{"link_name":"Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Balearic Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balearic_Islands"},{"link_name":"Menorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menorca"}],"sub_title":"De jure abolition: the Nueva Planta decrees","text":"Compilation of 1493Shortly after the end of the War of the Spanish Succession, the king Philip V of Spain from the House of Bourbon issued the set of decrees known as the Nueva Planta decrees (Spanish: Decretos de Nueva Planta, Catalan: Decrets de Nova Planta). This series of decrees abolished the separate laws of the territories that supported his Habsburg rival to the throne, the Archduke Charles of Austria; this included all realms of the Crown of Aragon. The Decretos attempted to make Spain into a centralized and absolutist monarchy on the model of France, applying the laws of Castile to all of Spain. These acts were promulgated in Valencia and Aragon in 1707, and were extended in 1716 to the Principality of Catalonia and the Balearic Islands (with the exception of Menorca, a British possession at the time).Thus, the Catalan Constitutions were effectively abolished by the King's authority after his military victory, rather than through any legislative process within Catalonia itself. The change ignored the Catalan Constitution's own provisions for how they were to be amended or reformed.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Third Carlist War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Carlist_War"},{"link_name":"Carlist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlism"},{"link_name":"Isabel II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Amadeo I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeo_I_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Charles VII of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VII_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Charles V of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infante_Carlos,_Count_of_Molina"},{"link_name":"fueros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuero"},{"link_name":"Carlos María de los Dolores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_de_los_Dolores"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Alfonso XII of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XII_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Pamplona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamplona"}],"sub_title":"Restoration promise: The Third Carlist War","text":"During the Third Carlist War (1872–1876), the Carlist forces managed to occupy some cities in the Catalan interior. Isabel II was in exile and King Amadeo I had reigned since 1871, although he was not generally popular. The pretender Charles VII of Spain, grandson of Charles V of Spain (hence Carlist from Carlos, \"Charles\"), promised the Catalans, Valencians and Aragonese the return of their Charters or fueros (Catalan: furs) and the constitutions that Philip V had previously abolished.The promise was never fulfilled, as the Carlist revolt did not succeed. Carlos María de los Dolores finally departed for France, 27 February 1876, the same day that Alfonso XII of Spain entered Pamplona.","title":"History"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Compilation of 1493","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Constitucions_de_Catalunya.jpg/220px-Constitucions_de_Catalunya.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Principality of Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia"},{"title":"Parliament of Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Catalonia"},{"title":"Nueva Planta Decrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Planta_Decrees"},{"title":"Civil Code of Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Catalonia"}]
|
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.mcu.es/archivos/lhe/Consultas/mostrarTitulo.jsp?titulo=028061","external_links_name":"record"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080319082515/http://www.mcu.es/archivos/lhe/Consultas/imagen.jsp?cod=028061","external_links_name":"image"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051219122216/http://www10.gencat.net/gencat/AppJava/en/generalitat/generalitat/origens/dinastia.jsp","external_links_name":"The demise of the catalan dynasty and the growing estrangement of the crown"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialeurodes
|
Trialeurodes
|
["1 Species","2 References"]
|
Genus of true bugs
Trialeurodes
Trialeurodes vaporariorum
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Hemiptera
Suborder:
Sternorrhyncha
Family:
Aleyrodidae
Genus:
TrialeurodesCockerell, 1902
Trialeurodes is a large genus of whiteflies in the family Aleyrodidae.
Species
63 accepted species
Trialeurodes abdita Martin, 2005
Trialeurodes abutiloneus (Haldeman, 1850) – banded-wing whitefly
Trialeurodes amealcensis Carapia-Ruiz, 2003
Trialeurodes asplenii (Maskell, 1890)
Trialeurodes bambusae Takahashi, 1943
Trialeurodes bellissima Sampson & Drews, 1940
Trialeurodes bemisae Russell, 1948
Trialeurodes bruneiensis Martin, 2001
Trialeurodes celti Takahashi, 1943
Trialeurodes chinensis Takahashi, 1955
Trialeurodes coccolobae Russell, 1948
Trialeurodes colcordae Russell, 1948
Trialeurodes corollis Penny, 1922
Trialeurodes cryptus Martin, 2005
Trialeurodes darwiniensis Martin, 1999
Trialeurodes dicksoniae Martin, 1999
Trialeurodes diminutis Penny, 1922
Trialeurodes drewsi Sampson, 1945
Trialeurodes elaphoglossi Takahashi, 1960
Trialeurodes ericae Bink-Moenen, 1976
Trialeurodes eriodictyonis Russell, 1948
Trialeurodes euphorbiae Russell, 1948
Trialeurodes fernaldi Morrill, 1903
Trialeurodes floridensis (Quaintance, 1900) – avocado whitefly
Trialeurodes glacialis Bemis, 1904 – glacial whitefly
Trialeurodes heucherae Russell, 1948
Trialeurodes hutchingsi Bemis, 1904
Trialeurodes intermedia Russell, 1948
Trialeurodes ipomoeae Carapia-Ruiz, 2003
Trialeurodes lauri (Signoret, 1882)
Trialeurodes longispina Takahashi, 1943
Trialeurodes madroni Bemis, 1904 – madrone whitefly
Trialeurodes magnoliae Russell, 1948
Trialeurodes mameti Takahashi, 1951
Trialeurodes manihoti Bondar, 1923
Trialeurodes meggitti Singh, 1933
Trialeurodes merlini Bemis, 1904
Trialeurodes mirissimus Sampson & Drews, 1941
Trialeurodes multipori Russell, 1948
Trialeurodes notata Russell, 1948
Trialeurodes oblongifoliae Russell, 1948
Trialeurodes packardi Morrill, 1903 – strawberry whitefly
Trialeurodes palaquifolia Corbett, 1935
Trialeurodes paucipapilla Martin, 2005
Trialeurodes perakensis Corbett, 1935
Trialeurodes pergandei (Quaintance, 1900); type species
Trialeurodes phlogis Russell, 1993 – phlox whitefly
Trialeurodes rex Martin, 2001
Trialeurodes ricini Misra, 1924 – castor whitefly
Trialeurodes ruborum (Cockerell, 1897)
Trialeurodes sardiniae Rapisarda, 1986
Trialeurodes shawundus Baker & Moles, 1921
Trialeurodes similis Russell, 1948
Trialeurodes tabaci Bondar, 1928
Trialeurodes tentaculatus Bemis, 1904
Trialeurodes tephrosiae Russell, 1948
Trialeurodes thaiensis Takahashi, 1943
Trialeurodes unadutus Baker & Moles, 1921
Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood, 1856) – greenhouse whitefly
Trialeurodes varia Quaintance & Baker, 1937
Trialeurodes variabilis (Quaintance, 1900) – papaya whitefly
Trialeurodes vitrinellus Cockerell, 1903
Trialeurodes vittatus (Quaintance, 1900) – grape whitefly
References
^ Martin, Jon H. & Mound, Laurence A. (2007). "An annotated check list of the world's whiteflies (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1492: 1–84. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1492.1.1. S2CID 90274537. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2007.
^ Taxonomic checklist of the world’s whiteflies (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
^ a b Carapia-Ruíz, Vicente E.; González-Hernández, Héctor; Romero-Nápoles, Jesús; Ortega-Arenas, Laura D. & Koch, Stephen D. (2003). "Descripción de los nuevas especies de Trialeurodes (Cockerell)(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) y clave para las especies de México" (PDF). Acta Zoológica Mexicana. Nuevo Series. 90: 93–101. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 June 2007.
^ a b Martin, Jon H. & Camus, Josephine M. (2001). "Whiteflies (Sternorrhyncha, Aleyrodidae) colonising ferns (Pteridophyta: Filicopsida), with descriptions of two new Trialeurodes and one new Metabemisia species from south-east Asia". Zootaxa. 2: 1–19. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2.1.1. Abstract
Taxon identifiersTrialeurodes
Wikidata: Q2716206
Wikispecies: Trialeurodes
AFD: Trialeurodes
BOLD: 27392
BugGuide: 245040
CoL: 7YW6
EoL: 71880
EPPO: 1TRIAG
Fauna Europaea: 54187
Fauna Europaea (new): 4050fb09-3b2e-4fe3-a411-65b2dcae70fa
GBIF: 2012131
iNaturalist: 178771
IRMNG: 1021818
ITIS: 200566
NBN: NHMSYS0020930534
NCBI: 88555
NZOR: 17a3ecb6-00bf-4bda-9435-dc26e65d02d5
Open Tree of Life: 9048
Authority control databases: National
Israel
This Hemiptera article related to members of the insect suborder Sternorrhyncha is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aleyrodidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleyrodidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Trialeurodes is a large genus of whiteflies in the family Aleyrodidae.[1]","title":"Trialeurodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes abdita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_abdita&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes abutiloneus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialeurodes_abutiloneus"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes amealcensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_amealcensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carapia-Ruiz-2003-3"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes asplenii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_asplenii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes bambusae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_bambusae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes bellissima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialeurodes_bellissima"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes bemisae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_bemisae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes bruneiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_bruneiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martin-2001-4"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes celti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_celti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes chinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_chinensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes coccolobae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_coccolobae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes colcordae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_colcordae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes corollis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_corollis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes cryptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_cryptus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes darwiniensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_darwiniensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes dicksoniae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_dicksoniae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes diminutis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_diminutis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes drewsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_drewsi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes elaphoglossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_elaphoglossi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes ericae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_ericae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes eriodictyonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_eriodictyonis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes euphorbiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_euphorbiae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes fernaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_fernaldi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes floridensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_floridensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes glacialis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_glacialis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes heucherae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_heucherae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes hutchingsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_hutchingsi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes intermedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialeurodes_intermedia"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes ipomoeae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_ipomoeae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carapia-Ruiz-2003-3"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes lauri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_lauri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes longispina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_longispina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes madroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_madroni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes magnoliae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_magnoliae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes mameti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_mameti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes manihoti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_manihoti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes meggitti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_meggitti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes merlini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_merlini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes mirissimus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_mirissimus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes multipori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_multipori&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes notata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_notata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes oblongifoliae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_oblongifoliae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes packardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_packardi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes palaquifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_palaquifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes paucipapilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_paucipapilla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes perakensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_perakensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes pergandei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_pergandei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"type species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_species"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes phlogis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_phlogis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes rex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialeurodes_rex"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martin-2001-4"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes ricini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_ricini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes ruborum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_ruborum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes sardiniae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_sardiniae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes shawundus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_shawundus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes similis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialeurodes_similis"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes tabaci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_tabaci&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes tentaculatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_tentaculatus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes tephrosiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_tephrosiae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes thaiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_thaiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes unadutus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_unadutus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes vaporariorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialeurodes_vaporariorum"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes varia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_varia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes variabilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_variabilis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes vitrinellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_vitrinellus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trialeurodes vittatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes_vittatus&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"63 accepted species[2]\nTrialeurodes abdita Martin, 2005\nTrialeurodes abutiloneus (Haldeman, 1850) – banded-wing whitefly\nTrialeurodes amealcensis Carapia-Ruiz, 2003[3]\nTrialeurodes asplenii (Maskell, 1890)\nTrialeurodes bambusae Takahashi, 1943\nTrialeurodes bellissima Sampson & Drews, 1940\nTrialeurodes bemisae Russell, 1948\nTrialeurodes bruneiensis Martin, 2001[4]\nTrialeurodes celti Takahashi, 1943\nTrialeurodes chinensis Takahashi, 1955\nTrialeurodes coccolobae Russell, 1948\nTrialeurodes colcordae Russell, 1948\nTrialeurodes corollis Penny, 1922\nTrialeurodes cryptus Martin, 2005\nTrialeurodes darwiniensis Martin, 1999\nTrialeurodes dicksoniae Martin, 1999\nTrialeurodes diminutis Penny, 1922\nTrialeurodes drewsi Sampson, 1945\nTrialeurodes elaphoglossi Takahashi, 1960\nTrialeurodes ericae Bink-Moenen, 1976\nTrialeurodes eriodictyonis Russell, 1948\nTrialeurodes euphorbiae Russell, 1948\nTrialeurodes fernaldi Morrill, 1903\nTrialeurodes floridensis (Quaintance, 1900) – avocado whitefly\nTrialeurodes glacialis Bemis, 1904 – glacial whitefly\nTrialeurodes heucherae Russell, 1948\nTrialeurodes hutchingsi Bemis, 1904\nTrialeurodes intermedia Russell, 1948\nTrialeurodes ipomoeae Carapia-Ruiz, 2003[3]\nTrialeurodes lauri (Signoret, 1882)\nTrialeurodes longispina Takahashi, 1943\nTrialeurodes madroni Bemis, 1904 – madrone whitefly\nTrialeurodes magnoliae Russell, 1948\nTrialeurodes mameti Takahashi, 1951\nTrialeurodes manihoti Bondar, 1923\nTrialeurodes meggitti Singh, 1933\nTrialeurodes merlini Bemis, 1904\nTrialeurodes mirissimus Sampson & Drews, 1941\nTrialeurodes multipori Russell, 1948\nTrialeurodes notata Russell, 1948\nTrialeurodes oblongifoliae Russell, 1948\nTrialeurodes packardi Morrill, 1903 – strawberry whitefly\nTrialeurodes palaquifolia Corbett, 1935\nTrialeurodes paucipapilla Martin, 2005\nTrialeurodes perakensis Corbett, 1935\nTrialeurodes pergandei (Quaintance, 1900); type species\nTrialeurodes phlogis Russell, 1993 – phlox whitefly\nTrialeurodes rex Martin, 2001[4]\nTrialeurodes ricini Misra, 1924 – castor whitefly\nTrialeurodes ruborum (Cockerell, 1897)\nTrialeurodes sardiniae Rapisarda, 1986\nTrialeurodes shawundus Baker & Moles, 1921\nTrialeurodes similis Russell, 1948\nTrialeurodes tabaci Bondar, 1928\nTrialeurodes tentaculatus Bemis, 1904\nTrialeurodes tephrosiae Russell, 1948\nTrialeurodes thaiensis Takahashi, 1943\nTrialeurodes unadutus Baker & Moles, 1921\nTrialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood, 1856) – greenhouse whitefly\nTrialeurodes varia Quaintance & Baker, 1937\nTrialeurodes variabilis (Quaintance, 1900) – papaya whitefly\nTrialeurodes vitrinellus Cockerell, 1903\nTrialeurodes vittatus (Quaintance, 1900) – grape whitefly","title":"Species"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Martin, Jon H. & Mound, Laurence A. (2007). \"An annotated check list of the world's whiteflies (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)\" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1492: 1–84. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1492.1.1. S2CID 90274537. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/zt01492p084.pdf","url_text":"\"An annotated check list of the world's whiteflies (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.1492.1.1","url_text":"10.11646/zootaxa.1492.1.1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:90274537","url_text":"90274537"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071031160138/http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/zt01492p084.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Carapia-Ruíz, Vicente E.; González-Hernández, Héctor; Romero-Nápoles, Jesús; Ortega-Arenas, Laura D. & Koch, Stephen D. (2003). \"Descripción de los nuevas especies de Trialeurodes (Cockerell)(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) y clave para las especies de México\" (PDF). Acta Zoológica Mexicana. Nuevo Series. 90: 93–101. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www1.ecologia.edu.mx/publicaciones/resumeness/Azm/90/E-Carapia.pdf","url_text":"\"Descripción de los nuevas especies de Trialeurodes (Cockerell)(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) y clave para las especies de México\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070610072942/http://www.ecologia.edu.mx/publicaciones/resumeness/Azm/90/E-Carapia.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Jon H. & Camus, Josephine M. (2001). \"Whiteflies (Sternorrhyncha, Aleyrodidae) colonising ferns (Pteridophyta: Filicopsida), with descriptions of two new Trialeurodes and one new Metabemisia species from south-east Asia\". Zootaxa. 2: 1–19. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2.1.1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.2.1.1","url_text":"10.11646/zootaxa.2.1.1"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/zt01492p084.pdf","external_links_name":"\"An annotated check list of the world's whiteflies (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.1492.1.1","external_links_name":"10.11646/zootaxa.1492.1.1"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:90274537","external_links_name":"90274537"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071031160138/http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/zt01492p084.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.hemiptera-databases.com/whiteflies/?db=aleurodes&lang=en&card=taxon&rank=genus&id=133","external_links_name":"Taxonomic checklist of the world’s whiteflies (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)"},{"Link":"http://www1.ecologia.edu.mx/publicaciones/resumeness/Azm/90/E-Carapia.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Descripción de los nuevas especies de Trialeurodes (Cockerell)(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) y clave para las especies de México\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070610072942/http://www.ecologia.edu.mx/publicaciones/resumeness/Azm/90/E-Carapia.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.2.1.1","external_links_name":"10.11646/zootaxa.2.1.1"},{"Link":"http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2001f/z00002f.pdf","external_links_name":"Abstract"},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Trialeurodes","external_links_name":"Trialeurodes"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=27392","external_links_name":"27392"},{"Link":"https://bugguide.net/node/view/245040","external_links_name":"245040"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7YW6","external_links_name":"7YW6"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/71880","external_links_name":"71880"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1TRIAG","external_links_name":"1TRIAG"},{"Link":"http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:54187","external_links_name":"54187"},{"Link":"https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/4050fb09-3b2e-4fe3-a411-65b2dcae70fa","external_links_name":"4050fb09-3b2e-4fe3-a411-65b2dcae70fa"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2012131","external_links_name":"2012131"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/178771","external_links_name":"178771"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1021818","external_links_name":"1021818"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=200566","external_links_name":"200566"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0020930534","external_links_name":"NHMSYS0020930534"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=88555","external_links_name":"88555"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/17a3ecb6-00bf-4bda-9435-dc26e65d02d5","external_links_name":"17a3ecb6-00bf-4bda-9435-dc26e65d02d5"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=9048","external_links_name":"9048"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007539420105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trialeurodes&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hana_Catherine_Mullens
|
Hana Catherine Mullens
|
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Educator","2.2 Writer","3 See also","4 References","4.1 Bibliography","5 External links"]
|
Hana Catherine MullensBorn1826Chinsurah, IndiaDied1861Calcutta, British IndiaOccupation(s)Author, missionary, educatorSpouse
Joseph Mullens (m. 1845)ChildrenAlice Maria Mullens Eliot Mullens Kenneth Mullens Lucy Ramsay Mullens Kate Hasell MullensParentsAlphonse Francois Lacroix (father)Hannah Herklots (mother)
Hana Catherine Mullens (1826–1861) was a European Christian missionary, educator, translator and writer. She was a leader of zenana missions, setting up schools for girls and writing what is arguably the first novel in Bengali. She spent most of her life in Calcutta, then the capital of British India (now Kolkata, West Bengal), and was fluent in the Bengali language.
Early life and education
Hana Catherine Lacroix was born in Calcutta. Her father was Alphonse François Lacroix, a Swiss Protestant missionary who went to Chinsurah in 1821 to preach Christianity on behalf of the London Missionary Society (LMS). Her mother, Hannah Herklots, was from a Dutch colonial family.
Hana grew up in the mission in Bhowanipore, one of the Dihi Panchannagram villages then on the suburbs of the capital of the Raj. She learned Bengali, the language of her amah and other servants, at a period when Sanskrit was used only for liturgical and religious purposes; and Bengali was only a language of conversation. At the age of 12 she started teaching Bengali in a newly established school. She was educated mostly by her parents until the family travelled back to Europe when she was 15. Living in London gave her the opportunity to study at the Home and Colonial School Society, where she trained to be a teacher, and then returned to Calcutta.
Career
Educator
In 1845, she married Joseph Mullens also of the LMS, who had travelled out to India on the same ship as her father. The missionary couple continued their work in Calcutta for a dozen years. Using her fluency in Bengali, Hana Catherine Mullens was head of a girls' boarding school, and taught Bible classes to women.
It was at the invitation of Rev. Mullens, chairing the Bengal Missionary Conference of 1855, that Rev. John Fordyce first reported on his female teaching initiative in the zenana. (The word refers to the secluded living quarters of girls and women, similar to purdah.) Hana Catherine Mullens became known for her devotion to the outreach programme of the zenana missions. Shortly after the conference, she persuaded the widow of a Hindu doctor to accommodate zenana teaching in her home, and then negotiated other similar arrangements. These Indian Christians were known as Bible women.
In 1858, she and her husband visited Britain to spread the word about their missionary work in India. By the time of her death in 1861, she had four zenanas under her care and was visiting a further eleven every afternoon.
Writer
She is credited by some with having written the first novel in the Bengali language, Phulmani O Karunar Bibaran (Description of Phulmani and Karuna), in 1852. It was aimed at native Christian women. This book was published six years before Peary Chand Mitra published his Alaler Gharer Dulal. There are other claimants to earlier novels. Nabababubilas published by Bhabani Charan Bandyopadhyay in 1825 is claimed as one but others think of it as being merely a story. Similar reservation has also been expressed about Phulmani O Karunar Bibaran. The first Bengali woman to write a novel was Swarnakumari Devi, with her Deepnirban in 1876.
Mullens wrote another book, The Missionary on the Ganges or What is Christianity, in both English and Bengali. She translated Charlotte Maria Tucker's Daybreak in Britain into Bengali.
See also
Bengali Renaissance
References
^ Prior, Katherine. "Lacroix, Alphonse François". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/15845. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ "Mullens, Joseph (1820–1879)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/19512. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ Smith, Bonnie G. (2008). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. p. 288.
^ Emma Raymond Pitman, India Zenana Missions (London: John Snow & Co., 1903), pp. 20-21.
^ Robert A. Bickers and Rosemary Seton, eds, Missionary Encounters: Sources and Issues (Richmond: Curzon Press, 1996), pp. 51–52.
^ a b c Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali (editors), (1976/1998), Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan (Biographical dictionary) Vol I, (in Bengali), p 423, ISBN 81-85626-65-0.
^ a b Aziz, Mahibul (2012). "Novel". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
^ Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali, pp. 374-375.
^ Bandopadhyay, Brajendranath, Sahitye Banga Mahila, in Bethune College and School Centenary Volume, edited by Dr. Kalidas Nag, 1949, p. 196
^ "Malence, Hanah Kathrin - Banglapedia". en.banglapedia.org. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
^ Banerjee, Hiranmay, Thakurbarir Katha, (in Bengali), p. 119, Sishu Sahitya Sansad.
Bibliography
Dutta, Sutapa. British Women Missionaries in Bengal, 1793-1861. U.K. Anthem Press, 2017
External links
Phulmani O Karunar Bibaran at the Internet Archive
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian missionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_mission"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"zenana missions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenana_mission"},{"link_name":"British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India"},{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Bengali language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"}],"text":"Hana Catherine Mullens (1826–1861) was a European Christian missionary, educator, translator and writer.[1] She was a leader of zenana missions, setting up schools for girls and writing what is arguably the first novel in Bengali. She spent most of her life in Calcutta, then the capital of British India (now Kolkata, West Bengal), and was fluent in the Bengali language.","title":"Hana Catherine Mullens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alphonse François Lacroix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Fran%C3%A7ois_Lacroix"},{"link_name":"Swiss Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism_in_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Chinsurah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugli-Chuchura"},{"link_name":"London Missionary Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Missionary_Society"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bhowanipore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhowanipore"},{"link_name":"Dihi Panchannagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihi_Panchannagram"},{"link_name":"amah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amah_(occupation)"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"Home and Colonial School Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_and_Colonial_School_Society"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Hana Catherine Lacroix was born in Calcutta. Her father was Alphonse François Lacroix, a Swiss Protestant missionary who went to Chinsurah in 1821 to preach Christianity on behalf of the London Missionary Society (LMS). Her mother, Hannah Herklots, was from a Dutch colonial family.[citation needed]Hana grew up in the mission in Bhowanipore, one of the Dihi Panchannagram villages then on the suburbs of the capital of the Raj. She learned Bengali, the language of her amah and other servants, at a period when Sanskrit was used only for liturgical and religious purposes; and Bengali was only a language of conversation. At the age of 12 she started teaching Bengali in a newly established school. She was educated mostly by her parents until the family travelled back to Europe when she was 15. Living in London gave her the opportunity to study at the Home and Colonial School Society, where she trained to be a teacher, and then returned to Calcutta.[citation needed]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph Mullens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mullens"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"},{"link_name":"boarding school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_school"},{"link_name":"Bible classes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_study_(Christian)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Rev. John Fordyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fordyce_(missionary)"},{"link_name":"zenana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenana"},{"link_name":"purdah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdah"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bible women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_women"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Educator","text":"In 1845, she married Joseph Mullens also of the LMS, who had travelled out to India on the same ship as her father.[2] The missionary couple continued their work in Calcutta for a dozen years. Using her fluency in Bengali, Hana Catherine Mullens was head of a girls' boarding school, and taught Bible classes to women.[3]It was at the invitation of Rev. Mullens, chairing the Bengal Missionary Conference of 1855, that Rev. John Fordyce first reported on his female teaching initiative in the zenana. (The word refers to the secluded living quarters of girls and women, similar to purdah.) Hana Catherine Mullens became known for her devotion to the outreach programme of the zenana missions. Shortly after the conference, she persuaded the widow of a Hindu doctor to accommodate zenana teaching in her home, and then negotiated other similar arrangements.[4] These Indian Christians were known as Bible women.In 1858, she and her husband visited Britain to spread the word about their missionary work in India. By the time of her death in 1861, she had four zenanas under her care and was visiting a further eleven every afternoon.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bengali language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bose423-6"},{"link_name":"Peary Chand Mitra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peary_Chand_Mitra"},{"link_name":"Alaler Gharer Dulal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaler_Gharer_Dulal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bose423-6"},{"link_name":"Bhabani Charan Bandyopadhyay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhabani_Charan_Bandyopadhyay"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Novel-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_people"},{"link_name":"Swarnakumari Devi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarnakumari_Devi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Novel-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Maria Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Maria_Tucker"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bose423-6"}],"sub_title":"Writer","text":"She is credited by some with having written the first novel in the Bengali language, Phulmani O Karunar Bibaran (Description of Phulmani and Karuna), in 1852.[6] It was aimed at native Christian women. This book was published six years before Peary Chand Mitra published his Alaler Gharer Dulal.[6] There are other claimants to earlier novels. Nabababubilas published by Bhabani Charan Bandyopadhyay in 1825 is claimed as one[7] but others think of it as being merely a story.[8] Similar reservation has also been expressed about Phulmani O Karunar Bibaran.[9][10] The first Bengali woman to write a novel was Swarnakumari Devi, with her Deepnirban in 1876.[7][11]Mullens wrote another book, The Missionary on the Ganges or What is Christianity, in both English and Bengali. She translated Charlotte Maria Tucker's Daybreak in Britain into Bengali.[6]","title":"Career"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Bengali Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_Renaissance"}]
|
[{"reference":"Prior, Katherine. \"Lacroix, Alphonse François\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/15845.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F15845","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/15845"}]},{"reference":"\"Mullens, Joseph (1820–1879)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/19512.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F19512","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/19512"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Bonnie G. (2008). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. p. 288.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Aziz, Mahibul (2012). \"Novel\". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Novel","url_text":"\"Novel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirajul_Islam","url_text":"Islam, Sirajul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh","url_text":"Asiatic Society of Bangladesh"}]},{"reference":"\"Malence, Hanah Kathrin - Banglapedia\". en.banglapedia.org. Retrieved 8 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Malence,_Hanah_Kathrin","url_text":"\"Malence, Hanah Kathrin - Banglapedia\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F15845","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/15845"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F19512","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/19512"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Novel","external_links_name":"\"Novel\""},{"Link":"http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Malence,_Hanah_Kathrin","external_links_name":"\"Malence, Hanah Kathrin - Banglapedia\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/PhulmaniOKarunarBibaran","external_links_name":"Phulmani O Karunar Bibaran"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1452100/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000026487030","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/25944290","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJw934C3hR4PPqc9jmymVC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82039753","external_links_name":"United States"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haush_language
|
Haush language
|
["1 Vocabulary","1.1 Words","1.2 Phrases","2 See also","3 References","3.1 Bibliography"]
|
Extinct Chonan language of Argentina
HaushManek'enkRegionArgentinaEthnicityHaush peopleExtinctPeople extinct c. 1920Language familyChonan †
Chon proper †Island Chon †HaushLanguage codesISO 639-3None (mis)Linguist ListqoaGlottologhaus1240
The Haush language (also Manek'enk) was an indigenous language spoken by the Haush people and was formerly spoken on the island of Tierra del Fuego. The Haush were considered the oldest inhabitants of Tierra del Fuego; they inhabited the far eastern tip of the Mitre Peninsula. They made regular hunting trips to Isla de los Estados.
Before 1850, an estimated 300 people spoke Haush. The last speaker of Haush died around 1920 and the language is considered extinct.
Haush is considered to be related to the Selk'nam, Gününa Yajich, Teushen, and Tehuelche languages, which collectively belong to the Chonan language family.
Vocabulary
Carlo Luigi Spegazzini (1899) cites the following Haush vocabulary.
Words
Haush
English
ča(a)wataʔ
small mushroom
se
wife
maʔčaju-
young man
kotek
to whistle
k’ero
small hawk
t’elk’en
child
Phrases
CER:certitive
DEI1:deictic of minimum distance
DEI3:deictic of maximum distance
INFR:informality positional classifier
DISP:displacement positional classifier
anancanoek-as-pe-nkAN-inside-be(.sitting)-CER.MnaʔDEI1anan k-as-pe-nk naʔcanoe AN-inside-be(.sitting)-CER.M DEI1'He is in the canoe.'
hajketa(s)3sola-n(k)be.strong-CER.Mhajketa(s) sola-n(k)3 be.strong-CER.M'He is strong.'
asiINTERRn?a-ma:DISP-DEI3čeʔne-scome-DUBasi n a-ma: čeʔne-sINTERR ? DISP-DEI3 come-DUB'Who's coming?'
a-ma(a)DISP-DEI3henkmančeʔne-scome-DUBa-ma(a) henk čeʔne-sDISP-DEI3 man come-DUB'A man comes.'
naʔDEI1pe-jbe(.sitting)-IMPma(a)2n?naʔ pe-j ma(a) nDEI1 be(.sitting)-IMP 2 ?'Sit here.'
ma(a)2(a)jam-ilight-IMPso:lfirema(a) (a)jam-i so:l2 light-IMP fire'You, light the fire.'
asa ma(a)whyk-ameč’-iAN-grab-INFk’om-nkAUX.NEG-CER.M{asa ma(a)} k-ameč’-i k’om-nkwhy AN-grab-INF AUX.NEG-CER.M'Why won't you grab?'
karsomethingk-ʔaj-ØAN-give-IMPo(n)INFRa(a)fort’a-Øeat-INFkar k-ʔaj-Ø o(n) a(a) t’a-Øsomething AN-give-IMP INFR for eat-INF'Give me something to eat.'
See also
Yaghan language
Selk'nam language
Kawésqar language
References
^ Adelaar & Muysken 2004, p. 41.
^ Adelaar & Muysken 2004, p. 555.
^ Adelaar & Muysken 2004, p. 554.
^ Adelaar & Muysken 2004, p. 556.
^ Spegazzini 2019, p. 113.
^ a b c Spegazzini 2019, pp. 115.
^ a b c d e Spegazzini 2019, pp. 116.
Bibliography
Adelaar, Willen F. H.; Muysken, Pieter (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36275-7.
Furlong, Charles Wellington (December 1915). "The Haush and Ona, Primitive Tribes of Tierra del Fuego". Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Congress of Americanists: 432–444. Retrieved 2009-08-16.
Spegazzini, Carlo Lugi (2019). "Un manuscrito de Carlos Spegazzini con datos inéditos sobre la lengua haush" . Indiana - Estudios Antropológicos Sobre América Latina y el Caribe (in Spanish). 36 (2): 101–128. doi:10.18441/ind.v36i2.101-128.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indigenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_language"},{"link_name":"Haush people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haush_people"},{"link_name":"Tierra del Fuego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdelaarMuysken200441-1"},{"link_name":"Tierra del Fuego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego"},{"link_name":"Mitre Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitre_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Isla de los Estados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_de_los_Estados"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdelaarMuysken2004555-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdelaarMuysken2004554-3"},{"link_name":"Selk'nam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ona_language"},{"link_name":"Gününa Yajich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCn%C3%BCna_Yajich"},{"link_name":"Teushen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teushen_language"},{"link_name":"Tehuelche languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehuelche_language"},{"link_name":"Chonan language family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chonan_languages"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdelaarMuysken2004556-4"}],"text":"The Haush language (also Manek'enk) was an indigenous language spoken by the Haush people and was formerly spoken on the island of Tierra del Fuego.[1] The Haush were considered the oldest inhabitants of Tierra del Fuego; they inhabited the far eastern tip of the Mitre Peninsula. They made regular hunting trips to Isla de los Estados.Before 1850, an estimated 300 people spoke Haush.[2] The last speaker of Haush died around 1920 and the language is considered extinct.[3]Haush is considered to be related to the Selk'nam, Gününa Yajich, Teushen, and Tehuelche languages, which collectively belong to the Chonan language family.[4]","title":"Haush language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carlo Luigi Spegazzini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Luigi_Spegazzini"}],"text":"Carlo Luigi Spegazzini (1899) cites the following Haush vocabulary.","title":"Vocabulary"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Words","title":"Vocabulary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpegazzini2019115-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpegazzini2019115-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpegazzini2019115-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpegazzini2019116-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpegazzini2019116-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpegazzini2019116-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpegazzini2019116-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpegazzini2019116-7"}],"sub_title":"Phrases","text":"CER:certitive\nDEI1:deictic of minimum distance\nDEI3:deictic of maximum distance\nINFR:informality positional classifier\nDISP:displacement positional classifieranancanoek-as-pe-nkAN-inside-be(.sitting)-CER.MnaʔDEI1anan k-as-pe-nk naʔcanoe AN-inside-be(.sitting)-CER.M DEI1'He is in the canoe.'[6]hajketa(s)3sola-n(k)be.strong-CER.Mhajketa(s) sola-n(k)3 be.strong-CER.M'He is strong.'[6]asiINTERRn?a-ma:DISP-DEI3čeʔne-scome-DUBasi n a-ma: čeʔne-sINTERR ? DISP-DEI3 come-DUB'Who's coming?'[6]a-ma(a)DISP-DEI3henkmančeʔne-scome-DUBa-ma(a) henk čeʔne-sDISP-DEI3 man come-DUB'A man comes.'[7]naʔDEI1pe-jbe(.sitting)-IMPma(a)2n?naʔ pe-j ma(a) nDEI1 be(.sitting)-IMP 2 ?'Sit here.'[7]ma(a)2(a)jam-ilight-IMPso:lfirema(a) (a)jam-i so:l2 light-IMP fire'You, light the fire.'[7]asa ma(a)whyk-ameč’-iAN-grab-INFk’om-nkAUX.NEG-CER.M{asa ma(a)} k-ameč’-i k’om-nkwhy AN-grab-INF AUX.NEG-CER.M'Why won't you grab?'[7]karsomethingk-ʔaj-ØAN-give-IMPo(n)INFRa(a)fort’a-Øeat-INFkar k-ʔaj-Ø o(n) a(a) t’a-Øsomething AN-give-IMP INFR for eat-INF'Give me something to eat.'[7]","title":"Vocabulary"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Yaghan language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaghan_language"},{"title":"Selk'nam language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ona_language"},{"title":"Kawésqar language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaw%C3%A9sqar_language"}]
|
[{"reference":"Adelaar, Willen F. H.; Muysken, Pieter (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36275-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Adelaar","url_text":"Adelaar, Willen F. H."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UiwaUY6KsY8C","url_text":"The languages of the Andes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36275-7","url_text":"978-0-521-36275-7"}]},{"reference":"Furlong, Charles Wellington (December 1915). \"The Haush and Ona, Primitive Tribes of Tierra del Fuego\". Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Congress of Americanists: 432–444. Retrieved 2009-08-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._Furlong","url_text":"Furlong, Charles Wellington"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oe0SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA432","url_text":"\"The Haush and Ona, Primitive Tribes of Tierra del Fuego\""}]},{"reference":"Spegazzini, Carlo Lugi (2019). \"Un manuscrito de Carlos Spegazzini con datos inéditos sobre la lengua haush\" [A Manuscript by Carlos Spegazzini with Unpublished Data on the Haush Language]. Indiana - Estudios Antropológicos Sobre América Latina y el Caribe (in Spanish). 36 (2): 101–128. doi:10.18441/ind.v36i2.101-128.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.18441%2Find.v36i2.101-128","url_text":"\"Un manuscrito de Carlos Spegazzini con datos inéditos sobre la lengua haush\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.18441%2Find.v36i2.101-128","url_text":"10.18441/ind.v36i2.101-128"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/qoa","external_links_name":"qoa"},{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/haus1240","external_links_name":"haus1240"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UiwaUY6KsY8C","external_links_name":"The languages of the Andes"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oe0SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA432","external_links_name":"\"The Haush and Ona, Primitive Tribes of Tierra del Fuego\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.18441%2Find.v36i2.101-128","external_links_name":"\"Un manuscrito de Carlos Spegazzini con datos inéditos sobre la lengua haush\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.18441%2Find.v36i2.101-128","external_links_name":"10.18441/ind.v36i2.101-128"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sanders_(baseball)
|
John Sanders (baseball)
|
["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]
|
American baseball player (1945–2022)
Baseball player
John SandersPinch runnerBorn: (1945-11-20)November 20, 1945Grand Island, Nebraska, U.S.Died: February 3, 2022(2022-02-03) (aged 76)Woodstock, Georgia, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutApril 13, 1965, for the Kansas City AthleticsLast MLB appearanceApril 13, 1965, for the Kansas City AthleticsMLB statisticsGames played1Runs scored0
Teams
Kansas City Athletics (1965)
John Frank Sanders (November 20, 1945 – February 3, 2022) was an American professional baseball scout, Major League Baseball player for the Kansas City Athletics, a manager at the pro level, and a college baseball coach. He was the longtime (1978–1997) head baseball coach of the University of Nebraska, where his teams won a school-record 767 games.
Biography
Born in Grand Island, Nebraska, Sanders was a four-sport (baseball, basketball, football and track) star at Grand Island High School before he was signed to his first professional contract as an outfielder by Athletics scout Whitey Herzog. Sanders threw and batted right-handed, stood 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall and weighed 200 pounds (91 kg).
In his rookie season (1964) in the Appalachian League, Sanders batted only 30 times, but collected 13 hits for a .433 batting average. He was then kept on Kansas City's Major League roster at the outset of the 1965 season under the terms of the bonus rules then in force. During that time, he appeared in his only Major League game, on April 13, 1965, as a pinch runner in an 11–4 loss to the Detroit Tigers. On May 4, 1965, the A's lost Sanders on waivers to the Boston Red Sox when they attempted to send him to the minor leagues for more seasoning. He played in the Red Sox, New York Mets and Kansas City Royals farm systems through 1968 before quitting the pro game. Overall, he batted .269 with ten home runs in 205 minor league games.
Sanders held both bachelor's and master's degrees from the University of Northern Colorado. He first embarked on a coaching career in 1974 at a community college. After compiling a 34–15 mark at Arizona Western College in 1975–1976, he joined the Nebraska Cornhuskers as an assistant coach in 1977, and in 1978 was elevated to head coach by legendary Nebraska athletic director Bob Devaney. During Sanders' 20-year-long tenure, Nebraska had nine 40-victory seasons, made the NCAA Division I baseball tournament three times, and produced 92 professional players, including 1995 Major League Baseball first-round draft choice Darin Erstad and long time Texas Rangers first baseman Pete O'Brien.
In 1999, Sanders returned to professional baseball and the Red Sox organization, spending nine seasons with Boston as manager of their Rookie-level Gulf Coast Red Sox affiliate (1999–2002) and a scout based in Woodstock, Georgia (2003–2007). He then became a professional scout for the Los Angeles Dodgers, where he played an instrumental role in the August 25, 2012, trade that brought Josh Beckett, Adrián González and Carl Crawford from Boston to the Dodgers.
Sanders was named to the Nebraska Sports Hall of Fame in 2002. He died from cancer on February 3, 2022, at the age of 76.
References
^ Boston Red Sox 2001 Media Guide, page 435
^ "John Sanders 1965 Batting Gamelogs - Baseball-Reference.com". Archived from the original on November 7, 2012.
^ "John Sanders Amateur, Winter & Minor Leagues Statistics & History".
^ "Edes: Red Sox-Dodgers blockbuster anatomy". August 31, 2012.
^ 'An incredible baseball mind': Longtime Husker baseball coach John Sanders dies at 76
^ Legacy.com Obituary - John Frank Sanders
External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference
Sporting positions
Preceded byLuis Aguayo
Gulf Coast League Red Sox manager 1999–2002
Succeeded byRalph Treuel
vteNebraska Cornhuskers head baseball coaches
C. D. Chandler (1889–1891)
Charles Stroman (1892–1893)
Edward N. Robinson (1897)
F. B. Ryons (1898)
No coach (1899–1900)
Mike Henderson (1901)
George P. Shidler (1902)
No team (1903)
J. H. Bell (1904)
No coach (1905)
S. S. Eager (1906)
No coach (1907–1912)
No team (1913–1918)
Paul J. Schissler (1919–1921)
Owen A. Frank (1922)
Scotty Dye & Earl Carr (1923)
William G. Kline (1924–1925)
No team (1926–1928)
John Rhodes (1929–1930)
William H. Browne (1931)
No team (1932)
W. W. Knight (1933–1941)
Adolph J. Lewandowski (1942)
No team (1943–1945)
Frank Smagacz (1946)
Tony Sharpe (1947–1977)
John Sanders (1978–1997)
Dave Van Horn (1998–2002)
Mike Anderson (2003–2011)
Darin Erstad (2012–2019)
Will Bolt (2020– )
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"scout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scout_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_player"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Athletics"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"college baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_baseball"},{"link_name":"University of Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska"}],"text":"Baseball playerJohn Frank Sanders (November 20, 1945 – February 3, 2022) was an American professional baseball scout, Major League Baseball player for the Kansas City Athletics, a manager at the pro level, and a college baseball coach. He was the longtime (1978–1997) head baseball coach of the University of Nebraska, where his teams won a school-record 767 games.","title":"John Sanders (baseball)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Island, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Island,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"outfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outfielder"},{"link_name":"Whitey Herzog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitey_Herzog"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Appalachian League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_League"},{"link_name":"batted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_bat"},{"link_name":"hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"batting average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Major League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"pinch runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinch_runner"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"minor leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals"},{"link_name":"farm systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_system"},{"link_name":"home runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_runs"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"bachelor's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"master's degrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"University of Northern Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Northern_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Arizona Western College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Western_College"},{"link_name":"Nebraska Cornhuskers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Cornhuskers_baseball"},{"link_name":"athletic director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_director"},{"link_name":"Bob Devaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Devaney"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division I baseball tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_baseball_tournament"},{"link_name":"Darin Erstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darin_Erstad"},{"link_name":"Texas Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"first baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_baseman"},{"link_name":"Pete O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_O%27Brien_(first_baseman)"},{"link_name":"Gulf Coast Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Coast_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Woodstock, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"Josh Beckett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Beckett"},{"link_name":"Adrián González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adri%C3%A1n_Gonz%C3%A1lez"},{"link_name":"Carl Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Crawford"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Born in Grand Island, Nebraska, Sanders was a four-sport (baseball, basketball, football and track) star at Grand Island High School before he was signed to his first professional contract as an outfielder by Athletics scout Whitey Herzog.[1] Sanders threw and batted right-handed, stood 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall and weighed 200 pounds (91 kg).In his rookie season (1964) in the Appalachian League, Sanders batted only 30 times, but collected 13 hits for a .433 batting average. He was then kept on Kansas City's Major League roster at the outset of the 1965 season under the terms of the bonus rules then in force. During that time, he appeared in his only Major League game, on April 13, 1965, as a pinch runner in an 11–4 loss to the Detroit Tigers.[2] On May 4, 1965, the A's lost Sanders on waivers to the Boston Red Sox when they attempted to send him to the minor leagues for more seasoning. He played in the Red Sox, New York Mets and Kansas City Royals farm systems through 1968 before quitting the pro game. Overall, he batted .269 with ten home runs in 205 minor league games.[3]Sanders held both bachelor's and master's degrees from the University of Northern Colorado. He first embarked on a coaching career in 1974 at a community college. After compiling a 34–15 mark at Arizona Western College in 1975–1976, he joined the Nebraska Cornhuskers as an assistant coach in 1977, and in 1978 was elevated to head coach by legendary Nebraska athletic director Bob Devaney. During Sanders' 20-year-long tenure, Nebraska had nine 40-victory seasons, made the NCAA Division I baseball tournament three times, and produced 92 professional players, including 1995 Major League Baseball first-round draft choice Darin Erstad and long time Texas Rangers first baseman Pete O'Brien.In 1999, Sanders returned to professional baseball and the Red Sox organization, spending nine seasons with Boston as manager of their Rookie-level Gulf Coast Red Sox affiliate (1999–2002) and a scout based in Woodstock, Georgia (2003–2007). He then became a professional scout for the Los Angeles Dodgers, where he played an instrumental role in the August 25, 2012, trade that brought Josh Beckett, Adrián González and Carl Crawford from Boston to the Dodgers.[4]Sanders was named to the Nebraska Sports Hall of Fame in 2002. He died from cancer on February 3, 2022, at the age of 76.[5][6]","title":"Biography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"John Sanders 1965 Batting Gamelogs - Baseball-Reference.com\". Archived from the original on November 7, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121107131205/http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/gl.cgi?n1=sandejo01&t=b&year=1965","url_text":"\"John Sanders 1965 Batting Gamelogs - Baseball-Reference.com\""},{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/gl.cgi?n1=sandejo01&t=b&year=1965","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"John Sanders Amateur, Winter & Minor Leagues Statistics & History\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=sander002joh","url_text":"\"John Sanders Amateur, Winter & Minor Leagues Statistics & History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Edes: Red Sox-Dodgers blockbuster anatomy\". August 31, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/boston/mlb/story/_/id/8323305/boston-red-sox-los-angeles-dodgers-blockbuster-trade-anatomy","url_text":"\"Edes: Red Sox-Dodgers blockbuster anatomy\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121107131205/http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/gl.cgi?n1=sandejo01&t=b&year=1965","external_links_name":"\"John Sanders 1965 Batting Gamelogs - Baseball-Reference.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/gl.cgi?n1=sandejo01&t=b&year=1965","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=sander002joh","external_links_name":"\"John Sanders Amateur, Winter & Minor Leagues Statistics & History\""},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/boston/mlb/story/_/id/8323305/boston-red-sox-los-angeles-dodgers-blockbuster-trade-anatomy","external_links_name":"\"Edes: Red Sox-Dodgers blockbuster anatomy\""},{"Link":"https://journalstar.com/sports/huskers/baseball/long-time-husker-baseball-coach-john-sanders-dies-at-76/article_3bd3fe79-9d83-5af2-8d4b-1c5fbdd716f8.html","external_links_name":"'An incredible baseball mind': Longtime Husker baseball coach John Sanders dies at 76"},{"Link":"https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/name/john-sanders-obituary?id=32757080","external_links_name":"Legacy.com Obituary - John Frank Sanders"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/s/sandejo01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Tay_(1813)
|
HMS Tay (1813)
|
["1 Career","2 Loss","3 Court martial","4 Aftermath","5 Notes","6 Citations","7 References","8 External links"]
|
For other ships with the same name, see HMS Tay.
Drawing of the Tay, 1813
History
United Kingdom
NameHMS Tay
NamesakeRiver Tay
Ordered18 November 1812
BuilderBalthazar Adams, Bucklers Hard, Hampshire
Laid downApril 1813
LaunchedNovember 1813
FateWrecked 1816
General characteristics
Class and typeCyrus-class post ship
Tons burthen455 12⁄94 (bm)
Length
115 ft 8+1⁄2 in (35.3 m) (gundeck)
97 ft 2+5⁄8 in (29.6 m) (keel)
Beam29 ft 10 in (9.1 m)
Depth of hold8 ft 6+1⁄8 in (2.6 m)
Sail planFull-rigged ship
Complement135
Armament
20 × 32-pounder carronades
2 × 6-pounder chase guns
HMS Tay was launched on 28 November 1813 at Bucklers Hard as a 20-gun sixth-rate post ship. She had a brief career, notable only for the circumstances surrounding her wrecking on 11 November 1816 in the Gulf of Mexico off the Yucatán coast.
Career
On her launch Tay went into Ordinary at Portsmouth. Then in October to November 1814 she underwent fitting for sea. Captain William Robilliard commissioned her in August 1814. In January–February 1815 Tay underwent modification at Portsmouth. Captain Robert Boyle assumed command in February.
On 26 June, Panther, Gezoline, master, arrived at Plymouth as a prize to Conway, Musquito, Acteon, Tay, and Prometheus. Panther had been sailing from Martinique to Dunkirk when the British captured her.
Commander Samuel Roberts was promoted to post captain on 13 June 1815 and replaced Boyle in command of Tay on 24 January 1816. Roberts then sailed Tay to the Jamaica Station.
Loss
Tay was sailing from Havana to Campeche, Mexico, when at 1 a.m. 11 November lookouts spotted breakers ahead, even though a sounding a few minutes earlier had found no ground at 20 fathoms. Although the helmsman was able to turn her, Tay slammed broadside into a coral reef; she slammed twice more before heeling over and filling with water. The crew fired distress guns, cut away her masts, launched boats, and manned the pumps. Daylight showed a rocky reef nearby. However, in trying to reach it the boats swamped, causing one passenger, a Spaniard, to drown. Eventually the crew were able to use a raft to reach the rocks while hauling a hawser that the rest of the crew then used to escape the wreck. The next day the crew used the boats to salvage provisions and stores from the wreck and establish a camp on a nearby island. Lieutenant Henry Smithwick then sailed Tay's yawl to the mainland in search of help.
On 18 November the Spanish guarda costa Valencey, Captain Varines, arrived, together with the schooner Zaragozana. After the Spaniards had verified that all the crew were safely on the island, they proceeded to demand, at gunpoint, that Captain Roberts and his crew surrender and deliver over their arms and any specie on board Tay. Roberts surrendered, declaring he and his men "prisoners of war", a status the Spaniards acknowledged. They then proceeded to loot Tay of her stores and provisions. The Spaniards also recovered about $350,000 in specie. (An early report of her loss stated that Tay had $2 million in specie on board.) Zaragozana then took off Tay's complement.
Tay had struck on the east side of Scorpion Reef (Spanish: Arrecife Alacranes; 22°26′N 89°40′W / 22.433°N 89.667°W / 22.433; -89.667), which surrounds a small group of islands. The reef and islands sit in the Gulf of Mexico off the northern coast of the state of Yucatán, Mexico, and are part of the Campeche Bank archipelago.
Court martial
The Navy held a court martial for Roberts and his crew on Salisbury at Port Royal, Jamaica, on 21 February 1817. The trial lasted 18 days, not including Sundays, and covered three issues: the loss of Tay, the propriety of Roberts's surrender, and the behaviour of some of Tay's crew.
The court martial acquitted Roberts, his officers, and crew of any blame for the loss of Tay. It attributed the loss to a strong westerly current and stated that Roberts had taken every possible precaution. Furthermore, the board commended the officer of the watch, acting Lieutenant William Henry Gearey, for his prompt and officer-like conduct when the breakers were first discovered.
With respect to the surrender, the court martial again exonerated Roberts and his crew, saying:
that in consequence of the peculiar situation of the ship, her guns being entirely useless, her magazine drowned, the greater part of her crew on shore unarmed, on the island, eleven miles from the wreck, and the treacherous conduct of the Spaniards, in inveigling on board and taking possession of the boats and their crews, all and every means of defence was rendered impracticable; that in this distressed and helpless situation the conduct of the Spaniards became so decidedly hostile and insulting, that no other alternative was left for preserving the dignity of his Majesty's flag, but that of striking it, which was accordingly done, with the concurrence of every officer present; and the Court doth fully approve of Captain Roberts's conduct, and doth, therefore, acquit him, the officers, and crew, of all blame; and they are hereby acquitted accordingly."
During the stay on the island there had been a notable breakdown in discipline among the crew. The court martial sentenced 14 sailors and marines to receive from 50 to 200 lashes for offenses ranging from drunkenness to looting of the wreck. Midshipman Hilkitch Head was found guilty of breaking into cabins and rifling them for papers and money. His sentence comprised two parts. First, he was taken to the quarterdeck of a naval vessel, stripped of his coat (and of his marks of rank), and discharged from the Navy. Second, he then was sentenced to six months in solitary confinement in the Marshalsea.
Aftermath
When Roberts departed for Britain, the merchants of Kingston, Jamaica, presented "an Address to him, expressive of the high respect they entertain of his character, their indignation at the dastardly conduct of the officer commanding the Spanish vessel sent to his assistance, their admiration of the judgment Captain R. displayed on that trying occasion, and their deep regret that the station had been deprived of his valuable services."
Roberts left for England on 17 March as captain of the transport Lady Hamilton. After his return to England, Roberts went on to Waterford, where he had been born. There some local notables gave him a testimonial dinner. On 31 January 1823 Roberts commissioned the sloop Egeria. In her he cruised to the West Indies and Havana, returning to England in July 1825.
Reportedly, in October 1818 the Spanish returned the specie that they had looted from Tay.
Notes
^ The National Maritime Museum's database shows D. Dunn as captain of Tay for 1816, but no other records support this.
^ There is a report that Roberts and his men camped on "Crane's Island". Unfortunately, it has so far proved impossible to link the 19th Century British name to any extant Spanish name.
Citations
^ a b Winfield (2008), p. 238.
^ Lloyd's List, no.4984, - accessed 16 May 2014.
^ "NMM, vessel ID 377718" (PDF). Warship Histories, vol x. National Maritime Museum. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2011.
^ a b c d Hepper (1994), p. 155.
^ Lloyd's List n° 5147, 28 January 1817. - Accessed 31 July 2016.
^ a b Naval Database, Tay 1814, - Accessed 1 August 2016.
^ a b c d Naval Chronicle, Vol. 37, pp.504-5.
^ Gentleman's Magazine, (April 1849), p.427.
References
Hepper, David J. (1994). British Warship Losses in the Age of Sail, 1650-1859. Rotherfield: Jean Boudriot. ISBN 0-948864-30-3.
Winfield, Rif (2008). British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-86176-246-7.
External links
Media related to HMS Tay (1813) at Wikimedia Commons
This article includes data released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported UK: England & Wales Licence, by the National Maritime Museum, as part of the Warship Histories project.
vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1816Shipwrecks
19 Jan: Estramina
30 Jan: Boadicea, Lord Melville (wreck), Sea Horse
January (unknown date): Albion, Amelia
8 Feb: Lord Wellington
20 Feb: Phoenix
5 Mar: HMS Liverpool
25 Jun: The Brothers
29 Jun: Archduke Charles
June (unknown date): Edwin, Recovery
2 Jul: Méduse
23 Jul: Whale
28 Jul: HMS Révolutionnaire, HMS Zebra
30 Jul: Elizabeth Henrietta
July (unknown date): Governor Hunter
28 Aug: Caroline
15 Sep: HMS Whiting
September (unknown date): Lady Elliot
24 Oct: Comus
3 Nov: British Hero
5 Nov: HMS Briseis, Concord, Frances Charlotte, Woodbridge
10 Nov: Harpooner
11 Nov: HMS Tay
November (unknown date): Countess of Loudoun
12 Dec: USS Chippewa
Unknown date: Albion, Anna, Creole, Trial, Windsor
Other incidents
7 Mar: Cockatrice
18 May: Mulgrave Castle
19 Sep: Frances Charlotte
1815 1817
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Tay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Tay"},{"link_name":"sixth-rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth-rate"},{"link_name":"post ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_ship"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see HMS Tay.HMS Tay was launched on 28 November 1813 at Bucklers Hard as a 20-gun sixth-rate post ship. She had a brief career, notable only for the circumstances surrounding her wrecking on 11 November 1816 in the Gulf of Mexico off the Yucatán coast.","title":"HMS Tay (1813)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ordinary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_fleet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinfield2008238-1"},{"link_name":"Conway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Conway_(1814)"},{"link_name":"Musquito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Musquito_(1804)"},{"link_name":"Acteon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Acteon_(1805)"},{"link_name":"Prometheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Prometheus_(1807)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Samuel Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Roberts_(Royal_Navy_officer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"post captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_captain"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jamaica Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Station_(Royal_Navy)"}],"text":"On her launch Tay went into Ordinary at Portsmouth. Then in October to November 1814 she underwent fitting for sea. Captain William Robilliard commissioned her in August 1814. In January–February 1815 Tay underwent modification at Portsmouth. Captain Robert Boyle assumed command in February.[1]On 26 June, Panther, Gezoline, master, arrived at Plymouth as a prize to Conway, Musquito, Acteon, Tay, and Prometheus. Panther had been sailing from Martinique to Dunkirk when the British captured her.[2]Commander Samuel Roberts was promoted to post captain on 13 June 1815 and replaced Boyle in command of Tay on 24 January 1816.[a] Roberts then sailed Tay to the Jamaica Station.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Campeche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeche_City"},{"link_name":"fathoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathom"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHepper1994155-5"},{"link_name":"Zaragozana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Renegade_(1823)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHepper1994155-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHepper1994155-5"},{"link_name":"Scorpion Reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpion_Reef"},{"link_name":"22°26′N 89°40′W / 22.433°N 89.667°W / 22.433; -89.667","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=HMS_Tay_(1813)¶ms=22_26_N_89_40_W_"},{"link_name":"Yucatán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Campeche Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeche_Bank"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Tay was sailing from Havana to Campeche, Mexico, when at 1 a.m. 11 November lookouts spotted breakers ahead, even though a sounding a few minutes earlier had found no ground at 20 fathoms. Although the helmsman was able to turn her, Tay slammed broadside into a coral reef; she slammed twice more before heeling over and filling with water. The crew fired distress guns, cut away her masts, launched boats, and manned the pumps. Daylight showed a rocky reef nearby. However, in trying to reach it the boats swamped, causing one passenger, a Spaniard, to drown. Eventually the crew were able to use a raft to reach the rocks while hauling a hawser that the rest of the crew then used to escape the wreck. The next day the crew used the boats to salvage provisions and stores from the wreck and establish a camp on a nearby island. Lieutenant Henry Smithwick then sailed Tay's yawl to the mainland in search of help.[4]On 18 November the Spanish guarda costa Valencey, Captain Varines, arrived, together with the schooner Zaragozana. After the Spaniards had verified that all the crew were safely on the island, they proceeded to demand, at gunpoint, that Captain Roberts and his crew surrender and deliver over their arms and any specie on board Tay. Roberts surrendered, declaring he and his men \"prisoners of war\", a status the Spaniards acknowledged. They then proceeded to loot Tay of her stores and provisions. The Spaniards also recovered about $350,000 in specie.[4] (An early report of her loss stated that Tay had $2 million in specie on board.[5]) Zaragozana then took off Tay's complement.[4]Tay had struck on the east side of Scorpion Reef (Spanish: Arrecife Alacranes; 22°26′N 89°40′W / 22.433°N 89.667°W / 22.433; -89.667), which surrounds a small group of islands. The reef and islands sit in the Gulf of Mexico off the northern coast of the state of Yucatán, Mexico, and are part of the Campeche Bank archipelago.[b]","title":"Loss"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Salisbury_(1814)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Port Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Royal"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NC37-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NC37-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NC37-9"},{"link_name":"lashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whip"},{"link_name":"Marshalsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshalsea"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHepper1994155-5"}],"text":"The Navy held a court martial for Roberts and his crew on Salisbury at Port Royal, Jamaica, on 21 February 1817. The trial lasted 18 days, not including Sundays, and covered three issues: the loss of Tay, the propriety of Roberts's surrender, and the behaviour of some of Tay's crew.[7]The court martial acquitted Roberts, his officers, and crew of any blame for the loss of Tay. It attributed the loss to a strong westerly current and stated that Roberts had taken every possible precaution. Furthermore, the board commended the officer of the watch, acting Lieutenant William Henry Gearey, for his prompt and officer-like conduct when the breakers were first discovered.[7]With respect to the surrender, the court martial again exonerated Roberts and his crew, saying:that in consequence of the peculiar situation of the ship, her guns being entirely useless, her magazine drowned, the greater part of her crew on shore unarmed, on the island, eleven miles from the wreck, and the treacherous conduct of the Spaniards, in inveigling on board and taking possession of the boats and their crews, all and every means of defence was rendered impracticable; that in this distressed and helpless situation the conduct of the Spaniards became so decidedly hostile and insulting, that no other alternative was left for preserving the dignity of his Majesty's flag, but that of striking it, which was accordingly done, with the concurrence of every officer present; and the Court doth fully approve of Captain Roberts's conduct, and doth, therefore, acquit him, the officers, and crew, of all blame; and they are hereby acquitted accordingly.\"[7]During the stay on the island there had been a notable breakdown in discipline among the crew. The court martial sentenced 14 sailors and marines to receive from 50 to 200 lashes for offenses ranging from drunkenness to looting of the wreck. Midshipman Hilkitch Head was found guilty of breaking into cabins and rifling them for papers and money. His sentence comprised two parts. First, he was taken to the quarterdeck of a naval vessel, stripped of his coat (and of his marks of rank), and discharged from the Navy. Second, he then was sentenced to six months in solitary confinement in the Marshalsea.[4]","title":"Court martial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingston, Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NC37-9"},{"link_name":"Egeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Egeria_(1807)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDB-7"}],"text":"When Roberts departed for Britain, the merchants of Kingston, Jamaica, presented \"an Address to him, expressive of the high respect they entertain of his character, their indignation at the dastardly conduct of the officer commanding the Spanish vessel sent to his assistance, their admiration of the judgment Captain R. displayed on that trying occasion, and their deep regret that the station had been deprived of his valuable services.\"[7]Roberts left for England on 17 March as captain of the transport Lady Hamilton. After his return to England, Roberts went on to Waterford, where he had been born. There some local notables gave him a testimonial dinner. On 31 January 1823 Roberts commissioned the sloop Egeria.[8] In her he cruised to the West Indies and Havana, returning to England in July 1825.Reportedly, in October 1818 the Spanish returned the specie that they had looted from Tay.[6]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"National Maritime Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMM-WH-377718-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDB-7"}],"text":"^ The National Maritime Museum's database shows D. Dunn as captain of Tay for 1816, but no other records support this.[3]\n\n^ There is a report that Roberts and his men camped on \"Crane's Island\". Unfortunately, it has so far proved impossible to link the 19th Century British name to any extant Spanish name.[6]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinfield2008238_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinfield2008238_1-1"},{"link_name":"Winfield (2008)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWinfield2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.1812privateers.org/LLOYDS/1815/06-30-1815.jpg"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NMM-WH-377718_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"NMM, vessel ID 377718\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110802041613/http://www.nmm.ac.uk/upload/pdf/Warship_Histories_Vessels_x.pdf"},{"link_name":"National Maritime Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nmm.ac.uk/upload/pdf/Warship_Histories_Vessels_x.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHepper1994155_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHepper1994155_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHepper1994155_5-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHepper1994155_5-3"},{"link_name":"Hepper (1994)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHepper1994"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Lloyd's List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_List"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005778173?urlappend=%3Bseq=23"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NDB_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NDB_7-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pbenyon.plus.com/18-1900/T/04581.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NC37_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NC37_9-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NC37_9-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NC37_9-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"}],"text":"^ a b Winfield (2008), p. 238.\n\n^ Lloyd's List, no.4984,[1] - accessed 16 May 2014.\n\n^ \"NMM, vessel ID 377718\" (PDF). Warship Histories, vol x. National Maritime Museum. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2011.\n\n^ a b c d Hepper (1994), p. 155.\n\n^ Lloyd's List n° 5147, 28 January 1817.[2] - Accessed 31 July 2016.\n\n^ a b Naval Database, Tay 1814,[3] - Accessed 1 August 2016.\n\n^ a b c d Naval Chronicle, Vol. 37, pp.504-5.\n\n^ Gentleman's Magazine, (April 1849), p.427.","title":"Citations"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"NMM, vessel ID 377718\" (PDF). Warship Histories, vol x. National Maritime Museum. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110802041613/http://www.nmm.ac.uk/upload/pdf/Warship_Histories_Vessels_x.pdf","url_text":"\"NMM, vessel ID 377718\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum","url_text":"National Maritime Museum"},{"url":"http://www.nmm.ac.uk/upload/pdf/Warship_Histories_Vessels_x.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hepper, David J. (1994). British Warship Losses in the Age of Sail, 1650-1859. Rotherfield: Jean Boudriot. ISBN 0-948864-30-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948864-30-3","url_text":"0-948864-30-3"}]},{"reference":"Winfield, Rif (2008). British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-86176-246-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-246-7","url_text":"978-1-86176-246-7"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=HMS_Tay_(1813)¶ms=22_26_N_89_40_W_","external_links_name":"22°26′N 89°40′W / 22.433°N 89.667°W / 22.433; -89.667"},{"Link":"http://www.1812privateers.org/LLOYDS/1815/06-30-1815.jpg","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110802041613/http://www.nmm.ac.uk/upload/pdf/Warship_Histories_Vessels_x.pdf","external_links_name":"\"NMM, vessel ID 377718\""},{"Link":"http://www.nmm.ac.uk/upload/pdf/Warship_Histories_Vessels_x.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005778173?urlappend=%3Bseq=23","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/18-1900/T/04581.html","external_links_name":"[3]"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vava%27u_International_Airport
|
Vavaʻu International Airport
|
["1 Airlines and destinations","1.1 Passenger","2 References"]
|
Coordinates: 18°35′07″S 173°57′42″W / 18.58528°S 173.96167°W / -18.58528; -173.96167Airport in Vavaʻu, TongaVavaʻu International AirportMalaʻe Vakapuna Fakavahaʻapuleʻanga VavaʻuIATA: VAVICAO: NFTVSummaryAirport typePublicOperatorMinistry of Civil AviationLocationVavaʻu, TongaElevation AMSL236 ft / 72 mCoordinates18°35′07″S 173°57′42″W / 18.58528°S 173.96167°W / -18.58528; -173.96167MapNFTVLocation of airport in TongaRunways
Direction
Length
Surface
ft
m
08/26
5,593
1,705
Bitumen
Source: World Aero Data
Vavaʻu International Airport (IATA: VAV, ICAO: NFTV), also known as Lupepauʻu International Airport, is an airport in Vavaʻu, Tonga. The airport is located 10 km (6.2 mi) north of the capital Neiafu.
The airport has limited direct service, currently through Fiji Airways. Previously services had been provided by Chathams Pacific (until 2013) and Real Tonga (until 2020). In 2020, Lulutai Airlines began service but paused service in January 2023 due to its damaged aircraft needing repairs.
Less frequent services connect Vava’u to Ha’apai, Niuafoʻou and Niuatoputapu. Flight time is 50 minutes to Tongatapu, 30 minutes to Ha’apai and a little over one hour to both Niuatoputapu and Niuafo’u.
In October 2021 the Tongan Government announced plans for an NZ$172 million upgrade of the airport, including a longer runway, replacement terminal, and renewable energy plant. The expansion would allow direct flights from New Zealand and Australia, and be funded by a public-private partnership.
Airlines and destinations
Passenger
AirlinesDestinations Fiji Link Nadi
Lulutai Airlines Nuku'alofa
References
^ "VAVAU INTL". World Aero Data. Archived from the original on 12 July 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "Flight Schedules". Fiji Airways. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
^ "Tonga government backs China plane after airline pulls out". RNZ. 21 January 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
^ https://www.kanivatonga.co.nz/2023/01/lulutai-airlines-worse-than-real-tonga-say-critics-as-main-aircraft-is-taken-out-of-service/
^ "Lupepau'u International Airport -Vava'u". Tonga Airports Ltd. Archived from the original on 24 May 2018.
^ "Kiwi tourists could soon fly direct to Tonga's Vava'u Airport following proposed revamp". Stuff. 20 October 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
^ Dan Lake (20 October 2021). "'An experience like the Maldives': Tonga's Vava'u Airport to be upsized as part of $172m development". NewsHub. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
^ "Tonga's huge Vava'u project to be foreign funded". RNZ. 22 October 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
^ "Fiji Airways Resumes Nadi – Vava'u Service From April 2023". Retrieved 2023-03-19.
^ https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/493658/tonga-airline-never-grounded-despite-one-plane-experiencing-problems
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport"},{"link_name":"Vavaʻu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vava%27u"},{"link_name":"Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga"},{"link_name":"Fiji Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji_Airways"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Chathams Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chathams_Pacific"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Real Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Tonga"},{"link_name":"Lulutai Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulutai_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ha’apai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%E2%80%99apai"},{"link_name":"Niuafoʻou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niuafo%CA%BBou"},{"link_name":"Niuatoputapu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niuatoputapu"},{"link_name":"Tongatapu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongatapu"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Airport in Vavaʻu, TongaVavaʻu International Airport (IATA: VAV, ICAO: NFTV), also known as Lupepauʻu International Airport, is an airport in Vavaʻu, Tonga. The airport is located 10 km (6.2 mi) north of the capital Neiafu.The airport has limited direct service, currently through Fiji Airways.[2] Previously services had been provided by Chathams Pacific (until 2013)[3] and Real Tonga (until 2020). In 2020, Lulutai Airlines began service but paused service in January 2023 due to its damaged aircraft needing repairs.[4]Less frequent services connect Vava’u to Ha’apai, Niuafoʻou and Niuatoputapu. Flight time is 50 minutes to Tongatapu, 30 minutes to Ha’apai and a little over one hour to both Niuatoputapu and Niuafo’u.[5]In October 2021 the Tongan Government announced plans for an NZ$172 million upgrade of the airport, including a longer runway, replacement terminal, and renewable energy plant.[6] The expansion would allow direct flights from New Zealand and Australia,[7] and be funded by a public-private partnership.[8]","title":"Vavaʻu International Airport"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Passenger","title":"Airlines and destinations"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"VAVAU INTL\". World Aero Data. Archived from the original on 12 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170712075147/http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=TN79775","url_text":"\"VAVAU INTL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flight Schedules\". Fiji Airways. Retrieved 26 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fijiairways.com/en-to/bookings/flight-schedules","url_text":"\"Flight Schedules\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tonga government backs China plane after airline pulls out\". RNZ. 21 January 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/209712/tonga-government-backs-china-plane-after-airline-pulls-out","url_text":"\"Tonga government backs China plane after airline pulls out\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lupepau'u International Airport -Vava'u\". Tonga Airports Ltd. Archived from the original on 24 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180524052115/http://www.tongaairports.com/airports/lupepauu-airport-vavau/","url_text":"\"Lupepau'u International Airport -Vava'u\""},{"url":"http://www.tongaairports.com/airports/lupepauu-airport-vavau/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kiwi tourists could soon fly direct to Tonga's Vava'u Airport following proposed revamp\". Stuff. 20 October 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/news/300434607/kiwi-tourists-could-soon-fly-direct-to-tongas-vavau-airport-following-proposed-revamp","url_text":"\"Kiwi tourists could soon fly direct to Tonga's Vava'u Airport following proposed revamp\""}]},{"reference":"Dan Lake (20 October 2021). \"'An experience like the Maldives': Tonga's Vava'u Airport to be upsized as part of $172m development\". NewsHub. Retrieved 26 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/travel/2021/10/an-experience-like-the-maldives-tonga-s-vava-u-airport-to-be-upsized-as-part-of-172m-development.html","url_text":"\"'An experience like the Maldives': Tonga's Vava'u Airport to be upsized as part of $172m development\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tonga's huge Vava'u project to be foreign funded\". RNZ. 22 October 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/454032/tonga-s-huge-vava-u-project-to-be-foreign-funded","url_text":"\"Tonga's huge Vava'u project to be foreign funded\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fiji Airways Resumes Nadi – Vava'u Service From April 2023\". Retrieved 2023-03-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230317-fjvav","url_text":"\"Fiji Airways Resumes Nadi – Vava'u Service From April 2023\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vava%CA%BBu_International_Airport¶ms=18_35_07_S_173_57_42_W_region:TO_type:airport","external_links_name":"18°35′07″S 173°57′42″W / 18.58528°S 173.96167°W / -18.58528; -173.96167"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vava%CA%BBu_International_Airport¶ms=18_35_07_S_173_57_42_W_region:TO_type:airport","external_links_name":"18°35′07″S 173°57′42″W / 18.58528°S 173.96167°W / -18.58528; -173.96167"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170712075147/http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=TN79775","external_links_name":"\"VAVAU INTL\""},{"Link":"https://www.fijiairways.com/en-to/bookings/flight-schedules","external_links_name":"\"Flight Schedules\""},{"Link":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/209712/tonga-government-backs-china-plane-after-airline-pulls-out","external_links_name":"\"Tonga government backs China plane after airline pulls out\""},{"Link":"https://www.kanivatonga.co.nz/2023/01/lulutai-airlines-worse-than-real-tonga-say-critics-as-main-aircraft-is-taken-out-of-service/","external_links_name":"https://www.kanivatonga.co.nz/2023/01/lulutai-airlines-worse-than-real-tonga-say-critics-as-main-aircraft-is-taken-out-of-service/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180524052115/http://www.tongaairports.com/airports/lupepauu-airport-vavau/","external_links_name":"\"Lupepau'u International Airport -Vava'u\""},{"Link":"http://www.tongaairports.com/airports/lupepauu-airport-vavau/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/news/300434607/kiwi-tourists-could-soon-fly-direct-to-tongas-vavau-airport-following-proposed-revamp","external_links_name":"\"Kiwi tourists could soon fly direct to Tonga's Vava'u Airport following proposed revamp\""},{"Link":"https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/travel/2021/10/an-experience-like-the-maldives-tonga-s-vava-u-airport-to-be-upsized-as-part-of-172m-development.html","external_links_name":"\"'An experience like the Maldives': Tonga's Vava'u Airport to be upsized as part of $172m development\""},{"Link":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/454032/tonga-s-huge-vava-u-project-to-be-foreign-funded","external_links_name":"\"Tonga's huge Vava'u project to be foreign funded\""},{"Link":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230317-fjvav","external_links_name":"\"Fiji Airways Resumes Nadi – Vava'u Service From April 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/493658/tonga-airline-never-grounded-despite-one-plane-experiencing-problems","external_links_name":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/493658/tonga-airline-never-grounded-despite-one-plane-experiencing-problems"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Claire_Kirkland
|
Marie-Claire Kirkland
|
["1 Life","2 Legacy","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Canadian politician
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Marie-Claire Kirkland" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (May 2024) Click for important translation instructions.
Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution.
You may also add the template {{Translated|fr|Marie-Claire Kirkland-Casgrain}} to the talk page.
For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
Marie-Claire KirklandMarie-Claire Kirkland-Casgrain in 1971MLA for Jacques-CartierIn office1961–1966Preceded byCharles-Aimé KirklandSucceeded byNoël Saint-GermainMNA for Marguerite-BourgeoysIn office1966–1973Preceded byfirst memberSucceeded byFernand Lalonde
Personal detailsBorn(1924-09-08)September 8, 1924Palmer, Massachusetts, United StatesDiedMarch 24, 2016(2016-03-24) (aged 91)Political partyLiberalSpouse(s)Philippe Casgrain (m. 1954, div), Wyndham Strover (m. 1989)ChildrenLynne, Kirkland, MarcAlma materMcGill UniversityProfessionlawyer
Marie-Claire Kirkland-Casgrain, CM CQ QC (September 8, 1924 – March 24, 2016) was a Quebec lawyer, judge and politician. She was the first woman elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec, the first woman appointed a Cabinet minister in Quebec, the first woman appointed acting premier, and the first woman judge to serve in the Quebec Provincial Court.
Life
Born in Palmer, Massachusetts, the daughter of Charles-Aimé Kirkland (who was studying at Harvard), a Quebec MLA from 1939 to 1961, and Rose Demers, she received a Bachelor of Arts in 1947 and a Bachelor of Civil Law in 1950 from McGill University. She was admitted to the Quebec Bar in 1952 and was made a Queen's Counsel in 1969. From 1952 to 1961, she practiced law in Montreal.
She was elected in a by-election as a Liberal in her father's riding of Jacques-Cartier after his death in 1961. She was re-elected in 1962. She held two cabinet posts in the government of Jean Lesage: Minister without Portfolio (1962 to 1964) and Minister of Transport and Communications (1964 to 1966). In 1966, she was elected in the riding of Marguerite-Bourgeoys and re-elected in 1970. She also held two cabinet posts in the government of Robert Bourassa: Minister of Tourism, Game and Fishing (1970 to 1972) and Minister of Cultural Affairs (1972 to 1973).
She resigned in 1973 to become a judge. She retired in 1991.
In 1985, she was made a Knight of the National Order of Quebec. In 1992, she was made a Member of the Order of Canada. In 1993, she was the recipient of the Governor General's Award in Commemoration of the Persons Case.
She was married to lawyer Philippe Casgrain with whom she had three children before they eventually divorced. She remarried Wyndham Strover. On March 24, 2016, she died at the age of 91.
Legacy
In 2012, Quebec premier Pauline Marois unveiled a statue of Casgrain, Idola Saint-Jean and Kirkland outside the National Assembly of Quebec. The statue by Jules Lasalle was to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Kirkland being made the first female cabinet minister in Quebec.
She was the first woman in the history of Quebec to be honoured with a national funeral.
References
^ Claire Kirkland-Casgrain was Quebec’s first female legislator Globe and Mail obituary by LISA FITTERMAN Apr. 01, 2016
^ Tremblay, Manon (2010). Quebec Women and Legislative Representation. UBC Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-7748-5905-9.
^ "Governor General Awards in Commemoration of the Persons Case - Status of Women Canada". cfc-swc.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-11-21.
^ Deschamps, Richard (March 24, 2016). "Marie-Claire Kirkland-Casgrain, first female MNA, dies at 91". CJAD. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
^ Monument to women in politics, Radio Canada, in French, retrieved 28 December 2014
^ Annabelle Olivier and Felicia Parrillo (2 April 2016). "National funeral held in Montreal for Claire Kirkland-Casgrain". Global News.
External links
National Order of Quebec citation (in French)
Marie-Claire Kirkland at IMDb
Order of Canada citation
"Biography". Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours (in French). National Assembly of Quebec.
"Marie-Claire Kirkland-Casgrain, C.M., C.Q., Q.C." Library and Archives Canada. Archived from the original on April 18, 2005. Retrieved September 21, 2005.
vteCabinet of Premier of Quebec Robert Bourassa (1970–1976)Robert Bourassa
Lise Bacon
Jean Bienvenue
Claude Castonguay
Jérôme Choquette
François Cloutier
Jean Cournoyer
Kevin Drummond
Claude Forget
Roy Fournier
Raymond Garneau
Julien Giasson
Victor Goldbloom
Denis Hardy
Gérald Harvey
Marie-Claire Kirkland
Jean-Paul L'Allier
Bernard Lachapelle
Fernand Lalonde
Pierre Laporte
Gérard D. Levesque
Raymond Mailloux
Gilles Massé
Oswald Parent
Paul Phaneuf
Bernard Pinard
Guy Saint-Pierre
Claude Simard
Robert Quenneville
Maurice Tessier
William Tetley
Normand Toupin
Georges-Émery Tremblay
Georges Vaillancourt
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"CQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Order_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"QC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Quebec"}],"text":"Marie-Claire Kirkland-Casgrain, CM CQ QC (September 8, 1924 – March 24, 2016) was a Quebec lawyer, judge and politician. She was the first woman elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec, the first woman appointed a Cabinet minister in Quebec, the first woman appointed acting premier, and the first woman judge to serve in the Quebec Provincial Court.","title":"Marie-Claire Kirkland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer_(town),_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Charles-Aimé Kirkland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Aim%C3%A9_Kirkland"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Civil Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Civil_Law"},{"link_name":"McGill University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University"},{"link_name":"Queen's Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By-election"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Jacques-Cartier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Cartier_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Quebec_general_election"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Jean Lesage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Lesage"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Quebec_general_election"},{"link_name":"Marguerite-Bourgeoys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite-Bourgeoys_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Quebec_general_election"},{"link_name":"Robert Bourassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bourassa"},{"link_name":"National Order of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Order_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Order of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Born in Palmer, Massachusetts, the daughter of Charles-Aimé Kirkland (who was studying at Harvard), a Quebec MLA from 1939 to 1961, and Rose Demers, she received a Bachelor of Arts in 1947 and a Bachelor of Civil Law in 1950 from McGill University. She was admitted to the Quebec Bar in 1952 and was made a Queen's Counsel in 1969. From 1952 to 1961, she practiced law in Montreal.She was elected in a by-election as a Liberal in her father's riding of Jacques-Cartier after his death in 1961. She was re-elected in 1962.[2] She held two cabinet posts in the government of Jean Lesage: Minister without Portfolio (1962 to 1964) and Minister of Transport and Communications (1964 to 1966). In 1966, she was elected in the riding of Marguerite-Bourgeoys and re-elected in 1970. She also held two cabinet posts in the government of Robert Bourassa: Minister of Tourism, Game and Fishing (1970 to 1972) and Minister of Cultural Affairs (1972 to 1973).She resigned in 1973 to become a judge. She retired in 1991.In 1985, she was made a Knight of the National Order of Quebec. In 1992, she was made a Member of the Order of Canada. In 1993, she was the recipient of the Governor General's Award in Commemoration of the Persons Case.[3]She was married to lawyer Philippe Casgrain with whom she had three children before they eventually divorced. She remarried Wyndham Strover. On March 24, 2016, she died at the age of 91.[4]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pauline Marois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Marois"},{"link_name":"Idola Saint-Jean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idola_Saint-Jean"},{"link_name":"Jules Lasalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Lasalle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In 2012, Quebec premier Pauline Marois unveiled a statue of Casgrain, Idola Saint-Jean and Kirkland outside the National Assembly of Quebec. The statue by Jules Lasalle was to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Kirkland being made the first female cabinet minister in Quebec.[5]She was the first woman in the history of Quebec to be honoured with a national funeral.[6]","title":"Legacy"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Tremblay, Manon (2010). Quebec Women and Legislative Representation. UBC Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-7748-5905-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dqB2QwoEZK0C&dq=Marie-Claire%20Kirkland-Casgrain&pg=PA86","url_text":"Quebec Women and Legislative Representation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-5905-9","url_text":"978-0-7748-5905-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Governor General Awards in Commemoration of the Persons Case - Status of Women Canada\". cfc-swc.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-11-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://cfc-swc.gc.ca/commemoration/gg/recip-laure/1993-en.html#archived","url_text":"\"Governor General Awards in Commemoration of the Persons Case - Status of Women Canada\""}]},{"reference":"Deschamps, Richard (March 24, 2016). \"Marie-Claire Kirkland-Casgrain, first female MNA, dies at 91\". CJAD. Retrieved March 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cjad.com/cjad-news-quebec-beyond/2016/03/24/marieclaire-kirklandcasgrain-first-female-mna-dies-at-91","url_text":"\"Marie-Claire Kirkland-Casgrain, first female MNA, dies at 91\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJAD","url_text":"CJAD"}]},{"reference":"Annabelle Olivier and Felicia Parrillo (2 April 2016). \"National funeral held in Montreal for Claire Kirkland-Casgrain\". Global News.","urls":[{"url":"http://globalnews.ca/news/2614519/national-funeral-underway-in-montreal-for-claire-kirkland-casgrain/","url_text":"\"National funeral held in Montreal for Claire Kirkland-Casgrain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biography\". Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours (in French). National Assembly of Quebec.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.assnat.qc.ca/en/deputes/kirkland-marie-claire-3799/biographie.html","url_text":"\"Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec","url_text":"National Assembly of Quebec"}]},{"reference":"\"Marie-Claire Kirkland-Casgrain, C.M., C.Q., Q.C.\" Library and Archives Canada. Archived from the original on April 18, 2005. Retrieved September 21, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050418184417/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/women/002026-258-e.html","url_text":"\"Marie-Claire Kirkland-Casgrain, C.M., C.Q., Q.C.\""},{"url":"http://www.collectionscanada.ca/women/002026-258-e.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Marie-Claire+Kirkland%22","external_links_name":"\"Marie-Claire Kirkland\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Marie-Claire+Kirkland%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Marie-Claire+Kirkland%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Marie-Claire+Kirkland%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Marie-Claire+Kirkland%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Marie-Claire+Kirkland%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/claire-kirkland-casgrain-was-quebecs-first-female-legislator/article29502344/","external_links_name":"Claire Kirkland-Casgrain was Quebec’s first female legislator"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dqB2QwoEZK0C&dq=Marie-Claire%20Kirkland-Casgrain&pg=PA86","external_links_name":"Quebec Women and Legislative Representation"},{"Link":"https://cfc-swc.gc.ca/commemoration/gg/recip-laure/1993-en.html#archived","external_links_name":"\"Governor General Awards in Commemoration of the Persons Case - Status of Women Canada\""},{"Link":"http://www.cjad.com/cjad-news-quebec-beyond/2016/03/24/marieclaire-kirklandcasgrain-first-female-mna-dies-at-91","external_links_name":"\"Marie-Claire Kirkland-Casgrain, first female MNA, dies at 91\""},{"Link":"http://www.radio-canada.ca/regions/Quebec/2012/12/05/012-monument-femmes-politique.shtml#!","external_links_name":"Monument to women in politics"},{"Link":"http://globalnews.ca/news/2614519/national-funeral-underway-in-montreal-for-claire-kirkland-casgrain/","external_links_name":"\"National funeral held in Montreal for Claire Kirkland-Casgrain\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060521182407/http://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/recherche_details.asp?id=2805","external_links_name":"National Order of Quebec citation"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm8270668/","external_links_name":"Marie-Claire Kirkland"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20070930035042/http://www.gg.ca/honours/search-recherche/honours-desc.asp?lang=e&TypeID=orc&id=3031","external_links_name":"Order of Canada citation"},{"Link":"http://www.assnat.qc.ca/en/deputes/kirkland-marie-claire-3799/biographie.html","external_links_name":"\"Biography\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050418184417/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/women/002026-258-e.html","external_links_name":"\"Marie-Claire Kirkland-Casgrain, C.M., C.Q., Q.C.\""},{"Link":"http://www.collectionscanada.ca/women/002026-258-e.html","external_links_name":"the original"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Royval
|
Brandon Royval
|
["1 Background","2 Mixed martial arts career","2.1 Early career","2.2 Ultimate Fighting Championship","3 Personal life","4 Championships and accomplishments","5 Mixed martial arts record","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
|
American mixed martial arts fighter (born 1992)
Brandon RoyvalBorn (1992-08-16) August 16, 1992 (age 31)Denver, Colorado, United StatesOther namesRaw DawgHeight5 ft 9 in (175 cm)Weight125 lb (57 kg; 8 st 13 lb)DivisionFlyweightReach68 in (173 cm)Fighting out ofDenver, ColoradoTeamFactory XRankBlack belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu under Mario "Busy" CorreaYears active2012–presentMixed martial arts recordTotal23Wins16By knockout5By submission8By decision3Losses7By knockout1By submission1By decision5
Mixed martial arts record from Sherdog
Brandon Royval (born August 16, 1992) is an American professional mixed martial artist. He currently competes in the Flyweight division in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). A professional competitor since 2012, Royval has also formerly competed for Legacy Fighting Alliance, where he is a former Legacy Fighting Alliance Flyweight Champion. As of February 27, 2024, he is #1 in the UFC flyweight rankings.
Background
Born and raised in Denver, Brandon was already training Brazilian jiu-jitsu and Muay Thai at the age of 15. Royval has an older brother, Darian.
Mixed martial arts career
Early career
Royval took his first amateur bout at the age of 18, racking up a 5–0 record. Starting his professional career in 2012, Royval compiled an 8–3 record fighting mostly for Legacy Fighting Alliance, eventually culminating in a shot for the interim LFA Flyweight Championship against Casey Kenney, which he lost by unanimous decision.
Brandon Royval next faced UFC vet, Joby Sanchez at LFA 65 on May 3, 2019, winning the bout via submission due to an armbar in the first round.
Royval was going to face Jared Scoggins for the vacant LFA flyweight title on November 22, 2019 until Scoggins pulled out of the fight. Nate Williams stepped up as a replacement and Royval won the LFA Flyweight title via first round armbar.
Ultimate Fighting Championship
Brandon made his UFC debut on May 30, 2020 at UFC on ESPN: Woodley vs. Burns against Tim Elliott. He won the fight via submission in the second round. This fight earned Royval a Fight of the Night award.
Royval faced Kai Kara-France on September 27, 2020 at UFC 253. After both fighters being knocked down in the first round, Royval won the fight via submission in the second round. This fight earned him the Fight of the Night award.
Royval was a replacement for Alex Perez against Brandon Moreno on November 21, 2020 at UFC 255. He lost the fight via technical knockout on round one.
Royval faced Alexandre Pantoja on August 21, 2021 UFC on ESPN 29. He lost the fight via rear-naked choke in round two.
Royval faced Rogério Bontorin on January 15, 2022 at UFC on ESPN 32. He won the fight via split decision.
Royval faced Matt Schnell on May 7, 2022 at UFC 274. He won the back-and-forth fight via a guillotine choke submission in the first round. The fight also won both men the Fight of the Night bonus award.
Royval was scheduled to face Askar Askarov on October 15, 2022 at UFC Fight Night 212. However the bout was cancelled the day before the event due to weight management issues.
Royval was set to face Amir Albazi at UFC Fight Night 216 on December 17, 2022. However, Royval pulled out of the bout in late November due to a broken wrist.
Royval faced Matheus Nicolau on April 15, 2023 at UFC on ESPN 44. He won the fight via knockout in the first round. This win earned him the Performance of the Night award.
Royval had a rematch with Alexandre Pantoja for the UFC Flyweight Championship title on December 16, 2023, at UFC 296. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.
Royval faced Brandon Moreno in a rematch, replacing Amir Albazi, at UFC Fight Night 237 on February 24, 2024. He won the fight via split decision.
Personal life
Royval grew up in a Mexican family. After the win against Kai Kara-France, Royval left his full-time job in the juvenile justice system. He also works as the jiu-jitsu instructor at Factory X.
Championships and accomplishments
Ultimate Fighting Championship
Fight of the Night (Three times) vs. Tim Elliott, Kai Kara-France, and Matt Schnell
Performance of the Night (One time) vs. Matheus Nicolau
Most significant strikes attempted in a UFC Flyweight bout (510) (vs. Brandon Moreno 2)
Most total strikes landed in a UFC Flyweight bout (281) (vs. Brandon Moreno 2)
Most total strikes attempted in a UFC Flyweight bout (556) (vs. Brandon Moreno 2)
Second most total strikes attempted in a UFC Flyweight bout (390) (vs. Alexandre Pantoja 2)
Most total head strikes landed in a UFC Flyweight bout (248) (vs. Alexandre Pantoja 2)
Legacy Fighting Alliance
Legacy Fighting Alliance Flyweight Champion (One time)
Mixed martial arts record
Professional record breakdown
23 matches
16 wins
7 losses
By knockout
4
1
By submission
9
1
By decision
3
5
Res.
Record
Opponent
Method
Event
Date
Round
Time
Location
Notes
Win
16–7
Brandon Moreno
Decision (split)
UFC Fight Night: Moreno vs. Royval 2
February 24, 2024
5
5:00
Mexico City, Mexico
Loss
15–7
Alexandre Pantoja
Decision (unanimous)
UFC 296
December 16, 2023
5
5:00
Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
For the UFC Flyweight Championship.
Win
15–6
Matheus Nicolau
KO (knee and elbows)
UFC on ESPN: Holloway vs. Allen
April 15, 2023
1
2:09
Kansas City, Missouri, United States
Performance of the Night.
Win
14–6
Matt Schnell
Submission (guillotine choke)
UFC 274
May 7, 2022
1
2:14
Phoenix, Arizona, United States
Fight of the Night.
Win
13–6
Rogério Bontorin
Decision (split)
UFC on ESPN: Kattar vs. Chikadze
January 15, 2022
3
5:00
Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
Loss
12–6
Alexandre Pantoja
Submission (rear-naked choke)
UFC on ESPN: Cannonier vs. Gastelum
August 21, 2021
2
1:46
Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
Loss
12–5
Brandon Moreno
TKO (punches)
UFC 255
November 21, 2020
1
4:59
Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
Win
12–4
Kai Kara-France
Submission (guillotine choke)
UFC 253
September 27, 2020
2
0:48
Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Fight of the Night.
Win
11–4
Tim Elliott
Submission (arm-triangle choke)
UFC on ESPN: Woodley vs. Burns
May 30, 2020
2
3:18
Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
Fight of the Night.
Win
10–4
Nate Williams
Submission (armbar)
LFA 79
November 22, 2019
1
0:23
Broomfield, Colorado, United States
Won the vacant LFA Flyweight Championship.
Win
9–4
Joby Sanchez
Submission (armbar)
LFA 65
May 3, 2019
1
3:17
Vail, Colorado, United States
Loss
8–4
Casey Kenney
Decision (unanimous)
LFA 53
November 9, 2018
5
5:00
Phoenix, Arizona, United States
For the interim LFA Flyweight Championship.
Win
8–3
Charles Johnson
Decision (unanimous)
LFA 48
September 7, 2018
3
5:00
Kearney, Nebraska, United States
Win
7–3
Jerome Rivera
TKO (arm injury)
LFA 39
May 4, 2018
1
0:40
Vail, Colorado, United States
Win
6–3
Demetrius Wilson
Submission (triangle choke)
LFA 22
September 8, 2017
2
2:00
Broomfield, Colorado, United States
Loss
5–3
Nick Urso
Decision (split)
LFA 10
April 21, 2017
3
5:00
Pueblo, Colorado, United States
Win
5–2
Rakan Adwan
Submission (armbar)
LFA 5
February 24, 2017
1
1:54
Broomfield, Colorado, United States
Win
4–2
Angel Torres
Submission (triangle choke)
Sparta Combat League 53
October 15, 2016
1
0:34
Denver, Colorado, United States
Flyweight debut.
Loss
3–2
Ricky Palacios
Decision (unanimous)
Combate Americas: Road to the Championship 5
May 26, 2016
3
5:00
Los Angeles, California, United States
Win
3–1
Danny Mainus
KO (knee)
WSOF 29
March 12, 2016
1
2:48
Greeley, Colorado, United States
Win
2–1
Joey Welch
TKO (punches)
Sparta Combat League: Mile High Mayhem
August 23, 2014
1
0:51
Denver, Colorado, United States
Loss
1–1
Ben VomBaur
Decision (unanimous)
Kick Down MMA 104: BOOM
October 19, 2012
3
5:00
Denver, Colorado, United States
Bantamweight debut.
Win
1–0
Sammy Rind
TKO (elbows)
Kick Down MMA 102: Rebels
August 17, 2012
1
1:45
Denver, Colorado, United States
Catchweight (140 lb) bout.
See also
List of current UFC fighters
List of male mixed martial artists
References
^ "Stats | UFC". ufcstats.com. Retrieved 2020-10-04.
^ a b "Brandon Royval | UFC". UFC.com. Retrieved January 17, 2022.
^ Jim Norton; Matt Serra (May 3, 2022). "Randy Brown, Brandon Royval, and UFC Fight Night: Font vs Vera recap" (Podcast).
^ "UFC Rankings, Division Rankings, P4P rankings, UFC Champions | UFC.com". www.ufc.com. Retrieved 2024-02-27.
^ a b c Jake Howard (14 October 2016). "Brandon "Raw Dog" Royval makes flyweight". mymetmedia.com.
^ Bitter, Shawn (2019-03-28). "Welcome to the UFC: Casey Kenney". Cageside Press. Retrieved 2020-03-09.
^ John Morgan (May 3, 2019). "LFA 65 results: Brandon Royval taps out UFC vet Joby Sanchez". mmajunkie.com.
^ a b c Thomas Gerbasi (2020-11-19). "Brandon Royval Knows He Belongs". UFC.com.
^ Farah Hannoun (2020-05-21). "UFC adds Tim Elliott vs. Brandon Royval to May 30 lineup". mmajunkie.usatoday.com. Retrieved 2020-05-21.
^ Bitter, Shawn (2020-05-30). "UFC Vegas Results: Brandon Royval Submits Tim Elliott in Octagon Debut". Cageside Press. Retrieved 2020-05-31.
^ a b Haynes, Stephie (2020-05-31). "UFC Las Vegas bonuses: Dern's record-setting kneebar wins POTN". Bloody Elbow. Retrieved 2020-05-31.
^ Marcel Dorff (2020-07-27). "UFC Flyweightclash tussen Kai Kara-France en Brandon Royval op 26 september" (in Dutch). mmadna.nl. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
^ Fuentes, Jon (2020-09-26). "UFC 253 Results: Brandon Royval Makes Kai Kara-France Tap". Cageside Press. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
^ a b Alexander K. Lee (2020-09-27). "UFC 253 bonuses: Israel Adesanya, Jan Blachowicz cash in with championship performances". mmafighting.com. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
^ Mike Bohn (2020-10-02). "Brandon Royval replaces Alex Perez, meets Brandon Moreno at UFC 255". mmajunkie.usatoday.com. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
^ Evanoff, Josh (2020-11-21). "UFC 255 Results: Brandon Moreno Finishes Injured Brandon Royval". Cageside Press. Retrieved 2020-11-22.
^ Marcel Dorff (2021-05-11). "Alexandre Pantoja vs. Brandon Royval toegevoegd aan UFC evenement op 21 augustus". MMA DNA (in Dutch). Retrieved 2022-03-06.
^ Anderson, Jay (2021-08-21). "UFC Vegas 34 Results: Alexandre Pantoja Subs Game Brandon Royval". Cageside Press. Retrieved 2021-08-22.
^ Guilherme Cruz and Mike Heck (2021-10-01). "Rogerio Bontorin returns vs. Brandon Royval at Jan. 15 UFC event". MMAFighting. Retrieved 2021-10-01.
^ Gibbons, Justin (2022-01-15). "UFC Vegas 46: Brandon Royval Grinds Out Split Decision Against Bontorin". Cageside Press. Retrieved 2022-01-16.
^ Martin, Damon (2022-02-24). "Brandon Royval vs. Matt Schnell added to UFC 274". MMA Fighting. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
^ Behunin, Alex (2022-05-07). "UFC 274: Brandon Royval Taps Matt Schnell In A Wild Two Minute Scrap". Cageside Press. Retrieved 2022-05-08.
^ a b Anderson, Jay (2022-05-08). "UFC 274: Chandler, Fialho Earn Performance of the Night Bonuses". Cageside Press. Retrieved 2022-05-08.
^ Jay Anderson (2022-08-03). "UFC: Brandon Royval vs. Askar Askarov set for October 15". cagesidepress.com. Retrieved 2022-08-03.
^ Fighting, MMA. "Brandon Royval vs. Askar Askarov called off for UFC Vegas 62". MMA Fighting. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
^ Jay Anderson (2022-10-25). "Brandon Royval vs. Amir Albazi Set for UFC's December 17 Card". cagesidepress.com. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
^ King, Nolan (2022-11-23). "Brandon Royval announces he's out of UFC Fight Night 216 due to broken wrist". MMA Junkie. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
^ Calhoun, Curtis (2023-02-09). "Brandon Royval vs. Matheus Nicolau Booked For UFC Kansas City, Twitter Reacts". Mma News | Ufc News, Results & Interviews. Retrieved 2023-02-09.
^ Anderson, Jay (2023-04-15). "UFC Kansas City: Brandon Royval Floors Matheus Nicolau, Calls for Title Shot". Cageside Press. Retrieved 2023-04-17.
^ a b "UFC on ESPN 44 bonuses: Edson Barboza's spectacular knee knockout earns $50,000". MMA Junkie. 2023-04-16. Retrieved 2023-04-16.
^ Martin, Damon (2023-09-20). "Leon Edwards vs. Colby Covington, Alexandre Pantoja vs. Brandon Royval 2 set to headline UFC 296". MMA Fighting. Retrieved 2023-09-21.
^ "UFC 296 full results: Leon Edwards dominates Colby Covington; Alexandre Pantoja retains title". Yahoo Sports. 2023-12-17. Retrieved 2023-12-17.
^ Steve Marrocco (2024-01-11). "UFC Mexico City gets new headliner after Amir Albazi forced off card". mmafighting.com. Retrieved 2024-01-11.
^ Anderson, Jay (2024-02-25). "UFC Mexico City: Brandon Royval Avenges Loss to Brandon Moreno". Cageside Press. Retrieved 2024-02-25.
^ Howard, Jake. "Brandon "Raw Dog" Royval makes flyweight". Met Media. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
^ "Professor Brandon Royval". factoryxmuaythai.com. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
^ a b c d e UFC (2024-04-01). "UFC Flyweight - Fight Stats". ufc.com. Retrieved 2024-04-01.
^ Sherdog.com. "Brandon Royval". Sherdog. Retrieved 2020-08-07.
External links
Professional MMA record for Brandon Royval from Sherdog
Brandon Royval at UFC
vteUFC Flyweight RankingsUFC Champion: Alexandre Pantoja
1. Brandon Royval
2. Brandon Moreno
3. Amir Albazi
4. Kai Kara-France
5. Tatsuro Taira
6. Muhammad Mokaev
7. Alex Perez
8. Manel Kape
9. Steve Erceg
10. Matheus Nicolau
11. Tim Elliott
12. Matt Schnell
13. Tagir Ulanbekov
14. David Dvořák
15. Cody Durden
Updated to 18 June 2024
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mixed martial artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts"},{"link_name":"Flyweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyweight_(MMA)"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Fighting Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship"},{"link_name":"Legacy Fighting Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_Fighting_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Legacy Fighting Alliance Flyweight Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_Fighting_Alliance#LFA_Flyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"UFC flyweight rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_Rankings#Flyweight"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Brandon Royval (born August 16, 1992) is an American professional mixed martial artist. He currently competes in the Flyweight division in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). A professional competitor since 2012, Royval has also formerly competed for Legacy Fighting Alliance, where he is a former Legacy Fighting Alliance Flyweight Champion. As of February 27, 2024, he is #1 in the UFC flyweight rankings.[4]","title":"Brandon Royval"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazilian jiu-jitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu"},{"link_name":"Muay Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muay_Thai"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mymet-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mymet-5"}],"text":"Born and raised in Denver, Brandon was already training Brazilian jiu-jitsu and Muay Thai at the age of 15.[5] Royval has an older brother, Darian.[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mixed martial arts career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mymet-5"},{"link_name":"Legacy Fighting Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_Fighting_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Casey Kenney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Kenney"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CK-6"},{"link_name":"Joby Sanchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joby_Sanchez"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LFA_title-8"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"Royval took his first amateur bout at the age of 18, racking up a 5–0 record.[5] Starting his professional career in 2012, Royval compiled an 8–3 record fighting mostly for Legacy Fighting Alliance, eventually culminating in a shot for the interim LFA Flyweight Championship against Casey Kenney, which he lost by unanimous decision.[6]Brandon Royval next faced UFC vet, Joby Sanchez at LFA 65 on May 3, 2019, winning the bout via submission due to an armbar in the first round.[7]Royval was going to face Jared Scoggins for the vacant LFA flyweight title on November 22, 2019 until Scoggins pulled out of the fight. Nate Williams stepped up as a replacement and Royval won the LFA Flyweight title via first round armbar.[8]","title":"Mixed martial arts career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UFC on ESPN: Woodley vs. Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_on_ESPN:_Woodley_vs._Burns"},{"link_name":"Tim Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Elliott"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Fight of the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UFC_bonus_award_recipients"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UFConESPN9-11"},{"link_name":"Kai Kara-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Kara-France"},{"link_name":"UFC 253","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_253"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Fight of the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UFC_bonus_award_recipients"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UFC_253-14"},{"link_name":"Alex Perez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Perez_(fighter)"},{"link_name":"Brandon Moreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Moreno"},{"link_name":"UFC 255","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_255"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Pantoja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Pantoja"},{"link_name":"UFC on ESPN 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_on_ESPN_29"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Rogério Bontorin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rog%C3%A9rio_Bontorin"},{"link_name":"UFC on ESPN 32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_on_ESPN_32"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Matt Schnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Schnell"},{"link_name":"UFC 274","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_274"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Fight of the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UFC_bonus_award_recipients"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UFC274-23"},{"link_name":"Askar Askarov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askar_Askarov"},{"link_name":"UFC Fight Night 212","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_Fight_Night_212"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Amir Albazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Albazi"},{"link_name":"UFC Fight Night 216","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_Fight_Night:_Cannonier_vs._Strickland"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Matheus Nicolau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matheus_Nicolau"},{"link_name":"UFC on ESPN 44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_on_ESPN_44"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Performance of the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UFC_bonus_award_recipients"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UFCESPN44-30"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Pantoja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Pantoja"},{"link_name":"UFC Flyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_Flyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"UFC 296","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_296"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Brandon Moreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Moreno"},{"link_name":"Amir Albazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Albazi"},{"link_name":"UFC Fight Night 237","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_Fight_Night_237"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Ultimate Fighting Championship","text":"Brandon made his UFC debut on May 30, 2020 at UFC on ESPN: Woodley vs. Burns against Tim Elliott.[9] He won the fight via submission in the second round.[10] This fight earned Royval a Fight of the Night award.[11]Royval faced Kai Kara-France on September 27, 2020 at UFC 253.[12] After both fighters being knocked down in the first round, Royval won the fight via submission in the second round.[13] This fight earned him the Fight of the Night award.[14]Royval was a replacement for Alex Perez against Brandon Moreno on November 21, 2020 at UFC 255.[15] He lost the fight via technical knockout on round one.[16]Royval faced Alexandre Pantoja on August 21, 2021 UFC on ESPN 29.[17] He lost the fight via rear-naked choke in round two.[18]Royval faced Rogério Bontorin on January 15, 2022 at UFC on ESPN 32.[19] He won the fight via split decision.[20]Royval faced Matt Schnell on May 7, 2022 at UFC 274.[21] He won the back-and-forth fight via a guillotine choke submission in the first round.[22] The fight also won both men the Fight of the Night bonus award.[23]Royval was scheduled to face Askar Askarov on October 15, 2022 at UFC Fight Night 212.[24] However the bout was cancelled the day before the event due to weight management issues.[25]Royval was set to face Amir Albazi at UFC Fight Night 216 on December 17, 2022.[26] However, Royval pulled out of the bout in late November due to a broken wrist.[27]Royval faced Matheus Nicolau on April 15, 2023 at UFC on ESPN 44.[28] He won the fight via knockout in the first round.[29] This win earned him the Performance of the Night award.[30]Royval had a rematch with Alexandre Pantoja for the UFC Flyweight Championship title on December 16, 2023, at UFC 296.[31] He lost the fight via unanimous decision.[32]Royval faced Brandon Moreno in a rematch, replacing Amir Albazi, at UFC Fight Night 237 on February 24, 2024.[33] He won the fight via split decision.[34]","title":"Mixed martial arts career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Kai Kara-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Kara-France"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LFA_title-8"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Royval grew up in a Mexican family.[35] After the win against Kai Kara-France, Royval left his full-time job in the juvenile justice system.[8] He also works as the jiu-jitsu instructor at Factory X.[36]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ultimate Fighting Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship"},{"link_name":"Fight of the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UFC_bonus_award_recipients"},{"link_name":"Tim Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Kai Kara-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Kara-France"},{"link_name":"Matt Schnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Schnell"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UFConESPN9-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UFC_253-14"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UFC274-23"},{"link_name":"Performance of the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UFC_bonus_award_recipients"},{"link_name":"Matheus Nicolau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matheus_Nicolau"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UFCESPN44-30"},{"link_name":"Brandon Moreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Moreno"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ufcflwbout-37"},{"link_name":"Brandon Moreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Moreno"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ufcflwbout-37"},{"link_name":"Brandon Moreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Moreno"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ufcflwbout-37"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Pantoja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Pantoja"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ufcflwbout-37"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Pantoja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Pantoja"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ufcflwbout-37"},{"link_name":"Legacy Fighting Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_Fighting_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Flyweight Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_Fighting_Alliance#LFA_Flyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LFA_title-8"}],"text":"Ultimate Fighting Championship\nFight of the Night (Three times) vs. Tim Elliott, Kai Kara-France, and Matt Schnell[11][14][23]\nPerformance of the Night (One time) vs. Matheus Nicolau[30]\nMost significant strikes attempted in a UFC Flyweight bout (510) (vs. Brandon Moreno 2)[37]\nMost total strikes landed in a UFC Flyweight bout (281) (vs. Brandon Moreno 2)[37]\nMost total strikes attempted in a UFC Flyweight bout (556) (vs. Brandon Moreno 2)[37]\nSecond most total strikes attempted in a UFC Flyweight bout (390) (vs. Alexandre Pantoja 2)[37]\nMost total head strikes landed in a UFC Flyweight bout (248) (vs. Alexandre Pantoja 2)[37]\n Legacy Fighting Alliance \nLegacy Fighting Alliance Flyweight Champion (One time)[8]","title":"Championships and accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"[38]","title":"Mixed martial arts record"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of current UFC fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_UFC_fighters"},{"title":"List of male mixed martial artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_male_mixed_martial_artists"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Stats | UFC\". ufcstats.com. Retrieved 2020-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://ufcstats.com/fighter-details/6e15f63b6c2e2c15","url_text":"\"Stats | UFC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brandon Royval | UFC\". UFC.com. Retrieved January 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ufc.com/athlete/brandon-royval","url_text":"\"Brandon Royval | UFC\""}]},{"reference":"Jim Norton; Matt Serra (May 3, 2022). \"Randy Brown, Brandon Royval, and UFC Fight Night: Font vs Vera recap\" (Podcast).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Norton_(comedian)","url_text":"Jim Norton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Serra","url_text":"Matt Serra"},{"url":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cub21ueWNvbnRlbnQuY29tL2QvcGxheWxpc3QvYWFlYTRlNjktYWY1MS00OTVlLWFmYzktYTk3NjAxNDY5MjJiLzI3MmQ2M2QwLTE0ZTItNGI3MC1hN2YwLWFiOTAwMTdlNzY2Mi85Y2ZkOThjYy1iZmZmLTRiOTQtOWE5MC1hYjkwMDE3ZTc2NzUvcG9kY2FzdC5yc3M/episode/OGE0YWNmZTItMzVmOC00NmFlLWIyN2UtYWU4YTAwMDZkNTQ2","url_text":"\"Randy Brown, Brandon Royval, and UFC Fight Night: Font vs Vera recap\""}]},{"reference":"\"UFC Rankings, Division Rankings, P4P rankings, UFC Champions | UFC.com\". www.ufc.com. Retrieved 2024-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ufc.com/rankings","url_text":"\"UFC Rankings, Division Rankings, P4P rankings, UFC Champions | UFC.com\""}]},{"reference":"Jake Howard (14 October 2016). \"Brandon \"Raw Dog\" Royval makes flyweight\". mymetmedia.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mymetmedia.com/brandon-raw-dog-royval/","url_text":"\"Brandon \"Raw Dog\" Royval makes flyweight\""}]},{"reference":"Bitter, Shawn (2019-03-28). \"Welcome to the UFC: Casey Kenney\". Cageside Press. Retrieved 2020-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://cagesidepress.com/2019/03/28/welcome-to-the-ufc-casey-kenney/","url_text":"\"Welcome to the UFC: Casey Kenney\""}]},{"reference":"John Morgan (May 3, 2019). \"LFA 65 results: Brandon Royval taps out UFC vet Joby Sanchez\". mmajunkie.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://mmajunkie.com/2019/05/lfa-65-results-brandon-royval-taps-out-ufc-vet-joby-sanchez","url_text":"\"LFA 65 results: Brandon Royval taps out UFC vet Joby Sanchez\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas Gerbasi (2020-11-19). \"Brandon Royval Knows He Belongs\". UFC.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ufc.com/news/brandon-royval-knows-he-belongs-ufc-255","url_text":"\"Brandon Royval Knows He Belongs\""}]},{"reference":"Farah Hannoun (2020-05-21). \"UFC adds Tim Elliott vs. Brandon Royval to May 30 lineup\". mmajunkie.usatoday.com. Retrieved 2020-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2020/05/tim-elliott-vs-brandon-royval-flyweight-may-30-lineup","url_text":"\"UFC adds Tim Elliott vs. Brandon Royval to May 30 lineup\""}]},{"reference":"Bitter, Shawn (2020-05-30). \"UFC Vegas Results: Brandon Royval Submits Tim Elliott in Octagon Debut\". Cageside Press. Retrieved 2020-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://cagesidepress.com/2020/05/30/ufc-vegas-results-brandon-royval-submits-tim-elliott-in-ufc-debut/","url_text":"\"UFC Vegas Results: Brandon Royval Submits Tim Elliott in Octagon Debut\""}]},{"reference":"Haynes, Stephie (2020-05-31). \"UFC Las Vegas bonuses: Dern's record-setting kneebar wins POTN\". Bloody Elbow. Retrieved 2020-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2020/5/31/21275717/ufc-las-vegas-post-fight-bonuses-derns-record-setting-kneebar-wins-potn","url_text":"\"UFC Las Vegas bonuses: Dern's record-setting kneebar wins POTN\""}]},{"reference":"Marcel Dorff (2020-07-27). \"UFC Flyweightclash tussen Kai Kara-France en Brandon Royval op 26 september\" (in Dutch). mmadna.nl. Retrieved 2022-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://mmadna.nl/ufc-flyweightclash-tussen-kai-kara-france-en-brandon-royval-op-26-september/","url_text":"\"UFC Flyweightclash tussen Kai Kara-France en Brandon Royval op 26 september\""}]},{"reference":"Fuentes, Jon (2020-09-26). \"UFC 253 Results: Brandon Royval Makes Kai Kara-France Tap\". Cageside Press. Retrieved 2020-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://cagesidepress.com/2020/09/26/ufc-253-results-kai-kara-france-vs-brandon-royval/","url_text":"\"UFC 253 Results: Brandon Royval Makes Kai Kara-France Tap\""}]},{"reference":"Alexander K. Lee (2020-09-27). \"UFC 253 bonuses: Israel Adesanya, Jan Blachowicz cash in with championship performances\". mmafighting.com. Retrieved 2020-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2020/9/27/21458097/ufc-253-bonuses-israel-adesanya-jan-blachowicz-cash-in-with-championship-performances","url_text":"\"UFC 253 bonuses: Israel Adesanya, Jan Blachowicz cash in with championship performances\""}]},{"reference":"Mike Bohn (2020-10-02). \"Brandon Royval replaces Alex Perez, meets Brandon Moreno at UFC 255\". mmajunkie.usatoday.com. Retrieved 2020-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2020/10/brandon-royval-vs-brandon-moreno-flyweight-ufc-255-replacement-alex-perez","url_text":"\"Brandon Royval replaces Alex Perez, meets Brandon Moreno at UFC 255\""}]},{"reference":"Evanoff, Josh (2020-11-21). \"UFC 255 Results: Brandon Moreno Finishes Injured Brandon Royval\". Cageside Press. Retrieved 2020-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://cagesidepress.com/2020/11/21/ufc-255-results-brandon-moreno/","url_text":"\"UFC 255 Results: Brandon Moreno Finishes Injured Brandon Royval\""}]},{"reference":"Marcel Dorff (2021-05-11). \"Alexandre Pantoja vs. Brandon Royval toegevoegd aan UFC evenement op 21 augustus\". MMA DNA (in Dutch). Retrieved 2022-03-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://mmadna.nl/alexandre-pantoja-vs-brandon-royval-toegevoegd-aan-ufc-evenement-op-21-augustus/","url_text":"\"Alexandre Pantoja vs. Brandon Royval toegevoegd aan UFC evenement op 21 augustus\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Jay (2021-08-21). \"UFC Vegas 34 Results: Alexandre Pantoja Subs Game Brandon Royval\". Cageside Press. Retrieved 2021-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://cagesidepress.com/2021/08/21/ufc-vegas-34-results-alexandre-pantoja-vs-brandon-royval/","url_text":"\"UFC Vegas 34 Results: Alexandre Pantoja Subs Game Brandon Royval\""}]},{"reference":"Guilherme Cruz and Mike Heck (2021-10-01). \"Rogerio Bontorin returns vs. Brandon Royval at Jan. 15 UFC event\". MMAFighting. Retrieved 2021-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2021/10/1/22703949/rogerio-bontorin-reduced-usada-suspension-tainted-supplement-brandon-royval-january-15-ufc","url_text":"\"Rogerio Bontorin returns vs. Brandon Royval at Jan. 15 UFC event\""}]},{"reference":"Gibbons, Justin (2022-01-15). \"UFC Vegas 46: Brandon Royval Grinds Out Split Decision Against Bontorin\". Cageside Press. Retrieved 2022-01-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://cagesidepress.com/2022/01/15/ufc-vegas-46-results-brandon-royval/","url_text":"\"UFC Vegas 46: Brandon Royval Grinds Out Split Decision Against Bontorin\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, Damon (2022-02-24). \"Brandon Royval vs. Matt Schnell added to UFC 274\". MMA Fighting. Retrieved 2022-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2022/2/24/22950183/brandon-royval-vs-matt-schnell-added-to-ufc-274","url_text":"\"Brandon Royval vs. Matt Schnell added to UFC 274\""}]},{"reference":"Behunin, Alex (2022-05-07). \"UFC 274: Brandon Royval Taps Matt Schnell In A Wild Two Minute Scrap\". Cageside Press. Retrieved 2022-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://cagesidepress.com/2022/05/07/ufc-274-brandon-royval-taps-matt-schnell-wild-two-minute-scrap/","url_text":"\"UFC 274: Brandon Royval Taps Matt Schnell In A Wild Two Minute Scrap\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Jay (2022-05-08). \"UFC 274: Chandler, Fialho Earn Performance of the Night Bonuses\". Cageside Press. Retrieved 2022-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://cagesidepress.com/2022/05/08/ufc-274-chandler-fialho-earn-performance-night/","url_text":"\"UFC 274: Chandler, Fialho Earn Performance of the Night Bonuses\""}]},{"reference":"Jay Anderson (2022-08-03). \"UFC: Brandon Royval vs. Askar Askarov set for October 15\". cagesidepress.com. Retrieved 2022-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://cagesidepress.com/2022/08/03/ufc-brandon-royval-vs-askar-askarov-set-october-15/","url_text":"\"UFC: Brandon Royval vs. Askar Askarov set for October 15\""}]},{"reference":"Fighting, MMA. \"Brandon Royval vs. Askar Askarov called off for UFC Vegas 62\". MMA Fighting. Retrieved 14 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2022/10/14/23404443/brandon-royval-vs-askar-askarov-called-off-for-ufc-vegas-62","url_text":"\"Brandon Royval vs. Askar Askarov called off for UFC Vegas 62\""}]},{"reference":"Jay Anderson (2022-10-25). \"Brandon Royval vs. Amir Albazi Set for UFC's December 17 Card\". cagesidepress.com. Retrieved 2022-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://cagesidepress.com/2022/10/25/brandon-royval-vs-amir-albazi-set-ufcs-december-17-card/","url_text":"\"Brandon Royval vs. Amir Albazi Set for UFC's December 17 Card\""}]},{"reference":"King, Nolan (2022-11-23). \"Brandon Royval announces he's out of UFC Fight Night 216 due to broken wrist\". MMA Junkie. Retrieved 2022-11-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2022/11/ufc-news-brandon-royval-out-vs-amir-albazi-fight-night-216-injury","url_text":"\"Brandon Royval announces he's out of UFC Fight Night 216 due to broken wrist\""}]},{"reference":"Calhoun, Curtis (2023-02-09). \"Brandon Royval vs. Matheus Nicolau Booked For UFC Kansas City, Twitter Reacts\". Mma News | Ufc News, Results & Interviews. Retrieved 2023-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mmanews.com/2023/02/brandon-royval-vs-matheus-nicolau-booked-for-ufc-kansas-city-twitter-reacts/","url_text":"\"Brandon Royval vs. Matheus Nicolau Booked For UFC Kansas City, Twitter Reacts\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Jay (2023-04-15). \"UFC Kansas City: Brandon Royval Floors Matheus Nicolau, Calls for Title Shot\". Cageside Press. Retrieved 2023-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://cagesidepress.com/2023/04/15/ufc-kansas-city-brandon-royval-vs-matheus-nicolau/","url_text":"\"UFC Kansas City: Brandon Royval Floors Matheus Nicolau, Calls for Title Shot\""}]},{"reference":"\"UFC on ESPN 44 bonuses: Edson Barboza's spectacular knee knockout earns $50,000\". MMA Junkie. 2023-04-16. Retrieved 2023-04-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/lists/ufc-on-espn-44-bonuses-edson-barboza-knockout-bill-algeo-tj-brown-gillian-robertson-brandon-royval","url_text":"\"UFC on ESPN 44 bonuses: Edson Barboza's spectacular knee knockout earns $50,000\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, Damon (2023-09-20). \"Leon Edwards vs. Colby Covington, Alexandre Pantoja vs. Brandon Royval 2 set to headline UFC 296\". MMA Fighting. Retrieved 2023-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2023/9/20/23883410/leon-edwards-vs-colby-covington-alexandre-pantoja-vs-brandon-royval-2-set-to-headline-ufc-296","url_text":"\"Leon Edwards vs. Colby Covington, Alexandre Pantoja vs. Brandon Royval 2 set to headline UFC 296\""}]},{"reference":"\"UFC 296 full results: Leon Edwards dominates Colby Covington; Alexandre Pantoja retains title\". Yahoo Sports. 2023-12-17. Retrieved 2023-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://sports.yahoo.com/ufc-296-full-results-leon-edwards-dominates-colby-covington-alexandre-pantoja-retains-title-190016777.html","url_text":"\"UFC 296 full results: Leon Edwards dominates Colby Covington; Alexandre Pantoja retains title\""}]},{"reference":"Steve Marrocco (2024-01-11). \"UFC Mexico City gets new headliner after Amir Albazi forced off card\". mmafighting.com. Retrieved 2024-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mmafighting.com/platform/amp/2024/1/11/24035284/ufc-mexico-city-gets-new-headliner-after-amir-albazi-forced-off-card","url_text":"\"UFC Mexico City gets new headliner after Amir Albazi forced off card\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Jay (2024-02-25). \"UFC Mexico City: Brandon Royval Avenges Loss to Brandon Moreno\". Cageside Press. Retrieved 2024-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://cagesidepress.com/2024/02/25/ufc-mexico-city-brandon-royval-avenges-loss-to-brandon-moreno/","url_text":"\"UFC Mexico City: Brandon Royval Avenges Loss to Brandon Moreno\""}]},{"reference":"Howard, Jake. \"Brandon \"Raw Dog\" Royval makes flyweight\". Met Media. Retrieved 16 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mymetmedia.com/brandon-raw-dog-royval/","url_text":"\"Brandon \"Raw Dog\" Royval makes flyweight\""}]},{"reference":"\"Professor Brandon Royval\". factoryxmuaythai.com. Retrieved December 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://factoryxmuaythai.com/Instructors/Professor-Brandon-Royval","url_text":"\"Professor Brandon Royval\""}]},{"reference":"UFC (2024-04-01). \"UFC Flyweight - Fight Stats\". ufc.com. Retrieved 2024-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://statleaders.ufc.com/en/fight?weight_class=FLW","url_text":"\"UFC Flyweight - Fight Stats\""}]},{"reference":"Sherdog.com. \"Brandon Royval\". Sherdog. Retrieved 2020-08-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Brandon-Royval-83851","url_text":"\"Brandon Royval\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.sherdog.com/fightfinder/fightfinder.asp?fighterID=83851","external_links_name":"Mixed martial arts record"},{"Link":"http://ufcstats.com/fighter-details/6e15f63b6c2e2c15","external_links_name":"\"Stats | UFC\""},{"Link":"https://www.ufc.com/athlete/brandon-royval","external_links_name":"\"Brandon Royval | UFC\""},{"Link":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cub21ueWNvbnRlbnQuY29tL2QvcGxheWxpc3QvYWFlYTRlNjktYWY1MS00OTVlLWFmYzktYTk3NjAxNDY5MjJiLzI3MmQ2M2QwLTE0ZTItNGI3MC1hN2YwLWFiOTAwMTdlNzY2Mi85Y2ZkOThjYy1iZmZmLTRiOTQtOWE5MC1hYjkwMDE3ZTc2NzUvcG9kY2FzdC5yc3M/episode/OGE0YWNmZTItMzVmOC00NmFlLWIyN2UtYWU4YTAwMDZkNTQ2","external_links_name":"\"Randy Brown, Brandon Royval, and UFC Fight Night: Font vs Vera recap\""},{"Link":"https://www.ufc.com/rankings","external_links_name":"\"UFC Rankings, Division Rankings, P4P rankings, UFC Champions | UFC.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.mymetmedia.com/brandon-raw-dog-royval/","external_links_name":"\"Brandon \"Raw Dog\" Royval makes flyweight\""},{"Link":"https://cagesidepress.com/2019/03/28/welcome-to-the-ufc-casey-kenney/","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to the UFC: Casey Kenney\""},{"Link":"https://mmajunkie.com/2019/05/lfa-65-results-brandon-royval-taps-out-ufc-vet-joby-sanchez","external_links_name":"\"LFA 65 results: Brandon Royval taps out UFC vet Joby Sanchez\""},{"Link":"https://www.ufc.com/news/brandon-royval-knows-he-belongs-ufc-255","external_links_name":"\"Brandon Royval Knows He Belongs\""},{"Link":"https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2020/05/tim-elliott-vs-brandon-royval-flyweight-may-30-lineup","external_links_name":"\"UFC adds Tim Elliott vs. Brandon Royval to May 30 lineup\""},{"Link":"https://cagesidepress.com/2020/05/30/ufc-vegas-results-brandon-royval-submits-tim-elliott-in-ufc-debut/","external_links_name":"\"UFC Vegas Results: Brandon Royval Submits Tim Elliott in Octagon Debut\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2020/5/31/21275717/ufc-las-vegas-post-fight-bonuses-derns-record-setting-kneebar-wins-potn","external_links_name":"\"UFC Las Vegas bonuses: Dern's record-setting kneebar wins POTN\""},{"Link":"https://mmadna.nl/ufc-flyweightclash-tussen-kai-kara-france-en-brandon-royval-op-26-september/","external_links_name":"\"UFC Flyweightclash tussen Kai Kara-France en Brandon Royval op 26 september\""},{"Link":"https://cagesidepress.com/2020/09/26/ufc-253-results-kai-kara-france-vs-brandon-royval/","external_links_name":"\"UFC 253 Results: Brandon Royval Makes Kai Kara-France Tap\""},{"Link":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2020/9/27/21458097/ufc-253-bonuses-israel-adesanya-jan-blachowicz-cash-in-with-championship-performances","external_links_name":"\"UFC 253 bonuses: Israel Adesanya, Jan Blachowicz cash in with championship performances\""},{"Link":"https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2020/10/brandon-royval-vs-brandon-moreno-flyweight-ufc-255-replacement-alex-perez","external_links_name":"\"Brandon Royval replaces Alex Perez, meets Brandon Moreno at UFC 255\""},{"Link":"https://cagesidepress.com/2020/11/21/ufc-255-results-brandon-moreno/","external_links_name":"\"UFC 255 Results: Brandon Moreno Finishes Injured Brandon Royval\""},{"Link":"https://mmadna.nl/alexandre-pantoja-vs-brandon-royval-toegevoegd-aan-ufc-evenement-op-21-augustus/","external_links_name":"\"Alexandre Pantoja vs. Brandon Royval toegevoegd aan UFC evenement op 21 augustus\""},{"Link":"https://cagesidepress.com/2021/08/21/ufc-vegas-34-results-alexandre-pantoja-vs-brandon-royval/","external_links_name":"\"UFC Vegas 34 Results: Alexandre Pantoja Subs Game Brandon Royval\""},{"Link":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2021/10/1/22703949/rogerio-bontorin-reduced-usada-suspension-tainted-supplement-brandon-royval-january-15-ufc","external_links_name":"\"Rogerio Bontorin returns vs. Brandon Royval at Jan. 15 UFC event\""},{"Link":"https://cagesidepress.com/2022/01/15/ufc-vegas-46-results-brandon-royval/","external_links_name":"\"UFC Vegas 46: Brandon Royval Grinds Out Split Decision Against Bontorin\""},{"Link":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2022/2/24/22950183/brandon-royval-vs-matt-schnell-added-to-ufc-274","external_links_name":"\"Brandon Royval vs. Matt Schnell added to UFC 274\""},{"Link":"https://cagesidepress.com/2022/05/07/ufc-274-brandon-royval-taps-matt-schnell-wild-two-minute-scrap/","external_links_name":"\"UFC 274: Brandon Royval Taps Matt Schnell In A Wild Two Minute Scrap\""},{"Link":"https://cagesidepress.com/2022/05/08/ufc-274-chandler-fialho-earn-performance-night/","external_links_name":"\"UFC 274: Chandler, Fialho Earn Performance of the Night Bonuses\""},{"Link":"https://cagesidepress.com/2022/08/03/ufc-brandon-royval-vs-askar-askarov-set-october-15/","external_links_name":"\"UFC: Brandon Royval vs. Askar Askarov set for October 15\""},{"Link":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2022/10/14/23404443/brandon-royval-vs-askar-askarov-called-off-for-ufc-vegas-62","external_links_name":"\"Brandon Royval vs. Askar Askarov called off for UFC Vegas 62\""},{"Link":"https://cagesidepress.com/2022/10/25/brandon-royval-vs-amir-albazi-set-ufcs-december-17-card/","external_links_name":"\"Brandon Royval vs. Amir Albazi Set for UFC's December 17 Card\""},{"Link":"https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2022/11/ufc-news-brandon-royval-out-vs-amir-albazi-fight-night-216-injury","external_links_name":"\"Brandon Royval announces he's out of UFC Fight Night 216 due to broken wrist\""},{"Link":"https://www.mmanews.com/2023/02/brandon-royval-vs-matheus-nicolau-booked-for-ufc-kansas-city-twitter-reacts/","external_links_name":"\"Brandon Royval vs. Matheus Nicolau Booked For UFC Kansas City, Twitter Reacts\""},{"Link":"https://cagesidepress.com/2023/04/15/ufc-kansas-city-brandon-royval-vs-matheus-nicolau/","external_links_name":"\"UFC Kansas City: Brandon Royval Floors Matheus Nicolau, Calls for Title Shot\""},{"Link":"https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/lists/ufc-on-espn-44-bonuses-edson-barboza-knockout-bill-algeo-tj-brown-gillian-robertson-brandon-royval","external_links_name":"\"UFC on ESPN 44 bonuses: Edson Barboza's spectacular knee knockout earns $50,000\""},{"Link":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2023/9/20/23883410/leon-edwards-vs-colby-covington-alexandre-pantoja-vs-brandon-royval-2-set-to-headline-ufc-296","external_links_name":"\"Leon Edwards vs. Colby Covington, Alexandre Pantoja vs. Brandon Royval 2 set to headline UFC 296\""},{"Link":"https://sports.yahoo.com/ufc-296-full-results-leon-edwards-dominates-colby-covington-alexandre-pantoja-retains-title-190016777.html","external_links_name":"\"UFC 296 full results: Leon Edwards dominates Colby Covington; Alexandre Pantoja retains title\""},{"Link":"https://www.mmafighting.com/platform/amp/2024/1/11/24035284/ufc-mexico-city-gets-new-headliner-after-amir-albazi-forced-off-card","external_links_name":"\"UFC Mexico City gets new headliner after Amir Albazi forced off card\""},{"Link":"https://cagesidepress.com/2024/02/25/ufc-mexico-city-brandon-royval-avenges-loss-to-brandon-moreno/","external_links_name":"\"UFC Mexico City: Brandon Royval Avenges Loss to Brandon Moreno\""},{"Link":"https://www.mymetmedia.com/brandon-raw-dog-royval/","external_links_name":"\"Brandon \"Raw Dog\" Royval makes flyweight\""},{"Link":"http://factoryxmuaythai.com/Instructors/Professor-Brandon-Royval","external_links_name":"\"Professor Brandon Royval\""},{"Link":"http://statleaders.ufc.com/en/fight?weight_class=FLW","external_links_name":"\"UFC Flyweight - Fight Stats\""},{"Link":"https://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Brandon-Royval-83851","external_links_name":"\"Brandon Royval\""},{"Link":"http://www.sherdog.com/fightfinder/fightfinder.asp?fighterID=83851","external_links_name":"Professional MMA record for Brandon Royval"},{"Link":"https://www.ufc.com/athlete/brandon-royval","external_links_name":"Brandon Royval"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_por_Movistar_Plus%2B
|
Golf por Movistar Plus+
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Spanish TV channel
Television channel
Golf por Movistar Plus+CountrySpainNetworkMovistar+OwnershipOwnerTelefónicaSister channelsList of Movistar Plus+ channelsHistoryLaunched17 January 2002Former namesMovistar Golf (2016–2022)Canal+ Golf (2010–2016)Golf+ (2002–2010)LinksWebsitemovistarplus.es/golf Golf en Movistar Plus+
Golf por Movistar Plus+ is a Spanish television channel own and operated by Telefónica.
References
^ N.P. (January 2010). "Canal+ Golf: el mejor golf del mundo, con el sello de Canal+". Mundo Plus (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
External links
Official site
vteChannels on Movistar Plus+Movistarchannels
Movistar Plus+
Vamos por M+
Cine por M+
Series por M+
Originales por M+
Clásicos por M+
Acción por M+
Comedia por M+
Drama por M+
Cine Español por M+
Suspense por M+
Indie por M+
Documentales por M+
Música por M+
La Resistencia 24H por M+
Ellas Vamos por M+
LaLigaTV por M+
Liga de Campeones por M+
Deportes por M+
Golf por M+
Caza y Pesca
Fútbol Replay SD
General (1–8)
La 1
La 2
Antena 3
Cuatro
Telecinco
laSexta
Movistar Plus+
Vamos por M+
Movistar BasicEntertainment Channels (12–19)
Cine por M+
Series por M+
Originales por M+
Pop Up channel por M+
Documentales por M+
Música por M+
La Resistencia 24H por M+
Movies (20–29)
Clásicos por M+
Acción por M+
Comedia por M+
Drama por M+
Suspense por M+
Indie por M+
Cine Español por M+
SkyShowtime 1
TCM
Canal Hollywood
XTRM SD
Sundance TV
Dark
Somos SD
Paramount Network SD
Entertainment (38–50)
Star Channel
AXN
Warner TV
Comedy Central
Calle 13
COSMO
AMC
AXN Movies
Syfy
Trece
Energy
FDF
Neox
Atreseries
Sports (52–79)
Vamos por M+
LaLigaTV por M+
DAZN LaLiga
LaLiga TV Hypermotion
LaLigaTV por M+ aux 2
DAZN LaLiga aux 2
Liga de Campeones por M+
Liga de Campeones por M+ aux 2-3
Deportes por M+
Deportes por M+ aux 2-3
Ellas Vamos por M+
Golf por M+
Golf 2 por M+
DAZN F1
DAZN 1
DAZN 2
Eurosport 1
Eurosport 2
GOL PLAY
Teledeporte
Real Madrid TV
Caza y Pesca
Iberalia TV
Garage TV
Ubeat
Documentaries andentertainment (80–99)
National Geographic
Nat Geo Wild
Canal Historia
Discovery Channel
Odisea
AMC Break SD
DMAX SD
AMC Crime SD
¡Buen Viaje! SD
Canal Cocina
Decasa SD
DKISS SD
Divinity
Nova
Mega
Be Mad
Ten SD
EnFamilia SD
Children (110–119)
BabyTV SD
Disney Junior
Nick Jr.
Nickelodeon
DreamWorks
Disney Channel
Boing
Clan
Music (120–125)
MTV SD
MTV 00s SD
Mezzo SD
Mezzo Live
Stingray Classica
News andinternational (127–149)
24 Horas HD
BBC News SD
CNN International SD
Fox News SD
Euronews SD
Al Jazeera SD
France 24 SD
RT en Español SD
CNBC Europe SD
TV5Monde SD
Bloomberg SD
El Toro TV
Negocios TV
Sky News SD
RT SD
RT France SD
Fútbol Replay SD
CNC World SD
Arirang TV
CGTN Spanish SD
Telefe SD
Las Estrellas SD
TV Chile SD
TV Colombia SD
Cubavisión
Telesur
EWTN SD
NHK World SD
Regional (150-166)
Canal Sur Andalucía SD
TVG
Canal Extremadura SAT
TV3CAT
ETB Sat SD
Aragón Sat SD
Telemadrid
Sports aux (176–195; 440-443)
Movistar Plus+ 2
LaLiga por M+ aux 3-4
LaLiga TV Hypermotion aux 3
Liga de Campeones por M+ aux 4-13 SD
Deportes por M+ aux 4-7 SD
DAZN 3
DAZN 4
Alquiler
LaLigaTV por M+ UHD
Liga de Campeones por M+ UHD
Liga de Campeones 2 por M+ UHD
DAZN F1 UHD
This article about a Spanish television station is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"television channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_channel"},{"link_name":"Telefónica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telef%C3%B3nica"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Television channelGolf por Movistar Plus+ is a Spanish television channel own and operated by Telefónica.[1]","title":"Golf por Movistar Plus+"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"N.P. (January 2010). \"Canal+ Golf: el mejor golf del mundo, con el sello de Canal+\". Mundo Plus (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181120095501/https://www.mundoplus.tv/noticias/?seccion=tv_digital&id=7446","url_text":"\"Canal+ Golf: el mejor golf del mundo, con el sello de Canal+\""},{"url":"https://www.mundoplus.tv/noticias/?seccion=tv_digital&id=7446","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.movistarplus.es/golf","external_links_name":"movistarplus.es/golf Golf en Movistar Plus+"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181120095501/https://www.mundoplus.tv/noticias/?seccion=tv_digital&id=7446","external_links_name":"\"Canal+ Golf: el mejor golf del mundo, con el sello de Canal+\""},{"Link":"https://www.mundoplus.tv/noticias/?seccion=tv_digital&id=7446","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.movistarplus.es/golf","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golf_por_Movistar_Plus%2B&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sad_Clown_Bad_Summer_9
|
Atmosphere discography
|
["1 Studio albums","2 Extended plays","3 Compilation albums","4 Sad Clown/Bad Dub series","5 Singles","6 References","7 External links"]
|
Atmosphere discographyStudio albums12Compilation albums2Internet albums1EPs10Singles18Sad Clown/Bad Dub13
This is a comprehensive discography of Atmosphere, a Minneapolis, Minnesota-based underground hip hop group formed in 1996.
Studio albums
Year
Title
Peak chart positions
Notes
US
USR&B
USInd.
UKR&B
1997
Overcast!
Label: Rhymesayers
Released: August 5, 1997
—
—
—
—
Extended version of the Overcast! EP.
2002
God Loves Ugly
Released: June 11, 2002
Label: Rhymesayers, Fat Beats
139
43
—
—
Also released as God Loves Ugly (Instrumentals).
2003
Seven's Travels
Released: September 23, 2003
Label: Rhymesayers, Epitaph
83
58
5
—
Also released as Seven's Travels (Instrumentals).
2005
You Can't Imagine HowMuch Fun We're Having
Released: October 4, 2005
Label: Rhymesayers
66
55
1
—
2008
When Life Gives You Lemons,You Paint That Shit Gold
Release: April 22, 2008
Label: Rhymesayers
5
13
2
—
2011
The Family Sign
Release: April 12, 2011
Label: Rhymesayers
13
3
2
—
2014
Southsiders
Release: May 6, 2014
Label: Rhymesayers
8
3
2
33
2016
Fishing Blues
Release: August 12, 2016
Label: Rhymesayers
22
2
1
—
2018
Mi Vida Local
Release: October 5, 2018
Label: Rhymesayers
129
—
7
—
2019
Whenever
Release: December 13, 2019
Label: Rhymesayers
—
—
—
—
2020
The Day Before Halloween
Release: October 30, 2020
Label: Rhymesayers
—
—
—
—
2021
Word?
Release: October 8, 2021
Label: Rhymesayers
—
—
—
—
2023
So Many Other Realities Exist Simultaneously
Release: May 5, 2023
Label: Rhymesayers
—
—
—
—
Extended plays
Year
Title
Notes
1997
Overcast! EP
Label: Rhymesayers
Re-released the same year as the extended Overcast!.
2000
Ford One
Released: September 1, 2000
Label: Rhymesayers
Collected and re-released on Lucy Ford: The Atmosphere EPs in 2001.
Ford Two
Released: September 1, 2000
Label: Rhymesayers
2001
The Lucy EP
Label: Rhymesayers, Fat Beats
2007
Strictly Leakage
Released: December 25, 2007
Label: Rhymesayers
Released as a free digital download.
-
2009
Leak at Will
Released: July 4, 2009
Label: Rhymesayers
Released as a free digital download.
2010
To All My Friends, Blood Makes The Blade Holy: The Atmosphere EP's
Released: September 7, 2010
Label: Rhymesayers
2013
Demosexual 7"
Released: April 20, 2013
Label: Rhymesayers
Record Store Day exclusive. Demo's from 2009/2010
2014
The Lake Nokomis Maxi Single
Released: April 19, 2014
Label: Rhymesayers
Record Store Day exclusive. Contains tracks that would serve as the bonus tracks for Southsiders
2016
Frida Kahlo vs. Ezra Pound
Released: December 9, 2016
Label: Rhymesayers
Compilation albums
Year
Title
Peak chart positions
Notes
US
USR&B
USInd.
2001
Lucy Ford: The Atmosphere EPs
Released: February 1, 2001
Label: Rhymesayers, Fat Beats
—
—
—
Collection of three previously released EPs: The Lucy EP, Ford 1, and Ford 2.
2005
Headshots: SE7EN
Label: Rhymesayers
165
100
12
Re-released and remastered version of Headshots: Vol.7, a 1998 cassette featuring Atmosphere.
2018
Sad Clown Bad Year (#9-#12 Collection)
Label: Rhymesayers
Collection of four previously released EPs: Sad Clown Bad Summer 9, Sad Clown Bad Fall 10, Sad Clown Bad Winter 11, Sad Clown Bad Spring 12.
Sad Clown/Bad Dub series
Between major releases, Atmosphere has released various live albums and EPs of unreleased material under the "Sad Clown/Bad Dub" title.
Sad Clown Bad Dub (1999)
Sad Clown Bad Dub II (2000)
Sad Clown Bad Dub 3 (2002)
Sad Clown Bad Dub 4 DVD (2002)
Sad Clown Bad Dub 5 (2003)
Sad Clown Bad Dub 6 (2003)
Random Vol. 3/Sad Clown Bad Dub 7 (2003)
Happy Clown Bad Dub 8/Fun EP (2006)
Sad Clown Bad Summer 9 (2007)
Sad Clown Bad Fall 10 (2007)
Sad Clown Bad Winter 11 (2007)
Sad Clown Bad Spring 12 (2008)
Sad Clown Bad Dub 13 DVD (2008)
Sad Clown Bad Dub II (2023 re-release)
Singles
Year
Title
Peak chart positions
Album
USAlt.
USR&B
USRap
1998
"They Lied"
—
—
—
2002
"Uptown Jesus"
—
—
—
"Modern Man's Hustle"
—
—
18
God Loves Ugly
"GodLovesUgly"
—
—
—
2003
"Fuck You Lucy"
—
—
—
"Cats Van Bags" (featuring Brother Ali)
—
—
—
Seven's Travels
"Trying to Find a Balance"
—
—
—
2004
"National Disgrace"
—
—
—
2005
"Watch Out"
—
—
—
You Can't Imagine How Much Fun We're Having
2006
"Say Hey There"
—
—
—
2008
"Shoulda Known"
—
—
—
When Life Gives You Lemons, You Paint That Shit Gold
"Guarantees"
—
—
—
"You"
38
—
—
2009
"Your Glasshouse"
—
—
—
2010
"To All My Friends"
—
—
—
To All My Friends, Blood Makes the Blade Holy: The Atmosphere EP's
2011
"Just for Show"
—
—
—
The Family Sign
"She's Enough"
—
—
—
"The Last to Say"
—
—
—
"Ain't Nobody"
—
—
—
2012
"Someday Soon"
—
62
—
Record Store Day 2012 Picture Disc
2013
"Bob Seger"
—
—
—
non-album single
2014
"Southsiders (Remix)"
—
—
—
Southsiders
"Bitter"
—
—
—
"Kanye West"
—
—
—
2016
"Ringo"
—
—
—
Fishing Blues
"Pure Evil"
—
—
—
References
General
"Atmosphere – Discography". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 2008-03-11.
Specific
^ a b c "Atmosphere Chart History: Billboard 200". Billboard. Retrieved 2018-10-16.
^ a b c "Atmosphere > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 2008-04-18.
^ "Rhymesayers Entertainment – Atmosphere – Bio". Rhymesayers Entertainment. Archived from the original on 2008-03-26. Retrieved 2008-03-11.
^ "Sad Clown Bad Summer Number 9 (EXPLICIT LYRICS) (EP)". Amazon. Archived from the original on 14 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-11.
^ "Atmosphere (2) - Ain't Nobody (CDr) at Discogs". Discogs.
^ "Atmosphere (2) - Bob Seger (File, MP3) at Discogs". Discogs.
^ "Atmosphere (2) - Southsiders Remix (File, MP3) at Discogs". Discogs.
^ "Atmosphere (2) - Bitter (File, MP3) at Discogs". Discogs.
^ "Atmosphere (2) - Kanye West (CDr) at Discogs". Discogs.
^ "Atmosphere - Ringo (Official Video) - YouTube". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21.
^ "Atmosphere - Pure Evil - YouTube". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21.
External links
Atmosphere discography discography at Discogs
vteAtmosphere
Ant
Slug
Nate Collis
Erick Anderson
Studio albums
Overcast!
God Loves Ugly
Seven's Travels
You Can't Imagine How Much Fun We're Having
When Life Gives You Lemons, You Paint That Shit Gold
The Family Sign
Southsiders
Fishing Blues
Mi Vida Local
Compilation albums
Lucy Ford: The Atmosphere EP's
Headshots: Se7en
Mixtapes
Strictly Leakage
EPs
Overcast!
Sad Clown Bad Dub II
Ford One
Ford Two
Sad Clown Bad Dub 3
Random Vol. 3/Sad Clown Bad Dub 7
Happy Clown Bad Dub 8/Fun EP
Sad Clown Bad Summer 9
Sad Clown Bad Fall 10
Sad Clown Bad Spring 12
Leak at Will
To All My Friends, Blood Makes the Blade Holy: The Atmosphere EP's
Singles
"GodLovesUgly"
Related articles
Discography
Rhymesayers Entertainment
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atmosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_(music_group)"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"underground hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_hip_hop"}],"text":"This is a comprehensive discography of Atmosphere, a Minneapolis, Minnesota-based underground hip hop group formed in 1996.","title":"Atmosphere discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Studio albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Extended plays"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Compilation albums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rhymesayers_bio-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amazon_Bad_Summer-4"}],"text":"Between major releases, Atmosphere has released various live albums and EPs of unreleased material under the \"Sad Clown/Bad Dub\" title.[3]\n[4]Sad Clown Bad Dub (1999)\nSad Clown Bad Dub II (2000)\nSad Clown Bad Dub 3 (2002)\nSad Clown Bad Dub 4 DVD (2002)\nSad Clown Bad Dub 5 (2003)\nSad Clown Bad Dub 6 (2003)\nRandom Vol. 3/Sad Clown Bad Dub 7 (2003)\nHappy Clown Bad Dub 8/Fun EP (2006)\nSad Clown Bad Summer 9 (2007)\nSad Clown Bad Fall 10 (2007)\nSad Clown Bad Winter 11 (2007)\nSad Clown Bad Spring 12 (2008)\nSad Clown Bad Dub 13 DVD (2008)\nSad Clown Bad Dub II (2023 re-release)","title":"Sad Clown/Bad Dub series"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Singles"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Atmosphere – Discography\". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 2008-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p410492/discography/main","url_text":"\"Atmosphere – Discography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"Allmusic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TiVo_Corporation","url_text":"Rovi Corporation"}]},{"reference":"\"Atmosphere Chart History: Billboard 200\". Billboard. Retrieved 2018-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/atmosphere/chart-history","url_text":"\"Atmosphere Chart History: Billboard 200\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Atmosphere > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums\". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 2008-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p410492/charts-awards/billboard-albums","url_text":"\"Atmosphere > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovi_Corporation","url_text":"Rovi Corporation"}]},{"reference":"\"Rhymesayers Entertainment – Atmosphere – Bio\". Rhymesayers Entertainment. Archived from the original on 2008-03-26. Retrieved 2008-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080326232816/http://www.rhymesayers.com/aDetail.php?aId=3&cT=Bio","url_text":"\"Rhymesayers Entertainment – Atmosphere – Bio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhymesayers_Entertainment","url_text":"Rhymesayers Entertainment"},{"url":"http://www.rhymesayers.com/aDetail.php?aId=3&cT=Bio","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sad Clown Bad Summer Number 9 (EXPLICIT LYRICS) (EP)\". Amazon. Archived from the original on 14 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Sad-Clown-Bad-Summer-Number/dp/B000UNMC12","url_text":"\"Sad Clown Bad Summer Number 9 (EXPLICIT LYRICS) (EP)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080214044821/http://www.amazon.com/Sad-Clown-Bad-Summer-Number/dp/B000UNMC12","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Atmosphere (2) - Ain't Nobody (CDr) at Discogs\". Discogs.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discogs.com/Atmosphere-Aint-Nobody/release/3457458","url_text":"\"Atmosphere (2) - Ain't Nobody (CDr) at Discogs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs","url_text":"Discogs"}]},{"reference":"\"Atmosphere (2) - Bob Seger (File, MP3) at Discogs\". Discogs.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discogs.com/Atmosphere-Bob-Seger/release/5460620","url_text":"\"Atmosphere (2) - Bob Seger (File, MP3) at Discogs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs","url_text":"Discogs"}]},{"reference":"\"Atmosphere (2) - Southsiders Remix (File, MP3) at Discogs\". Discogs.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discogs.com/Atmosphere-Southsiders-Remix/release/5553455","url_text":"\"Atmosphere (2) - Southsiders Remix (File, MP3) at Discogs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs","url_text":"Discogs"}]},{"reference":"\"Atmosphere (2) - Bitter (File, MP3) at Discogs\". Discogs.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discogs.com/Atmosphere-Bitter/release/5460599","url_text":"\"Atmosphere (2) - Bitter (File, MP3) at Discogs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs","url_text":"Discogs"}]},{"reference":"\"Atmosphere (2) - Kanye West (CDr) at Discogs\". Discogs.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discogs.com/Atmosphere-Kanye-West-/release/6015920","url_text":"\"Atmosphere (2) - Kanye West (CDr) at Discogs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs","url_text":"Discogs"}]},{"reference":"\"Atmosphere - Ringo (Official Video) - YouTube\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y6ueCFLkJdA","url_text":"\"Atmosphere - Ringo (Official Video) - YouTube\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/Y6ueCFLkJdA","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Atmosphere - Pure Evil - YouTube\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TqCnUmWUgZY","url_text":"\"Atmosphere - Pure Evil - YouTube\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/TqCnUmWUgZY","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p410492/discography/main","external_links_name":"\"Atmosphere – Discography\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/atmosphere/chart-history","external_links_name":"\"Atmosphere Chart History: Billboard 200\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p410492/charts-awards/billboard-albums","external_links_name":"\"Atmosphere > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080326232816/http://www.rhymesayers.com/aDetail.php?aId=3&cT=Bio","external_links_name":"\"Rhymesayers Entertainment – Atmosphere – Bio\""},{"Link":"http://www.rhymesayers.com/aDetail.php?aId=3&cT=Bio","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Sad-Clown-Bad-Summer-Number/dp/B000UNMC12","external_links_name":"\"Sad Clown Bad Summer Number 9 (EXPLICIT LYRICS) (EP)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080214044821/http://www.amazon.com/Sad-Clown-Bad-Summer-Number/dp/B000UNMC12","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/Atmosphere-Aint-Nobody/release/3457458","external_links_name":"\"Atmosphere (2) - Ain't Nobody (CDr) at Discogs\""},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/Atmosphere-Bob-Seger/release/5460620","external_links_name":"\"Atmosphere (2) - Bob Seger (File, MP3) at Discogs\""},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/Atmosphere-Southsiders-Remix/release/5553455","external_links_name":"\"Atmosphere (2) - Southsiders Remix (File, MP3) at Discogs\""},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/Atmosphere-Bitter/release/5460599","external_links_name":"\"Atmosphere (2) - Bitter (File, MP3) at Discogs\""},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/Atmosphere-Kanye-West-/release/6015920","external_links_name":"\"Atmosphere (2) - Kanye West (CDr) at Discogs\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y6ueCFLkJdA","external_links_name":"\"Atmosphere - Ringo (Official Video) - YouTube\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/Y6ueCFLkJdA","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TqCnUmWUgZY","external_links_name":"\"Atmosphere - Pure Evil - YouTube\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/TqCnUmWUgZY","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/Atmosphere+%282%29","external_links_name":"Atmosphere discography"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Observation_Network_for_Territorial_Development_and_Cohesion
|
European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion
|
["1 See also","2 References"]
|
The European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion, often shortened as ESPON, is a European funded programme under the objective of "European Territorial Cooperation" of the Cohesion Policy of the European Union. It is co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund - Interreg.
The mission of the programme is to support policy development in relation to the aim of territorial cohesion and a harmonious development of the European territory. Firstly it provides comparable information, evidence, analyses and scenarios on territorial dynamics and secondly it reveals territorial capital and potentials for the development of regions and larger territories thus contributing to European competitiveness, territorial cooperation and a sustainable and balanced development.
The current ESPON 2020 Programme is carried through by 28 European Union Member States as well as Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland and the European Commission.
See also
European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP)
Report ESDP
Territorial Agenda of the EU
Green Book on Territorial Cohesion
EU 2020 Strategy
References
Programme home page
This article about the European Union is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"}],"text":"The mission of the programme is to support policy development in relation to the aim of territorial cohesion and a harmonious development of the European territory. Firstly it provides comparable information, evidence, analyses and scenarios on territorial dynamics and secondly it reveals territorial capital and potentials for the development of regions and larger territories thus contributing to European competitiveness, territorial cooperation and a sustainable and balanced development.The current ESPON 2020 Programme is carried through by 28 European Union Member States as well as Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland and the European Commission.","title":"European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"European Spatial Development Perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Spatial_Development_Perspective"},{"title":"Report ESDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docoffic/official/reports/som_en.htm/"},{"title":"Territorial Agenda of the EU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100303084722/http://www.bmvbs.de/territorial-agenda"},{"title":"Green Book on Territorial Cohesion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/consultation/terco/paper_terco_en.pdf"},{"title":"EU 2020 Strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100504171954/http://ec.europa.eu/eu2020/index_en.htm"}]
|
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docoffic/official/reports/som_en.htm/","external_links_name":"Report ESDP"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100303084722/http://www.bmvbs.de/territorial-agenda","external_links_name":"Territorial Agenda of the EU"},{"Link":"http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/consultation/terco/paper_terco_en.pdf","external_links_name":"Green Book on Territorial Cohesion"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100504171954/http://ec.europa.eu/eu2020/index_en.htm","external_links_name":"EU 2020 Strategy"},{"Link":"http://www.espon.eu/","external_links_name":"Programme home page"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Observation_Network_for_Territorial_Development_and_Cohesion&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Ps_Party-list
|
4Ps Party-list
|
["1 Background","2 Electoral performance","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Political party in the Philippines
4Ps Party-list FoundedApril 17, 2019 (2019-04-17)HeadquartersQuezon CityColorsBlue, RedSeats in the House of Representatives2 / 63
Politics of the PhilippinesPolitical partiesElectionsThe Pagtibayin at Palaguin ang Pangkabuhayang Pilipino (lit. 'Strengthen and Grow the Filipino Livelihood'), also known as the 4Ps Party-list, is a political organization seeking party-list representation in the House of Representatives of the Philippines.
Background
4Ps Party-list took part in the 2022 Philippine elections where it is presumed they have already secured at least a seat.
The Partylist Watch and the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) has sought to nullify the 4Ps Party-list's Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for allegedly naming itself after the DSWD's Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) conditional cash transfer program. The 4Ps Party-list has denied doing so pointing out that has consistently said that it does not claim, and will never claim to be associated with the DSWD's 4Ps program and stated that no entity has exclusive legal right to use the 4Ps acronym. However the organization's key platform include the amendment of the 4Ps Law (Republic Act No. 11310) to enhance the program for beneficiaries.
For the 2022 Philippine House of Representatives elections, 4PS nominated Marcelino Libanan, Edwin Cigres, Gene Darryl Santok, April Andrew Alamer and Jonathan Clement Abalos Jr. for party-list candidate, gaining 2 seats with 848,237 votes or 2.30 percent of the votes.
Marcelino Libanan, a 4PS lawmaker, was elected the House Minority Leader of the House of Representatives of the Philippines as a party-list member.
Electoral performance
Election
Votes
%
Party-list seats
2022
848,237
2.30
2
References
^ "Certified List of Candidates (National) (Philippines) - Party Lists" (PDF). Commission on Elections. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
^ Noriega, Richa. "At least 9 party-list groups secure House seats after Eleksyon 2022". GMA News. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
^ Valmonte, Kaycee (April 7, 2022). "Party-list says name is 'completely different' from DSWD '4Ps' program". The Philippine Star. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
^ "Fact Check | Maaaring makalito ang pangalan ng 4Ps party-list sa 4Ps ng DSWD". News5 (in Filipino). TV5. May 5, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
^ Valmonte, Kaycee. "Partylist Watch backs DSWD's call to nullify 4Ps party-list's SEC registration". The Philippine Star. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
^ "4Ps party-list denies using government's '4Ps' program for Eleksyon 2022 agenda". GMA News. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
^ a b "FINAL, OFFICIAL RESULTS: 2022 party list election | Philippines". PHVOTE. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
^ Galvez, Daphne (July 26, 2022). "4Ps lawmaker Libanan is new House Minority Leader". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
External links
"Republic Act No. 11310" (PDF). Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. July 23, 2018. Retrieved May 27, 2022.
vtePolitical parties in the Philippines Senate (24)
NPC (5)
PDP (5)
Nacionalista (4)
Akbayan (1)
Lakas (1)
LDP (1)
PMP (1)
UNA (1)
Independent (5)
House ofRepresentatives(316)Districts
Lakas (94)
Nacionalista (38)
NPC (38)
NUP (37)
PFP (11)
Liberal (10)
PDP (5)
Bukidnon Paglaum (2)
Padayon Pilipino (2)
PRP (2)
Reporma (2)
Aksyon (1)
AZAP (1)
Basilan Unity Party (1)
CDP (1)
LDP (1)
HNP (1)
Navoteño (1)
PDDS (1)
UNA (1)
United Benguet Party (1)
Independent (6)
Party-listsParty-listCoalition (56)
ACT-CIS (3)
1-Rider (2)
4Ps (2)
Ako Bicol (2)
SAGIP (2)
Tingog (2)
1-PACMAN (1)
AAMBIS-OWA (1)
Abang Lingkod (1)
Abono (1)
Agimat (1)
AGRI (1)
AGAP (1)
Ako Bisaya (1)
Ako Ilocano Ako (1)
ALONA (1)
ANAKALUSUGAN (1)
ANGAT (1)
Ang Probinsyano (1)
APEC (1)
API (1)
Bagong Henerasyon (1)
BHW (1)
Bicol Saro (1)
CIBAC (2)
Coop-NATCCO (1)
CWS (1)
Dumper PTDA (1)
Duterte Youth (1)
GP (1)
KABAYAN (1)
Kalinga (1)
Kusug Tausug (1)
LPGMA (1)
MAGSASAKA (1)
Manila Teachers (1)
Marino (1)
OFW (1)
PATROL (1)
PBA (1)
PHILRECA (1)
PINUNO (1)
Probinsyano Ako (1)
Pusong Pinoy (1)
Senior Citizens (1)
TGP (1)
TUCP (1)
Tutok to Win (1)
Uswag Ilonggo Party (1)
Makabayan (3)
ACT Teachers (1)
GABRIELA (1)
Kabataan (1)
Local government
Ang Kapatiran
ABC
Bigkis Pinoy
KANP
KBL
PPM
PPP
PROMDI
RP
WPP
Other local parties
Out of government
Bagumbayan-VNP
DPP
Katipunan
KDP
PDSP
PGRP
PKP-1930
PLM
Non-participating parties
CPP
RWP
Historical parties
Democrata Party
Democratic Alliance
Democratic Party
Federalist Party
Ganap Party
KALIBAPI
KAMPI
Lakas–CMD (1991)
LAMMP
Lapiang Malaya
National Socialist Party
NCP
Philippine Falange
Progresista Party
Progressive Party
Republican Party
Sakdalista
UNIDO
UNO
Portal:Politics
List of political parties
Politics of the Philippines
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"party-list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party-list_representation_in_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines"}],"text":"Political party in the PhilippinesThe Pagtibayin at Palaguin ang Pangkabuhayang Pilipino (lit. 'Strengthen and Grow the Filipino Livelihood'), also known as the 4Ps Party-list,[1] is a political organization seeking party-list representation in the House of Representatives of the Philippines.","title":"4Ps Party-list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2022 Philippine elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Department of Social Welfare and Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Social_Welfare_and_Development"},{"link_name":"Securities and Exchange Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantawid_Pamilyang_Pilipino_Program"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2022 Philippine House of Representatives elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Marcelino Libanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelino_Libanan"},{"link_name":"House Minority Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_Floor_Leader_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"4Ps Party-list took part in the 2022 Philippine elections where it is presumed they have already secured at least a seat.[2]The Partylist Watch and the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) has sought to nullify the 4Ps Party-list's Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for allegedly naming itself after the DSWD's Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) conditional cash transfer program. The 4Ps Party-list has denied doing so pointing out that has consistently said that it does not claim, and will never claim to be associated with the DSWD's 4Ps program and stated that no entity has exclusive legal right to use the 4Ps acronym. However the organization's key platform include the amendment of the 4Ps Law (Republic Act No. 11310) to enhance the program for beneficiaries.[3][4][5][6]For the 2022 Philippine House of Representatives elections, 4PS nominated Marcelino Libanan, Edwin Cigres, Gene Darryl Santok, April Andrew Alamer and Jonathan Clement Abalos Jr. for party-list candidate, gaining 2 seats with 848,237 votes or 2.30 percent of the votes.[7]Marcelino Libanan, a 4PS lawmaker, was elected the House Minority Leader of the House of Representatives of the Philippines as a party-list member.[8]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Electoral performance"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Certified List of Candidates (National) (Philippines) - Party Lists\" (PDF). Commission on Elections. Retrieved May 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://comelec.gov.ph/php-tpls-attachments/2022NLE/TentativeListsofCandidates/PARTYLIST_12242021.pdf","url_text":"\"Certified List of Candidates (National) (Philippines) - Party Lists\""}]},{"reference":"Noriega, Richa. \"At least 9 party-list groups secure House seats after Eleksyon 2022\". GMA News. Retrieved May 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/831479/at-least-9-party-list-groups-secure-house-seats-after-eleksyon-2022/story/","url_text":"\"At least 9 party-list groups secure House seats after Eleksyon 2022\""}]},{"reference":"Valmonte, Kaycee (April 7, 2022). \"Party-list says name is 'completely different' from DSWD '4Ps' program\". The Philippine Star. Retrieved May 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/04/07/2172969/party-list-says-name-completely-different-dswd-4ps-program","url_text":"\"Party-list says name is 'completely different' from DSWD '4Ps' program\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fact Check | Maaaring makalito ang pangalan ng 4Ps party-list sa 4Ps ng DSWD\". News5 (in Filipino). TV5. May 5, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.tv5.com.ph/breaking/read/fact-check-maaaring-makalito-ang-pangalan-ng-4ps-party-list-sa-4ps-ng-dswd","url_text":"\"Fact Check | Maaaring makalito ang pangalan ng 4Ps party-list sa 4Ps ng DSWD\""}]},{"reference":"Valmonte, Kaycee. \"Partylist Watch backs DSWD's call to nullify 4Ps party-list's SEC registration\". The Philippine Star. Retrieved May 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/03/29/2170734/election-watchdog-backs-call-nullify-4ps-party-lists-sec-registration","url_text":"\"Partylist Watch backs DSWD's call to nullify 4Ps party-list's SEC registration\""}]},{"reference":"\"4Ps party-list denies using government's '4Ps' program for Eleksyon 2022 agenda\". GMA News. Retrieved May 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/829861/4ps-party-list-denies-using-government-s-4ps-program-for-eleksyon-2022-agenda/story/","url_text":"\"4Ps party-list denies using government's '4Ps' program for Eleksyon 2022 agenda\""}]},{"reference":"\"FINAL, OFFICIAL RESULTS: 2022 party list election | Philippines\". PHVOTE. Retrieved June 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ph.rappler.com/elections/2022/races/party-list/official-results","url_text":"\"FINAL, OFFICIAL RESULTS: 2022 party list election | Philippines\""}]},{"reference":"Galvez, Daphne (July 26, 2022). \"4Ps lawmaker Libanan is new House Minority Leader\". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved June 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1635007/4ps-lawmaker-libanan-is-new-house-minority-leader","url_text":"\"4Ps lawmaker Libanan is new House Minority Leader\""}]},{"reference":"\"Republic Act No. 11310\" (PDF). Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. July 23, 2018. Retrieved May 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2019/04apr/20190417-RA-11310-RRD.pdf","url_text":"\"Republic Act No. 11310\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://comelec.gov.ph/php-tpls-attachments/2022NLE/TentativeListsofCandidates/PARTYLIST_12242021.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Certified List of Candidates (National) (Philippines) - Party Lists\""},{"Link":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/831479/at-least-9-party-list-groups-secure-house-seats-after-eleksyon-2022/story/","external_links_name":"\"At least 9 party-list groups secure House seats after Eleksyon 2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/04/07/2172969/party-list-says-name-completely-different-dswd-4ps-program","external_links_name":"\"Party-list says name is 'completely different' from DSWD '4Ps' program\""},{"Link":"https://news.tv5.com.ph/breaking/read/fact-check-maaaring-makalito-ang-pangalan-ng-4ps-party-list-sa-4ps-ng-dswd","external_links_name":"\"Fact Check | Maaaring makalito ang pangalan ng 4Ps party-list sa 4Ps ng DSWD\""},{"Link":"https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/03/29/2170734/election-watchdog-backs-call-nullify-4ps-party-lists-sec-registration","external_links_name":"\"Partylist Watch backs DSWD's call to nullify 4Ps party-list's SEC registration\""},{"Link":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/829861/4ps-party-list-denies-using-government-s-4ps-program-for-eleksyon-2022-agenda/story/","external_links_name":"\"4Ps party-list denies using government's '4Ps' program for Eleksyon 2022 agenda\""},{"Link":"https://ph.rappler.com/elections/2022/races/party-list/official-results","external_links_name":"\"FINAL, OFFICIAL RESULTS: 2022 party list election | Philippines\""},{"Link":"https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1635007/4ps-lawmaker-libanan-is-new-house-minority-leader","external_links_name":"\"4Ps lawmaker Libanan is new House Minority Leader\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2019/04apr/20190417-RA-11310-RRD.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Republic Act No. 11310\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_17
|
Chicago 17
|
["1 Artwork, packaging","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 Charts","4.1 Weekly charts","4.2 Year-end charts","5 Certifications","6 References"]
|
1984 studio album by ChicagoChicago 17Studio album by ChicagoReleasedMay 14, 1984 (1984-05-14)RecordedMid 1983 – early 1984StudioThe Lighthouse (North Hollywood, CA) Sunset Sound (Hollywood, CA) The Record Plant (Los Angeles, CA)Genre
Soft rock
pop rock
Length41:53LabelFull Moon/Warner Bros.ProducerDavid FosterChicago chronology
If You Leave Me Now(1983)
Chicago 17(1984)
Take Me Back to Chicago(1985)
Singles from Chicago 17
"Stay the Night"Released: April 18, 1984
"Hard Habit to Break"Released: July 18, 1984
"You're the Inspiration"Released: October 29, 1984
"Along Comes a Woman"Released: February 4, 1985
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic
Chicago 17 is the fourteenth studio album by American rock band Chicago, released on May 14, 1984. It was the group's second release for Full Moon/Warner Bros. Records, their second album to be produced by David Foster and their last with founding bassist/vocalist Peter Cetera. As of 2023, it remains Chicago's best-selling album, with over 6.1 million copies being sold in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan. Four singles were released from the album, all of which peaked in the top 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The success of the music videos for "Stay the Night", "You're the Inspiration", and "Hard Habit to Break" on MTV propelled Chicago 17 to achieve an RIAA certification of six times platinum.
In 1985, the album received three Grammy Awards. David Foster won for Producer of the Year, Non-Classical (tied in this category with Lionel Richie and James Anthony Carmichael), Humberto Gatica won for Best Engineered Recording – Non-Classical, and David Foster and Jeremy Lubbock won for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocal(s) for "Hard Habit to Break" which was also nominated for Record of the Year, Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals and Best Vocal Arrangement for Two or More Voices. In his review of the album for AllMusic, music critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine says Chicago 17 is "the pinnacle of craft and one of the best adult contemporary records of the '80s," and one of the most influential albums "within its style." Writing for Billboard, Bobby Olivier said the album "is one of the greatest pure power ballad albums of all time — or at least from 1984 — and " Habit " is one of the finest entries."
In 2006, Rhino Entertainment remastered and reissued the album, using the original analog versions of "Please Hold On" (which was co-written with Lionel Richie who was enjoying success from his album Can't Slow Down) and "Prima Donna" and adding a Robert Lamm demo, "Here Is Where We Begin" as a bonus track.
Artwork, packaging
In keeping with the majority of their albums up to that time (1984), the traditional "Chicago" logo, designed by John Berg and Nick Fasciano, is the main feature of the album cover. It does not feature any photos of the group. In a 2020 article for Muse by Clio, it was listed among "Nine Great Album Covers, Chosen by Gregory Sylvester." Sylvester describes the cover as, " ... an illusion of a package within a package ... brown kraft paper, twine and a faux red stamp." The album cover looks like a package wrapped in brown paper tied with twine and (on the back) secured with tape. On the front, the "Chicago" logo appears to be in bas-relief (it is not), covered by the wrapping paper. The number "17," in Arabic numerals rather than the Roman numerals used by the group formerly, appears to be stamped on the wrapping paper below the logo. In the upper left-hand quadrant of the cover back, a pink "receipt form" is depicted (designated as a "TOPS FORM 3014" in small print at the bottom of the "receipt"), tucked underneath the "twine," with the "Chicago" logo stamped on it near the top in purple ink and, below the logo, a "DESCRIPTION OF PACKAGE" lists the tracks on side one and side two. The bottom of the "receipt form" shows production and engineering credits and the Warner Bros. logo "stamped" on the slip. On the inner dust sleeve, a large group photo of the band appears on one side: (back row, left to right) Lee Loughnane, Bill Champlin, James Pankow, Walt Parazaider, Robert Lamm, (front row, left to right) Danny Seraphine, Peter Cetera. The reverse side of the dust sleeve gives track listings, song lyrics, and song and album credits, including credits for artwork and packaging: Art Direction/Design, Simon Levy; Album Cover Art, Larry Vigon; Photography, Harry Langdon, James Goble.
Track listing
Side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Lead vocalsLength1."Stay the Night"Peter Cetera, David FosterPeter Cetera3:482."We Can Stop the Hurtin'"Bill Champlin, Robert Lamm, Deborah NealRobert Lamm4:113."Hard Habit to Break"Steve Kipner, John Lewis ParkerCetera with Bill Champlin4:434."Only You"Foster, James PankowLamm with Champlin3:535."Remember the Feeling"Cetera, ChamplinCetera4:28
Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Lead vocalsLength6."Along Comes a Woman"Cetera, Mark GoldenbergCetera4:147."You're the Inspiration"Cetera, FosterCetera3:498."Please Hold On"Champlin, Foster, Lionel RichieChamplin3:379."Prima Donna"Cetera, GoldenbergCetera4:0910."Once in a Lifetime"PankowChamplin with Cetera4:12Total length:41:53
Bonus tracks on Rhino reissueNo.TitleWriter(s)Lead vocalsLength11."Here Is Where We Begin" (featuring David Pack)LammLamm with David Pack3:53
UnreleasedNo.TitleWriter(s)Lead vocalsLength11."Sweet Marie"Cetera, FosterChamplin
Some songs were recorded during the Chicago 17 sessions but not released. "Good for Nothing" was later released on the We Are the World superstar charity album in 1985. This is the last released Chicago song to feature Peter Cetera on vocals.
A song called "Sweet Marie" recorded during sessions for the Chicago 17 album has been performed by the Norwegian band TOBB. Bill Champlin offered this song to the band. It was released on May 14, 2014 by TOBB, the 30th anniversary of the Chicago 17 album's release. It was performed by Chicago on rare occasions in 1984, and has surfaced online from VHS recordings of some of their performances.
A subsequent international release in 2010 (included in the Studio Albums 1979 - 2008 boxed set from 2015) has the original album restored, with additional bonus tracks of alternate versions of "Only You", "You're the Inspiration", and "Prima Donna" as well as "Here Is Where We Begin". A demo version of "Hard Habit to Break" exists with Robert Lamm on vocals, as briefly heard during the documentary “Now More Than Ever: The History of Chicago.”
Personnel
All information in this section from except as noted.
Chicago
Peter Cetera – lead and backing vocals, bass guitar (1), arrangements (1, 6, 7, 9), vocal arrangements (5)
Bill Champlin – keyboards, guitars, lead and backing vocals, vocal arrangements (4)
Robert Lamm – keyboards, lead and backing vocals, arrangements (2), vocal arrangements (4)
Lee Loughnane – trumpet
James Pankow – trombone, horn arrangements (2, 4, 6, 8, 10), arrangements (10)
Walter Parazaider – woodwinds
Chris Pinnick – guitars
Danny Seraphine – drums
Additional personnel
David Foster – keyboards, synthesizer programming, additional arrangements, arrangements (1-5, 7, 8, 10), synth basses (2-10), horn arrangements (4)
Erich Bulling – synthesizer programming
Marcus Ryle – synthesizer programming
John Van Tongeren – synthesizer programming
Mark Goldenberg – guitars, arrangements (6, 9)
Paul Jackson Jr. – guitars
Michael Landau – guitars
Jeff Porcaro – drums (uncredited) (1): 206
Carlos Vega – drums (uncredited) (7): 208
John Robinson – drums (uncredited) (8)
Paulinho da Costa – percussion
Greg Adams – trumpet
Gary Grant – trumpet
Jeremy Lubbock – string arrangements (3, 5, 7, 10)
Jules Chaikin – string contractor (3, 5, 7, 10)
Gerald Vinci – concertmaster (3, 5, 7, 10)
Kenny Cetera – backing vocals (1, 6, 7, 9)
Donny Osmond – backing vocals (2)
Richard Marx – backing vocals (2)
David Pack – vocal harmony and bridge vocal improvs on "Here Is Where We Begin"
Production
David Foster – producer
Humberto Gatica – engineer, mixing
Terry Christian – assistant engineer
Eddie Delena – assistant engineer
Laura Livingston – assistant engineer
Larry Fergusson – mix assistant, additional overdubs
Paul Lani – additional overdubs
Simon Levy – art direction, design
Larry Vigon – album cover art
James Goble – photography
Harry Langdon – photography
Recorded at The Lighthouse (North Hollywood, CA); Sunset Sound (Hollywood, CA); Record Plant (Los Angeles, CA).
Mixed at Lion Share Recording Studio (Los Angeles, CA).
Production for 2006 reissue
Jeff Magid – project supervision, mixing (bonus selections)
David Donnelly – mixing (bonus selections), remastering
Cory Frye – editorial supervision
Greg Allen – art direction, design
Karen LeBlanc – project assistance
Steve Woolard – project assistance
Mixed at DNA Studio (Studio City, California)
Mastered at DNA Mastering (Studio City, California)
Charts
Weekly charts
Weekly chart performance for Chicago 17
Chart (1984–85)
Peakposition
Australian Albums (Kent Music Report)
65
Canadian Albums (RPM)
4
Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)
20
French Albums (IFOP)
23
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)
12
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)
25
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)
14
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)
1
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)
6
UK Albums (OCC)
24
US Billboard 200
4
Year-end charts
Year-end chart performance for Chicago 17
Chart
Position
Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)
15
French Albums (IFOP)
33
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)
61
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)
20
US Billboard 200 (1984)
62
US Billboard 200 (1985)
21
Certifications
Certifications and sales for Chicago 17
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)
Gold
25,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)
Gold
100,000^
United States (RIAA)
6× Platinum
6,000,000^
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
References
^ a b c The Very Best of Chicago: Only the Beginning (CD liner). Chicago. Rhino. 2002. p. 11. R2 76170.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ a b c Chicago (1984). Chicago 17 (vinyl LP record). U.S.A.: Warner Bros. Records, Inc. 25060-1.
^ "Chicago singles".
^ "Chicago singles".
^ https://www.allmusic.com/album/r3860
^ Deriso, Nick (May 14, 2015). "Danny Seraphine and Bill Champlin defend 'Chicago 17'". Something Else!. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
^ "CHICAGO 17 by CHICAGO sales and awards". BestSellingAlbums.org. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
^ "Chicago – Awards: AllMusic". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
^ "Gold & Platinum - RIAA". RIAA. Retrieved 2017-01-20.
^ Graff, Gary (January 11, 1985). "The Grammy Awards: Prince, Tina Turner, Cyndi Lauper take five nominations each". Detroit Free Press. pp. 1C, 5C. Retrieved July 26, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Grammy Winners". Los Angeles Times. February 27, 1985. p. 5V. Retrieved July 26, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b "27th Annual GRAMMY Awards". GRAMMY.com. January 16, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
^ "Chicago". GRAMMY.com. May 14, 2017. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Chicago 17: AllMusic Review by Stephen Thomas Erlewine". AllMusic. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
^ Olivier, Bobby (April 25, 2019). "The 50 Best Chicago Songs: Critics' Picks". Billboard.
^ A., M. (July 20, 2002). "It's An American Brand: About That Logo". Billboard. p. 50. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
^ Nini, Paul (October 30, 2007). "Across the Graphic Universe: An Interview with John Berg". AIGA | the professional association for design. Archived from the original on March 21, 2019. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
^ Sylvester, Gregory (May 21, 2020). "9 Great Album Covers, Chosen by Gregory Sylvester". Muse by Clio. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
^ SWEET MARIE
^ Hulse, Megan (March 29, 2017). "Art from the Attic". The Daily Utah Chronicle. University of Utah Student Media. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
^ "We Are the World". Billboard. Vol. 97, no. 14. April 6, 1985. pp. 12–13 (two-page advertisement). Retrieved October 25, 2017.
^ a b Nelson, Jimmy (May 15, 2014). "Bill Champlin revisits lost 1980s Chicago track "Sweet Marie" with TOBB". Something Else!. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
^ Chicago 17 (CD liner). Chicago. Warner Bros. Records Inc. 1984. 9 25060-2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ a b Seraphine, Danny (2011). Street Player: My Chicago Story. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-470-41683-9.
^ Cetera, Kenny (April 6, 2015). "Chicago 17: Interview with Kenny Cetera". www.amfm-magazine.tv (Interview). Interviewed by Paul Doty. At time 9:36. Archived from the original on July 12, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2017.
^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 62. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
^ "RPM 100 Albums". RPM. 41 (25): 11. March 2, 1985. ISSN 0033-7064. Archived from the original on December 28, 2012. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Chicago – 17" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
^ a b "Les Albums (CD) de 1984 par InfoDisc" (in French). infodisc.fr. Archived from the original (PHP) on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Chicago – 17" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
^ "Charts.nz – Chicago – 17". Hung Medien. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Chicago – 17". Hung Medien. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
^ "Swedishcharts.com – Chicago – 17". Hung Medien. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
^ "Swisscharts.com – Chicago – 17". Hung Medien. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
^ "Chicago | Artist | Official Charts". UK Albums Chart. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
^ "Chicago Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
^ "Top RPM Albums: Issue 0618". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
^ "Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts". GfK Entertainment (in German). offiziellecharts.de. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
^ "Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1984: Alben". Swiss Charts Portal (in German). Retrieved May 1, 2022.
^ "Top Pop Albums of 1984". Billboard. December 31, 1984. Archived from the original on December 31, 2012. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
^ "1985 The Year in Music & Video: Top Pop Albums". Billboard. December 28, 1985. p. T-19. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
^ "Gold & Platinum Awards 1987" (PDF). Music and Media. American Radio History Archive. 26 December 1987. p. 46. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
^ "British album certifications – Chicago – Chicago 17". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
^ "American album certifications – Chicago – Chicago 17". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
vteChicago
Robert Lamm
Lee Loughnane
James Pankow
Walfredo Reyes Jr.
Ray Herrmann
Neil Donell
Ramon Yslas
Tony Obrohta
Loren Gold
Eric Baines
Walter Parazaider
Danny Seraphine
Terry Kath
Peter Cetera
Laudir de Oliveira
Donnie Dacus
Chris Pinnick
Bill Champlin
Jason Scheff
Dawayne Bailey
Tris Imboden
Bruce Gaitsch
Keith Howland
Drew Hester
Lou Pardini
Daniel De Los Reyes
Jeff Coffey
Brett Simons
Studio albums
Chicago Transit Authority
Chicago
Chicago III
Chicago V
Chicago VI
Chicago VII
Chicago VIII
Chicago X
Chicago XI
Hot Streets
Chicago 13
Chicago XIV
Chicago 16
Chicago 17
Chicago 18
Chicago 19
Twenty 1
Night & Day: Big Band
Chicago XXX
Chicago XXXII: Stone of Sisyphus
Chicago XXXV: The Nashville Sessions
Chicago XXXVI: Now
Chicago XXXVIII: Born for This Moment
Christmas albums
Chicago XXV: The Christmas Album
Chicago XXXIII: O Christmas Three
Chicago XXXVII: Chicago Christmas
Live albums
Chicago at Carnegie Hall
Live in Japan
Chicago XXVI: Live in Concert
Chicago XXXIV: Live in '75
Compilations
Chicago IX: Chicago's Greatest Hits
Greatest Hits, Volume II
If You Leave Me Now
Take Me Back to Chicago
Greatest Hits 1982–1989
Group Portrait
The Heart of Chicago 1967–1997
The Heart of Chicago 1967–1998 Volume II
The Very Best of Chicago: Only the Beginning
The Box
Love Songs
The Best of Chicago: 40th Anniversary Edition
Singles
"Questions 67 and 68"
"Beginnings"
"Make Me Smile"
"25 or 6 to 4"
"Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?"
"Free"
"Lowdown"
"Saturday in the Park"
"Dialogue (Part I & II)"
"Feelin' Stronger Every Day"
"Just You 'n' Me"
"(I've Been) Searchin' So Long"
"Call on Me"
"Wishing You Were Here"
"Harry Truman"
"Old Days"
"Brand New Love Affair"
"Another Rainy Day in New York City"
"If You Leave Me Now"
"Baby, What a Big Surprise"
"Take Me Back to Chicago"
"Alive Again"
"No Tell Lover"
"Hard to Say I'm Sorry"
"Love Me Tomorrow"
"Stay the Night"
"Hard Habit to Break"
"You're the Inspiration"
"Along Comes a Woman"
"Will You Still Love Me?"
"If She Would Have Been Faithful..."
"Niagara Falls"
"I Don't Wanna Live Without Your Love"
"Look Away"
"You're Not Alone"
"We Can Last Forever"
"What Kind of Man Would I Be?"
"Chasin' the Wind"
"Here in My Heart"
Related articles
Discography
Members
Leonid and Friends
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_(band)"},{"link_name":"Full Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Moon_Records"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records"},{"link_name":"David Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Foster"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Peter Cetera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cetera"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AM1-8"},{"link_name":"music videos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"Stay the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay_the_Night_(Chicago_song)"},{"link_name":"You're the Inspiration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re_the_Inspiration"},{"link_name":"Hard Habit to Break","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Habit_to_Break"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"RIAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_Annual_Grammy_Awards#Award_winners"},{"link_name":"Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"Producer of the Year, Non-Classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Producer_of_the_Year,_Non-Classical#Recipients"},{"link_name":"Lionel Richie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Richie"},{"link_name":"James Anthony Carmichael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Anthony_Carmichael"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Humberto Gatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humberto_Gatica"},{"link_name":"Best Engineered Recording – Non-Classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Engineered_Album,_Non-Classical#1980s"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27th_Grammy_Awards-12"},{"link_name":"Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocal(s)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Arrangement,_Instrumental_and_Vocals#1980s"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27th_Grammy_Awards-12"},{"link_name":"Hard Habit to Break","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Habit_to_Break"},{"link_name":"Record of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year#Recipients"},{"link_name":"Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Pop_Performance_by_a_Duo_or_Group_with_Vocals#Recipients"},{"link_name":"Best Vocal Arrangement for Two or More Voices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Vocal_Arrangement_for_Two_or_More_Voices#1980s"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"Stephen Thomas Erlewine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"power ballad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_ballad"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Rhino Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhino_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Can't Slow Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Slow_Down_(Lionel_Richie_album)"},{"link_name":"Robert Lamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lamm"}],"text":"Chicago 17 is the fourteenth studio album by American rock band Chicago, released on May 14, 1984. It was the group's second release for Full Moon/Warner Bros. Records, their second album to be produced by David Foster[6] and their last with founding bassist/vocalist Peter Cetera. As of 2023, it remains Chicago's best-selling album, with over 6.1 million copies being sold in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan.[7] Four singles were released from the album, all of which peaked in the top 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[8] The success of the music videos for \"Stay the Night\", \"You're the Inspiration\", and \"Hard Habit to Break\" on MTV propelled Chicago 17 to achieve an RIAA certification of six times platinum.[9]In 1985, the album received three Grammy Awards. David Foster won for Producer of the Year, Non-Classical (tied in this category with Lionel Richie and James Anthony Carmichael),[10][11] Humberto Gatica won for Best Engineered Recording – Non-Classical,[12] and David Foster and Jeremy Lubbock won for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocal(s)[12] for \"Hard Habit to Break\" which was also nominated for Record of the Year, Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals and Best Vocal Arrangement for Two or More Voices.[13] In his review of the album for AllMusic, music critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine says Chicago 17 is \"the pinnacle of [producer David Foster's] craft and one of the best adult contemporary records of the '80s,\" and one of the most influential albums \"within its style.\"[14] Writing for Billboard, Bobby Olivier said the album \"is one of the greatest pure power ballad albums of all time — or at least from 1984 — and \"[Hard] Habit [to Break]\" is one of the finest entries.\"[15]In 2006, Rhino Entertainment remastered and reissued the album, using the original analog versions of \"Please Hold On\" (which was co-written with Lionel Richie who was enjoying success from his album Can't Slow Down) and \"Prima Donna\" and adding a Robert Lamm demo, \"Here Is Where We Begin\" as a bonus track.","title":"Chicago 17"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Berg_(art_director)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"album cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album_cover"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"bas-relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief"},{"link_name":"Arabic numerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_numerals"},{"link_name":"Roman numerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17LP-2"}],"text":"In keeping with the majority of their albums up to that time (1984), the traditional \"Chicago\" logo, designed by John Berg and Nick Fasciano,[16][17] is the main feature of the album cover. It does not feature any photos of the group. In a 2020 article for Muse by Clio, it was listed among \"Nine Great Album Covers, Chosen by Gregory Sylvester.\" Sylvester describes the cover as, \" ... an illusion of a package within a package ... brown kraft paper, twine and a faux red stamp.\"[18] The album cover looks like a package wrapped in brown paper tied with twine and (on the back) secured with tape. On the front, the \"Chicago\" logo appears to be in bas-relief (it is not), covered by the wrapping paper. The number \"17,\" in Arabic numerals rather than the Roman numerals used by the group formerly, appears to be stamped on the wrapping paper below the logo. In the upper left-hand quadrant of the cover back, a pink \"receipt form\" is depicted (designated as a \"TOPS FORM 3014\" in small print at the bottom of the \"receipt\"), tucked underneath the \"twine,\" with the \"Chicago\" logo stamped on it near the top in purple ink and, below the logo, a \"DESCRIPTION OF PACKAGE\" lists the tracks on side one and side two. The bottom of the \"receipt form\" shows production and engineering credits and the Warner Bros. logo \"stamped\" on the slip. On the inner dust sleeve, a large group photo of the band appears on one side: (back row, left to right) Lee Loughnane, Bill Champlin, James Pankow, Walt Parazaider, Robert Lamm, (front row, left to right) Danny Seraphine, Peter Cetera. The reverse side of the dust sleeve gives track listings, song lyrics, and song and album credits, including credits for artwork and packaging: Art Direction/Design, Simon Levy; Album Cover Art, Larry Vigon; Photography, Harry Langdon, James Goble.[2]","title":"Artwork, packaging"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stay the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay_the_Night_(Chicago_song)"},{"link_name":"Peter Cetera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cetera"},{"link_name":"David Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Foster"},{"link_name":"Bill Champlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Champlin"},{"link_name":"Robert Lamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lamm"},{"link_name":"Hard Habit to Break","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Habit_to_Break"},{"link_name":"Steve Kipner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Kipner"},{"link_name":"James Pankow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Pankow"},{"link_name":"Along Comes a Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Along_Comes_a_Woman"},{"link_name":"Mark Goldenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Goldenberg"},{"link_name":"You're the Inspiration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re_the_Inspiration"},{"link_name":"Lionel Richie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Richie"},{"link_name":"reissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reissue"},{"link_name":"David Pack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Pack"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"We Are the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Are_the_World_(album)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Peter Cetera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cetera"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nelson_Something_Else-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nelson_Something_Else-22"},{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"}],"text":"Side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Lead vocalsLength1.\"Stay the Night\"Peter Cetera, David FosterPeter Cetera3:482.\"We Can Stop the Hurtin'\"Bill Champlin, Robert Lamm, Deborah NealRobert Lamm4:113.\"Hard Habit to Break\"Steve Kipner, John Lewis ParkerCetera with Bill Champlin4:434.\"Only You\"Foster, James PankowLamm with Champlin3:535.\"Remember the Feeling\"Cetera, ChamplinCetera4:28Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Lead vocalsLength6.\"Along Comes a Woman\"Cetera, Mark GoldenbergCetera4:147.\"You're the Inspiration\"Cetera, FosterCetera3:498.\"Please Hold On\"Champlin, Foster, Lionel RichieChamplin3:379.\"Prima Donna\"Cetera, GoldenbergCetera4:0910.\"Once in a Lifetime\"PankowChamplin with Cetera4:12Total length:41:53Bonus tracks on Rhino reissueNo.TitleWriter(s)Lead vocalsLength11.\"Here Is Where We Begin\" (featuring David Pack)LammLamm with David Pack3:53UnreleasedNo.TitleWriter(s)Lead vocalsLength11.\"Sweet Marie\"Cetera, Foster[19]ChamplinSome songs were recorded during the Chicago 17 sessions but not released. \"Good for Nothing\" was later released on the We Are the World superstar charity album in 1985.[20][21] This is the last released Chicago song to feature Peter Cetera on vocals.A song called \"Sweet Marie\" recorded during sessions for the Chicago 17 album has been performed by the Norwegian band TOBB. Bill Champlin offered this song to the band. It was released on May 14, 2014 by TOBB, the 30th anniversary of the Chicago 17 album's release.[22] It was performed by Chicago on rare occasions in 1984,[22] and has surfaced online from VHS recordings of some of their performances.A subsequent international release in 2010 (included in the Studio Albums 1979 - 2008 boxed set from 2015) has the original album restored, with additional bonus tracks of alternate versions of \"Only You\", \"You're the Inspiration\", and \"Prima Donna\" as well as \"Here Is Where We Begin\". A demo version of \"Hard Habit to Break\" exists with Robert Lamm on vocals, as briefly heard during the documentary “Now More Than Ever: The History of Chicago.”","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WB_notes-23"},{"link_name":"Peter Cetera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cetera"},{"link_name":"Bill Champlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Champlin"},{"link_name":"Robert Lamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lamm"},{"link_name":"Lee Loughnane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Loughnane"},{"link_name":"James Pankow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Pankow"},{"link_name":"Walter Parazaider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Parazaider"},{"link_name":"woodwinds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodwind_instrument"},{"link_name":"Chris Pinnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Pinnick"},{"link_name":"Danny Seraphine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Seraphine"},{"link_name":"David Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Foster"},{"link_name":"John Van Tongeren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Van_Tongeren"},{"link_name":"Mark Goldenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Goldenberg"},{"link_name":"Paul Jackson Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Jackson_Jr."},{"link_name":"Michael Landau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Landau"},{"link_name":"Jeff Porcaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Porcaro"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seraphine-24"},{"link_name":"Carlos Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Vega"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seraphine-24"},{"link_name":"John Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robinson_(drummer)"},{"link_name":"Paulinho da Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulinho_da_Costa"},{"link_name":"Greg Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Adams_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Gary Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Grant_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Lubbock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Lubbock"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Donny Osmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donny_Osmond"},{"link_name":"Richard Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Marx"},{"link_name":"David Pack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Pack"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Humberto Gatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humberto_Gatica"},{"link_name":"Sunset Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_Sound"},{"link_name":"Record Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Plant"},{"link_name":"Lion Share Recording Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_Share_Studios"}],"text":"All information in this section from except as noted.[23]ChicagoPeter Cetera – lead and backing vocals, bass guitar (1), arrangements (1, 6, 7, 9), vocal arrangements (5)\nBill Champlin – keyboards, guitars, lead and backing vocals, vocal arrangements (4)\nRobert Lamm – keyboards, lead and backing vocals, arrangements (2), vocal arrangements (4)\nLee Loughnane – trumpet\nJames Pankow – trombone, horn arrangements (2, 4, 6, 8, 10), arrangements (10)\nWalter Parazaider – woodwinds\nChris Pinnick – guitars\nDanny Seraphine – drumsAdditional personnelDavid Foster – keyboards, synthesizer programming, additional arrangements, arrangements (1-5, 7, 8, 10), synth basses (2-10), horn arrangements (4)\nErich Bulling – synthesizer programming\nMarcus Ryle – synthesizer programming\nJohn Van Tongeren – synthesizer programming\nMark Goldenberg – guitars, arrangements (6, 9)\nPaul Jackson Jr. – guitars\nMichael Landau – guitars\nJeff Porcaro – drums (uncredited) (1)[24]: 206 \nCarlos Vega – drums (uncredited) (7)[24]: 208 \nJohn Robinson – drums (uncredited) (8)\nPaulinho da Costa – percussion\nGreg Adams – trumpet\nGary Grant – trumpet\nJeremy Lubbock – string arrangements (3, 5, 7, 10)\nJules Chaikin – string contractor (3, 5, 7, 10)\nGerald Vinci – concertmaster (3, 5, 7, 10)\nKenny Cetera – backing vocals (1, 6, 7, 9)[25]\nDonny Osmond – backing vocals (2)\nRichard Marx – backing vocals (2)\nDavid Pack – vocal harmony and bridge vocal improvs on \"Here Is Where We Begin\"[citation needed]ProductionDavid Foster – producer\nHumberto Gatica – engineer, mixing\nTerry Christian – assistant engineer\nEddie Delena – assistant engineer\nLaura Livingston – assistant engineer\nLarry Fergusson – mix assistant, additional overdubs\nPaul Lani – additional overdubs\nSimon Levy – art direction, design\nLarry Vigon – album cover art\nJames Goble – photography\nHarry Langdon – photography\nRecorded at The Lighthouse (North Hollywood, CA); Sunset Sound (Hollywood, CA); Record Plant (Los Angeles, CA).\nMixed at Lion Share Recording Studio (Los Angeles, CA).Production for 2006 reissueJeff Magid – project supervision, mixing (bonus selections)\nDavid Donnelly – mixing (bonus selections), remastering\nCory Frye – editorial supervision\nGreg Allen – art direction, design\nKaren LeBlanc – project assistance\nSteve Woolard – project assistance\nMixed at DNA Studio (Studio City, California)\nMastered at DNA Mastering (Studio City, California)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago_17&action=edit§ion=5"},{"link_name":"Kent Music Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Album Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Album_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Netherlands_Chicago-28"},{"link_name":"IFOP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_fran%C3%A7ais_d%27opinion_publique"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFOPYE1984-29"},{"link_name":"Offizielle Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Germany4_Chicago-30"},{"link_name":"RMNZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_New_Zealand_Chicago-31"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Norway_Chicago-32"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Sweden_Chicago-33"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Switzerland_Chicago-34"},{"link_name":"UK Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UK_Chicago-35"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Billboard200_Chicago-36"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago_17&action=edit§ion=6"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-group=-37"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFOPYE1984-29"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nWeekly chart performance for Chicago 17\n\n\nChart (1984–85)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (Kent Music Report)[26]\n\n65\n\n\nCanadian Albums (RPM)[27]\n\n4\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[28]\n\n20\n\n\nFrench Albums (IFOP)[29]\n\n23\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[30]\n\n12\n\n\nNew Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[31]\n\n25\n\n\nNorwegian Albums (VG-lista)[32]\n\n14\n\n\nSwedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[33]\n\n1\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[34]\n\n6\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[35]\n\n24\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[36]\n\n4\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\nYear-end chart performance for Chicago 17\n\n\nChart\n\nPosition\n\n\nCanada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)[37]\n\n15\n\n\nFrench Albums (IFOP)[29]\n\n33\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[38]\n\n61\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[39]\n\n20\n\n\nUS Billboard 200 (1984)[40]\n\n62\n\n\nUS Billboard 200 (1985)[41]\n\n21","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"The Very Best of Chicago: Only the Beginning (CD liner). Chicago. Rhino. 2002. p. 11. R2 76170.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Very_Best_of_Chicago:_Only_the_Beginning","url_text":"The Very Best of Chicago: Only the Beginning"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_(band)","url_text":"Chicago"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhino_Entertainment","url_text":"Rhino"}]},{"reference":"Chicago (1984). Chicago 17 (vinyl LP record). U.S.A.: Warner Bros. Records, Inc. 25060-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_(band)","url_text":"Chicago"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records","url_text":"Warner Bros. Records, Inc."}]},{"reference":"\"Chicago singles\".","urls":[{"url":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Chicago&titel=Stay+The+Night&cat=s","url_text":"\"Chicago singles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chicago singles\".","urls":[{"url":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Chicago&titel=Hard+Habit+To+Break&cat=s","url_text":"\"Chicago singles\""}]},{"reference":"Deriso, Nick (May 14, 2015). \"Danny Seraphine and Bill Champlin defend 'Chicago 17'\". Something Else!. Retrieved July 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://somethingelsereviews.com/2015/05/14/chicago-17-danny-seraphine-bill-champlin/","url_text":"\"Danny Seraphine and Bill Champlin defend 'Chicago 17'\""}]},{"reference":"\"CHICAGO 17 by CHICAGO sales and awards\". BestSellingAlbums.org. Retrieved 2023-09-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://bestsellingalbums.org/album/8390","url_text":"\"CHICAGO 17 by CHICAGO sales and awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chicago – Awards: AllMusic\". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved January 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/chicago-mn0000110161/awards","url_text":"\"Chicago – Awards: AllMusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Media_Network","url_text":"All Media Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Gold & Platinum - RIAA\". RIAA. Retrieved 2017-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=Chicago+17#search_section","url_text":"\"Gold & Platinum - RIAA\""}]},{"reference":"Graff, Gary (January 11, 1985). \"The Grammy Awards: Prince, Tina Turner, Cyndi Lauper take five nominations each\". Detroit Free Press. pp. 1C, 5C. Retrieved July 26, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12643384/detroit_free_press/","url_text":"\"The Grammy Awards: Prince, Tina Turner, Cyndi Lauper take five nominations each\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grammy Winners\". Los Angeles Times. February 27, 1985. p. 5V. Retrieved July 26, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12644497/the_los_angeles_times/","url_text":"\"Grammy Winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"27th Annual GRAMMY Awards\". GRAMMY.com. January 16, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/27th-annual-grammy-awards","url_text":"\"27th Annual GRAMMY Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chicago\". GRAMMY.com. May 14, 2017. Retrieved July 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/chicago","url_text":"\"Chicago\""}]},{"reference":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. \"Chicago 17: AllMusic Review by Stephen Thomas Erlewine\". AllMusic. Retrieved February 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/chicago-17-mw0000189478","url_text":"\"Chicago 17: AllMusic Review by Stephen Thomas Erlewine\""}]},{"reference":"Olivier, Bobby (April 25, 2019). \"The 50 Best Chicago Songs: Critics' Picks\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/rock/50-best-chicago-songs-critics-picks-8508545/","url_text":"\"The 50 Best Chicago Songs: Critics' Picks\""}]},{"reference":"A., M. (July 20, 2002). \"It's An American Brand: About That Logo\". Billboard. p. 50. Retrieved July 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_AsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA50","url_text":"\"It's An American Brand: About That Logo\""}]},{"reference":"Nini, Paul (October 30, 2007). \"Across the Graphic Universe: An Interview with John Berg\". AIGA | the professional association for design. Archived from the original on March 21, 2019. Retrieved July 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190321142230/https://www.aiga.org/across-the-graphic-universe-an-interview-with-john-berg/","url_text":"\"Across the Graphic Universe: An Interview with John Berg\""},{"url":"http://www.aiga.org/across-the-graphic-universe-an-interview-with-john-berg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sylvester, Gregory (May 21, 2020). \"9 Great Album Covers, Chosen by Gregory Sylvester\". Muse by Clio. Retrieved May 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://musebycl.io/art-album/9-great-album-covers-chosen-gregory-sylvester","url_text":"\"9 Great Album Covers, Chosen by Gregory Sylvester\""}]},{"reference":"Hulse, Megan (March 29, 2017). \"Art from the Attic\". The Daily Utah Chronicle. University of Utah Student Media. Retrieved October 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://dailyutahchronicle.com/2017/03/29/print-art-from-the-attic-international-unity-in-we-are-the-world/","url_text":"\"Art from the Attic\""}]},{"reference":"\"We Are the World\". Billboard. Vol. 97, no. 14. April 6, 1985. pp. 12–13 (two-page advertisement). Retrieved October 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MCQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA13","url_text":"\"We Are the World\""}]},{"reference":"Nelson, Jimmy (May 15, 2014). \"Bill Champlin revisits lost 1980s Chicago track \"Sweet Marie\" with TOBB\". Something Else!. Retrieved October 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://somethingelsereviews.com/2014/05/15/bill-champlin-revisits-lost-1980s-chicago-track-sweet-marie-with-tobb/","url_text":"\"Bill Champlin revisits lost 1980s Chicago track \"Sweet Marie\" with TOBB\""}]},{"reference":"Chicago 17 (CD liner). Chicago. Warner Bros. Records Inc. 1984. 9 25060-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_(band)","url_text":"Chicago"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records","url_text":"Warner Bros. Records Inc."}]},{"reference":"Seraphine, Danny (2011). Street Player: My Chicago Story. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-470-41683-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-41683-9","url_text":"978-0-470-41683-9"}]},{"reference":"Cetera, Kenny (April 6, 2015). \"Chicago 17: Interview with Kenny Cetera\". www.amfm-magazine.tv (Interview). Interviewed by Paul Doty. At time 9:36. Archived from the original on July 12, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180712221752/http://www.amfm-magazine.tv/chicago-17-interview-with-kenny-cetera/","url_text":"\"Chicago 17: Interview with Kenny Cetera\""},{"url":"http://www.amfm-magazine.tv/chicago-17-interview-with-kenny-cetera/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 62. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"\"RPM 100 Albums\". RPM. 41 (25): 11. March 2, 1985. ISSN 0033-7064. Archived from the original on December 28, 2012. Retrieved January 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121228014032/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php","url_text":"\"RPM 100 Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0033-7064","url_text":"0033-7064"},{"url":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.9615&type=1&interval=50&PHPSESSID=m89iq841abagb37ld9c0fdc1f3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Les Albums (CD) de 1984 par InfoDisc\" (in French). infodisc.fr. Archived from the original (PHP) on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121027131308/http://www.infodisc.fr/B-CD_1984.php","url_text":"\"Les Albums (CD) de 1984 par InfoDisc\""},{"url":"http://www.infodisc.fr/B-CD_1984.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts\". GfK Entertainment (in German). offiziellecharts.de. Retrieved May 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/album-jahr/for-date-1984","url_text":"\"Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment","url_text":"GfK Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"\"Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1984: Alben\". Swiss Charts Portal (in German). Retrieved May 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://hitparade.ch/charts/jahreshitparade/1984/alben","url_text":"\"Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1984: Alben\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Pop Albums of 1984\". Billboard. December 31, 1984. Archived from the original on December 31, 2012. Retrieved May 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20121231160407/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/archivesearch/article_display/855368?imw=Y","url_text":"\"Top Pop Albums of 1984\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/archivesearch/article_display/855368?imw=Y","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1985 The Year in Music & Video: Top Pop Albums\". Billboard. December 28, 1985. p. T-19. Retrieved May 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uyQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT68","url_text":"\"1985 The Year in Music & Video: Top Pop Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Gold & Platinum Awards 1987\" (PDF). Music and Media. American Radio History Archive. 26 December 1987. p. 46. Retrieved 1 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/80s/1987/M&M-1987-12-26.pdf","url_text":"\"Gold & Platinum Awards 1987\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_and_Media","url_text":"Music and Media"}]},{"reference":"\"British album certifications – Chicago – Chicago 17\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved November 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/1295-1711-2","url_text":"\"British album certifications – Chicago – Chicago 17\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"American album certifications – Chicago – Chicago 17\". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 18 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Chicago&ti=Chicago+17&format=Album&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American album certifications – Chicago – Chicago 17\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Chicago&titel=Stay+The+Night&cat=s","external_links_name":"\"Chicago singles\""},{"Link":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Chicago&titel=Hard+Habit+To+Break&cat=s","external_links_name":"\"Chicago singles\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r3860","external_links_name":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r3860"},{"Link":"http://somethingelsereviews.com/2015/05/14/chicago-17-danny-seraphine-bill-champlin/","external_links_name":"\"Danny Seraphine and Bill Champlin defend 'Chicago 17'\""},{"Link":"https://bestsellingalbums.org/album/8390","external_links_name":"\"CHICAGO 17 by CHICAGO sales and awards\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/chicago-mn0000110161/awards","external_links_name":"\"Chicago – Awards: AllMusic\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=Chicago+17#search_section","external_links_name":"\"Gold & Platinum - RIAA\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12643384/detroit_free_press/","external_links_name":"\"The Grammy Awards: Prince, Tina Turner, Cyndi Lauper take five nominations each\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12644497/the_los_angeles_times/","external_links_name":"\"Grammy Winners\""},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/27th-annual-grammy-awards","external_links_name":"\"27th Annual GRAMMY Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/chicago","external_links_name":"\"Chicago\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/chicago-17-mw0000189478","external_links_name":"\"Chicago 17: AllMusic Review by Stephen Thomas Erlewine\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/rock/50-best-chicago-songs-critics-picks-8508545/","external_links_name":"\"The 50 Best Chicago Songs: Critics' Picks\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_AsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA50","external_links_name":"\"It's An American Brand: About That Logo\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190321142230/https://www.aiga.org/across-the-graphic-universe-an-interview-with-john-berg/","external_links_name":"\"Across the Graphic Universe: An Interview with John Berg\""},{"Link":"http://www.aiga.org/across-the-graphic-universe-an-interview-with-john-berg","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://musebycl.io/art-album/9-great-album-covers-chosen-gregory-sylvester","external_links_name":"\"9 Great Album Covers, Chosen by Gregory Sylvester\""},{"Link":"https://www.ascap.com/repertory#ace/search/title/sweet%20marie","external_links_name":"SWEET MARIE"},{"Link":"http://dailyutahchronicle.com/2017/03/29/print-art-from-the-attic-international-unity-in-we-are-the-world/","external_links_name":"\"Art from the Attic\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MCQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA13","external_links_name":"\"We Are the World\""},{"Link":"http://somethingelsereviews.com/2014/05/15/bill-champlin-revisits-lost-1980s-chicago-track-sweet-marie-with-tobb/","external_links_name":"\"Bill Champlin revisits lost 1980s Chicago track \"Sweet Marie\" with TOBB\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180712221752/http://www.amfm-magazine.tv/chicago-17-interview-with-kenny-cetera/","external_links_name":"\"Chicago 17: Interview with Kenny Cetera\""},{"Link":"http://www.amfm-magazine.tv/chicago-17-interview-with-kenny-cetera/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121228014032/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php","external_links_name":"\"RPM 100 Albums\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0033-7064","external_links_name":"0033-7064"},{"Link":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.9615&type=1&interval=50&PHPSESSID=m89iq841abagb37ld9c0fdc1f3","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Chicago&titel=17&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Dutchcharts.nl – Chicago – 17\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121027131308/http://www.infodisc.fr/B-CD_1984.php","external_links_name":"\"Les Albums (CD) de 1984 par InfoDisc\""},{"Link":"http://www.infodisc.fr/B-CD_1984.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/album-details-%7B%7B%7Bid%7D%7D%7D","external_links_name":"\"Offiziellecharts.de – Chicago – 17\""},{"Link":"https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Chicago&titel=17&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Charts.nz – Chicago – 17\""},{"Link":"https://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Chicago&titel=17&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Norwegiancharts.com – Chicago – 17\""},{"Link":"https://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Chicago&titel=17&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Swedishcharts.com – Chicago – 17\""},{"Link":"http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Chicago&titel=17&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Swisscharts.com – Chicago – 17\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/Chicago/","external_links_name":"\"Chicago | Artist | Official Charts\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Chicago/chart-history/TLP","external_links_name":"\"Chicago Chart History (Billboard 200)\""},{"Link":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.0618&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.0618.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.0618","external_links_name":"\"Top RPM Albums: Issue 0618\""},{"Link":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/album-jahr/for-date-1984","external_links_name":"\"Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts\""},{"Link":"https://hitparade.ch/charts/jahreshitparade/1984/alben","external_links_name":"\"Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1984: Alben\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121231160407/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/archivesearch/article_display/855368?imw=Y","external_links_name":"\"Top Pop Albums of 1984\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/archivesearch/article_display/855368?imw=Y","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uyQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT68","external_links_name":"\"1985 The Year in Music & Video: Top Pop Albums\""},{"Link":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/80s/1987/M&M-1987-12-26.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Gold & Platinum Awards 1987\""},{"Link":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/1295-1711-2","external_links_name":"\"British album certifications – Chicago – Chicago 17\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Chicago&ti=Chicago+17&format=Album&type=#search_section","external_links_name":"\"American album certifications – Chicago – Chicago 17\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/3053c046-7bf3-34e7-b314-1fa2682ca81b","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torasi_Estuary
|
Torasi Estuary
|
["1 References"]
|
Coordinates: 9°07′43″S 141°01′10″E / 9.128611°S 141.019444°E / -9.128611; 141.019444Indonesian/Papua New Guinean Estuary
Torasi EstuaryBensbach EstuaryMuara Torasi (Indonesian)Torasi EstuaryLocationMerauke Regency, South Papua, IndonesiaSouth Fly, Western Province, Papua New GuineaCoordinates9°07′43″S 141°01′10″E / 9.128611°S 141.019444°E / -9.128611; 141.019444Part ofBensbach RiverPrimary outflowsArafura SeaBasin countriesIndonesiaPapua New GuineaFrozenNeverSettlementsKondo Hamlet, Indonesia
Torasi Estuary is the estuary of Bensbach River, located at the southern end of the Indonesia–Papua New Guinea border. It empties into the Arafura Sea. The mouth of the estuary is administered by Indonesia with Papua New Guinean ships given right of passage to pass the mouth. There is an Indonesian Navy outpost at the west bank which also operates as a border control to regulate immigration between citizens of the two countries.
References
^ "Administrative Border Agreements as to the border between Papua New Guinea and Indonesia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Indonesia.
^ "MUARA TORASI MILIK INDONESIA, HULU MILIK PNG". Portal Berita Tanah Papua No. 1. 2013-09-17. Retrieved 2017-06-15.
^ Cakrawala 426th Edition. Jakarta: Indonesian Navy Information Service. 2015. p. 70.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"estuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuary"},{"link_name":"Bensbach River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bensbach_River"},{"link_name":"Indonesia–Papua New Guinea border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Papua_New_Guinea_border"},{"link_name":"Arafura Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arafura_Sea"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"right of passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_passage"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Indonesian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Navy"},{"link_name":"border control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_control"},{"link_name":"immigration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Indonesian/Papua New Guinean EstuaryTorasi Estuary is the estuary of Bensbach River, located at the southern end of the Indonesia–Papua New Guinea border. It empties into the Arafura Sea. The mouth of the estuary is administered by Indonesia with Papua New Guinean ships given right of passage to pass the mouth.[1][2] There is an Indonesian Navy outpost at the west bank which also operates as a border control to regulate immigration between citizens of the two countries.[3]","title":"Torasi Estuary"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Administrative Border Agreements as to the border between Papua New Guinea and Indonesia\". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Indonesia.","urls":[{"url":"http://treaty.kemlu.go.id/index.php/treaty/download/4274","url_text":"\"Administrative Border Agreements as to the border between Papua New Guinea and Indonesia\""}]},{"reference":"\"MUARA TORASI MILIK INDONESIA, HULU MILIK PNG\". Portal Berita Tanah Papua No. 1. 2013-09-17. Retrieved 2017-06-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://tabloidjubi.com/16/2013/09/17/muara-torasi-milik-indonesia-hulu-milik-png/","url_text":"\"MUARA TORASI MILIK INDONESIA, HULU MILIK PNG\""}]},{"reference":"Cakrawala 426th Edition. Jakarta: Indonesian Navy Information Service. 2015. p. 70.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Torasi_Estuary¶ms=9.128611_S_141.019444_E_region:ID-PA_type:waterbody","external_links_name":"9°07′43″S 141°01′10″E / 9.128611°S 141.019444°E / -9.128611; 141.019444"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Torasi_Estuary¶ms=9.128611_S_141.019444_E_region:ID-PA_type:waterbody","external_links_name":"9°07′43″S 141°01′10″E / 9.128611°S 141.019444°E / -9.128611; 141.019444"},{"Link":"http://treaty.kemlu.go.id/index.php/treaty/download/4274","external_links_name":"\"Administrative Border Agreements as to the border between Papua New Guinea and Indonesia\""},{"Link":"http://tabloidjubi.com/16/2013/09/17/muara-torasi-milik-indonesia-hulu-milik-png/","external_links_name":"\"MUARA TORASI MILIK INDONESIA, HULU MILIK PNG\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukak
|
Nukak
|
["1 Hunting","2 Fishing","3 Gathering","4 Shifting cultivation","5 Social aspects","6 Language","7 Endangered people","8 References","9 Bibliography","10 External links"]
|
Indigenous people in Colombia
For the language, see Nukak language.
Ethnic group
NukakA Nukak mother and child, 1993Total population968Regions with significant populationsSan José del Guaviare settlements: 210-250, Nukak Reservation: estimated at 500LanguagesNukakSpanish speakers rare.ReligionAnimistRelated ethnic groupsKãkwã, or Cacua or Bará-MakúOther Makú peoples like Hupdu
The Nukak people (also Nukak-Makú) live between the Guaviare and Inírida rivers, in the depths of the tropical humid forest, on the fringe of the Amazon basin, in Guaviare Department, Republic of Colombia. They are nomadic hunter-gatherers with seasonal nomadic patterns and practice small-scale shifting horticulture. They were classified as "uncontacted people" until 1981, and have since lost half of their population primarily to disease. Part of their territory has been used by coca growers, ranchers, and other settlers, as well as being occupied by guerrillas, army and paramilitaries. Responses to this crisis include protests, requests for assimilation, and the suicide of leader Maw-be'. An estimated 210–250 Nukak people live in provisional settlements at San José del Guaviare, while about as many live nomadically in the Nukak Reservation (Resguardo).
Hunting
Nukak are expert hunters. The men hunt with blowguns that shoot darts coated with curare "manyi", a poison made from different plants (curares). They hunt, in particular, several species of monkeys (Alouatta spp., Cebus spp., Saimiri sp., Lagothrix spp., Ateles sp., Saguinus spp., Callicebus torquatus), and birds (Muscovy duck, chachalacas, guans, curassows, grey-winged trumpeter and toucans). They also use javelins made out of Socratea exorrhiza palm wood to hunt two species of peccaries (Tayassu pecari and T. tajacu) and spectacled caimans, whose eggs they consume. Nukak neither hunt nor eat brocket deer, Odocoileus virginianus, and tapirs (Tapirus terrestris); they consider these animals to share a common ancestor with humans.
The Nukak also capture rodents (Cuniculus sp., Dasyprocta spp.), armadillos (Dasypus sp.), tortoises (Geochelone sp), frogs (in large quantities), crabs, shrimps, snails, larvae of palm weevils (mojojoy, "mun", Rhynchophorus spp.) and larvae of several species of wasps and caterpillars.
Fishing
The Nukak eat several species of fish, like Hoplias sp., Myloplus spp., Mylossoma spp., Hydrolycus sp., Cichla sp., surubí (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum), catfishes (Brachyplatystoma spp.), piranhas (Serrasalmus spp., Pygocentrus spp.) and river rays (Potamotrygon sp.). Fishing is partly done with cord and metal fish hooks, although the Nukak still catch their fish traditionally with bow and arrow or harpoons, traps, or baskets ("mei", water cages). They also use a sophisticated technique that has been reported in several cultures: it uses nuún, the root of a Lonchocarpus sp. that contains a number of substances that when dissolved in the water streams stun the fish, making them easy to catch.
Gathering
From their hammocks a couple of young Nukak Makú women eat a local fruit and cook a meal.
They collect honey of twenty species of bees and many fruits: palm fruits (Jessenia bataua), Oenocarpus spp., Attalea spp., Mauritia sp., Phenakospermum guyannense, Aechmea sp., Inga sp., Couma macrocarpa, Iryanthera sp., Theobroma spp., Pourouma spp., Parinari sp., Micrandra sp., Helicostylis sp., Caryocar sp., Talisia sp., Hymenaea sp., Dacryodes spp., Abuta sp., Eugenia spp., Touraleia sp., Perebea spp., Protium sp., Cecropia sp., Batocarpus sp., Hyeronimasp., Brosimumsp., Dialiumsp., Garciniasp., Manilkarasp., Naucleopsisspp., Pradosiasp., Pouteriasp., Salasiasp., Passifloraspp., Duroia maguirei, Duroia hirsuta, Mouririsp., and Alibertia sp.
Nukak take the sweet resin from "mupabuat" (Lacunal sp.) and the rattan water (Doliocarpus sp.). They cover their encampments ("wopyi") with leaves of Phenakospermum guyannense and palms, and make their hammocks with fiber of the cumare palm Astrocaryum sp.; moorings with Heteropsis tenuispadix, Eschweilera sp., and Anthurium sp.; blowguns with Iriartella stigera, Bactris maraja; bows with Duguetia quitarensis; axe ends with Aspidosperma sp.; darts with thorns of Oneocarpus sp.; dart quivers with leaves of Calathea sp.; milkweed with Pachira nukakika, Ceiba sp., and Pseudobombax sp.; loinclothes for men with Couratari guianensis; baskets with Heteropsis spp.; disposable bags with Ischnosiphon arouma and Heliconia sp.; soap with Cedrelinga sp.; perfumes with Myroxylon sp. and Justice pectoralis; and diverse objects.
Iryanthera
They make blades with the teeth of piranha but have also adapted to use metals. Until 1990 they practised small-scale pottery, producing a small kind of pot to take with them on their travels and a second, bigger kind, to leave as supplies in their camping sites. Today they prefer to obtain metallic pots. When they do not have matches or lighters, they use special wood (Pausandra trianae) to produce fire. They no longer make mirrors with the resin of Trattinickia glaziovii or stone axes.
Shifting cultivation
They have crops in their territory, along their routes. They traditionally cultivate for food, tubers such as sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas), taros (Xanthosoma violaceum, Colocasia sp.), yams (Dioscorea sp.), and manioc (Manihot esculenta). Also peach palms (Bactris gasipaes), pineapple (Ananas comosus), chili pepper (Capsicum chinense), and several fruit trees. In all the gardens there are bananas (Musa paradisiaca) and sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum). They also plant to obtain tools for daily life (like bowls of Crescentia cujete and Lagenaria siceraria); or to make dyes. (like "achiote" Bixa orellana and "carayurú" Arrabidaea chica, in order to paint the body); and a cane (Gynerium sagittatum), to make arrows and harpoons. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) is harvested for ritual uses.
Social aspects
Marriage is settled after the man has formally courted the woman with accepted gifts and she has acceded to live with him. In order to look for a pairing, a man must have gone through an initiation ritual in which he endures trials and consumes a hallucinogen (Virola sp.).
The most suitable couple is one made up by crossed cousins. Marriage between parallel cousins is forbidden. If the woman still lives in the home of the father, the gifts must include him. If the woman accepts, she settles down in the man's encampment; if they have a child then they are considered a formal pair, which establishes mutual relations of kinship, expressed in rights and duties of reciprocity. A man can marry several wives, although a single wife is most common, and examples of three or more are rare. This polygyny coexists with a temporal polyandry during the pregnancy in order to improve the qualities of the baby. Each domestic group is part of a territorial group and other groups that are established to perform specific duties like security measures, according to the different stations and situations. On the other hand, each Núkâk is considered as part of a paternal lineage, "nüwayi", named after an animal or plant.
Ten territorial Nukak groups ("wün") have been identified, each one with at least 50 or 60 people, who most of the year do not remain together but form different groups for harvesting and/or hunting that are distributed in accordance with the climatic seasonal changes and the security situation. Each group is considered part of one of four regions of its territory. On certain occasions different groups join, where they practice a special ritual, "entiwat," in which the groups dance face to face, striking and verbally injuring each other until the ritual reaches a climactic moment in which they all embrace, weeping while they remember their ancestors and express affection. The groups practice a form of exchange, "ihinihat", especially when all the resources are not in the same territory.
It is considered taboo for the Nukak to discuss dead people.
Language
Main article: Nukak language
Nukak people speak a tonal language. It is very closely related to Kakwa language.
Endangered people
Nukak populations have lowered from malaria, measles and pulmonary diseases since their contact with the New Tribes Mission and other outsiders beginning in 1981. Today coca growers, left-wing FARC guerillas, right-wing AUC paramilitaries, and the Colombian army have occupied their lands. In 2006, a group of nearly 80 Nukak left the jungle and sought assimilation to preserve their culture. As one of the migrants, Pia-pe, put it: "We do want to join the white family, but we do not want to forget words of the Nukak." In October 2006, leader and Nukak Spanish speaker Maw-be' committed suicide by drinking poison. Friends and the National Indigenous Organization of Colombia (ONIC) reasoned he did so out of desperation in his inability to secure supplies or a safe return for the Nukak to return home.
References
^ Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia. Censo provisional 2023.
^ Silverwood-Cope, Peter L. 1990: Os makú, povo caçador do nordeste da Amazônia. Editora Universidade de Brasília. ISBN 85-230-0275-8
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Cabrera, Gabriel; Carlos FRANKY y Dany Mahecha 1999: Los Nɨkak: nómadas de la Amazonia colombiana. Bogotá D.C.: Universidad Nacional de Colombia. ISBN 978-958-8051-35-2
^ a b c d e Mondragón, Héctor 1994 "La defensa del territorio Nukak" en Antropología y derechos Humanos. Memorias del VI Congreso de Antropología en Colombia. Carlos Vladimir Zambrano editor. Universidad de los Andes, p.p. 139 a 155. Bogotá D.C.- ISBN 978-958-95646-1-5
^ a b Hammer, Joshua (March 2013). "The Lost Tribes of the Amazon". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
^ a b c "Se suicida un líder indígena, desesperado por la inminente extinción de su pueblo en Colombia," El Mundo, October 2006.
^ a b c d e Politis, Gustavo 1996: Nukak. Bogotá D.C.: Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones SINCHI ISBN 978-958-95379-8-5
^ a b c d e f Gutiérrez, Ruth 1996: "Manejo de los recursos naturales (fauna y flora) por los Nukak"; Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, mec.
^ a b c Cárdenas, Dairon y Gustavo Politis 2000: Territorios, movilidad, etnobotánica y manejo del bosque en los Nukak orientales. Bogotá D.C.: SINCHI. ISBN 978-958-695-035-0
^ Hess, Richard; Kennet Conduff y Jan Ellen Conduff 2005: Gramática Pedagógica Provisional del idioma Nukak. Bogotá: Iglesia Nuevos Horizontes. ISBN 978-958-96239-6-1
^ Mahecha, Dany 2009: "El nombre en Nɨkak"; L. Wetzels (ed.) The linguistics of endangered languages. Contributions to morphology and morpho-syntax. Utrecht: LOT, pp. 63-93.
^ Mahecha Rubio, Dany; Gabriel Cabrera & Carlos Franky (2000). «Algunos aspectos fonético-fonológicos del idioma Nukak ». María Stella González de Pérez (ed.) Lenguas indígenas de Colombia. Una visión descriptiva. Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo. pp. 547-560. ISBN 958-611-083-4.
^ Juan Forero, "Leaving the Wild, and Rather Liking the Change," New York Times, May 11, 2006.
^ Darcy Crowe, Nomadic tribe struggles in Colombia, Associated Press, October 27, 2006.
Bibliography
FRANKY, Carlos 2011: "Acompañarnos contentos con la familia" Unidad, diferencia y conflicto entre los Nükak. Wageningen University. ISBN 978-90-8585-947-5
GUALTERO, Israel 1989: "Estudio breve de la cultura material de los Nukak". Asociación Nuevas Tribus de Colombia, mec. 15 p.
MAHECHA, Dany y Carlos FRANKY 2013: "Recolectando en el Cielo: elementos del manejo Nɨkak del mundo"; Patience Epps & Kristine Stenzel (eds.) Upper Rio Negro: cultural and linguistic interaction in Northwestern Amazonia, p.p. 163-193. Rio de Janeiro: Museu do Índio - Funai. ISBN 978-85-85986-45-2
POLITIS, Gustavo 1995: Mundo Nukak. Fondo de Promoción de Cultura. Bogotá D.C:Banco Popular.-ISBN 958-9003-81-8
POLITIS, Gustavo 2007: Nukak: Ethnoarchaeology of an Amazonian People. (Benjamin ALBERTI, trans.) Left Cast Press and University College London Institute of Archaeology Publications, Walnut Creek, CA. ISBN 9781598742305
External links
National Nukak Natural Reserve (in Spanish)
Survival International 2006 Nomads killed, others flee as fighting rages
(in Spanish) Territorial-Environmental Information System of Colombian Amazon SIAT-AC website
vte Ancestry and ethnicity in ColombiaIndigenous
Achagua
Andaquí
Andoque
Arhuaco
Awa-Kwaiker
Baniwa
Barasana
Bora
Barí
Calima
Camsá
Cauca
Carabayo
Carijona
Chimila
Chitarero
Cocamilla
Cofán
Cubeo
Emberá
Embera-Wounaan
Guahibo
Guambiano
Guane
Guna
Hiwi
Hupda
Inga
Kankuamo
Kogi
Lache
Macuna
Mokaná
Muisca
Muzo
Nukak
Nutabe
Paez
Panche
Patángoro
Piaroa
Pijao
Pira-tapuya
Quechua
Quimbaya
Siona
Siriano
Sutagao
Tahamí
Tairona
Tariana
Tegua
Ticuna
Tinigua
Tucano
U'wa
Wayuu
Witoto
Yagua
Yarigui
Yukpa
Zenú
Non-indigenousAmericas
Argentine
Venezuelan
Asia
Arab
Lebanese
Syrian
Armenian
Chinese
Indian
Iranian
Japanese
Korean
Turkish
Europe
Austrian
Belgian
British
Croatian
Czech
Dutch
French
German
Mennonite
Greek
Hungarian
Irish
Italian
Lithuanian
Polish
Portuguese
Romanian
Russian
Scandinavian
Slovene
Spanish
Basque
Swiss
Ukrainian
Others
African
Jewish
Mestizo
Romani
See also
Lists of Colombians
Race and ethnicity in Colombia
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nukak language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukak_language"},{"link_name":"[nɨkãk]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA"},{"link_name":"Makú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maku_people"},{"link_name":"Guaviare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaviare_River"},{"link_name":"Inírida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%C3%ADrida_River"},{"link_name":"Guaviare Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaviare_Department"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"hunter-gatherers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franky-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hector-4"},{"link_name":"uncontacted people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncontacted_people"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hammer-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ElMundo2006-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ElMundo2006-6"},{"link_name":"San José del Guaviare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_del_Guaviare"}],"text":"For the language, see Nukak language.Ethnic groupThe Nukak [nɨkãk] people (also Nukak-Makú) live between the Guaviare and Inírida rivers, in the depths of the tropical humid forest, on the fringe of the Amazon basin, in Guaviare Department, Republic of Colombia. They are nomadic hunter-gatherers with seasonal nomadic patterns and practice small-scale shifting horticulture.[3][4] They were classified as \"uncontacted people\" until 1981,[5] and have since lost half of their population primarily to disease.[6] Part of their territory has been used by coca growers, ranchers, and other settlers, as well as being occupied by guerrillas, army and paramilitaries. Responses to this crisis include protests, requests for assimilation, and the suicide of leader Maw-be'.[6] An estimated 210–250 Nukak people live in provisional settlements at San José del Guaviare, while about as many live nomadically in the Nukak Reservation (Resguardo).","title":"Nukak"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"curares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curare"},{"link_name":"Alouatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alouatta"},{"link_name":"Cebus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebus"},{"link_name":"Saimiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saimiri"},{"link_name":"Lagothrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagothrix"},{"link_name":"Ateles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateles"},{"link_name":"Saguinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saguinus"},{"link_name":"Callicebus torquatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callicebus_torquatus"},{"link_name":"Muscovy duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscovy_duck"},{"link_name":"chachalacas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chachalaca"},{"link_name":"guans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_(bird)"},{"link_name":"curassows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curassow"},{"link_name":"grey-winged trumpeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey-winged_trumpeter"},{"link_name":"toucans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toucan"},{"link_name":"Socratea exorrhiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socratea_exorrhiza"},{"link_name":"peccaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peccary"},{"link_name":"Tayassu pecari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayassu_pecari"},{"link_name":"T. tajacu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayassu_tajacu"},{"link_name":"spectacled caimans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectacled_caiman"},{"link_name":"brocket deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocket_deer"},{"link_name":"Odocoileus virginianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odocoileus_virginianus"},{"link_name":"tapirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapir"},{"link_name":"Tapirus terrestris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_tapir"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franky-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politis-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruth-8"},{"link_name":"rodents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodent"},{"link_name":"Cuniculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paca"},{"link_name":"Dasyprocta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasyprocta"},{"link_name":"armadillos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadillo"},{"link_name":"tortoises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortoise"},{"link_name":"frogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog"},{"link_name":"crabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab"},{"link_name":"shrimps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp"},{"link_name":"snails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snail"},{"link_name":"palm weevils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhynchophorini"},{"link_name":"mojojoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojojoy"},{"link_name":"Rhynchophorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhynchophorus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franky-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politis-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruth-8"}],"text":"Nukak are expert hunters. The men hunt with blowguns that shoot darts coated with curare \"manyi\", a poison made from different plants (curares). They hunt, in particular, several species of monkeys (Alouatta spp., Cebus spp., Saimiri sp., Lagothrix spp., Ateles sp., Saguinus spp., Callicebus torquatus), and birds (Muscovy duck, chachalacas, guans, curassows, grey-winged trumpeter and toucans). They also use javelins made out of Socratea exorrhiza palm wood to hunt two species of peccaries (Tayassu pecari and T. tajacu) and spectacled caimans, whose eggs they consume. Nukak neither hunt nor eat brocket deer, Odocoileus virginianus, and tapirs (Tapirus terrestris); they consider these animals to share a common ancestor with humans.[3][7][8]The Nukak also capture rodents (Cuniculus sp., Dasyprocta spp.), armadillos (Dasypus sp.), tortoises (Geochelone sp), frogs (in large quantities), crabs, shrimps, snails, larvae of palm weevils (mojojoy, \"mun\", Rhynchophorus spp.) and larvae of several species of wasps and caterpillars.[3][7][8]","title":"Hunting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hoplias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoplias"},{"link_name":"Myloplus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myloplus"},{"link_name":"Mylossoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylossoma"},{"link_name":"Hydrolycus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolycus"},{"link_name":"Cichla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cichla"},{"link_name":"surubí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surub%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoplatystoma_fasciatum"},{"link_name":"catfishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catfish"},{"link_name":"piranhas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piranha"},{"link_name":"river rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamotrygonidae"},{"link_name":"Lonchocarpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonchocarpus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franky-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politis-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruth-8"}],"text":"The Nukak eat several species of fish, like Hoplias sp., Myloplus spp., Mylossoma spp., Hydrolycus sp., Cichla sp., surubí (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum), catfishes (Brachyplatystoma spp.), piranhas (Serrasalmus spp., Pygocentrus spp.) and river rays (Potamotrygon sp.). Fishing is partly done with cord and metal fish hooks, although the Nukak still catch their fish traditionally with bow and arrow or harpoons, traps, or baskets (\"mei\", water cages). They also use a sophisticated technique that has been reported in several cultures: it uses nuún, the root of a Lonchocarpus sp. that contains a number of substances that when dissolved in the water streams stun the fish, making them easy to catch.[3][7][8]","title":"Fishing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_couple_of_young_Nukak_Mak%C3%BA_women_eat_local_fruits_while_cooking_a_meal.jpg"},{"link_name":"palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecaceae"},{"link_name":"Jessenia bataua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessenia_bataua"},{"link_name":"Oenocarpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oenocarpus"},{"link_name":"Attalea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attalea_(plant)"},{"link_name":"Mauritia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritia"},{"link_name":"Phenakospermum guyannense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenakospermum_guyannense"},{"link_name":"Aechmea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aechmea"},{"link_name":"Inga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inga"},{"link_name":"Couma macrocarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couma_macrocarpa"},{"link_name":"Iryanthera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iryanthera"},{"link_name":"Theobroma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobroma"},{"link_name":"Pourouma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pourouma"},{"link_name":"Parinari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parinari"},{"link_name":"Micrandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrandra"},{"link_name":"Helicostylis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicostylis"},{"link_name":"Caryocar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caryocar"},{"link_name":"Talisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talisia"},{"link_name":"Hymenaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenaea"},{"link_name":"Dacryodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacryodes"},{"link_name":"Abuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuta"},{"link_name":"Eugenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franky-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruth-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dairon-9"},{"link_name":"Phenakospermum guyannense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenakospermum_guyannense"},{"link_name":"Iriartella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iriartella"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franky-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruth-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dairon-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franky-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politis-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruth-8"}],"text":"From their hammocks a couple of young Nukak Makú women eat a local fruit and cook a meal.They collect honey of twenty species of bees and many fruits: palm fruits (Jessenia bataua), Oenocarpus spp., Attalea spp., Mauritia sp., Phenakospermum guyannense, Aechmea sp., Inga sp., Couma macrocarpa, Iryanthera sp., Theobroma spp., Pourouma spp., Parinari sp., Micrandra sp., Helicostylis sp., Caryocar sp., Talisia sp., Hymenaea sp., Dacryodes spp., Abuta sp., Eugenia spp., Touraleia sp., Perebea spp., Protium sp., Cecropia sp., Batocarpus sp., Hyeronimasp., Brosimumsp., Dialiumsp., Garciniasp., Manilkarasp., Naucleopsisspp., Pradosiasp., Pouteriasp., Salasiasp., Passifloraspp., Duroia maguirei, Duroia hirsuta, Mouririsp., and Alibertia sp.[3][8][9]Nukak take the sweet resin from \"mupabuat\" (Lacunal sp.) and the rattan water (Doliocarpus sp.). They cover their encampments (\"wopyi\") with leaves of Phenakospermum guyannense and palms, and make their hammocks with fiber of the cumare palm Astrocaryum sp.; moorings with Heteropsis tenuispadix, Eschweilera sp., and Anthurium sp.; blowguns with Iriartella stigera, Bactris maraja; bows with Duguetia quitarensis; axe ends with Aspidosperma sp.; darts with thorns of Oneocarpus sp.; dart quivers with leaves of Calathea sp.; milkweed with Pachira nukakika, Ceiba sp., and Pseudobombax sp.; loinclothes for men with Couratari guianensis; baskets with Heteropsis spp.; disposable bags with Ischnosiphon arouma and Heliconia sp.; soap with Cedrelinga sp.; perfumes with Myroxylon sp. and Justice pectoralis; and diverse objects.[3][8][9]\nIryanthera\nThey make blades with the teeth of piranha but have also adapted to use metals. Until 1990 they practised small-scale pottery, producing a small kind of pot to take with them on their travels and a second, bigger kind, to leave as supplies in their camping sites. Today they prefer to obtain metallic pots. When they do not have matches or lighters, they use special wood (Pausandra trianae) to produce fire. They no longer make mirrors with the resin of Trattinickia glaziovii or stone axes.[3][7][8]","title":"Gathering"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ipomoea batatas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipomoea_batatas"},{"link_name":"Xanthosoma violaceum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthosoma_violaceum"},{"link_name":"Dioscorea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorea"},{"link_name":"Manihot esculenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manihot_esculenta"},{"link_name":"Bactris gasipaes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactris_gasipaes"},{"link_name":"Ananas comosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananas_comosus"},{"link_name":"Capsicum chinense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsicum_chinense"},{"link_name":"Musa paradisiaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_paradisiaca"},{"link_name":"Saccharum officinarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharum_officinarum"},{"link_name":"Crescentia cujete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescentia_cujete"},{"link_name":"Lagenaria siceraria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagenaria_siceraria"},{"link_name":"Bixa orellana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bixa_orellana"},{"link_name":"Arrabidaea chica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrabidaea_chica"},{"link_name":"Gynerium sagittatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynerium_sagittatum"},{"link_name":"Nicotiana tabacum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotiana_tabacum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franky-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hector-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dairon-9"}],"text":"They have crops in their territory, along their routes. They traditionally cultivate for food, tubers such as sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas), taros (Xanthosoma violaceum, Colocasia sp.), yams (Dioscorea sp.), and manioc (Manihot esculenta). Also peach palms (Bactris gasipaes), pineapple (Ananas comosus), chili pepper (Capsicum chinense), and several fruit trees. In all the gardens there are bananas (Musa paradisiaca) and sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum). They also plant to obtain tools for daily life (like bowls of Crescentia cujete and Lagenaria siceraria); or to make dyes. (like \"achiote\" Bixa orellana and \"carayurú\" Arrabidaea chica, in order to paint the body); and a cane (Gynerium sagittatum), to make arrows and harpoons. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) is harvested for ritual uses.[3][4][9]","title":"Shifting cultivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Nukak_Mak%C3%BA_young_man_playing_the_Harmonica_and_holding_an_animal_bone_flute_like_instrument.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"ritual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual"},{"link_name":"hallucinogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucinogen"},{"link_name":"Virola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virola"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franky-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hector-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politis-7"},{"link_name":"crossed cousins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_and_cross_cousins"},{"link_name":"kinship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinship"},{"link_name":"polygyny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygyny"},{"link_name":"polyandry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyandry"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franky-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hector-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franky-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hector-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franky-3"}],"text":"Marriage is settled after the man has formally courted the woman with accepted gifts and she has acceded to live with him. In order to look for a pairing, a man must have gone through an initiation ritual in which he endures trials and consumes a hallucinogen (Virola sp.).[3][4][7]The most suitable couple is one made up by crossed cousins. Marriage between parallel cousins is forbidden. If the woman still lives in the home of the father, the gifts must include him. If the woman accepts, she settles down in the man's encampment; if they have a child then they are considered a formal pair, which establishes mutual relations of kinship, expressed in rights and duties of reciprocity. A man can marry several wives, although a single wife is most common, and examples of three or more are rare. This polygyny coexists with a temporal polyandry during the pregnancy in order to improve the qualities of the baby. Each domestic group is part of a territorial group and other groups that are established to perform specific duties like security measures, according to the different stations and situations. On the other hand, each Núkâk is considered as part of a paternal lineage, \"nüwayi\", named after an animal or plant.[3][4]Ten territorial Nukak groups (\"wün\") have been identified, each one with at least 50 or 60 people, who most of the year do not remain together but form different groups for harvesting and/or hunting that are distributed in accordance with the climatic seasonal changes and the security situation. Each group is considered part of one of four regions of its territory. On certain occasions different groups join, where they practice a special ritual, \"entiwat,\" in which the groups dance face to face, striking and verbally injuring each other until the ritual reaches a climactic moment in which they all embrace, weeping while they remember their ancestors and express affection. The groups practice a form of exchange, \"ihinihat\", especially when all the resources are not in the same territory.[3][4]It is considered taboo for the Nukak to discuss dead people.[3]","title":"Social aspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Kakwa language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakwa_language"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Nukak people speak a tonal language.[10][11] It is very closely related to Kakwa language.[12]","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"malaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria"},{"link_name":"measles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles"},{"link_name":"pulmonary diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flu"},{"link_name":"New Tribes Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Tribes_Mission"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hammer-5"},{"link_name":"coca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca"},{"link_name":"FARC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FARC"},{"link_name":"guerillas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerillas"},{"link_name":"AUC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Self-Defense_Forces_of_Colombia"},{"link_name":"paramilitaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitaries"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT2006-13"},{"link_name":"National Indigenous Organization of Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Indigenous_Organization_of_Colombia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ElMundo2006-6"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Nukak populations have lowered from malaria, measles and pulmonary diseases since their contact with the New Tribes Mission and other outsiders beginning in 1981.[5] Today coca growers, left-wing FARC guerillas, right-wing AUC paramilitaries, and the Colombian army have occupied their lands. In 2006, a group of nearly 80 Nukak left the jungle and sought assimilation to preserve their culture. As one of the migrants, Pia-pe, put it: \"We do want to join the white family, but we do not want to forget words of the Nukak.\"[13] In October 2006, leader and Nukak Spanish speaker Maw-be' committed suicide by drinking poison. Friends and the National Indigenous Organization of Colombia (ONIC) reasoned he did so out of desperation in his inability to secure supplies or a safe return for the Nukak to return home.[6][14]","title":"Endangered people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-8585-947-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8585-947-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-85-85986-45-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-85986-45-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.researchgate.net/publication/309426233_Recolectando_en_el_cielo_Elementos_del_manejo_nukak_del_mundo_Amazonia_colombiana"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"958-9003-81-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/958-9003-81-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781598742305","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598742305"}],"text":"FRANKY, Carlos 2011: \"Acompañarnos contentos con la familia\" Unidad, diferencia y conflicto entre los Nükak. Wageningen University. ISBN 978-90-8585-947-5\nGUALTERO, Israel 1989: \"Estudio breve de la cultura material de los Nukak\". Asociación Nuevas Tribus de Colombia, mec. 15 p.\nMAHECHA, Dany y Carlos FRANKY 2013: \"Recolectando en el Cielo: elementos del manejo Nɨkak del mundo\"; Patience Epps & Kristine Stenzel (eds.) Upper Rio Negro: cultural and linguistic interaction in Northwestern Amazonia, p.p. 163-193. Rio de Janeiro: Museu do Índio - Funai. ISBN 978-85-85986-45-2 [1]\nPOLITIS, Gustavo 1995: Mundo Nukak. Fondo de Promoción de Cultura. Bogotá D.C:Banco Popular.-ISBN 958-9003-81-8\nPOLITIS, Gustavo 2007: Nukak: Ethnoarchaeology of an Amazonian People. (Benjamin ALBERTI, trans.) Left Cast Press and University College London Institute of Archaeology Publications, Walnut Creek, CA. ISBN 9781598742305","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"From their hammocks a couple of young Nukak Makú women eat a local fruit and cook a meal.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/A_couple_of_young_Nukak_Mak%C3%BA_women_eat_local_fruits_while_cooking_a_meal.jpg/220px-A_couple_of_young_Nukak_Mak%C3%BA_women_eat_local_fruits_while_cooking_a_meal.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/A_Nukak_Mak%C3%BA_young_man_playing_the_Harmonica_and_holding_an_animal_bone_flute_like_instrument.jpg/220px-A_Nukak_Mak%C3%BA_young_man_playing_the_Harmonica_and_holding_an_animal_bone_flute_like_instrument.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Hammer, Joshua (March 2013). \"The Lost Tribes of the Amazon\". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 31 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/the-lost-tribes-of-the-amazon-22871033/","url_text":"\"The Lost Tribes of the Amazon\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/the-lost-tribes-of-the-amazon-22871033/","external_links_name":"\"The Lost Tribes of the Amazon\""},{"Link":"http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2006/10/26/solidaridad/1161870184.html","external_links_name":"Se suicida un líder indígena, desesperado por la inminente extinción de su pueblo en Colombia"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/11/world/americas/11colombia.html?hp&ex=1147406400&en=fe910ad8020ef2d4&ei=5094&partner=homepage","external_links_name":"Leaving the Wild, and Rather Liking the Change"},{"Link":"https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/colombia_nomads_in_distress","external_links_name":"Nomadic tribe struggles in Colombia"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309426233_Recolectando_en_el_cielo_Elementos_del_manejo_nukak_del_mundo_Amazonia_colombiana","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.parquesnacionales.gov.co/PNN/portel/libreria/php/frame_buscar.php","external_links_name":"National Nukak Natural Reserve"},{"Link":"http://www.survival-international.org/related_material.php?id=363","external_links_name":"Nomads killed, others flee as fighting rages"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081121031018/http://siatac.siac.net.co/","external_links_name":"Territorial-Environmental Information System of Colombian Amazon SIAT-AC website"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13544722g","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13544722g","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007549388105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh97000523","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph518292&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernestine_Chasseb%C5%93uf
|
Ernestine Chassebœuf
|
["1 Life","2 Works","3 See also"]
|
Ernestine Chassebœuf (née Troispoux) (1910–c.2005) was a (fictitious) French letter writer.
Life
Ernestine Chassebœuf spent all her life in Anjou. Born in Botz-en-Mauges, Maine-et-Loire, she married, in 1928, Edmond Chassebœuf, who died in 1970. She stayed most of her life in Coutures, in Maine-et-Loire, where she took care of her garden and her chickens.
In 1999, she began to write letters denouncing, in a truculent and naive style, inefficiencies and inequities. Alain Rémond and Jean Lebrun enabled her to gain a little celebrity. Especially at the occasion of the debate about free lending of books in libraries, she wrote to all the writers who had signed the petition, demanding the withdrawal of their books from public libraries until an agreement had been found. After this start, she continued to write to people in the economic, political, and literary world, or in the media; her common sense and frankness highlighted inconsistencies and mediocrity in French society.
Works
The wheelbarrow and the two orphans. Letters on the right lending library, Vauchrétien: I. Davy ; Angers : Éd. Deleatur, 2000 Davy; Angers: Ed. 2000
Ernestine writes everywhere, Volume 1 (1999) Paris, Ginkgo, 2004, ISBN 978-2-84679-015-4
Ernestine writes everywhere, Volume 2 Paris, Ginkgo, 2004, ISBN 978-2-84679-021-5
Ernestine writes everywhere, Volume 3 (Correspondence 2000-2005), Paris, Ginkgo publisher, 2005. ISBN 978-2-84679-034-5
See also
Jean-Pierre Brisset
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ernestine Chassebœuf"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjou_(region)"},{"link_name":"Botz-en-Mauges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botz-en-Mauges"},{"link_name":"Maine-et-Loire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine-et-Loire"},{"link_name":"Coutures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coutures,_Maine-et-Loire"},{"link_name":"Maine-et-Loire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine-et-Loire"},{"link_name":"Alain Rémond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_R%C3%A9mond"},{"link_name":"Jean Lebrun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Lebrun"},{"link_name":"libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_library"},{"link_name":"petition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petition"}],"text":"Ernestine Chassebœuf spent all her life in Anjou. Born in Botz-en-Mauges, Maine-et-Loire, she married, in 1928, Edmond Chassebœuf, who died in 1970. She stayed most of her life in Coutures, in Maine-et-Loire, where she took care of her garden and her chickens.In 1999, she began to write letters denouncing, in a truculent and naive style, inefficiencies and inequities. Alain Rémond and Jean Lebrun enabled her to gain a little celebrity. Especially at the occasion of the debate about free lending of books in libraries, she wrote to all the writers who had signed the petition, demanding the withdrawal of their books from public libraries until an agreement had been found. After this start, she continued to write to people in the economic, political, and literary world, or in the media; her common sense and frankness highlighted inconsistencies and mediocrity in French society.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ernestine writes everywhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ginkgo-editeur.com/couv/ernest1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ginkgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ginkgo-editeur.com/biloba.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-84679-015-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84679-015-4"},{"link_name":"Ernestine writes everywhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ginkgo-editeur.fr/couv/ernest2.jpg"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-84679-021-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84679-021-5"},{"link_name":"Ernestine writes everywhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ginkgo-editeur.fr/couv/ernest3.jpg"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-84679-034-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84679-034-5"}],"text":"The wheelbarrow and the two orphans. Letters on the right lending library, Vauchrétien: I. Davy ; Angers : Éd. Deleatur, 2000 Davy; Angers: Ed. 2000\nErnestine writes everywhere, Volume 1 (1999) Paris, Ginkgo, 2004, ISBN 978-2-84679-015-4\nErnestine writes everywhere, Volume 2 Paris, Ginkgo, 2004, ISBN 978-2-84679-021-5\nErnestine writes everywhere, Volume 3 (Correspondence 2000-2005), Paris, Ginkgo publisher, 2005. ISBN 978-2-84679-034-5","title":"Works"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Jean-Pierre Brisset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Brisset"},{"title":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3057245#identifiers"},{"title":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000001148606"},{"title":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/59253027"},{"title":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13583053d"},{"title":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13583053d"},{"title":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/059779942"}]
|
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://ginkgo-editeur.com/couv/ernest1.jpg","external_links_name":"Ernestine writes everywhere"},{"Link":"http://ginkgo-editeur.com/biloba.html","external_links_name":"Ginkgo"},{"Link":"http://www.ginkgo-editeur.fr/couv/ernest2.jpg","external_links_name":"Ernestine writes everywhere"},{"Link":"http://www.ginkgo-editeur.fr/couv/ernest3.jpg","external_links_name":"Ernestine writes everywhere"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000001148606","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/59253027","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13583053d","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13583053d","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/059779942","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyalphabetic_substitution
|
Polyalphabetic cipher
|
["1 History","2 Notes","3 References","4 See also"]
|
Multiple-substitution writing system cipher
A polyalphabetic cipher is a substitution, using multiple substitution alphabets. The Vigenère cipher is probably the best-known example of a polyalphabetic cipher, though it is a simplified special case. The Enigma machine is more complex but is still fundamentally a polyalphabetic substitution cipher.
History
The work of Al-Qalqashandi (1355–1418), based on the earlier work of Ibn al-Durayhim (1312–1359), contained the first published discussion of the substitution and transposition of ciphers, as well as the first description of a polyalphabetic cipher, in which each plaintext letter is assigned more than one substitute. However, it has been claimed that polyalphabetic ciphers may have been developed by the Arab cryptologist Al Kindi (801–873) centuries earlier.
The Alberti cipher by Leon Battista Alberti around 1467 was an early polyalphabetic cipher. Alberti used a mixed alphabet to encrypt a message, but whenever he wanted to, he would switch to a different alphabet, indicating that he had done so by including an uppercase letter or a number in the cryptogram. For this encipherment Alberti used a decoder device, his cipher disk, which implemented a polyalphabetic substitution with mixed alphabets.
Johannes Trithemius—in his book Polygraphiae libri sex (Six books of polygraphia), which was published in 1518 after his death—invented a progressive key polyalphabetic cipher called the Trithemius cipher. Unlike Alberti's cipher, which switched alphabets at random intervals, Trithemius switched alphabets for each letter of the message. He started with a tabula recta, a square with 26 letters in it (although Trithemius, writing in Latin, used 24 letters). Each alphabet was shifted one letter to the left from the one above it, and started again with A after reaching Z (see table).
Tabula recta
Trithemius's idea was to encipher the first letter of the message using the first shifted alphabet, so A became B, B became C, etc. The second letter of the message was enciphered using the second shifted alphabet, etc. Alberti's cipher disk implemented the same scheme. It had two alphabets, one on a fixed outer ring, and the other on the rotating disk. A letter is enciphered by looking for that letter on the outer ring, and encoding it as the letter underneath it on the disk. The disk started with A underneath B, and the user rotated the disk by one letter after encrypting each letter.
The cipher was trivial to break, and Alberti's machine implementation not much more difficult. Key progression in both cases was poorly concealed from attackers. Even Alberti's implementation of his polyalphabetic cipher was rather easy to break (the capitalized letter is a major clue to the cryptanalyst). For most of the next several hundred years, the significance of using multiple substitution alphabets was missed by almost everyone. Polyalphabetic substitution cipher designers seem to have concentrated on obscuring the choice of a few such alphabets (repeating as needed), not on the increased security possible by using many and never repeating any.
The principle (particularly Alberti's unlimited additional substitution alphabets) was a major advance—the most significant in the several hundred years since frequency analysis had been developed. A reasonable implementation would have been (and, when finally achieved, was) vastly harder to break. It was not until the mid-19th century (in Babbage's secret work during the Crimean War and Friedrich Kasiski's generally equivalent public disclosure some years later), that cryptanalysis of well-implemented polyalphabetic ciphers got anywhere at all. See Kasiski examination.
Notes
^ Lennon, Brian (2018). Passwords: Philology, Security, Authentication. Harvard University Press. p. 26. ISBN 9780674985377.
^ Maclean, Donald (20 February 2012), Al-Kindi, retrieved 13 April 2012
^ Johann Tritheim, Polygraphiae libri sex … (Basel, Switzerland: Michael Furter and Adam Petri, 1518), Liber quintus (fifth book), pages 461-462; the Recta transpositionis tabula (square table of transpositions, or "Vigenère table") appears on page 463.
References
Alberti, Leon Battista (1997), A Treatise on Ciphers, trans. A. Zaccagnini. Foreword by David Kahn, Torino: Galimberti
Churchhouse, Robert (2002), Codes and Ciphers: Julius Caesar, the Enigma and the Internet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-00890-7
Gaines, Helen Fouché (1939), Cryptanalysis, Dover, ISBN 0-486-20097-3
See also
Vigenère cipher
Topics in cryptography
vteClassical cryptographyCiphersby familyPolyalphabetic
Alberti
Enigma
Trithemius
Vigenère
Polybius square
ADFGVX
Bifid
Nihilist
Tap code
Trifid
VIC cipher
Square
Playfair
Two-square
Four-square
Substitution
Affine
Atbash
Autokey
Beaufort
Caesar
Chaocipher
Great
Hill
Pigpen
ROT13
Running key
Transposition
Columnar
Double
Myszkowski
Rail fence
Route
Other
BATCO
DRYAD
Kama Sutra
One-time pad
Rasterschlüssel 44
Reihenschieber
Reservehandverfahren
Slidex
Solitaire
Codes
Book
Code talker
Poem
Steganography
Bacon
Grille
Null
Cryptanalysis
Cryptogram
Frequency analysis
Index of coincidence (Units: Ban and Nat)
Information leakage
Kasiski examination
vteCryptographyGeneral
History of cryptography
Outline of cryptography
Cryptographic protocol
Authentication protocol
Cryptographic primitive
Cryptanalysis
Cryptocurrency
Cryptosystem
Cryptographic nonce
Cryptovirology
Hash function
Cryptographic hash function
Key derivation function
Digital signature
Kleptography
Key (cryptography)
Key exchange
Key generator
Key schedule
Key stretching
Keygen
Cryptojacking malware
Ransomware
Random number generation
Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CSPRNG)
Pseudorandom noise (PRN)
Secure channel
Insecure channel
Subliminal channel
Encryption
Decryption
End-to-end encryption
Harvest now, decrypt later
Information-theoretic security
Plaintext
Codetext
Ciphertext
Shared secret
Trapdoor function
Trusted timestamping
Key-based routing
Onion routing
Garlic routing
Kademlia
Mix network
Mathematics
Cryptographic hash function
Block cipher
Stream cipher
Symmetric-key algorithm
Authenticated encryption
Public-key cryptography
Quantum key distribution
Quantum cryptography
Post-quantum cryptography
Message authentication code
Random numbers
Steganography
Category
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"substitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution_cipher"},{"link_name":"Vigenère cipher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigen%C3%A8re_cipher"},{"link_name":"Enigma machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigma_machine"}],"text":"A polyalphabetic cipher is a substitution, using multiple substitution alphabets. The Vigenère cipher is probably the best-known example of a polyalphabetic cipher, though it is a simplified special case. The Enigma machine is more complex but is still fundamentally a polyalphabetic substitution cipher.","title":"Polyalphabetic cipher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al-Qalqashandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qalqashandi"},{"link_name":"Ibn al-Durayhim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Durayhim"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Al Kindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Kindi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Alberti cipher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberti_cipher"},{"link_name":"Leon Battista Alberti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti"},{"link_name":"cipher disk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher_disk"},{"link_name":"Johannes Trithemius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Trithemius"},{"link_name":"Trithemius cipher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trithemius_cipher"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"tabula recta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_recta"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vigen%C3%A8re_square_shading.svg"},{"link_name":"frequency analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_analysis"},{"link_name":"Babbage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Babbage"},{"link_name":"Crimean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Kasiski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Kasiski"},{"link_name":"cryptanalysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptanalysis"},{"link_name":"Kasiski examination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasiski_examination"}],"text":"The work of Al-Qalqashandi (1355–1418), based on the earlier work of Ibn al-Durayhim (1312–1359), contained the first published discussion of the substitution and transposition of ciphers, as well as the first description of a polyalphabetic cipher, in which each plaintext letter is assigned more than one substitute.[1] However, it has been claimed that polyalphabetic ciphers may have been developed by the Arab cryptologist Al Kindi (801–873) centuries earlier.[2]The Alberti cipher by Leon Battista Alberti around 1467 was an early polyalphabetic cipher. Alberti used a mixed alphabet to encrypt a message, but whenever he wanted to, he would switch to a different alphabet, indicating that he had done so by including an uppercase letter or a number in the cryptogram. For this encipherment Alberti used a decoder device, his cipher disk, which implemented a polyalphabetic substitution with mixed alphabets.Johannes Trithemius—in his book Polygraphiae libri sex (Six books of polygraphia), which was published in 1518 after his death—invented a progressive key polyalphabetic cipher called the Trithemius cipher.[3] Unlike Alberti's cipher, which switched alphabets at random intervals, Trithemius switched alphabets for each letter of the message. He started with a tabula recta, a square with 26 letters in it (although Trithemius, writing in Latin, used 24 letters). Each alphabet was shifted one letter to the left from the one above it, and started again with A after reaching Z (see table).Tabula rectaTrithemius's idea was to encipher the first letter of the message using the first shifted alphabet, so A became B, B became C, etc. The second letter of the message was enciphered using the second shifted alphabet, etc. Alberti's cipher disk implemented the same scheme. It had two alphabets, one on a fixed outer ring, and the other on the rotating disk. A letter is enciphered by looking for that letter on the outer ring, and encoding it as the letter underneath it on the disk. The disk started with A underneath B, and the user rotated the disk by one letter after encrypting each letter.The cipher was trivial to break, and Alberti's machine implementation not much more difficult. Key progression in both cases was poorly concealed from attackers. Even Alberti's implementation of his polyalphabetic cipher was rather easy to break (the capitalized letter is a major clue to the cryptanalyst). For most of the next several hundred years, the significance of using multiple substitution alphabets was missed by almost everyone. Polyalphabetic substitution cipher designers seem to have concentrated on obscuring the choice of a few such alphabets (repeating as needed), not on the increased security possible by using many and never repeating any.The principle (particularly Alberti's unlimited additional substitution alphabets) was a major advance—the most significant in the several hundred years since frequency analysis had been developed. A reasonable implementation would have been (and, when finally achieved, was) vastly harder to break. It was not until the mid-19th century (in Babbage's secret work during the Crimean War and Friedrich Kasiski's generally equivalent public disclosure some years later), that cryptanalysis of well-implemented polyalphabetic ciphers got anywhere at all. See Kasiski examination.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Passwords: Philology, Security, Authentication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=jbpTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT26"},{"link_name":"Harvard University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780674985377","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674985377"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Al-Kindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//donaldmaclean.wordpress.com/2012/02/20/al-kindi/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"page 463.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=rbc3&fileName=rbc0001_2009fabyan12345page.db&recNum=470"}],"text":"^ Lennon, Brian (2018). Passwords: Philology, Security, Authentication. Harvard University Press. p. 26. ISBN 9780674985377.\n\n^ Maclean, Donald (20 February 2012), Al-Kindi, retrieved 13 April 2012\n\n^ Johann Tritheim, Polygraphiae libri sex … (Basel, Switzerland: Michael Furter and Adam Petri, 1518), Liber quintus (fifth book), pages 461-462; the Recta transpositionis tabula (square table of transpositions, or \"Vigenère table\") appears on page 463.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Tabula recta","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Vigen%C3%A8re_square_shading.svg/320px-Vigen%C3%A8re_square_shading.svg.png"}]
|
[{"title":"Vigenère cipher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigen%C3%A8re_cipher"},{"title":"Topics in cryptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topics_in_cryptography"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cryptography_classical"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cryptography_classical"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cryptography_classical"},{"title":"Classical cryptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_cipher"},{"title":"Ciphers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher"},{"title":"Polyalphabetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Alberti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberti_cipher"},{"title":"Enigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigma_machine"},{"title":"Trithemius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trithemius_cipher"},{"title":"Vigenère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigen%C3%A8re_cipher"},{"title":"Polybius square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polybius_square"},{"title":"ADFGVX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADFGVX_cipher"},{"title":"Bifid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifid_cipher"},{"title":"Nihilist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilist_cipher"},{"title":"Tap code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_code"},{"title":"Trifid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifid_cipher"},{"title":"VIC cipher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIC_cipher"},{"title":"Playfair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playfair_cipher"},{"title":"Two-square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-square_cipher"},{"title":"Four-square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-square_cipher"},{"title":"Substitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution_cipher"},{"title":"Affine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine_cipher"},{"title":"Atbash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atbash"},{"title":"Autokey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autokey_cipher"},{"title":"Beaufort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort_cipher"},{"title":"Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_cipher"},{"title":"Chaocipher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaocipher"},{"title":"Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Cipher"},{"title":"Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_cipher"},{"title":"Pigpen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigpen_cipher"},{"title":"ROT13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROT13"},{"title":"Running key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_key_cipher"},{"title":"Transposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposition_cipher"},{"title":"Columnar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposition_cipher#Columnar_transposition"},{"title":"Double","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposition_cipher#Double_transposition"},{"title":"Myszkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposition_cipher#Myszkowski_transposition"},{"title":"Rail fence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_fence_cipher"},{"title":"Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposition_cipher#Route_cipher"},{"title":"BATCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BATCO"},{"title":"DRYAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRYAD"},{"title":"Kama Sutra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlecchita_vikalpa"},{"title":"One-time pad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-time_pad"},{"title":"Rasterschlüssel 44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasterschl%C3%BCssel_44"},{"title":"Reihenschieber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reihenschieber"},{"title":"Reservehandverfahren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservehandverfahren"},{"title":"Slidex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slidex"},{"title":"Solitaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitaire_(cipher)"},{"title":"Codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_(cryptography)"},{"title":"Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_cipher"},{"title":"Code talker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_talker"},{"title":"Poem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poem_code"},{"title":"Steganography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steganography"},{"title":"Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacon%27s_cipher"},{"title":"Grille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grille_(cryptography)"},{"title":"Null","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_cipher"},{"title":"Cryptogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptogram"},{"title":"Frequency analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_analysis"},{"title":"Index of coincidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_coincidence"},{"title":"Ban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartley_(unit)"},{"title":"Nat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_(unit)"},{"title":"Information leakage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_leakage"},{"title":"Kasiski examination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasiski_examination"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cryptography_navbox"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cryptography_navbox"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cryptography_navbox"},{"title":"Cryptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography"},{"title":"History of cryptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cryptography"},{"title":"Outline of cryptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_cryptography"},{"title":"Cryptographic protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_protocol"},{"title":"Authentication protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authentication_protocol"},{"title":"Cryptographic primitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_primitive"},{"title":"Cryptanalysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptanalysis"},{"title":"Cryptocurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency"},{"title":"Cryptosystem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptosystem"},{"title":"Cryptographic nonce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_nonce"},{"title":"Cryptovirology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptovirology"},{"title":"Hash function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_function"},{"title":"Cryptographic hash function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function"},{"title":"Key derivation function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_derivation_function"},{"title":"Digital signature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signature"},{"title":"Kleptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptography"},{"title":"Key (cryptography)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_(cryptography)"},{"title":"Key exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_exchange"},{"title":"Key generator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_generator"},{"title":"Key schedule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_schedule"},{"title":"Key stretching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_stretching"},{"title":"Keygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keygen"},{"title":"Cryptojacking malware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptojacking_malware"},{"title":"Ransomware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransomware"},{"title":"Random number generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_number_generation"},{"title":"Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographically_secure_pseudorandom_number_generator"},{"title":"Pseudorandom noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom_noise"},{"title":"Secure channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_channel"},{"title":"Insecure channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecure_channel"},{"title":"Subliminal channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subliminal_channel"},{"title":"Encryption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encryption"},{"title":"Decryption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decryption"},{"title":"End-to-end encryption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-to-end_encryption"},{"title":"Harvest now, decrypt later","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvest_now,_decrypt_later"},{"title":"Information-theoretic security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information-theoretic_security"},{"title":"Plaintext","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaintext"},{"title":"Codetext","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codetext"},{"title":"Ciphertext","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciphertext"},{"title":"Shared secret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_secret"},{"title":"Trapdoor function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapdoor_function"},{"title":"Trusted timestamping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_timestamping"},{"title":"Key-based routing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key-based_routing"},{"title":"Onion routing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion_routing"},{"title":"Garlic routing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic_routing"},{"title":"Kademlia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kademlia"},{"title":"Mix network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mix_network"},{"title":"Cryptographic hash function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function"},{"title":"Block cipher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_cipher"},{"title":"Stream cipher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_cipher"},{"title":"Symmetric-key algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric-key_algorithm"},{"title":"Authenticated encryption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticated_encryption"},{"title":"Public-key cryptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography"},{"title":"Quantum key distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_key_distribution"},{"title":"Quantum cryptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_cryptography"},{"title":"Post-quantum cryptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-quantum_cryptography"},{"title":"Message authentication code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_authentication_code"},{"title":"Random numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographically_secure_pseudorandom_number_generator"},{"title":"Steganography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steganography"},{"title":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cryptography"}]
|
[{"reference":"Lennon, Brian (2018). Passwords: Philology, Security, Authentication. Harvard University Press. p. 26. ISBN 9780674985377.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jbpTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT26","url_text":"Passwords: Philology, Security, Authentication"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press","url_text":"Harvard University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674985377","url_text":"9780674985377"}]},{"reference":"Maclean, Donald (20 February 2012), Al-Kindi, retrieved 13 April 2012","urls":[{"url":"http://donaldmaclean.wordpress.com/2012/02/20/al-kindi/","url_text":"Al-Kindi"}]},{"reference":"Alberti, Leon Battista (1997), A Treatise on Ciphers, trans. A. Zaccagnini. Foreword by David Kahn, Torino: Galimberti","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti","url_text":"Alberti, Leon Battista"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kahn_(writer)","url_text":"David Kahn"}]},{"reference":"Churchhouse, Robert (2002), Codes and Ciphers: Julius Caesar, the Enigma and the Internet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-00890-7","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/codesciphersjuli0000chur","url_text":"Codes and Ciphers: Julius Caesar, the Enigma and the Internet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00890-7","url_text":"978-0-521-00890-7"}]},{"reference":"Gaines, Helen Fouché (1939), Cryptanalysis, Dover, ISBN 0-486-20097-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Fouch%C3%A9_Gaines","url_text":"Gaines, Helen Fouché"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cryptanalysis00hele","url_text":"Cryptanalysis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-20097-3","url_text":"0-486-20097-3"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jbpTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT26","external_links_name":"Passwords: Philology, Security, Authentication"},{"Link":"http://donaldmaclean.wordpress.com/2012/02/20/al-kindi/","external_links_name":"Al-Kindi"},{"Link":"http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=rbc3&fileName=rbc0001_2009fabyan12345page.db&recNum=470","external_links_name":"page 463."},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/codesciphersjuli0000chur","external_links_name":"Codes and Ciphers: Julius Caesar, the Enigma and the Internet"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/cryptanalysis00hele","external_links_name":"Cryptanalysis"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Antoninus_and_Faustina
|
Temple of Antoninus and Faustina
|
["1 Temple","2 Church","3 See also","4 References","5 Sources","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 41°53′31.70″N 12°29′12.08″E / 41.8921389°N 12.4866889°E / 41.8921389; 12.4866889Ancient religious monument in Rome, Italy
Temple of Antoninus and Faustina3D reconstruction of the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina.Temple of Antoninus and FaustinaShown within Augustan RomeClick on the map for a fullscreen viewLocationRegio IV Templum PacisCoordinates41°53′31.70″N 12°29′12.08″E / 41.8921389°N 12.4866889°E / 41.8921389; 12.4866889TypeRoman templeHistoryFounded141 AD
The Temple of Antoninus and Faustina is an ancient Roman temple in Rome, which was later converted into a Roman Catholic church, the Chiesa di San Lorenzo in Miranda or simply "San Lorenzo in Miranda". It is located in the Forum Romanum, on the Via Sacra, opposite the Regia.
Temple
The temple was constructed by the Emperor Antoninus Pius, beginning in 141 AD. It was initially dedicated to his deceased and deified wife, Faustina the Elder. Because of this, Faustina was the first Roman empress with a permanent presence in the Forum Romanum. When Antoninus Pius was deified after his death in 161 AD, the temple was re-dedicated to both Antoninus and Faustina by his successor, Marcus Aurelius.
The building stands on a high platform of large grey peperino tufa blocks. The latter of two dedicatory inscriptions says, "Divo Antonino et Divae Faustinae Ex S.C." meaning, “For the divine Antoninus and for the divine Faustina, by decree of the Senate.”
Copper alloy coin featuring the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina. 141-161 CE. The British Museum.
The eight monolithic Corinthian columns of its pronaos are 17 metres (56 ft) in height. The rich bas-reliefs of the frieze under the cornice, featuring griffins, acanthus scrolls, and candelabra, were often copied from the sixteenth through the nineteenth centuries.
Based on numismatic evidence, the temple was originally fenced off from the Via Sacra and a large, seated statue of Faustina would have been inside of the cella. Fragments of this statue and one of Antoninus Pius, which was added later, were discovered in front of the Temple.
Church
The temple was converted into a Roman Catholic church, the Chiesa di San Lorenzo in Miranda, perhaps as early as the seventh century, but it is only attested from the eleventh century work Mirabilia Urbis Romae. "Miranda" may derive from the name of a benefactress. At that time, it was thought that this was the location of the sentencing of St. Lawrence, Deacon and Martyr to death by the Prefect of Rome, hence its dedication.
Christianization accounts for the survival of the cella and portico of the temple through the centuries, though it did not preserve the edifice from all damage. Originally, the podium was faced with white marble slabs, with matching marble mouldings at the top and bottom. Most of the marble facing was scavenged, except for the moulding. The deep grooves in the temple's columns are supposed to date to a medieval attempt to dismantle the pillared portico, either for spolia or to destroy the pagan temple. The grooves also may have been used to attach a makeshift roof over the portico. Also in the Middle Ages, a staircase was built on the side facing the Forum, but it is now impossible to enter from that side because there is a gap of circa 6 metres (20 ft) between the foot of the steps and the bronze door. Before the archeological excavations, the ground level was at this door. Excavations in front of the temple were undertaken in 1546, again in 1810, and at intervals from 1876.
In 1429 or 1430, Pope Martin V gave the church to the Collegio degli Speziali (Guild of Apothecaries), at the time officially denominated the "Universitas Aromatorium". The College still uses its adjoining guildhall, which contains a small museum that holds a receipt for medicine that Raphael signed. Side chapels were erected after this date. The church lacks the usual eastern apse: one was never added so as to retain the temple's structural integrity.
In 1536, the church was partially demolished and the side chapels removed in order to restore the ancient temple for the visit to Rome of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. The church, now constrained within the cella of the temple, was remodelled in 1602 by Orazio Torriani, creating a single nave and three new side chapels. The main altar has a reredos canvas by Pietro da Cortona of the Martyrdom of St. Lawrence (1646), while the first chapel on the left hosts the Madonna and Child with Saints (1626) by Domenichino.
See also
List of Ancient Roman temples
References
^ C. Rowan, ‘Communicating a consecratio: the defecation coinage of Faustina I’, in: N. Holmes (ed.), Proceedings of the XIV International Numismatic Congress Glasgow, vol. 1, Glasgow (2012), 991.
^ a b c Claridge, Amanda. Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide. p. 112.
^ Christian Hülsen, Le Chiese di Roma nel Medio Evo (Florence: Olschki, 1927).
^ A fanciful derivation from the Latin mirare ("to admire"), imagined as referring to the excellent panorama of the Forum from the church's steps, diachronically attributes to the medieval public an eighteenth-century appreciation for the picturesque.
^ Platner and Ashby 1929.
^ Filippo Titi, Descrizione delle Pitture, Sculture e Architetture esposte in Roma, 1763.
^ Roma e dintorni, Touring Club Italiano
Sources
Claridge, Amanda. 2010. Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide. 2nd ed., revised and expanded. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Platner, Samuel Ball. 1929. A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. London: Oxford University Press. (Online text)
Touring Club Italiano. 1965. Roma e Dintorni. Milano.
Further reading
Library resources about Temple of Antoninus and Faustina
Online books
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Boatwright, Mary T. 2010. "Antonine Rome: Security in the Homeland." Yale Classical Studies 35: 169–197.
Davies, Penelope J.E. 2000. Death and the Emperor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fulford, Eric 1994. "A Temple Through Time." Archaeology 47.5: 54–59.
Levick, Barbara M. 2014. Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age. Women in Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Stamper, John W. 2005. The Architecture of Roman Temples: The Republic to the Middle Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
External links
Temple of Anoninus and Faustina at digitales Forum Romanum by Humboldt University of Berlin Archived 2020-09-29 at the Wayback Machine
Lucentini, M. (31 December 2012). The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History's Greatest City. Interlink. ISBN 9781623710088.
Media related to Temple of Antoninus and Faustina (Rome) at Wikimedia Commons
Preceded byAra Pacis
Landmarks of RomeTemple of Antoninus and Faustina
Succeeded byTemple of Apollo Palatinus
vteLandmarks of RomeWalls and gates
Aurelian Walls
Ardeatina
Asinaria
Latina
Maggiore
Metronia
Nomentana
Pia
Pinciana
Popolo
Portese
San Pancrazio
San Paolo
San Giovanni
San Sebastiano
Settimiana
Tiburtina
Leonine Wall
Cavalleggeri
Pertusa
Santo Spirito
Castra Praetoria
Janiculum Wall
Terreus Wall
Romuli Wall
Servian Wall
Caelimontana
Capena
Collina
Dolabella
Esquilina
Fontinalis
Gallienus
Viminale
Naevia
Querquetulana
Trigemina
Ancient obelisks
Lateran Obelisk
Flaminian Obelisk
Obelisk of Minerveo
Obelisk of Montecitorio
Ancient RomanlandmarksTriumphal arches
Arch of Constantine
Arch of Dolabella
Arch of Drusus
Arch of Gallienus
Arch of Janus
Arch of Septimius Severus
Arch of Titus
Arcus Novus
Aqueducts
Aqua Appia
Aqua Alexandrina
Aqua Anio Vetus
Aqua Anio Novus
Aqua Claudia
Aqua Julia
Aqua Marcia
Aqua Tepula
Sewers
Cloaca Maxima
Cloaca Circi Maximi
Public baths
Baths of Agrippa
Baths of Caracalla
Baths of Diocletian
Baths of Nero
Baths of Trajan
Religious
Ara Pacis
Temple of Antoninus and Faustina
Temple of Apollo Palatinus
Temple of Apollo Sosianus
Temple of Hadrian
Temple of Hercules Victor
Temple of Janus
Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
Temple of Jupiter Tonans
Temple of Minerva Medica
Temple of Portunus
Temple of Saturn
Temple of Vesta
House of the Vestals
Largo di Torre Argentina
Lupercal
Pantheon
Porta Maggiore Basilica
Fora
Roman Forum
Imperial fora
Forum of Augustus
Forum of Caesar
Forum of Nerva
Forum of Vespasian
Trajan's Forum
Forum Boarium
Forum Holitorium
Civic
Basilica Argentaria
Basilica Julia
Basilica of Junius Bassus
Basilica of Maxentius
Basilica of Neptune
Basilica Ulpia
Comitium
Curia Julia
Portico Dii Consentes
Porticus Octaviae
Tabularium
Entertainment
Circus Maximus
Circus of Maxentius
Circus of Nero
Colosseum
Ludus Magnus
Gardens of Maecenas
Gardens of Sallust
Stadium of Domitian
Theatre of Marcellus
Theatre of Pompey
Palaces and villae
Domus Augustana
Domus Aurea
Domus Transitoria
Flavian Palace
House of Augustus
Palace of Domitian
Villa Gordiani
Villa of Livia
Insula dell'Ara Coeli
Villa of the Quintilii
Villa of the sette bassi
Column monuments
Column of Antoninus Pius
Column of Marcus Aurelius
"Column of Phocas"
Trajan's Column
Five-Columns Monument
Commerce
Porticus Aemilia
Trajan's Market
Tombs
Casal Rotondo
Catacombs of Domitilla
Catacombs of Rome
Catacombs of San Sebastiano
Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas
Mausoleum of Augustus
Mausoleum of Helena
Mausoleum of Maxentius
Pyramid of Cestius
Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker
Tomb of Hilarus Fuscus
Tomb of the Haterii
Tomb of the Scipios
Tombs of Via Latina
Tomb of Priscilla
Vigna Randanini
Bridges
Pons Cestius
Pons Fabricius
Ponte Milvio
Ponte Sant'Angelo
Roman Catholicbasilicas
Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
Basilica of Saint Mary Major
Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican
S. Lorenzo fuori le mura
S. Agnese fuori le mura
S. Agostino
S. Anastasia al Palatino
S. Andrea delle Fratte
S. Andrea della Valle
S. Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana
S. Apollinare alle Terme
Ss. Apostoli
S. Balbina
S. Bartolomeo all'Isola
Ss. Bonifacio ed Alessio
S. Camillo de Lellis
S. Carlo al Corso
S. Cecilia in Trastevere
Ss. Celso e Giuliano
S. Clemente
Ss. Cosma e Damiano
S. Crisogono
S. Croce in Via Flaminia
S. Croce in Gerusalemme
S. Eugenio
S. Eustachio
S. Francesca Romana
S. Giovanni a Porta Latina
S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini
Ss. Giovanni e Paolo
S. Lorenzo in Damaso
S. Lorenzo in Lucina
S. Maria Ausiliatrice
S. Marco
S. Maria degli Angeli
S. Maria in Montesanto
S. Maria in Cosmedin
S. Maria in Domnica
S. Maria in Aracoeli
S. Maria del Popolo
S. Maria sopra Minerva
S. Maria in Trastevere
S. Maria in Via
S. Maria in Via Lata
S. Maria della Vittoria
S. Martino ai Monti
Ss. Nereo e Achilleo
S. Nicola in Carcere
S. Pancrazio
Pantheon
S. Pietro in Vincoli
S. Prassede
S. Pudenziana
Ss. Quattro Coronati
S. Saba
S. Sabina
Sacro Cuore di Maria
Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re
Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio
S. Sebastiano fuori le mura
S. Silvestro in Capite
S. Sisto Vecchio
S. Sofia a Via Boccea
S. Stefano Rotondo
S. Teresa
S. Vitale
Other churches
List of churches in Rome
Castles and palaces
Arx
Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi
Castel Sant'Angelo
Domus Internationalis Paulus VI
Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga
Palazzo Barberini
Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari
Palazzo Borghese
Palazzo della Cancelleria
Palazzo Chigi
Palazzo Colonna
Palazzo della Consulta
Palazzo Farnese
Palazzo Fusconi-Pighini
Palazzo Giustinani
Lateran Palace
Palazzo Madama
Palazzo Malta
Palazzo di Giustizia
Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne
Palazzo Mattei
Palazzo del Quirinale
Palazzo Pamphilj
Palazzo Poli
Palazzo Riario
Palazzo Ruspoli
Palazzo Spada
Palazzo Valentini
Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli
Palazzo del Viminale
Palazzo Wedekind
Palazzo Zuccari
Villa Farnesina
Villa Giulia
Villa Madama
Fountains
Api
Acqua Felice
Acqua Paola
Babuino
Barcaccia
Il Facchino
Marforio
Moro
Nasone
Navicella
Neptune
Nettuno
del Pantheon
Pianto
di Piazza d'Aracoeli
di Piazza Colonna
di Piazza Farnese
della Piazza dei Quiriti
di Piazza Nicosia
in Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere
di Ponte Sisto
Quattro Fiumi
Quattro Fontane
Tartarughe
Trevi Fountain
Tritons
Tritone
Other landmarks
Altare della Patria (Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of Italy)
Campo Verano
Capocci Tower
Column of the Immaculate Conception
Conti Tower
Hospital of the Holy Spirit
Milizie Tower
Sisto Bridge
Spanish Steps
Squares, streetsand public spaces
Appian Way
Campo de' Fiori
Clivus Capitolinus
Piazza Colonna
Piazza d'Aracoeli
Piazza del Popolo
Piazza della Minerva
Piazza della Repubblica
Piazza Farnese
Piazza Navona
Piazza San Pietro
Piazza di Spagna
Piazza Venezia
Via dei Coronari
Via del Corso
Via della Conciliazione
Via dei Fori Imperiali
Via Sacra
Via Veneto
Parks, gardensand zoos
Bioparco
Villa Ada
Villa Borghese gardens
Villa Doria Pamphili
Villa Medici
Villa Torlonia
Parco degli Acquedotti
Museums andart galleries
Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum
Capitoline Museums
Casa di Goethe
Doria Pamphilj Gallery
Galleria Borghese
Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna
Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica
Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna
Giorgio de Chirico House Museum
Galleria Spada
Jewish Museum of Rome
Keats–Shelley Memorial House
MAXXI
Museo Archeologico Ostiense
Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica
Museo Civico di Zoologia
Museo delle anime del Purgatorio
Museo delle Mura
Museo di Roma
Museo di Roma in Trastevere
Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia
Museo Nazionale Etrusco
Museo Nazionale Romano
Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria
Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome
Museum of Roman Civilization
Museum of the Ara Pacis
Museum of the Liberation of Rome
National Museum of Oriental Art
Palazzo Colonna
Palazzo delle Esposizioni
Pigorini National Museum
Porta San Paolo Railway Museum
Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum
Venanzo Crocetti Museum
Art
Apollo Belvedere
Augustus of Prima Porta
Colossus of Constantine
La Bocca della Verità
Laocoön and His Sons
Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus
Ecstasy of Saint Teresa
Pietà
Portonaccio sarcophagus
Raphael Rooms
Sistine Chapel ceiling
Velletri Sarcophagus
LandscapeSeven Hills
Aventine
Caelian
Capitoline
Esquiline
Palatine
Quirinal
Viminal
Tiber Island
Monte Testaccio
Metropolitan Cityof Rome Capital
Appian Way Regional Park
Capo di Bove
Castello Orsini-Odescalchi
Frascati
Hadrian's Villa
Ostia Antica
Villa Aldobrandini
Villa d'Este
Villa Farnese
Events and traditions
Festa della Repubblica
Rome Quadriennale
Rome Film Festival
Enclave
Vatican City
vteRoman ForumTemples
Temple of Antoninus and Faustina
Temple of Divus Augustus
Temple of Concord
Temple of Castor and Pollux (Lacus Juturnae)
Temple of Caesar
Temple of Janus
Temple of Jupiter Stator (8th century BC)
Temple of Romulus
Temple of Saturn (Altar of Saturn)
Shrine of Venus Cloacina
Temple of Venus and Roma
Temple of Vespasian and Titus
Temple of Vesta (House of the Vestals)
Portico Dii Consentes
Basilicas
Basilica Aemilia (Basilica Fulvia)
Basilica Julia (Basilica Sempronia)
Basilica of Maxentius (Colossus of Constantine)
Basilica Opimia
Basilica Porcia
Arches
Arch of Augustus
Arch of Tiberius
Arch of Titus
Arch of Septimius Severus
Arch of Constantine
Columns
Columna Maenia
Column of Phocas
Five-Columns Monument
Streets
Milliarium Aureum
Clivus Capitolinus
Via Sacra
Vicus Jugarius
Vicus Tuscus
Other
Cloaca Maxima
Comitium (Ficus Ruminalis
Curia
Curia Cornelia
Curia Hostilia
Curia Julia
Gemonian stairs
Graecostasis
Lacus Curtius
Lapis Niger
Mamertine Prison
Plutei of Trajan
Puteal Scribonianum
Regia
Rostra
Tabularium
Umbilicus urbis Romae
Velian Hill
Vulcanal
List of monuments of the Roman Forum
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Spain
Germany
United States
Vatican
Geographic
Structurae
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_temple"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Forum Romanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_Romanum"},{"link_name":"Via Sacra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Sacra"},{"link_name":"Regia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regia"}],"text":"Ancient religious monument in Rome, ItalyThe Temple of Antoninus and Faustina is an ancient Roman temple in Rome, which was later converted into a Roman Catholic church, the Chiesa di San Lorenzo in Miranda or simply \"San Lorenzo in Miranda\". It is located in the Forum Romanum, on the Via Sacra, opposite the Regia.","title":"Temple of Antoninus and Faustina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antoninus Pius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius"},{"link_name":"deified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_cult"},{"link_name":"Faustina the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faustina_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Marcus Aurelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius"},{"link_name":"peperino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peperino"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TempleofAnoninusandFaustinaCoin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Corinthian columns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian_order"},{"link_name":"pronaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronaos"},{"link_name":"frieze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieze"},{"link_name":"cornice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornice_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"The temple was constructed by the Emperor Antoninus Pius, beginning in 141 AD. It was initially dedicated to his deceased and deified wife, Faustina the Elder. Because of this, Faustina was the first Roman empress with a permanent presence in the Forum Romanum.[1] When Antoninus Pius was deified after his death in 161 AD, the temple was re-dedicated to both Antoninus and Faustina by his successor, Marcus Aurelius.The building stands on a high platform of large grey peperino tufa blocks. The latter of two dedicatory inscriptions says, \"Divo Antonino et Divae Faustinae Ex S.C.\" meaning, “For the divine Antoninus and for the divine Faustina, by decree of the Senate.”Copper alloy coin featuring the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina. 141-161 CE. The British Museum.The eight monolithic Corinthian columns of its pronaos are 17 metres (56 ft) in height. The rich bas-reliefs of the frieze under the cornice, featuring griffins, acanthus scrolls, and candelabra, were often copied from the sixteenth through the nineteenth centuries.Based on numismatic evidence, the temple was originally fenced off from the Via Sacra and a large, seated statue of Faustina would have been inside of the cella. Fragments of this statue and one of Antoninus Pius, which was added later, were discovered in front of the Temple.[2]","title":"Temple"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Mirabilia Urbis Romae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirabilia_Urbis_Romae"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"St. Lawrence, Deacon and Martyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Christianization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianization"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"spolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spolia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Temple_of_Antoninus_and_Faustina_(Roma).jpg"},{"link_name":"Pope Martin V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Martin_V"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"guildhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/guildhall"},{"link_name":"Raphael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Emperor Charles V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"cella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cella"},{"link_name":"Orazio Torriani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orazio_Torriani"},{"link_name":"reredos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reredos"},{"link_name":"Pietro da Cortona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_da_Cortona"},{"link_name":"Domenichino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenichino"}],"text":"The temple was converted into a Roman Catholic church, the Chiesa di San Lorenzo in Miranda, perhaps as early as the seventh century, but it is only attested from the eleventh century work Mirabilia Urbis Romae.[3] \"Miranda\" may derive from the name of a benefactress.[4] At that time, it was thought that this was the location of the sentencing of St. Lawrence, Deacon and Martyr to death by the Prefect of Rome, hence its dedication.Christianization accounts for the survival of the cella and portico of the temple through the centuries, though it did not preserve the edifice from all damage. Originally, the podium was faced with white marble slabs, with matching marble mouldings at the top and bottom. Most of the marble facing was scavenged, except for the moulding.[2] The deep grooves in the temple's columns are supposed to date to a medieval attempt to dismantle the pillared portico, either for spolia or to destroy the pagan temple. The grooves also may have been used to attach a makeshift roof over the portico.[2] Also in the Middle Ages, a staircase was built on the side facing the Forum, but it is now impossible to enter from that side because there is a gap of circa 6 metres (20 ft) between the foot of the steps and the bronze door. Before the archeological excavations, the ground level was at this door. Excavations in front of the temple were undertaken in 1546, again in 1810, and at intervals from 1876.[5]In 1429 or 1430, Pope Martin V gave the church to the Collegio degli Speziali (Guild of Apothecaries), at the time officially denominated the \"Universitas Aromatorium\".[6] The College still uses its adjoining guildhall, which contains a small museum that holds a receipt for medicine that Raphael signed. Side chapels were erected after this date. The church lacks the usual eastern apse: one was never added so as to retain the temple's structural integrity.In 1536, the church was partially demolished and the side chapels removed in order to restore the ancient temple for the visit to Rome of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.[7] The church, now constrained within the cella of the temple, was remodelled in 1602 by Orazio Torriani, creating a single nave and three new side chapels. The main altar has a reredos canvas by Pietro da Cortona of the Martyrdom of St. Lawrence (1646), while the first chapel on the left hosts the Madonna and Child with Saints (1626) by Domenichino.","title":"Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Online text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Templum_Antonini-Faustinae.html"}],"text":"Claridge, Amanda. 2010. Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide. 2nd ed., revised and expanded. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\nPlatner, Samuel Ball. 1929. A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. London: Oxford University Press. (Online text)\nTouring Club Italiano. 1965. Roma e Dintorni. Milano.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Library resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library"},{"link_name":"Online books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Temple+of+Antoninus+and+Faustina&library=OLBP"},{"link_name":"Resources in your library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Temple+of+Antoninus+and+Faustina"},{"link_name":"Resources in other libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Temple+of+Antoninus+and+Faustina&library=0CHOOSE0"}],"text":"Library resources about Temple of Antoninus and Faustina \n\nOnline books\nResources in your library\nResources in other librariesBoatwright, Mary T. 2010. \"Antonine Rome: Security in the Homeland.\" Yale Classical Studies 35: 169–197.\nDavies, Penelope J.E. 2000. Death and the Emperor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\nFulford, Eric 1994. \"A Temple Through Time.\" Archaeology 47.5: 54–59.\nLevick, Barbara M. 2014. Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age. Women in Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\nStamper, John W. 2005. The Architecture of Roman Temples: The Republic to the Middle Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Copper alloy coin featuring the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina. 141-161 CE. The British Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/49/TempleofAnoninusandFaustinaCoin.jpg/220px-TempleofAnoninusandFaustinaCoin.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Temple_of_Antoninus_and_Faustina_%28Roma%29.jpg/170px-Temple_of_Antoninus_and_Faustina_%28Roma%29.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of Ancient Roman temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Roman_temples"}]
|
[{"reference":"Claridge, Amanda. Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide. p. 112.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lucentini, M. (31 December 2012). The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History's Greatest City. Interlink. ISBN 9781623710088.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=laMDAQAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History's Greatest City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781623710088","url_text":"9781623710088"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Temple_of_Antoninus_and_Faustina¶ms=41_53_31.70_N_12_29_12.08_E_type:landmark_region:IT","external_links_name":"41°53′31.70″N 12°29′12.08″E / 41.8921389°N 12.4866889°E / 41.8921389; 12.4866889"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Temple_of_Antoninus_and_Faustina¶ms=41_53_31.70_N_12_29_12.08_E_type:landmark_region:IT","external_links_name":"41°53′31.70″N 12°29′12.08″E / 41.8921389°N 12.4866889°E / 41.8921389; 12.4866889"},{"Link":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Templum_Antonini-Faustinae.html","external_links_name":"Online text"},{"Link":"https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Temple+of+Antoninus+and+Faustina&library=OLBP","external_links_name":"Online books"},{"Link":"https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Temple+of+Antoninus+and+Faustina","external_links_name":"Resources in your library"},{"Link":"https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Temple+of+Antoninus+and+Faustina&library=0CHOOSE0","external_links_name":"Resources in other libraries"},{"Link":"http://www.digitales-forum-romanum.de/gebaeude/faustinatempel/?lang=en","external_links_name":"Temple of Anoninus and Faustina at digitales Forum Romanum by Humboldt University of Berlin"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200929033106/http://www.digitales-forum-romanum.de/gebaeude/faustinatempel/?lang=en","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=laMDAQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History's Greatest City"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/130656795","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX183550","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/7544711-3","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no94022516","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/14342","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://structurae.net/structures/20009655","external_links_name":"Structurae"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entebbe_Children%27s_Surgical_Hospital
|
Entebbe Children's Surgical Hospital
|
["1 Location","2 Construction","3 Overview","4 Training","5 Other considerations","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 00°05′01″N 32°27′28″E / 0.08361°N 32.45778°E / 0.08361; 32.45778Pediatric hospital in Uganda
Hospital in Wakiso District, UgandaEntebbe Children's Surgical HospitalEmergencyShow map of UgandaShow map of AfricaShow map of EarthGeographyLocationEntebbe, Wakiso District, UgandaCoordinates00°05′01″N 32°27′28″E / 0.08361°N 32.45778°E / 0.08361; 32.45778OrganisationCare systemPrivateTypePediatric SurgeryServicesEmergency departmentIBeds72HistoryOpened19 April 2021LinksWebsiteHomepageOther linksHospitals in Uganda
Entebbe Children's Surgical Hospital (ECSH) is a specialized children's pediatric surgery hospital in Uganda. It is a private hospital, owned and operated by Emergency, an international NGO that offers "free medical treatment to the victims of war, poverty and landmines".
Location
The hospital is located in the village of Banga, in the city of Entebbe, in Wakiso District, in the Central Region of Uganda. This location is approximately 8.9 kilometres (5.5 mi), by road, north of the Entebbe International Airport. ECSH is located approximately 45.5 kilometres (28 mi) south of Mulago National Referral Hospital. The hospital sits on 30 acres (12 ha) of land, donated by the UPDF Special Forces Command.
Construction
The hospital was designed by Renzo Piano and built in association with TAM Associates. The Kampala Post, a Ugandan online publication, reported the construction cost to be USh117 billion in 2021 (approx. €29 million).
Overview
The ECSH is a specialized pediatric surgery hospital owned and administered by Emergency, the international non-government organization. ECSH serves children with surgical disabilities regardless of their ethnic background, religious affiliation, or ability to pay. Opened on 19 April 2021, the hospital has bed capacity of 72 patients.
When fully operational, the hospital will employ 385 local people. Of these, 179 (46.5 percent) are medical staff, including technicians, pharmacists, nurses and surgeons. The remaining 206 (53.5 percent) are administrative staff, including social workers, accountants, receptionists, drivers, cooks, security, cleaners and laundry personnel, among others.
At full capacity, the hospital expects to hire 36 expatriate medical staff and 143 Ugandan medical staff. Of the 206 non-medical staff, 196 (95 percent) are expected to be Ugandan and 10 (5 percent) are expected to be expatriates.
Training
One of the hospital's long-term objectives is to train Ugandans, both medical and non-medical. In turn the trained staff will "improve pediatric surgery and medical care in Uganda", and will over time train other workers to do the same.
Other considerations
The Uganda Ministry of Health participated in the planning of this hospital. The Ugandan government donated the land where the hospital was built. The government is also expected to fund 20 percent of the hospital's operational expenses, annually.
See also
Salam Centre for Cardiac Surgery
Hospitals in Uganda
CURE Children's Hospital of Uganda
References
^ a b c d e f The Observer (22 April 2021). "Free Children's Surgical hospital begins operations in Entebbe". The Observer (Uganda). Kampala. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
^ Google (26 April 2021). "Road Distance Between Entebbe International Airport, Uganda And Entebbe Children's Surgical Hospital, Uganda" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
^ Google (26 April 2021). "Road Distance Between Mulago National Referral Hospital, Uganda And Entebbe Children's Surgical Hospital, Uganda" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
^ a b c d Nicholas Agaba (8 November 2021). "Museveni Commissions Shs117 Billion Surgical Hospital". The Kampala Post. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ "Children's Surgical Hospital di EMERGENCY – UGANDA". www.zintek.it. 13 April 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
External links
Official Website
Detailed Hospital Profile As of April 2021.
Architectural Details of Entebbe Children's Surgical Hospital
G77 spouses visit Entebbe Children’s Surgical Hospital As of 22 January 2024.
vte Wakiso DistrictCapital: WakisoCounties andsub-counties
Kyaddondo County
Busiro County
Parishes
Busukuma
Entebbe
Gombe
Kakiri
Katabi
Kasanje
Kira
Masulita
Maya
Mutundwe
Nabweru
Namayumba
Nangabo
Nansana
Nsangi
Ssabagabo
Ssisa
Wakiso
Towns and villages
Akright City
Abayita Ababiri
Banda
Banga
Buddo
Bulindo
Buloba
Entebbe
Kabojja
Kira
Kigo
Bweyogerere
Kireka
Kirinnya
Namugongo
Kasangati
Katalemwa
Kigulu
Kyaliwajjala
Mbalwa
Mulawa
Gayaza
Gombe
Luteete
Nakweero
Magere
Matugga
Wakiso
Kakiri
Kiwologoma
Nansana
Kajjansi
Sentema
Lubowa
Lweeza
Namulonge
Naalya
Najjera
Namanve
Nsangi
Nsasa
Kyengera
Nabbingo
Kawanda
Kisubi
Lugonjo
Kitikifumba
Kijabijo
Kimwanyi
Kitukutwe
Masulita
Maya
Ssabagabo
Wampeewo
Zana
Economy
Akright Projects Limited
Kingstone Enterprises Limited
Kampala Industrial and Business Park
Chrysanthemums Uganda Limited
Roofings Group
Ugachick Limited
Uganda Clays Limited
Banking
Absa Bank Uganda Limited
Bank of Africa Uganda Limited
Cairo Bank Uganda
Centenary Bank
DFCU Bank
Ecobank
Equity Bank Uganda Limited
GT Bank Uganda
Orient Bank
PostBank Uganda
Finance Trust Bank
Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited
EFC Uganda Limited
FINCA Uganda Limited
Opportunity Bank Uganda
Hotels & resorts
Imperial Botanical Beach Hotel
Imperial Resort Beach Hotel
Imperial Golf View Hotel
Lake Victoria Serena Resort
Nexus Resorts Hotel
Notable landmarks
Old Entebbe Town
Entebbe Botanical Gardens
State House Entebbe
Lake Victoria
Lubigi Wetland
Kasubi Tombs
Mandela National Stadium
Kireka Kabaka's Palace
Bulago Resort Island
Ngamba Island
Entebbe International Airport
Basilica of the Uganda Martyrs, Namugongo
Transport
Bukasa Inland Port
Uganda Civil Aviation Authority
Entebbe International Airport
Kajjansi Airport
Namulonge Airport
Aerolink Uganda
Air Serv Limited
Uganda Airlines
Tondeka Metro Bus Service
Entebbe–Kampala Expressway
Kampala–Entebbe Road
Kampala Northern Bypass Highway
Kampala Southern Bypass Highway
Kampala–Jinja Highway
Kampala–Jinja Expressway
Kampala Southern Bypass Highway
Gayaza–Ziroobwe Road
Matugga–Kapeeka Road
Namugongo Ring Road
Kampala–Gayaza Road
Kampala Outer Beltway
Kampala–Bombo Expressway
Kampala–Busunju Expressway
Kampala–Mityana Road
Kampala–Mpigi Expressway
Kampala–Masaka Road
Kampala–Hoima Road
Kyaliwajjala–Kira–Kasangati–Matugga Road
Energy
Namugoga Solar Power Station
Hoima–Kampala Petroleum Products Pipeline
Kenya–Uganda–Rwanda Petroleum Products Pipeline
UETCL Kawanda Substation
Umeme Namugongo Substation
Mahathi Fuel Transport and Storage Depot
Education
Uganda Martyrs High School Namugongo
Gayaza High School
King's College Budo
St. Mary's College Kisubi
Trinity College Nabbingo
African Bible College (Uganda)
Nkumba University
University of Kisubi
Moriah Aviation Training Centre
Pangea Aviation Academy
Health
CoRSU Rehabilitation Hospital
Entebbe Children's Surgical Hospital
Kisubi Hospital
Entebbe General Hospital
Entebbe Military Hospital
International Specialized Hospital of Uganda
Makerere University Teaching Hospital
Mpererwe Hospital
Kasangati Health Centre IV
Katabi UPDAF Health Centre III
Uro Care Hospital
Uganda National Medical Stores
Notable people
Gilbert Bukenya
Christopher Evans Kaweesi
Herman Kasekende
Louis Kasekende
Samson Kisekka
Luwagga Kizito
Apolo Nsibambi
Glaydah Namukasa
Martin Ondeko
Julia Sebutinde
Hakim Sendagire
Rosemary Seninde
Nelson Sewankambo
Israel Kibirige Ssebunya
Arthur Sserwanga
Dennis Galabuzi Ssozi
Rosemary Tumusiime
Robert Kyagulanyi Ssentamu
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pediatric surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatric_surgery"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"Emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_(organization)"},{"link_name":"NGO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGO"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1R-1"}],"text":"Pediatric hospital in UgandaHospital in Wakiso District, UgandaEntebbe Children's Surgical Hospital (ECSH) is a specialized children's pediatric surgery hospital in Uganda. It is a private hospital, owned and operated by Emergency, an international NGO that offers \"free medical treatment to the victims of war, poverty and landmines\".[1]","title":"Entebbe Children's Surgical Hospital"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Banga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banga,_Entebbe"},{"link_name":"Entebbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entebbe"},{"link_name":"Wakiso District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakiso_District"},{"link_name":"Central Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Region,_Uganda"},{"link_name":"Entebbe International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entebbe_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2R-2"},{"link_name":"Mulago National Referral Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulago_National_Referral_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3R-3"},{"link_name":"UPDF Special Forces Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_People%27s_Defence_Force"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4R-4"}],"text":"The hospital is located in the village of Banga, in the city of Entebbe, in Wakiso District, in the Central Region of Uganda. This location is approximately 8.9 kilometres (5.5 mi), by road, north of the Entebbe International Airport.[2] ECSH is located approximately 45.5 kilometres (28 mi) south of Mulago National Referral Hospital.[3] The hospital sits on 30 acres (12 ha) of land, donated by the UPDF Special Forces Command.[4]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Renzo Piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renzo_Piano"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5R-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4R-4"}],"text":"The hospital was designed by Renzo Piano and built in association with TAM Associates.[5] The Kampala Post, a Ugandan online publication, reported the construction cost to be USh117 billion in 2021 (approx. €29 million).[4]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_(organization)"},{"link_name":"non-government organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-government_organization"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1R-1"},{"link_name":"technicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technician"},{"link_name":"pharmacists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacist"},{"link_name":"nurses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse"},{"link_name":"surgeons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1R-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1R-1"}],"text":"The ECSH is a specialized pediatric surgery hospital owned and administered by Emergency, the international non-government organization. ECSH serves children with surgical disabilities regardless of their ethnic background, religious affiliation, or ability to pay. Opened on 19 April 2021, the hospital has bed capacity of 72 patients.[1]When fully operational, the hospital will employ 385 local people. Of these, 179 (46.5 percent) are medical staff, including technicians, pharmacists, nurses and surgeons. The remaining 206 (53.5 percent) are administrative staff, including social workers, accountants, receptionists, drivers, cooks, security, cleaners and laundry personnel, among others.[1]At full capacity, the hospital expects to hire 36 expatriate medical staff and 143 Ugandan medical staff. Of the 206 non-medical staff, 196 (95 percent) are expected to be Ugandan and 10 (5 percent) are expected to be expatriates.[1]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1R-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4R-4"}],"text":"One of the hospital's long-term objectives is to train Ugandans, both medical and non-medical. In turn the trained staff will \"improve pediatric surgery and medical care in Uganda\", and will over time train other workers to do the same.[1][4]","title":"Training"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uganda Ministry of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Uganda)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1R-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4R-4"}],"text":"The Uganda Ministry of Health participated in the planning of this hospital. The Ugandan government donated the land where the hospital was built. The government is also expected to fund 20 percent of the hospital's operational expenses, annually.[1][4]","title":"Other considerations"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Salam Centre for Cardiac Surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salam_Centre_for_Cardiac_Surgery"},{"title":"Hospitals in Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitals_in_Uganda"},{"title":"CURE Children's Hospital of Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CURE_Children%27s_Hospital_of_Uganda"}]
|
[{"reference":"The Observer (22 April 2021). \"Free Children's Surgical hospital begins operations in Entebbe\". The Observer (Uganda). Kampala. Retrieved 26 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://observer.ug/news/headlines/69452-free-children-s-surgical-hospital-begins-operations-in-entebbe","url_text":"\"Free Children's Surgical hospital begins operations in Entebbe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer_(Uganda)","url_text":"The Observer (Uganda)"}]},{"reference":"Google (26 April 2021). \"Road Distance Between Entebbe International Airport, Uganda And Entebbe Children's Surgical Hospital, Uganda\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 26 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Entebbe+International+Airport,+14+Kitaasa+Rd,+Entebbe/CHILDREN'S+SURGICAL+HOSPITAL,+Plot+120-122+Bishop+Dunstan+Nsumbuga+Road,+Entebbe/@0.0679195,32.4558887,13.75z/data=!4m15!4m14!1m5!1m1!1s0x177d86cd37ba81af:0x9daba139d6433d1f!2m2!1d32.4417945!2d0.0435913!1m5!1m1!1s0x177d8404db1c8187:0x1de5a2cee9d39af5!2m2!1d32.4564982!2d0.0831559!3e0!5i1","url_text":"\"Road Distance Between Entebbe International Airport, Uganda And Entebbe Children's Surgical Hospital, Uganda\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Google (26 April 2021). \"Road Distance Between Mulago National Referral Hospital, Uganda And Entebbe Children's Surgical Hospital, Uganda\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 26 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Mulago+Hospital,+Kampala/CHILDREN'S+SURGICAL+HOSPITAL,+Plot+120-122+Bishop+Dunstan+Nsumbuga+Road,+Entebbe/@0.2075809,32.3794735,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dbb0f51509de1:0xea12334542674d8c!2m2!1d32.5761312!2d0.3380637!1m5!1m1!1s0x177d8404db1c8187:0x1de5a2cee9d39af5!2m2!1d32.4564982!2d0.0831559!3e0","url_text":"\"Road Distance Between Mulago National Referral Hospital, Uganda And Entebbe Children's Surgical Hospital, Uganda\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Nicholas Agaba (8 November 2021). \"Museveni Commissions Shs117 Billion Surgical Hospital\". The Kampala Post. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://kampalapost.com/index.php/content/museveni-commissions-shs117-billion-surgical-hospital","url_text":"\"Museveni Commissions Shs117 Billion Surgical Hospital\""}]},{"reference":"\"Children's Surgical Hospital di EMERGENCY – UGANDA\". www.zintek.it. 13 April 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zintek.it/en/projects/childrens-surgical-hospital-emergency-entebbe-uganda/","url_text":"\"Children's Surgical Hospital di EMERGENCY – UGANDA\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Entebbe_Children%27s_Surgical_Hospital¶ms=00_05_01_N_32_27_28_E_region:UG_type:landmark","external_links_name":"00°05′01″N 32°27′28″E / 0.08361°N 32.45778°E / 0.08361; 32.45778"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Entebbe_Children%27s_Surgical_Hospital¶ms=00_05_01_N_32_27_28_E_region:UG_type:landmark","external_links_name":"00°05′01″N 32°27′28″E / 0.08361°N 32.45778°E / 0.08361; 32.45778"},{"Link":"https://en.emergency.it/projects/uganda-entebbe-paediatric-surgery-centre/","external_links_name":"Homepage"},{"Link":"https://observer.ug/news/headlines/69452-free-children-s-surgical-hospital-begins-operations-in-entebbe","external_links_name":"\"Free Children's Surgical hospital begins operations in Entebbe\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Entebbe+International+Airport,+14+Kitaasa+Rd,+Entebbe/CHILDREN'S+SURGICAL+HOSPITAL,+Plot+120-122+Bishop+Dunstan+Nsumbuga+Road,+Entebbe/@0.0679195,32.4558887,13.75z/data=!4m15!4m14!1m5!1m1!1s0x177d86cd37ba81af:0x9daba139d6433d1f!2m2!1d32.4417945!2d0.0435913!1m5!1m1!1s0x177d8404db1c8187:0x1de5a2cee9d39af5!2m2!1d32.4564982!2d0.0831559!3e0!5i1","external_links_name":"\"Road Distance Between Entebbe International Airport, Uganda And Entebbe Children's Surgical Hospital, Uganda\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Mulago+Hospital,+Kampala/CHILDREN'S+SURGICAL+HOSPITAL,+Plot+120-122+Bishop+Dunstan+Nsumbuga+Road,+Entebbe/@0.2075809,32.3794735,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dbb0f51509de1:0xea12334542674d8c!2m2!1d32.5761312!2d0.3380637!1m5!1m1!1s0x177d8404db1c8187:0x1de5a2cee9d39af5!2m2!1d32.4564982!2d0.0831559!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Road Distance Between Mulago National Referral Hospital, Uganda And Entebbe Children's Surgical Hospital, Uganda\""},{"Link":"https://kampalapost.com/index.php/content/museveni-commissions-shs117-billion-surgical-hospital","external_links_name":"\"Museveni Commissions Shs117 Billion Surgical Hospital\""},{"Link":"https://www.zintek.it/en/projects/childrens-surgical-hospital-emergency-entebbe-uganda/","external_links_name":"\"Children's Surgical Hospital di EMERGENCY – UGANDA\""},{"Link":"https://en.emergency.it/projects/uganda-entebbe-paediatric-surgery-centre/","external_links_name":"Official Website"},{"Link":"https://emergencyuk.org/project/uganda/centre-of-excellence-in-paediatric-surgery/","external_links_name":"Detailed Hospital Profile"},{"Link":"https://arquitecturaviva.com/works/emergency-childrens-surgery-center","external_links_name":"Architectural Details of Entebbe Children's Surgical Hospital"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.ug/g77-spouses-visit-entebbe-childrens-surgical-hospital/","external_links_name":"G77 spouses visit Entebbe Children’s Surgical Hospital"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbroken_Praise
|
Unbroken Praise
|
["1 Critical reception","2 Awards and accolades","3 Track listing","4 Chart performance","5 References"]
|
2015 studio album by Matt RedmanUnbroken PraiseStudio album by Matt RedmanReleased15 June 2015 (2015-06-15)RecordedAbbey Road StudiosGenreCCM, worshipLength57:59LabelsixstepsProducerNathan NockelsMatt Redman chronology
Your Grace Finds Me(2013)
Unbroken Praise(2015)
These Christmas Lights(2016)
Unbroken Praise: At Abbey Road Studios is the ninth studio album and twelfth album overall from Matt Redman. sixsteps Records released the album on 15 June 2015.
Critical reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingCCM MagazineChristian Music Review4.2/5Cross RhythmsLouder Than the MusicNew Release TodayWorship Leader
Matt Conner, giving the album four stars by CCM Magazine, describes, "While the totality of it lacks any specific theme or direction, it is a solid set of eleven vertical songs that stand on their own." Awarding the album four and a half stars from New Release Today, Kevin Davis states, "These are very passionate worship songs." DeWayne Hamby, reviewing the album for Charisma, writes, "Unbroken Praise...brings 11 new sing-able tracks ready to be used for corporate and personal worship...The worship experience captured there features the singer-songwriter at his best, offering an engaging musical production that merges high-energy worship and heartfelt, memorable praise."
Jonathan Harris, rating the album a ten out of ten for Cross Rhythms, writes, "a superb album." Indicating in a four star review at Worship Leader, Jeremy Armstrong states, "Redman's Skill as a prayer-poet is clearly evident in Unbroken Praise—depending on the spiritual/emotional state of your community, you will find songs that will resonate." Giving the album a 4.2 out of five at Christian Music Review, Laura Chambers says, "Unbroken Praise transports us to a moment in time where God stirred the atmosphere and inspired hearts to glorify Him. Jono Davies, awarding the album five stars by Louder Than the Music, describes, "This isn't just another Matt Redman album, this album has songs that hit your heart with such strength that you will not be the same after you hear them. God does something amazing in these songs."
Awards and accolades
This album was No. 8, on the Worship Leader's Top 20 Albums of 2015 list.
The song, "Unbroken Praise", was No. 4, on the Worship Leader's Top 20 Songs of 2015 list.
Track listing
No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Louder"Matt Redman, Jason Ingram, Jonas Myrin4:012."It Is Well with My Soul"M. Redman, Beth Redman5:573."Flames"M. Redman, Myrin, Ingram5:094."Unbroken Praise"M. Redman, Myrin5:125."Abide with Me"Matt Maher, M. Redman, Ingram, David Crowder5:206."King of My Soul"M. Redman, Willie Weeks, Myrin, Jorge Mhondera4:007."Songs in the Night"M. Redman, Myrin, Ingram5:488."No One Like Our God"Myrin, M. Redman, Ed Cash6:089."The Awesome God You Are"M. Redman, Ingram, Cash4:5710."No Longer I"Ian Yates, M. Redman, Sam Blake6:2511."Majesty of the Most High"M. Redman, Myrin, Chris Tomlin5:02Total length:57:59
Chart performance
Chart (2015)
Peakposition
UK Albums (OCC)
58
US Billboard 200
50
US Christian Albums (Billboard)
1
References
^ a b c Harris, Jonathan (11 June 2015). "Review: Unbroken Praise - Matt Redman". Cross Rhythms. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
^ a b Conner, Matt (1 July 2015). "Matt Redman: Unbroken Praise". CCM Magazine: 36. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
^ a b Chambers, Laura (15 June 2015). "Matt Redman 'Unbroken Promise'". Christian Music Review. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
^ a b Davies, Jono (16 June 2015). "Matt Redman - Unbroken Praise". Louder Than the Music. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
^ a b Davis, Kevin (10 June 2015). "A Foretaste of Eternal Unbroken Praise". New Release Today. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
^ a b Armstrong, Jeremy. "Matt Redman: Unbroken Praise". Worship Leader (July/August 2015): 50. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
^ Hamby, DeWayne (1 August 2015). LeClaire, Jennifer (ed.). "Music: Unbroken Praise - Matt Redman (sixstepsrecords)". Charisma. Vol. 41, no. 1. Lake Mary, Florida: Stephen Strang, Joy Strang and Dr. Steve Greene. p. 94. ISSN 0895-156X. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
^ Staff. "2015 Top Albums". Worship Leader (November/December 2015): 58–9. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
^ Staff. "2015 Top Songs". Worship Leader (November/December 2015): 62–3. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
^ AllMusic Tracks
^ "Matt Redman | Artist | Official Charts". UK Albums Chart. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
^ "Matt Redman Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
^ "Matt Redman Chart History (Christian Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
vteMatt RedmanStudio albums
Wake Up My Soul
Passion for Your Name
The Friendship and the Fear
Intimacy
The Father's Song
Where Angels Fear to Tread
Beautiful News
We Shall Not Be Shaken
10,000 Reasons
Unbroken Praise
Live albums
Facedown
Blessed Be Your Name: The Songs of Matt Redman Vol. 1
Your Grace Finds Me
Singles
"Twenty Seven Million"
10,000 Reasons (Bless the Lord)
Collections
Ultimate Collection
Related articles
Survivor Records
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"Matt Redman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Redman"},{"link_name":"sixsteps Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixstepsrecords"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CR-1"}],"text":"2015 studio album by Matt RedmanUnbroken Praise: At Abbey Road Studios is the ninth studio album and twelfth album overall from Matt Redman. sixsteps Records released the album on 15 June 2015.[1]","title":"Unbroken Praise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CCM Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCM_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCM-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRT-5"},{"link_name":"Charisma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charisma_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHARISMA-7"},{"link_name":"Cross Rhythms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Rhythms"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CR-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WL-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMR-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LTtM-4"}],"text":"Matt Conner, giving the album four stars by CCM Magazine, describes, \"While the totality of it lacks any specific theme or direction, it is a solid set of eleven vertical songs that stand on their own.\"[2] Awarding the album four and a half stars from New Release Today, Kevin Davis states, \"These are very passionate worship songs.\"[5] DeWayne Hamby, reviewing the album for Charisma, writes, \"Unbroken Praise...brings 11 new sing-able tracks ready to be used for corporate and personal worship...The worship experience captured there features the singer-songwriter at his best, offering an engaging musical production that merges high-energy worship and heartfelt, memorable praise.\"[7]Jonathan Harris, rating the album a ten out of ten for Cross Rhythms, writes, \"a superb album.\"[1] Indicating in a four star review at Worship Leader, Jeremy Armstrong states, \"Redman's Skill as a prayer-poet is clearly evident in Unbroken Praise—depending on the spiritual/emotional state of your community, you will find songs that will resonate.\"[6] Giving the album a 4.2 out of five at Christian Music Review, Laura Chambers says, \"Unbroken Praise transports us to a moment in time where God stirred the atmosphere and inspired hearts to glorify Him.[3] Jono Davies, awarding the album five stars by Louder Than the Music, describes, \"This isn't just another Matt Redman album, this album has songs that hit your heart with such strength that you will not be the same after you hear them. God does something amazing in these songs.\"[4]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"This album was No. 8, on the Worship Leader's Top 20 Albums of 2015 list.[8]The song, \"Unbroken Praise\", was No. 4, on the Worship Leader's Top 20 Songs of 2015 list.[9]","title":"Awards and accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matt Redman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Redman"},{"link_name":"Jason Ingram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Ingram"},{"link_name":"Jonas Myrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Myrin"},{"link_name":"Matt Maher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Maher"},{"link_name":"David Crowder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowder_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Ed Cash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Cash"},{"link_name":"Ian Yates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Yates"},{"link_name":"Chris Tomlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Tomlin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AM-10"}],"text":"No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Louder\"Matt Redman, Jason Ingram, Jonas Myrin4:012.\"It Is Well with My Soul\"M. Redman, Beth Redman5:573.\"Flames\"M. Redman, Myrin, Ingram5:094.\"Unbroken Praise\"M. Redman, Myrin5:125.\"Abide with Me\"Matt Maher, M. Redman, Ingram, David Crowder5:206.\"King of My Soul\"M. Redman, Willie Weeks, Myrin, Jorge Mhondera4:007.\"Songs in the Night\"M. Redman, Myrin, Ingram5:488.\"No One Like Our God\"Myrin, M. Redman, Ed Cash6:089.\"The Awesome God You Are\"M. Redman, Ingram, Cash4:5710.\"No Longer I\"Ian Yates, M. Redman, Sam Blake6:2511.\"Majesty of the Most High\"M. Redman, Myrin, Chris Tomlin5:02Total length:57:59[10]","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chart performance"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Harris, Jonathan (11 June 2015). \"Review: Unbroken Praise - Matt Redman\". Cross Rhythms. Retrieved 12 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/products/Matt_Redman/Unbroken_Praise/156565/","url_text":"\"Review: Unbroken Praise - Matt Redman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Rhythms","url_text":"Cross Rhythms"}]},{"reference":"Conner, Matt (1 July 2015). \"Matt Redman: Unbroken Praise\". CCM Magazine: 36. Retrieved 1 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://ht.salemweb.net/ccm/mediavault/digital/ccmmagazine/2015/jul/","url_text":"\"Matt Redman: Unbroken Praise\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCM_Magazine","url_text":"CCM Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Chambers, Laura (15 June 2015). \"Matt Redman 'Unbroken Promise'\". Christian Music Review. Retrieved 17 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://christianmusicreview.org/matt-redman-unbroken-praise/","url_text":"\"Matt Redman 'Unbroken Promise'\""}]},{"reference":"Davies, Jono (16 June 2015). \"Matt Redman - Unbroken Praise\". Louder Than the Music. Retrieved 17 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.louderthanthemusic.com/document.php?id=4873","url_text":"\"Matt Redman - Unbroken Praise\""}]},{"reference":"Davis, Kevin (10 June 2015). \"A Foretaste of Eternal Unbroken Praise\". New Release Today. Retrieved 12 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newreleasetoday.com/userprofile_reviewssinglepost.php?review_id=23119&user_id=140","url_text":"\"A Foretaste of Eternal Unbroken Praise\""}]},{"reference":"Armstrong, Jeremy. \"Matt Redman: Unbroken Praise\". Worship Leader (July/August 2015): 50. Retrieved 11 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.worshipleader.com/lib/2015jul/html5/index.html?page=50","url_text":"\"Matt Redman: Unbroken Praise\""}]},{"reference":"Hamby, DeWayne (1 August 2015). LeClaire, Jennifer (ed.). \"Music: Unbroken Praise - Matt Redman (sixstepsrecords)\". Charisma. Vol. 41, no. 1. Lake Mary, Florida: Stephen Strang, Joy Strang and Dr. Steve Greene. p. 94. ISSN 0895-156X. Retrieved 16 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://strang.imirus.com/Mpowered/book/vcm15/i8/p96","url_text":"\"Music: Unbroken Praise - Matt Redman (sixstepsrecords)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charisma_(magazine)","url_text":"Charisma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Mary,_Florida","url_text":"Lake Mary, Florida"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0895-156X","url_text":"0895-156X"}]},{"reference":"Staff. \"2015 Top Albums\". Worship Leader (November/December 2015): 58–9. Retrieved 29 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.worshipleader.com/lib/2015nov/html5/index.html?page=58","url_text":"\"2015 Top Albums\""}]},{"reference":"Staff. \"2015 Top Songs\". Worship Leader (November/December 2015): 62–3. Retrieved 31 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.worshipleader.com/lib/2015nov/html5/index.html?page=62","url_text":"\"2015 Top Songs\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/products/Matt_Redman/Unbroken_Praise/156565/","external_links_name":"\"Review: Unbroken Praise - Matt Redman\""},{"Link":"http://ht.salemweb.net/ccm/mediavault/digital/ccmmagazine/2015/jul/","external_links_name":"\"Matt Redman: Unbroken Praise\""},{"Link":"http://christianmusicreview.org/matt-redman-unbroken-praise/","external_links_name":"\"Matt Redman 'Unbroken Promise'\""},{"Link":"http://www.louderthanthemusic.com/document.php?id=4873","external_links_name":"\"Matt Redman - Unbroken Praise\""},{"Link":"http://www.newreleasetoday.com/userprofile_reviewssinglepost.php?review_id=23119&user_id=140","external_links_name":"\"A Foretaste of Eternal Unbroken Praise\""},{"Link":"http://media.worshipleader.com/lib/2015jul/html5/index.html?page=50","external_links_name":"\"Matt Redman: Unbroken Praise\""},{"Link":"http://strang.imirus.com/Mpowered/book/vcm15/i8/p96","external_links_name":"\"Music: Unbroken Praise - Matt Redman (sixstepsrecords)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0895-156X","external_links_name":"0895-156X"},{"Link":"http://media.worshipleader.com/lib/2015nov/html5/index.html?page=58","external_links_name":"\"2015 Top Albums\""},{"Link":"http://media.worshipleader.com/lib/2015nov/html5/index.html?page=62","external_links_name":"\"2015 Top Songs\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/unbroken-praise-mw0002843509","external_links_name":"AllMusic Tracks"},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/Matt%20Redman/","external_links_name":"\"Matt Redman | Artist | Official Charts\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Matt-Redman/chart-history/TLP","external_links_name":"\"Matt Redman Chart History (Billboard 200)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Matt-Redman/chart-history/ILL","external_links_name":"\"Matt Redman Chart History (Christian Albums)\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/43ba2fb7-54ad-4b59-9c44-dab2d1452412","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Know_You_Want_Me_(Calle_Ocho)
|
I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)
|
["1 Composition","2 Critical reception","3 Chart performance","4 Music video","5 Charts","5.1 Weekly charts","5.2 Monthly charts","5.3 Year-end charts","5.4 Decade-end charts","5.5 All-time charts","6 Certifications","7 References"]
|
2009 single by Pitbull"I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)"Single by Pitbullfrom the album Pitbull Starring in Rebelution LanguageEnglishSpanishReleasedFebruary 24, 2009Recorded2008Length3:57LabelThe OrchardUltraJPolo GroundsMr. 305Songwriter(s)Armando PerézEdward BelloDaniel SeraphineDavid WolinskiNicola FasanoPatrick GonellaStefano BoscoProducer(s)FasanoPitbullPitbull singles chronology
"Shooting Star (Party Rock Remix)" (2009)
"I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)" (2009)
"Blanco" (2009)
Music video"I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)" on YouTube
"I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)" is a song by American rapper and singer Pitbull released as the second single from his fourth album, Pitbull Starring in Rebelution. The song samples "75, Brazil Street" by Nicola Fasano and Pat Rich, which itself samples the opening horns riff from "Street Player" by Chicago. The core is from a song by Dominican rappers El Cata and Omega. The title is a reference to Calle Ocho, a street in Miami's Little Havana neighborhood.
The song premiered on the Miami radio station WPOW. It has also been featured in Dance Central, the Xbox 360 Kinect-based dancing game, Dance Dance Revolution X2 for PlayStation 2, the PlayStation 3 PlayStation Move-based dancing game SingStar Dance, and in the pilot of Suburgatory. It received a nomination a Latin Rhythm Airplay Song of the Year at the 2010 Latin Billboard Music Awards.
Composition
""I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)""
30-second sample of "I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)" featuring the chorus
Problems playing this file? See media help.
"I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)" is an uptempo syncopated hip hop groove with clear vocals on the chorus and a pop hook, within a tribal house-oriented beat. The song is set in common time with a moderate tempo of 127 beats per minute and is written in the key of D minor. Pitbull's vocal range spans from C4 to Bb4. The song is a vocal mix of "75, Brazil Street" by Nicola Fasano Vs Pat-Rich, which itself samples "Street Player" by Chicago.
Critical reception
The song received mixed reviews with Billboard.com editor Michael Menachem giving the single a favorable review: "Pitbull delivers some Little Havana to the club scene with "I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)." The clever meshing of reggaetón with Euro dance music signals what looks like a multiformat smash. At the core is an acoustic guitar and a sizzling rhythm, with hot horns in the form of a sample that just keeps on giving: Chicago's "Street Player," which appeared in the '90s techno hit "The Bomb" by the Bucketheads. Mainstream radio missed out on Pitbull's previous single "Krazy," featuring Lil Jon, but "Calle Ocho" is already on the top half of the Billboard Hot 100, and the temperature on the street and in the clubs is rising".
Fraser McAlpine of the BBC also favored it. He said it was meant to be sexy given how Pitbull performed the verses, but is fun and 'more gigglesome than wrigglesome', and wondered if its effect would vary between listeners of different genders: "I don't know if it has a different effect on The Ladies, but I'm basically fine with a pumped up dance version of a very familiar piece of music, with a funny man on the top shouting about how aroused he is and occasionally counting on his fingers."
Chart performance
"I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)" is Pitbull's first single to become an international hit. The single peaked at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 for one week, on the week of June 20, 2009. The song was Pitbull's highest-peaking single until "Give Me Everything" hit number one; it also became his third top-ten hit. The song also reached number one on the French Singles Chart and number four on the US Mainstream Top 40 radio. On November 11, 2009, the single was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over two million digital copies. As of June 2011, the song has sold 3.2 million digital copies in the United States.
In the United Kingdom, the single debuted at number 53 then raising to number 28 the following week; in the third week it reached number 13 and in the fourth week, it reached number nine giving Pitbull his first top-ten single in the UK. The following week it moved up again to number seven, peaking at number four a week later. In Australia, the song peaked at number six on the Australian Singles Chart, making it his first song to hit the top 10 there, while in Spain the song reached number one and has been certified triple platinum with sales of over 120,000 units. In New Zealand, the song peaked at number three and was certified platinum, selling over 15,000 copies.
Music video
The music video was first released to YouTube on March 9, 2009 by Ultra Music and was directed by David Rousseau and produced by Alexandra Sdoucos. It features Pitbull, Nayer (wearing a peaked cap), and models Sagia Castañeda, Maria Milian, and Angelica Casañas. It has received over 286 million views even though this particular upload is not available for worldwide viewership due to licensing restrictions in certain countries.
"I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)" was the number one most viewed music video on YouTube in 2009. The video received 82 million views, easily beating out the second and third most viewed videos both by Disney star Miley Cyrus, "The Climb" (64 million views) and "Party in the U.S.A." (54 million views).
The official music video version (without Ultra Music identifiers) was released onto Pitbull's official Vevo channel on May 25, 2011. It received over 3 million views even though this particular upload was not available for worldwide viewership, again due to licensing restrictions in certain countries. The video has since been removed from YouTube.
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (2009)
Peakposition
Australia (ARIA)
6
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)
3
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)
1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)
1
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)
2
Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)
1
CIS (TopHit)
1
Czech Republic (Rádio – Top 100)
2
Denmark (Tracklisten)
6
European Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)
1
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)
2
France (SNEP)
1
Germany (Official German Charts)
8
Global Dance Tracks (Billboard)
2
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)
4
Ireland (IRMA)
5
Israel (Media Forest)
1
Italy (FIMI)
6
Luxembourg Digital Song Sales (Billboard)
2
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)
1
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
2
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)
3
Norway (VG-lista)
5
Perú (UNIMPRO)
4
Poland (Dance Top 50)
16
Romania (Romanian Top 100)
1
Russia Airplay (TopHit)
2
Romania (Romanian Radio Airplay)
1
Romania (Romania TV Airplay)
1
Scotland (OCC)
3
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)
23
Spain (PROMUSICAE)
1
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)
3
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)
2
UK Singles (OCC)
4
US Billboard Hot 100
2
US Hot Latin Songs (Billboard)
6
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)
86
US Hot Rap Songs (Billboard)
4
US Digital Song Sales (Billboard)
2
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)
27
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)
4
US Rhythmic (Billboard)
5
Monthly charts
Chart (2009)
Position
Brazil (Brasil Hot 100 Airplay)
78
Year-end charts
Chart (2009)
Position
Australia (ARIA)
21
Austrian Singles Chart
18
Belgian (Flanders) Singles Chart
13
Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart
19
Brazil (Crowley)
83
Canadian Hot 100
7
Dutch Singles Chart
23
Dutch Singles Top 100
18
France (SNEP)
7
German Singles Chart
37
Hungarian Airplay Chart
28
Italy (FIMI)
26
New Zealand Singles Chart
20
Russia Airplay (TopHit)
20
Spanish Singles Chart
3
Swedish Singles Chart
24
Swiss Singles Chart
11
UK Singles Chart
59
US Billboard Hot 100
17
US Hot Latin Songs (Billboard)
20
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)
27
US Rhythmic (Billboard)
11
Chart (2010)
Position
Hungarian Airplay Chart
55
Russia Airplay (TopHit)
78
Decade-end charts
Decade-end chart performance for "I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)"
Chart (2000–2009)
Position
Russia Airplay (TopHit)
152
All-time charts
Chart
Position
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)
239
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)
Platinum
70,000^
Belgium (BEA)
Gold
Canada (Music Canada)
4× Platinum
320,000‡
Denmark (IFPI Danmark)
Gold
7,500^
Germany (BVMI)
Gold
150,000^
Italy (FIMI)
Gold
10,000*
Netherlands (NVPI)
Gold
10,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)
Platinum
15,000*
Spain (PROMUSICAE)
3× Platinum
120,000*
Spain (PROMUSICAE) (since 2015)
Gold
30,000‡
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)
Gold
15,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)
Platinum
600,000‡
United States (RIAA)
2× Platinum
2,500,000
* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
References
^ "I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)". Google Play. Archived from the original on July 2, 2015.
^ Rodriguez, Jayson (August 18, 2009). "Pitbull's 'I Know You Want Me' Got A Hand From A Dominican Duo - Music, Celebrity, Artist News". MTV.com. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
^ "Music Lounge - Suburgatory". ABC.com. January 15, 2013. Archived from the original on April 13, 2013. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
^ "Congratulations to the 2010 Billboard Latin Music Award Winners" (PDF). Billboard Events. Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2016. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
^ Michael Menachem (April 4, 2009). "SINGLES REVIEWS - I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)". Billboard.com. Archived from the original on June 11, 2009. Retrieved May 30, 2009.
^ Fraser McAlpine (July 21, 2009). "BBC - Chart Blog: Pitbull - 'I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)'". BBC. Retrieved July 29, 2009.
^ a b "American single certifications – Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)". Recording Industry Association of America.
^ Mikael Wood. "Pitbull: The Billboard Cover Story". Billboard.com. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
^ "RIANZ". RIANZ. Archived from the original on July 9, 2011. Retrieved January 5, 2010.
^ "Pitbull - I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho) ". YouTube. March 9, 2009. Archived from the original on December 15, 2021.
^ "Most viewed music video on YouTube in 2009". pitbullmusic.com. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
^ "Pitbull - I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)". YouTube.
^ "Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
^ "Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
^ "Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
^ "Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
^ "Pitbull Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
^ "Pitbull Chart History (Canada CHR/Top 40)". Billboard. Retrieved December 25, 2020.
^ Pitbull — I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho). TopHit. Retrieved July 24, 2021.
^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: Change the chart to CZ – RADIO – TOP 100 and insert 200939 into search. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
^ "Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)". Tracklisten. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
^ "Pitbull – Chart Search" Billboard European Hot 100 Singles for Pitbull. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
^ "Pitbull: I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
^ "Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
^ "Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved October 22, 2018.
^ "Pitbull Chart History – Global Dance Songs". Billboard. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
^ "Chart Track: Week 33, 2009". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
^ "Media Forest Week 27, 2009". Israeli Airplay Chart. Media Forest. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
^ "Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)". Top Digital Download. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
^ "Pitbull Chart History (Luxembourg Digital Song Sales)". Billboard. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 27, 2009" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
^ "Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved July 5, 2013.
^ "Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
^ "Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)". VG-lista. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
^ UNIMPRO May 2010 Top 20 Perú
^ "Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video". Polish Dance Top 50. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
^ Popescu, Victor (September 24, 2009). "Cele mai ascultate şi cele mai citite: Pitbull şi 'Harry Potter'" (in Romanian). Cotidianul. Archived from the original on September 27, 2009. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
^ "Top Radio Hits Russia Weekly Chart: Sep 3, 2009". TopHit. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
^ "Media Forest – Weekly Charts. Media Forest. September 7, 2009. Retrieved July 2, 2018. Note: Romanian and international positions are rendered together by the number of plays before resulting an overall chart.
^ "Media Forest – Weekly Charts. Media Forest. October 5, 2009. Retrieved July 3, 2018. Note: Select 'Songs – TV'. Romanian and international positions are rendered together by the number of plays before resulting an overall chart.
^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 5, 2015.
^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 200932 into search. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
^ "Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)" Canciones Top 50. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
^ "Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)". Singles Top 100. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
^ "Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
^ "Pitbull Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
^ "Pitbull Chart History (Hot Latin Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
^ "Pitbull Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
^ "Pitbull Chart History (Hot Rap Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
^ "Pitbull Chart History (Digital Song Sales)". Billboard. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
^ "Pitbull Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
^ "Pitbull Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
^ "Pitbull Chart History (Rhythmic)". Billboard. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
^ "Brasil Hot 100 Airplay (Set 21, 2009)". Billboard Brasil. No. 1. BPP Promoções e Publicações. October 2009. p. 79.
^ "Top 100 singles of the noughties". The Advertiser. January 7, 2010. Archived from the original on January 10, 2010. Retrieved October 31, 2010.
^ "Jahreshitparade Singles 2009". austriancharts.at. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
^ "Jaaroverzichten 2009". Ultratop. Retrieved November 17, 2019.
^ "rapports annuels 2009". Ultratop. Retrieved November 17, 2019.
^ "Brazilian Top 100 Year-End 2009". Crowley Broadcast Analysis. April 3, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2022.
^ "Canadian Hot 100 Year-End 2009". Billboard. Retrieved March 31, 2012.
^ "Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 2009". Top 40. Retrieved November 17, 2019.
^ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 2009" (in Dutch). MegaCharts. Retrieved November 17, 2019.
^ "Classement des 100 premiers Singles par GfK Music" (PDF) (in French). disqueenfrance. p. 20. Retrieved April 8, 2010.
^ ":: MTV | Single Jahrescharts 2009 | charts". Mtv.de. December 29, 2009. Archived from the original on February 1, 2010. Retrieved December 3, 2010.
^ "Éves összesített listák - MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 (súlyozott)". Mahasz. Mahasz.
^ "FIMI - Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana - Ricerche e dati di mercato". Fimi.it. January 19, 2010. Archived from the original on January 23, 2010. Retrieved December 18, 2010.
^ "The Official New Zealand Music Chart". Rianz.org.nz. Archived from the original on May 6, 2010. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
^ "Top Radio Hits Russia Annual Chart: 2009". TopHit. Archived from the original on April 27, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
^ "Top 50 Canciones Anual 2009" (PDF). Promusicae.es. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2010. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
^ "Årslista Singlar – År 2009" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved November 17, 2019.
^ "2009 Year End Swiss Singles Chart". Swiss Music Charts. 2009. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved July 16, 2010.
^ "Charts Plus Year end 2009" (PDF). Charts Plus. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
^ "Billboard Hot 100 Year-End 2009". Billboard. Retrieved March 31, 2012.
^ "Hot Latin Songs – Year-End 2009". Billboard. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
^ "Pop Songs – Year-End 2009". Billboard. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
^ "Rhythmic Songs – Year-End 2009". Billboard. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
^ "MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 2010" (in Hungarian). Mahasz. Retrieved March 10, 2011.
^ "Top Radio Hits Russia Annual Chart: 2010". TopHit. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved April 30, 2024.
^ "Top Radio Hits Russia Decade Chart: 00s". TopHit. Archived from the original on April 21, 2024. Retrieved May 1, 2024.
^ "Ewige Bestenliste - Singles". Hitparade (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved August 14, 2016.
^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2009 Singles" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved September 12, 2009.
^ "Ultratop − Goud en Platina – singles 2009". Ultratop. Hung Medien.
^ "Canadian single certifications – Pitbull – I Know You Want Me". Music Canada. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
^ "Guld og platin i August" (in Danish). IFPI Denmark. Archived from the original on January 17, 2015.
^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Pitbull; 'I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved August 10, 2009.
^ "Italian single certifications – Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
^ "Dutch single certifications – Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers. Retrieved October 14, 2021. Enter I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho) in the "Artiest of titel" box. Select 2010 in the drop-down menu saying "Alle jaargangen".
^ "Latest Gold / Platinum Singles". Radioscope. August 21, 2011. Archived from the original on August 31, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
^ "Spanish single certifications" (in Spanish). Productores de Música de España. Retrieved November 11, 2021. Select Canciones under "Categoría", select 2009 under "Año". Select 9 under "Semana". Click on "BUSCAR LISTA".
^ "Spanish single certifications – Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)". El portal de Música. Productores de Música de España. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
^ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Retrieved November 23, 2009.
^ "British single certifications – Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved May 27, 2022.
^ Cobo, Leila (October 2, 2010). "The Running of The Bull". Billboard. pp. 23–24. Retrieved September 10, 2023.
vtePitbull songs
Discography
M.I.A.M.I.
"Culo"
"Toma"
"Dammit Man"
"That's Nasty"
"Back Up"
Money Is Still a Major Issue
"Everybody Get Up"
El Mariel
"Be Quiet"
"Ay Chico (Lengua Afuera)"
"Dime"
"Bojangles"
The Boatlift
"Go Girl"
"The Anthem"
"Sticky Icky"
"Secret Admirer"
Pitbull Starring in Rebelution
"Shut It Down"
"I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)"
"Hotel Room Service"
"Krazy"
Armando
"Maldito Alcohol"
"Bon, Bon"
"Tu Cuerpo"
"Vida 23"
"Watagatapitusberry"
Planet Pit
"Give Me Everything"
"Rain Over Me"
"Hey Baby (Drop It to the Floor)"
"Pause"
"Shake Señora"
"International Love"
Global Warming
"Don't Stop the Party"
"Feel This Moment"
"Back in Time"
"Outta Nowhere"
"Echa Pa'lla (Manos Pa'rriba)"
"Everybody Fucks"
"Get It Started"
Meltdown
"Timber"
Globalization
"Fun"
"Fireball"
"Time of Our Lives"
"Drive You Crazy"
"Wild Wild Love"
"We Are One (Ole Ola)"
Dale
"Baddest Girl in Town"
Climate Change
"Greenlight"
"Messin' Around"
Libertad 548
"No Lo Trates"
"Get Ready"
Other songs
"Nuestro Himno"
"Pearly Gates"
"Hey Ma"
"Por Favor"
"Goalie Goalie"
"Dame Tu Cosita" (remix)
"I Feel Good"
Featured songs
"Shake"
"Holla at Me"
"Show Stopper" (remix)
"Born-N-Raised"
"Crazy"
"Move Shake Drop"
"Swing"
"Feel It"
"Shooting Star (Party Rock Mix)"
"Now I'm That Bitch"
"Outta Control"
"Ni Rosas Ni Juguetes"
"Fresh Out the Oven"
"Now You See It (Shake That Ass)"
"Egoísta"
"Armada Latina"
"All Night Long"
"I Like It"
"DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love"
"On the Floor"
"Rabiosa"
"Boomerang"
"Suave (Kiss Me)"
"Throw Your Hands Up (Dancar Kuduro)"
"Pass at Me"
"I Like How It Feels"
"Bailando Por El Mundo"
"U Know It Ain't Love"
"We Run the Night"
"Rock the Boat"
"Name of Love"
"Dance Again"
"There She Goes"
"Beat on My Drum"
"I'm All Yours"
"Letting Go (Cry Just a Little)"
"Ai Se Eu Te Pego" (remix)
"Sexy People (The Fiat Song)"
"Crazy Kids" (remix)
"Live It Up"
"Habibi I Love You"
"Exotic"
"Can't Believe It"
"Sopa de Caracol - Yupi"
"I'm a Freak"
"I Love You... Te Quiero"
"Booty"
"Mmm Yeah"
"Can't Get Enough"
"Drink to That All Night" (remix)
"Don't Tell 'Em" (remix)
"Turn Down for What" (remix)
"Good Time"
"Mr. Put It Down"
"Back It Up"
"Shake That"
"Only Love"
"Lady"
"Move to Miami"
"Slowly Slowly"
"Further Up (Na, Na, Na, Na, Na)"
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
MusicBrainz work
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pitbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitbull_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Pitbull Starring in Rebelution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitbull_Starring_in_Rebelution"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_(band)"},{"link_name":"El Cata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cata"},{"link_name":"Omega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_y_su_Mambo_Violento"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Calle Ocho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamiami_Trail"},{"link_name":"Little Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Havana"},{"link_name":"WPOW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPOW"},{"link_name":"Dance Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Central"},{"link_name":"Xbox 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360"},{"link_name":"Kinect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinect"},{"link_name":"Dance Dance Revolution X2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Dance_Revolution_X2_(2009_video_game)"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Move","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Move"},{"link_name":"SingStar Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SingStar_Dance"},{"link_name":"Suburgatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburgatory"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Latin Rhythm Airplay Song of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Latin_Music_Award_for_Latin_Rhythm_Airplay_Song_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"2010 Latin Billboard Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Latin_Billboard_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"2009 single by Pitbull\"I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\" is a song by American rapper and singer Pitbull released as the second single from his fourth album, Pitbull Starring in Rebelution. The song samples \"75, Brazil Street\" by Nicola Fasano and Pat Rich, which itself samples the opening horns riff from \"Street Player\" by Chicago. The core is from a song by Dominican rappers El Cata and Omega.[2] The title is a reference to Calle Ocho, a street in Miami's Little Havana neighborhood.The song premiered on the Miami radio station WPOW. It has also been featured in Dance Central, the Xbox 360 Kinect-based dancing game, Dance Dance Revolution X2 for PlayStation 2, the PlayStation 3 PlayStation Move-based dancing game SingStar Dance, and in the pilot of Suburgatory.[3] It received a nomination a Latin Rhythm Airplay Song of the Year at the 2010 Latin Billboard Music Awards.[4]","title":"I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"\"I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pitbull_-_I_Know_You_Want_Me_(Calle_Ocho).ogg"},{"link_name":"chorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorus_effect"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"chorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrain"},{"link_name":"hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_(music)"},{"link_name":"tribal house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_house"},{"link_name":"common time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_time"},{"link_name":"tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo"},{"link_name":"beats per minute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beats_per_minute"},{"link_name":"D minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_minor"},{"link_name":"vocal range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_range"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_(band)"}],"text":"\"\"I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\"\"\n\n30-second sample of \"I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\" featuring the chorus\nProblems playing this file? See media help.\"I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\" is an uptempo syncopated hip hop groove with clear vocals on the chorus and a pop hook, within a tribal house-oriented beat. The song is set in common time with a moderate tempo of 127 beats per minute and is written in the key of D minor. Pitbull's vocal range spans from C4 to Bb4. The song is a vocal mix of \"75, Brazil Street\" by Nicola Fasano Vs Pat-Rich, which itself samples \"Street Player\" by Chicago.","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The song received mixed reviews with Billboard.com editor Michael Menachem giving the single a favorable review:\"Pitbull delivers some Little Havana to the club scene with \"I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho).\" The clever meshing of reggaetón with Euro dance music signals what looks like a multiformat smash. At the core is an acoustic guitar and a sizzling rhythm, with hot horns in the form of a sample that just keeps on giving: Chicago's \"Street Player,\" which appeared in the '90s techno hit \"The Bomb\" by the Bucketheads. Mainstream radio missed out on Pitbull's previous single \"Krazy,\" featuring Lil Jon, but \"Calle Ocho\" is already on the top half of the Billboard Hot 100, and the temperature on the street and in the clubs is rising\".[5]Fraser McAlpine of the BBC also favored it. He said it was meant to be sexy given how Pitbull performed the verses, but is fun and 'more gigglesome than wrigglesome', and wondered if its effect would vary between listeners of different genders:\"I don't know if it has a different effect on The Ladies, but I'm basically fine with a pumped up dance version of a very familiar piece of music, with a funny man on the top shouting about how aroused he is and occasionally counting on his fingers.\"[6]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Give Me Everything","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give_Me_Everything"},{"link_name":"French Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Mainstream Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Top_40"},{"link_name":"double platinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA_Certification"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIAA-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Australian Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"\"I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\" is Pitbull's first single to become an international hit. The single peaked at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 for one week, on the week of June 20, 2009. The song was Pitbull's highest-peaking single until \"Give Me Everything\" hit number one; it also became his third top-ten hit. The song also reached number one on the French Singles Chart and number four on the US Mainstream Top 40 radio. On November 11, 2009, the single was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over two million digital copies.[7] As of June 2011, the song has sold 3.2 million digital copies in the United States.[8]In the United Kingdom, the single debuted at number 53 then raising to number 28 the following week; in the third week it reached number 13 and in the fourth week, it reached number nine giving Pitbull his first top-ten single in the UK. The following week it moved up again to number seven, peaking at number four a week later. In Australia, the song peaked at number six on the Australian Singles Chart, making it his first song to hit the top 10 there, while in Spain the song reached number one and has been certified triple platinum with sales of over 120,000 units. In New Zealand, the song peaked at number three and was certified platinum, selling over 15,000 copies.[9]","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Ultra Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_Music"},{"link_name":"Nayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayer"},{"link_name":"peaked cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaked_cap"},{"link_name":"models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_(person)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"licensing restrictions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geolocation_software#Regional_licensing"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney"},{"link_name":"Miley Cyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miley_Cyrus"},{"link_name":"The Climb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Climb_(song)"},{"link_name":"Party in the U.S.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_in_the_U.S.A."},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Vevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vevo"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The music video was first released to YouTube on March 9, 2009 by Ultra Music and was directed by David Rousseau and produced by Alexandra Sdoucos. It features Pitbull, Nayer (wearing a peaked cap), and models Sagia Castañeda, Maria Milian, and Angelica Casañas. It has received over 286 million views[10] even though this particular upload is not available for worldwide viewership due to licensing restrictions in certain countries.\"I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\" was the number one most viewed music video on YouTube in 2009. The video received 82 million views, easily beating out the second and third most viewed videos both by Disney star Miley Cyrus, \"The Climb\" (64 million views) and \"Party in the U.S.A.\" (54 million views).[11]The official music video version (without Ultra Music identifiers) was released onto Pitbull's official Vevo channel on May 25, 2011. It received over 3 million views[12] even though this particular upload was not available for worldwide viewership, again due to licensing restrictions in certain countries. The video has since been removed from YouTube.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Know_You_Want_Me_(Calle_Ocho)&action=edit§ion=6"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Australia_Pitbull-13"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Austria_Pitbull-14"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Pitbull-15"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Wallonia_Pitbull-16"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Canada_Pitbull-17"},{"link_name":"CHR/Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_CHR/Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardcanadachrtop40_Pitbull-18"},{"link_name":"CIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States"},{"link_name":"TopHit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TopHit"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_CIS_Pitbull-19"},{"link_name":"Rádio – Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_%E2%80%93_Top_100_(Czech_Republic)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Czech_Republic_Pitbull-20"},{"link_name":"Tracklisten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitlisten"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Denmark_Pitbull-21"},{"link_name":"European Hot 100 Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardeuropeanhot100_Pitbull_I_Know_You_Want_Me_(Calle_Ocho)-22"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Finland_Pitbull-23"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_France_Pitbull-24"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Germany_Pitbull-25"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Rádiós Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Hungary_Pitbull-27"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Irish_Pitbull-28"},{"link_name":"Media Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Forest"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Israelairplay_Pitbull-29"},{"link_name":"FIMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Italy_Pitbull-30"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg Digital Song Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_Digital_Song_Sales"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Luxembourgdigitalsongs_Pitbull-31"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_Pitbull-32"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Pitbull-33"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_Pitbull-34"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Norway_Pitbull-35"},{"link_name":"UNIMPRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Dance Top 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Society_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Polishdance_Pitbull-37"},{"link_name":"Romanian Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROM-38"},{"link_name":"TopHit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TopHit"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Romanian Radio Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_record_charts"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Romaniaradioairplay_Pitbull-40"},{"link_name":"Romania TV Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_record_charts"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Romaniatvairplay_Pitbull-41"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scotland-42"},{"link_name":"Rádio Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_%E2%80%93_Top_100_(Slovakia)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Slovakia_Pitbull-43"},{"link_name":"PROMUSICAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Spain_Pitbull-44"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Sweden_Pitbull-45"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Switzerland_Pitbull-46"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UK_Pitbull-47"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardhot100_Pitbull-48"},{"link_name":"Hot Latin Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Latin_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardlatinsongs_Pitbull-49"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardrandbhiphop_Pitbull-50"},{"link_name":"Hot Rap Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Rap_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardrapsongs_Pitbull-51"},{"link_name":"Digital Song Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Song_Sales"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddigitalsongs_Pitbull-52"},{"link_name":"Dance Club Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddanceclubplay_Pitbull-53"},{"link_name":"Mainstream Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardpopsongs_Pitbull-54"},{"link_name":"Rhythmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmic_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardrhythmic_Pitbull-55"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Know_You_Want_Me_(Calle_Ocho)&action=edit§ion=7"},{"link_name":"Brasil Hot 100 Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil_Hot_100_Airplay"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Know_You_Want_Me_(Calle_Ocho)&action=edit§ion=8"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news.com.au-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Crowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowley_Broadcast_Analysis"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Singles Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singles_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UK2009year-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Know_You_Want_Me_(Calle_Ocho)&action=edit§ion=9"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Know_You_Want_Me_(Calle_Ocho)&action=edit§ion=10"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (2009)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[13]\n\n6\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[14]\n\n3\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[15]\n\n1\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[16]\n\n1\n\n\nCanada (Canadian Hot 100)[17]\n\n2\n\n\nCanada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)[18]\n\n1\n\n\nCIS (TopHit)[19]\n\n1\n\n\nCzech Republic (Rádio – Top 100)[20]\n\n2\n\n\nDenmark (Tracklisten)[21]\n\n6\n\n\nEuropean Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)[22]\n\n1\n\n\nFinland (Suomen virallinen lista)[23]\n\n2\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[24]\n\n1\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[25]\n\n8\n\n\nGlobal Dance Tracks (Billboard)[26]\n\n2\n\n\nHungary (Rádiós Top 40)[27]\n\n4\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[28]\n\n5\n\n\nIsrael (Media Forest)[29]\n\n1\n\n\nItaly (FIMI)[30]\n\n6\n\n\nLuxembourg Digital Song Sales (Billboard)[31]\n\n2\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[32]\n\n1\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[33]\n\n2\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[34]\n\n3\n\n\nNorway (VG-lista)[35]\n\n5\n\n\nPerú (UNIMPRO) [36]\n\n4\n\n\nPoland (Dance Top 50)[37]\n\n16\n\n\nRomania (Romanian Top 100)[38]\n\n1\n\n\nRussia Airplay (TopHit)[39]\n\n2\n\n\nRomania (Romanian Radio Airplay)[40]\n\n1\n\n\nRomania (Romania TV Airplay)[41]\n\n1\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[42]\n\n3\n\n\nSlovakia (Rádio Top 100)[43]\n\n23\n\n\nSpain (PROMUSICAE)[44]\n\n1\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[45]\n\n3\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[46]\n\n2\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[47]\n\n4\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[48]\n\n2\n\n\nUS Hot Latin Songs (Billboard)[49]\n\n6\n\n\nUS Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[50]\n\n86\n\n\nUS Hot Rap Songs (Billboard)[51]\n\n4\n\n\nUS Digital Song Sales (Billboard)[52]\n\n2\n\n\nUS Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[53]\n\n27\n\n\nUS Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[54]\n\n4\n\n\nUS Rhythmic (Billboard)[55]\n\n5\n\n\n\nMonthly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2009)\n\nPosition\n\n\nBrazil (Brasil Hot 100 Airplay)[56]\n\n78\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2009)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[57]\n\n21\n\n\nAustrian Singles Chart[58]\n\n18\n\n\nBelgian (Flanders) Singles Chart[59]\n\n13\n\n\nBelgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart[60]\n\n19\n\n\nBrazil (Crowley)[61]\n\n83\n\n\nCanadian Hot 100[62]\n\n7\n\n\nDutch Singles Chart[63]\n\n23\n\n\nDutch Singles Top 100[64]\n\n18\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[65]\n\n7\n\n\nGerman Singles Chart[66]\n\n37\n\n\nHungarian Airplay Chart[67]\n\n28\n\n\nItaly (FIMI)[68]\n\n26\n\n\nNew Zealand Singles Chart[69]\n\n20\n\n\nRussia Airplay (TopHit)[70]\n\n20\n\n\nSpanish Singles Chart[71]\n\n3\n\n\nSwedish Singles Chart[72]\n\n24\n\n\nSwiss Singles Chart[73]\n\n11\n\n\nUK Singles Chart[74]\n\n59\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[75]\n\n17\n\n\nUS Hot Latin Songs (Billboard)[76]\n\n20\n\n\nUS Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[77]\n\n27\n\n\nUS Rhythmic (Billboard)[78]\n\n11\n\n\nChart (2010)\n\nPosition\n\n\nHungarian Airplay Chart[79]\n\n55\n\n\nRussia Airplay (TopHit)[80]\n\n78\n\nDecade-end charts[edit]\n\nDecade-end chart performance for \"I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\"\n\n\nChart (2000–2009)\n\nPosition\n\n\nRussia Airplay (TopHit)[81]\n\n152\n\nAll-time charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart\n\nPosition\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[82]\n\n239","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\". Google Play. Archived from the original on July 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150702143921/https://play.google.com/store/music/album?id=Blgfxad4gzq65u7itxyqrbtpjsq&tid=song-Tmadppj2a6cwghgqr2vkffsilia","url_text":"\"I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play","url_text":"Google Play"},{"url":"https://play.google.com/store/music/album?id=Blgfxad4gzq65u7itxyqrbtpjsq&tid=song-Tmadppj2a6cwghgqr2vkffsilia","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rodriguez, Jayson (August 18, 2009). \"Pitbull's 'I Know You Want Me' Got A Hand From A Dominican Duo - Music, Celebrity, Artist News\". MTV.com. Retrieved December 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1618955/20090818/pitbull__5_.jhtml","url_text":"\"Pitbull's 'I Know You Want Me' Got A Hand From A Dominican Duo - Music, Celebrity, Artist News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Music Lounge - Suburgatory\". ABC.com. January 15, 2013. Archived from the original on April 13, 2013. Retrieved April 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130413231526/http://beta.abc.go.com/music-lounge/shows/suburgatory","url_text":"\"Music Lounge - Suburgatory\""},{"url":"http://beta.abc.go.com/music-lounge/shows/suburgatory","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Congratulations to the 2010 Billboard Latin Music Award Winners\" (PDF). Billboard Events. Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2016. Retrieved June 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221104/http://www1.billboardevents.com/billboardevents/photos/stylus/158808-2010-LATIN-AWARDS-WINNERS.pdf","url_text":"\"Congratulations to the 2010 Billboard Latin Music Award Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard Events"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"},{"url":"http://www1.billboardevents.com/billboardevents/photos/stylus/158808-2010-LATIN-AWARDS-WINNERS.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Michael Menachem (April 4, 2009). \"SINGLES REVIEWS - I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\". Billboard.com. Archived from the original on June 11, 2009. Retrieved May 30, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090611234312/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/magazine/reviews/singles/e3i6011385516f3bdfb2f5fb89f9a144dcb?imw=Y","url_text":"\"SINGLES REVIEWS - I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard.com"},{"url":"http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/magazine/reviews/singles/e3i6011385516f3bdfb2f5fb89f9a144dcb?imw=Y","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fraser McAlpine (July 21, 2009). \"BBC - Chart Blog: Pitbull - 'I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)'\". BBC. Retrieved July 29, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/chartblog/2009/07/pitbull_i_know_you_want_me_cal.shtml","url_text":"\"BBC - Chart Blog: Pitbull - 'I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)'\""}]},{"reference":"\"American single certifications – Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\". Recording Industry Association of America.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Pitbull&ti=I+Know+You+Want+Me+%28Calle+Ocho%29&format=Single&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American single certifications – Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"Mikael Wood. \"Pitbull: The Billboard Cover Story\". Billboard.com. Retrieved December 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/470505/pitbull-the-billboard-cover-story","url_text":"\"Pitbull: The Billboard Cover Story\""}]},{"reference":"\"RIANZ\". RIANZ. Archived from the original on July 9, 2011. Retrieved January 5, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110709193210/http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart_facts.asp","url_text":"\"RIANZ\""},{"url":"http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart_facts.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pitbull - I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho) [UltraRecords Version]\". YouTube. March 9, 2009. Archived from the original on December 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E2tMV96xULk","url_text":"\"Pitbull - I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho) [UltraRecords Version]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/E2tMV96xULk","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Most viewed music video on YouTube in 2009\". pitbullmusic.com. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved August 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140221010925/http://www.pitbullmusic.com/us/news/i-know-you-want-me-1-video-youtube-2009","url_text":"\"Most viewed music video on YouTube in 2009\""},{"url":"http://www.pitbullmusic.com/us/news/i-know-you-want-me-1-video-youtube-2009","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pitbull - I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vboB7sHlHkE","url_text":"\"Pitbull - I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Pitbull Chart History – Global Dance Songs\". Billboard. Retrieved October 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/pitbull/chart-history/dgl/","url_text":"\"Pitbull Chart History – Global Dance Songs\""}]},{"reference":"Popescu, Victor (September 24, 2009). \"Cele mai ascultate şi cele mai citite: Pitbull şi 'Harry Potter'\" [The most heard and the most read: Pitbull and 'Harry Potter'] (in Romanian). Cotidianul. Archived from the original on September 27, 2009. Retrieved March 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090927155816/http://www.cotidianul.ro/cele_mai_ascultate_si_cele_mai_citite_pitbull_si_harry_potter-99146.html","url_text":"\"Cele mai ascultate şi cele mai citite: Pitbull şi 'Harry Potter'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotidianul","url_text":"Cotidianul"},{"url":"http://www.cotidianul.ro/cele_mai_ascultate_si_cele_mai_citite_pitbull_si_harry_potter-99146.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Radio Hits Russia Weekly Chart: Sep 3, 2009\". TopHit. Retrieved April 27, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://tophit.com/chart/top/radio/hits/ru/weekly/20090828-20090903","url_text":"\"Top Radio Hits Russia Weekly Chart: Sep 3, 2009\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TopHit","url_text":"TopHit"}]},{"reference":"\"Brasil Hot 100 Airplay (Set 21, 2009)\". Billboard Brasil. No. 1. BPP Promoções e Publicações. October 2009. p. 79.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Brasil","url_text":"Billboard Brasil"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 singles of the noughties\". The Advertiser. January 7, 2010. Archived from the original on January 10, 2010. Retrieved October 31, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100110213023/http://www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0,22606,26561471-16601,00.html","url_text":"\"Top 100 singles of the noughties\""},{"url":"http://www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0,22606,26561471-16601,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jahreshitparade Singles 2009\". austriancharts.at. Retrieved January 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://austriancharts.at/year.asp?cat=s&id=2009","url_text":"\"Jahreshitparade Singles 2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jaaroverzichten 2009\". Ultratop. Retrieved November 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2009&cat=s","url_text":"\"Jaaroverzichten 2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"rapports annuels 2009\". Ultratop. Retrieved November 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=2009","url_text":"\"rapports annuels 2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brazilian Top 100 Year-End 2009\". Crowley Broadcast Analysis. April 3, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://maistocadas.mus.br/2009/","url_text":"\"Brazilian Top 100 Year-End 2009\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowley_Broadcast_Analysis","url_text":"Crowley Broadcast Analysis"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian Hot 100 Year-End 2009\". Billboard. Retrieved March 31, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2009/canadian-hot-100","url_text":"\"Canadian Hot 100 Year-End 2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 2009\". Top 40. Retrieved November 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.top40.nl/bijzondere-lijsten/top-100-jaaroverzichten/2009","url_text":"\"Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jaaroverzichten – Single 2009\" (in Dutch). MegaCharts. Retrieved November 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=2009&cat=s","url_text":"\"Jaaroverzichten – Single 2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"Classement des 100 premiers Singles par GfK Music\" (PDF) (in French). disqueenfrance. p. 20. Retrieved April 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://proxy.siteo.com.s3.amazonaws.com/disqueenfrance.siteo.com/file/dossierdepresseecomidem2010.pdf","url_text":"\"Classement des 100 premiers Singles par GfK Music\""}]},{"reference":"\":: MTV | Single Jahrescharts 2009 | charts\". Mtv.de. December 29, 2009. Archived from the original on February 1, 2010. Retrieved December 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100201150320/http://www.mtv.de/charts/Single_Jahrescharts_2009","url_text":"\":: MTV | Single Jahrescharts 2009 | charts\""},{"url":"http://www.mtv.de/charts/Single_Jahrescharts_2009","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Éves összesített listák - MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 (súlyozott)\". Mahasz. Mahasz.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mahasz.hu/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=eves_osszesitett_listak&id=radios&ev=2009","url_text":"\"Éves összesített listák - MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 (súlyozott)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahasz","url_text":"Mahasz"}]},{"reference":"\"FIMI - Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana - Ricerche e dati di mercato\". Fimi.it. January 19, 2010. Archived from the original on January 23, 2010. Retrieved December 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100123194509/http://www.fimi.it/dett_ddmercato.php?id=47","url_text":"\"FIMI - Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana - Ricerche e dati di mercato\""},{"url":"http://www.fimi.it/dett_ddmercato.php?id=47","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Official New Zealand Music Chart\". Rianz.org.nz. Archived from the original on May 6, 2010. Retrieved December 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100506023956/http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart_annual.asp","url_text":"\"The Official New Zealand Music Chart\""},{"url":"http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart_annual.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Radio Hits Russia Annual Chart: 2009\". TopHit. Archived from the original on April 27, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://tophit.com/chart/top/radio/hits/ru/annual/2009","url_text":"\"Top Radio Hits Russia Annual Chart: 2009\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TopHit","url_text":"TopHit"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240427163412/https://tophit.com/chart/top/radio/hits/ru/annual/2009","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 50 Canciones Anual 2009\" (PDF). Promusicae.es. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2010. Retrieved December 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100326222943/http://promusicae.es/files/listasanuales/canciones/Top%2050%20Canciones%20Anual%202009.pdf","url_text":"\"Top 50 Canciones Anual 2009\""},{"url":"http://www.promusicae.es/files/listasanuales/canciones/Top%2050%20Canciones%20Anual%202009.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Årslista Singlar – År 2009\" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved November 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/43?dspy=2009&dspp=1","url_text":"\"Årslista Singlar – År 2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"2009 Year End Swiss Singles Chart\". Swiss Music Charts. 2009. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved July 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111011215402/http://swisscharts.com/year.asp?key=2009","url_text":"\"2009 Year End Swiss Singles Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Music_Charts","url_text":"Swiss Music Charts"},{"url":"http://swisscharts.com/year.asp?key=2009","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Charts Plus Year end 2009\" (PDF). Charts Plus. Retrieved July 19, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ukchartsplus.co.uk/UKChartsPlusYE2009.pdf","url_text":"\"Charts Plus Year end 2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard Hot 100 Year-End 2009\". Billboard. Retrieved March 31, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2009/hot-100-songs?begin=11&order=position","url_text":"\"Billboard Hot 100 Year-End 2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hot Latin Songs – Year-End 2009\". Billboard. Retrieved September 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2009/hot-latin-songs","url_text":"\"Hot Latin Songs – Year-End 2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pop Songs – Year-End 2009\". Billboard. Retrieved September 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2009/pop-songs","url_text":"\"Pop Songs – Year-End 2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rhythmic Songs – Year-End 2009\". Billboard. Retrieved September 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2009/rhythmic-songs","url_text":"\"Rhythmic Songs – Year-End 2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 2010\" (in Hungarian). Mahasz. Retrieved March 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mahasz.hu/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=eves_osszesitett_listak&id=radios&ev=2010","url_text":"\"MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Radio Hits Russia Annual Chart: 2010\". TopHit. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved April 30, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://tophit.com/chart/top/radio/hits/ru/annual/2010","url_text":"\"Top Radio Hits Russia Annual Chart: 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TopHit","url_text":"TopHit"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240428163200/https://tophit.com/chart/top/radio/hits/ru/annual/2010","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Radio Hits Russia Decade Chart: 00s\". TopHit. Archived from the original on April 21, 2024. Retrieved May 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240421192151/https://tophit.com/ru/chart/top/radio/hits/ru/decade/2000","url_text":"\"Top Radio Hits Russia Decade Chart: 00s\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TopHit","url_text":"TopHit"},{"url":"https://tophit.com/chart/top/radio/hits/ru/decade/2000","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ewige Bestenliste - Singles\". Hitparade (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved August 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://hitparade.ch/charts/best/singles/2","url_text":"\"Ewige Bestenliste - Singles\""}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2009 Singles\" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved September 12, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dropbox.com/sh/k9o2q7p7o4awhqx/AAAkIHUsZxjA2_mq5yRhmM7aa/2009%20Accreds.pdf","url_text":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2009 Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"Australian Recording Industry Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Ultratop − Goud en Platina – singles 2009\". Ultratop. Hung Medien.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/goud-platina/2009/singles","url_text":"\"Ultratop − Goud en Platina – singles 2009\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop","url_text":"Ultratop"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian single certifications – Pitbull – I Know You Want Me\". Music Canada. Retrieved January 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=I+Know+You+Want+Me%20Pitbull","url_text":"\"Canadian single certifications – Pitbull – I Know You Want Me\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Guld og platin i August\" (in Danish). IFPI Denmark. Archived from the original on January 17, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150117070449/http://www.ifpi.dk/?q=content%2Fguld-og-platin-i-august","url_text":"\"Guld og platin i August\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Denmark","url_text":"IFPI Denmark"},{"url":"http://www.ifpi.dk/?q=content/guld-og-platin-i-august","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Pitbull; 'I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)')\" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved August 10, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musikindustrie.de/wie-musik-zur-karriere-werden-kann/markt-bestseller/gold-/platin-und-diamond-auszeichnung/datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=I+Know+You+Want+Me+%28Calle+Ocho%29&strInterpret=Pitbull&strTtArt=alle&strAwards=checked","url_text":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Pitbull; 'I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)')\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie","url_text":"Bundesverband Musikindustrie"}]},{"reference":"\"Italian single certifications – Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved December 27, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/certification-form.kl#/certificationform/2815","url_text":"\"Italian single certifications – Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana","url_text":"Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana"}]},{"reference":"\"Dutch single certifications – Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers. Retrieved October 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nvpi.nl/nvpi-audio/marktinformatie/goud-platina-diamant/","url_text":"\"Dutch single certifications – Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVPI","url_text":"Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers"}]},{"reference":"\"Latest Gold / Platinum Singles\". Radioscope. August 21, 2011. Archived from the original on August 31, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110831040527/http://www.radioscope.net.nz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=77&Itemid=61","url_text":"\"Latest Gold / Platinum Singles\""},{"url":"http://www.radioscope.net.nz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=77&Itemid=61","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Spanish single certifications\" (in Spanish). Productores de Música de España. Retrieved November 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.promusicae.es/listas-semanales/","url_text":"\"Spanish single certifications\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a","url_text":"Productores de Música de España"}]},{"reference":"\"Spanish single certifications – Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\". El portal de Música. Productores de Música de España. Retrieved April 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elportaldemusica.es/single/pitbull-i-know-you-want-me-calle-ocho-2","url_text":"\"Spanish single certifications – Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a","url_text":"Productores de Música de España"}]},{"reference":"\"The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)')\". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Retrieved November 23, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swisscharts.com/search_certifications.asp?search=I_Know_You_Want_Me_(Calle_Ocho)","url_text":"\"The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)')\""}]},{"reference":"\"British single certifications – Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved May 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/8500-2299-1","url_text":"\"British single certifications – Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"Cobo, Leila (October 2, 2010). \"The Running of The Bull\". Billboard. pp. 23–24. Retrieved September 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leila_Cobo","url_text":"Cobo, Leila"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xGl78gyjknMC&pg=RA2-PA24","url_text":"\"The Running of The Bull\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hFoxg4IFtqc","external_links_name":"\"I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150702143921/https://play.google.com/store/music/album?id=Blgfxad4gzq65u7itxyqrbtpjsq&tid=song-Tmadppj2a6cwghgqr2vkffsilia","external_links_name":"\"I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\""},{"Link":"https://play.google.com/store/music/album?id=Blgfxad4gzq65u7itxyqrbtpjsq&tid=song-Tmadppj2a6cwghgqr2vkffsilia","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1618955/20090818/pitbull__5_.jhtml","external_links_name":"\"Pitbull's 'I Know You Want Me' Got A Hand From A Dominican Duo - Music, Celebrity, Artist News\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130413231526/http://beta.abc.go.com/music-lounge/shows/suburgatory","external_links_name":"\"Music Lounge - Suburgatory\""},{"Link":"http://beta.abc.go.com/music-lounge/shows/suburgatory","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221104/http://www1.billboardevents.com/billboardevents/photos/stylus/158808-2010-LATIN-AWARDS-WINNERS.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Congratulations to the 2010 Billboard Latin Music Award Winners\""},{"Link":"http://www1.billboardevents.com/billboardevents/photos/stylus/158808-2010-LATIN-AWARDS-WINNERS.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090611234312/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/magazine/reviews/singles/e3i6011385516f3bdfb2f5fb89f9a144dcb?imw=Y","external_links_name":"\"SINGLES REVIEWS - I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/magazine/reviews/singles/e3i6011385516f3bdfb2f5fb89f9a144dcb?imw=Y","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/chartblog/2009/07/pitbull_i_know_you_want_me_cal.shtml","external_links_name":"\"BBC - Chart Blog: Pitbull - 'I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)'\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Pitbull&ti=I+Know+You+Want+Me+%28Calle+Ocho%29&format=Single&type=#search_section","external_links_name":"\"American single certifications – Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/470505/pitbull-the-billboard-cover-story","external_links_name":"\"Pitbull: The Billboard Cover Story\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110709193210/http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart_facts.asp","external_links_name":"\"RIANZ\""},{"Link":"http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart_facts.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E2tMV96xULk","external_links_name":"\"Pitbull - I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho) [UltraRecords Version]\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/E2tMV96xULk","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140221010925/http://www.pitbullmusic.com/us/news/i-know-you-want-me-1-video-youtube-2009","external_links_name":"\"Most viewed music video on YouTube in 2009\""},{"Link":"http://www.pitbullmusic.com/us/news/i-know-you-want-me-1-video-youtube-2009","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vboB7sHlHkE","external_links_name":"\"Pitbull - I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\""},{"Link":"https://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Pitbull&titel=I+Know+You+Want+Me+(Calle+Ocho)&cat=s","external_links_name":"Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\""},{"Link":"https://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Pitbull&titel=I+Know+You+Want+Me+(Calle+Ocho)&cat=s","external_links_name":"Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Pitbull&titel=I+Know+You+Want+Me+(Calle+Ocho)&cat=s","external_links_name":"Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/fr/showitem.asp?interpret=Pitbull&titel=I+Know+You+Want+Me+(Calle+Ocho)&cat=s","external_links_name":"Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Pitbull/chart-history/CAN","external_links_name":"\"Pitbull Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Pitbull/chart-history/CTF","external_links_name":"\"Pitbull Chart History (Canada CHR/Top 40)\""},{"Link":"https://tophit.com/tracks/18136","external_links_name":"Pitbull — I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)"},{"Link":"http://hitparada.ifpicr.cz/index.php?hitp=R","external_links_name":"ČNS IFPI\""},{"Link":"https://danishcharts.dk/showitem.asp?interpret=Pitbull&titel=I+Know+You+Want+Me+(Calle+Ocho)&cat=s","external_links_name":"Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/search?artist=Pitbull&title=I+Know+You+Want+Me+(Calle+Ocho)&label=&chart_name=European+Hot+100+Singles&chart_date=","external_links_name":"\"Pitbull – Chart Search\""},{"Link":"https://www.ifpi.fi/lista/artistit/Pitbull/I+Know+You+Want+Me+%28Calle+Ocho%29/","external_links_name":"Pitbull: I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\""},{"Link":"https://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Pitbull&titel=I+Know+You+Want+Me+(Calle+Ocho)&cat=s","external_links_name":"Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\""},{"Link":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-565146","external_links_name":"Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/pitbull/chart-history/dgl/","external_links_name":"\"Pitbull Chart History – Global Dance Songs\""},{"Link":"https://slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2009/45","external_links_name":"Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180101010101/https://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp&ct=240001&arch=t&lyr=2009&year=2009&week=33","external_links_name":"Chart Track: Week 33, 2009\""},{"Link":"http://www.mediaforest.biz/WeeklyCharts/HistoryWeeklyCharts.aspx?year=2009&week=27","external_links_name":"Media Forest Week 27, 2009"},{"Link":"https://italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Pitbull&titel=I+Know+You+Want+Me+(Calle+Ocho)&cat=s","external_links_name":"Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/Pitbull/chart-history/LUX","external_links_name":"\"Pitbull Chart History (Luxembourg Digital Song Sales)\""},{"Link":"https://www.top40.nl/top40/2009/week-27","external_links_name":"Nederlandse Top 40 – week 27, 2009"},{"Link":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Pitbull&titel=I+Know+You+Want+Me+(Calle+Ocho)&cat=s","external_links_name":"Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\""},{"Link":"https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Pitbull&titel=I+Know+You+Want+Me+(Calle+Ocho)&cat=s","external_links_name":"Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\""},{"Link":"https://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Pitbull&titel=I+Know+You+Want+Me+(Calle+Ocho)&cat=s","external_links_name":"Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\""},{"Link":"https://issuu.com/unimpro/docs/boletin_12","external_links_name":"UNIMPRO May 2010 Top 20 Perú"},{"Link":"http://ozz.zpav.pl/muzykawbiznesie/toplistyprzebojow.php?idtypu=11&idlisty=46","external_links_name":"Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090927155816/http://www.cotidianul.ro/cele_mai_ascultate_si_cele_mai_citite_pitbull_si_harry_potter-99146.html","external_links_name":"\"Cele mai ascultate şi cele mai citite: Pitbull şi 'Harry Potter'\""},{"Link":"http://www.cotidianul.ro/cele_mai_ascultate_si_cele_mai_citite_pitbull_si_harry_potter-99146.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://tophit.com/chart/top/radio/hits/ru/weekly/20090828-20090903","external_links_name":"\"Top Radio Hits Russia Weekly Chart: Sep 3, 2009\""},{"Link":"http://mediaforest.ro/weeklycharts/HistoryWeeklyCharts.aspx?year=2009&week=37","external_links_name":"Media Forest – Weekly Charts"},{"Link":"http://mediaforest.ro/weeklycharts/HistoryWeeklyCharts.aspx?year=2009&week=41","external_links_name":"Media Forest – Weekly Charts"},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-singles-chart/22009/41/","external_links_name":"\"Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"http://hitparadask.ifpicr.cz/index.php","external_links_name":"ČNS IFPI\""},{"Link":"https://spanishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Pitbull&titel=I+Know+You+Want+Me+(Calle+Ocho)&cat=s","external_links_name":"Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\""},{"Link":"https://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Pitbull&titel=I+Know+You+Want+Me+(Calle+Ocho)&cat=s","external_links_name":"Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\""},{"Link":"http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Pitbull&titel=I+Know+You+Want+Me+(Calle+Ocho)&cat=s","external_links_name":"Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/20090808/7501/","external_links_name":"\"Official Singles Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Pitbull/chart-history/HSI","external_links_name":"\"Pitbull Chart History (Hot 100)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Pitbull/chart-history/HTL","external_links_name":"\"Pitbull Chart History (Hot Latin Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Pitbull/chart-history/BSI","external_links_name":"\"Pitbull Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Pitbull/chart-history/RAP","external_links_name":"\"Pitbull Chart History (Hot Rap Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Pitbull/chart-history/HDS","external_links_name":"\"Pitbull Chart History (Digital Song Sales)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Pitbull/chart-history/DSI","external_links_name":"\"Pitbull Chart History (Dance Club Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Pitbull/chart-history/TFM","external_links_name":"\"Pitbull Chart History (Pop Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Pitbull/chart-history/TFC","external_links_name":"\"Pitbull Chart History (Rhythmic)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100110213023/http://www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0,22606,26561471-16601,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Top 100 singles of the noughties\""},{"Link":"http://www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0,22606,26561471-16601,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://austriancharts.at/year.asp?cat=s&id=2009","external_links_name":"\"Jahreshitparade Singles 2009\""},{"Link":"http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2009&cat=s","external_links_name":"\"Jaaroverzichten 2009\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=2009","external_links_name":"\"rapports annuels 2009\""},{"Link":"https://maistocadas.mus.br/2009/","external_links_name":"\"Brazilian Top 100 Year-End 2009\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2009/canadian-hot-100","external_links_name":"\"Canadian Hot 100 Year-End 2009\""},{"Link":"https://www.top40.nl/bijzondere-lijsten/top-100-jaaroverzichten/2009","external_links_name":"\"Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 2009\""},{"Link":"https://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=2009&cat=s","external_links_name":"\"Jaaroverzichten – Single 2009\""},{"Link":"http://proxy.siteo.com.s3.amazonaws.com/disqueenfrance.siteo.com/file/dossierdepresseecomidem2010.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Classement des 100 premiers Singles par GfK Music\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100201150320/http://www.mtv.de/charts/Single_Jahrescharts_2009","external_links_name":"\":: MTV | Single Jahrescharts 2009 | charts\""},{"Link":"http://www.mtv.de/charts/Single_Jahrescharts_2009","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mahasz.hu/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=eves_osszesitett_listak&id=radios&ev=2009","external_links_name":"\"Éves összesített listák - MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 (súlyozott)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100123194509/http://www.fimi.it/dett_ddmercato.php?id=47","external_links_name":"\"FIMI - Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana - Ricerche e dati di mercato\""},{"Link":"http://www.fimi.it/dett_ddmercato.php?id=47","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100506023956/http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart_annual.asp","external_links_name":"\"The Official New Zealand Music Chart\""},{"Link":"http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart_annual.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://tophit.com/chart/top/radio/hits/ru/annual/2009","external_links_name":"\"Top Radio Hits Russia Annual Chart: 2009\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240427163412/https://tophit.com/chart/top/radio/hits/ru/annual/2009","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100326222943/http://promusicae.es/files/listasanuales/canciones/Top%2050%20Canciones%20Anual%202009.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Top 50 Canciones Anual 2009\""},{"Link":"http://www.promusicae.es/files/listasanuales/canciones/Top%2050%20Canciones%20Anual%202009.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/43?dspy=2009&dspp=1","external_links_name":"\"Årslista Singlar – År 2009\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111011215402/http://swisscharts.com/year.asp?key=2009","external_links_name":"\"2009 Year End Swiss Singles Chart\""},{"Link":"http://swisscharts.com/year.asp?key=2009","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ukchartsplus.co.uk/UKChartsPlusYE2009.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Charts Plus Year end 2009\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2009/hot-100-songs?begin=11&order=position","external_links_name":"\"Billboard Hot 100 Year-End 2009\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2009/hot-latin-songs","external_links_name":"\"Hot Latin Songs – Year-End 2009\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2009/pop-songs","external_links_name":"\"Pop Songs – Year-End 2009\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2009/rhythmic-songs","external_links_name":"\"Rhythmic Songs – Year-End 2009\""},{"Link":"http://www.mahasz.hu/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=eves_osszesitett_listak&id=radios&ev=2010","external_links_name":"\"MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 2010\""},{"Link":"https://tophit.com/chart/top/radio/hits/ru/annual/2010","external_links_name":"\"Top Radio Hits Russia Annual Chart: 2010\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240428163200/https://tophit.com/chart/top/radio/hits/ru/annual/2010","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240421192151/https://tophit.com/ru/chart/top/radio/hits/ru/decade/2000","external_links_name":"\"Top Radio Hits Russia Decade Chart: 00s\""},{"Link":"https://tophit.com/chart/top/radio/hits/ru/decade/2000","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://hitparade.ch/charts/best/singles/2","external_links_name":"\"Ewige Bestenliste - Singles\""},{"Link":"https://www.dropbox.com/sh/k9o2q7p7o4awhqx/AAAkIHUsZxjA2_mq5yRhmM7aa/2009%20Accreds.pdf","external_links_name":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2009 Singles\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/goud-platina/2009/singles","external_links_name":"\"Ultratop − Goud en Platina – singles 2009\""},{"Link":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=I+Know+You+Want+Me%20Pitbull","external_links_name":"\"Canadian single certifications – Pitbull – I Know You Want Me\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150117070449/http://www.ifpi.dk/?q=content%2Fguld-og-platin-i-august","external_links_name":"\"Guld og platin i August\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifpi.dk/?q=content/guld-og-platin-i-august","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.musikindustrie.de/wie-musik-zur-karriere-werden-kann/markt-bestseller/gold-/platin-und-diamond-auszeichnung/datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=I+Know+You+Want+Me+%28Calle+Ocho%29&strInterpret=Pitbull&strTtArt=alle&strAwards=checked","external_links_name":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Pitbull; 'I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)')\""},{"Link":"https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/certification-form.kl#/certificationform/2815","external_links_name":"\"Italian single certifications – Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\""},{"Link":"https://nvpi.nl/nvpi-audio/marktinformatie/goud-platina-diamant/","external_links_name":"\"Dutch single certifications – Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110831040527/http://www.radioscope.net.nz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=77&Itemid=61","external_links_name":"\"Latest Gold / Platinum Singles\""},{"Link":"http://www.radioscope.net.nz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=77&Itemid=61","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.promusicae.es/listas-semanales/","external_links_name":"\"Spanish single certifications\""},{"Link":"https://www.elportaldemusica.es/single/pitbull-i-know-you-want-me-calle-ocho-2","external_links_name":"\"Spanish single certifications – Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\""},{"Link":"http://www.swisscharts.com/search_certifications.asp?search=I_Know_You_Want_Me_(Calle_Ocho)","external_links_name":"\"The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)')\""},{"Link":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/8500-2299-1","external_links_name":"\"British single certifications – Pitbull – I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xGl78gyjknMC&pg=RA2-PA24","external_links_name":"\"The Running of The Bull\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/89fe55ea-c220-4d39-bd35-5896265488cc","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/2284d90c-a25a-43a0-b9c6-ffd542d2d5c4","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catocala_grisatra
|
Catocala grisatra
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Species of moth
Catocala grisatra
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Lepidoptera
Superfamily:
Noctuoidea
Family:
Erebidae
Genus:
Catocala
Species:
C. grisatra
Binomial name
Catocala grisatraBrower, 1936
Catocala grisatra (grisatra underwing) is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found from the coastal plain in Bladen County, North Carolina, south through Georgia to Florida.
The wingspan is 48–55 mm. Adults are on wing from May to June. There is one generation per year.
The larvae feed on Crataegus.
References
^ Yu, Dicky Sick Ki. "Catocala grisatra Brower 1936". Home of Ichneumonoidea. Taxapad. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Catocala grisatra.
Wikispecies has information related to Catocala grisatra.
Species info
Taxon identifiersCatocala grisatra
Wikidata: Q5053698
BOLD: 77612
CoL: 5XFK5
EoL: 546665
GBIF: 1797154
iNaturalist: 216275
IRMNG: 10317868
ITIS: 938101
LepIndex: 277410
MONA: 8875
NatureServe: 2.116189
NCBI: 2013169
This Catocalini article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth"},{"link_name":"Erebidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebidae"},{"link_name":"Bladen County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladen_County"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._State)"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"wingspan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingspan"},{"link_name":"Crataegus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataegus"}],"text":"Catocala grisatra (grisatra underwing) is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found from the coastal plain in Bladen County, North Carolina, south through Georgia to Florida.The wingspan is 48–55 mm. Adults are on wing from May to June. There is one generation per year.The larvae feed on Crataegus.","title":"Catocala grisatra"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Yu, Dicky Sick Ki. \"Catocala grisatra Brower 1936\". Home of Ichneumonoidea. Taxapad. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160315225602/http://www.taxapad.com/local.php?taxonidLC=85997688","url_text":"\"Catocala grisatra Brower 1936\""},{"url":"http://www.taxapad.com/local.php?taxonidLC=85997688","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160315225602/http://www.taxapad.com/local.php?taxonidLC=85997688","external_links_name":"\"Catocala grisatra Brower 1936\""},{"Link":"http://www.taxapad.com/local.php?taxonidLC=85997688","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://huffmantaxidermy.com/oehlke/catgrisatra.htm","external_links_name":"Species info"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=77612","external_links_name":"77612"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5XFK5","external_links_name":"5XFK5"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/546665","external_links_name":"546665"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/1797154","external_links_name":"1797154"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/216275","external_links_name":"216275"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10317868","external_links_name":"10317868"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=938101","external_links_name":"938101"},{"Link":"https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/lepindex/detail/?taxonno=277410","external_links_name":"277410"},{"Link":"https://mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu/species.php?hodges=8875","external_links_name":"8875"},{"Link":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.116189/","external_links_name":"2.116189"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2013169","external_links_name":"2013169"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catocala_grisatra&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_X-ray_and_Radium_Protection_Committee
|
International Commission on Radiological Protection
|
["1 Operation","2 International Symposia","3 History","3.1 Early dangers","3.2 Emergence of international standards – the ICR","3.3 Birth of ICRP","4 Evolution of recommendations","4.1 1951 recommendations","4.2 \"Publication 1\"","4.3 Reference man","4.4 Principles of protection","4.5 Re-evaluation of doses","4.6 21st century","5 Radiation quantities","6 Awards","6.1 Gold Medal for Radiation Protection","6.2 Bo Lindell Medal","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
|
International Commission on Radiological ProtectionAbbreviationICRPFormation1928TypeINGOLocationOttawa, Ontario, CanadaRegion served WorldwideOfficial language EnglishWebsiteICRP Official website
The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is an independent, international, non-governmental organization, with the mission to protect people, animals, and the environment from the harmful effects of ionising radiation. Its recommendations form the basis of radiological protection policy, regulations, guidelines and practice worldwide.
The ICRP was effectively founded in 1928 at the second International Congress of Radiology in Stockholm, Sweden but was then called the International X-ray and Radium Protection Committee (IXRPC). In 1950 it was restructured to take account of new uses of radiation outside the medical area and re-named as the ICRP.
The ICRP is a sister organisation to the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU). In general terms ICRU defines the units, and ICRP recommends, develops and maintains the International system of radiological protection which uses these units.
Operation
International policy relationships in radiological protection. The ICRP sits at the interface between ongoing worldwide radiation research and the creation of internationally agreed recommendations for regulation and practice
The ICRP is a not-for-profit organization registered as a charity in the United Kingdom and has its scientific secretariat in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
It is an independent, international organization with more than two hundred volunteer members from approximately thirty countries on six continents, who represent the world's leading scientists and policy makers in the field of radiological protection.
The International System of Radiological Protection has been developed by ICRP based on the current understanding of the science of radiation exposures and effects, and value judgements. These value judgements take into account societal expectations, ethics, and experience gained in application of the system.
The work of the Commission centres on the operation of four main committees:
Committee 1 Radiation Effects
Committee 1 considers the effects of radiation action from the subcellular to population and ecosystem levels, including the induction of cancer, heritable and other diseases, impairment of tissue/organ function and developmental defects, and assesses implications for protection of people and the environment.
Committee 2 Doses from Radiation Exposure
Committee 2 develops dosimetric methodology for the assessment of internal and external radiation exposures, including reference biokinetic and dosimetric models and reference data and dose coefficients, for use in the protection of people and the environment.
Committee 3 Radiological Protection in Medicine
Committee 3 addresses protection of persons and unborn children when ionising radiation is used in medical diagnosis, therapy, and biomedical research, as well as protection in veterinary medicine.
Committee 4 Application of the Commission's Recommendations
Committee 4 provides advice on the application of the Commission's recommendations for the protection of people and the environment in an integrated manner for all exposure situations.
Supporting these committees are Task Groups, established primarily to develop ICRP publications.
The ICRP's key output is the production of regular publications disseminating information and recommendations through the "Annals of the ICRP".
International Symposia
These have become one of the main means of communicating advances by the ICRP in the form of technical presentations and reports from various committees drawn from the international radiological protection community. They have been held every two years since 2011.
1st International ICRP symposium 2011. Key areas of focus: Various.
2nd International ICRP symposium 2013. Key areas of focus: science, NORM, emergency preparedness and recovery, medicine, environment.
3rd International ICRP symposium 2015. Key areas of focus: Medicine, science and ethics
4th International ICRP symposium 2017. Key areas of focus: Recovery after nuclear accidents
5th International symposium 2019. Key areas of focus: Mines, Medicine and Space travel.
History
Early dangers
Using early Crookes tube X-Ray apparatus in 1896. One man is viewing his hand with a fluoroscope to optimise tube emissions, the other has his head close to the tube. No precautions are being taken.
Monument to the X-ray and Radium Martyrs of All Nations erected 1936 at St. Georg hospital in Hamburg, commemorating 359 early radiology workers.
A year after Röntgen's discovery of X-rays in 1895, the American engineer Wolfram Fuchs gave what was probably the first radiation protection advice, but many early users of X-rays were initially unaware of the hazards and protection was rudimentary or non-existent.
The dangers of radioactivity and radiation were not immediately recognized. The discovery of X‑rays had led to widespread experimentation by scientists, physicians, and inventors, but many people began recounting stories of burns, hair loss and worse in technical journals as early as 1896. In February 1896 Professor Daniel and Dr. Dudley of Vanderbilt University performed an experiment involving X-raying Dudley's head that resulted in his hair loss. A report by Dr. H.D. Hawks, a graduate of Columbia College, of his suffering severe hand and chest burns in an x-ray demonstration, was the first of many other reports in Electrical Review.
Many experimenters including Elihu Thomson at Thomas Edison's lab, William J. Morton, and Nikola Tesla also reported burns. Elihu Thomson deliberately exposed a finger to an X-ray tube over a period of time and suffered pain, swelling, and blistering. Other effects, including ultraviolet rays and ozone were sometimes blamed for the damage. Many physicians claimed that there were no effects from X-ray exposure at all.
Emergence of international standards – the ICR
Rolf Maximilian Sievert, pioneer in the science of radiological protection and first chairman of the IXRPC.Wide acceptance of ionizing radiation hazards was slow to emerge, and it was not until 1925 that the establishment of international radiological protection standards was discussed at the first International Congress of Radiology (ICR).
The second ICR was held in Stockholm in 1928 and the ICRU proposed the adoption of the roentgen unit; and the 'International X-ray and Radium Protection Committee' (IXRPC) was formed. Rolf Sievert was named Chairman, and a driving force was George Kaye of the British National Physical Laboratory.
The committee met for just a day at each of the ICR meetings in Paris in 1931, Zurich in 1934, and Chicago in 1937. At the 1934 meeting in Zurich, the Commission was faced with undue membership interference. The hosts insisted on having four Swiss participants (out of a total of 11 members), and the German authorities replaced the Jewish German member with another of their choice. In response to this, the Commission decided on new rules in order to establish full control over its future membership.
Birth of ICRP
After World War II the increased range and quantity of radioactive substances being handled as a result of military and civil nuclear programmes led to large additional groups of occupational workers and the public being potentially exposed to harmful levels of ionising radiation.
Against this background, the first post-war ICR convened in London in 1950, but only two IXRPC members were still active from pre-war days; Lauriston Taylor and Rolf Sievert. Taylor was invited to revive and revise the IXRPC, which included renaming it as the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). Sievert remained an active member, Sir Ernest Rock Carling (UK) was appointed as Chairman, and Walter Binks (UK) took over as Scientific Secretary because of Taylor's concurrent involvement with the sister organisation, ICRU.
At that meeting, six sub-committees were established:
permissible dose for external radiation
permissible dose for internal radiation
protection against X rays generated at potentials up to 2 million volts
protection against X rays above 2 million volts, and beta rays and gamma rays
protection against heavy particles, including neutrons and protons
disposal of radioactive wastes and handling of radioisotopes
The next meeting was in 1956 in Geneva. This was the first time that a formal meeting of the Commission took place independently of the ICR. At this meeting, ICRP became formally affiliated with the World Health Organization (WHO) as a 'participating non-governmental organisation'.
In 1959, a formal relationship was established with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and subsequently with UNSCEAR, the International Labour Office (ILO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and UNESCO.
At the meeting in Stockholm in May 1962, the Commission also decided to reorganise the committee system in order to improve productivity and four committees were created:
C1: Radiation effects;
C2: Internal exposure;
C3: External exposure;
C4: Application of recommendations
After many assessments of committee roles within an environment of increasing workloads and changes in societal emphasis, by 2008 the committee structure had become:
Committee 1 - Radiation effects Committee
Committee 2 - Doses from radiation exposure
Committee 3 - Protection in medicine
Committee 4 - Application of the Commission's recommendations
Committee 5 - Protection of the environment
Evolution of recommendations
The key output of the ICRP and its historic predecessor has been the issuing of recommendations in the form of reports and publications. The contents are made available for adoption by national regulatory bodies to the extent that they wish.
Early recommendations were general guides on exposure and thereby dose limits, and it was not until the nuclear era that a greater degree of sophistication was required.
1951 recommendations
In the "1951 Recommendations" the commission recommended a maximum permissible dose of 0.5 roentgen (0.0044 grays) in any 1 week in the case of whole-body exposure to X and gamma radiation at the surface, and 1.5 roentgen (0.013 grays) in any 1 week in the case of exposure of hands and forearms. Maximum permissible body burdens were given for 11 nuclides. At this time it was first stated that the purpose of radiological protection was that of avoiding deterministic effects from occupational exposures, and the principle of radiological protection was to keep individuals below the relevant thresholds.
A first recommendation on restrictions of exposures of members of the general public appeared in the commission's part of the 1954 Recommendations. It was also stated that 'since no radiation level higher than the natural background can be regarded as absolutely "safe", the problem is to choose a practical level that, in the light of present knowledge, involves a negligible risk'. However, the Commission had not rejected the possibility of a threshold for stochastic effects. At this time the rad and rem were introduced for absorbed dose and RBE-weighted dose respectively.
At its 1956 meeting the concept of a controlled area and radiation safety officer were introduced, and the first specific advice was given for pregnant women.
"Publication 1"
In 1957, there was pressure on ICRP from both the World Health Organisation and UNSCEAR to reveal all of the decisions from its 1956 meeting in Geneva. The final document, the Commission's 1958 Recommendations was the first ICRP report published by Pergamon Press. The 1958 Recommendations are usually referred to as 'Publication 1'.
The significance of stochastic effects began to influence the commission's policy and a new set of recommendations was published as Publication 9 in 1966. However, during development its editors became concerned about the many different opinions on the risk of stochastic effects. The Commission therefore asked a working group to consider these, and their report, Publication 8 (1966), for the first time for the ICRP summarised the current knowledge about radiation risks, both somatic and genetic. Publication 9 then followed, and substantially changed radiation protection emphasis by moving from deterministic to stochastic effects.
Reference man
In October 1974, the official definition of Reference man was adopted by the ICRP: “Reference man is defined as being between 20-30 years of age, weighing 70 kg, is 170 cm in height, and lives in a climate with an average temperature of from 10 to 20 degrees C. He is a Caucasian and is a Western European or North American in habitat and custom.” The reference man is created for the estimation of radiation doses without adverse health effects.
Principles of protection
In 1977 Publication 26 set out the new system of dose limitation and introduced the three principles of protection:
no practice shall be adopted unless its introduction produces a positive net benefit
all exposures shall be kept as low as reasonably achievable, economic and social factors being taken into account
the doses to individuals shall not exceed the limits recommended for the appropriate circumstances by the Commission
These principles have since become known as justification, optimisation (as low as reasonably achievable), and the application of dose limits. The optimisation principle was introduced because of the need to find some way of balancing costs and benefits of the introduction of a radiation source involving ionising radiation or radionuclides.
The 1977 Recommendations were very concerned with the ethical basis of how to decide what is reasonably achievable in dose reduction. The principle of justification aims to do more good than harm, and that of optimisation aims to maximise the margin of good over harm for society as a whole. They therefore satisfy the utilitarian ethical principle proposed primarily by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. Utilitarians judge actions by their overall consequences, usually by comparing, in monetary terms, the relevant benefits obtained by a particular protective measure with the net cost of introducing that measure. On the other hand, the principle of applying dose limits aims to protect the rights of the individual not to be exposed to an excessive level of harm, even if this could cause great problems for society at large. This principle therefore satisfies the Deontological principle of ethics, proposed primarily by Immanuel Kant.
Consequently, the concept of the collective dose was introduced to facilitate cost–benefit analysis and to restrict the uncontrolled build-up of exposure to long-lived radio nuclides in the environment. With the global expansion of nuclear reactors and reprocessing it was feared global doses could again reach the levels seen from atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons. So, by 1977, the establishment of dose limits was secondary to the establishment of cost–benefit analysis and use of collective dose.
Re-evaluation of doses
During the 1980s, there were re-evaluations of the survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, partly due to revisions in the dosimetry. The risks of exposure were claimed to be higher than those used by ICRP, and pressures began to appear for a reduction in dose limits.
By 1989, the commission had itself revised upwards its estimates of the risks of carcinogenesis from exposure to ionising radiation. The following year, it adopted its 1990 Recommendations for a 'system of radiological protection'. The principles of protection recommended by the Commission were still based on the general principles given in Publication 26. However, there were important additions which weakened the link to cost benefit analysis and collective dose, and strengthened the protection of the individual, which reflected changes in societal values:
No practice involving exposures to radiation should be adopted unless it produces sufficient benefit to the exposed individuals or to society to offset the radiation detriment it causes. (The justification of a practice)
In relation to any particular source within a practice, the magnitude of individual doses, the number of people exposed, and the likelihood of incurring exposures where these are not certain to be received should all be kept as low as reasonably achievable, economic and social factors being taken into account. This procedure should be constrained by restrictions on the doses to individuals (dose constraints), or on the risks to individuals in the case of potential exposures (risk constraints) so as to limit the inequity likely to result from the inherent economic and social judgements. (The optimisation of protection)
The exposure of individuals resulting from the combination of all the relevant practices should be subject to dose limits, or to some control of risk in the case of potential exposures. These are aimed at ensuring that no individual is exposed to radiation risks that are judged to be unacceptable from these practices in any normal circumstances.
21st century
In the 21st century, the latest overall recommendations on an international system of radiological protection appeared. ICRP Publication 103 (2007), after two phases of international public consultation, has resulted in more continuity than change. Some recommendations remain because they work and are clear, others have been updated because understanding has evolved, some items have been added because there has been a void, and some concepts are better explained because more guidance is needed.
Radiation quantities
External dose quantities used in radiation protection and dosimetry based on ICRU 57, jointly developed with the ICRP
In collaboration with the ICRU, the commission has assisted in defining the use of many of the dose quantities in the accompanying diagram.
The table below shows the number of different units for various quantities and is indicative of changes of thinking in world metrology, especially the movement from cgs to SI units.
Ionizing radiation related quantities viewtalkedit
Quantity
Unit
Symbol
Derivation
Year
SI equivalent
Activity (A)
becquerel
Bq
s−1
1974
SI unit
curie
Ci
3.7 × 1010 s−1
1953
3.7×1010 Bq
rutherford
Rd
106 s−1
1946
1,000,000 Bq
Exposure (X)
coulomb per kilogram
C/kg
C⋅kg−1 of air
1974
SI unit
röntgen
R
esu / 0.001293 g of air
1928
2.58 × 10−4 C/kg
Absorbed dose (D)
gray
Gy
J⋅kg−1
1974
SI unit
erg per gram
erg/g
erg⋅g−1
1950
1.0 × 10−4 Gy
rad
rad
100 erg⋅g−1
1953
0.010 Gy
Equivalent dose (H)
sievert
Sv
J⋅kg−1 × WR
1977
SI unit
röntgen equivalent man
rem
100 erg⋅g−1 × WR
1971
0.010 Sv
Effective dose (E)
sievert
Sv
J⋅kg−1 × WR × WT
1977
SI unit
röntgen equivalent man
rem
100 erg⋅g−1 × WR × WT
1971
0.010 Sv
Although the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission permits the use of the units curie, rad, and rem alongside SI units, the European Union European units of measurement directives required that their use for "public health ... purposes" be phased out by 31 December 1985.
Awards
ICRP issues two awards the Bo Lindell Medal which is awarded annually and the Gold Medal for Radiation Protection which is issued every four years since 1962.
Gold Medal for Radiation Protection
The recipients of the gold medal for Radiation Protection are listed below:
2020: Dale Preston
2016: Ethel Gilbert
2012: Keith Eckerman
2008: K Sankaranarayanan
2004: Richard Doll
2000: Angelina Guskova
1993: I Shigematsu
1989: Bo Lindell
1985: S Takahashi
1981: Edward E. Pochin
1973: Lauriston S. Taylor
1965: William Valentine Mayneord
1962: W Binks & Karl Z. Morgan
Bo Lindell Medal
The recipients of the Bo Lindell Medal for the Promotion of Radiological Protection are listed below:
2021: Haruyuki Ogino (Japan)
2019: Elizabeth Ainsbury (UK)
2018: Nicole E. Martinez (USA)
See also
Journal of Radiological Protection (JRP) -The peer-reviewed scientific publication devoted to radiological protection.
gray (unit) - Physical dose unit, used for comparison of deterministic health effect
Health Physics Society - USA professional body for radiological protection
International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA) -The worldwide umbrella body for national radiological protection organisations
International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements - Devoted to the development and maintenance of international measurement standards and techniques
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements of the United States
sievert - Biological dose unit, used for comparison of stochastic health effect
Society for Radiological Protection - the IRPA-affiliated national professional radiological protection organisation for UK
William Herbert Rollins - Radiation protection pioneer, and the first to conduct controlled experiments into the hazards of X-rays.
References
As of 10 May 2017, this article is derived in whole or in part from ICRP. The copyright holder has licensed the content in a manner that permits reuse under CC BY-SA 3.0 and GFDL. All relevant terms must be followed.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Clarke, R.H.; J. Valentin (2009). "The History of ICRP and the Evolution of its Policies" (PDF). Annals of the ICRP. ICRP Publication 109. 39 (1): 75–110. doi:10.1016/j.icrp.2009.07.009. S2CID 71278114. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
^ Seeram, Euclid; Brennan, Patrick C. Radiation Protection In Diagnostic X-Ray Imaging. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 137. ISBN 9781449614539.
^ "ICRP Announces Changes to its Committee Structure and Mandates" (PDF).
^ "Annals of the ICRP". ICRP. Archived from the original on 23 March 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
^ "ICRP Symposia". ICRP. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
^ 1st international symposium
^ 2nd international symposium
^ 3rd international symposium
^ 4th international symposium
^ 5th International ICRP symposium 2019
^ Kang, Keon Wook (2016). "History and Organizations for Radiological Protection". Journal of Korean Medical Science. 31 (Suppl 1): S4-5. doi:10.3346/jkms.2016.31.S1.S4. PMC 4756341. PMID 26908987.
^ Sansare, K.; Khanna, V.; Karjodkar, F. (2011). "Early victims of X-rays: a tribute and current perception". Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. 40 (2): 123–125. doi:10.1259/dmfr/73488299. ISSN 0250-832X. PMC 3520298. PMID 21239576.
^ a b Ronald L. Kathern and Paul L. Ziemer, he First Fifty Years of Radiation Protection, physics.isu.edu
^ Hrabak, M.; Padovan, R. S.; Kralik, M.; Ozretic, D.; Potocki, K. (July 2008). "Nikola Tesla and the Discovery of X-rays". RadioGraphics. 28 (4): 1189–92. doi:10.1148/rg.284075206. PMID 18635636.
^ "A Critical Review of the Draft 2005 ICRP Recommendations" (PDF). European Commission. Directorate-General for Energy and Transport. 2008. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
^ a b Abridged from Clarke, R.H.; J. Valentin (2009). "The History of ICRP and the Evolution of its Policies" (PDF). Annals of the ICRP. ICRP Publication 109. 39 (1): 75–110. doi:10.1016/j.icrp.2009.07.009. S2CID 71278114. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
^ Ryan, Michael T.; Sr, John W. Poston (30 March 2006). A Half Century of Health Physics: 50th Anniversary of the Health Physics Society. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 205. ISBN 9780781769341.
^ "Report of the task group on reference man". Annals of the ICRP. ICRP Publication 23. OS_23 (1): i–xix. January 1975. doi:10.1016/S0074-2740(75)80015-8.
^ Ahmed, J U; Daw, H T (1980). "Cost-Benefit Analysis and Radiation Protection" (PDF). IAEA Bulletin. 22 (5/6).
^ Milne, Roger (3 September 1987). "Nuclear Industry Considers Tougher Standards". New Scientist.
^ "International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements" (PDF). International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. 14 March 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
^ 10 CFR 20.1004. US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 2009.
^ The Council of the European Communities (1979-12-21). "Council Directive 80/181/EEC of 20 December 1979 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to Unit of measurement and on the repeal of Directive 71/354/EEC". Retrieved 19 May 2012.
^ "ICRP". www.icrp.org. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
External links
Eurados - The European radiation dosimetry group
"The confusing world of radiation dosimetry" - M.A. Boyd, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. An account of chronological differences between USA and ICRP dosimetry systems.
Full text of ICRP report 103 (2007) These revised Recommendations for a System of Radiological Protection formally replace the Commission's 1990 recommendations.
vteRadiation protectionMain articles
Background radiation
Dosimetry
Health physics
Ionizing radiation
Internal dosimetry
Radioactive contamination
Radioactive sources
Radiobiology
Measurement quantities and units
Absorbed dose
Becquerel
Committed dose
Computed tomography dose index
Counts per minute
Effective dose
Equivalent dose
Gray
Mean glandular dose
Monitor unit
Rad
Roentgen
Rem
Sievert
Instruments and measurement techniques
Airborne radioactive particulate monitoring
Dosimeter
Geiger counter
Ion chamber
Scintillation counter
Proportional counter
Radiation monitoring
Semiconductor detector
Survey meter
Whole-body counting
Protection techniques
Lead shielding
Glovebox
Potassium iodide
Radon mitigation
Respirators
Organisations
Euratom
HPS (USA)
IAEA
ICRU
ICRP
IRPA
SRP (UK)
UNSCEAR
Regulation
IRR (UK)
NRC (USA)
ONR (UK)
Radiation Protection Convention, 1960
Radiation effects
Acute radiation syndrome
Radiation-induced cancer
See also the categories Medical physics, Radiation effects, Radioactivity, Radiobiology, and Radiation protection
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-governmental organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization"},{"link_name":"radiological protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiological_protection"},{"link_name":"International Congress of Radiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Congress_of_Radiology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarke-1"},{"link_name":"International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_on_Radiation_Units_and_Measurements"}],"text":"The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is an independent, international, non-governmental organization, with the mission to protect people, animals, and the environment from the harmful effects of ionising radiation. Its recommendations form the basis of radiological protection policy, regulations, guidelines and practice worldwide.The ICRP was effectively founded in 1928 at the second International Congress of Radiology in Stockholm, Sweden but was then called the International X-ray and Radium Protection Committee (IXRPC).[1] In 1950 it was restructured to take account of new uses of radiation outside the medical area and re-named as the ICRP.The ICRP is a sister organisation to the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU). In general terms ICRU defines the units, and ICRP recommends, develops and maintains the International system of radiological protection which uses these units.","title":"International Commission on Radiological Protection"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:International_policy_system_radiological_protection.png"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"International policy relationships in radiological protection. The ICRP sits at the interface between ongoing worldwide radiation research and the creation of internationally agreed recommendations for regulation and practiceThe ICRP is a not-for-profit organization registered as a charity in the United Kingdom and has its scientific secretariat in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.It is an independent, international organization with more than two hundred volunteer members from approximately thirty countries on six continents, who represent the world's leading scientists and policy makers in the field of radiological protection.The International System of Radiological Protection has been developed by ICRP based on the current understanding of the science of radiation exposures and effects, and value judgements. These value judgements take into account societal expectations, ethics, and experience gained in application of the system.[2]The work of the Commission centres on the operation of four main committees:[3]Committee 1 Radiation Effects\nCommittee 1 considers the effects of radiation action from the subcellular to population and ecosystem levels, including the induction of cancer, heritable and other diseases, impairment of tissue/organ function and developmental defects, and assesses implications for protection of people and the environment.Committee 2 Doses from Radiation Exposure\nCommittee 2 develops dosimetric methodology for the assessment of internal and external radiation exposures, including reference biokinetic and dosimetric models and reference data and dose coefficients, for use in the protection of people and the environment.Committee 3 Radiological Protection in Medicine\nCommittee 3 addresses protection of persons and unborn children when ionising radiation is used in medical diagnosis, therapy, and biomedical research, as well as protection in veterinary medicine.Committee 4 Application of the Commission's Recommendations\nCommittee 4 provides advice on the application of the Commission's recommendations for the protection of people and the environment in an integrated manner for all exposure situations.Supporting these committees are Task Groups, established primarily to develop ICRP publications.The ICRP's key output is the production of regular publications disseminating information and recommendations through the \"Annals of the ICRP\".[4]","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"NORM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NORM"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"These have become one of the main means of communicating advances by the ICRP in the form of technical presentations and reports from various committees drawn from the international radiological protection community. They have been held every two years since 2011.[5]1st International ICRP symposium 2011. Key areas of focus: Various.[6]\n2nd International ICRP symposium 2013. Key areas of focus: science, NORM, emergency preparedness and recovery, medicine, environment.[7]\n3rd International ICRP symposium 2015. Key areas of focus: Medicine, science and ethics[8]\n4th International ICRP symposium 2017. Key areas of focus: Recovery after nuclear accidents[9]\n5th International symposium 2019. Key areas of focus: Mines, Medicine and Space travel.[10]","title":"International Symposia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crookes_tube_xray_experiment.jpg"},{"link_name":"Crookes tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crookes_tube"},{"link_name":"fluoroscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoroscope"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ehrenmal_der_Radiologie_(Hamburg-St._Georg).1.ajb.jpg"},{"link_name":"Monument to the X-ray and Radium Martyrs of All Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_to_the_X-ray_and_Radium_Martyrs_of_All_Nations"},{"link_name":"Röntgen's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Vanderbilt University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_University"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SansareKhanna2011-12"},{"link_name":"Elihu Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elihu_Thomson"},{"link_name":"Thomas Edison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison"},{"link_name":"William J. Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Morton"},{"link_name":"Nikola Tesla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-physics.isu.edu-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"physicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicians"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-physics.isu.edu-13"}],"sub_title":"Early dangers","text":"Using early Crookes tube X-Ray apparatus in 1896. One man is viewing his hand with a fluoroscope to optimise tube emissions, the other has his head close to the tube. No precautions are being taken.Monument to the X-ray and Radium Martyrs of All Nations erected 1936 at St. Georg hospital in Hamburg, commemorating 359 early radiology workers.A year after Röntgen's discovery of X-rays in 1895, the American engineer Wolfram Fuchs gave what was probably the first radiation protection advice, but many early users of X-rays were initially unaware of the hazards and protection was rudimentary or non-existent.[11]The dangers of radioactivity and radiation were not immediately recognized. The discovery of X‑rays had led to widespread experimentation by scientists, physicians, and inventors, but many people began recounting stories of burns, hair loss and worse in technical journals as early as 1896. In February 1896 Professor Daniel and Dr. Dudley of Vanderbilt University performed an experiment involving X-raying Dudley's head that resulted in his hair loss. A report by Dr. H.D. Hawks, a graduate of Columbia College, of his suffering severe hand and chest burns in an x-ray demonstration, was the first of many other reports in Electrical Review.[12]Many experimenters including Elihu Thomson at Thomas Edison's lab, William J. Morton, and Nikola Tesla also reported burns. Elihu Thomson deliberately exposed a finger to an X-ray tube over a period of time and suffered pain, swelling, and blistering.[13] Other effects, including ultraviolet rays and ozone were sometimes blamed for the damage.[14] Many physicians claimed that there were no effects from X-ray exposure at all.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rolf_Sievert_1896-1966.jpg"},{"link_name":"roentgen unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgen_(unit)"},{"link_name":"Rolf Sievert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Maximilian_Sievert"},{"link_name":"George Kaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._W._C._Kaye"},{"link_name":"National Physical Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarke-1"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Zurich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurich"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarke-1"}],"sub_title":"Emergence of international standards – the ICR","text":"Rolf Maximilian Sievert, pioneer in the science of radiological protection and first chairman of the IXRPC.Wide acceptance of ionizing radiation hazards was slow to emerge, and it was not until 1925 that the establishment of international radiological protection standards was discussed at the first International Congress of Radiology (ICR).The second ICR was held in Stockholm in 1928 and the ICRU proposed the adoption of the roentgen unit; and the 'International X-ray and Radium Protection Committee' (IXRPC) was formed. Rolf Sievert was named Chairman, and a driving force was George Kaye of the British National Physical Laboratory.[1]The committee met for just a day at each of the ICR meetings in Paris in 1931, Zurich in 1934, and Chicago in 1937. At the 1934 meeting in Zurich, the Commission was faced with undue membership interference. The hosts insisted on having four Swiss participants (out of a total of 11 members), and the German authorities replaced the Jewish German member with another of their choice. In response to this, the Commission decided on new rules in order to establish full control over its future membership.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"radioactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarke-1"},{"link_name":"Lauriston Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauriston_S._Taylor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarke-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarke-1"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECreview-15"},{"link_name":"International Atomic Energy Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency"},{"link_name":"UNSCEAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNSCEAR"},{"link_name":"International Labour Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Office"},{"link_name":"Food and Agriculture Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization"},{"link_name":"International Organization for Standardization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarke-1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-http-16"}],"sub_title":"Birth of ICRP","text":"After World War II the increased range and quantity of radioactive substances being handled as a result of military and civil nuclear programmes led to large additional groups of occupational workers and the public being potentially exposed to harmful levels of ionising radiation.[1]Against this background, the first post-war ICR convened in London in 1950, but only two IXRPC members were still active from pre-war days; Lauriston Taylor and Rolf Sievert. Taylor was invited to revive and revise the IXRPC, which included renaming it as the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). Sievert remained an active member, Sir Ernest Rock Carling (UK) was appointed as Chairman, and Walter Binks (UK) took over as Scientific Secretary because of Taylor's concurrent involvement with the sister organisation, ICRU.[1]At that meeting, six sub-committees were established:[1]permissible dose for external radiation\npermissible dose for internal radiation\nprotection against X rays generated at potentials up to 2 million volts\nprotection against X rays above 2 million volts, and beta rays and gamma rays\nprotection against heavy particles, including neutrons and protons\ndisposal of radioactive wastes and handling of radioisotopesThe next meeting was in 1956 in Geneva. This was the first time that a formal meeting of the Commission took place independently of the ICR. At this meeting, ICRP became formally affiliated with the World Health Organization (WHO) as a 'participating non-governmental organisation'.[15]In 1959, a formal relationship was established with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and subsequently with UNSCEAR, the International Labour Office (ILO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and UNESCO.At the meeting in Stockholm in May 1962, the Commission also decided to reorganise the committee system in order to improve productivity and four committees were created:C1: Radiation effects;\nC2: Internal exposure;\nC3: External exposure;\nC4: Application of recommendationsAfter many assessments of committee roles within an environment of increasing workloads and changes in societal emphasis, by 2008 the committee structure had become:[1]Committee 1 - Radiation effects Committee\nCommittee 2 - Doses from radiation exposure\nCommittee 3 - Protection in medicine\nCommittee 4 - Application of the Commission's recommendations\nCommittee 5 - Protection of the environment[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nuclear era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_Age"}],"text":"The key output of the ICRP and its historic predecessor has been the issuing of recommendations in the form of reports and publications. The contents are made available for adoption by national regulatory bodies to the extent that they wish.Early recommendations were general guides on exposure and thereby dose limits, and it was not until the nuclear era that a greater degree of sophistication was required.","title":"Evolution of recommendations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"grays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarke-1"},{"link_name":"nuclides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclide"},{"link_name":"stochastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_process"},{"link_name":"rad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad_(unit)"},{"link_name":"rem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgen_equivalent_man"},{"link_name":"RBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_biological_effectiveness"}],"sub_title":"1951 recommendations","text":"In the \"1951 Recommendations\" the commission recommended a maximum permissible dose of 0.5 roentgen (0.0044 grays) in any 1 week in the case of whole-body exposure to X and gamma radiation at the surface, and 1.5 roentgen (0.013 grays) in any 1 week in the case of exposure of hands and forearms.[1] Maximum permissible body burdens were given for 11 nuclides. At this time it was first stated that the purpose of radiological protection was that of avoiding deterministic effects from occupational exposures, and the principle of radiological protection was to keep individuals below the relevant thresholds.A first recommendation on restrictions of exposures of members of the general public appeared in the commission's part of the 1954 Recommendations. It was also stated that 'since no radiation level higher than the natural background can be regarded as absolutely \"safe\", the problem is to choose a practical level that, in the light of present knowledge, involves a negligible risk'. However, the Commission had not rejected the possibility of a threshold for stochastic effects. At this time the rad and rem were introduced for absorbed dose and RBE-weighted dose respectively.At its 1956 meeting the concept of a controlled area and radiation safety officer were introduced, and the first specific advice was given for pregnant women.","title":"Evolution of recommendations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pergamon Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamon_Press"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"\"Publication 1\"","text":"In 1957, there was pressure on ICRP from both the World Health Organisation and UNSCEAR to reveal all of the decisions from its 1956 meeting in Geneva. The final document, the Commission's 1958 Recommendations was the first ICRP report published by Pergamon Press. The 1958 Recommendations are usually referred to as 'Publication 1'.[17]The significance of stochastic effects began to influence the commission's policy and a new set of recommendations was published as Publication 9 in 1966. However, during development its editors became concerned about the many different opinions on the risk of stochastic effects. The Commission therefore asked a working group to consider these, and their report, Publication 8 (1966), for the first time for the ICRP summarised the current knowledge about radiation risks, both somatic and genetic. Publication 9 then followed, and substantially changed radiation protection emphasis by moving from deterministic to stochastic effects.","title":"Evolution of recommendations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caucasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_race"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Reference man","text":"In October 1974, the official definition of Reference man was adopted by the ICRP: “Reference man is defined as being between 20-30 years of age, weighing 70 kg, is 170 cm in height, and lives in a climate with an average temperature of from 10 to 20 degrees C. He is a Caucasian and is a Western European or North American in habitat and custom.”[18] The reference man is created for the estimation of radiation doses without adverse health effects.","title":"Evolution of recommendations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Publication 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220105055410if_/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/ANIB_1_3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarke-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarke-1"},{"link_name":"ethical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical"},{"link_name":"utilitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Bentham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham"},{"link_name":"John Stuart Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill"},{"link_name":"Deontological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deontological"},{"link_name":"Immanuel Kant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarke-1"},{"link_name":"collective dose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_dose"},{"link_name":"cost–benefit analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarke-1"}],"sub_title":"Principles of protection","text":"In 1977 Publication 26 set out the new system of dose limitation and introduced the three principles of protection:[1]no practice shall be adopted unless its introduction produces a positive net benefit\nall exposures shall be kept as low as reasonably achievable, economic and social factors being taken into account\nthe doses to individuals shall not exceed the limits recommended for the appropriate circumstances by the CommissionThese principles have since become known as justification, optimisation (as low as reasonably achievable), and the application of dose limits. The optimisation principle was introduced because of the need to find some way of balancing costs and benefits of the introduction of a radiation source involving ionising radiation or radionuclides.[1]The 1977 Recommendations were very concerned with the ethical basis of how to decide what is reasonably achievable in dose reduction. The principle of justification aims to do more good than harm, and that of optimisation aims to maximise the margin of good over harm for society as a whole. They therefore satisfy the utilitarian ethical principle proposed primarily by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. Utilitarians judge actions by their overall consequences, usually by comparing, in monetary terms, the relevant benefits obtained by a particular protective measure with the net cost of introducing that measure. On the other hand, the principle of applying dose limits aims to protect the rights of the individual not to be exposed to an excessive level of harm, even if this could cause great problems for society at large. This principle therefore satisfies the Deontological principle of ethics, proposed primarily by Immanuel Kant.[1]Consequently, the concept of the collective dose was introduced to facilitate cost–benefit analysis and to restrict the uncontrolled build-up of exposure to long-lived radio nuclides in the environment.[19] With the global expansion of nuclear reactors and reprocessing it was feared global doses could again reach the levels seen from atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons. So, by 1977, the establishment of dose limits was secondary to the establishment of cost–benefit analysis and use of collective dose.[1]","title":"Evolution of recommendations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"dosimetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosimetry"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"carcinogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenesis"}],"sub_title":"Re-evaluation of doses","text":"During the 1980s, there were re-evaluations of the survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, partly due to revisions in the dosimetry. The risks of exposure were claimed to be higher than those used by ICRP, and pressures began to appear for a reduction in dose limits.[20]By 1989, the commission had itself revised upwards its estimates of the risks of carcinogenesis from exposure to ionising radiation. The following year, it adopted its 1990 Recommendations for a 'system of radiological protection'. The principles of protection recommended by the Commission were still based on the general principles given in Publication 26. However, there were important additions which weakened the link to cost benefit analysis and collective dose, and strengthened the protection of the individual, which reflected changes in societal values:No practice involving exposures to radiation should be adopted unless it produces sufficient benefit to the exposed individuals or to society to offset the radiation detriment it causes. (The justification of a practice)\nIn relation to any particular source within a practice, the magnitude of individual doses, the number of people exposed, and the likelihood of incurring exposures where these are not certain to be received should all be kept as low as reasonably achievable, economic and social factors being taken into account. This procedure should be constrained by restrictions on the doses to individuals (dose constraints), or on the risks to individuals in the case of potential exposures (risk constraints) so as to limit the inequity likely to result from the inherent economic and social judgements. (The optimisation of protection)\nThe exposure of individuals resulting from the combination of all the relevant practices should be subject to dose limits, or to some control of risk in the case of potential exposures. These are aimed at ensuring that no individual is exposed to radiation risks that are judged to be unacceptable from these practices in any normal circumstances.","title":"Evolution of recommendations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-http-16"}],"sub_title":"21st century","text":"In the 21st century, the latest overall recommendations on an international system of radiological protection appeared. ICRP Publication 103 (2007), after two phases of international public consultation, has resulted in more continuity than change. Some recommendations remain because they work and are clear, others have been updated because understanding has evolved, some items have been added because there has been a void, and some concepts are better explained because more guidance is needed.[16]","title":"Evolution of recommendations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dose_quantities_and_units.png"},{"link_name":"cgs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centimetre%E2%80%93gram%E2%80%93second_system_of_units"},{"link_name":"SI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICRUHistory-21"},{"link_name":"curie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curie_(unit)"},{"link_name":"rem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rem_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"European units of measurement directives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_units_of_measurement_directives"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"External dose quantities used in radiation protection and dosimetry based on ICRU 57, jointly developed with the ICRPIn collaboration with the ICRU, the commission has assisted in defining the use of many of the dose quantities in the accompanying diagram.The table below shows the number of different units for various quantities and is indicative of changes of thinking in world metrology, especially the movement from cgs to SI units.[21]Although the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission permits the use of the units curie, rad, and rem alongside SI units,[22] the European Union European units of measurement directives required that their use for \"public health ... purposes\" be phased out by 31 December 1985.[23]","title":"Radiation quantities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-24"}],"text":"ICRP issues two awards the Bo Lindell Medal which is awarded annually and the Gold Medal for Radiation Protection which is issued every four years since 1962.[24]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Doll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Doll"},{"link_name":"Angelina Guskova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelina_Guskova"},{"link_name":"Bo Lindell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bo_Lindell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Lindell"},{"link_name":"Edward E. Pochin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Pochin"},{"link_name":"Lauriston S. Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauriston_S._Taylor"},{"link_name":"William Valentine Mayneord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Valentine_Mayneord"},{"link_name":"Karl Z. Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Z._Morgan"}],"sub_title":"Gold Medal for Radiation Protection","text":"The recipients of the gold medal for Radiation Protection are listed below:2020: Dale Preston\n2016: Ethel Gilbert\n2012: Keith Eckerman\n2008: K Sankaranarayanan\n2004: Richard Doll\n2000: Angelina Guskova\n1993: I Shigematsu\n1989: Bo Lindell [sv]\n1985: S Takahashi\n1981: Edward E. Pochin\n1973: Lauriston S. Taylor\n1965: William Valentine Mayneord\n1962: W Binks & Karl Z. Morgan","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bo Lindell Medal","text":"The recipients of the Bo Lindell Medal for the Promotion of Radiological Protection are listed below:2021: Haruyuki Ogino (Japan)\n2019: Elizabeth Ainsbury (UK)\n2018: Nicole E. Martinez (USA)","title":"Awards"}]
|
[{"image_text":"International policy relationships in radiological protection. The ICRP sits at the interface between ongoing worldwide radiation research and the creation of internationally agreed recommendations for regulation and practice","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/International_policy_system_radiological_protection.png/400px-International_policy_system_radiological_protection.png"},{"image_text":"Using early Crookes tube X-Ray apparatus in 1896. One man is viewing his hand with a fluoroscope to optimise tube emissions, the other has his head close to the tube. No precautions are being taken.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Crookes_tube_xray_experiment.jpg/220px-Crookes_tube_xray_experiment.jpg"},{"image_text":"Monument to the X-ray and Radium Martyrs of All Nations erected 1936 at St. Georg hospital in Hamburg, commemorating 359 early radiology workers.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ehrenmal_der_Radiologie_%28Hamburg-St._Georg%29.1.ajb.jpg/220px-Ehrenmal_der_Radiologie_%28Hamburg-St._Georg%29.1.ajb.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rolf Maximilian Sievert, pioneer in the science of radiological protection and first chairman of the IXRPC.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Rolf_Sievert_1896-1966.jpg/220px-Rolf_Sievert_1896-1966.jpg"},{"image_text":"External dose quantities used in radiation protection and dosimetry based on ICRU 57, jointly developed with the ICRP","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dose_quantities_and_units.png/400px-Dose_quantities_and_units.png"}]
|
[{"title":"Journal of Radiological Protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Radiological_Protection"},{"title":"gray (unit)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_(unit)"},{"title":"Health Physics Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Physics_Society"},{"title":"International Radiation Protection Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Radiation_Protection_Association"},{"title":"International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_on_Radiation_Units_and_Measurements"},{"title":"National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_on_Radiation_Protection_and_Measurements"},{"title":"sievert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert"},{"title":"Society for Radiological Protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Radiological_Protection"},{"title":"William Herbert Rollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herbert_Rollins"}]
|
[{"reference":"Clarke, R.H.; J. Valentin (2009). \"The History of ICRP and the Evolution of its Policies\" (PDF). Annals of the ICRP. ICRP Publication 109. 39 (1): 75–110. doi:10.1016/j.icrp.2009.07.009. S2CID 71278114. Retrieved 12 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.icrp.org/docs/The%20History%20of%20ICRP%20and%20the%20Evolution%20of%20its%20Policies.pdf","url_text":"\"The History of ICRP and the Evolution of its Policies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icrp.2009.07.009","url_text":"10.1016/j.icrp.2009.07.009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:71278114","url_text":"71278114"}]},{"reference":"Seeram, Euclid; Brennan, Patrick C. Radiation Protection In Diagnostic X-Ray Imaging. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 137. ISBN 9781449614539.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DEWJCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137","url_text":"Radiation Protection In Diagnostic X-Ray Imaging"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781449614539","url_text":"9781449614539"}]},{"reference":"\"ICRP Announces Changes to its Committee Structure and Mandates\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.icrp.org/docs/Committees%20Announcement.pdf","url_text":"\"ICRP Announces Changes to its Committee Structure and Mandates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annals of the ICRP\". ICRP. Archived from the original on 23 March 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140323124516/http://www.icrp.org/publications.asp","url_text":"\"Annals of the ICRP\""},{"url":"http://www.icrp.org/publications.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ICRP Symposia\". ICRP. Retrieved 18 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.icrp.org/page.asp?id=405","url_text":"\"ICRP Symposia\""}]},{"reference":"Kang, Keon Wook (2016). \"History and Organizations for Radiological Protection\". Journal of Korean Medical Science. 31 (Suppl 1): S4-5. doi:10.3346/jkms.2016.31.S1.S4. PMC 4756341. PMID 26908987.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756341","url_text":"\"History and Organizations for Radiological Protection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3346%2Fjkms.2016.31.S1.S4","url_text":"10.3346/jkms.2016.31.S1.S4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756341","url_text":"4756341"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26908987","url_text":"26908987"}]},{"reference":"Sansare, K.; Khanna, V.; Karjodkar, F. (2011). \"Early victims of X-rays: a tribute and current perception\". Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. 40 (2): 123–125. doi:10.1259/dmfr/73488299. ISSN 0250-832X. PMC 3520298. PMID 21239576.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3520298","url_text":"\"Early victims of X-rays: a tribute and current perception\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1259%2Fdmfr%2F73488299","url_text":"10.1259/dmfr/73488299"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0250-832X","url_text":"0250-832X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3520298","url_text":"3520298"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21239576","url_text":"21239576"}]},{"reference":"Hrabak, M.; Padovan, R. S.; Kralik, M.; Ozretic, D.; Potocki, K. (July 2008). \"Nikola Tesla and the Discovery of X-rays\". RadioGraphics. 28 (4): 1189–92. doi:10.1148/rg.284075206. PMID 18635636.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1148%2Frg.284075206","url_text":"10.1148/rg.284075206"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18635636","url_text":"18635636"}]},{"reference":"\"A Critical Review of the Draft 2005 ICRP Recommendations\" (PDF). European Commission. Directorate-General for Energy and Transport. 2008. Retrieved 10 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/150.pdf","url_text":"\"A Critical Review of the Draft 2005 ICRP Recommendations\""}]},{"reference":"Clarke, R.H.; J. Valentin (2009). \"The History of ICRP and the Evolution of its Policies\" (PDF). Annals of the ICRP. ICRP Publication 109. 39 (1): 75–110. doi:10.1016/j.icrp.2009.07.009. S2CID 71278114. Retrieved 12 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.icrp.org/docs/The%20History%20of%20ICRP%20and%20the%20Evolution%20of%20its%20Policies.pdf","url_text":"\"The History of ICRP and the Evolution of its Policies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icrp.2009.07.009","url_text":"10.1016/j.icrp.2009.07.009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:71278114","url_text":"71278114"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Michael T.; Sr, John W. Poston (30 March 2006). A Half Century of Health Physics: 50th Anniversary of the Health Physics Society. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 205. ISBN 9780781769341.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qCebxPjdSBUC&pg=PA205","url_text":"A Half Century of Health Physics: 50th Anniversary of the Health Physics Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780781769341","url_text":"9780781769341"}]},{"reference":"\"Report of the task group on reference man\". Annals of the ICRP. ICRP Publication 23. OS_23 (1): i–xix. January 1975. doi:10.1016/S0074-2740(75)80015-8.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.icrp.org/publication.asp?id=ICRP%20Publication%2023","url_text":"\"Report of the task group on reference man\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0074-2740%2875%2980015-8","url_text":"10.1016/S0074-2740(75)80015-8"}]},{"reference":"Ahmed, J U; Daw, H T (1980). \"Cost-Benefit Analysis and Radiation Protection\" (PDF). IAEA Bulletin. 22 (5/6).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/publications/magazines/bulletin/bull22-5/225_605041322.pdf","url_text":"\"Cost-Benefit Analysis and Radiation Protection\""}]},{"reference":"Milne, Roger (3 September 1987). \"Nuclear Industry Considers Tougher Standards\". New Scientist.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HoviJcgRY0kC&pg=PA25","url_text":"\"Nuclear Industry Considers Tougher Standards\""}]},{"reference":"\"International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements\" (PDF). International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. 14 March 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130929015325/http://icru.org/images/pdf/icru_poster.pdf","url_text":"\"International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements\""},{"url":"http://icru.org/images/pdf/icru_poster.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"10 CFR 20.1004. US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part020/part020-1004.html","url_text":"10 CFR 20.1004"}]},{"reference":"The Council of the European Communities (1979-12-21). \"Council Directive 80/181/EEC of 20 December 1979 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to Unit of measurement and on the repeal of Directive 71/354/EEC\". Retrieved 19 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31980L0181:EN:NOT","url_text":"\"Council Directive 80/181/EEC of 20 December 1979 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to Unit of measurement and on the repeal of Directive 71/354/EEC\""}]},{"reference":"\"ICRP\". www.icrp.org. Retrieved 2022-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icrp.org/page.asp?id=411","url_text":"\"ICRP\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.icrp.org/","external_links_name":"ICRP Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220105055410if_/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/ANIB_1_3","external_links_name":"Publication 26"},{"Link":"http://www.icrp.org/","external_links_name":"ICRP"},{"Link":"http://www.icrp.org/docs/The%20History%20of%20ICRP%20and%20the%20Evolution%20of%20its%20Policies.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The History of ICRP and the Evolution of its Policies\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icrp.2009.07.009","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.icrp.2009.07.009"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:71278114","external_links_name":"71278114"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DEWJCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137","external_links_name":"Radiation Protection In Diagnostic X-Ray Imaging"},{"Link":"http://www.icrp.org/docs/Committees%20Announcement.pdf","external_links_name":"\"ICRP Announces Changes to its Committee Structure and Mandates\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140323124516/http://www.icrp.org/publications.asp","external_links_name":"\"Annals of the ICRP\""},{"Link":"http://www.icrp.org/publications.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.icrp.org/page.asp?id=405","external_links_name":"\"ICRP Symposia\""},{"Link":"https://www.icrp.org/page.asp?id=142","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.icrp.org/page.asp?id=184","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://www.icrp.org/page.asp?id=186","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://www.icrprecovery.org/about-eng","external_links_name":"[4]"},{"Link":"https://www.icrp.org/page.asp?id=455","external_links_name":"[5]"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756341","external_links_name":"\"History and Organizations for Radiological Protection\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3346%2Fjkms.2016.31.S1.S4","external_links_name":"10.3346/jkms.2016.31.S1.S4"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756341","external_links_name":"4756341"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26908987","external_links_name":"26908987"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3520298","external_links_name":"\"Early victims of X-rays: a tribute and current perception\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1259%2Fdmfr%2F73488299","external_links_name":"10.1259/dmfr/73488299"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0250-832X","external_links_name":"0250-832X"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3520298","external_links_name":"3520298"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21239576","external_links_name":"21239576"},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/isu.edu/health-physics-radinf/history-of-radiation-and-radiation-protection/first-50-years","external_links_name":"Ronald L. Kathern and Paul L. Ziemer, he First Fifty Years of Radiation Protection, physics.isu.edu"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1148%2Frg.284075206","external_links_name":"10.1148/rg.284075206"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18635636","external_links_name":"18635636"},{"Link":"https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/150.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A Critical Review of the Draft 2005 ICRP Recommendations\""},{"Link":"http://www.icrp.org/docs/The%20History%20of%20ICRP%20and%20the%20Evolution%20of%20its%20Policies.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The History of ICRP and the Evolution of its Policies\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icrp.2009.07.009","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.icrp.2009.07.009"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:71278114","external_links_name":"71278114"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qCebxPjdSBUC&pg=PA205","external_links_name":"A Half Century of Health Physics: 50th Anniversary of the Health Physics Society"},{"Link":"http://www.icrp.org/publication.asp?id=ICRP%20Publication%2023","external_links_name":"\"Report of the task group on reference man\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0074-2740%2875%2980015-8","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0074-2740(75)80015-8"},{"Link":"https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/publications/magazines/bulletin/bull22-5/225_605041322.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Cost-Benefit Analysis and Radiation Protection\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HoviJcgRY0kC&pg=PA25","external_links_name":"\"Nuclear Industry Considers Tougher Standards\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130929015325/http://icru.org/images/pdf/icru_poster.pdf","external_links_name":"\"International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements\""},{"Link":"http://icru.org/images/pdf/icru_poster.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part020/part020-1004.html","external_links_name":"10 CFR 20.1004"},{"Link":"http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31980L0181:EN:NOT","external_links_name":"\"Council Directive 80/181/EEC of 20 December 1979 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to Unit of measurement and on the repeal of Directive 71/354/EEC\""},{"Link":"https://www.icrp.org/page.asp?id=411","external_links_name":"\"ICRP\""},{"Link":"http://www.eurados.org/","external_links_name":"Eurados"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161221205248/http://www.wmsym.org/archives/2009/pdfs/9444.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The confusing world of radiation dosimetry\""},{"Link":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/ANIB_37_2-4","external_links_name":"[6]"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000119549130","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/123306935","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/2015037-4","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007445768205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79089390","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20050163922&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Majesty
|
New York Majesty
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for sports and athletics. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "New York Majesty" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "New York Majesty" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
(Learn how and when to remove this message)
New York Majesty
Established2009Suspended2010Based inReading, PennsylvaniaHome fieldSovereign CenterHead coachHenry RacichOwner(s)Lingerie Football League, LLCLeagueLingerie Football LeagueDivisionEastern ConferenceColorsWhite with red trimLingerie Bowl winsNoneWebsitewww.lflus.com/nymajesty/
The New York Majesty was a women's American football team based in Reading, Pennsylvania, that played for only the 2009–10 season as a member of the Eastern Conference of the Lingerie Football League (LFL). The team was the successor to the New York Euphoria.
The Majesty was one of the ten inaugural teams established in 2009 as part of the Lingerie Bowl's expansion into a full-fledged league. Despite its "New York" name, home games were played at the Sovereign Center in Reading, Pennsylvania, over 100 miles from New York City and New York State, and is not located within the New York metropolitan area. The team was originally meant to play in the Nassau Coliseum on Long Island, but a lease deal could not be secured.
On November 13, 2009, New York Majesty quarterback Krystal Gray, who had originally signed with the Chicago Bliss before being traded to New York in order to build the Majesty's offense, was involved in a multiple-player brawl during a game against the Miami Caliente in Florida. The fight was instigated by a taunt from Morgan McGrath of the Caliente and followed by physical altercations with Anonka Dixon, Taira Turley, and Tina Caccavale. Gray was ejected from play and suspended for one game. Tina Caccavale and Taira Turley of the Miami Caliente were also ejected for throwing punches, but not suspended. The Caliente won 49–7.
For the Majesty's final game, the team was coached by Henry Racich, owner of the semi-professional football team Conshohocken (Pennsylvania) Steelers, and Dan Esposito, formerly of the Washington Redskins and New Orleans Saints.
The Majesty suspended operations shortly after the 2009–10 season, due to what LFL founder Mitchell Mortaza described as "off-the-field distractions" and the fact that the team's home stadium was not in New York. Mortaza stated in 2012 that New York was one of six finalists for three potential expansion franchises, the other five being Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Boston, Massachusetts; Atlanta, Georgia; Houston, Texas; and Portland, Oregon.
References
^ "Miami Caliente demolish New York Majesty | PlayerPress.com | Sports News Powered by the Fan Community | Sports Blogs | Sportscaster Network". Archived from the original on 2009-11-26. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
External links
New York Majesty official website
vteX League / Legends Football League / Lingerie Football LeagueX League
Arizona Red Devils
Atlanta Empire
Austin Sound
Chicago Blitz
Denver Rush
Kansas City Force
Los Angeles Black Storm
Seattle Thunder
LFL United States
Atlanta Steam
Austin Acoustic
Baltimore Charm
Chicago Bliss
Dallas Desire
Denver Dream
Green Bay Chill
Jacksonville Breeze
Las Vegas Sin
Los Angeles Temptation
Miami Caliente
Minnesota Valkyrie
Nashville Knights
New England Liberty
New York Majesty
New York Euphoria
Omaha Heart
Orlando Fantasy
Philadelphia Passion
Pittsburgh Rebellion
San Diego Seduction
Seattle Mist
Toledo Crush
Toronto Triumph
LFL Canada
BC Angels
Calgary Fillies
Regina Rage
Saskatoon Sirens
LFL Australia
New South Wales Surge
Queensland Brigade
Victoria Maidens
Western Australia Angels
Adelaide Arsenal
SeasonsX League
2022
LFL US
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
LFL Canada
2012
2013
Ladies Gridiron League
Lingerie Bowl/Legends Cup
This American football team article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a sports team in Pennsylvania is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"women's American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_American_football"},{"link_name":"Reading, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"2009–10 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_LFL_season"},{"link_name":"Lingerie Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingerie_Football_League"},{"link_name":"New York Euphoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Euphoria"},{"link_name":"Lingerie Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingerie_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Sovereign Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_Center"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"New York State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"New York metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Nassau Coliseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_Coliseum"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bliss"},{"link_name":"brawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bench-clearing_brawl"},{"link_name":"Miami Caliente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Caliente"},{"link_name":"Miami Caliente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Caliente"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Conshohocken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conshohocken"},{"link_name":"Washington Redskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Redskins"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints"}],"text":"The New York Majesty was a women's American football team based in Reading, Pennsylvania, that played for only the 2009–10 season as a member of the Eastern Conference of the Lingerie Football League (LFL). The team was the successor to the New York Euphoria.The Majesty was one of the ten inaugural teams established in 2009 as part of the Lingerie Bowl's expansion into a full-fledged league. Despite its \"New York\" name, home games were played at the Sovereign Center in Reading, Pennsylvania, over 100 miles from New York City and New York State, and is not located within the New York metropolitan area. The team was originally meant to play in the Nassau Coliseum on Long Island, but a lease deal could not be secured.[citation needed]On November 13, 2009, New York Majesty quarterback Krystal Gray, who had originally signed with the Chicago Bliss before being traded to New York in order to build the Majesty's offense, was involved in a multiple-player brawl during a game against the Miami Caliente in Florida. The fight was instigated by a taunt from Morgan McGrath of the Caliente and followed by physical altercations with Anonka Dixon, Taira Turley, and Tina Caccavale. Gray was ejected from play and suspended for one game. Tina Caccavale and Taira Turley of the Miami Caliente were also ejected for throwing punches, but not suspended. The Caliente won 49–7.[1]For the Majesty's final game, the team was coached by Henry Racich, owner of the semi-professional football team Conshohocken (Pennsylvania) Steelers, and Dan Esposito, formerly of the Washington Redskins and New Orleans Saints.The Majesty suspended operations shortly after the 2009–10 season, due to what LFL founder Mitchell Mortaza described as \"off-the-field distractions\" and the fact that the team's home stadium was not in New York. Mortaza stated in 2012 that New York was one of six finalists for three potential expansion franchises, the other five being Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Boston, Massachusetts; Atlanta, Georgia; Houston, Texas; and Portland, Oregon.","title":"New York Majesty"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Miami Caliente demolish New York Majesty | PlayerPress.com | Sports News Powered by the Fan Community | Sports Blogs | Sportscaster Network\". Archived from the original on 2009-11-26. Retrieved 2009-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091126054747/http://playerpress.com/articles/miami-caliente-demolish-new-york-majesty#5558","url_text":"\"Miami Caliente demolish New York Majesty | PlayerPress.com | Sports News Powered by the Fan Community | Sports Blogs | Sportscaster Network\""},{"url":"http://www.playerpress.com/articles/miami-caliente-demolish-new-york-majesty#5558","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22New+York+Majesty%22","external_links_name":"\"New York Majesty\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22New+York+Majesty%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22New+York+Majesty%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22New+York+Majesty%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22New+York+Majesty%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22New+York+Majesty%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22New+York+Majesty%22","external_links_name":"\"New York Majesty\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22New+York+Majesty%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22New+York+Majesty%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22New+York+Majesty%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22New+York+Majesty%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22New+York+Majesty%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.lflus.com/nymajesty/","external_links_name":"www.lflus.com/nymajesty/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091126054747/http://playerpress.com/articles/miami-caliente-demolish-new-york-majesty#5558","external_links_name":"\"Miami Caliente demolish New York Majesty | PlayerPress.com | Sports News Powered by the Fan Community | Sports Blogs | Sportscaster Network\""},{"Link":"http://www.playerpress.com/articles/miami-caliente-demolish-new-york-majesty#5558","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091012130234/http://www.lflus.com/nymajesty/","external_links_name":"New York Majesty official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_Majesty&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_Majesty&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Region_of_Kosovo_and_Metohija
|
Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo
|
["1 Background","2 1945–1963","3 1963–1968","4 1968–1990","4.1 Building substantial autonomy: 1968–1974","4.2 Substantial autonomy achieved: 1974–1990","5 Demographics","6 Politics","7 Political leaders","7.1 Prime Ministers","7.2 Presidents","8 See also","9 References","9.1 Notes","10 Sources","11 External links"]
|
Province of Serbia in Yugoslavia (1945–1990)
For other uses, see Kosovo (disambiguation) and Metohija (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Socialist Autonomous Province of KosovoСоцијалистичка Аутономна Покрајина Косово (Serbo-Croatian)Socijalistička Autonomna Pokrajina Kosovo (Serbo-Croatian)Krahina Socialiste Autonome e Kosovës (Albanian)Autonomous province of Socialist Republic of Serbia in Yugoslavia1945–1990Kosovo (dark red) in the Socialist Republic of Serbia (light red), within the Socialist Federal Republic of YugoslaviaCapitalPristinaArea • 199110,686 km2 (4,126 sq mi)Population • 1991 1,584,441
Government • TypeAutonomous provincePresident Official languages • 1974 constitution AlbanianSerbo-CroatianTurkish
Historical eraCold War• Autonomous Region 3 September 1945• Autonomous Province 1963• Constitutional reform 28 September 1990
The Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo, referred to as simply Kosovo, was one of the two autonomous provinces of the Socialist Republic of Serbia within Yugoslavia (the other being Vojvodina), between 1945 and 1990, when it was renamed Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija.
Between 1945 and 1963 it was officially named the Autonomous Region of Kosovo and Metohija, with a level of self-government lower than that of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. In 1963 it was granted the same level of autonomy as Vojvodina, and accordingly its official name was changed to Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija. In 1968 the term "Metohija" was dropped, and the prefix "Socialist" was added, changing the official name of the province to Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo. In 1974 both autonomous provinces (Vojvodina and Kosovo) were granted significantly increased levels of autonomy. In 1989, under the presidency of Slobodan Milošević, that level of autonomy was reduced. In 1990 the term "Metohija" was reinserted into the provincial name, with "Socialist" being dropped. From that point on the official name of the province was once again Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija, as it had been between 1963 and 1968.
Background
Main article: History of Kosovo
Until 1912, the region of Kosovo was under Ottoman rule. After the First Balkan War it was incorporated into the Kingdom of Serbia by the Treaty of London. At the time that Serbia annexed Kosovo (1912–1913), the 1903 constitution was still in force. This constitution required a Grand National Assembly before Serbia's borders could be expanded to include Kosovo; but no such Grand National Assembly was ever held. Constitutionally, Kosovo should not have become part of the Kingdom of Serbia. It was initially ruled by decree. Serbian political parties, and the army, could not agree on how to govern the newly conquered territories; eventually this was solved by a royal decree.
In 1918, the region of Kosovo, with the rest of Serbia, became part of newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (since 1929 renamed as Kingdom of Yugoslavia). During the interwar period (1918-1941), the constitutional status of the region Kosovo within Yugoslavia was unresolved. In 1941, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was attacked and occupied by Nazi Germany and its allies. The region of Kosovo was occupied by Germans (northern part), Italians (central part) and Bulgarians (eastern part). Italian occupation zone was formally annexed to Fascist Albania. That marked the beginning of mass persecution of ethnic Serbs in the annexed regions of Metohija and central Kosovo. A reign of terror was enforced by Albanian nationalist organization Balli Kombëtar and by Skanderbeg SS Division, created by Heinrich Himmler. By the end of 1944, the Serbian population of the region was decimated.
In 1944, Tito had written that it "will obtain a broader autonomy, and the question of which federal unit they are joined to will depend on the people themselves, through their representatives" although in practice decision making was centralised and undemocratic. There were various proposals to join Kosovo to other areas (even to Albania) but in 1945 it was decided to join Kosovo to the Socialist Republic of Serbia. However, one piece of the former Kosovo Vilayet was given to the new Yugoslav republic of Macedonia (including the former capital Skopje), whilst another part had passed to Montenegro (mainly Pljevlja, Bijelo Polje and Rožaje), also a new entity. In July 1945, a "Resolution for the annexation of Kosovo–Metohija to federal Serbia" was passed by Kosovo's "Regional People's Council".
1945–1963
From 1945 to 1963, it was the Autonomous Region of Kosovo and Metohija (Serbo-Croatian: Аутономна Косовско-Метохијска Област / Autonomna Kosovsko-Metohijska Oblast), which was a lower level of autonomy than Vojvodina.
The Autonomous Region of Kosovo and Metohija was created on 3 September 1945. After the break with the Cominform in 1948, Yugoslavia tightened certain policies, including stricter collectivisation. This led to serious reductions in grain production in Kosovo; there were food shortages across Yugoslavia. In parallel with this, the Albanian government began to criticise Yugoslav rule over Kosovo; the Yugoslav government responded with crackdowns on the local population, in search of "traitors" and "fifth columnists", although the earliest underground pro-Tirana group was not founded until the early 1960s.
In the mid–1950s, the Assembly of PR Serbia decided that the Leposavić municipality (187 km2) be ceded to the Autonomous Region of Kosovo and Metohija, after requests by the Kosovo leadership. It had up until then been part of the Kraljevo srez, of which the population was wholly Serb. After this, the number of Serbs drastically fell (but remaining the plurality). In 1959, Leposavić was incorporated into the province.
After the Tito-Stalin rift in 1948, the relations between Stalinist Albania and Yugoslavia were also broken. Language policy was of utmost importance in communist Yugoslavia, which after World War II was reorganised as a federation of ethnolinguistically defined nations, in emulation of the interwar Soviet nationalities policy. In southern Serbia (renamed as Macedonia) regained from Bulgaria, the interwar southern dialect of Serbocroatoslovenian (Serbian), very close to Bulgarian, was developed into a new Cyrillic-based Macedonian language. This move allowed for nullifying the wartime influence of Bulgarian nationalism while also capitalizing on the already widened literacy in the region due to the Bulgarian occupation and the Bulgarian-medium school. Likewise, in postwar Kosovo, the local Albanian language was distanced from Albania's standard steeped in Tosk, by basing it on the Kosovar dialect of Gheg. As a result, a standard Kosovar language was formed. However, after the rapprochement between Albania and Yugoslavia at the turn of the 1970s, Belgrade adopted Albania's Tosk-based standard of the Albanian language, which ended the brief flourishing of the Gheg-based Kosovar language.
1963–1968
The Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija (Serbo-Croatian: Аутономна Покрајина Косово и Метохија / Autonomna Pokrajina Kosovo i Metohija, Albanian: Krahina Autonome e Kosovës dhe Metohisë) was the name used from 1963 to 1968, when the term "Metohija" was dropped, and the prefix "Socialist" was added.
Kosovo officially became an autonomous province in 1963, after the constitutional reforms, and its position was equalized with the status of Vojvodina. Tensions between ethnic Albanians and the Yugoslav and Serbian governments were significant, not only due to national tensions but also due to political ideological concerns, especially regarding relations with neighbouring Albania. Harsh repressive measures were imposed on Kosovo Albanians due to suspicions that they there were sympathisers of the Stalinist policies of Albania's Enver Hoxha. In 1956, a show trial in Priština was held in which multiple Albanian Communists of Kosovo were convicted of being infiltrators from Albania and were given long prison sentences. High-ranking Serbian communist official Aleksandar Ranković sought to secure the position of the Serbs in Kosovo and gave them dominance in Kosovo's nomenklatura.
Islam in Kosovo at this time was repressed and both Albanians and Muslim Slavs were encouraged to declare themselves to be Turkish and emigrate to Turkey. At the same time Serbs and Montenegrins dominated the government, security forces, and industrial employment in Kosovo. Albanians resented these conditions and protested against them in the late 1960s, accusing the actions taken by authorities in Kosovo as being colonialist, as well as demanding that Kosovo be made a republic, or declaring support for Albania.
1968–1990
The Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo (Serbo-Croatian: Социјалистичка Аутономна Покрајина Косово / Socijalistička Autonomna Pokrajina Kosovo, Albanian: Krahina Socialiste Autonome e Kosovës) was the name used from 1968, when the prefix "Socialist" was added, and the term "Metohija" was dropped. The name Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo was officially used until 1990, when the term "Metohija" was reinserted into the official name, and the prefix "Socialist" was dropped.
Average strength of Yugoslav economy as a deviation from the main (Yugoslavia = 100 %) indicator in 1975. SAP Kosovo was the poorest entity of SFR Yugoslavia.
Building substantial autonomy: 1968–1974
Autonomy of Kosovo was significantly strengthened in 1968, as a result of major political changes in Yugoslavia. After the earlier ouster of Ranković in 1966, the agenda of pro-decentralisation reformers in Yugoslavia, especially from Slovenia and Croatia, succeeded in 1968 in attaining significant constitutional decentralisation of powers, creating substantial autonomy in both Kosovo and Vojvodina, and recognising a Muslim Yugoslav nationality. As a result of these reforms, there was a massive overhaul of Kosovo's nomenklatura and police, that shifted from being Serb-dominated to ethnic Albanian-dominated through firing Serbs in large scale. Further concessions were made to the ethnic Albanians of Kosovo in response to unrest, including the creation of the University of Pristina as an Albanian language institution. These changes created widespread fear amongst Serbs that they were being made second-class citizens in Yugoslavia by these changes.
Substantial autonomy achieved: 1974–1990
The Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo received more autonomy within Serbia and Yugoslavia by constitutional reform in 1974. In the new constitutions of Yugoslavia and Serbia, adopted during the reform of 1974, Kosovo was granted major autonomy, allowing it to have not only its own administration and assembly, but also a substantial constitutional, legislative and judicial autonomy.
Per the Constitutions of SFR Yugoslavia and SR Serbia, SAP Kosovo also gained its own Constitution. The Province of Kosovo gained the highest officials, most notably Presidency and Government, and gained a seat in the Federal Presidium of Yugoslavia (including veto power on the federal level) which equated it to the states of SR Serbia.
The local Albanian-dominated ruling class had been asking for recognition of Kosovo as a parallel republic to Serbia within the Federation, and after Josip Broz Tito’s death in 1980, the demands were renewed. In March 1981, Albanian students started the 1981 protests in Kosovo, where a social protest turned into violent mass riots with nationalist demands across the province, which the Yugoslav authorities contained with force. Emigration of non-Albanians increased and ethnic tensions between Albanians and non-Albanians greatly increased, with violent inner-attacks, especially aimed at the Yugoslavian officials and representatives of authority.
The 1985 Đorđe Martinović incident and the 1987 Paraćin massacre contributed to the atmosphere of ethnic tensions.
In 1988 and 1989, Serbian authorities engaged in a series of moves known as the anti-bureaucratic revolution, which resulted in the sacking of province leadership in November 1988 and a significant reduction of autonomy of Kosovo in March 1989.
On 28 June 1989, Milošević led a mass celebration of the 600th anniversary of a 1389 Battle of Kosovo. Milošević's Gazimestan speech, which marked the beginning of his political prominence, was an important part of the events that contributed to the ongoing crisis in Kosovo. The ensuing Serbian nationalist movement was also a contributing factor to the Yugoslav Wars.
The status of Kosovo was returned to the pre-1968 Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija by the new Constitution of the Republic of Serbia, adopted on 28 September 1990.
The Kosovo War followed with Kosovo coming under United Nations administration in 1999. Later, in February 2008, Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia, while Serbia continues to claim it as the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija.
Demographics
See also: Demographic history of Kosovo
Ethnic structure of Kosovo by settlements, according to the 1981 census
According to the 1981 census, the one taken during the period between 1974 and 1990, the population of the province numbered 1,584,441 people, including:
1,226,736 Albanians (77.4%)
236,526 Serbs (14.93%)
58,562 ethnic Muslims (3.7%)
34,126 Roma (2.2%)
12,513 Turks (0.8%)
8,717 Croats (0.6%)
2,676 Yugoslavs (0.2%)
4,584 others (0.2%)
Politics
The only political party in the province was League of Communists of Kosovo, which was part of the League of Communists of Serbia and part of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia.
Political leaders
Prime Ministers
Chairman of the Executive Council of the People's Committee of the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo:
Fadil Hoxha, 1945–1953
Chairmen of the Executive Council of the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo:
Fadil Hoxha, 1953–1963
Ali Šukrija, 1963 – May 1967
Ilija Vakić, May 1967 – May 1974
Bogoljub Nedeljković, May 1974 – May 1978
Bahri Oruçi, May 1978 – May 1980
Riza Sapunxhiu, May 1980 – May 1982
Imer Pula, May 1982 – 5 May 1984
Ljubomir Neđo Borković, 5 May 1984 – May 1986
Namzi Mustafa, May 1986 – 1987
Kaqusha Jashari, 1987 – May 1989
Nikolla Shkreli, May 1989 – 1989
Daut Jashanica, 1989
Jusuf Zejnullahu, 4 December 1989 – 5 July 1990
Presidents
Chairman of the People's Liberation Committee of the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo:
Mehmed Hoxha, 1 January 1944 – 11 July 1945
Presidents of the Assembly of the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo:
Fadil Hoxha, 11 July 1945 – 20 February 1953; 24 June 1967 – 7 May 1969
Ismet Saqiri, 20 February 1953 – 12 December 1953
Đorđije Pajković, 12 December 1953 – 5 May 1956
Pavle Jovićević, 5 May 1956 – 4 April 1960
Dusan Mugoša, 4 April 1960 – 18 June 1963
Stanoje Akšić, 18 June 1963 – 24 June 1967
Ilaz Kurteshi, 7 May 1969 – May 1974
Presidents of Presidency of the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo:
Xhavit Nimani, March 1974 – 1981
Ali Šukrija, August 1981 – 1982
Kolë Shiroka, 1982 – May 1983
Shefqet Nebih Gashi, May 1983 – May 1985
Branislav Skembarević, May 1985 – May 1986
Bajram Selani, May 1986 – May 1988
Remzi Kolgeci, May 1988 – 5 April 1989
Hysen Kajdomçaj, 27 June 1989 – 11 April 1990
See also
Part of a series on the
History of Kosovo
Prehistory
Archaeology of Kosovo
Neolithic sites
Copper, Bronze and Iron Age sites
Antiquity
Kingdom of Dardania
Dardani
Roman Kosovo
Dardania & Praevalitana
Roman heritage in Kosovo
Late Antiquity and Medieval sites
Medieval Kosovo
Bulgarian Empire (681–1018, 1185–1396)
First Empire
Second Empire
Kingdom of Serbia (1217–1346)
Serbian Empire (1346–1371)
District of Branković (1371–1412)
Branković dynasty
Moravian Serbia (1371–1402)
Battle of Kosovo (1389)
Serbian Despotate (1402–1459)
Principality of Dukagjini (1387–1478)
Dukagjini family
Ottoman Kosovo
Eyalet of Rumelia
Vilayet of Kosovo
League of Prizren
20th Century
Kingdom of Serbia
First Balkan War
Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918–1941)
under Germany
Albanian Kingdom
under Italy
under Germany
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992)
Socialist Autonomous Province
Contemporary
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2006)
Autonomous Province
1991 Kosovan independence referendum
First Republic
Kosovo War (1998–1999)
NATO bombing of Yugoslavia
Kumanovo Agreement
UN administration (UNMIK)
2004 unrest
2008 Kosovo declaration of independence
2008 unrest in Kosovo
2008 protests
Second Republic (2008–Present)
North Kosovo Crises
2011–2013
2012 Referendum
Brussels Agreement
Washington Agreement
2021
2022–2024
Ohrid Agreement
Banjska attack
See Also
Timeline of Kosovo history
Destruction of Albanian heritage
Destruction of Serbian heritage
vte
Political status of Kosovo
Socialist Republic of Serbia
Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina
Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija
References
^ "Kushtetuta e Kosoves 1974 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive". Internet Archive (in Albanian). 1974. Retrieved 21 July 2023. Neni 5. Në Krahinën Socialiste Autonome të Kosovës sigurohet barazia e gjuhës shqipe, serbokroate e turke dhe e shkrimeve të tyre.
^ a b Pavlowitch 2002, p. 159.
^ a b c Bennett 1995, p. 53.
^ a b c Ćirković 2004, p. 274.
^ a b Ramet & Pavlaković 2007, p. 312.
^ Pavlowitch 2002, p. 83-84.
^ Perić, La question constitutionelle en Serbie, Paris 1914
^ Malcolm 1998.
^ Olga Popović-Obradović, The Parliamentary System in Serbia 1903–1914.
^ Ćirković 2004, p. 268-269.
^ Tomasevich 2001, p. 154.
^ Malcolm 1998, p. 315.
^ Malcolm 1998, p. 316.
^ a b c Krieger 2001, p. XX.
^ Malcolm 1998, p. 322.
^ a b c Dragoslav Despotović (1993). Raskršća, ili, Autoportret bivšeg narodnog neprijatelja. Nova Iskra. p. 463.
^ Marksistička misao. Marksistički centar Centralnog komiteta Saveza komunista Srbije. 1988. p. 209. опћина Лепосавић (која је припојена САПК 1959. године)
^ Miloš Macura (1989). Problemi politike obnavljanja stanovništva u Srbiji. Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti. p. 74. ISBN 9788670250666.
^ Tomasz Kamusella. 2016. The Idea of a Kosovan Language in Yugoslavia’s Language Politics (pp. 217–237). International Journal of the Sociology of Language. Vol. 242. doi:10.1515/ijsl-2016-0040
^ a b c d e f Independent International Commission on Kosovo. The Kosovo report: conflict, international response, lessons learned. New York, New York, USA: Oxford University Press, 2000. Pp. 35.
^ Melissa Katherine Bokovoy, Jill A. Irvine, Carol S. Lilly. State-society relations in Yugoslavia, 1945–1992. Scranton, Pennsylvania, USA: Palgrave Macmillan, 1997. Pp. 295.
^ a b c Melissa Katherine Bokovoy, Jill A. Irvine, Carol S. Lilly. State-society relations in Yugoslavia, 1945–1992. Scranton, Pennsylvania, USA: Palgrave Macmillan, 1997. Pp. 296.
^ Melissa Katherine Bokovoy, Jill A. Irvine, Carol S. Lilly. State-society relations in Yugoslavia, 1945–1992. Scranton, Pennsylvania, USA: Palgrave Macmillan, 1997. Pp. 301.
^ Independent International Commission on Kosovo. The Kosovo report: conflict, international response, lessons learned. New York, New York, USA: Oxford University Press, 2000. Pp. 35–36.
^ Krieger 2001, p. XXI.
Notes
^ Serbo-Croatian: Socijalistička Autonomna Pokrajina Kosovo / Социјалистичка Аутономна Покрајина Косово, Albanian: Krahina Socialiste Autonome e Kosovës
Sources
Bennett, Christopher (1995). Yugoslavia's Bloody Collapse: Causes, Course and Consequences. London: Hurst & Company. ISBN 9781850652281.
Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405142915.
Krieger, Heike (2001). The Kosovo Conflict and International Law: An Analytical Documentation 1974–1999. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521800716.
Malcolm, Noel (1998). Kosovo: A Short History. London: Macmillan. ISBN 9780333666128.
Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (2002). Serbia: The History behind the Name. London: Hurst & Company. ISBN 9781850654773.
Ramet, Sabrina P.; Pavlaković, Vjeran, eds. (2007) . Serbia Since 1989: Politics and Society Under Milošević and After. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0295985381.
Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Vol. 2. San Francisco: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804779241.
External links
Constitution of Kosovo (1974) (in Albanian)
Constitutions of Kosovo (in English)
vteRepublics and autonomous provinces of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia*
Serbia
Vojvodina
Kosovo
Croatia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Macedonia
Slovenia
Montenegro
* in order of population and territory size
vteKosovo articlesHistoryEarly history
Archaeology
Neolithic sites
Copper, Bronze and Iron Age sites
Dardani
Kingdom of Dardania
Roman period
Dardania
Praevalitana
Late Antiquity and Medieval sites
Medieval period
Kingdom of Serbia, Serbian Empire, Serbian Despotate
Battle of Kosovo
Balšić noble family
Branković dynasty
Dukagjini family
Ottoman period
Rumelia Eyalet (Sanjak of Prizren, Sanjak of Dukagjin, Sanjak of Viçitrina),
Vilayet of Kosovo
Modern history
First Balkan War
Kingdom of Serbia
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Albanian Kingdom (1939–1943
1943–1944)
Socialist Autonomous Province (1946–90)
Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija (1990–present)
Republic of Kosova (1990–1999)
Insurgency in Kosovo (1995–98)
Kosovo War (1998–99)
UN administration (UNMIK) (1999–2008)
Kosovo (2008–present)
GeographyEnvironment
Biodiversity
Protected areas
Climate
Forests
Landscapes
Lakes
Mountains
Rivers
Regions of Kosovo
Gegëri
Drenica
Has
Llap
Llapusha
Luma
Rugova
Dukagjini
Anamorava
Politics
Accession to the EU
Assembly
Constitution
Districts
Elections
EU Rule of Law Mission (EULEX)
Foreign relations
Government
Prime Minister
Human rights
LGBT
International Steering Group
Judiciary
Kosovo Force (KFOR)
Kosovo Protection Corps
Law
Military
Municipalities
Police
Political parties
President
Provisional institutions
UN Interim Administration Mission (UNMIK)
Status
2008 declaration of independence
Standards for Kosovo
Status process
Partition
Unification with Albania
UN Security Council Resolution 1244
ICJ opinion on Kosovo
Belgrade–Pristina negotiations
Brussels Agreement
Economy
Banks
Central Bank
Euro (currency)
Energy
Natural resources
Telecoms
Transport
Tourism
Society
Cities and towns
Crime
Demographics
Education
Emigration
Ethnic groups
Healthcare
Monuments
Religion
Women
Culture
Anthem
Architecture
Cinema
Coat of arms
Costume
Cuisine
Flag
Languages
Literature
Media
Music
Names
Olympics
Public holidays
Radio
Sport
Basketball
Football
Judo
Television
Outline
Category
Portal
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kosovo (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Metohija (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metohija_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"autonomous provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia#Federal_units"},{"link_name":"Socialist Republic of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Vojvodina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Vojvodina"},{"link_name":"Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo_and_Metohija"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlowitch2002159-3"},{"link_name":"Autonomous Province of Vojvodina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Vojvodina"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett199553-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%872004274-5"},{"link_name":"presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Slobodan Milošević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERametPavlakovi%C4%872007312-6"}],"text":"For other uses, see Kosovo (disambiguation) and Metohija (disambiguation).The Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo,[note 1] referred to as simply Kosovo, was one of the two autonomous provinces of the Socialist Republic of Serbia within Yugoslavia (the other being Vojvodina), between 1945 and 1990, when it was renamed Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija.Between 1945 and 1963 it was officially named the Autonomous Region of Kosovo and Metohija,[2] with a level of self-government lower than that of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. In 1963 it was granted the same level of autonomy as Vojvodina, and accordingly its official name was changed to Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija. In 1968 the term \"Metohija\" was dropped,[3] and the prefix \"Socialist\" was added,[4] changing the official name of the province to Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo. In 1974 both autonomous provinces (Vojvodina and Kosovo) were granted significantly increased levels of autonomy. In 1989, under the presidency of Slobodan Milošević, that level of autonomy was reduced. In 1990 the term \"Metohija\" was reinserted into the provincial name,[5] with \"Socialist\" being dropped. From that point on the official name of the province was once again Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija, as it had been between 1963 and 1968.","title":"Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"First Balkan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Balkan_War"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Treaty of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1913)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlowitch200283-84-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"need quotation to verify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1998-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%872004268-269-11"},{"link_name":"Fascist Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_Albania"},{"link_name":"Metohija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metohija"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Balli Kombëtar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balli_Komb%C3%ABtar"},{"link_name":"Skanderbeg SS Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Waffen_Mountain_Division_of_the_SS_Skanderbeg"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Himmler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001154-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1998315-13"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Socialist Republic of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Pljevlja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pljevlja"},{"link_name":"Bijelo Polje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijelo_Polje"},{"link_name":"Rožaje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C5%BEaje"},{"link_name":"Regional People's Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_People%27s_Council&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1998316-14"}],"text":"Until 1912, the region of Kosovo was under Ottoman rule. After the First Balkan War it was incorporated into the Kingdom of Serbia by the Treaty of London.[6] At the time that Serbia annexed Kosovo (1912–1913), the 1903 constitution was still in force. This constitution required a Grand National Assembly before Serbia's borders could be expanded to include Kosovo; but no such Grand National Assembly was ever held.[7] Constitutionally, Kosovo should not have become part of the Kingdom of Serbia.[need quotation to verify][verification needed] It was initially ruled by decree.[8] Serbian political parties, and the army, could not agree on how to govern the newly conquered territories; eventually this was solved by a royal decree.[9]In 1918, the region of Kosovo, with the rest of Serbia, became part of newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (since 1929 renamed as Kingdom of Yugoslavia). During the interwar period (1918-1941), the constitutional status of the region Kosovo within Yugoslavia was unresolved. In 1941, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was attacked and occupied by Nazi Germany and its allies.[10] The region of Kosovo was occupied by Germans (northern part), Italians (central part) and Bulgarians (eastern part). Italian occupation zone was formally annexed to Fascist Albania. That marked the beginning of mass persecution of ethnic Serbs in the annexed regions of Metohija and central Kosovo. A reign of terror was enforced by Albanian nationalist organization Balli Kombëtar and by Skanderbeg SS Division, created by Heinrich Himmler.[11] By the end of 1944, the Serbian population of the region was decimated.In 1944, Tito had written that it \"will obtain a broader autonomy, and the question of which federal unit they are joined to will depend on the people themselves, through their representatives\" although in practice decision making was centralised and undemocratic.[12] There were various proposals to join Kosovo to other areas (even to Albania) but in 1945 it was decided to join Kosovo to the Socialist Republic of Serbia. However, one piece of the former Kosovo Vilayet was given to the new Yugoslav republic of Macedonia (including the former capital Skopje), whilst another part had passed to Montenegro (mainly Pljevlja, Bijelo Polje and Rožaje), also a new entity. In July 1945, a \"Resolution for the annexation of Kosovo–Metohija to federal Serbia\" was passed by Kosovo's \"Regional People's Council\".[13]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbo-Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"Vojvodina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvodina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlowitch2002159-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrieger2001XX-15"},{"link_name":"Cominform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cominform"},{"link_name":"collectivisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectivisation"},{"link_name":"Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1998322-16"},{"link_name":"PR Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Leposavić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leposavi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Autonomous Region of Kosovo and Metohija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Region_of_Kosovo_and_Metohija"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Despotovi%C4%871993-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Despotovi%C4%871993-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Despotovi%C4%871993-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macura1989-19"},{"link_name":"Tito-Stalin rift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split"},{"link_name":"Language policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_policy"},{"link_name":"federation of ethnolinguistically defined nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"interwar Soviet nationalities policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korenizatsiya"},{"link_name":"southern Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardar_Banovina"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Macedonian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_irredentism"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslav_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Albanian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language"},{"link_name":"Tosk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosk_Albanian"},{"link_name":"Gheg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheg_Albanian"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"From 1945 to 1963, it was the Autonomous Region of Kosovo and Metohija (Serbo-Croatian: Аутономна Косовско-Метохијска Област / Autonomna Kosovsko-Metohijska Oblast), which was a lower level of autonomy than Vojvodina.[2]The Autonomous Region of Kosovo and Metohija was created on 3 September 1945.[14] After the break with the Cominform in 1948, Yugoslavia tightened certain policies, including stricter collectivisation. This led to serious reductions in grain production in Kosovo; there were food shortages across Yugoslavia. In parallel with this, the Albanian government began to criticise Yugoslav rule over Kosovo; the Yugoslav government responded with crackdowns on the local population, in search of \"traitors\" and \"fifth columnists\", although the earliest underground pro-Tirana group was not founded until the early 1960s.[15]In the mid–1950s, the Assembly of PR Serbia decided that the Leposavić municipality (187 km2) be ceded to the Autonomous Region of Kosovo and Metohija, after requests by the Kosovo leadership.[16] It had up until then been part of the Kraljevo srez, of which the population was wholly Serb.[16] After this, the number of Serbs drastically fell[16] (but remaining the plurality). In 1959, Leposavić was incorporated into the province.[17][18]After the Tito-Stalin rift in 1948, the relations between Stalinist Albania and Yugoslavia were also broken. Language policy was of utmost importance in communist Yugoslavia, which after World War II was reorganised as a federation of ethnolinguistically defined nations, in emulation of the interwar Soviet nationalities policy. In southern Serbia (renamed as Macedonia) regained from Bulgaria, the interwar southern dialect of Serbocroatoslovenian (Serbian), very close to Bulgarian, was developed into a new Cyrillic-based Macedonian language. This move allowed for nullifying the wartime influence of Bulgarian nationalism while also capitalizing on the already widened literacy in the region due to the Bulgarian occupation and the Bulgarian-medium school. Likewise, in postwar Kosovo, the local Albanian language was distanced from Albania's standard steeped in Tosk, by basing it on the Kosovar dialect of Gheg. As a result, a standard Kosovar language was formed. However, after the rapprochement between Albania and Yugoslavia at the turn of the 1970s, Belgrade adopted Albania's Tosk-based standard of the Albanian language, which ended the brief flourishing of the Gheg-based Kosovar language.[19]","title":"1945–1963"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbo-Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett199553-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%872004274-5"},{"link_name":"constitutional reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_Yugoslav_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Vojvodina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvodina"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrieger2001XX-15"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kosovo._2000._Pp._35-21"},{"link_name":"Stalinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalinist"},{"link_name":"Enver Hoxha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kosovo._2000._Pp._35-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kosovo._2000._Pp._35-21"},{"link_name":"Aleksandar Ranković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Rankovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"nomenklatura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenklatura"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kosovo._2000._Pp._35-21"},{"link_name":"Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs"},{"link_name":"Montenegrins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrins_(ethnic_group)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kosovo._2000._Pp._35-21"},{"link_name":"colonialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kosovo._2000._Pp._35-21"}],"text":"The Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija (Serbo-Croatian: Аутономна Покрајина Косово и Метохија / Autonomna Pokrajina Kosovo i Metohija, Albanian: Krahina Autonome e Kosovës dhe Metohisë) was the name used from 1963 to 1968, when the term \"Metohija\" was dropped,[3] and the prefix \"Socialist\" was added.[4]Kosovo officially became an autonomous province in 1963, after the constitutional reforms, and its position was equalized with the status of Vojvodina.[14] Tensions between ethnic Albanians and the Yugoslav and Serbian governments were significant, not only due to national tensions but also due to political ideological concerns, especially regarding relations with neighbouring Albania.[20] Harsh repressive measures were imposed on Kosovo Albanians due to suspicions that they there were sympathisers of the Stalinist policies of Albania's Enver Hoxha.[20] In 1956, a show trial in Priština was held in which multiple Albanian Communists of Kosovo were convicted of being infiltrators from Albania and were given long prison sentences.[20] High-ranking Serbian communist official Aleksandar Ranković sought to secure the position of the Serbs in Kosovo and gave them dominance in Kosovo's nomenklatura.[21]Islam in Kosovo at this time was repressed and both Albanians and Muslim Slavs were encouraged to declare themselves to be Turkish and emigrate to Turkey.[20] At the same time Serbs and Montenegrins dominated the government, security forces, and industrial employment in Kosovo.[20] Albanians resented these conditions and protested against them in the late 1960s, accusing the actions taken by authorities in Kosovo as being colonialist, as well as demanding that Kosovo be made a republic, or declaring support for Albania.[20]","title":"1963–1968"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbo-Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%872004274-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett199553-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERametPavlakovi%C4%872007312-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Economy_Yugoslavia_1975.png"},{"link_name":"SFR Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia"}],"text":"The Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo (Serbo-Croatian: Социјалистичка Аутономна Покрајина Косово / Socijalistička Autonomna Pokrajina Kosovo, Albanian: Krahina Socialiste Autonome e Kosovës) was the name used from 1968, when the prefix \"Socialist\" was added,[4] and the term \"Metohija\" was dropped.[3] The name Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo was officially used until 1990, when the term \"Metohija\" was reinserted into the official name,[5] and the prefix \"Socialist\" was dropped.Average strength of Yugoslav economy as a deviation from the main (Yugoslavia = 100 %) indicator in 1975. SAP Kosovo was the poorest entity of SFR Yugoslavia.","title":"1968–1990"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muslim Yugoslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosniaks"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Melissa_Katherine_Bokovoy_1992._Pp._296-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Melissa_Katherine_Bokovoy_1992._Pp._296-23"},{"link_name":"University of Pristina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pristina_(1969%E2%80%931999)"},{"link_name":"Albanian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Melissa_Katherine_Bokovoy_1992._Pp._296-23"},{"link_name":"second-class citizens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-class_citizen"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Building substantial autonomy: 1968–1974","text":"Autonomy of Kosovo was significantly strengthened in 1968, as a result of major political changes in Yugoslavia. After the earlier ouster of Ranković in 1966, the agenda of pro-decentralisation reformers in Yugoslavia, especially from Slovenia and Croatia, succeeded in 1968 in attaining significant constitutional decentralisation of powers, creating substantial autonomy in both Kosovo and Vojvodina, and recognising a Muslim Yugoslav nationality.[22] As a result of these reforms, there was a massive overhaul of Kosovo's nomenklatura and police, that shifted from being Serb-dominated to ethnic Albanian-dominated through firing Serbs in large scale.[22] Further concessions were made to the ethnic Albanians of Kosovo in response to unrest, including the creation of the University of Pristina as an Albanian language institution.[22] These changes created widespread fear amongst Serbs that they were being made second-class citizens in Yugoslavia by these changes.[23]","title":"1968–1990"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"constitutional reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Yugoslav_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Presidium of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidium_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Josip Broz Tito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"1981 protests in Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_protests_in_Kosovo"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Đorđe Martinović incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90or%C4%91e_Martinovi%C4%87_incident"},{"link_name":"Paraćin massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para%C4%87in_massacre"},{"link_name":"anti-bureaucratic revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-bureaucratic_revolution"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrieger2001XX-15"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Gazimestan speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazimestan_speech"},{"link_name":"Serbian nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars"},{"link_name":"Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo_and_Metohija"},{"link_name":"Constitution of the Republic of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Serbian_constitutional_referendum"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrieger2001XXI-26"},{"link_name":"Kosovo War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_War"},{"link_name":"United Nations administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Administered_Kosovo"},{"link_name":"declared its independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence"}],"sub_title":"Substantial autonomy achieved: 1974–1990","text":"The Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo received more autonomy within Serbia and Yugoslavia by constitutional reform in 1974. In the new constitutions of Yugoslavia and Serbia, adopted during the reform of 1974, Kosovo was granted major autonomy, allowing it to have not only its own administration and assembly, but also a substantial constitutional, legislative and judicial autonomy.[24]Per the Constitutions of SFR Yugoslavia and SR Serbia, SAP Kosovo also gained its own Constitution. The Province of Kosovo gained the highest officials, most notably Presidency and Government, and gained a seat in the Federal Presidium of Yugoslavia (including veto power on the federal level) which equated it to the states of SR Serbia.[citation needed]The local Albanian-dominated ruling class had been asking for recognition of Kosovo as a parallel republic to Serbia within the Federation, and after Josip Broz Tito’s death in 1980, the demands were renewed.[citation needed] In March 1981, Albanian students started the 1981 protests in Kosovo, where a social protest turned into violent mass riots with nationalist demands across the province, which the Yugoslav authorities contained with force. Emigration of non-Albanians increased and ethnic tensions between Albanians and non-Albanians greatly increased, with violent inner-attacks, especially aimed at the Yugoslavian officials and representatives of authority. [citation needed]The 1985 Đorđe Martinović incident and the 1987 Paraćin massacre contributed to the atmosphere of ethnic tensions.In 1988 and 1989, Serbian authorities engaged in a series of moves known as the anti-bureaucratic revolution, which resulted in the sacking of province leadership in November 1988 and a significant reduction of autonomy of Kosovo in March 1989.[14]On 28 June 1989, Milošević led a mass celebration of the 600th anniversary of a 1389 Battle of Kosovo. Milošević's Gazimestan speech, which marked the beginning of his political prominence, was an important part of the events that contributed to the ongoing crisis in Kosovo. The ensuing Serbian nationalist movement was also a contributing factor to the Yugoslav Wars.The status of Kosovo was returned to the pre-1968 Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija by the new Constitution of the Republic of Serbia, adopted on 28 September 1990.[25]The Kosovo War followed with Kosovo coming under United Nations administration in 1999. Later, in February 2008, Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia, while Serbia continues to claim it as the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija.","title":"1968–1990"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Demographic history of Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Kosovo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kosovo1981Ethnic.gif"},{"link_name":"Albanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovar_Albanians"},{"link_name":"Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovar_Serbs"},{"link_name":"ethnic Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims_(South-Slavic_ethnic_group)"},{"link_name":"Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Croats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croats_in_Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavs"}],"text":"See also: Demographic history of KosovoEthnic structure of Kosovo by settlements, according to the 1981 censusAccording to the 1981 census, the one taken during the period between 1974 and 1990, the population of the province numbered 1,584,441 people, including:1,226,736 Albanians (77.4%)\n236,526 Serbs (14.93%)\n58,562 ethnic Muslims (3.7%)\n34,126 Roma (2.2%)\n12,513 Turks (0.8%)\n8,717 Croats (0.6%)\n2,676 Yugoslavs (0.2%)\n4,584 others (0.2%)","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"League of Communists of Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Kosovo"},{"link_name":"League of Communists of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"League of Communists of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The only political party in the province was League of Communists of Kosovo, which was part of the League of Communists of Serbia and part of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia.[citation needed]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Political leaders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fadil Hoxha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadil_Hoxha"},{"link_name":"Fadil Hoxha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadil_Hoxha"},{"link_name":"Ali Šukrija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_%C5%A0ukrija"},{"link_name":"Ilija Vakić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilija_Vaki%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Bogoljub Nedeljković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogoljub_Nedeljkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Bahri Oruçi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahri_Oru%C3%A7i"},{"link_name":"Riza Sapunxhiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riza_Sapunxhiu"},{"link_name":"Imer Pula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imer_Pula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ljubomir Neđo Borković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ljubomir_Ne%C4%91o_Borkovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Namzi Mustafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Namzi_Mustafa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kaqusha Jashari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaqusha_Jashari"},{"link_name":"Nikolla Shkreli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolla_Shkreli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Daut Jashanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daut_Jashanica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jusuf Zejnullahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jusuf_Zejnullahu"}],"sub_title":"Prime Ministers","text":"Chairman of the Executive Council of the People's Committee of the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo:Fadil Hoxha, 1945–1953Chairmen of the Executive Council of the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo:Fadil Hoxha, 1953–1963\nAli Šukrija, 1963 – May 1967\nIlija Vakić, May 1967 – May 1974\nBogoljub Nedeljković, May 1974 – May 1978\nBahri Oruçi, May 1978 – May 1980\nRiza Sapunxhiu, May 1980 – May 1982\nImer Pula, May 1982 – 5 May 1984\nLjubomir Neđo Borković, 5 May 1984 – May 1986\nNamzi Mustafa, May 1986 – 1987\nKaqusha Jashari, 1987 – May 1989\nNikolla Shkreli, May 1989 – 1989\nDaut Jashanica, 1989\nJusuf Zejnullahu, 4 December 1989 – 5 July 1990","title":"Political leaders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mehmed Hoxha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_Hoxha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fadil Hoxha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadil_Hoxha"},{"link_name":"Ismet Saqiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ismet_Saqiri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Đorđije Pajković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90or%C4%91ije_Pajkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Pavle Jovićević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavle_Jovi%C4%87evi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dusan Mugoša","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dusan_Mugo%C5%A1a&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stanoje Akšić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanoje_Ak%C5%A1i%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ilaz Kurteshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilaz_Kurteshi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Xhavit Nimani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xhavit_Nimani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ali Šukrija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_%C5%A0ukrija"},{"link_name":"Kolë Shiroka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kol%C3%AB_Shiroka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shefqet Nebih Gashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shefqet_Nebih_Gashi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Branislav Skembarević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Branislav_Skembarevi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bajram Selani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bajram_Selani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Remzi Kolgeci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remzi_Kolgeci&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hysen Kajdomçaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hysen_Kajdom%C3%A7aj&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Presidents","text":"Chairman of the People's Liberation Committee of the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo:Mehmed Hoxha, 1 January 1944 – 11 July 1945Presidents of the Assembly of the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo:Fadil Hoxha, 11 July 1945 – 20 February 1953; 24 June 1967 – 7 May 1969\nIsmet Saqiri, 20 February 1953 – 12 December 1953\nĐorđije Pajković, 12 December 1953 – 5 May 1956\nPavle Jovićević, 5 May 1956 – 4 April 1960\nDusan Mugoša, 4 April 1960 – 18 June 1963\nStanoje Akšić, 18 June 1963 – 24 June 1967\nIlaz Kurteshi, 7 May 1969 – May 1974Presidents of Presidency of the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo:Xhavit Nimani, March 1974 – 1981\nAli Šukrija, August 1981 – 1982\nKolë Shiroka, 1982 – May 1983\nShefqet Nebih Gashi, May 1983 – May 1985\nBranislav Skembarević, May 1985 – May 1986\nBajram Selani, May 1986 – May 1988\nRemzi Kolgeci, May 1988 – 5 April 1989\nHysen Kajdomçaj, 27 June 1989 – 11 April 1990","title":"Political leaders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yugoslavia's Bloody Collapse: Causes, Course and Consequences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=BIT25lGaO6MC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781850652281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850652281"},{"link_name":"Ćirković, Sima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"The Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781405142915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405142915"},{"link_name":"The Kosovo Conflict and International Law: An Analytical Documentation 1974–1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=-OhPTJn8ZWoC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780521800716","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521800716"},{"link_name":"Malcolm, Noel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Malcolm"},{"link_name":"Kosovo: A Short History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=GGQ_AQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780333666128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333666128"},{"link_name":"Pavlowitch, Stevan K.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevan_K._Pavlowitch"},{"link_name":"Serbia: The History behind the Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=w-RuLDaNwbMC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781850654773","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850654773"},{"link_name":"Serbia Since 1989: Politics and Society Under Milošević and After","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=dhITCgAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0295985381","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0295985381"},{"link_name":"Tomasevich, Jozo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozo_Tomasevich"},{"link_name":"War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780804779241","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804779241"}],"text":"Bennett, Christopher (1995). Yugoslavia's Bloody Collapse: Causes, Course and Consequences. London: Hurst & Company. ISBN 9781850652281.\nĆirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405142915.\nKrieger, Heike (2001). The Kosovo Conflict and International Law: An Analytical Documentation 1974–1999. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521800716.\nMalcolm, Noel (1998). Kosovo: A Short History. London: Macmillan. ISBN 9780333666128.\nPavlowitch, Stevan K. (2002). Serbia: The History behind the Name. London: Hurst & Company. ISBN 9781850654773.\nRamet, Sabrina P.; Pavlaković, Vjeran, eds. (2007) [2005]. Serbia Since 1989: Politics and Society Under Milošević and After. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0295985381.\nTomasevich, Jozo (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Vol. 2. San Francisco: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804779241.","title":"Sources"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Average strength of Yugoslav economy as a deviation from the main (Yugoslavia = 100 %) indicator in 1975. SAP Kosovo was the poorest entity of SFR Yugoslavia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Economy_Yugoslavia_1975.png/220px-Economy_Yugoslavia_1975.png"},{"image_text":"Ethnic structure of Kosovo by settlements, according to the 1981 census","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kosovo1981Ethnic.gif/250px-Kosovo1981Ethnic.gif"}]
|
[{"title":"Political status of Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo"},{"title":"Socialist Republic of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia"},{"title":"Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Vojvodina"},{"title":"Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo_and_Metohija"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Kushtetuta e Kosoves 1974 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive\". Internet Archive (in Albanian). 1974. Retrieved 21 July 2023. Neni 5. Në Krahinën Socialiste Autonome të Kosovës sigurohet barazia e gjuhës shqipe, serbokroate e turke dhe e shkrimeve të tyre.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/kushtetutaekosoves1974/page/n13/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Kushtetuta e Kosoves 1974 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive\""}]},{"reference":"Dragoslav Despotović (1993). Raskršća, ili, Autoportret bivšeg narodnog neprijatelja. Nova Iskra. p. 463.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5m7zAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Raskršća, ili, Autoportret bivšeg narodnog neprijatelja"}]},{"reference":"Marksistička misao. Marksistički centar Centralnog komiteta Saveza komunista Srbije. 1988. p. 209. опћина Лепосавић (која је припојена САПК 1959. године)","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nZXmAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Marksistička misao"}]},{"reference":"Miloš Macura (1989). Problemi politike obnavljanja stanovništva u Srbiji. Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti. p. 74. ISBN 9788670250666.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kUEvAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Problemi politike obnavljanja stanovništva u Srbiji"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788670250666","url_text":"9788670250666"}]},{"reference":"Bennett, Christopher (1995). Yugoslavia's Bloody Collapse: Causes, Course and Consequences. London: Hurst & Company. ISBN 9781850652281.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BIT25lGaO6MC","url_text":"Yugoslavia's Bloody Collapse: Causes, Course and Consequences"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850652281","url_text":"9781850652281"}]},{"reference":"Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405142915.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87","url_text":"Ćirković, Sima"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC","url_text":"The Serbs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405142915","url_text":"9781405142915"}]},{"reference":"Krieger, Heike (2001). The Kosovo Conflict and International Law: An Analytical Documentation 1974–1999. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521800716.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-OhPTJn8ZWoC","url_text":"The Kosovo Conflict and International Law: An Analytical Documentation 1974–1999"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521800716","url_text":"9780521800716"}]},{"reference":"Malcolm, Noel (1998). Kosovo: A Short History. London: Macmillan. ISBN 9780333666128.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Malcolm","url_text":"Malcolm, Noel"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GGQ_AQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Kosovo: A Short History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333666128","url_text":"9780333666128"}]},{"reference":"Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (2002). Serbia: The History behind the Name. London: Hurst & Company. ISBN 9781850654773.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevan_K._Pavlowitch","url_text":"Pavlowitch, Stevan K."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=w-RuLDaNwbMC","url_text":"Serbia: The History behind the Name"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850654773","url_text":"9781850654773"}]},{"reference":"Ramet, Sabrina P.; Pavlaković, Vjeran, eds. (2007) [2005]. Serbia Since 1989: Politics and Society Under Milošević and After. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0295985381.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dhITCgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Serbia Since 1989: Politics and Society Under Milošević and After"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0295985381","url_text":"978-0295985381"}]},{"reference":"Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Vol. 2. San Francisco: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804779241.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozo_Tomasevich","url_text":"Tomasevich, Jozo"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC","url_text":"War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804779241","url_text":"9780804779241"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Socialist+Autonomous+Province+of+Kosovo%22","external_links_name":"\"Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Socialist+Autonomous+Province+of+Kosovo%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Socialist+Autonomous+Province+of+Kosovo%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Socialist+Autonomous+Province+of+Kosovo%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Socialist+Autonomous+Province+of+Kosovo%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Socialist+Autonomous+Province+of+Kosovo%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/kushtetutaekosoves1974/page/n13/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Kushtetuta e Kosoves 1974 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5m7zAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Raskršća, ili, Autoportret bivšeg narodnog neprijatelja"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nZXmAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Marksistička misao"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kUEvAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Problemi politike obnavljanja stanovništva u Srbiji"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/29940833/The_Idea_of_a_Kosovan_Language_in_Yugoslavia_s_Language_Politics_pp_217-237_._International_Journal_of_the_Sociology_of_Language._Vol_242._DOI_10.1515_ijsl-2016-0040","external_links_name":"Tomasz Kamusella. 2016. The Idea of a Kosovan Language in Yugoslavia’s Language Politics"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fijsl-2016-0040","external_links_name":"10.1515/ijsl-2016-0040"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BIT25lGaO6MC","external_links_name":"Yugoslavia's Bloody Collapse: Causes, Course and Consequences"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC","external_links_name":"The Serbs"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-OhPTJn8ZWoC","external_links_name":"The Kosovo Conflict and International Law: An Analytical Documentation 1974–1999"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GGQ_AQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Kosovo: A Short History"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=w-RuLDaNwbMC","external_links_name":"Serbia: The History behind the Name"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dhITCgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Serbia Since 1989: Politics and Society Under Milošević and After"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC","external_links_name":"War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080410204524/http://kushtetuta.independentkosova.com/kosova_1974.pdf","external_links_name":"Constitution of Kosovo (1974)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080505220052/http://kushtetuta.independentkosova.com/english.htm","external_links_name":"Constitutions of Kosovo"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/145367992","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550213905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80070581","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/027770974","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Wetherell
|
Nathaniel Wetherell
|
["1 References","2 Selected bibliography","3 External links"]
|
British geologist and surgeon
Nathaniel Thomas Wetherell MRCS FGS (September 6, 1800 – December 22, 1875) was a British geologist and surgeon. His work involved the collection of various fossils found in England. He was born, lived, and died in Highgate, England.
Wetherell discovered a strange mixture of rocks and fossils of northern provenance in Coldfall Wood, Muswell Hill in 1835. This led subsequently to the recognition that glaciation had affected southern England.
References
^ Woodward, Henry (January 1876). "Obituary. Nathaniel T. Wetherell, M.R.C.S., F.G.S." The Geological Magazine. New Series. Decade II. Volume III: 48.
^ Lee, Sidney, ed. (1899). "Wetherell, Nathaniel Thomas" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 60. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
^ Walker, H. (1874),The Glacial Drifts of Muswell Hill & Finchley, reprinted 1993, London: Jack Whitehead
Selected bibliography
Wetherell N.T., 1852, Note on a new species of Clionites (With a Plate.), Annals and Magazine of Natural History 1852. Vol. 10 Jul.-Dec. No. LIX. (No. 59. November 1852.) XXXIII. p. 354.
Wetherell N.T., 1859, On the Structure of some of the Siliceous Nodules of the Chalk, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 1859 vol 15 issue 1-2 p. 193.
Wetherell N.T., 1859, On the occurrence of Graphularia Wetherellii in Nodules from the London Clay and the Crag, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 1859 vol 15: p. 30-32.
External links
Darwin Project: Wetherell's correspondence with Charles Darwin
This article about an English scientist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This biographical article about a geologist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MRCS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membership_of_the_Royal_College_of_Surgeons"},{"link_name":"FGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Society_of_London"},{"link_name":"geologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologist"},{"link_name":"surgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeon"},{"link_name":"fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Highgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Coldfall Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldfall_Wood"},{"link_name":"Muswell Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muswell_Hill"},{"link_name":"glaciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier#Moraines"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Nathaniel Thomas Wetherell MRCS FGS (September 6, 1800 – December 22, 1875) was a British geologist and surgeon. His work involved the collection of various fossils found in England.[1] He was born, lived, and died in Highgate, England.[2]Wetherell discovered a strange mixture of rocks and fossils of northern provenance in Coldfall Wood, Muswell Hill in 1835. This led subsequently to the recognition that glaciation had affected southern England.[3]","title":"Nathaniel Wetherell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clionites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratitida"},{"link_name":"Annals and Magazine of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_and_Magazine_of_Natural_History"},{"link_name":"Siliceous Nodules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint"},{"link_name":"Chalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk"},{"link_name":"Geological Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Society_of_London"},{"link_name":"Graphularia Wetherellii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennatulacea"},{"link_name":"London Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Clay"}],"text":"Wetherell N.T., 1852, Note on a new species of Clionites (With a Plate.), Annals and Magazine of Natural History 1852. Vol. 10 Jul.-Dec. No. LIX. (No. 59. November 1852.) XXXIII. p. 354.\nWetherell N.T., 1859, On the Structure of some of the Siliceous Nodules of the Chalk, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 1859 vol 15 issue 1-2 p. 193.\nWetherell N.T., 1859, On the occurrence of Graphularia Wetherellii in Nodules from the London Clay and the Crag, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 1859 vol 15: p. 30-32.","title":"Selected bibliography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Woodward, Henry (January 1876). \"Obituary. Nathaniel T. Wetherell, M.R.C.S., F.G.S.\" The Geological Magazine. New Series. Decade II. Volume III: 48.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=711DAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA48","url_text":"\"Obituary. Nathaniel T. Wetherell, M.R.C.S., F.G.S.\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Sidney, ed. (1899). \"Wetherell, Nathaniel Thomas\" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 60. London: Smith, Elder & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee","url_text":"Lee, Sidney"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Wetherell,_Nathaniel_Thomas","url_text":"\"Wetherell, Nathaniel Thomas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=711DAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA48","external_links_name":"\"Obituary. Nathaniel T. Wetherell, M.R.C.S., F.G.S.\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Wetherell,_Nathaniel_Thomas","external_links_name":"\"Wetherell, Nathaniel Thomas\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070921154011/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/namedefs/namedef-5078.html","external_links_name":"Darwin Project: Wetherell's correspondence"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_Wetherell&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_Wetherell&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamlessly_loopable
|
Seamlessly loopable
|
["1 References"]
|
Seamlessly loopable is a term generally used for recordings or images that can be combined an infinite number of times without a noticeable joining seam. When used in music, animation, and video it generally refers to media that can be laid on a timeline, multiple times, back-to-back with no visible jump or jump cut as it cycles between the clips.
The term when used in still images means that an image when laid left to right or top to bottom will join with itself with little or no visible seam.
References
^ Khan, Farhat Basir (2016). "Cinemagraph: A Fusion of Still Images and Motion Video for Science Communication in a New Media Convergent Ecosystem". Journal of Scientific Temper. 4 (1–2): 21–27.
^ Panchal, Kunjal (2020-11-04). "Improved Algorithm for Seamlessly Creating Infinite Loops from a Video Clip, while Preserving Variety in Textures". arXiv:2011.02579 .
This technology-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The term when used in still images means that an image when laid left to right or top to bottom will join with itself with little or no visible seam.","title":"Seamlessly loopable"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Khan, Farhat Basir (2016). \"Cinemagraph: A Fusion of Still Images and Motion Video for Science Communication in a New Media Convergent Ecosystem\". Journal of Scientific Temper. 4 (1–2): 21–27.","urls":[{"url":"http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/47269","url_text":"\"Cinemagraph: A Fusion of Still Images and Motion Video for Science Communication in a New Media Convergent Ecosystem\""}]},{"reference":"Panchal, Kunjal (2020-11-04). \"Improved Algorithm for Seamlessly Creating Infinite Loops from a Video Clip, while Preserving Variety in Textures\". arXiv:2011.02579 [cs.CV].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.02579","url_text":"2011.02579"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.CV","url_text":"cs.CV"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/47269","external_links_name":"\"Cinemagraph: A Fusion of Still Images and Motion Video for Science Communication in a New Media Convergent Ecosystem\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.02579","external_links_name":"2011.02579"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.CV","external_links_name":"cs.CV"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seamlessly_loopable&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_test
|
Cover test
|
["1 Medical use","1.1 Strabismus","1.2 Latent deviation","2 Fixation Targets","3 Method","4 Practical Application","5 Precautions","6 Recording","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
|
A cover test or cover-uncover test is an objective determination of the presence and amount of ocular deviation. It is typically performed by orthoptists, ophthalmologists and optometrists during eye examinations.
The two primary types of cover tests are:
the alternating cover test
the unilateral cover test (or the cover-uncover test).
The test involves having the patient focusing on both a distance as well as near object at different times during the examination. A cover is placed over an eye for a short moment then removed while observing both eyes for movement. The misaligned eye will deviate inwards or outwards. The process is repeated on both eyes and then with the patient focusing on a distant object.
The cover test is used to determine both the type of ocular deviation and measure the amount of deviation. The two primary types of ocular deviations are the tropia and the phoria. A tropia is a misalignment of the two eyes when a patient is looking with both eyes uncovered. A phoria (or latent deviation) only appears when binocular viewing is broken and the two eyes are no longer looking at the same object.
The unilateral cover test is performed by having the patient focus on an object then covering the fixating eye and observing the movement of the other eye. If the eye was exotropic, covering the fixating eye will cause an inwards movement; and if esotropic, covering the fixating eye will cause an outwards movement. The alternating cover test, or cross cover test is used to detect total deviation (tropia + phoria).
Medical use
The cover test is regarded as an essential examination in investigating strabismus. It is simple to undertake, does not require great amounts of skill by the examiner and is objective in nature.
To ensure that the test is executed accurately and that the maximal amount of information is obtained, it is paramount that the appropriate fixation targets are used for near (approximately 33 cm (13 in)), distance (3 m (10 ft)) and far distance (>3 m (10 ft)) and also that a cover consisting of a black 'paddle' is used. A translucent occluder paddle may also be used. This enables the examiner to see the eye's position behind the occluder.
Many characteristics of a strabismus can be gained from performing the cover test.
Strabismus
The type of deviation: whether it be eso, exo, hyper, hypo or cyclo tropia.
The size of the deviation: slight, small, moderate or large
Speed to take up fixation: if the eye takes up fixation fast it means there is good vision in that eye
Accommodation on the deviation
Nystagmus
Dissociated vertical deviation (DVD)
Incomitance – deviation angle varies in each position of gaze
Latent deviation
Type of deviation: esophoria, exophoria, hyperphoria, hypophoria, cyclophoria
Size of deviation
Rate of recovery that enables the person to achieve binocular single vision. It also says a lot about the strength of control over the deviation.
Fixation Targets
Fixation targets are required for both the near (33 cm) and far (6m) components of the cover test.
Near Targets (33 cm)
Light source – A penlight/light from retinoscope or ophthalmoscope could be used at the start of the near cover test assessment to observe the patient's corneal reflections, and to see whether their fixation is steady, central and maintained. Assessing the patient's fixation is especially important in those patients who have amblyopia.
Detailed target – Any small object that has the ability to stimulate Accommodation (eye) and allow the examiner to assess the patient's fixation. For children, very small pictures like those seen on a Lang stick can be used. Whereas for adults a small Snellen chart letter or number can be used.
Distance Targets (6m)
Spotlight – In those patients with amblyopia a spotlight could be used. (Same as near targets).
Snellen chart – This is the most commonly used target when assessing a patient's far component of a cover test.
Small landmark – Any fixed landmark at eye level, which can be seen through a window.
Stationary Toy – Fixed, talking toys are often used in children when their fixation is difficult to obtain when assessing the far component of the cover test.
Note: That when using any of the targets above (near or far), it is vital that they are placed as close to the patient's eye level as possible. This will eliminate any inaccurate results. Also during the cover test, the examiner must make sure that the patient is clearly seeing the fixation targets to confirm their Accommodation (eye) is controlled.
Method
There are 2 parts to the Cover Test (CT), which include the cover and uncover component and the alternate cover test.
Prior to proceeding, ensure that there is sufficient light in the room so that the examiner can clearly see the patient's eyes.
Sit approximately 30 cm away from the patient to ensure you are able to observe their eye movement.
Explain the purpose of the test to the patient, for example: "I am going to check how well your eye muscles are working together."
The cover/uncover part includes 1 eye being covered. Instruction to the patient: "I would like you to look at this letter at near (examiner holds up the fixation target) or the clearest letter you can see at the other end of the room on the Snellen chart for distance testing. Keep watching the letter while I cover your eye."
The examiner observes:
The movement of the uncovered eye taking up fixation
The movement as well as position of the eye under the cover when the paddle is removed (repeat until you can observe a movement/no movement to confirm a diagnosis)
Cover/uncover method looks for heterotropia
The alternate CT has to ensure that one eye is dissociated at all times:
The movement of the covered eye is recorded as the paddle is changed from one eye to the other every 3 seconds while allowing the eye to take up fixation
Place the cover before the first eye in a manner that prevents the patient from viewing the target but allows you to continue seeing the covered eye
Observe the response of the first eye tested behind the occluder when it is first covered
Note: The cover/uncover component of the test is less dissociating than the alternate CT. The alternate CT can't distinguish between manifest and latent deviations. When measuring in the distance ensure you are not blocking the patient's view of the fixation target.
Practical Application
Stages in the detection of a manifest deviation
When a patient has a manifest strabismus the uncovered eye will take up fixation when the fixing eye is covered.
The cover/ uncover test is performed at near using a flashlight as a target. Shining a light in the patient's eye allows the orthoptist to observe their corneal reflection. When the eyes are straight the corneal reflections will be located centrally in each pupil. When the patient has a deviation one corneal reflection will be in the centre of the pupil and the other reflection will be on or close to the iris. When detecting a manifest deviation the Orthoptist covers the straight eye if a deviation is apparent or the eye with the better VA. Observe the behaviour of the uncovered eye.
This procedure is now repeated with an accommodative target. Ask the patient to look at a fixation stick that has a picture or a letter and observe the deviation at near and distance.
An alternate cover test is performed to ensure full dissociation, observe any changes in the amount and type of movement.
Lastly, repeat the cover/uncover test and note whether the eye remains deviated or returns to its original position.
Stages in the detection of a latent deviation
When searching for a latent deviation our attention is directed to the covered eye. When performing the cover/uncover test the uncovered eye does not move; however the eye that is under the cover will deviate and return to a straight position when the cover is removed.
The uncover/cover test is also performed at near and distance with an accommodative target. Once a cover/uncover test has been performed to confirm the presence of a manifest deviation our attention is turned to the behavior of the covered eye. It is important that when observing the covered eye look at the speed and recovery of the eye when the cover is removed.
An alternate cover test is also performed and this provides information about the maximum deviation. The speed that the eye recovers indicates the patient's control over the deviation. The faster the recovery the better control the patient has over the deviation.
Finally, a cover/uncover test must be performed again to ensure the deviation has remained latent and recovery is the same.
Precautions
Cautions to be noted in avoidance of misdiagnoses /contamination of results
It is important to avoid prolonged periods of dissociation of the eyes until a diagnosis can be made regarding the strabismus.
Hence, the importance to note that although the eyes require dissociation for a minimum of three seconds, that dissociation is kept minimal whilst fixation is maintained.
The cover test should be considered prior to testing VA patients with strabismus, for occlusion during testing may dissociate an unstable ocular deviation.
In the case of intermittent or latent deviations, for dissociative complications leading to misdiagnosis, it is also advised that binocular vision is tested prior, along with stereo testing.
Frequently, during testing, the cover can be removed prematurely; therefore, as mentioned earlier, dissociation of at least three seconds is needed for the patient to take up fixation during cover testing. This time allows for patients to recover from dissociation post cover removal.
A penlight should be used to observe the steadiness and positioning of the deviated eye.
Ensure to assist the patient in maintaining fixation on accommodative or distance targets at all times - if testing on children or adults, request specific details pertaining to the accommodative target (to assure accommodation is utilized) for near testing. Use of a detailed target for near fixation in both adults and children will identify the effects of accommodation on the deviation. Observing pupillary constriction should also be indicative of accommodation.
Cover-Uncover testing and alternate cover testing should be performed on the deviating eye even when a constant heterotropia is observed. This practice ensures the detection of a consistent increase in deviation and DVD isn't neglected.
The presence of orthophoria in uncommon when assessing both near and far fixation. VA must be considered when there is no deviation seen upon cover testing given amblyopic eyes may not take up fixation (VA too poor to see target or eccentric fixation).
Microtropia may be present when a small unequal VA is recorded.
Recording
The cover test results must be recorded in a clear and brief manner. The information included should include the following:
Type of deviation present: manifest or latent deviation
Direction of the deviation: horizontal, vertical or a combination of both
Estimation of size: the examiner will observe the position of the corneal reflections and the amount of movement shown to take up fixation
In latent deviations the speed of recovery is noted: it can be described as rapid, moderate, delayed or blink (the blink regains fusion). If diplopia is noted before recovery this should also be recorded
The distance the test was performed - whether it was at near (1/3m) or distance (6m)
Whether the test was performed with/without glasses
Whether the test was performed with/without a compensatory head posture
In a poorly controlled phoria recovery may not occur and the deviation will be manifest - make a note of this also
Examples of a cover test recording:
CT: cc sml LXT/XT' nhf
CT: sc mod E/E' c r.r
CT: cc RET holds fixation
RE(T)' holds fixation
See also
Hirschberg test
Lancaster red-green test
Strabismus
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Ansons, A.M; Davis, H (2014). Diagnosis and Management of Ocular Motility Disorders (4th ed.). London: Blackwell.
^ a b Rowe, Fiona. J (2012). Clinical Orthoptics (3rd ed.). Wiley. p. 64. ISBN 9781444339345.
^ a b c d David B.Elliott. (2013). Clinical Procedures in Primary Eye Care. Retrieved from https://www.inkling.com/read/elliott-clinical-procedures-primary-eye-care-4th/chapter-6/6-2-the-cover-test
^ Helveston, Eugene (2010). "Understanding, detecting, and managing strabismus". Community Eye Health/International Centre for Eye Health. 23 (72): 12–14. PMC 2873668. PMID 20523857.
External links
Complex strabismus simulator
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cross cover test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_cover_test"}],"text":"The two primary types of cover tests are:the alternating cover test\nthe unilateral cover test (or the cover-uncover test).The test involves having the patient focusing on both a distance as well as near object at different times during the examination. A cover is placed over an eye for a short moment then removed while observing both eyes for movement. The misaligned eye will deviate inwards or outwards. The process is repeated on both eyes and then with the patient focusing on a distant object.The cover test is used to determine both the type of ocular deviation and measure the amount of deviation. The two primary types of ocular deviations are the tropia and the phoria. A tropia is a misalignment of the two eyes when a patient is looking with both eyes uncovered. A phoria (or latent deviation) only appears when binocular viewing is broken and the two eyes are no longer looking at the same object.The unilateral cover test is performed by having the patient focus on an object then covering the fixating eye and observing the movement of the other eye. If the eye was exotropic, covering the fixating eye will cause an inwards movement; and if esotropic, covering the fixating eye will cause an outwards movement. The alternating cover test, or cross cover test is used to detect total deviation (tropia + phoria).","title":"Cover test"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"strabismus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabismus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ansons-1"}],"text":"The cover test is regarded as an essential examination in investigating strabismus. It is simple to undertake, does not require great amounts of skill by the examiner and is objective in nature.\nTo ensure that the test is executed accurately and that the maximal amount of information is obtained, it is paramount that the appropriate fixation targets are used for near (approximately 33 cm (13 in)), distance (3 m (10 ft)) and far distance (>3 m (10 ft)) and also that a cover consisting of a black 'paddle' is used. A translucent occluder paddle may also be used. This enables the examiner to see the eye's position behind the occluder.[1]Many characteristics of a strabismus can be gained from performing the cover test.","title":"Medical use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nystagmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nystagmus"},{"link_name":"Dissociated vertical deviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociated_vertical_deviation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fiona-2"}],"sub_title":"Strabismus","text":"The type of deviation: whether it be eso, exo, hyper, hypo or cyclo tropia.\nThe size of the deviation: slight, small, moderate or large\nSpeed to take up fixation: if the eye takes up fixation fast it means there is good vision in that eye\nAccommodation on the deviation\nNystagmus\nDissociated vertical deviation (DVD)\nIncomitance – deviation angle varies in each position of gaze[2]","title":"Medical use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"esophoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophoria"},{"link_name":"exophoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exophoria"},{"link_name":"cyclophoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclophoria"},{"link_name":"binocular single vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binocular_single_vision"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fiona-2"}],"sub_title":"Latent deviation","text":"Type of deviation: esophoria, exophoria, hyperphoria, hypophoria, cyclophoria\nSize of deviation\nRate of recovery that enables the person to achieve binocular single vision. It also says a lot about the strength of control over the deviation.[2]","title":"Medical use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"amblyopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amblyopia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ansons-1"},{"link_name":"Accommodation (eye)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accommodation_(eye)"},{"link_name":"Snellen chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snellen_chart"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ansons-1"},{"link_name":"amblyopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amblyopia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ansons-1"},{"link_name":"Snellen chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snellen_chart"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ansons-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ansons-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ansons-1"},{"link_name":"Accommodation (eye)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accommodation_(eye)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ansons-1"}],"text":"Fixation targets are required for both the near (33 cm) and far (6m) components of the cover test.Near Targets (33 cm)Light source – A penlight/light from retinoscope or ophthalmoscope could be used at the start of the near cover test assessment to observe the patient's corneal reflections, and to see whether their fixation is steady, central and maintained. Assessing the patient's fixation is especially important in those patients who have amblyopia.[1]Detailed target – Any small object that has the ability to stimulate Accommodation (eye) and allow the examiner to assess the patient's fixation. For children, very small pictures like those seen on a Lang stick can be used. Whereas for adults a small Snellen chart letter or number can be used.[1]Distance Targets (6m)Spotlight – In those patients with amblyopia a spotlight could be used. (Same as near targets).[1]Snellen chart – This is the most commonly used target when assessing a patient's far component of a cover test.[1]Small landmark – Any fixed landmark at eye level, which can be seen through a window.[1]Stationary Toy – Fixed, talking toys are often used in children when their fixation is difficult to obtain when assessing the far component of the cover test.[1]Note: That when using any of the targets above (near or far), it is vital that they are placed as close to the patient's eye level as possible. This will eliminate any inaccurate results. Also during the cover test, the examiner must make sure that the patient is clearly seeing the fixation targets to confirm their Accommodation (eye) is controlled.[1]","title":"Fixation Targets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-david-3"},{"link_name":"Snellen chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snellen_chart"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-david-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ansons-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ansons-1"},{"link_name":"heterotropia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotropia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ansons-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-david-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-david-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ansons-1"}],"text":"There are 2 parts to the Cover Test (CT), which include the cover and uncover component and the alternate cover test.Prior to proceeding, ensure that there is sufficient light in the room so that the examiner can clearly see the patient's eyes.\nSit approximately 30 cm away from the patient to ensure you are able to observe their eye movement. \nExplain the purpose of the test to the patient, for example: \"I am going to check how well your eye muscles are working together.\"[3]The cover/uncover part includes 1 eye being covered. Instruction to the patient: \"I would like you to look at this letter at near (examiner holds up the fixation target) or the clearest letter you can see at the other end of the room on the Snellen chart for distance testing. Keep watching the letter while I cover your eye.\"[3]The examiner observes:The movement of the uncovered eye taking up fixation [1]\nThe movement as well as position of the eye under the cover when the paddle is removed (repeat until you can observe a movement/no movement to confirm a diagnosis)[1]\nCover/uncover method looks for heterotropiaThe alternate CT has to ensure that one eye is dissociated at all times:The movement of the covered eye is recorded as the paddle is changed from one eye to the other every 3 seconds while allowing the eye to take up fixation [1]\nPlace the cover before the first eye in a manner that prevents the patient from viewing the target but allows you to continue seeing the covered eye [3]\nObserve the response of the first eye tested behind the occluder when it is first covered [3]Note: The cover/uncover component of the test is less dissociating than the alternate CT. The alternate CT can't distinguish between manifest and latent deviations. When measuring in the distance ensure you are not blocking the patient's view of the fixation target.[1]","title":"Method"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Helveston-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ansons-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ansons-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ansons-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ansons-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ansons-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ansons-1"}],"text":"Stages in the detection of a manifest deviationWhen a patient has a manifest strabismus the uncovered eye will take up fixation when the fixing eye is covered. \nThe cover/ uncover test is performed at near using a flashlight as a target. Shining a light in the patient's eye allows the orthoptist to observe their corneal reflection. When the eyes are straight the corneal reflections will be located centrally in each pupil. When the patient has a deviation one corneal reflection will be in the centre of the pupil and the other reflection will be on or close to the iris. When detecting a manifest deviation the Orthoptist covers the straight eye if a deviation is apparent or the eye with the better VA. Observe the behaviour of the uncovered eye.[4]This procedure is now repeated with an accommodative target. Ask the patient to look at a fixation stick that has a picture or a letter and observe the deviation at near and distance.[1]An alternate cover test is performed to ensure full dissociation, observe any changes in the amount and type of movement.[1]Lastly, repeat the cover/uncover test and note whether the eye remains deviated or returns to its original position.[1]Stages in the detection of a latent deviationWhen searching for a latent deviation our attention is directed to the covered eye. When performing the cover/uncover test the uncovered eye does not move; however the eye that is under the cover will deviate and return to a straight position when the cover is removed.The uncover/cover test is also performed at near and distance with an accommodative target. Once a cover/uncover test has been performed to confirm the presence of a manifest deviation our attention is turned to the behavior of the covered eye. It is important that when observing the covered eye look at the speed and recovery of the eye when the cover is removed.[1]An alternate cover test is also performed and this provides information about the maximum deviation. The speed that the eye recovers indicates the patient's control over the deviation. The faster the recovery the better control the patient has over the deviation.[1]Finally, a cover/uncover test must be performed again to ensure the deviation has remained latent and recovery is the same.[1]","title":"Practical Application"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dissociation of the eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabismus"},{"link_name":"VA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_acuity"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ansons-1"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociated_vertical_deviation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ansons-1"},{"link_name":"orthophoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthophoria"},{"link_name":"amblyopic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amblyopia"},{"link_name":"Microtropia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofixation_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ansons-1"}],"text":"Cautions to be noted in avoidance of misdiagnoses /contamination of resultsIt is important to avoid prolonged periods of dissociation of the eyes until a diagnosis can be made regarding the strabismus.\nHence, the importance to note that although the eyes require dissociation for a minimum of three seconds, that dissociation is kept minimal whilst fixation is maintained.\nThe cover test should be considered prior to testing VA patients with strabismus, for occlusion during testing may dissociate an unstable ocular deviation. \nIn the case of intermittent or latent deviations, for dissociative complications leading to misdiagnosis, it is also advised that binocular vision is tested prior, along with stereo testing.[1]Frequently, during testing, the cover can be removed prematurely; therefore, as mentioned earlier, dissociation of at least three seconds is needed for the patient to take up fixation during cover testing. This time allows for patients to recover from dissociation post cover removal.A penlight should be used to observe the steadiness and positioning of the deviated eye.Ensure to assist the patient in maintaining fixation on accommodative or distance targets at all times - if testing on children or adults, request specific details pertaining to the accommodative target (to assure accommodation is utilized) for near testing. Use of a detailed target for near fixation in both adults and children will identify the effects of accommodation on the deviation. Observing pupillary constriction should also be indicative of accommodation.\nCover-Uncover testing and alternate cover testing should be performed on the deviating eye even when a constant heterotropia is observed. This practice ensures the detection of a consistent increase in deviation and DVD isn't neglected.[1]The presence of orthophoria in uncommon when assessing both near and far fixation. VA must be considered when there is no deviation seen upon cover testing given amblyopic eyes may not take up fixation (VA too poor to see target or eccentric fixation).\nMicrotropia may be present when a small unequal VA is recorded.[1]","title":"Precautions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ansons-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ansons-1"}],"text":"The cover test results must be recorded in a clear and brief manner. The information included should include the following:Type of deviation present: manifest or latent deviation [1]\nDirection of the deviation: horizontal, vertical or a combination of both\nEstimation of size: the examiner will observe the position of the corneal reflections and the amount of movement shown to take up fixation\nIn latent deviations the speed of recovery is noted: it can be described as rapid, moderate, delayed or blink (the blink regains fusion). If diplopia is noted before recovery this should also be recorded\nThe distance the test was performed - whether it was at near (1/3m) or distance (6m)\nWhether the test was performed with/without glasses\nWhether the test was performed with/without a compensatory head posture\nIn a poorly controlled phoria recovery may not occur and the deviation will be manifest - make a note of this alsoExamples of a cover test recording: [1]CT: cc sml LXT/XT' nhf\nCT: sc mod E/E' c r.r\nCT: cc RET holds fixation\nRE(T)' holds fixation","title":"Recording"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Hirschberg test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirschberg_test"},{"title":"Lancaster red-green test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_red-green_test"},{"title":"Strabismus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabismus"}]
|
[{"reference":"Ansons, A.M; Davis, H (2014). Diagnosis and Management of Ocular Motility Disorders (4th ed.). London: Blackwell.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rowe, Fiona. J (2012). Clinical Orthoptics (3rd ed.). Wiley. p. 64. ISBN 9781444339345.","urls":[{"url":"http://ez.library.latrobe.edu.au:2055/(S(hbevnz1uykxziotnjt5mq3f4))/Reader.aspx?p=838184&o=155&u=6t8vXvQ3Vqtr1uYTRb5BEg%3d%3d&t=1413946545&h=28DC8F020EAE0A312DCECDF1AE2B94910820DB27&s=16162566&ut=492&pg=1&r=img&c=-1&pat=n&cms=-1&sd=1","url_text":"Clinical Orthoptics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444339345","url_text":"9781444339345"}]},{"reference":"Helveston, Eugene (2010). \"Understanding, detecting, and managing strabismus\". Community Eye Health/International Centre for Eye Health. 23 (72): 12–14. PMC 2873668. PMID 20523857.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2873668","url_text":"\"Understanding, detecting, and managing strabismus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2873668","url_text":"2873668"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20523857","url_text":"20523857"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://ez.library.latrobe.edu.au:2055/(S(hbevnz1uykxziotnjt5mq3f4))/Reader.aspx?p=838184&o=155&u=6t8vXvQ3Vqtr1uYTRb5BEg%3d%3d&t=1413946545&h=28DC8F020EAE0A312DCECDF1AE2B94910820DB27&s=16162566&ut=492&pg=1&r=img&c=-1&pat=n&cms=-1&sd=1","external_links_name":"Clinical Orthoptics"},{"Link":"https://www.inkling.com/read/elliott-clinical-procedures-primary-eye-care-4th/chapter-6/6-2-the-cover-test","external_links_name":"https://www.inkling.com/read/elliott-clinical-procedures-primary-eye-care-4th/chapter-6/6-2-the-cover-test"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2873668","external_links_name":"\"Understanding, detecting, and managing strabismus\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2873668","external_links_name":"2873668"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20523857","external_links_name":"20523857"},{"Link":"https://www.aao.org/interactive-tool/complex-strabismus-simulator","external_links_name":"Complex strabismus simulator"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrier_Peninsula
|
Ferrier Peninsula
|
["1 Important Bird Area","2 References"]
|
Coordinates: 60°44′S 44°26′W / 60.733°S 44.433°W / -60.733; -44.433Peninsula of Antarctica
Chinstrap penguins breed in the IBA
Ferrier Peninsula is a narrow peninsula, 2.4 km (1.5 mi) long, forming the eastern end of Laurie Island in the South Orkney Islands of Antarctica. It was roughly charted in 1823 by a British sealing expedition under James Weddell. It was surveyed in 1903 by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition under William Speirs Bruce, who named it for his secretary J.G. Ferrier, who was also manager in Scotland of the expedition.
Important Bird Area
The peninsula, along with the nearby Graptolite Island, has been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports a large breeding colony of about 91,000 pairs of Adélie penguins as well as 14,000 pairs of chinstrap penguins. Gentoo penguins were reported nesting on the peninsula in 1947.
References
^ "Ferrier Peninsula". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
^ "Ferrier Peninsula / Graptolite Island, Laurie Island". BirdLife data zone: Important Bird Areas. BirdLife International. 2012. Archived from the original on 10 July 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
This article incorporates public domain material from "Ferrier Peninsula". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
vteImportant Bird Areas of AntarcticaQueen Elizabeth Land
Berkner Island
Coats Land
Coalseam Cliffs
Mount Faraway
Stewart Buttress
Dawson-Lambton Glacier
Luitpold Coast
Stancomb-Wills Glacier
Queen Maud Land
Atka Iceport
Drescher Inlet
Gruber Mountains
Jutulsessen
Muskegbukta
Princess Ragnhild Coast
Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf
Riiser-Larsen Peninsula
Svarthamaren Mountain
Enderby Land
Cape Batterbee
Mount Biscoe
Kemp Land
Kloa Point
Mac. Robertson Land
Andersen Island
Auster rookery
Cape Darnley
Gibbney Island
Kirton Island
Klung Island
Macklin Island
Murray Monolith
Rookery Islands
Scullin Monolith
Taylor Rookery
Welch Island
Princess Elizabeth Land
Amanda Bay
Bluff Island
Boyd Island
Caro Island
Donskiye Islands
Filla Island
Gardner Island
Hop Island
Kazak Island
Lucas Island
Lugg Island
Magnetic Island
Rookery Lake
Tryne Islands
Turner Island
Warriner Island
Waterhouse Island
West Ice Shelf
Zolotov Island
Queen Mary Land
Haswell Island
Shackleton Ice Shelf
Wilkes Land
Ardery Island
Beall Island
Berkley Island
Cameron Island
Clark Peninsula
Dibble Glacier
Holl Island
O'Connor Island
Odbert Island
Peterson Island
Shirley Island
Adélie Land
Cape Bienvenue
Cape Jules
Curzon Islands
Empereur Island
Géologie Archipelago
George V Land
Cape Denison
Cape Hunter
Cape-Pigeon Rocks
Greater Mackellar Island
Lesser Mackellar Island
Mackellar Islands
Mertz Glacier
Way Archipelago
Oates Land
Arthurson Ridge
Kartografov Island
Mount Archer
Sturge Island
Victoria Land
Adélie Cove
Blue Glacier to Cape Chocolate
Cape Adare
Cape Main
Cape Roget
Cape Wadworth
Cape Washington
Cotter Cliffs
Dailey Islands
Depot Island
Downshire Cliffs
Duke of York Island
Dunlop Island
Edmonson Point
Foyn Island
Gregory Island
Inexpressible Island
Mandible Cirque
Possession Islands
Seabee Hook
Ross Sea
Beaufort Island
Bernacchi Head
Cape Crozier
Caughley Beach
Franklin Island southwest
McDonald Beach
Rocky Point
King Edward VII Land
Cape Colbeck
Marie Byrd Land
Brownson Islands
Edwards Islands
Hummer Point
Lindsey Islands
Maher Island
Mathewson Point
Mount Paterson
Thurston Glacier
Worley Point
Ellsworth Land
Schaefer Islands
Sikorski Glacier
Palmer Land
Sims Island
Smith Peninsula
Smyley Island
Graham Land
Ambush Bay
Apéndice Island
Armstrong Reef
Avian Island
Bates Island
Brash Island
Brown Bluff
Cape Evensen
Cape Wollaston
Cierva Point
Cockburn Island
Cormorant Island
Cuverville Island
D'Urville Monument
Danger Islands
Devil Island
Dion Islands
Dodman Island
Dream Island
Duroch Islands
Earle Island
Eden Rocks
Emperor Island
Gerlache Island
Ginger Islands
Gourdin Island
Guépratte Island
Hope Bay
Joubin Islands
Lagotellerie Island
Litchfield Island
Madder Cliffs
Midas Island
Moss Islands
Murray Island
Paulet Island
Pearl Rocks
Penguin Point
Petermann Island
Pursuit Point
Rosenthal Islands
Ryder Bay Islands
Snow Hill Island
Stonington Island
Trinity Island
Tupinier Islands
Uruguay Island
South Shetland Islands
Admiralty Bay
Ardley Island
Aspland Island
Baily Head
Barnard Point
Byers Peninsula
Cape Bowles
Cape Garry
Cape Hooker
Cape Lookout
Cape Melville
Cape Shirreff
Cape Wallace
Chinstrap Cove
Eadie Island
East of Nelly Point
Eastern Litwin Bay
Escarpada Point
False Round Point
Fur Seal Point
Gibbs Island
Half Moon Island
Harmony Point
Heywood Island
Jameson Point
Kellick Island
Lions Rump
Milosz Point
Mount Elder
North Foreland
O'Brien Island
Owen Island
Penguin Island
Point Hennequin
Point Wordie
Potter Peninsula
Pottinger Point
Saddleback Point
Seal Islands
Stinker Point
Sugarloaf Island
Tartar Island
Vapour Col
Walker Point
Yankee Harbour
South Orkney Islands
Atriceps Island
Buchanan Point
Cape Davidson
Cape Hansen
Cape Robertson
Cape Whitson
Cheal Point
Christoffersen Island
Eillium Island
Ferguslie Peninsula
Ferrier Peninsula
Fraser Point
Fredriksen Island
Gibbon Bay
Gosling Islands
Graptolite Island
Grey Island
Inaccessible Islands
Larsen Islands
Matthews Island
Michelsen Island
Moe Island
Moreton Point
Pirie Peninsula
Point Martin
Return Point
Robertson Islands
Shingle Cove
Signy Island
Skilling Island
Southern Powell Island
Watson Peninsula
Weddell Islands
60°44′S 44°26′W / 60.733°S 44.433°W / -60.733; -44.433
This South Orkney Islands location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Half_Moon_Island,_Antarctica._Chinstrap_Penguin_(24914205456).jpg"},{"link_name":"peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Laurie Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurie_Island"},{"link_name":"South Orkney Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Orkney_Islands"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"sealing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_hunting"},{"link_name":"James Weddell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Weddell"},{"link_name":"Scottish National Antarctic Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Antarctic_Expedition"},{"link_name":"William Speirs Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Speirs_Bruce"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-1"}],"text":"Peninsula of AntarcticaChinstrap penguins breed in the IBAFerrier Peninsula is a narrow peninsula, 2.4 km (1.5 mi) long, forming the eastern end of Laurie Island in the South Orkney Islands of Antarctica. It was roughly charted in 1823 by a British sealing expedition under James Weddell. It was surveyed in 1903 by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition under William Speirs Bruce, who named it for his secretary J.G. Ferrier, who was also manager in Scotland of the expedition.[1]","title":"Ferrier Peninsula"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Graptolite Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graptolite_Island"},{"link_name":"Important Bird Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Important_Bird_Area"},{"link_name":"BirdLife International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BirdLife_International"},{"link_name":"breeding colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_colony"},{"link_name":"Adélie penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_penguin"},{"link_name":"chinstrap penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinstrap_penguin"},{"link_name":"Gentoo penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentoo_penguin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bli-2"}],"text":"The peninsula, along with the nearby Graptolite Island, has been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports a large breeding colony of about 91,000 pairs of Adélie penguins as well as 14,000 pairs of chinstrap penguins. Gentoo penguins were reported nesting on the peninsula in 1947.[2]","title":"Important Bird Area"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Chinstrap penguins breed in the IBA","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Half_Moon_Island%2C_Antarctica._Chinstrap_Penguin_%2824914205456%29.jpg/220px-Half_Moon_Island%2C_Antarctica._Chinstrap_Penguin_%2824914205456%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Ferrier Peninsula\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 21 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:4853","url_text":"\"Ferrier Peninsula\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Ferrier Peninsula / Graptolite Island, Laurie Island\". BirdLife data zone: Important Bird Areas. BirdLife International. 2012. Archived from the original on 10 July 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070710124603/http://www.birdlife.org/","url_text":"\"Ferrier Peninsula / Graptolite Island, Laurie Island\""},{"url":"http://www.birdlife.org/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ferrier_Peninsula¶ms=60_44_S_44_26_W_source:GNIS","external_links_name":"60°44′S 44°26′W / 60.733°S 44.433°W / -60.733; -44.433"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:4853","external_links_name":"\"Ferrier Peninsula\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070710124603/http://www.birdlife.org/","external_links_name":"\"Ferrier Peninsula / Graptolite Island, Laurie Island\""},{"Link":"http://www.birdlife.org/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.usgs.gov/information-policies-and-instructions/copyrights-and-credits","external_links_name":"public domain material"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:4853","external_links_name":"\"Ferrier Peninsula\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ferrier_Peninsula¶ms=60_44_S_44_26_W_source:GNIS","external_links_name":"60°44′S 44°26′W / 60.733°S 44.433°W / -60.733; -44.433"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferrier_Peninsula&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirom_Un-prasert
|
Pirom Un-prasert
|
["1 References"]
|
Thai football referee
Pirom Un-PrasertFull name
Pirom Un-PrasertBorn
(1953-11-16) 16 November 1953 (age 70)ThailandInternationalYears
League
Role1998
1998 FIFA World Cup
referee
Pirom Un-Prasert (Thai: ภิรมย์ อั๋นประเสริฐ) (born 16 November 1953) is a retired international football referee from Thailand. He is best known for refereeing the 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup Final and two matches in the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France; the Norway-Morocco and Paraguay-Nigeria matches in the first round. He also officiated at the 1995 FIFA Women's World Cup, the 1996 Olympic tournament in Atlanta, the 1996 AFC Asian Cup, and eight matches in 1998 World Cup qualifiers.
References
^ FIFA. "Match Report - Brazil - Australia 6:0 (3:0)". December 21, 1997. Retrieved on April 19, 2013.
^ RSSSF. "World Cup 1998 finals". Retrieved on April 19, 2013.
^ FIFA."Match Report - Nigeria - Canada 3:3". June 8, 1995. Retrieved on April 19, 2013.
^ FIFA. "Match Report - France - Spain 1:1 (1:0)". July 22, 1996. Retrieved on April 19, 2013.
^ Courtney, Barrie. "Asian Nations Cup 1996 Final Tournament - Extended File". RSSSF, December 15, 2006. Retrieved on April 19, 2013.
^ FIFA. "World Cup referees to clamp down on dangerous tackles"Archived 29 June 2013 at archive.today. June 6, 1998. Retrieved on April 19, 2013.
Football Database Profile
Profile
vteReferees at the 1998 FIFA World CupAFC
Ali Bujsaim
Abdul Rahman Al-Zeid
Pirom Un-prasert
Masayoshi Okada
CAF
Gamal Al-Ghandour
Said Belqola
Lucien Bouchardeau
Lim Kee Chong
Ian McLeod
CONCACAF
Arturo Brizio Carter
Esfandiar Baharmast
Ramesh Ramdhan
CONMEBOL
Epifanio González
Javier Castrilli
Márcio Rezende
Mario Sánchez Yanten
Alberto Tejada
John Toro Rendón
OFC
Eddie Lennie
UEFA
José García Aranda
Marc Batta
Günter Benkö
Pierluigi Collina
Hugh Dallas
Bernd Heynemann
Urs Meier
Vítor Melo Pereira
Kim Milton Nielsen
Rune Pedersen
László Vágner
Mario van der Ende
Paul Durkin
Nikolai Levnikov
Ryszard Wójcik
This biographical article related to Thai association football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"referee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referee_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"1997 FIFA Confederations Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_FIFA_Confederations_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"1998 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"1995 FIFA Women's World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"1996 Olympic tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"1996 AFC Asian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_AFC_Asian_Cup"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"1998 World Cup qualifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_(AFC)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Pirom Un-Prasert (Thai: ภิรมย์ อั๋นประเสริฐ) (born 16 November 1953) is a retired international football referee from Thailand. He is best known for refereeing the 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup Final[1] and two matches in the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France; the Norway-Morocco and Paraguay-Nigeria matches in the first round.[2] He also officiated at the 1995 FIFA Women's World Cup,[3] the 1996 Olympic tournament in Atlanta,[4] the 1996 AFC Asian Cup,[5] and eight matches in 1998 World Cup qualifiers.[6]","title":"Pirom Un-prasert"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071109061448/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=101/edition=3424/matches/match=17489/report.html","external_links_name":"\"Match Report - Brazil - Australia 6:0 (3:0)\""},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tables/98full.html","external_links_name":"\"World Cup 1998 finals\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150702172132/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/matches/round=4655/match=21911/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Match Report - Nigeria - Canada 3:3\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071123235204/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=512/edition=197142/matches/match=32228/report.html","external_links_name":"\"Match Report - France - Spain 1:1 (1:0)\""},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tables/96asch-ext.html","external_links_name":"\"Asian Nations Cup 1996 Final Tournament - Extended File\""},{"Link":"https://www.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=71651/index.html","external_links_name":"\"World Cup referees to clamp down on dangerous tackles\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130629045928/http://www.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=71651/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.footballdatabase.eu/football.arbitres.pirom.un-prasert.867.en.html","external_links_name":"Football Database Profile"},{"Link":"http://www.weltfussball.de/schiedsrichter_profil.php?id=32064","external_links_name":"Profile"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pirom_Un-prasert&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HotNews
|
HotNews
|
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Romanian news site
Not to be confused with Hot News.
HotNewsType of siteNews siteFounder(s)Ioan MargaritURLhttp://www.hotnews.ro/CommercialYes
HotNews is one of the oldest and biggest Romanian news sites focused mainly on general topics, finance, politics, and current affairs. The website constantly publishes news, interviews, video documentaries, and opinion pieces.
As of February 2019, the site has around 250,000–300,000 unique users daily, more than 3 million monthly unique visitors, and around 30 million monthly page views, according to stats measured by the Romanian BRAT/SATI.
The website was founded in October 1999 by a group of financial journalists under the name RevistaPresei.ro and contained articles from outside sources put together as a press review. It was rebranded as HotNews.ro in 2005.
Located in Bucharest, the company employed more than 30 journalists in 2018. Its advertising sales for 2007 stood between €600,000 and €700,000.
See also
Media of Romania
References
^ "Povestea Hotnews: primii care au dat știrea în online". Editia de Dimineata (in Romanian). 2018-09-03. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
^ "www.hotnews.ro". www.brat.ro. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
^ Romania’s Hotnews.ro: from rogue pure player to market leader, Window on the Media, January 2008
External links
HotNews homepage (Romanian)
HotNews homepage (English)
This article about mass media in Romania is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a news website is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hot News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_News"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"news sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_site"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoM-3"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Hot News.HotNews is one of the oldest and biggest[1] Romanian news sites focused mainly on general topics, finance, politics, and current affairs. The website constantly publishes news, interviews, video documentaries, and opinion pieces.As of February 2019, the site has around 250,000–300,000 unique users daily, more than 3 million monthly unique visitors, and around 30 million monthly page views, according to stats measured by the Romanian BRAT/SATI.[2]The website was founded in October 1999 by a group of financial journalists under the name RevistaPresei.ro and contained articles from outside sources put together as a press review. It was rebranded as HotNews.ro in 2005.Located in Bucharest, the company employed more than 30 journalists in 2018. Its advertising sales for 2007 stood between €600,000 and €700,000.[3]","title":"HotNews"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Media of Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_media_in_Romania"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Povestea Hotnews: primii care au dat știrea în online\". Editia de Dimineata (in Romanian). 2018-09-03. Retrieved 2019-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://editiadedimineata.ro/povestea-hotnews-primii-care-au-dat-stirea-in-online/","url_text":"\"Povestea Hotnews: primii care au dat știrea în online\""}]},{"reference":"\"www.hotnews.ro\". www.brat.ro. Retrieved 2019-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brat.ro/sati/site/hotnews-ro-1/trafic-total/","url_text":"\"www.hotnews.ro\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.hotnews.ro/","external_links_name":"http://www.hotnews.ro/"},{"Link":"https://editiadedimineata.ro/povestea-hotnews-primii-care-au-dat-stirea-in-online/","external_links_name":"\"Povestea Hotnews: primii care au dat știrea în online\""},{"Link":"https://www.brat.ro/sati/site/hotnews-ro-1/trafic-total/","external_links_name":"\"www.hotnews.ro\""},{"Link":"http://windowonthemedia.com/2009/01/romania-hotnews/","external_links_name":"Romania’s Hotnews.ro: from rogue pure player to market leader"},{"Link":"http://windowonthemedia.com/","external_links_name":"Window on the Media"},{"Link":"http://www.hotnews.ro/","external_links_name":"HotNews homepage"},{"Link":"http://english.hotnews.ro/","external_links_name":"HotNews homepage"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HotNews&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HotNews&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another_Way_to_Die_(Disturbed_song)
|
Another Way to Die (Disturbed song)
|
["1 Lyrical content","2 Track listing","3 Music video","4 Chart performance","4.1 Weekly charts","4.2 Year-end charts","5 Release history","6 Personnel","7 References"]
|
2010 single by Disturbed"Another Way to Die"Single by Disturbedfrom the album Asylum ReleasedJune 14, 2010RecordedFebruary–April 2010 at Groovemaster Studios in Chicago, IllinoisGenreAlternative metalheavy metalLength4:13LabelRepriseSongwriter(s)Dan DoneganMike WengrenDavid DraimanProducer(s)Dan DoneganDisturbed singles chronology
"The Night" (2009)
"Another Way to Die" (2010)
"Asylum" (2010)
Music video"Another Way to Die" on YouTube
"Another Way to Die" is a song by American heavy metal band Disturbed, released as the first single from their fifth studio album, Asylum. Airplay for the single began on the morning of June 14, 2010. That same day, a lyric video was posted by the band on their official YouTube channel and was released as a digital download on June 15, 2010, via iTunes. On August 31, 2010, an excerpt of the song played in a newly released second trailer for the 2011 Mortal Kombat game.
Lyrical content
In an interview with The Pulse of Radio, frontman David Draiman explained how the track contains some very timely subject matter:
Obviously it's referring to the global catastrophe that we know as global warming, and the effects that it continues to have on our planet; our irresponsibility in doing what we do as species, our constant appetite, our constant consumption at all costs. No matter what is destroyed, no matter what is laid to waste. And, certainly, what's happening in the Gulf now is horrific.
Track listing
Digital single
"Another Way to Die" – 4:13
CD single
"Another Way to Die" – 4:13
"Living After Midnight" (Judas Priest cover) – 4:25
The B-side "Living After Midnight" (originally by Judas Priest) is also included on the band's B-side compilation, The Lost Children, along with their cover of "Midlife Crisis" by Faith No More, which was originally recorded for the tribute album Covered, A Revolution in Sound.
Music video
The band shot a music video for the track directed by Robert Schober (also known as Roboshobo) and was released on August 9. It is the first music video since "Land of Confusion" to not feature any of the band members; the video focuses on worldwide events relating with the song, such as pollution and poverty.
Chart performance
In the week ending September 25, 2010, "Another Way to Die" peaked on the U.S. Billboard Rock Songs chart at number one, becoming Disturbed's first single to reach the top spot on the chart.
Weekly charts
Chart (2010)
Peak position
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)
62
Canada Rock (Billboard)
23
US Billboard Hot 100
81
US Hot Rock & Alternative Songs (Billboard)
1
Year-end charts
Chart (2010)
Position
US Hot Rock Songs (Billboard)
17
Release history
Format
Date
Label
US radio
June 14, 2010 (2010-06-14)
Reprise
Digital download (US)
June 15, 2010 (2010-06-15)
Digital download (Worldwide)
June 16–23, 2010
Personnel
David Draiman – lead vocals
Dan Donegan – guitar, electronics
John Moyer – bass guitar, backing vocals
Mike Wengren – drums, percussion
References
^ a b "DISTURBED: Another Way to Die Lyric Video Released". Blabbermouth.net. Roadrunner Records. June 14, 2010. Archived from the original on June 18, 2010. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
^ "Disturbed 'Another Way to Die' (Lyric) Video Available". Metal Hammer. June 15, 2010. Archived from the original on June 18, 2010. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
^ "IGN Video: Mortal Kombat PlayStation 3 Trailer - Shadows Trailer". IGN. August 31, 2010. Archived from the original on September 2, 2010. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
^ "BOOKED: Disturbed - Roboshobo, dir". Video Static: Music Video News. June 10, 2010. Archived from the original on June 17, 2010. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
^ "Disturbed Release Music Video for 'Another Way to Die' Online". Theprp.com. August 10, 2010. Archived from the original on August 29, 2010. Retrieved August 10, 2010.
^ "Rock Songs". Wayback Machine. Internet Archive. Archived from the original on February 14, 2012. Retrieved August 18, 2012.
^ "Disturbed Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved December 25, 2021.
^ "Disturbed Chart History (Canada Rock)". Billboard. Retrieved December 25, 2021.
^ "Disturbed Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved December 25, 2021.
^ "Disturbed Chart History (Hot Rock & Alternative Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved December 25, 2021.
^ "Hot Rock Songs – Year-End 2010". Billboard. Retrieved January 26, 2022.
vteDisturbed
Dan Donegan
Mike Wengren
David Draiman
John Moyer
Steve "Fuzz" Kmak
Erich Awalt
Studio albums
The Sickness
Believe
Ten Thousand Fists
Indestructible
Asylum
Immortalized
Evolution
Divisive
Compilation albums
The Lost Children
Live albums & DVDs
M.O.L.
Music as a Weapon II
Live & Indestructible
Indestructible in Germany
Singles
"Stupify"
"Down with the Sickness"
"Voices"
"The Game"
"Prayer"
"Remember"
"Liberate"
"Guarded"
"Stricken"
"Just Stop"
"Land of Confusion"
"Ten Thousand Fists"
"Inside the Fire"
"Perfect Insanity"
"Indestructible"
"The Night"
"Another Way to Die"
"The Animal"
"Warrior"
"Hell"
"3"
"The Vengeful One"
"Immortalized"
"The Light"
"The Sound of Silence"
"Are You Ready"
"A Reason to Fight"
Concert tours
Music as a Weapon
Indestructible Tour
Asylum Tour
Related articles
Discography
Awards and nominations
Device
Fight or Flight
Category
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"Disturbed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbed_(band)"},{"link_name":"Asylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asylum_(Disturbed_album)"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWTD-Blabber-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWTD-MH-2"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store"},{"link_name":"the 2011 Mortal Kombat game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_Kombat_(2011_video_game)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"2010 single by Disturbed\"Another Way to Die\" is a song by American heavy metal band Disturbed, released as the first single from their fifth studio album, Asylum. Airplay for the single began on the morning of June 14, 2010. That same day, a lyric video was posted by the band on their official YouTube channel[1][2] and was released as a digital download on June 15, 2010, via iTunes. On August 31, 2010, an excerpt of the song played in a newly released second trailer for the 2011 Mortal Kombat game.[3]","title":"Another Way to Die (Disturbed song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Draiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Draiman"},{"link_name":"what's happening in the Gulf now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWTD-Blabber-1"}],"text":"In an interview with The Pulse of Radio, frontman David Draiman explained how the track contains some very timely subject matter:Obviously it's referring to the global catastrophe that we know as global warming, and the effects that it continues to have on our planet; our irresponsibility in doing what we do as species, our constant appetite, our constant consumption at all costs. No matter what is destroyed, no matter what is laid to waste. And, certainly, what's happening in the Gulf now is horrific.[1]","title":"Lyrical content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Living After Midnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_After_Midnight"},{"link_name":"Judas Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Priest"},{"link_name":"The Lost Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_Children_(album)"},{"link_name":"Midlife Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlife_Crisis_(song)"},{"link_name":"Faith No More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_No_More"},{"link_name":"Covered, A Revolution in Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covered,_A_Revolution_in_Sound"}],"text":"Digital single\"Another Way to Die\" – 4:13CD single\"Another Way to Die\" – 4:13\n\"Living After Midnight\" (Judas Priest cover) – 4:25The B-side \"Living After Midnight\" (originally by Judas Priest) is also included on the band's B-side compilation, The Lost Children, along with their cover of \"Midlife Crisis\" by Faith No More, which was originally recorded for the tribute album Covered, A Revolution in Sound.","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Land of Confusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Confusion"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The band shot a music video for the track directed by Robert Schober (also known as Roboshobo)[4] and was released on August 9. It is the first music video since \"Land of Confusion\" to not feature any of the band members; the video focuses on worldwide events relating with the song, such as pollution and poverty.[5]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rock Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Songs"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In the week ending September 25, 2010, \"Another Way to Die\" peaked on the U.S. Billboard Rock Songs chart at number one, becoming Disturbed's first single to reach the top spot on the chart.[6]","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Weekly charts","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Year-end charts","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Draiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Draiman"},{"link_name":"lead vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_vocals"},{"link_name":"Dan Donegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Donegan"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_(music)"},{"link_name":"John Moyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Moyer"},{"link_name":"bass guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"backing vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backing_vocals"},{"link_name":"Mike Wengren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Wengren"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument"}],"text":"David Draiman – lead vocals\nDan Donegan – guitar, electronics\nJohn Moyer – bass guitar, backing vocals\nMike Wengren – drums, percussion","title":"Personnel"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"DISTURBED: Another Way to Die Lyric Video Released\". Blabbermouth.net. Roadrunner Records. June 14, 2010. Archived from the original on June 18, 2010. Retrieved June 17, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=141496","url_text":"\"DISTURBED: Another Way to Die Lyric Video Released\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blabbermouth.net","url_text":"Blabbermouth.net"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadrunner_Records","url_text":"Roadrunner Records"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100618111756/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=141496","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Disturbed 'Another Way to Die' (Lyric) Video Available\". Metal Hammer. June 15, 2010. Archived from the original on June 18, 2010. Retrieved June 17, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100618034822/http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/news/disturbed-another-way-to-die-video-available/","url_text":"\"Disturbed 'Another Way to Die' (Lyric) Video Available\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Hammer","url_text":"Metal Hammer"},{"url":"http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/news/disturbed-another-way-to-die-video-available/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"IGN Video: Mortal Kombat PlayStation 3 Trailer - Shadows Trailer\". IGN. August 31, 2010. Archived from the original on September 2, 2010. Retrieved August 31, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100902170927/http://ps3.ign.com/dor/objects/14317281/mortal-kombat-x/videos/mortalkombat_trl_shadowstrailer_83010.html","url_text":"\"IGN Video: Mortal Kombat PlayStation 3 Trailer - Shadows Trailer\""},{"url":"http://ps3.ign.com/dor/objects/14317281/mortal-kombat-x/videos/mortalkombat_trl_shadowstrailer_83010.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BOOKED: Disturbed - Roboshobo, dir\". Video Static: Music Video News. June 10, 2010. Archived from the original on June 17, 2010. Retrieved June 19, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.videostatic.com/vs/2010/06/booked-disturbed-roboshobo-dir-.html","url_text":"\"BOOKED: Disturbed - Roboshobo, dir\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100617071921/http://www.videostatic.com/vs/2010/06/booked-disturbed-roboshobo-dir-.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Disturbed Release Music Video for 'Another Way to Die' Online\". Theprp.com. August 10, 2010. Archived from the original on August 29, 2010. Retrieved August 10, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theprp.com/2010/08/10/news/disturbed-release-music-video-for-another-way-to-die-online/","url_text":"\"Disturbed Release Music Video for 'Another Way to Die' Online\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100829102932/http://www.theprp.com/2010/08/10/news/disturbed-release-music-video-for-another-way-to-die-online/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rock Songs\". Wayback Machine. Internet Archive. Archived from the original on February 14, 2012. Retrieved August 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120214100855/http://www.billboard.com/charts/rock-songs?tag=chdrawer","url_text":"\"Rock Songs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine","url_text":"Wayback Machine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"},{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/rock%2Dsongs?tag%3Dchdrawer","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hot Rock Songs – Year-End 2010\". Billboard. Retrieved January 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2010/hot-rock-songs/","url_text":"\"Hot Rock Songs – Year-End 2010\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HwELajFteTo","external_links_name":"\"Another Way to Die\""},{"Link":"http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=141496","external_links_name":"\"DISTURBED: Another Way to Die Lyric Video Released\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100618111756/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=141496","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100618034822/http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/news/disturbed-another-way-to-die-video-available/","external_links_name":"\"Disturbed 'Another Way to Die' (Lyric) Video Available\""},{"Link":"http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/news/disturbed-another-way-to-die-video-available/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100902170927/http://ps3.ign.com/dor/objects/14317281/mortal-kombat-x/videos/mortalkombat_trl_shadowstrailer_83010.html","external_links_name":"\"IGN Video: Mortal Kombat PlayStation 3 Trailer - Shadows Trailer\""},{"Link":"http://ps3.ign.com/dor/objects/14317281/mortal-kombat-x/videos/mortalkombat_trl_shadowstrailer_83010.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.videostatic.com/vs/2010/06/booked-disturbed-roboshobo-dir-.html","external_links_name":"\"BOOKED: Disturbed - Roboshobo, dir\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100617071921/http://www.videostatic.com/vs/2010/06/booked-disturbed-roboshobo-dir-.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.theprp.com/2010/08/10/news/disturbed-release-music-video-for-another-way-to-die-online/","external_links_name":"\"Disturbed Release Music Video for 'Another Way to Die' Online\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100829102932/http://www.theprp.com/2010/08/10/news/disturbed-release-music-video-for-another-way-to-die-online/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120214100855/http://www.billboard.com/charts/rock-songs?tag=chdrawer","external_links_name":"\"Rock Songs\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/rock%2Dsongs?tag%3Dchdrawer","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Disturbed/chart-history/CAN","external_links_name":"\"Disturbed Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Disturbed/chart-history/CAR","external_links_name":"\"Disturbed Chart History (Canada Rock)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Disturbed/chart-history/HSI","external_links_name":"\"Disturbed Chart History (Hot 100)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Disturbed/chart-history/ARK","external_links_name":"\"Disturbed Chart History (Hot Rock & Alternative Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2010/hot-rock-songs/","external_links_name":"\"Hot Rock Songs – Year-End 2010\""}]
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.